Indrumator Cazan

UNIVERSITATEA TEHNICA DE CONSTRUCTII BUCURESTI FACULTATEA DE INSTALATII
Conf.dr.ing. STANESCU PAUL-DAN
Conf.dr.ing. ANTONESCU N. N.
Asist.ing. POPESCU (OLEA) LELIA LETITIA
INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE CAZANE
CONSPRESS 2006
%8&85(7,
UNIVERSITATEA TEHNICA DE CONSTRUCTII BUCURESTI FACULTATEA DE INSTALATII
Conf.dr.ing. STANESCU PAUL-DAN
Conf.dr.ing. ANTONESCU N. N.
Asist.ing. POPESCU (OLEA) LELIA LETITIA
INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE CAZANE

In memoria domnului profesor doctor inginer Vasile CALUIANU
CONSPRESS 2006
%8&85(7,
CUPRINS
1. CALCULUL ARDERII COMBUSTIBILULUI ......................................... 1.1. Calculul arderii combustibilului gazos ..................................................... 1.2. Calculul arderii combustibilului lichid sau solid ....................................... 1.3. Diagrama I t ............................................................................................ 1.4. Diagrama cp t .......................................................................................... 2. %,/$18/7(50,&$/&AZANELOR ................................................. 2.1. Randamentul termic al cazanului .............................................................. 2.2. Consumul de combustibil .......................................................................... 2.3. %LODQXOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL............................................................. 2.4. %LODQXOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL ....................................................................... 2.5. %LODQXOSDULDOSHelemente al cazanului - stabilirea temperaturilor LHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX ................................................. 3. CALCULUL TERMIC AL CAZANELOR '($3&$/'6$8),(RBINTE ............................................................ 3.1. Calculul termic al cazanelor ignitubulare cu ntoarcerea gazelor de ardere n focar ............................................................................................ 3.2. Calculul termic al cazanelor ignitubulare cXSLHVGHvQWRDUFHUHD gazelor de ardere n focar ........................................................................... 3.3. Calculul termic al cazanelor acvatubulare din elemente cu vQWRDUFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQIRFDULXQGUXPFonvectiv ................... 3.4. Calculul termic al cazanelor acvatubulare din elemente cu GRXGUXPXULFRQYHFWLYH........................................................................... 3.5. Calculul termic al cazanelor acvatubulare cu baterieGHHYLQHUYXUDWH LDU]WRUDWPRVIHULFSHQWUXFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV cazan mural............... 3.6. Calculul termic al cazanelor acvatubulare verticale cu fascicol GHHYLLDU]WRUDWPRVIHULFSHQWUXFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV............................. 3.7. Calculul termic al cazanelor ignitubulare verticale FXXQGUXPLDU]WRUDWPRVIHULFSHQWUXFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV...................... 3.8. &D]DQHDFYDWXEXODUHGHDSILHUELQWHGHWLS&$) ...................................... 5 5 8 10 12 17 18 24 25 28 28
35 35 46 62 75 89 110 123 138
4. CALCULUL TERMIC AL CAZANELOR DE ABUR ............................... 151 4.1. Calculul termic al cazanului ABA (Agregat Bloc Abur) ........................... 151 4.2. &DOFXOXOWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLFXHYLFXLQFOLQDUHPDUHWLS&5 ................ 170 5. CALCULUL TERMIC AL CAZANELOR CU CONDENSATIE .............. 193 5.1. 'HVFULHUHDFD]DQXOXLHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQFLRQDUH............ 193 5.2. Tema de proiectare .................................................................................... 198 5.3. &DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO. 199 5.4. Calculul termic al cazanului ..................................................................... 200
6. CALCULUL TERMIC AL CAZANELOR )81&,211'&8$5'(5($/(018/8,35,1 GAZEIFICARE $5'(5(,19(56 ................................................................................ 6.1. Analiza constructiv-IXQFLRQDODFD]DQHOor cu combistibil solid lemne .......................................................................... 6.2. 6ROXLDFRQVWUXFWLYHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQFLRQDUH.... 6.3. Tema de calcul de verificare ................................................................... 6.4. &DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLLDGebitului de combustibil ......................................................................................... 7. &$/&8/8/+,'5$8/,&*$=2',1$0,&,$/,167$/$,(, DE EVACUARE A GAZELOR DE ARDERE ........................................ 7.1. &DOFXOXOSLHUGHULORUKLGUDXOLFHGHVDUFLQ ................................................ 7.2. &DOFXOXOSDUDPHWULORUGHED]DLLQVWDODLHLGHDOLPHQWDUHFXDHU de ardere ................................................................................................. 7.3. &DOFXOXOSDUDPHWULORUGHED]DLLQVWDODLHLGHWLUDM ................................. 7.4. &DOFXOXOSDUDPHWULORUGHED]DLLQVWDODLHLGHLQVXIODUH la cazanele cu ardere sub presiune .......................................................... &$/&8/8/'(5(=,67(1$/&$=$1(/25 .................................. 8.1. Date generale ........................................................................................... 8.2. 0DWHULDOHIRORVLWHSHQWUXH[HFXia elementelor metalice ale cazanelor ... 8.3. &DOFXOXOJURVLPLLSHUHLORUFRUSXULORUFLOLQGULFH ..................................... 8.4. &DOFXOXOJURVLPLLSHUHLORUWXEXULORUGHIODFU ....................................... 8.5. &DOFXOXOIXQGXULORULal capacelor .......................................................... 8.6. &DOFXOXOSOFLORUWXEXODUH ........................................................................
219 219 225 226 226
239 239 247 249 253 254 254 254 257 260 262 263
1. CALCULUL ARDERII COMBUSTIBILULUI
CAPITOLUL 1 CALCULUL ARDERII COMBUSTIBILULUI

Prin tema de proiect VH G FRPSR]LLD FRPEXVWLELOXOXL SULQ FRmponentele constitutive, masice sau volumiceIXQFLHGHWLSXOFRPEXVWLELOXOXLXWLOL]DW. In cazul combustibilului gazos componentele se exprLP vQ SDUWLFLSDLL volumice iar n cazul combustibilului lichid sau solid componentele se H[SULP n SDUWLFLSDLLPDVLFH. In cazul calculelor de proiectare, dimensionare, utilizndu-se Sistemul ,QWHUQDLRQDOGHXQLWLGHPVXUVHFRQVLGHUFDrderea are loc nFRQGLLLQRUPDOH fizice: p 0 = 1,013 EDUL T0 = 273,15 K. n FD]XO HYDOXULL SDUDPHWULORU GH IXFLRQDUH Di cazanelor ncercate, pentru XXUDUHD FDOFXOHORU 6Wandardele Europene DGPLW L FRQGLLLOH WHKQLFH GH DUGHUH p0 = 1,013 bar L T0 = 288,15 K (150C) .
1.1. Calculul arderii combustibilului gazos Calculul arderii combustibilului gazos sH UHIHU OD DUGHUHD XQLWLL GH YROXP (1 m3 )GHJD]vQFRQGLLLQRUPDOe fizice. N Se GHWHUPLQ: a) Volumul teoretic de aer necesar arderii stoichiometrice ( V0 ) (teoretice, IU exces de aer) a unui metru cub normal de combustibil : n V0 = 0,0476 0,5CO + 0,5 H 2 + 1,5 H 2 S + m + C m H n O2 [ m3 / m3 ] (1.1) N N 4 Elementele componente ale combustibilului se introduc n UHODLH cu valorile procentuale, iar C m H n UHSUH]LQWexSUHVLDJHQHUDODKLGURFDUEXULORUFRPSRQHQWH. b) Componentele gazelor de ardere pentru arderea stoichiometULF WHRUHWLF IUH[FHVGHDHU) Volumul de bioxid de carbon:
VCO2 = 0,01 CO2 + CO + mCm H n
[ m3 / m3 ] N N
(1.2)
INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE APARATE TERMICE CAZANE
Volumul de bioxid de sulf din gazele de ardere:
VSO2 = 0,01[H 2 S ]
VRO2 :
[ m3 / m3 ] N N
(1.3)
Volumul gazelor triatomice CO2 L 622 din gazele de ardere VH QRWHD] FX
V RO2 = VCO + VSO

2
[ m3 / m3 ] N N
(1.4)
Volumul de azot din gazele de ardere:
VN 2 = 0,79V0 +
N2 100
[ m3 / m3 ] N N
(1.5)
9ROXPXOGHYDSRULGHDS din gazele de ardere:
n VH 2O = 0,01[H 2 + H 2 S + C m H n ] + 0,016V0 [ m3 / m3 ] N N 2
Volumul teoretic de gaze de ardere fUH[FHVGHDHU( = 1 )
(1.6)
Vg = VRO + VN
0
2
+ VH 2O [ m3 / m3 ] N N
(1.7)
In cazul proceselor tehnice de ardere, specifice cazanelor, SHQWUXDVHRELQHFt PDLSXLQHSURGXVHGHDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWvQJD]HOHGHDUGHUHVHXWLOL]HD]DPHVWHFXUL combustibile cu aer n exces$VWIHOGDFVHQRWHD]FX coeficientul de exces de aer ca fiind raportul dintre aerul efectiv de ardere (Va ) L cel teoretic necesar arderii XQLWLL GH FRPEXVWLELO 90), sH SRDWH VSXQH F YDORULOH X]XDOH DOH FRHILQFLHQWXOXL GH exces de aer n focar sunt:
= 1,05 1,1 pentru focare cu ardere intensificaW = 1,1 1,15 pentru focareFXDUGHUHQRUPDO
/D FD]DQHOH IXQFLRQkQG FX GUXPXULOH GH JD]H de ardere n depresiune, prin SWUXQGHULOHGHDHUIDOVVHRELQ valori ale coeficientului de exces de aer ODFRde 1,3 1,4. La cazanele fuQFLRQkQG FX GUXPXULOH GH JD]H vQ VXSUDSUHVLXQH QX mai apar SWUXQGHUL GH DHU IDOV L GHFL H[FHVXO GH DHU GLQ IRFDU VH PHQLQH la aceeaL valoare SkQODFR - Calculul arderii cu exces de aer. Volumul real de aer necesar arderii: Va = V0 [ m3 / m3 ] N N
(1.8)
Volumul real al gazelor de ardere: Vg = Vg 0 + ( 1)V0 [ m3 / m3 ] N N c) 'HQVLWDWHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODVWDUHQRUPDO
(1.9)
0 =
unde
comb + 1,293V [kg/ m3 ] N Vg
(1.10)
comb
este masaVSHFLILFDFRPEXVWLELOXOXL
3UHVLXQHDSDULDODJD]HORU triatomice ( RO 2 ) din gazele de ardere: VRO2 PRO2 = pg [bar] Vg 3UHVLXQHDSDULDODYDSRULORUGHDS:
(1.11)
PH 2O =
VH 2O Vg
pg
[bar]
(1.12)
unde p g HVWHSUHVLXQHDDEVROXWDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH p g = p o 1 bar . d) 3XWHUHDFDORULFLQIHULRDU a combustibilului gazos se deteUPLQFXUHODLD:

H i = 126,4 CO + 107,9 H + 229 H 2 S + 358 CH 4 + 637,3 C2 H 6 +
+ 912,4 C3 H 8 + 1184 C 4 H 10 [kJ/ m3 ] N
(1.13)
Componentele volumice ale combustibilului se introduc n procente. Pentru cazul combustibilului gazos naturalXWLOL]DWvQUHHOHOHGHGLVWULEXLH, cu FRPSR]LLDPHGLH CH4 98,5 C2H6 0,8 O2 0,2 N2 0,5 %
SXWHUHDFDORULFLQIHULRDUeste H i = 36000 kJ/ m3 N 3HQWUX FRPEXVWLELO JD]RV QDWXUDO vQ DPHVWHF FX JD] GH VRQG GHJD]ROLQDWFXFRPSR]LLDPHGLH: CH4 95,6 C2H6 2,8 C3H8 0,6 C4H10 0,6 O2 0,1 N2 0,3 %
SXWHUHDFDORULFHVWH H i = 37000 kJ/ m3 . N
1.2. Calculul arderii combustibilului lichid sau solid . Calculul arderii combustibilului lichid sau solid sHUHIHUODDUGereaXQLWLLGH PDV (1kg) GH FRPEXVWLELO vQ FRQGLLL QRUPDOH IL]LFH (OHPHQWHOH FRPSRQHQWH ale combustibilului se H[SULPvQWHP prinSDUWLFLSDLLPasice. DHRDUHFHVXOIXOVHDIO vQ FDQWLWDWH PLF vQ FRPEXVWLELO VXE VH GHWHUPLQ DD ]LVXO FDUERQ redus (K) DGPLkQG F SURGXVHOH DUGHULL FDUERQului sunt identice cu cele pentru carbonul redus. K = C + 0,375 S (%) (1.14) Se GHWHUPLQ: a) Volumul teoretic de aer necesar arderii stoichiometrice ( V0 ) (teoretice, IU exces de aer) a unui kg de combustibil: V0 = 0,0889 K + 0,265 H 0,0333 O [ m3 /kg ] (1.15) N b) Componentele gazelor de ardere pentru arderea VWRLFKLRPHWULF WHRUHWLF IUH[FHVGHDHU) 9ROXPXOGHELR[LGGHFDUERQLbioxid de sulf din gazele de ardere: K VRO2 = 1,866 [ m3 /kg] (1.16) N 100 Volumul de azot din gazele de ardere: N VN2 = 0,79V0 + 0,8 [ m3 /kg] N 100 9ROXPXOGHYDSRULGHDS din gazele de ardere:
VH 2 O = 9H + W + 0,016V0 80,4
(1.17)
[ m3 /kg] N
(1.18)
Volumul teoretic de gaze de ardere fUH[FHVGHDHU( = 1 )
Vg = VRO + VN
0
2
+ VH 2O [ m3 /kg] N
(1.19)
Volumul real de aer necesar arderii cu exces de aer: Va = V0 [ m3 /kg] N
(1.20)
In cazul proceselor tehnice de ardere, specifice cazanelor,SHQWUXDVHRELQHFvW PDLSXLQHSURGXVHGHDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWvQJD]HOHGHDUGHUHVHXWLOL]HD]DPHVWHFXUL combustibile cu aer n exces$VWIHOGDFVHQRWHD]FX coeficientul de exces de aer ca fiind raportul dintre aerul efectiv de ardere (Va ) L cel teoretic necesar arderii
XQLWLL GH FRPEXVWLELO 90 VH SRDWH VSXQH F YDORULOH uzuale ale coefincientului de exces de aer n focar sunt: = 1,05 1,1 pentru IRFDUHFXDUGHUHLQWHQVLILFDW = 1,1 1,15 pentru focareFXDUGHUHQRUPDO /D FD]DQHOH IXQFLRQkQG FX GUXPXULOH GH JD]H de ardere n depresiune, prin SWUXQGHULOHGHDHUIDOVVHDMXQJHca ODFRvalorile coeficientului de exces de aer VILH de 1,3 1,4 . /D FD]DQHOH IXQFLRQkQG FX GUXPXULOH GH JD]H vQ VXSUDSUHVLXQH QX mai apar SWUXQGHUL GH DHU IDOV L GHFL H[FHVXO GH DHU GLQ IRFDU VH PHQLQH la aceeaL valoare SkQODFR - Calculul arderii cu exces de aer. Volumul real al gazelor de ardere:
Vg = Vg 0 + ( 1)V0
[ m3 /kg] N
(1.21)
'HQVLWDWHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODVWDUHQRUPDO:
0 =
1 + 1,293 Va Vg
[kg/ m3 ] N
(1.22)
3UHVLXQHDSDULDODJD]HORU522 n gazele de ardere:
PRO2 =
VRO2 Vg
pg
[bar]
(1.23)
3UHVLXQHDSDULDODYDSRULORUGHDS:
PH 2O =
VH 2O Vg
pg
[bar]
(1.24)
unde pgHVWHSUHVLXQHDDEVROXWDJD]elor de ardere: p g = p o 1 bar . c) 3XWHUHDFDORULFLQIHULRDU a combustibililor lichizi sau solizi este:
O 9 H i = 339,0 C + 1200 H + 104,7 S 25,1W O 8 8
[kJ/kg] (1.25)
vQ FDUH FRPSRQHQWHOH FRPEXVWLELOXOXL VH UHIHU OD PDVD GH OXFUX L VH H[SULP vQ procente. Pentru combustibilii lichizi uzuali SXWHUHD FDORULF LQIHULRDU DUH XUPWRarele valori: &RPEXVWLELOOLFKLGXRU (CLU) 42000 kJ/kg 3FXU 38000 39000 kJ/kg Pentru lignit puterHDFDORULFLQIHULRDUYDULD]IRDUWHPXOW, astfel: Lignit inferior 6700 7500 kJ/kg Lignit superior 10000 14000 kJ/kg 1.3. Diagrama I - t Valoarea entalpiei (I) a JD]HORU GH DUGHUH RELQXWe GLQ DUGHUHD XQLWLi de combustibil ( m3 VDXNJHVWHGDWGHUHODLD: N
I = VRO2 iRO2 + VN 2 iN 2 + VH 2 OiH 2 O + ( 1)V0iaer
(1.26)
unde iRO2 , iN 2 , iH 2O L iaer UHSUH]LQW HQWDOSLLOH specifice ale JD]HORU FRPSRQHQWH L VXQWIXQFLHGHWHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHW La diverse temperaturi ale gazelor de ardere (02000 0C) se GHWHUPLQ entalpia amestecului utilizndu-se tabelul de calcul 1.1. Conform tabelului 1.1., se GHWHUPLQ valorile din coloanele 3, 5 L FDUH vQVXPDWH GDX COMBUSTIBIL I 4 entalpia gazelor de ardere n C = ......... % FRQGLLLWHRUHWLFH(Igo). kJ . H = ......... % 3 3 Pentru diverse valori ale mN N= ......... % kJ . etc. coeficientului de exces de aer Vo = .......... kg (1=focar, 2>1; 3>2 etc.) se 2 Vgo = .......... Hi = ......... RELQ YDORULOH GLQ FRORDQHOH Ii 14, 16 etc. 1 Se traVHD] GLDJUDPHOH IXQFLHL Ie Ig=f( , t) I = f(t, ) (1.27) asemenea familiei de curbe de parametru , reprezentate n figura 1.1., XWLOL]kQG VFUi convenabile (1:10; 1:20; 1:50 te ti t [oC] sau multipli). Diagrama I-t este Fig. 1.1. Diagrama I t VSHFLILF FRPEXVWLELOXOXL SHQWUX care a fost determinDW.
10
Tabelul 1.1.(QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHUH]XOWDWHGLQDUGHUHDXQLWLLGH combustibil (kJ/ m3 ) sau (kJ/kg) N

