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a
D4n2 ; KQM
Q D5n2 .
liber
modelului,
se
determin
coeficientul
de
siaj
efectiv
al
modelului;
0
wTM 1 JTM
D n V (exponenii reprezint: a autopropulsie, 0 ap liber), unde V este
T FD Rc
, unde Rc este rezistena la
T
naintare corectat pentru diferena de temperatur a apei ntre probele de rezisten i probele de
autopropulsie: Rc
(1 k )CFMC CR
RTM , n care CFMC este coeficientul de frecare la
(1 k )CFM CR
CTN (1 k )CFN CR CF CAA , unde: k este factorul de form determinat din proba de
rezisten; CFN, coeficientul de frecare al navei conform liniei de corelaie ITTC 1957
CFN
0,075
; CR, coeficientul rezistenei reziduale calculat din coeficientul
(log Re 2)2
123
CR CTM
k 1 3
s
0,64 103 ,
(1 k )CFM ; CF, corecia de rugozitate, CF 105
LW L
AT
, unde AT este aria
S
P cz
cz
, KQ CD 0,25
.
D D
D
t 0,044
5
CDM 21 2
c (Reco )1 6 (Reco ) 2 3
124
, raportul de disc
AE
AO
i numrul de pale
Z. n plus, este luat n considerare i efectul numrului Reynolds si al grosimei profilului de pal
A
K T f 1 J , P , E
, Z , Re, t ;
D
A
c
O
A
K Q f 2 J , P , E
, Z , Re, t .
D
A
c
O
(6.1)
AE
AO
sunt aceleai.
Acum o serie cuprinde modele cu un numr de pale cuprins ntre 2 i 7, raportul de disc
cuprins ntre 0,3 i 1,05 i raportul de pas cuprins ntre 0,5 i 1,4.
Proprietile geometrice ale elicelor din seria Wageningen-B sunt date n tabelul:
Tabel 6.1
Dimensiuni pentru serii de elici B cu Z=4,5,6,7
c
Z
D AE
AO
ar
cr
br
125
cr
t max r
Ar Br Z
Ar
Br
0,2
1,662
0,,617
0,350
0,0526
0,0040
0,3
1,882
0,613
0,350
0,0464
0,0035
0,4
2,050
0,601
0,351
0,0402
0,0030
0,5
2,152
0,586
0,355
0,0340
0,0025
0,6
2,187
0,561
0,389
0,0278
0,0020
0,7
2,144
0,524
0,443
0,0216
0,0015
0,8
1,970
0,463
0,479
0,0154
0,0010
0,9
1,582
0,351
0,500
0,0092
0,0005
1,0
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,0030
0,0000
c
Z
D AE
AO
ar
br
cr
cr
t max r
Ar Br Z
Ar
Br
0,2
1,633
0,,616
0,350
0,0526
0,0040
0,3
1,832
0,611
0,350
0,0464
0,0035
0,4
2,000
0,599
0,350
0,0402
0,0030
0,5
2,120
0,583
0,355
0,0340
0,0025
0,6
2,186
0,558
0,389
0,0278
0,0020
0,7
2,168
0,526
0,442
0,0216
0,0015
0,8
2,127
0,481
0,478
0,0154
0,0010
0,9
1,657
0,400
0,500
0,0092
0,0005
1,0
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,0030
0,0000
Ar , Br - constante;
a r - distana dintre muchia de atac i linia generatoare la raza r;
126
y ar v1 t max t am ;
(6.2)
y dr v1 v 2 t max t am t am.
pentru abscis relativ positiv x 0 (spre bordul de atac) i
y ar v1 t max t dm ;
y dr v1 v 2 t max t fm t fm.
(6.3)
i x ;
x - abscis relativ n lungul liniei teoretice de pas din poziia de maxim a grosimii palei spre
muchia de atac x 1 i spre muchia de fug unde x 1.
Valorile v1 i v 2 sunt date n tabelul 6.2 i 6.3.
Tabel 6.2. Valorile funciei v1 utilizate n relaiile (6.2) i (6.3)
x
-1.0
-0.95
-0.90
-0.80
-0.70
-0.60
-0.50
-0.40
-0.20
0.7-1.0
0.6
0.5
.0522
.0420
.0330
.0190
.0109
.0040
.0012
0.4
.1467
.1200
.0972
.0630
.0395
.0214
.0116
.0044
127
0.3
.2306
.2040
.1790
.1333
.0943
.0623
.0376
.0202
.0033
0.25
.2598
.2372
.2115
.1651
.1246
.0899
.0579
.0350
.0084
0.2
.2826
.2630
.2400
.1967
.1570
.1207
.0880
.0592
.0172
0.15
.3000
.2824
.2650
.2300
.1950
.1610
.1280
.0955
.0365
x
+1.0
0.7-1.0
0.6
.0382
.0169
.0067
.0022
.0096
.0
.0
0.5
.1278
.0778
.0500
.0328
.0211
.0085
.0034
.0008
0.4
.2181
.1467
.1088
.0833
.0637
.0357
.0189
.0090
.0033
0.3
.2923
.2186
.1760
.1445
.1191
.0790
.0503
.0300
.0148
.0027
0.25
.3256
.2513
.2008
.1747
.1465
.1008
.0669
.0417
.0224
.0031
0.2
.3560
.2821
.2353
.2000
.1685
.1180
.0804
.0520
.0304
.0049
0.15
.3860
.3150
.2042
.2230
.1870
.1320
0920
0615
.0384
.0096
x
-1.0
-0.95
-0.90
-0.80
-0.70
-0.60
-0.50
-0.40
-0.20
0.9-1.0
.0975
.19
.36
.51
.64
.75
.84
.96
0.85
0975
.19
.36
.51
.64
.75
.84
.96
0.8
0975
.19
.36
.51
.64
.75
.84
.96
0.7
.0975
.19
.36
.51
.64
.75
.84
.96
0.6
.0965
.1885
.3585
.5126
.6409
.7536
.8446
.9615
0.5
.0950
.1865
.3569
.5108
.6457
.7586
.8489
.9627
0.4
.0905
.1810
.3500
.5074
.6336
.7500
.8421
.9695
0.3
.0800
.1670
.3360
.4835
.6190
.7355
.8288
.9536
0.25
.0726
.1567
.3228
.4787
.6034
.7184
.8127
.9578
0.2
.0640
.1455
.3034
.4536
.5877
.6922
.7994
.9400
0.15
.0540
.1325
.2865
.4397
.5547
.6715
.7885
.9346
128
x
+1.0
0.9-1.0
.09755
.1900
.2774
.3600
.51
.6409
.75
.8400
.9600
0.85
.1000
.1950
.2840
.3660
.5160
.6455
.7550
.8450
.9615
0.8
.1050
.2028
.2925
.3765
.5265
.6545
.7635
.8520
.9635
0.7
.1248
.2337
.3300
.4140
.5615
.6840
.7830
.8660
.9675
0.6
.1485
.2720
.3775
.4620
.6060
.7200
.8090
.8790
.9690
0.5
.1750
.3056
.4135
.5039
.6430
.7478
.8275
.8880
.9710
0.4
.1935
.3235
.4333
.5220
.6590
.7594
.8345
.8933
.9725
0.3
.1890
.3197
.4265
.5130
.6505
.7520
.8315
.8920
.9750
0.25
.1758
.3042
.4108
.4982
.6359
.7415
.8259
.8890
.9751
0.2
.156-
.2810
.3905
.4777
.6190
.7277
.8170
.8875
.9750
0.15
.1300
.2600
.3665
.4520
.5995
.7105
.8055
.8825
.9760
, unde:
KT
KQ
n2 D4
Q
n2 D5
vA
nD
n care
T - mpingerea propulsorului;
- densitatea lichidului;
n - turaia elicei [rot/s];
D - diametrul propulsorului;
129
(6.4)
(6.5)
(6.6)
J KT
.