VH 2O = V0 =
g0
VRO2 =
VN 2 =
tg
i N 2 VN 2
I g0 =
Vg 0 = V
= (-1)=
i aer V0 = I V0
10 11
i RO2 i aer
9 5 6 7 8
i RO2 VRO2
i N2
i H 2O
VH 2O i H 2O
(i V )
n continuare I= I + ptr. PULW (-1) din 0,1 n ( i aer V0 ) (-1) 0,1 ( i aer V0 )
12
0 100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 150,5 304,4 626,2 968,5 1334 1722 2132 2558 3001 3458 3924 130,0 261,3 531,6 813,7 1107 1409 1719 2033 2353 2675 3001
170,0 357,5 771,8 1224 1704 2203 2716 3238 3772 4303 4843
129,5 259,8 526,5 804,0 1093 1391 1697 2008 2311 2643 2934
11
ModDOLWLOH de utilizare a diagramei It sunt uUPWRDUHle: a). DDF VH GDX, SHQWUX R VXSUDID GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU WHPSHUDWXULOH GH LQWUDUH L LHLUHa a gazelor de ardere SUHFXP L FRHILFLHQLL GH H[FHV GH DHU FRUHVSXQ]WRUL, se poate determina fluxulGHFlGXUFHGDWGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUH: - se citesc n diagrama I-t: I i = f (t i , i ) L I e = f (t e , e ) , apoi VH GHWHUPLQ IOX[XO GH FOGXU cedat de gazele de ardere. Q = B( I i I e ) (1.28) 3 unde B este consumul de combustibil [kg/s sau m N /s]. b). DDF VH GDX SHQWUX R VXSUDID GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU fluxul GH FOGXU cedat de gazele de ardere Q LSDUDPHWULLLQLLDOL ai gazelor de ardereWHPSHUDWXUDL excesul de aer, se poate determina WHPSHUDWXUD GH LHLUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD XQ coeficient de exces de aer cunoscut: - se FLWHWHvQGLDJUDPD,-t:
I i = f (t i , i )
apoi se GHWHUPLQ entalpia :
Ie = Ii
LvQILQDOVHFLWHWHvQGLDJUDPD,-t valoarea: 1.4. Diagrama cp t
Q B
te = f (I e , e ) .
(1.29)
In ca]XOFDOFXOHORUUDSLGHGHYHULILFDUHVDXFKLDULDFHORUGHGLPHQVLRQDUHIDU SUHWHQLL GH H[DFWLWDWH HVWH PDL FRPRG V VH OXFUH]H FX FOGXUL VSHFLILFH PHGLL ale gazelor de ardere ODSUHVLXQHFRQVWDQW, n loc de HQWDOSLL5HODLDGHOHJWXU,cp este:
I = Vg c p t = Vg0 + ( 1)V0 c p t
L
(1.30)
cp =
VRO2 Vg
cRO2 +
VH 2O Vg
cH 2O +
VN2 Vg
cN2 +
( 1)V0 caer Vg
(1.31)
'HRDUHFHYDULDLDFOGXULLVSHFLILFHFXFRPSR]LLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHUHODWLY PLFWDEHOHOHVDXGLDJUDPHOHGHFOGXULVSHFLILFHIXQFLHGHWHPSHUDWXUVXQWSUDFWLF utilizabileSHQWUXWRLFRPEXVWLELOLLGLQDFHHDLFODV (gaz, lichid, solid). n continuare se SUH]LQW WDEHOHOH L SHQWUX JD]HOH GH DUGHUH SURYHQLWH GLQ DUGHUHD FRPEXVWLELOLORU JD]RL UHVSHFWLY OLFKL]L FX DMXWRUXO FURUD SRW IL WUDVDWH diagramele cp=f(t,).
12
Tabelul 1.2. &OGXULVSHFLILFHPHGLLvQkJ/ m K, pentru gaze de ardere provenite din arderea FRPEXVWLELOLORUJD]RL 0 t ( C) =1 =1,1 =1,2 =1,5 =2,0 0 1,3670 1,3582 1,3532 1,3435 1,3327 100 1,3762 1,3699 1,3645 1,3532 1,3410 200 1,3904 1,3837 1,3779 1,3653 1,3523 300 1,4067 1,3992 1,3929 1,3804 1,3657 400 1,4243 1,4164 1,4097 1,3946 1,3809 500 1,4432 1,4344 1,4277 1,4130 1,3967 600 1,4620 1,4532 1,4457 1,4306 1,4134 700 1,4808 1,4716 1,4641 1,4478 1,4306 800 1,4992 1,4905 1,4821 1,4653 1,4469 900 1,5177 1,5076 1,4997 1,4821 1,4628 1000 1,5348 1,5248 1,5160 1,4976 1,4783 1100 1,5516 1,5411 1,5319 1,5126 1,4925 1200 1,5675 1,5566 1,5474 1,5273 1,5064 1300 1,5825 1,5717 1,5616 1,5411 1,5198 1400 1,5968 1,5855 1,5754 1,5545 1,5319 1500 1,6102 1,5984 1,5884 1,5662 1,5436 1600 1,6231 1,6110 1,6005 1,5779 1,5541 1700 1,6361 1,6231 1,6123 1,5892 1,5645 1800 1,6470 1,6340 1,6231 1,5993 1,5746 1900 1,6575 1,6445 1,6336 1,6093 1,5838 2000 1,6675 1,6545 1,6428 1,6181 1,5922
3 N
Tabelul 1.3. &OGXULVSHFLILFHPHGLLvQkJ/ m K, pentru gaze de ardere provenite din arderea combustibililor lichizi 0 t ( C) =1 =1,1 =1,2 =1,5 =2 0 1,3674 1,3595 1,3565 1,3444 1,3335 100 1,3825 1,3741 1,3703 1,3569 1,3440 200 1,3988 1,3892 1, 3854 1,3720 1,3590 300 1,4164 1,4055 1,4013 1,3860 1,3720 400 1,4356 1,4252 1,4201 1,4030 1,3850 500 1,4557 1,4453 1,4398 1,4214 1,4042 600 1,4766 1,4649 1,4586 1,4386 1,4206 700 1,4951 1,4850 1,4779 1,4561 1,4386 800 1,5135 1,5030 1,4955 1,4737 1,4545 900 1,5340 1,5206 1,5131 1,4905 1,4704 1000 1,5516 1,5378 1,5306 1,5072 1,4867 1100 1,5696 1,5549 1, 5476 1,5223 1,5018 1200 1,5830 1,5708 1,5645 1,5373 1,5152 1300 1,5995 1,5846 1,5763 1,5507 1, 5286
3 N
13
1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
1,6143 1,6265 1,6411 1,6520 1,6646 1,6734 1,6822
1,6005 1,6123 1,6265 1,6378 1,6482 1,6545 1,6637
1,5909 1,6022 1,6169 1,6261 1,6386 1,6478 1,6570
1,5641 1,5754 1,5880 1,5976 1,6085 1,6181 1,6277
1,5411 1,5520 1,5637 1,5729 1,5834 1,5917 1,6018
Modurile de utili]DUH D FOGXULORU specifice ale gazelor de ardere n calculele termice: a) 'DF VH GDX SHQWUX R VXSUDID GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU WHPSHUDWXULOH GH LQWUDUH L LHLUH ale gazelor de DUGHUH SUHFXP L H[FHVHOH GH DHU FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH VH poate determina fluxulGHFOGXUFHGDWGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUH UH]XOW
c pi = f (t i , i ) L c pe = f (te , e )
Q = B (Vgi c pi ti Vge c pe t e )
(1.32)
unde: B debitul de combustibil (kg/s, m3 /s). N Vg volumul de gaze de ardere pentru unitatea de combustibil ( m3 /kg, m3 / m3 ) N N N Vg = Vg 0 + ( 1)V0 b). DDF VH GDX SHQWUX R VXSUDID GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU fluxul GH FOGXU FHGDW GH JD]HOH GH DUGHUH L SDUDPHWULL LQLLDOL ai gazelor de ardere WHPSHUDWXU L exces de aer), se poate determina temperatura dH LHLUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD XQ DQXPLWH[FHVGHDHUFXQRVFXWILLQGQHFHVDUHvQVLWHUDLL de clacul. Cu valorile (ti, i), GLQ WDEHOH UH]XOW FOGXUa VSHFLILF a gazelor la intrare c pi . Se presupune o valoare t 'e LFXDFHDVWYDORDUHLpentru excesul de aer eVHRELQH c p e .
'
Se GHWHUPLQ t 'e' FXUHODLD:

" te =
Vgi c p iti Vg c 'pe

'
Q B
(1.33)
GDF te GLIHU ID te cu mai mult de un gard, se reia calculul o cu noX valoare
''
t e' = t e'' . ,QILQDOVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDGHLHLUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH t e pentru c pe :

''
te =
Vg i c p i t i
' Vge c 'pe
Q B
(1.34)
$YkQGvQYHGHUHFYDULDLDFOGXULLVSHFLILFHFXWHPSHUDWXUDHVWHIRDUWHPLF QXVXQWQHFHVDUHQLFLRGDWPDLPXOWGHLWHUDLL
14
Pentru determinarHD FOGXULORU VSHFLILFH DOH componentelor gazelor de ardere SRWILXWLOL]DWHXUPWRDUHOHUHODLL: c RO2 = 1,7003 + 4,1759 10 3 (t 100) 0,701 [kJ/ m3 K] (1.35) N
c H 2O = 1,5051 + 8,4142 10 5 (t 100)1,154 [kJ/ m3 K] N

c N 2 = 1,2958 + 9,3464 10 6 (t 100)1,35
c aer = 1,3004 + 3,6974 10 (t 100)
3 1,169
(1.36) (1.37) (1.38)
[kJ/ m3 K] N [kJ/ m3 K] N
sau pentru valori medii ale caldurii specifice a amestecului de gaze de ardere pentru combustibili clasici (UHODLLYDODELOHSHQWUXLQWHUYDOXOGHWHPSHUDWXUW=100900 0C): 5 - JD]RL: c pg = 4,186(0,31882 + 3,7393 10 t ) [kJ/ m3 K] (1.39) N lichizi: c pg = 4,186(0,32118 + 3,8107 10 5 t ) [kJ/ m3 K] N (1.40)
c pg = 4,186(0,32265 + 4,45 10 5 t ) [kJ/ m3 K] - solizi: (1.41) N Q ILJXULOH L VXQW SUH]HQWDWH GLDJUDPHOH GH YDULDLH D FOGXULL VSHFLILFH PHGLL SHQWUX JD]H QDWXUDOH FRPEXVWLELOL OLFKL]L L XQ DQXPLW FRPEXVWLELO solid. $FHVWH WDEHOH L JUDILFH VXQW RULHQWDWLYH VXILFLHQW GH FRUHFWH SHQWUX FDOFXOH SUDFWLFH LQJLQHUHWL 3HQWUX ILHFDUH FRPEXVWLELO vQ SDUWH FOGXULOH VSHFLILFH YRU IL determinate folosind valorile din anexa 7 care reprezintFOGXULOHVSHFLILFHPHGLLDOH gazelor componente.
cp
kJ 3 m NK 1,6
=1 =1,1 =1,2 =1,5 =2 =3 =4
1,5
1,4
1,3
500
1000
1500
2000
t (oC)
Fig. 1.2. Diagrama cp t pentru gaze naturale
15
INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE APARATE TERMICE CAZANE cp

kJ kg.K
=1
1,6
=1,1 =1,2 =1,5 =2 =3 =4
1,5
1,4
1,3
500
1000
1500
2000
t (oC)
Fig. 1.3. Diagrama cp t pentru combustibili lichizi

cp
kJ kg.K 1,7 C =21,4 % H = 2,7 % S = 2,5 % O = 14,8 % N = 1,4 % A = 26,3 % W = 30,9 %
=1 =1,1 =1,2 =1,5 =2
1,6
1,5
1,4
1,3
500
1000
1500
2000
t (oC)
Fig. 1.4. Diagrama cp t pentru combustibil solid
16
2. BILANTUL TERMIC AL CAZANULUI
%LODQXO WHUPLF OD FD]DQXOXL H[SUHVLH D SULQFLSLXOXL FRQVHUYULL HQHUJLHL SXQH vQ HYLGHQ fluxurile GH FOGXU LQWURGXVH IOX[XULOH XWLOH L SLHUGHULOH GH FOGXU ale FD]DQXOXL ID GH FRQWXUXO GH ELODQ L SHUPLWH FDOFXOXO UDQGDPHQWXOXL WHUPLF L DO consumului de combustibil.
CAPITOLUL 2 %,/$18/7(50,&$/&$=$18/8,
2 Qc
Qut
Qcos
Qch Qa Qmec
Qext
1. Cazan 2. Alimentare cu combustibil

*U WDU 6XSUDIH HGH F OGXU
schimb de

(YDFXDUHFHQX L]JXU &RQWXUGHELODQ
Qev 3 5
Fig. 2.1.&RQWXUXOGHELODQODXQFD]an cu arderea combustibilului solid n stratSHJUWDU &RQWXUXO GH ELODQ vQFDGUHD] VXSUDIDD H[WHULRDU D SHUHLORU FD]DQXOXL 7HPSHUDWXUDGHUHIHULQHVWHWHPSHUDWXUDPHGLXOXLDPELDQWVDXFHDQRUPDO (FXDLDELODQXOXLWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLVHVFULe sub forma : Qc + Qa = Qut + Qmec + Qcos + Qch + Qext + Qev (kW) (2.1) unde : - HVWHGHELWXOGHFOGXUGLVSRQLELODFRPEXVWLELOXOXL; -GHELWXOGHFOGXUDGXVGHDHUul utilizat la arderea combustibilului; - debitul dHFOGXUXWLOSURGXVGHFD]DQ; -GHELWXOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUPHFDQLF (este specific numai combustibilului solid);
17
Qc
Qa
Q ut Q mec
Q ch
Q cos Q ext Q cen
-GHELWXOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF -GHELWXOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQHYDFXDUHDJD]HORUGHDrGHUHSHFR - GHELWXOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQSHUHLLH[WHULRULDLFD]DQXOXL - debitulGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQHYDFXDUHDSURGXVHORUVROLGHde ardere din cazan (este specific numai combustibilului solid) .
2.1. Randamentul termic al cazanului a) ODXQFD]DQvQIXQFLXQH cnd,SULQPVXUUL,VHGHWHUPLQ Qut L Qc : Q A = ut 100 (%) (2.2) Qc b) n faza de proiectare, cnd se impuneFDGDWGHSURLHFWDUH sarcina WHUPLF XWLOWHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFRHWFLVHFDOFXOHD] : Randamentul termic al cazanului poate fi determinat :
B =
Qc Q pj Qc
= 1 q j = 1 (qcos + qch + qmec + qext + qcen ) (%)
(2.3)
unde q j UHSUH]LQWSLHUGHULOHVSHFLILFHUHODWLYHIDGH Qc GHFOGXU n cazul general al unui cazan n ID] GH SURWRWLS, GXS FH V-a determinat randamentul termic de proiectare DFHVWD YD WUHEXL YDOLGDW GH vQFHUFULOH WHUPRWHKQLFH realizate conform standardului specific tipului constructiv de cazan. Randamentul GHFODUDWGHIXQFLRQDUHDOFD]DQXOXLUHVSHFWLYQXYDSXWHDVGLIHUHFXPDLPXOWGH IDGHFHORELQXWvQFDGUXOvQFHUFULORUWHPRWHKQLFHGHWLSvQFHUFULFHVHHIHFWXHD] n laboratoare independente acreditate n acest scop. 3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUPHFDQLF ( q mec ) Acest tip de pierdereGHFOGXUUHSUH]LQWSLHUGHUHDSULQQHDUGHUHDFDUERQXOXL GLQFRPEXVWLELOFD]XWVXEJUWDUvQJOREDWvQ]JXUVDXDQWUHQDWFXFHQXD]EXUWRDUH FD]XUL vQ FDUH GLQ OLSVD FRQGLLLORU GH DUGHUH DFHVWD QX PDL SRDWH HOLEHUD FDOGXUD GH UHDFLH'HDFHHDDFHDVWSLHUGHUHGHFOGXUHVWHspecific numai pentru cazul arderii combustibililor solizi SH JUWDU IL[ VDX PRELO SHQWUX FRPEXVWLELOL OLFKL]L L JD]RL qmec =0)
18
q mec =
Qmec Qmec 100 (%) sau exprimat n procente q mec = B * Hi B * Hi
unde : B * este consumul de combustibil (kg/s) ; H i -SXWHUHDFDORULFLQIHULRDUDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLNJNJ PierderHDVSHFLILFGHFOGXU q mec se determinFXUHODLD
c zg ccaz c sb 32657 A + a zg + a sb q mec = a caz 100 ccaz 100 c zg 100 c sb 100 H i
(2.4)
unde ajHVWHSURFHQWXOGHSDUWLFLSDUHvQFHQXHDGLIHULWHORUIUDFLXQL a j = 100 L cjHVWHFRQLQXWXOSURFHQWXaOGHFDUERQIL[GLQIUDFLXQHD aj. Valorile medii orientative se SUH]LQW n tabelul 2.1. pentru combustibil ligniWSHGLYHUVHWLSXULGHJUWDUH Cu A VHQRWHD]SURFHQWXOWRWDOGHFHQXHGLQFRPEXVWLELO.
&RPEXVWLELOLVLVWHPGHDUGHUH /LJQLWSHJUWDUIL[SODQ /LJQLWSHJUWDUvQFOLQDWIL[ /LJQLWSHJUWDUFXvPSLQJHUH GLUHFW /LJQLWSHJUWDUcu mpingere UVWXUQDW Lignit PFLQDWars n stare pulverizat
&]XWVXE JUWDU
Inglobat n zJXU
Tabelul 2.1. Antrenat cu FHQXD zEXUWRDUH
a caz
4 2 15 20 0
ccaz
10 10 4 10 -
a zg
76 78 55 50 10
c zg
15 15 10 10 10
a sb
20 20 30 30 90
c sb
9 8 4 4 3
n mod normal q mec poate avea valoarea FXSULQV vQ LQWHUYDOXO 12% pentru FUEXQLL0,5 SHQWUXOHPQLYHJHWDOH uscate. Consumul efectiv de combustibil (B) va fi : B = B * (1 q mec ) [kg/s] (2.5)
19
2.1.2.3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSUin evacuarea gazelor de ardere laFR q cos sau q2 ) Se determinFXUHODLD:
q cos =
qcos
H[SOLFLWkQGWHUPHQLLUH]XOW
Qcos Qa n valori absolute sau, B * Hi Q Qa = cos 100 n % B* Hi

1 qmec ( Ig cos cos I cos ) Hi
(2.6)
qcos =
unde :
- este un parametru FDUH VH VWDELOHWH SULQ FDOFXOH HFRQRPLFH GDU SHQWUX vQFHSHUHDFDOFXOXOXLVHDSUR[LPHD]ODYDORULX]XDOHIXQFLHGHWLSXOFD]DQXOXL$VWIHO, OD FD]DQHOH GH DEXU IXQFLH GH WHPSHUDWXUD GH VDWXUDLH D DSHL GLQ FD]DQ (ts L GH debitul de abur Dh [t/h] : PHQWUXFD]DQHIUVXSUDIHHDX[LOLDUHHFRQRPL]RU SUHvQFO]LWRU :
I g cos
VHRELQHGLQdiagrama I-t pentru cos LWHPSHUDWXUD t cos ;
tcos
t cos t s + 50 +
50
Dh
[0C]
(2.7)
PentrXFD]DQHFXVXSUDIHHDX[LOLDUH:
t cos 160 +
100 Dh
[0C]
(2.8)
Pentru cazane de apFDOGVDXILHUELQWH
t cos = t am + (80 120) [0C] unde t am =
ti + te 2
(2.9)
I aer UHSUH]LQWHQWDOSLDDHUXOXLGHDUGHUHODWHPSHUDWXUDDPELDQW (ta200&L

se determinFXUHODLD
I aer = V0 c pa t a
3 [kJ/ m N ] sau [kJ/kg]
(2.10)
20

3 cu cpa=1,2971 [kJ/ m N K ] VHRELQH: 3 cpa ta = iaer = 25,942 [kJ/ m N ]
(2.11)
Q FDOFXOXO FX FOGXUi specifice SLHUGHULOH GH FOGXU SULQ HYDFXDUHD la co VH GHWHUPLQFXUHODLD 1 q cos = V g c pg t cos cosV0 c pa t a (2.12) Hi
(GDFVHDGPLWH qmec =0) cu
V g = V go + ( cos 1)V0
(2.13)
q cos =
1 V go c pg (t cos t a ) + ( cos 1) V0 c pa (t cos t a ) Hi
(2.14)
5HODLHSULQ care se punevQHYLGHQ 1. pLHUGHUHDGHFOGXU prin cantitatea miniPGe gaze rezultate din ardere; 2. pierderea GHFOGXUsXSOLPHQWDUSULQDHUXOvQH[FHV Aceste pierderi VSHFLILFH GH FOGXU DX YDORUL X]XDOH GH vQ IXQFLH GH WLSXOLQVWDODLHLGHDUGHUHGHnatura combustibiluluiLGHWLSXOFD]DQXOXL. 2.1.3. PierdHUL VSHFLILFH GH FOGXU SULQ DUGHUH LQFRPSOHW GH QDWXU FKLPLF ( q ch sau q3 ) Aceste pierderi GH FOGXU DSDU GDWRULW IDSWXOXL F RPRJHQL]DUHD DPHVWHFXOXL combustibil-DHUGHDUGHUHQXSRDWHILSHUIHFWRULFkWGHSHUIRUPDQWDUILLQVWDODLDGH DUGHUH $VWIHO F UHDOL]kQG FKLDU L DPHVWHFXUL FX H[FHV GH DHU n gazele de ardere rezultate VH JVHVF FRPSRQHQWH JD]RDVH GH DUGHUH LQFRPSOHW combustibile, ca: CO, H2, CH4 etc.
qch =
Qch 1 qmec = ( 126 ,36 CO + 107 ,98 H 2 )Vg usc B* Hi Hi
(2.15)
La proiectarea cazaneloUVHSRWDGPLWHXUPWRDUHOHYDORULRULHQWDWLYHSHQWUXqch: vQFD]XOXWLOL]ULLXQHLLQVWODLLGHDUGHUHSHUIRUPDQWH
qch 0 ;
la focare cu ecranarePLF (calde): la focare cu ecranare medie:
qch 0,005 ; qch 0,01 ;
21
la focare cu ecranare SXWHUQLF (reci): ODIRFDUHFXJUWDUH
qch 0,015 ; qch 0,02 . sau q5)
3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQSHUHLH[WHULRUL(qext Se determinFXUHODLD
q ext =
Qext = B * Hi
S (t
i i
pi
ta )
B * Hi
(2.16)
unde: tpi tHPSHUDWXUDPHGLHDXQHLVXSUDIHHH[WHULRDUHi a cazanului; Si PULPHDVXSUDIHHLH[WHULRDUHi a cazanului;
i FRHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUODVXUDIDDH[WHULRDUi a acazanului.
5HODLDSRDWHILXWLOL]DWQXPDLSHQWUXXQFD]DQH[LVWHQW pentru care s-au determinatvQIXQFLRQDUHOD VDUFLQDQRPLQDOWHPSHUDWXULOHSHVXSUDIHHOHH[WHULRDUH ale acestuia. n faza de proiectare se XWLOL]HD]UHODLLexperimentale: - pHQWUXFD]DQHGHDEXUIU qext= 5,4643 10 Dh VXSUDIHHDQH[HDh debit de abur [t/h]); - pentru cazane de abur cu qext= 5,8797 10 Dh VXSUDIHHDQH[HDh debit de abur [t/h]);
-2 -2 -0,5185 -2 -0,6557
(2.17)
(2.18)
qext= 4,6167 10 QMW - pentru cazane mariGHDSFDOGVDX(2.19) fiebinte (QMW = 0,1 6 MW). QMW sarcina WHUPLFDDFD]DQXOXLH[SULPDWvQ0: SHQWUX FD]DQH GH DS FDOG VDX fiebinte, PLFL L PLMORFLL Q <1000kW), se poate aprecia pentru qext o valoare n intervalul (0,51,5 %) vQIXQFLHGHJUDGXOGHL]RODUHWHUPLF dorit.
22
3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQHYDFXDUHDSURGXVHORUVROLGHGLQFD]Dn (qcen
sau q6 )
$FHVWWLSGHSLHUGHUHGHFOGXUUHSUH]LQWFOGXUDHYDFXDWRGDWFXFHQXDL zgura (produsele solide ale arGHULLFRPEXVWLELOLORUVROL]LODRWHPSHUDWXUPDLULGLFDW dect cea de refeULQ GH ELODQ 'H DFHHD DFHDVW SLHUGHUH GH FOGXU HVWH specific numai pentru cazul arderiiFRPEXVWLELOLORUVROL]LSHQWUXFRPEXVWLELOLOLFKL]LLJD]RL qcen=0)
qcen =
A 1 asb c pev (tev ta ) 100 H i 1 ccaz czg
(2.20)
unde : cpev HVWH FOGXUD VSHFLILF PHGLe D SURGXVHORU HYDFXDWH FHQXH L ]JXU FRQIRUP tabelului 2.2. tev temperatura de evacuare a produselor solide Tabelul 2.2. &OGXUD specific medie a zguriiFHQXLL o t ( C) 100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 cpev(kJ/kgK) 0,801 0,842 0,899 0,930 0,956 0,980 1,001 1,130 1,172 1,212 n mod uzual pierderileVSHFLILFHGHFOGXU qcen nu depHVF Pentru XQ FD]DQ FH XWLOL]HD] FRPEXVWLELO solid, randamentul termic de proiectare al cazanului va fi:
= 1 ( qmec + qcos + qch + qext + qev )

cu valori uzuale n intervalul 0,70,85.
(2.21)
Pentru XQFD]DQFHXWLOL]HD]FRPEXVWLELO lichid sau gazos, randamentul termic de proiectare al cazanului va fi:
= 1 ( qcos + qch + qext )
(2.22)
cu valori uzuale n intervalul 0,880,93 (cazane clasiceIUFRQGHQVDUHDYDSRULORUGH DSGLQJD]HOHGHDUGHUH.
23
2.2. Consumul de combustibil 2.2.1. Consumul de combustibil, pentru cazanele ce produc abur este :
B* =
D(i i0 ) + D p (i 'i0 )
H i
[Kg/s, m3N/s]
(2.23)
unde cu D s-a notat debitul de abur al cazanului [kg/s] GDWSULQWHP. Un mod de exprimare tehnic curent al debitului de abur al cazanului este Dh , msurat vQ>WK@LDVWIHO: [kg/s] D = Dh 0,278 i HQWDOSLDILQDO a aburului la evacuare din cazan [kJ/kg]; i0 HQWDOSLDLQLLDODDSHLde alimentare a cazanului [kJ/kg];
io= cpa tal = 4,186 tai [kJ/kg] cpa FOGXUDVSHFLILFDDSHL tal - temperatura apei de alimentare a cazanului i, i HQWDOSLDDSHLLa aburului, ODVDWXUDLH [kJ/kg] ; Dp debitul de purje (kg/s) pentru care se admite Dp =(0,030,05) D
3XUMDUHDFD]DQXOXLVHIDFHSHQWUXDVFGHDSHULRGLFduritatea apei din cazan sub OLPLWDDGPLVLELOSHVWHFDUHVUXULOHGH&DL0JvQFHSVVHGHSXQSHVXSUDIHHOHGH VFKLPEGHFOGXU )USXUMDUHDSHUPDQHQWVDXSHULRGLFDDFHVWXLGHELW'pGHDSODVDWXUDLH FD]DQXO QX DU SXWHD IXQFLRQD vQ PRG FRQWLQXX L GH DFHHD VH FRQVLGHU FOGXUD HYDFXDWFXSXUMDFDILLQGWHKQRORJLFXWLO Pentru aburul umed, cu titlul entalpia LVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD (2.24) L LL- i) Pentru cazanele mari la care DU]WRDUHOHXWLOL]HD]DEXUVDWXUDWca agent motor SHQWUXLQMHFLDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLOLFKLG
B* =
D ( i i0 ) + D p ( i ' i0 )
H i W inj ( i ' ' i0 )
(2.25)
24
Winj debitul relativ de abur XWLOL]DW GH FWUH injectorul de combustibil lichid
[kg.abur/kg.comb]. 2.2.2. Consumul de combustibil, pentru cazaneleGHDSFDOGVDXILHUELQWH Pentru cazaneleGHDSFDOGVDXILHUELQWHVH G,SULQWHP, debiWXOGHFOGXU XWLO SURGXV de cazan VDUFLQD WHUPLF D FD]DQXOXL, Q [kW] L asfel se poate determina consumul de combustibil al cazanului:
B* =
Q H i
(kg/s, m3N /s)
(2.26)
Pentru cazanele mari GH DS FDOG VDX DS ILHUELQWH de peste 500 kW, debitul util GHFOGXUQhVHH[SULPn [Gcal/h] sistem tehnic. n acest caz, consumul de combustibil VHGHWHUPLQXWLOL]kQGUHODLDRPRJHQ:
1,163 Qh 103 B* = H i
(kg/s, m3N /s)
Debitul de combustibil consumat efectiv n cadrul procesului de ardere, n cazan, este :
B = B * ( 1 qmec ) (kg/s, m3N /s)
(2.27)
B este debitul de combustibil ce se va utiliza n continuare n cadrul calculelor