2 K Q
(6.7)
Efectul variaiei numrului Reynolds asupra rezultatelor testului s-a considerat utiliznd
metoda Lerbs care presupune utilizarea unor caracteristici ale uneu seciuni echivalente de pal.
n metoda profilului echivalent seciunea palei la 0,75R este presupus aceeai pentru ntreaga
pal. La valoarea specific a avansului relative J , coeficientul forei portante C P i coeficientul
forei rezistente C R , corespunztoare unghiului de atac
t
C R min 2C FO 1 2
c 0,75R
(6.8)
n care
C FO
0,075
0,43429 ln Re 0,75R 2
(6.9)
unde
Re 0,75R
c 0,75R v A2 0,75nD
(6.10)
1 2 t
c 0,75R
viscozitatea cinematic.
130
A
C P i C R pentru combinaii ale mrimilor: Z , E
AO
,P
, , Re .
AE
AO
,P
i cu
A
J 2 0,00478125 AE
P J
K T 0,000363485 0,00333758 E
D
A
A
O
O
2 A
J 2 0,0000643192ln Re 0,301 P 6 J 2
0,000257792ln Re 0,301 E
AO
D
D J
2
0,0000110636ln Re 0,301 P
2
A
J 2
0,0000276305ln Re 0,301 Z E
A
O
A
P J
0,0000954ln Re 0,301Z E
D
A
O
A
P 3 J;
0,0000032049ln Re 0,301Z 2 E
AO D
(6.11)
131
D 0,0000666654Z P D
A
0,000938091ln Re 0,301P
0,0160818
A
D
A
P
0,00000184341ln Re 0,301 Z
D
A
K Q 0,000591412 0,00696898 P
2
A
0.000220915ln Re 0,3012 AE
.
0,00400252ln Re 0,301 E
AO
AO
(6.12)
c 0,75R
0,0185 0,00125Z Z .
2,075
AE
(6.13)
AO
poate corespunde
Re 10,075R e
1 2 t
c 0 , 075R
ln Re0, 075R 4,6052
4, 6052
1 2 t
c 0 , 075R1
unde:
132
(6.14)
t c
1
0, 075R
0, 075R
AE
1,3 0,3Z T K
AO p 0 ha p v D 2
(6. 15)
unde
t c
opt
0,3 0,012 ,
133
(6.16)
Aceast elaie este valabil pentru pale cu curburi mici i valori ale cavitaiei cuprinse ntre 0,1 i
0,6.
O formul practic pentru calculul coeficientului de cavitaie
este:
(6.17)
n care
t min 0,075R
2,375 1125 P PD
D
,
D 0,028 0,21
2
2
3
D N
4,123D 3 c
12
,
758
(6.18)
unde
la 0,075R este
134
c 0,075R
2,073
AE
AO
(6.19)
= 0.9000
= 0.9626
=
4
= 6.1500 m
=
1
KT
0.4672
0.4502
0.4320
0.4128
0.3926
0.3715
0.3496
0.3270
0.3037
0.2798
0.2553
DKT
0.0004
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0004
0.0004
0.0005
0.0007
0.0008
KT+DKT
0.4676
0.4505
0.4323
0.4130
0.3929
0.3718
0.3500
0.3274
0.3042
0.2804
0.2561
KQ
0.06811
0.06606
0.06381
0.06138
0.05879
0.05605
0.05317
0.05017
0.04706
0.04386
0.04059
135
DKQ
-0.00198
-0.00199
-0.00200
-0.00201
-0.00202
-0.00202
-0.00203
-0.00203
-0.00204
-0.00204
-0.00205
KQ+DKQ
0.06613
0.06406
0.06181
0.05937
0.05677
0.05402
0.05114
0.04814
0.04503
0.04182
0.03854
ETA-0
0.0000
0.0560
0.1113
0.1661
0.2203
0.2738
0.3267
0.3789
0.4301
0.4802
0.5289
0.5500
0.6000
0.6500
0.7000
0.7500
0.8000
0.8500
0.9000
0.9500
1.0000
0.2305
0.2052
0.1797
0.1539
0.1280
0.1020
0.0759
0.0500
0.0242
-0.0014
0.0010
0.0012
0.0014
0.0016
0.0019
0.0022
0.0025
0.0028
0.0032
0.0035
0.2314
0.2064
0.1810
0.1555
0.1298
0.1041
0.0784
0.0528
0.0274
0.0022
0.03725
0.03385
0.03043
0.02698
0.02353
0.02008
0.01666
0.01327
0.00994
0.00667
-0.00205
-0.00205
-0.00205
-0.00205
-0.00206
-0.00206
-0.00206
-0.00205
-0.00205
-0.00205
0.03520
0.03180
0.02838
0.02493
0.02147
0.01803
0.01461
0.01122
0.00789
0.00462
0.5756
0.6196
0.6600
0.6950
0.7217
0.7353
0.7263
0.6742
0.5249
0.0753
KT
KQ
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.