de dimensionare necesare ntreguluiFD]DQvQFHHDFHSULYHWHGHWHUPLQDUHDGHELWHORU de gaze de ardere. %LODQ XOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL %LODQXOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXLsHHIHFWXHD]SHQWUXa se determina fluxurile GHFOGXUDIHUHQWHILHFUHLVXSUDIHHGHVFKLPEGHFOGXU, n parte, a cazanului. In cazul cel mai general de cazan, FXVXSUDIHHDQH[HLcu producere de abur supraQFO]LW UHSUH]HQWDUHD VFKHPDWLF D ELODQXOXL GH DQVDPEOX HVWH conform figurii_2.2. 3HQWUX FD]DQHOH PDL VLPSOH VH HOLPLQ GLQ VFKHP HFRQRPL]RUXO L preQFO]LWRUXOGHDHUVDXQXPDLXQDGLQDFHVWHVXSUDIHHDX[LOLDUHGXSFD] 'H DVHPHQHD SHQWUX FD]DQHOH GH DEXU VDWXUDW VH HOLPLQ GLQ VFKHP VXSUDvQFO]LWRUXO
25
)OX[XOGHFOGXUWUDQVPLVn cadrul economizorului : Qec = ( D + D p )(iec io ) (kW)
(2.28)
unde iec se FRQVLGHU pentru o tempeUDWXU D DSHL FX FFD o& PDL VF]XW GHFkW WHPSHUDWXUDGHVDWXUDLHtec ts -100C) a aburului produs de cazan. )OX[XOGHFOGXUWUDQVPLVn cadrul VLVWHPXOXLILHUEWRU
Qsf = [ D( isf iec ) + D p ( i' iec )]

tf If
Sistem
ILHUE WRU
(kW)
(2.29)
tt It
BHi
tsfc Isfc

6XSUDvQF O
tsi Isi
-
tec Iec
Economizor QPA QEC
tpa)tcos Ipa)Icos
QPA
Focar QSFR
convectiv QSFC
zitor QSI
3UHkQF O]LWRU
de aer
tEC Aer preQFO]LW Aer tPA ambiant $S ta alimentare
Abur
VXSUDvQ O]LW
Fig. 2.2.6FKHPDELODQXOXLGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXLGHDEXUVXSUDvQFO]LW GH PHQLRQDW F GDF VH HIHFWXHD] R EXQ VHSDUDUH D SLFWXULORU GH DS OD VDWXUDLH din aburul ce iese din tambur, se poate accepta isf = i (=1). )OX[XOGHFOGXUWUDQVPLVn cadrul supraQFO]LWRUXOXLHVWH Qsi = D( i isf ) (kW) )OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWvQ cadrul preQFO]LWRUXOui de aer : Q pa = B f V0 (iap i a ) (kW) unde: (2.30)
(2.31)
26
iap, ia
SURSRULD de aer din aerul de ardere ce se prenFO]HWH, (50 100%); entalpiile specifice ale aerului preQFO]LWUHVSHFWLYDPELDQWiap=cp ap tap; ia=cpa ta). &X DFHVWH GDWH VH vQWRFPHWH WDEHOXO GH ELODQ . pentru un caz de exemplificare pentru care qmec=0 L qev=0. Tabelul 2.3. Q cedat de arderea Q preluat de sXSUDIHHle de combustibilului pierderi VFKLPEGHFOGXU [kW] [kW]
Q '' = Q eroare max. 1% (URDUHDUHODWLYGHvQFKLGHUHDELODQXOXLGHDQVDPEOXse determinFXUHODLD Q ' Q ' ' = 100 1 % (2.31) Q'
QC=B*Hi Qpa=B f V0(iap-ia) -qFR B* Hi -qch B* Hi -qext B* Hi

Q' = Q
Qec Qsf=Qsfc+Qsfr Qsi Qpa
Q FD]XO FD]DQHORU GH DS FDOG VDX ILHUELQWH ELODQXO HVWH PXOW VLPSOLILFDW deoarece cazanul este compus numai din sistem radiant (focar)LVLVWHPFRQYHFWLYGH vQFO]LUHDDSHL6FKHPDHVWHGDWvQILJXUD 5HODLLOH GH ELODQ VXQW FRQIRUP WDEHOXOui SHQWUX FD]DQH IXQFLRQkQG FX combustibil lichid sau gazos).
It
Focar QR
If
Convectiv QC
Ic ) Icos
Fig. 2.3. 6FKHPDELODQXOXLGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXLGHDSFDOGVDXDSILHUELQWH. Tabelul 2.4. Q cedat de arderea Q preluat de sXSUDIHHle de combustibilului pirderi VFKLPEGHFOGXU [kW] [kW]
+ B Hi -qFR B Hi
27
Q ut = Q R + Q C
Q' = Q
-qch B Hi -qext B Hi
eroare max. 1%
Q '' = Q
2.4.
%LODQ XOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL
%LODQXO JUDILF DO Fazanului transpune grafic, la VFDU GHELWHOH GH FOGXU conform celor din tabelele 2.3 sau 2.4.IXQFLHGHWLSXOFD]DQXOXLODFDUHVHUHIHU
DEBITE DE CALDURA INTRODUSE QPA B*cos Ia0 DEBITE UTILE DE CALDURA QR QSFC QSI QEC B*Hi
* B*qextHi B qevHi B qmecHi B*qchHi *
B*Icos
DEBITE DE CALDURA PIERDUTA
Fig. 2.4.%LODQXOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL Q ILJXUD VH SUH]LQW VFKHPDWLF ELODQXO JUDILF DO XQXL FD]DQ GH DEXU VXSUDvQFO]LWDOLPHQWDWFXFRPEXVWLELOVROLG 2.5. %LODQ XOSDU LDO pe elemente al cazanului - stabilirea temperaturilor LHQWDOSLLlor gazelor de ardere pe traseu.
A. Cazane de abur. 6HFRQVLGHU, ipotetic,FWHPSHUDWXUDGHvQFHSXWDSURFHVXOXLGHFHGDUHGHFOGXU a gazelor de ardere,HVWHWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHre (tt), corespunzWRDUH entalpiei teoretice de ardere (It):
It =
Hi (1 qch qmec ) + f V0iap + (1 ) f V0ia 1 qmec
(2.32)
28
ODFD]DQHIUSUHvQFO]LWRUGHDHU =0)
It =
Hi (1 qch q mec ) + f V0ia 1 q mec
(2.33)
7HPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHVHGHWHUPLQGin diagrama I-t, pentru entalpia teRUHWLF de ardere ItLFRHILFLHQWXOGHH[FHVGHDHUSHQWUXIRFDU f. )OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLDLHvQIRFDU Q R = (1 q ext ) B ( I t I f ) [kW] (2.34)
7HPSHUDWXUD OD FDSWXO IRFDUXOXL tf VH DOHJH LQLLDO vQWUH 60011000C n IXQFLH GH Qatura combustibilului L GH GH tipul focarului, apoi se va verifica (modifica) pe baza criteriilor economice VDX IXQFLH GH QHFHVLWLOH GH HFKLOLEUDUH GLPHQVLRQDODVXSUDIHHORUGHVFKLPEGHFOGXU Din diagrama I-t UH]XOW entalpia gazelor de ardere la iHLUHD GLQ IRFDU If, pentru temperatura tf LQLLDOL]DW L excesul de aer de ardere FRUHVSXQ]WRU IRFDUXOXL )OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWvQVLVWHPXOILHUEWRUFRQYHFWLY Qsfc = Qsf QR = B (1 qext )( I f I sfc ) (KW) Entalpia JD]HORUGHDUGHUHGXSVLVWHPXOILHUEWRUFRQYHFWLYYDIL
f.
(2.35)
I sfc = I f
1 Qsfc 1 qext B
(2.36)
Din diagrama I-t, pentru IsfcLsfcVHRELQHtsfc . $QDORJHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGXSVXSUDvQFO]LWRUHVWH
I si = I sfc
1 Qsi 1 qext B
(2.37)
Din diagrama I-t, pentru IsiLsiVHRELQHtsi.
29
(QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGXSHFRQRPL]RU
I ec = I si
1 Qec 1 qext B
(2.38)
Din diagrama I-t, pentru IecLecVHRELQHtec. (QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGXSSUHvQFO]LWRUXOGHDHU
I g pa = I ec
1 Q pa 1 qext B
(2.39)
Din diagrama I-t, pentru IgpaLpaVHRELQHtgpa. 9HULILFDUHDWHPSHUDWXULLJD]HORUGHFRGDFFDOFXOHOHDXIRVWFRUHFWHIHFWXDWH t sf tcos - SHQWUXFD]DQHIUVXSUDIHHDX[LOLDUH SHQWUXFD]DQHFXHFRQRPL]RULSUHvQFO]LWRUGHDHU pentru cazane cu economizor
t ec t cos
t g pa t cos
Eroarea DGPLVLELOGHvQFKLGHUHDELODQXOXLpaULDOSHHOHPHQWH este de maxim 0,5 %LVHGHWHUPLQDVWIHO
I =
I c I cos 100 < 0 ,5% I t I cos tc tcos 100 < 0,5% tt tcos
t =
B. &D]DQHGHDSFDOG (QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHHVWH
It =
Hi (1 qch qmec ) + 0V0iao 1 qmec
(2.40)
6HDOHJHODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXLRWHPSHUDWXUODOLPLWDLQIHULRDUDWHPSHUDWXULORU uzuale :
30
tf =600 900 o& vQ IXQFLH GH FRPEXVWLELlul utilizaW L tipul focarului. Din GLDJUDPD HQWDOSLH IXQFLH GH WHPSHUDWXUm VH GHWHUPLQm HQWDOSLD JD]HORU OD LHLUH GLQ focar If=f(tf,af) 5H]XOW
QR = B (1 qext )( I t I f )
(2.41)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWn sistemul conectiv este :
Qc = Q QR
(2.42)
UH]XOWHQWDOSLD gazelor de ardereGXSVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLY
Ic = I f
1 Qc (1 qext ) B
(2.43)
Din diagrama I-t, pentru IcLcVHRELQHtc. /D XQHOH FD]DQH H[LVW GRX sau mai multe sisteme convective. Pentru cazul cazanelor cuGRXGUXPXULFRQYHFWLYHVHDSUHFLD] XUPWRDUHOHSRQGHUL:
QCI = (0,7 0,8) QC QCII = QC - QCI

LVHFDOFXOHD]HQWDOSLLLWHPSHUDWXULLQWHUPHGLDUH (URDUHD DGPLVLELO GH vQFKLGHUH D ELODQXOXL SULDO SH HOHPHQWH HVWH GH PD[LP 0,5 LVHGHWHUPLQDVWIHO
I =
I c I cos 100 < 0 ,5% I t I cos
t =
tc tcos 100 < 0,5% tt tcos
C. 0HWRGHGHFDOFXOFXFOGXULVSHFLILFH 7HPSHUDWXUD WHRUHWLF GH DUGHUH VH poate determina, prin calcul iterativ, XWLOL]kQGUHODLD:
31
Hi (1 qch qmec ) + f V0c p aertap + (1 ) f V0c p aer tao 1 qmec Qt ' = tt = Vg c pg Vg c pg

pentru cazul arderii FXDHUSUHvQFO]LWsau:
(2.44)
tt' =
H i (1 qch qmec ) + f V0c paer tao Vg c pg
Q0 Vg c pg
(2.45)
SHQWUXFD]XODUGHULLIUDHUSUHvQFO]LW =0). Volumul de gaze de ardere cu exces de aer:
Vg = V go + ( f 1 )V0
Deoarece YDORDUHD FOGXULL VSHFLILFH D JD]HORUGH DUGHUH cpg esWH IXQFLH GH WHPSHUDWXUUH]XOWFvaloarea temperaturii teoretice de ardere tt trebuie LQLLDOL]DW. Astfel, seDSUHFLD]YDORDUHD tt n intervalul 18002000 oC. DUGHUHLQLLDOL]DWGXSFDUHVHFDOFXOHD] tt :
''
'
' 6H GHWHUPLQ GLQ c pg conform Cap. IXQFLH GH WHPSHUDWXUD WHRUHWLF GH
tt'' =
''
Qc Vg c'pg
'
(2.46)
FX R QRX YDORDUH D FOGXULL VSHFLILFH cpg GHWHUPLQDW la temperatura tt L VH GHWHUPLQtt :
''
'DF t t FDOFXODWGLIHU de tt LQLLDO cu mai mult de 50 K se UHLWHUHD]FDOFulul
tt =
Qc Vg c pg
(2.47)
'HRDUHFHYDULDLDFOGXULLVSHFLILFHFXWHPSHUDWXUDHVWHIRDUWHPLFVXEOD 100 grd.), nuVXQWQHFHVDUHPDLPXOWGHGRXLWHUDLL pentru. Pentru alegerea valorii de temperaturDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL VHIRORVHVFLQGLFDLLOHGHOD Cap. 2.5.A. sau 2.5.B. )OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLDLHvQIRFDUYDIL
32
QR = (1 qext ) BVg c pg (tt t f )

tt + t f 2
(2.48)
unde pentru determinarea valorii FOGXULL VSHFLILFH a gazelor de ardere s-a luat valoarea medie aLQWHUYDOXOXLGHWHPSHUDWXU t mf = aer f . FOX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWvQVLVWHPXOILHUEWRUFRQYHFWLYHVWH LWHPSHUDWXUDILQDOa gazelor de ardere: Lcoeficientul de exces de
Qsfc = Qsf QR
(2.49)
t sfc = t f
Qsfc (1 qext ) BVg c pg
(2.50)
unde c pg se GHWHUPLQ pentru sfcLWHPSHUDWXUDPHGLH t msfc =
tt + t sfc 2
Vg = Vgo + ( sfc 1 )V0

LvQDFHVWFD]VHSUHVXSXQHLQLLDORYDORDUHSHQWUX t sfc LVHUHFDOFXOHD] c pg
'
GDFYDORDUHDUH]XOWDWSHQWUX t sfc GLIHUGH t sfc cu mai mult de 50 K.

'
Temperatura gazelor de ardere ODHLUHGLQ supraQFO]LWRU
t si = t sfc
cu
Qsi (1 qext ) BVg c pg
(2.51)
t +t c pg = f t si = sfc si , si L Vg = V go + ( si 1 )V0 2

GXSHFRQRPL]RU
tec = t si
cu
Qec (1 qext ) BVg c pg
(2.52)
t +t c pg = f tec = si ec , ec L Vg = Vgo + ( ec 1 )V0 2

33
LGXSSUHvQFO]LWRUXOGHDHU
t pa = tec
cu
Q pa (1 qext ) BVg c pg
(2.52)
t +t c pg = f t pa = ec pa , pa L Vg = Vg + ( pa 1 )V0 o 2
&D L n cadrul cap. 2.5.A se face verificarea corectitudinii calculului prin compararea temperaturii de iHLUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGHSHXOWLPDVXSUDIDGHVFKLPE GHFOGXUcu temperatura GHHYDFXDUHODFR (URDUHD DGPLVLELO GH vQFKLGHUH D ELODQXOXL SULDO SH HOHPHQWH HVWH GH PD[LP 0,5 LVHGHWHUPLQDVWIHO
t =
n cazul cazanelor de DS FDOG sau fierbinte GXS FDOFXOXO WHPSHUDWXULL teoretice de ardere tt DD FXP V-D DUWDW PDL VXV L alegeUHD WHPSHUDWXULL OD FDSWXO focarului tfVHFDOFXOHD]4R . )OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWvQVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYeste : Qc = Q QR (2.53) LWHPSHUDWXUDILQDODJD]HORUGHDUGHUH:
tc = t f
unde
Qc (1 qext ) BVg c pg
Lc
(2.54)
c pg se GHWHUPLQSHQWUXFRQGLLLOH
t cm = t f + tc 2
(2.55) (2.56)
iar volumul real al gazelor de ardere este:
Vg = Vgo + ( c 1 )V 0
(URDUHD DGPLVLELO GH vQFKLGHUH D ELODQXOXL SULDO SH HOHPHQWH HVWH GH PD[LP 0,5 LVHGHWHUPLQDVWIHO
t =
34
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
CAPITOLUL 3 CALCULUL TERMIC AL &$/'6$8),(5%,17(
C$=$1(/25 '( $3
3.1. Calculul termic al cazanelor ignitubulare cu ntoarcerea gazelor de ardere n focar 3.1.1. Descriere constructivQHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQFLRQDUH Acest tip de cazane au focarul sub forma unui WXE GH IODFU ODUJ IU VWUSXQJHUH n LQWHULRUXOFUXLDgazele de ardereVXQWQHYRLWHVVHvQWRDUFvQGLUHF LH LQYHUV MHWXOXL GH IODFU realiznd astfel XQ GUXP FRQYHFWLY )XQF LRQHD] FX combustibil gazos sau OLFKLG L SURGXF DS FDOG 70 o& L PDL UDU DS ILHUELQWH 130/110 oC. Sunt de tip igQLWXEXODU FX YROXP PDUH GH DS LDU Srincipalele elemente componente ale cazanului sunt prezentate n figura 3.1.
15
14
10
12
10 15
11 9 3 5 13
Fig. 3.1. Cazan ignitubular cu ntoarcerea gazelor de ardere n focar

1. corp cazan; 2. focar tubularHYLGHfumFXWXUEXOL]DWRULDU]WRUXL]RODWWHUPLFLQWUDUHDS
LHLUHDS FXWLHFROHFWDUHJD]HOHJ WXU ODFRL]ROD LHWHUPLF SODF WXEXODU ID SODF WXEXODU VSD
te; 13.vizor; 14. teac termostate; 15. panou comand i reglaj.

$FHVWHFD]DQHVXQWDOFWXLWHGLQWU-un cilindru cu diametru mare (1), n interiorul FUXLD VH DIO VXSUDIH HOH GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU WXEXO GH IODFU FX SHUHte neted, ncastra L n SODFD WXEXODU ID L HYLOH GH fum cu turbulizatori, cu rol de
35
fascicul convectiv (3 HYLOH GH fum VXQW IL[DWH SULQ VXGXU VDX PDQGULQDUH vQ SOFLOHWXEXODUHID LVSDWH. IntUDUHDDSHLvQFD]DQVHIDFHSHODSDUWHDGHVXVVDXSHODSDUWHDLQIHULRDU iar evacuarea apei calde (7) VHIDFHvQWRWGHDXQDSHODSDUWHDVXSHULRDU. 8D GH vQFKLGHUH a cazanului (5), L]RODW WHUPLF permite trecerea gazelor de ardere din focar n siVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYLSR]L LRQDUHDDU]WRUXOXL. /D DU]WRU HVWH DGXV FRPEXVWLELOXO iar ventilatorul DVSLU L LQWURGXFH aerul necesar arderii n tubul de ardere din focar. ,Q LQWHULRUXO IRFDUXOXL VH DSULQGH L VH VWDELOL]H] IODFUD GH]YROWndu-se debitul de gaze de ardere. Acestea ajung n partea din spate a focaruluiLVXQWREOLJDWHVVHvQWRDUFspreSDUWHDGLQID . 'DWRULW XLL FD]DQXOXL JD]HOH GH DUGHUH VH vQWRUF FX 0 L LQWU vQ HYLOH FRQYHFWLYH6XQWFROHFWDWHvQFXWLDLHYDFXDWHSHFRSULQWX XO. 3.1.2. Tema de proiectare Prin tema de proiectare se dau: Q -VDUFLQDWHUPLFDFD]DQXOXLvQN: te / ti - temperatura apei laLHLUHLLQWUDUHvQFD]DQ70 oC) sau (80/60 oC); naturaFRPSR]L Lei combustibilului.
Aceste cazaQH IXQF LRQHD] FX VXSUDSUHVLXQH vQ IRFDU GHFL FRHILFLHQWXO GH excHVGHDHUHVWHFRQVWDQWSkQOD HYFXDUHDODFR: = f = c = = 1,05 1,15 = ct.
FR
&RQIRUP LQGLFD LLORU GLQ FDSLWROXO VH HIHFWXHD] FDOFXOXO DUGHULL FRPEXVWLELOXOXLLVHGHWHUPLQ: VO, Vgo, Vg, Hi, p H O , p RO VHWUDVHD]GLDJUDPD, t sau cp t.
2 2
&DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO $FHVWH FD]DQH IXQF LRQHD] QXPDL FX FRPEXVWLELO JD]RV VDX lichid, deci pierderea specific GHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUmecanic (qmecLFHa prin evacuarea produselor solide ale arderii din cazan (qcen) sunt nule. De asemenea B* = B. 6HFDOFXOHD]SLHUGHULOHVSHFLILFHGHFOGXU: a. PierdereaVSHFLILFGHFOGXUSULQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR )LLQG XQ FD]DQ GH DS FDOG VH DGPLWH R WHPSHUDWXU OD FR FH VH SRDWH GHWHUPLQDFXUHOD LD de aproximare: t +t t cos i e + (60 80) 0 C (3.1) 2 Din diagrama I t se determinYDORDUHDHQWDOSLHLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR: I = f (t , )
FR FR
36
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Entalpia aerului teoretic de ardere se determin OD WHPSHUDWXUD DPELDQW ta=20 C I ao = Vo c pa t a (3.2)
o
cu cpa = 1,2971 kJ/ m 3 K N 5H]XOWSLHUGHUHDVSHFLILFODFR: 1 qcos = ( I cos I ao ) Hi
(3.3)
b. 3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF n cadrul calculelor de proiectare GDWRULW SHUIRUPDQ HORU IXQF LRQDOH DOH DU]WRDUHORUPRGHUQHVHDGPLWHRSLHUGHUHSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW de naturFKLPLF de ordinul: qch = 0,001 0,005 c. 3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQSHUH LLH[WHULRULDLFD]DQXOXL n cadrul calculelor de proiectare SHQWUX FD]DQH UHODWLY PLFL vQ IXQF LH GH gradul dorit de izolareWHUPLFDFD]DQXOXLse poate alege o valoare: qext = 0,005 0,015 d. Randamentul cazanului 6HFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD: = 1 ( qcos + qch + qext )
LH[SULPDWvQYDORDUHSURFHQWXDO % = 100 e. Debitul de combustibil consumat Q B= (kg/s) sau ( m 3 / s ) N Hi %LODQXOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL Fluxul util GHFOGXUDOFD]DQXOXLHVWH )OX[XOGHFOGXUprodus de arderea combustibilului: )OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR: Q GDWSULQWHP.
(3.4)
(3.5)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVFXDHUXOGHDUGHUH
Qc = BH i
(3.6) (3.7) (3.8) (3.9) (3.10)
Qa = BVo c pa t a
Qcos = B I cos
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW: Qinc = qch BH i Qext = qext BH i )OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWspre exterior: 5H]XOWtabelul deELODQ termic al cazanului:
37
Tabelul 3.1. Fluxuri introduse pierdere Qc Qa Q Qinc Qext

FR
Util
Q = Q'
FR
Q = Q''
FR
1RW: n acest bilDQ WHUPHQHXO qcosBHi s-a scris sub formaH[SOLFLW: (BI + Bcoscpata= Q +Qa).
Q'Q" 100 1% (3.11) Q' 'DFHURDUHDUHODWLYGHvQFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLeste mai mare de 1% (cea maxim DGPLVLELOSHQWUXDFHVWJHQGH calcule) vQVHDPQFV-DIFXWRJUHHDOGHFDOFXO sau de citire n diagrama I-t.
(URDUHDUHODWLY: = 3.1.5. %LODQXO SDULDO SH VXSUDIHH FDOFXOXO WHPSHUDWXULORU L HQWDOSLLORU gazelor de ardere pe traseu). (QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHVHdeterminFXUHOD ia: I t = H i (1 qch ) + f V0 c pa t a
(3.12) DSRLVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHGLQGLDJUDPD,-t: t t = f (I t , ) . 2 LPSRUWDQW FDUDFWHULVWLF IXQF LRQDO D FD]DQHORU FX vQWRDUFHUH a gazelor de ardere n focar,RUHSUH]LQWLQFUFDUHDWHUPLFVSHFLILFPDUHDVXSUDIH HLGHVFKLPE GH FOGXU a focarului. De aceea intervalul de alegere a temperaturii OD FDSWXO focarului este: tf =500700 oC. 6H GHWHUPLQ DSRL GLQ GLDJUDPD ,-t entalpia gazelor de ardere OD FDSWXO focarului If=f(tf,). )OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLD LHvQIRFDUYDIL: QR = (1 qext ) B ( I t I f ) (kW) (3.13) )OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWn sistemul convectiv va fi: Qc = Q QR (3.14) (QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODVIkULWXOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLv este: Qc Ic = I f (3.15) (1 qext ) B
38
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
LGLQGLDJUDPD,-WUH]XOW: tc = f ( I c , ) . QFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLLPSXQH: IcI Ltct . LVHDGPLWHURULOHUHODWLYH: I Ic I = cos 100 0,5% I t I cos L t t t = cos c 100 0,5% t t t cos
FR FR
(URULPDLPDULLQGLFRJUHHDOGHFDOFXOQILQDOVHvQWRFPHWHWDEHOXO2. Tabelul 3.2. Temperatura gazelor )OX[GHFOGXU 6XSUDID D Intrare IHLUH [kW] o [ C] [oC] Focar QR tt tf Convectiv Qc tf tc %LODQXOJUDILFDOFD]DQului 'HELWHOH GH FOGXU GLQ WDEHOHOH L VH WUDQVSXQ JUDILF OD VFDU FD vQ figura 2.3 (cu particularizarea: B*=B; Qpa=0; Qsfc=Qc, Qsi=0; Qec=0; qmec=0; qev=0). 3.1.7. Calculul termic al focarului Acest calcul are ca scop determinarea supraIH HLGHUDGLD LH6RFDSDELOVSUHLD GHELWXO GH FOGXU UDGLDQW 4R GH OD IODFU L JD]HOH GH DUGHUH. Deoarece n calcule V SR L OXQJLPHD GH UDGLD LH s = 3,6 f ) este intervin gradul de ecranare = S per S per necesar un calcul iterativ. Se admite o valoare SUHOLPLQDU S'R care n final se va FRPSDUDFXFHDUH]XOWDWGLQFDOFXO6R. Valoarea SUHOLPLQDU S'R SRDWHILVWDELOLWSULQGRXPHWRGH: a) Se admite un IOX[ XQLWDU UDGLDQW vQFUFDUH WHUPLF specific acestui tip de focar: qR = 3050kW/m2 Q S R ' = R (m2) astfel, (3.16) qS E6HFDOFXOHD]VXSUDID DGHUDGLD LHvQIRFDUFXUHOD LDde aproximare:
39
' SR =
QR T 4 T 4 f p 5,765 100 100
(m2)
(3.17)
cu:
=0,65 pentru combustibil gazos =0,75 pentru combustibil lichid Tf=tf +273 (K) t +t Tp=tm +25+273 (K) unde tm = i e 2 Din punct de vedere geometric: D 2 ' S R = DL'R + (m2) 4
(3.18)
LR
unde: D
LR
'
diametrul focarului [m]. lungimea SUHOLPLQDU a focarului [m].
Se impune un raportGHVXSOH HDIRFDUXOXL L' R / D=1,52 LVHGHWHUPLQ L' R L'. 6HFDOFXOHD]: D 2 ' LR (m3) - volumul focarului: Vf = (3.19 4 2D 2 2 ' - VXSUDID DSHUH LOor camerei de ardere: Sper=D LR + (m ) (3.20) 4 Vf - grosimea stratului radiant de gaze: s = 3,6 (m) (3.21) S per gradul de ecranare: =
SR (3.22) S per 6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUH: 0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O T 1 0,38 f ( p H 2O + p RO2 ) kg = (3.23) 1000 ( p H 2O + p RO2 ) s
6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU:
40
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
k g s
ag = 1 e
(3.24)
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLFXUHOD LDde aproximare: Tf 0,5 k fl = 1,6 (3.25) 1000 LFRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULLFXUHOD LD: (3.26) 3RQGHUHDDEVRUE LHLIOFULLID GH cea a mediului radiant de gaze de ardere din focar VHIDFHGXSFriterii experimentale, considerndu-seRSURSRU LH, din volumul IRFDUXOXLRFXSDWGHSDUWHDOXPLQRDVDIOFULL. CoeficiHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULLLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD: a = a fl + (1 ) a g (3.27) Valorile coeficientului de luminozitate sunt prezentate n tabelul 3.3. Tabelul 3.3. )ODFUQHOXPLQRDVGHFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV = 0,2 )ODFUGHFRPEXVWLELOOLFKLG = 0,6 CRHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUHDVXSUDIH HORUHVWH: =0,7 0,9 combustibil gazos =0,6 0,7 combustibil lichid &XDFHVWHYDORULVHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIRFDUXOXL: 0,82a af = a + (1 a )
a fl = 1 e
k fl s
(3.28)
2DOWFDUDFWHULVWLFDIRFDUXOXLHVWHIDFWRUXOGHSR]L LHDIOFULLvQIRFDU M. )DFWRUXOGHSR]L LHDIOFULLvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD

M = a M bM h Hf
L EM
Pentru combustibil lichid sau gazos constantele au valorile urmtoare: aM=0,54 L SHQWUX UDSRUWXO vQWUH vQO LPHD GH DPSODVDUH D DU]WRUXOXL L vQO LPHD
h =VHRE LQH0 ,44. Hf
Hf h
camerei de ardere (Hf=Df):
&XDFHVWHGDWHVHGHWHUPLQVXSUDID DGHUDGLD LHDIRFDUXOXL:
41
QR 3 SR = 8 5,765 10 Ma f T f Tt 3
Tt 1 1 T M2 f
(m2)
(3.29)
$FHDVWVXSUDID YDILGLIHULWGH S'R dHWHUPLQDWvQFDOFXOXOpreliminar'DF GLIHUHQ D HVWH PDL PDUH GH 10% se reia calculul cu valori recalculate de Vf L 6per SHQWUX QRXD YDORDUH D VXSUDIH HL GH UDGLD LH 6R (pentru calcule mai precise aceDVW GLIHUHQ se poate impune la max. 2%). RezultOXQJLPHDILQDOa focarului: D 2 SR 4 LR = (m) (3.30) D 3.1.8. Calculul termic al convectivului Convectivul cazanului este determinat, din punctul de vedere al transferului de cOGXU din calculele anterioare,SULQXUPWRULLSDUDPHtrii: QC GHELWXO GH FOGXU primit de agentul termic secundar de la sistemul convectiv (kW) ; tf WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLQWUDUHvQ HYL0C) ; tFR WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQ HYLODFR0C) ; te/ti temperatura apei (0C). 3HQWUXVWDELOLUHDVHF LXQLLGHWUHFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHVHDOHJHun diametru de HDYGLQJDPDGH HYLX]XDOHGH). Pentru cazane caracterizate de o sarcin termic mai mic de 1MW se pot alege: 42 3; 45 3; 51 3; 57 3; 60 3; 70 3,5. 'XS alegerea diametrului HYLORU VH alege viteza SUHOLPLQDU GH FLUFXOD LH D gazelor de ardere w n intervalul economic pentru acest tip de cazan: w = (2 4) m/s. 6HF LXQHDGHFLUFXOD LHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL: B Vg t gm + 273 S circ = (m2) (3.31) , w 273 t f + tcos 0 t gm = ( C ) este temperatura media a gazelor de ardere. 2 1XPUXOGH HYLDOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYYDIL: 4S n' = circ , acesta VHURWXQMHWHsuperior sau inferior, la QXPUntreg par d i2 LVHUHFDOFXOHD]YLWH]D deFLUFXOD LHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH:
42
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w=
B Vg t gm + 273 d 2 273 n i 4
(3.33)
Pentru temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere tgm se GHWHUPLQ din anexa 9, XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL: - YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF [m2/s] - FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF [W/mK] - QXPUXO Prandtl Pr tp cu De asemenea se GHWHUPLQ QXPUXO Prandtl perete Prp la temperatura peretelui tp = tm +(1020) oC ; t m =
ti + t e . 2
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LH se determinXWLOL]kQGUHOD LL criteriaOHSHQWUXFLUFXOD LDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLQWHULRUXO HYLORUconform anexei 10. wd i > 3 10 4 De exemplu, pentru Re = 2/3 (Re 1000) Pr di 8 Nu = 1 + C (3.34) 2/3 L 1 + 12,2 (Pr 1) 8
Pr cu = (1,82logRe 1,64) ; C = Pr p
2
0,11
, L = LR + (0,2...0,4 ) .
Pentru 2300 < Re < 3 104:
2 3 Nu = 0 49,37 + [1,615 A 0,7] + B C 1 + 22 Pr