9
0.
8
0.
7
0.
6
0.
5
0.
4
0.
3
0.
2
0.
1
0
-0.1
KT
0.4756
0.4615
0.4460
0.4292
0.4111
0.3919
0.3715
DKT
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0005
0.0005
KT+DKT
0.4760
0.4619
0.4464
0.4296
0.4116
0.3923
0.3720
KQ
0.06898
0.06717
0.06518
0.06304
0.06074
0.05830
0.05571
136
DKQ
-0.00181
-0.00182
-0.00183
-0.00184
-0.00185
-0.00186
-0.00187
KQ+DKQ
0.06717
0.06534
0.06335
0.06120
0.05889
0.05643
0.05384
ETA-0
0.0000
0.0563
0.1122
0.1676
0.2225
0.2766
0.3299
0.3500
0.4000
0.4500
0.5000
0.5500
0.6000
0.6500
0.7000
0.7500
0.8000
0.8500
0.9000
0.9500
1.0000
0.3500
0.3276
0.3042
0.2799
0.2549
0.2291
0.2027
0.1756
0.1480
0.1199
0.0915
0.0626
0.0335
0.0042
0.0006
0.0007
0.0007
0.0008
0.0009
0.0010
0.0011
0.0012
0.0013
0.0014
0.0016
0.0017
0.0019
0.0020
0.3506
0.3282
0.3049
0.2807
0.2558
0.2301
0.2038
0.1768
0.1493
0.1214
0.0930
0.0643
0.0354
0.0062
0.05299
0.05014
0.04717
0.04409
0.04090
0.03761
0.03423
0.03076
0.02721
0.02359
0.01990
0.01616
0.01236
0.00852
-0.00188
-0.00188
-0.00189
-0.00189
-0.00190
-0.00190
-0.00190
-0.00190
-0.00190
-0.00190
-0.00190
-0.00190
-0.00190
-0.00189
0.05111
0.04826
0.04528
0.04219
0.03900
0.03571
0.03233
0.02886
0.02531
0.02169
0.01800
0.01426
0.01046
0.00663
0.3821
0.4330
0.4823
0.5295
0.5741
0.6153
0.6521
0.6826
0.7043
0.7126
0.6990
0.6463
0.5110
0.1489
KT
KQ
137
0.
9
0.
8
0.
7
0.
6
0.
5
0.
4
0.
3
0.
2
0.
1
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
KT
0.3
NPB=4
0.2
NPB=6
0.1
0.
9
0.
8
0.
7
0.
6
0.
5
0.
4
0.
3
0.
2
-0.1
0.
1
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
NPB=4
138
0.
9
0.
8
0.
7
0.
6
0.
5
0.
4
0.
3
0.
2
NPB=6
0.
1
KQ
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
NPB=4
0.
9
0.
8
0.
7
0.
6
0.
5
0.
4
0.
3
0.
2
NPB=6
0.
1
Randament
La elicele navale actuale se utilizeaz un numr de Z=29 pale. Influena lui Z asupra
diagramelor de funcionare, este relative redus. Pentru o anumit valoare a lui J, a avansului
relative, mrirea numrului de pale determin creterea coeficienilor dinamici K T i K Q .
Randamentul crete foarte puin n zona aavansurilor relative mici i scade n zona avansurilor
relative mari.