1/ 2 Pr di di A= 3 Re Pr ; B = Re Pr ; C = Pr L L p 3 0 ,11
1/ 3
(3.35)
cu
HYLORU FRQYHFWLYH IXQF LH GH JUDGXO GH WXUbulizare realizat ce depinde de IRUP L pasulGHLFDQDUH. Pentru regimul laminar: Re < 2300:
o =1,2 UHSUH]LQW HIHFWXO WXUEXOizatorilor ce se vor monta la interorul
43

1/ 3
* Pentru turbulizatorii n zig-zag, FRHILFLHQ LL GH FRUHF LH 0 L 0 pot fi determinD LFXUHOD LLOH experimentale:
3 di * Nu = 0 49,37 + 1,615 3 Re Pr 0,7 L * cu 0 = 1,62,2.
Pr Prp
0 ,11
(3.36)
2 ,142 = 0 ,2 pr
* 0
L
3,3 Re 0 ,2 0 = 0 ,2 5 pr
di l
unde p r =
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LH
l este pasul relativ, cu l pas zig-zaguri. di
c =
Nu lc
(3.37)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHPULPLOH: WHPSHUDWXUPHGLHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH: grosimea stratului radiant: Tgm=tgm+273 (K); s = 0,9 di (m);
SUHVLXQLOHSDU LDOHDOHJD]HORUGHDUGHUHWULDWRPLFH: pRO2 ; p H 2O
p RO2 =
VRO2 Vg
pg
[bar.]L pH 2 O =
VH 2 O Vg
pg
[bar.]
&RQVWDQWDGHUDGLD LHDJD]HORUVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD:
44
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kg =
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O ( p H 2O
k g s
T 1 0,38 gm ( p H 2O + p RO2 ) 1000 + p RO2 ) s
(3.38)
iar coeficientul de emisivitate al gazelor de ardere: (3.39) &RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHdeterminFXUHOD LD:
ag = 1 e
r = 5,765 10 8
T 3, 6 1 p Tgm ap + 1 3 a g Tgm 2 Tp 1 T gm
(W/m2K)
(3.40)
XQGHSHQWUXFRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOSHUHWHOXLVHFRQVLGHU valoarea ap=0,82 HDY WUDVGHR HOLDUSHQWUXWHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXL HYLL: Tp = t m + 20 + 273 (K) Coeficientul de transfer GHFOGXULSHSDUWHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH va fi: 1 = c + r Coeficientul GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU 2 pe partea apei, este mult mai mare (de ordinul miilor de W/m2K) n compara Le cu 1 (de ordinul zecilor de W/m2K). Q DFHVWH FRQGL LL FRHILFLHQWXO JOREDO GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU k este dat de UHOD LD 1 kI = (W/m2K) (3.41) 1 + 1 n care s-a QHJOLMDWUH]LVWHQ DWHUPLF1/2). Valorile coeficientului GH PXUGULUH pentru gaze de ardere, provenite din arderea de combustibil gazos, sunt prezentate n tabelul 3.4. Tabelul 3.4. &RHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUH combustibil gazos Viteza w (m/s) 3 6 9 12 15 18 3 2 5,233 3,837 2,791 2,093 1,628 1,395 10 (m K/W) Se poateXWLOL]DLUHOD LDDQDOLWLF: = 11,2110 3 w 0,6474 (m2K/W)
(3.42)
Pentru gaze de ardere provenind din arderea unui combustibil lichid se poate considera: 0,0163 (m2K/W)
45
'LIHUHQ DPHGLHGHWHPSHUDWXUVHGHWHUPLQFRQIRUPIigurii 3.2.LUHOD LHL43): t t min t t m = max (3.43) t ln max tf t min
tmax tma tc tmin
6XSUDID D GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU D convectivului cazanului va fi:
Sc =
Qc = nd i Lc (m2) (3.44) kt m
SC
UH]XOW lungimea convectivului: S Lc = c (m) (3.45) nd i
Fig. 3.2. a) 'DF/c > LR, n limitele Lc = LR + (0,20,4) m, nseamnFGLVWDQ DGLQWUH SOFLOHWXEXODUHDOHFD]DQXOXLHVWe suficient de mare, pentru a permite dilatarea libera a focarului,GDUQXSUHDPDUHvQFkWVVHFUHH]Hun volum inutilizabil la interiorul corpului cazanului; b) 'DF/c < LRVHUHGXFHQXPUXOGH HYL sau diametrulDVWIHOvQFkWVVHDMXQJ n cazul a); c) 'DF/c >> LRVHPUHWHQXPUXOGH HYLDVWIHOvQFkWVVHDMXQJvQFD]XOD. 3.2. Calculul termic al cazanelor ignitubulare cu pies /0 L394,7.070 , gazelor de ardere n focar 3.2'HVFULHUHDFD]DQHORUHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQFLRQDUH 6XQWFD]DQHFXIRFDUWXEXODULXQGUXPFRQYHFWLYLGHQWLFHFXFHOHSUH]HQWDWHvQ FDSLWROXO $X vQ SOXV XQ FLOLQGUX GLQ R HO UHIUDFWDU PRQWDW vQ IRFDU SLHV GH vQWRDUFHUH FDUH HWDQHD] SH XD GH vQFKLGHUH L DVLJXU XQ IRFDU FDOG SHQWUX amestecul aer FRPEXVWLELO &D]DQHOH IXQF LRQHD] vQ VXSUDSUHVLXQH FX FRPEXVWLELO OLFKLGVDXJD]RVLSURGXFDSFDOGWe / ti = 90 / 70 0C. Aceste cD]DQHVXQWDOFWXLWHGLQWU-un cilindru cu diametru mare (1), n interiorul FUXLD VH DIO VXSUDIH HOH GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU WXEXO GH IODFU FX SHUHWH QHWHG vQFDVWUDWvQSODFDWXEXODUID SLHVDGHvQWRDUFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHL HYLOHGH fXP FX WXUEXOL]DWRUL FX URO GH IDVFLFXO FRQYHFWLY HYLOH GH IXP VXQW IL[DWHSULQVXGXUVDXPDQGULQDUHvQSOFLOHWXEXODUHID LVSDWH ,QWUDUHD DSHL vQ FD]DQ VH IDFH SH OD SDUWHD GH VXV VDX SH OD SDUWHD LQIHULRDU LDU evacuarHDDSHLFDOGHVHIDFHvQWRWGHDXQDSHODSDUWHDVXSHULRDU
46
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8DGHvQFKLGHUHDFD]DQXOXLL]RODWWHUPLFHWDQSHSLHVDIL[DWSULQ DUFXOLDVLJXUmWUHFHUHDLQWUDUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDUvQVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLY
15
14
10
12
10
15
11 9 3 5
Fig. 3.3. Cazan igniWXEXODUFXSLHVGHvQWRDUFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQIRFDU

1. corp cazan; 2. focar tubularHYLGHfumFXWXUEXOL]DWRULDU]WRUXL]RODWWHUPLFLQWUDUHDS
LHLUHDS FXWLHFROHFWDUHJD]HOHJ WXU ODFRL]ROD LHWHUPLF SODF WXEXODU ID SODF WXEXODU VSD

te; 13.vizor; 14. teaca termostate; 15. panou comanda si reglaj; 16.SLHVGHvQWRDUFHUHJD]H de ardere n focar.

/D DU]WRU HVWH DGXV FRPEXVWLELOXO LDU YHQWLODWRUXO DVSLU L LQWURGXFH DHUXO QHFHVDU DUGHULL vQ WXEXO GH DUGHUH GLQ IRFDU ,Q LQWHULRUXO IRFDUXOXL VH DSULQGH L VH VWDELOL]H] IODFUD GH]YROWkQGX-se debitul de gaze de ardere. Acestea ajung n partea GLQVSDWHDFDPHUHLGHDUGHUHSLHVDGHvQWRDUFHUHLVXQWREOLJDWHVVHvQWRDUFspre SDUWHDGLQID ntreIRFDUXOSURSULX]LVLSLHVDGHvQWRDUFHUH. 'DWRULW XLL FD]DQXOXL JD]HOH GH DUGHUH VH vQWRUF FX 0 L LQWU vQ HYLOH FRQYHFWLYH6XQWFROHFWDWHvQFXWLDLHYDFXDWHSHFRSULQWX XO. 3.2.2. Tema de proiectare Prin tema de proiectare se dau: Q -VDUFLQDWHUPLFDFD]DQXOXLvQN: te / ti -WHPSHUDWXUDDSHLODLHLUHLLQWUDUHvQFD]DQ0C) ; IHOXOLFRPSR]L LDFRPEXVWLELOXOXL.
$FHVWH FD]DQH IXQF LRQHD] GH RELFHL FX Vuprapresiune n focar, deci FRHILFLHQWXOGHH[FHVGHDHUHVWHFRQVWDQWvQIRFDUvQFRQYHFWLYLODFR: = g = c = = 1,05 1,15.
FR
47
&RQIRUP LQGLFD LLORU GLQ FDSLWROXO VH HIHFWXHD] FDOFXOXO DUGHULL FRPEXVWLELOXOXLLVHGHWHUPLQ: VO, Vgo, Vg, Hi, p H O , p RO ;VHWUDVHD]GLDJUDPD, t sau cp t.
2 2
&DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO $FHVWH FD]DQH IXQF LRQHD] QXPDL FX FRPEXVWLELO JD]RV VDX OLFKLG GHFL pierderile specifice mecanice (qmecLFHOHSULQHYDFXDUHDSURGXVHORUVROLGHGLQFD]DQ (qcen) sunt nule. De asemenea B* = B. 6HFDOFXOHD]SLHUGHULOHVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUFDUDFWHULVWLFHFD]DQXOXL: a. 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFGHFOGXUSULQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR )LLQG XQ FD]DQ GH DS FDOG VH DGPLWH R WHPSHUDWXU OD FR FH VH SRDWH GHWHUPLQDFXUHOD LD de aproximare: t +t tcos i e + (60 80)0 C (3.46) 2 Din diagrama I WVHDIOYDORDUHDHQWDOSLHLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR: I = f (t , ) (QWDOSLDDHUXOXLWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]ODWHPSHUDWXUDDPELDQWWa=20 0C I a 0 = Vo c pa t a (3.47)
FR FR
cu cpa = 1,2971 kJ/ m 3 K N 5H]XOWSLHUGHUHDVSHFLILFODFR: qcos =
1 ( I cos I a 0 ) Hi
(3.48)
b. Pierderi spHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF Q FDGUXO FDOFXOHORU GH SURLHFWDUH GDWRULW SHUIRUPDQ HORU IXQF LRQDOH DOH DU]WRDUHORUPRGHUQH,VHDGPLWHRSLHUGHUHSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF de ordinul: qch = 0,001 0,005 c. 3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQSHUH LLH[WHULRULDLFD]DQXOXL Q FDGUXO FDOFXOHORU GH SURLHFWDUH SHQWUX FD]DQH UHODWLY PLFL vQ IXQF LH GH gradul dorit de izolarHWHUPLFDFD]DQXOXLVHSRDWHDOHJHRYDORDUH qext = 0,005 0,015 d. Randamentul cazanului 6HFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD = 1 (qcos + qch + qext ) LH[SULPDWvQYDORDUHSURFHQWXDO % = 100
(3.4)
48
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e. Debitul de combustibil consumat Q B= (kg/s) sau ( m 3 / s ) N H i %LODQXOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL )OX[XOXWLOGHFOGXUDOFD]DQXOXLHVWH )OX[XOGHFOGXUSURGXV de arderea combustibilului: )OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVFXDHUXOGHDUGHUH )OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR 4GDWSULQWHP.
(3.5)
Qc = BH i Qa = BVo c pa t a
(3.51) (3.52) (3.53) (3.54) (3.55)
Qcos = BI cos )OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW Qinc = qch BH i Qext = qext BH i )OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWVSUHH[WHULRU

5H]XOWWDEHOXOGHELODQ WHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXL. Tabelul 3.5. Combustibil pierderi Util Qc Qa -Q Q - Qinc - Qext
FR
1RWQDFHVWELODQ WHUPHQHXO qcosBHi s-DVFULVVXEIRUPDH[SOLFLW (BI + Bcoscpata= Q +Qa).

FR FR
Q = Q'
Q = Q''
100 (3.56) Q' LVHYHULILFHURDUHDPD[LPDGPLVLELOGH. 'DFHURDUHDUHODWLYGHvQFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLHVWHPDLPDUHGHFkWYDORDUHDGH FHD PD[LP DGPLVLELO SHQWUX DFHVW JHQ GH FDOFXOH vQVHDPQ F V-D IFXW R JUHHDOGHFDOFXOVDXGHFLWLUHvQGLDJUDPD,-t.
&DOFXOXOWHPSHUDWXULORULHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX (QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD: I t = H i (1 qch ) + f V0 c pa t a (3.57)
(URDUHDUHODWLYYDIL: =
Q 'Q"
49
apoi se deWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHGLQGLDJUDPD,-t: t t = f ( I t , ) . 2 LPSRUWDQW FDUDFWHULVWLF IXQF LRQDO D FD]DQHORU FX vQWRDUFHUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUHvQIRFDULSLHVGHvQWRDUFHUHRUHSUH]LQWLQFUFDUHDWHUPLFVSHFLILFIRDUWH mare DVXSUDIH HLGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUDIRFDUXOXL'HDFHHDLQWHUYDOXOGHDOHJHUHD WHPSHUDWXULLODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXLHVWH tf =450550 oC. 6H GHWHUPLQ DSRL GLQ GLDJUDPD ,-W HQWDOSLD JD]HORU OD FDSWXO IRFDUXOXL If=f(tf,). )OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLD LHvQIRFDUYDIL: QR = (1 qext ) B( I t I f ) (kW) (3.58) )OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWGHVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYYDIL: Qc = Q QR (QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODVIkULWXOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYHVWH:
(3.59)
Ic = I f
LGLQGLDJUDPD,-WUH]XOW: t c = f (I c , ) t cos . QFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLLPSXQH: Ic I Ltc t . LVHDGPLWHURULOHUHODWLYH: I I I = cos c 100 0,5% I t I cos L
FR FR
Qc I cos (1 qext ) B
(3.59a)
(3.60)
t =
tcos t c 100 0,5% tt tcos
(3.61)
EroriPDLPDULLQGLFRJUHHDOGHFDOFXOQILQDOVHvQWRFPHWHWDEHOXO 6XSUDID D Focar Convectiv )OX[GHFOGXU QR Qc

i
Tabelul 3.6. Temperatura gazelor intrare LHLUH tc tf tf tc
=Q
50
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%LODQXOJUDILFDOFazanului 'HELWHOH GH FOGXU GLQ WDEHOHOH L VH WUDQVSXQ JUDILF OD VFDU FD vQ figura 2.3 (cu B*=B; Qpa=0; Qspc=QcI+QcII, Qsi=0; Qec=0; qmec=0; qev=0). 3.2.7. Calculul termic al focarului Calculul termic al focarului este foarte complex GHRDUHFHWUDQVIHUXOGHFOGXU GHODIODFULJD]HFWUHDSVHIDFHSULQLQWHUPHGLXOSLHVHLGHvQWRDUFHUHGLQIRFDU. Un calcul exact se poate face utiliznd un program de calcul, lucrnd cu VXSUDIH HL volume elementare. QFHOHFHXUPHD]VHSUH]LQW un calcul simplificat bazat pe valori medii ale SDUDPHWULORUWHUPLFLLJD]odinamici ce intervin n calcul. 'HELWHOHGHFOGXUFHGDWHvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUHinteriorul piesei de ntoarcere) LvQWUHSLHVLIRFDUXOSURSULX]LVVXQWFHOHGLQILJXUD
1 tf 2 3 4 tcos
DC
tt QGF QGC
QRC DF
QFND tf QRCF
Lf Lc
Fig. 3.4. Schema de calcul termic a focarului