INFLUENA RAPORTULUI DE PAS
AAE = 0.9000
PPD = 1.4000
NPB =
4
DPR = 6.1500 m
NRPM =
1
RPM = 122.00 rot/min
J
0.0000
0.0500
0.1000
0.1500
0.2000
0.2500
0.3000
0.3500
0.4000
0.4500
0.5000
0.5500
0.6000
0.6500
0.7000
KT
0.6996
0.6842
0.6676
0.6498
0.6308
0.6108
0.5898
0.5679
0.5452
0.5217
0.4975
0.4726
0.4472
0.4214
0.3951
DKT
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0003
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0006
0.0007
0.0009
0.0011
KT+DKT
0.6999
0.6845
0.6678
0.6500
0.6310
0.6110
0.5901
0.5682
0.5455
0.5221
0.4980
0.4732
0.4480
0.4223
0.3962
KQ
0.14420
0.14133
0.13821
0.13486
0.13128
0.12750
0.12352
0.11935
0.11502
0.11053
0.10590
0.10113
0.09625
0.09127
0.08619
139
DKQ
-0.00202
-0.00203
-0.00205
-0.00206
-0.00207
-0.00208
-0.00209
-0.00210
-0.00211
-0.00211
-0.00212
-0.00213
-0.00214
-0.00214
-0.00215
KQ+DKQ
0.14218
0.13930
0.13617
0.13280
0.12922
0.12542
0.12143
0.11726
0.11291
0.10842
0.10377
0.09900
0.09412
0.08913
0.08405
ETA-0
0.0000
0.0391
0.0781
0.1168
0.1554
0.1938
0.2320
0.2699
0.3076
0.3449
0.3819
0.4184
0.4545
0.4902
0.5252
0.7500
0.8000
0.8500
0.9000
0.9500
1.0000
1.0500
1.1000
1.1500
1.2000
1.2500
1.3000
1.3500
1.4000
1.4500
0.3685
0.3417
0.3146
0.2875
0.2603
0.2331
0.2061
0.1792
0.1525
0.1262
0.1003
0.0748
0.0499
0.0256
0.0020
0.0012
0.0014
0.0017
0.0019
0.0022
0.0024
0.0027
0.0031
0.0034
0.0037
0.0041
0.0045
0.0049
0.0053
0.0058
0.3698
0.3431
0.3163
0.2894
0.2625
0.2356
0.2088
0.1822
0.1559
0.1299
0.1044
0.0793
0.0548
0.0309
0.0077
0.08104
0.07582
0.07055
0.06524
0.05991
0.05456
0.04921
0.04388
0.03858
0.03331
0.02810
0.02295
0.01789
0.01291
0.00804
-0.00215
-0.00216
-0.00216
-0.00216
-0.00216
-0.00217
-0.00217
-0.00217
-0.00217
-0.00217
-0.00217
-0.00216
-0.00216
-0.00216
-0.00215
0.07889
0.07366
0.06839
0.06308
0.05774
0.05239
0.04705
0.04171
0.03641
0.03114
0.02593
0.02079
0.01572
0.01075
0.00589
0.5595
0.5931
0.6257
0.6572
0.6872
0.7156
0.7417
0.7648
0.7838
0.7969
0.8008
0.7894
0.7488
0.6407
0.3034
KT
KQ
140
1.
35
1.
2
1.
05
0.
9
0.
75
0.
6
0.
45
0.
3
0
0.
15
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.6
0.5
0.4
PPD=0.9626
0.3
0.2
0.1
1.
2
1.
35
0.
9
1.
05
0.
6
0.
75
0
0.
15
0
-0.1
PPD=1.4
0.
3
0.
45
KT
0.8
0.7
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
PPD=0.9626
141
1.
2
1.
35
0.
9
1.
05
0.
6
0.
75
PPD=1.4
0.
3
0.
45
0
0.
15
KQ
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
PPD=0.9626
1.
2
1.
35
0.
9
1.
05
0.
6
0.
75
0.
3
0.
45
PPD=1.4
0
0.
15
Randament
AE
AO
i variaz P
, n limitele
aceste condiii, rezult c mrirea unghiului de pas se datoreaz creterii unghiului de avans
. La rndul lui, mrirea unghiului de avans determin creterea coeficientului forei portante
C P deci i a valorilor K T i K Q . Rezult c randamentul scade n zona avansurilor relative
mici i crete n zona avansurilor relative mari.