1.
IRFDUFDPHUDGHDUGHUHPDQWD HYLOHVLVWHPXOXLFRQYHFWLYDU] WRU
'HELWHOHGHFOGXUFRQIRUPILJXULLVXQW QRC )OX[XOGHFOGXUFHGDWde mediul din focar SULQUDGLD LHvQFDPHUDGH ardere ctre corpul de ntoarcere; QRCF )OX[XO GH FOGXU WUDQVPLV SULQ UDGLD LHL de la corpul de ntoarcere ctre pere LLfocarului ;
51
QGF )OX[XO GH FOGXU FHGDW GH JD]HOH GH DUGHUH IRFDUXOXL, convectiv, pe drumul de ntoarcere; QGC )OX[XOGHFOGXUFHGDWGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHcorpului de ntoarcere prin FRQYHF LH; QFND )OX[XOGHFOGXUFHGDWSULQVXSUDID DGHIXQGDIRFDUXOXL QR )OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWGHIRFDU 4RCF + QGF + QFND. Transferul de cldur realizat n focar este caracterizat de trei temperaturi care odata cunoscute definesc complet toate fluxurile de cldur enumerate anterior. Aceste temperaturi sunt: - tf temperatura gazelor de ardere la intrarea n drumul de ntoarcere; - tf temperatura gazeloUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQIRFDU - tp temperatura peretelui corpului de ntoarcere (valoare medie); Pentru determinarea acestui complex de necunoscute este necesar un sistem de WUHLHFXD LLFHHVWHSUH]HQWDWvQFRQWLQXDUH - HFXD LD GH ELODQ D JD]HORU GH Drdere vQWUH VHF LXQHD DU]mWRUXOXL L VHF LXQHD GH ntoarcere: QRC + QFND = B (1 qext )( I t I 'f ) (3.62.1) HFXD LDGHELODQ DJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHvQWUHJIRFDUXO
QRCF + QGF + QFND = B (1 qext )( I t I f )

HFXD LDGHELODQ Dcorpului de ntoarcere:
(3.62.2)
QRCF = QGC + QRCF

unde fluxurile au urmtoarele explicitri:
(3.62.3)
QRC = 5,765 10 8 a g
ap +1 2
S RC (Tt 2T f2' T p4 )
(3.63)
unde Tp este temperatura medie a peretelui camerei de ardere.
Q FND = 5,765 10 8 a g
ap +1 2
4 S FND (Tt 2T f2' T pf )
(3.64) (3.65) (3.66)
4 QRCF = 5,765 10 8 C c. f S RC (T p4 T pf )
QGF = SRF kCF tmCF cu
kCF FRHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUvQVSD LXOLQHODU tmCF GLIHUHQ DPHGLHORJDULWPLFGHWHPSHUDWXULvQVSD LXOLQHODU
52
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QGC = SRC k*CF tmCF

-
(3.67)
Mrimile geometrice ce caracterizeaz focaUXOVXQWFXQRWD LLOHGLQILJXUD suprafa a corpului de ntoarcere: SRC=dcLf VXSUDID DODWHUDO a focarului (util de transfer de cldur): S RF = d f L f VXSUDID DIXQGXOXLGHIRFDU(util de transfer de cldur): SFND=
d 2 f
4
Intr-o variant simplificat a calculului se admite o predimensionare a focarului urmnd a se face o verificare a parametrilor de transfer de cldur caracteriza LVLQWHWLF SULQ WHPSHUDWXUD GH LHLUH GLQ IRFDU 7LQkQG FRQW GH FDUDFWHULRVWLFLOH IXQF LRQDOH DOH focarului predimensionarea se va face mpr LQGIOX[XOWRWDOFHGDWGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUH OD VWUmEDWHUHD IRFDUXOXL vQ FRPSRQHQWm UDGLDWLYm L FRPSRQHQWm FRQYHFWLYm $VWIHO VH consider componenta radiativ ca fiind caracteristic pentru volumul interior al FRUSXOXL GH vQWRDUFHUH FRQVLGHUDW FRQYHQ LRQDO OD WHPSHUDWXUD SHUHWHOXL GH IRFDU L componenta convectiv ce ac LRQHD] pe suprafa DODWHUDO a peretelui focarului. Uzual se admite o pondere a componentei radiative cuprins ntre 85-90% din fluxul de cldur total cedat pe focar (restul fiind afectat componentei convective). 3HQWUXVWDELOLUHDPULPLORUpreliminare dCL/f se admite un flux radiant n camera de ardere qR = 40 60 kW/m2. 6HGHWHUPLQFXRUHOD LHGHDSUR[LPDUe: SRC = (0,85 0,9) Se admite Lf/dc = 1,5 LVHGHWHUPLQPULPLOHLf L dc. 3HQWUXFDPHUDGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]: d c2 Lf ; volumul focarului: Vf = 4
QR . qR
2d c2 ; VXSUDID DSHUH LORUFDPHUHLGHDUGHUH: Sper=dcLf + 4 Vf grosimea stratului radiant de gaze: s = 4 ; S per

gradul de ecranare: =
S RC . S per
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUH:
53
kg =
0,1 + 1,6 p H 2O ( p H 2O
kg s
T 1 0,38 mg ( p H 2O + p RO2 ) 1000 + p RO2 ) s
(3.68)
6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU:
ag = 1 e
(3.69)
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLFXUHOD LDde aproximare: LFRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULLFXUHOD LD:
k fl = 1,6
Tf 1000
k fl s
0,5
(3.70) (3.71)
a fl = 1 e
3RQGHUHDDEVRUE LHLIOFULLID GHFHDDPHGLXOXLUDGLDQWGHJD]HGHDUGHUHGLQ IRFDUVHIDFHGXSFULWHULLH[SHULPHQWDOHFRQVLGHUkQGX-VHRSURSRU LH , din volumul IRFDUXOXLRFXSDWGHSDUWHDOXPLQRDVDIOFULL. CoHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULLLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD a = a fl + (1 ) a g (3.72) Valorile coeficientului de luminozitate sunt prezentate n tabelul 3.3. 6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDFDPHUHLGHDUGHUH: 0,82 a a fc = (3.73) a + (1 a ) XQGHFRHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUH: =0,7 0,9 combustibil gazos =0,6 0,7 combustibil lichid )DFWRUXOGHSR]L LHDIOFULLvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD: cu constantele: aM LEM=0,2 SHQWUXIODFUGHFRPEXVWLELOJD]RVVDXOLFKLGL SHQWUXUDSRUWXOvQWUHvQO LPHDGHDPSODVDUHDDU]WRUXOXLLvQO LPHDFDPHUHL: h = 0,3 (Hf = dc) Hf
M = a M bM h Hf
(3.74)
Hf h
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Diametrul corpului de ntoarcereVHGHWHUPLQLPSXQkQGRYLWH]DJD]HORUGH DUGHUHvQVSD LXOLQHODU, wg = 4 6 m/s (cu valori mici pentru cazane mici):
' wg =
BVg
2 (d f d c2 ) 4
t gm + 273 273
unde t gm =
t 'f + t f 2
5H]XOW: d f =
d c2 +
4 BVg t gm + 273
' wg
273
(3.75)
Diametrul focarului astfel determinat sHURWXQMHWHODYDORULvQWUHJL(de preferat modul de 10 mm) LVHUHFDOFXOHD]YLWH]Dviteza gazelor de ardere (wg). &XDFHVWHGDWHVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDXUDGHODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL
T*f =
Tt Co a f Tt 3 S R M (1 q )B V c inc g p
0, 6
[oK]
(3.76)
+1
unde T*f reprezint temperatura pe care ar avea-RJD]HOHGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQIRFDU dac acesta ar fi n solu LHFRQVWUXFWLY cu strpungere. Pentru a verifica temperatura UHDOmDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQIRFDUvQVROX LDFXvQWRDUFHUHYDWUHbui calculat FRPSRQHQWD FRQYHFWLYm L GHWHUPLQDWm VFmGHUHD GH WHPSHUDWXUm FH FRUHVSXQGH DFHVWHLD 7HPSHUDWXUD DVWIHO RE LQXWm YD IL FRPSDUDWm FX WHPSHUDWXUD GH LHLUH GLQ focar impus n bilan XOSDU LDOSHVXSUDIH H Coeficientul global de transfHUGHFOGXUkGFVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD:
kGF =
1 , cu GDWGHWDEHOXOVDXUHOD LLOHL. 1 + 1
1 = c + r
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LHVHGHWHUPLQXWLOL]kQGUHOD LL criteriale pentru FLUFXOD LD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD LQWHULRUXO FDQDOHORU FX VHF LXQH FLUFXODUFRQIRUPDQH[HLSXQFWXO pentru:
Re =
Wg l c
undeOXQJLPHDFDUDFWHULVWLF:
55
4 S circ P De exemplu, pentru Re>3 104 lc =
2 (d f d c2 ) = 4 = d f dc (d f + d c )
4
2/3 (Re 1000) Pr di 8 Nu = 0 1 + C L 1 + 12,2 (Pr 2 / 3 1) 8

Pr cu = (1,82 log Re 1,64) 2 ; C = Pr p
0 ,11
(3.34*)
, L = LR + (0,2 0,4) , 0=1
Pentru 2300 < Re < 3 104:
2 Nu = 0 49,37 + [1,615 A 0,7]3 + B C 1 + 22 Pr

1/ 2 Pr d d 3 Re Pr i ; B = Re Pr i ; C = A= Pr L L p 3
1/ 3
(3.35*)
cu
0 ,11
, o=1.
Pentru regimul laminar: Re < 2300:

3 di * Nu = 0 49,37 + 1,615 3 Re Pr 0,7 L 1/ 3
Pr Pr p
0 ,11
(3.36*)
cu 0 = 1. Practic se XWLOL]HD]UHOD LLOHLVDX,notate acum suplimentar cu (*) * pentru care L 0 sunt egale cu unitatea. &RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LH Nu c = lc &RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHFDOFXOHD]utilizndUHOD LLOH Lpentru care care grosimea stratului radiant este:
56
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2 (d f d c2 ) Lg 4 s = 3,6 = 3,6 = 0,9(d f d c ) Sp (d f + d c ) Lg

Vg
Tgm =
+ 273 2 T p = 80 + 20 + 273 (K)

'LIHUHQ DPHGLHDWHPSHUDWXULORUVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD:
t* f + t f
tmGF =
(t * f 80) (t f 80) ln t * 80 f t f 80
6HFDOFXOHD]QGF = k GF ( d f L f ) tmGF diagrama I-W IXQF LH HQWDOSLH L FRHILFLHQWXO GH H[FHV GH DHU din focar se determin WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUODLHLUHGLQIRFDU, tf. Deoarece calculul este aproximativ eroarea admisibil este de 10%. In cazul vQFDUHVHGHSmHWHDFHDVWmHURDUHVHYDUHGLPHQVLRQDVXSUDID DGHWUDQVIHUGHFldur SULQ UDGLD LH GLDPHWUXO L OXQJLPHD corpului de ntoarcere ) cu o cot procentual HJDOmFXUDGLFDOGHRUGLQXOGLQHURDUHDSHWHPSHUDWXUL7RWXLGDFmWHPSHUDWXUDGH LHLUHGLQIRFDUFRUHVSXQGHGRPHQLXOXLHFRQRPLFVHSRDWHDFFHSWDFDDWDUHXUPkQGD se modifica sarcina pe convectiv n conVHFLQ conform rela LLORU 3.2.8. Calculul termic al convectivului Convectivul cazanului este determinat, din punctul de vedere al transferului de cOGXUGLQFDOFXOHOHDQWHULRDUHSULQXUPWRULLSDUDPHWULL QC GHELWXOGHFOGXUutil preluat n sistemul convectiv (kW) ; tf WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLQWUDUHvQ HYL0C) ; tFR WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQ HYLODFR0C) ; te/ti temperatura apei (0C). 0HWRGRORJLDGHFDOFXOHVWHLGHQWLFFXFHDSUH]HQWDWvQFDSLWROXO. 3HQWUX VWDELOLUHD VHF LXQLL GH WUHFHUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH VH DOHJH GLDPHWUXO HYLORUGLQJDPDGH HYLX]XDOHGH): 42 3; 45 3; 51 3; 57 3; 60 3; 70 3,5. 'XS DOHJHUHD GLDPHWUXOXL HYLORU VH DOHJH YLWH]D SUHOLPLQDU GH FLUFXOD LH D gazelor de ardere w n intervalul economic pentru acest tip de cazan:
* Se calculeaz entalpia gazelor la LHLUH GLQ IRFDU I f = I f
QGC ; din (1 qext ) B
57
w = (2 4) m/s. 6HF LXQHDGHFLUFXOD LHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL B Vg t gm + 273 S circ = (m2) w' 273
(3.31)
2 1XPUXOGH HYLDOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYYDIL 4 S circ n' = d i2 Acesta VHURWXQMHWHVXSHULRUVDXLQIHULRUODQXPUvQWUHJSDULVHUHFDOFXOHD] YLWH]DGHFLUFXOD LHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH B V g t gm + 273 w= (3.33) d i2 273 n 4
Pentru temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere tgm VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ DQH[D XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL - YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF [m2/s] - FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF [W/mK] - QXPUXO3UDQGWO Pr tp cu 'HDVHPHQHDVHGHWHUPLQQXPUXO3UDQGWOSHUHWHPrp la temperatura peretelui tp = tm +(1020) oC ; t m =
t gm =
t f + t cos
( 0 C ) este temperatura media a gazelor de ardere.
ti + te . 2
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LHVHGHWHUPLQXWLOL]kQGUHOD LL FULWHULDOH SHQWUX FLUFXOD LD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD LQWHULRUXO HYLORU conform anexei 10 punctul 5. De exemplu, pentru Re =
2/3 (Re 1000) Pr di 8 Nu = 1 + C 2/3 L 1 + 12,2 (Pr 1) x
wdi > 3 10 4
(3.77)
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0 ,11
Pr 2 cu = (1,82 log Re 1,64) ; C = Pr p
, L = LR + (0,2 0,4) .
Pentru 2300< Re < 3 104LGi/L < 1:
2 Nu = 0 49,37 + [1,615 A 0,7]3 + B C 1 + 22 Pr

1/ 3
(3.78)
cu o UHSUH]LQW HIHFWXO turbulizatorilor ce se vor monta la interorul HYLORUFRQYHFWLYHIXQF LHGHJUDGXOGHWXOEXUL]DUHUHDOL]DWIRUPLSDVGHLFDQDUH
Pentru regim laminar Re < 2300