INFLUENA RAPORTULUI DE DISC
AAE = 0.4000
PPD = 1.4000
NPB =
4
DPR = 6.1500 m
NRPM =
1
RPM = 122.00 rot/min
J
0.0000
KT
0.4896
DKT
0.0004
KT+DKT
0.4900
KQ
DKQ
0.09421 -0.00085
142
KQ+DKQ
0.09336
ETA-0
0.0000
0.0500
0.1000
0.1500
0.2000
0.2500
0.3000
0.3500
0.4000
0.4500
0.5000
0.5500
0.6000
0.6500
0.7000
0.7500
0.8000
0.8500
0.9000
0.9500
1.0000
1.0500
1.1000
1.1500
1.2000
1.2500
1.3000
1.3500
1.4000
1.4500
1.5000
0.4852
0.4797
0.4731
0.4656
0.4570
0.4476
0.4372
0.4259
0.4138
0.4009
0.3872
0.3728
0.3576
0.3417
0.3252
0.3081
0.2903
0.2720
0.2532
0.2338
0.2140
0.1938
0.1731
0.1521
0.1307
0.1090
0.0870
0.0648
0.0423
0.0197
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0004
0.0004
0.0005
0.0005
0.0006
0.0006
0.0007
0.0008
0.0009
0.0009
0.0010
0.0011
0.0012
0.0013
0.4855
0.4800
0.4734
0.4658
0.4573
0.4478
0.4374
0.4261
0.4140
0.4011
0.3874
0.3730
0.3579
0.3420
0.3255
0.3084
0.2907
0.2724
0.2536
0.2343
0.2146
0.1944
0.1738
0.1528
0.1315
0.1099
0.0880
0.0659
0.0435
0.0210
0.09303
0.09177
0.09044
0.08904
0.08755
0.08598
0.08432
0.08256
0.08071
0.07876
0.07670
0.07453
0.07225
0.06984
0.06732
0.06467
0.06188
0.05897
0.05591
0.05271
0.04936
0.04586
0.04221
0.03839
0.03442
0.03027
0.02595
0.02146
0.01678
0.01192
-0.00086
-0.00086
-0.00087
-0.00087
-0.00088
-0.00088
-0.00088
-0.00089
-0.00089
-0.00089
-0.00090
-0.00090
-0.00090
-0.00091
-0.00091
-0.00091
-0.00091
-0.00091
-0.00091
-0.00092
-0.00092
-0.00092
-0.00092
-0.00092
-0.00092
-0.00092
-0.00092
-0.00091
-0.00091
-0.00091
0.09217
0.09091
0.08957
0.08816
0.08667
0.08510
0.08343
0.08168
0.07982
0.07786
0.07580
0.07363
0.07134
0.06894
0.06641
0.06376
0.06097
0.05805
0.05499
0.05179
0.04845
0.04495
0.04129
0.03748
0.03350
0.02935
0.02504
0.02054
0.01587
0.01101
0.0419
0.0840
0.1262
0.1682
0.2099
0.2512
0.2920
0.3322
0.3715
0.4100
0.4474
0.4838
0.5189
0.5527
0.5851
0.6159
0.6450
0.6722
0.6973
0.7201
0.7402
0.7572
0.7704
0.7789
0.7812
0.7748
0.7555
0.7148
0.6334
0.4557
KT
KQ
143
1.
5
1.
2
1.
35
0.
9
1.
05
0.
6
0.
75
0.
3
0.
45
0
0.
15
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
AAE=0.9
1.
5
1.
35
1.
2
1.
05
0.
9
0.
75
0.
6
0.
45
0.
3
AAE=0.4
0
0.
15
KT
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
AAE=0.9
144
1.
5
1.
35
1.
2
0.
9
1.
05
0.
75
0.
6
0.
3
0.
45
AAE=0.4
0.
15
KQ
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
AAE=0.9
1.
5
1.
35
1.
2
1.
05
0.
9
0.
75
0.
6
0.
45
AAE=0.4
0.
3
0
0.
15
Randament
i variaz
AE
AO
, n limitele menionate
AE
AO
145
AE
AO
creterea