3 di * Nu = 0 49,37 + 1,615 3 Re Pr 0,7 L * cu 0 = 1,62,2. 1/ 3
Pr Pr p
0 ,11
(3.79)
* Pentru turbulizatorii n zig-zag FRHILFLHQ LL GH FRUHF LH 0 L 0 pot fi GHWHUPLQD LFXUHOD LLOHH[SHULPHQWDOH 2,142 3,3 Re 0, 2 * 0 = 0 , 2 L 0 = 0, 2 (3.37) br 5 br
di l
unde br =
l este pasul relativ, cu l pas zig-zaguri. di n toate cazurile:
c =
Nu lc
59
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHPULPLOH: - WHPSHUDWXUPHGLHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH: Tgm=tgm+273 (K) ; - grosimea stratului radiant: s=0,9 di (m) ; - SUHVLXQLOHSDU LDOHDOHJD]HORUGHDUGHUHWULDWRPLFH: p RO2 ; p H 2O (bar). &RQVWDQWDGHUDGLD LHDJD]HORUHVWH: 0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O T 1 0,38 gm ( p H 2O + p RO2 ) kg = 1000 ( p H 2O + p RO2 ) s cu Tm = tm + 273 (K); iar coeficientul de emisivitate al gazelor de ardere:
(3.81)
a g = 1 e kgs
(3.82)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD: T 3, 6 1 p Tgm ap + 1 3 2 r = 5,765 10 8 a g Tgm (3.83) 2 T p (W/m K) 1 T gm XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUE LH DO SHUHWHOXL VH LD YDORarea ap = L SHQWUX WHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXL HYLL: T p = t m + 20 + 273 (0K) Coeficientul de WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU pe partea gazelor de ardere (la interiorul HYLORUYDIL:
1 = c + r Coeficientul 2 (pe partea apei) este mult mai mare (de ordinul miilor de 2 W/m K) n comparate cu 1 (de ordinul zecilor de W/m2K).
QDFHVWHFRQGL LLFRHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUNHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD:
kI =
CoeficieQWXO GH PXUGULUH pentru gaze de ardere provenite din combustibil gazos este dat n tabelul 3.7. Tabelul 3.7 &RHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUH combustibil gazos Viteza wI (m/s) 3 6 9 12 15 18 3 2 5,233 3,837 2,791 2,093 1,628 1,395 10 (m K/W)
1 (W/m2K) 1 + 1
pentru care s-a neglijat 1/2
(3.84)
60
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Se poaWHXWLOL]DLUHOD LDDQDOLWLF:
= 11,2110 3 w 0,6474 (m2K/W)
(3.85)
Pentru gaze de ardere provenind din combustibil lichid: 0,0163 (m2K/W) (3.43):
t
'LIHUHQ D PHGLH GH WHPSHUDWXU VH GHWHUPLQ FRQIRUP ILJXULL L UHOD LHL
tf
tmax tma tc tmin
t m =
t max t min t ln max t min
SC
Fig. 3.5. 6XSUDID DGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUDGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYYDIL: Q S c = c = nd i Lc (m2) kt m UH]XOW: S Lc = c (m) nd i a) 'DF/c > LR, n limitele Lc = LR + (0,20,4) m,vQVHDPQFGLVWDQ DGLQWUH SOFLOHWXEXODUHDOHFD]DQXOXLHVWHVXILFLHQWGHPDUHSHQWUXDSHUPLWHGLODWDUHD OLEHUD D IRFDUXOXL GDU QX SUHD PDUH DVWIHO vQFkW V VH FUHH]H XQ YROXP inutilizabil la interiorul corpului cazanului; b) 'DF/c < LR, se reduce numUXOGH HYLVDXGLDPHWUXODVWIHOvQFkWVVHDMXQJ n cazul a); c) 'DF/c >> LRVHPUHWHQXPUXOGH HYLDVWIHOvQFkWVVHDMXQJvQFD]XOD
61
3.3. Calculul termic al cazanelor acvatubulare din elemente cu vQWRDUFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQIRFDULXQGUXPFRQYHFWLY 3.3'HVFULHUHDFD]DQHORUHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQFLRQDUH 6XQW FD]DQH FX IRFDU FDPHU ODUJ vQ FDUH VH vQWorc gazele de ardere, au un GUXP FRQYHFWLY L SRW IXQFLRQD att n suprapresiune FkW L vQ GHSUHVLXQH, cu FRPEXVWLELOJD]RVVDXOLFKLG3URGXFDSFDOGWe / ti = 90 / 70 0C. L Principalele elemente componente ale cazanului sunt prezentate n figurile 3.6
10 13 8 9 6 10 11
2 13 12 5 3
11
14
Fig. 3.6. Schema unui cazan din elemente cu un drum convectiv.

(OHPHQWvQFKLGHUHVSDWH$U]WRU9L]RU 3URPRWRULGHWXUEXOHQ5DFRUGXULLQWUDUHLHLUHDSFDOGvQFO]LUH5DFRUGGHHYDFXDUHJD]HGH DUGHUHODFR,]RODLHWHUPLFLFDUFDVH[WHULRDU(DIRGDMGHVXVLQHUH
(OHPHQWFXUHQW(OHPHQWvQFKLGHUHID 3ODWEDQGHGHHWDQDUHvQWUHHOHPHQWH'LVWULEXLWRU&ROHFWRU7HDF SHQWUXWHUPRVWDWH
62
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Elementele WLS DOH FD]DQXOXL VXQW H[HFXWDWH GLQ HYL WUDVH L QHWHGH GLQ RHO vPELQDWH vQWUH HOH SULQ VXGXU VXE IRUPD D GRX FDGUH GUHSWXQJKLXODUH XQXO FRUHVSXQ]WRU IRFDUXOXL FHOODOW FRUHVSXQ]WRU VLVWHPXOXL FRQYHFWLY (OHPHQWHOH WLS sunt asamblate ntre ele pULQ VXGXU SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQRU SODWEDQGH PHWDOLFH DOFWXLQGX-VH DVWIHO XQ FD]DQ EORF FX IRFDU FDPHU IU VWUSXQJHUH L XQ GUXP FRQYHFWLY 7RDWH VXGXULOH VH H[HFXW GLQVSUH H[WHULRUXO FRUSXOXL FD]DQXOXL LDU FRUGRDQHOH GH VXGXU VXQW FRQWLQXH )LHFDUH HOHPHQW HVWH OHJDW SULQ WXXUL OD GLVWULEXLWRUXOLFROHFWRUXOGHDSDOFD]DQXOXL
1
4 2 3 5
)LJ(OHPHQWWLSDHOHPHQWvQFKLGHUHIDELHOHPHQWvQFKLGHUHVSDWHF

HYLQHWHGHGLQR HO HDY RUL]RQWDO GHOHJ WXU IRFDU
(a)
(b)
(c)
,Q GUXPXO FRQYHFWLY DO FD]DQXOXL VH UHDOL]HD] LQWHQVLILFDUHD WUDQVIHUXOXL GH FOGXU DFROR XQGH JD]HOH GH DUGHUH vQWkOQHVF XQ SDFKHW GH WXUEXOL]DWRUL VSHFLILFL H[HFXWDi GLQWDEOGHRHOvQ]LJ-zag. Trecerea gazelor de ardere din focar n drumul convectiv se face prin partea din IDDFD]DQXOXL$LFLHVWHSUHY]XWRXGHvQFKLGHUHUDFLWmLR]RQmGHSULQGHUHD arztoruluiFSWXLWFXL]RODLHWHUPLFGLQILEUFHUDPLFUH]LVWHQWODWHPSHUDWXUL ridicate.
VLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYSODWEDQGHGHOHJ WXU
ntre elemente.
)XQFLRQDUHD FD]DQXOXL SRDWH IL vQHOHDV XUPULQG FHOH GRX FLUFXLWH DOH DJHQLORUWHUPLFLFLUFXLWXOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHLFLUFXLWXODSHi. Gazele de ardere formate vQIRFDUSDUFXUJOXQJLPHDFD]DQXOXLLDMXQJvQSDUWHDGLQVSDWH'DWRULWWLUDMXOXLVXQW REOLJDWH V VH vQWRDUF vQ GLUHFLH LQYHUV V SDUFXUJ GLQ QRX OXQJLPHD FD]DQXOXL DMXQJkQGDVWIHOvQSDUWHDGLQIDXQGHHOHPHQWXOGHvQFKLGHUHIDOHREOLJVLQWUHvQ drumul convectiv. Gazele de ardere parcurg din nou lungimea cazanului, apoi sunt FROHFWDWHvQFXWLDGHFROHFWDUHLHYDFXDWHSULQUDFRUGXOODFR
63
$SDUHFHGLQUHWXUXOLQVWDODLHLGHvQFO]LUHLQWUprin distribuitorul cazanului n WRDWHHOHPHQWHOHLSHPVXUFHSDUFXUJHHYLOHVHvQFO]HWH$SDFDOGHVWHFROHFWDW ODSDUWHDVXSHULRDUDFD]DQXOXLLWULPLVODFRQVXPDWRUL
&D]DQXO HVWH L]RODW WHUPLF FX YDW PLQHUDO L SURWHMDW OD H[WHULRU FX WDEO VXELUH 6HRELQHDVWIHOXQFD]DQPRQREORFSHQWUXFDUHPRGLILFkQGGLPHQVLXQLOHGH gDEDULWDOHHOHPHQWHORUGLDPHWUXOHYLORULQXPUXOGHHOHPHQWHVHSRWRELQHGLYHUVH YDULDQWHGHVDUFLQLWHUPLFHGXSQHFHVLWL
'HL FRQVXPXO GH PDWHULDO L GH PDQRSHU SHQWUX H[HFXLD DFHVWRU WLSXUL GH cazane este mare, se impune avantajul de a se SXWHDLQWURGXFHSHHOHPHQWHSULQVSDLL vQJXVWHLGHDVHPRQWDlaORFXOGHIXQFLRQDUH 3.3.2. Tema de proiectare Prin tema de proiectare se dau: -Q VDUFLQDWHUPLFDFD]DQXOXLvQN: - te / ti WHPSHUDWXUDDSHLODLHLUHLQWUDUHvQFazan, (90/70 0C sau 80/60 0C); - QDWXUDLFRPSR]LLDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLOLFKLGVDXJD]RV $FHVWH FD]DQH IXQFLRQHD] GH RELFHL FX VXSUDSUHVLXQH vQ IRFDU GHFL FRHILFLHQWXOGHH[FHVGHDHUHVWHDFHODLSHQWUXIRFDUSHQWUXFRQYHFWLYLODFR = f = cv = = 1,05 1,15 = ct.
FR
&RQIRUP LQGLFDLLORU GLQ FDSLWROXO VH HIHFWXHD] FDOFXOXO DUGHULL FRPEXVWLELOXOXLLVHGHWHUPLQVo, Vgo, Hi, p H O , p RO LVHWUDVHD]GLDJUDPD, t sau cp t.
2 2
3.3.3. Calculul randaPHQWXOXLWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO $FHVWH FD]DQH IXQFLRQHD] GH RELFHL FX FRPEXVWLELO JD]RV VDX OLFKLG SRW IL DGDSWDWH L SHQWUX IXQFLRQDUH FX FRPEXVWLELO VROLG GHFLvQFD]XOGHIDSLHUGHULOH VSHFLILFH GH FOGXU SULQ DUGHUH LQFRPSOHW GH QDWXU PHFDQLF Tmec L FHOH SULQ evacuarea produselor solide ale arderii din cazan (qcen) sunt nule. De asemenea B* = B. 6HFDOFXOHD]SLHUGHULOHVSHFLILFHGHFOGXU a). 3ULQHYDFXDUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHFR(q ):
FR
qcos =
(3.86)
64
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6HDOHJHRWHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR
t cos
ti + te + (60 80) 0 C 2
FR
(3.87)
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WVHGHWHUPLQ, . Pentru temperatura aerului (ta 20 0& VH FDOFXOHD] HQWDOSLD DHUXOXL WHRUHWLF necesar arderii: I ao = Vo c pa t a (3.88) cu cpa = 1,2971 kJ/ m 3 K FOGXUDVSHFLILFDDHUXOXLOD0C. N b. PULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF Q FDGUXO FDOFXOHORU GH SURLHFWDUH GDWRULW SHUIRUPDQHORU GH IXQFLRQDUH Dle DU]WRDUHORU PRGerne VH DGPLWH R SLHUGHUH SULQ DUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF de ordinul:
qch = 0,001 0,005

c). 3ULQSHUHLi exteriori ai cazanului (qext): Q FDGUXO FDOFXOHORU GH SURLHFWDUH SHQWUX FD]DQH UHODWLY PLFL vQ IXQFLH GH gradulGRULWGHL]RODLHWHUPLFDFD]DQXOXLVHSRDWHDOHJHRYDORDUH
qext = 0,005 0,015

Randamentul cazanuluiVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD = 1 (qcos + qch + qext ) L % =100 (%) Debitul de combustibil consumat va fi: (3.89)
B=
Q (kg/s) sau ( m 3 / s ) N Hi
%LODQXOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL )OX[XOGHFOGXUXWLODOFD]DQXOXLHVWH Q; )OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVGHFRPEXVWLELO Qc = B Hi ; )X[XOGHFOGXUDGXVGHDHUXOGHDUGHUH Qa = B cpa ta ; )X[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR QFR = B IFR ; )X[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW Qinc = qch B Hi.
65
5H]XOWWDEHOXOGHELODQ Tabelul 3.8. Fluxuri introduse pierderi Qc Qa -Q - Qinc - Qext Q = Q'

FR
Fluxuri utile
Q = Q''
FR
1RWQDFHVWELODQWHUPHQHXO qcosBHi s-DVFULVVXEIRUPDH[SOLFLW (BI + Bcoscpata= Q +Qa).

FR
(URDUHDUHODWLY
Q'Q" Q'
100 < 1%
3.3.5. Calculul temperDWXULORULHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX (QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD
I t = H i (1 qch ) + V0 c pa t a
(3.90)
Din digrama I WVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUH t t = f (I t , ) . O imporWDQW FDUDFWHULVWLF IXQFLRQDO D FD]DQHORU FX vQWRDUFHUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUHvQIRFDURUHSUH]LQWLQFUFDUHDWHUPLFVSHFLILFPDUHDVXSUDIHHLGHVFKLPE GH FOGXU D IRFDUXOXL 'H DFHHD LQWHUYDOXO GH DOHJHUH D WHPSHUDWXULL OD FDSWXO focarului este: tf =500700 oC. Din diagrama IWVHGHWHUPLQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQIRFDU I f = f (t f , ) . )OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLDLHvQIRFDUYDIL QR = (1 qext ) B ( I t I f ) (kW)
(3.91)
66
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)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWGHsistemul convectiv va fi:
Qc = Q QR ,
(3.92)
(QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODVIkULWXOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYva fi:
Ic = I f
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUD t c = f (I c , ) . QFKLGHUHDELODQXOXLLPSXQe: Ic I LWc t LVHDGPLWHURULOHUHODWLYH

FR FR
Qc (1 qext ) B
I =
L
I cos I c I t I cos
100
t =
t cos t c 100 tt t cos
%LODQXOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL 'HELWHOHGHFOGXUQR, Qc, QaLIOX[XULOHSLHUGXWHQ , Qinc, Qext se transpun JUDILFDOVFDUFDvQILJXUDFXB* = B; Qpa = 0; Qsfc = 0; Qsi = 0; Qec = 0; qmec = 0 Lqev = 0).
FR
3.3.7. Calculul termic la focarului $FHVWFDOFXODUHFDVFRSGHWHUPLQDUHDVXSUDIHHLGHUDGLDLH6RFDSDELOVSUHLD GHELWXO GH FOGXU Uadiant QR GH OD IODFU L JD]HOH GH DUGHUe. Deoarece n calcule
SR LOXQJLPHDGHUDGLDLHeste necesar un calcul intervin gradul de ecranare =

LWHUDWLY 6H DGPLWH R YDORDUH SUHOLPLQDU S'R care n final se va compara cu cea UH]XOWDWGLQFDOFXO6R. 9DORDUHDSUHOLPLQDU S R SRDWHILVWDELOLWSULQGRXPHWRGH D6HDGPLWHXQIOX[XQLWDUUDGLDQWvQFUFDUHWHUPLFVSHFLILF qR = 30 50 kW/m2
'
S per
L !
SR ' =
QR (m2) qS
(3.93)
67
sau
E6HGHWHUPLQVXSUDIDDGHUDGLDLHvQIRFDUFXUHODLDGHDSUR[LPDUH
' SR =
QR T 4 T 4 f p 5,765 100 100
(m2)
(3.94)
cu
=0,65 pentru combustibil gazos = 0,75 pentru combustibil lichid Tf = tf + 273 (0K)
Tp = tm + 20 + 273 (0K) unde
tm =
ti + te 2
)RFDUXOFXSHUHLPHPEUDQDUHIRUPDJHRPHWULFSUH]HQWDWvQILJXUD Din punct de vedere geometric:

' S R = 2 L(a + h) + ah (m2)
(3.95)
Vg a h L (m3)
6HDOHJHYLX]XDOHdin anexa 12: 57 3; 60 3,5; 70 3,5; 76 3,5 etc.
1 1 2
S per = 2 L(a + h) + 2ah (m2)
s1 L
)LJ)RFDUFDPHUFXSHUHWHPHPEUDQ

FDGUXGLQ HDY SODWEDQG GHOHJ WXU QHUYXU DU] WRUX
68
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Se impun valori uzuale pentru:
a = 300 800 mm h = 600 900 mm
'LQUHODLDVHGHWHUPLQOXQJLPHDIRFDUXOXL &XGDWHOHSUHFL]DWHDQWHULRUVHFDOFXOHD] - grosimea stratului radiant:
s = 3,6
Vf S per
(m)
' SR - gradul de ecranare: = S per
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU
kg =
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O ( p H 2O
T 1 0,38 f ( p H 2O + p RO2 ) 1000 + p RO2 ) s
(3.96)
6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUELHDOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.97)
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLFXUHODLDGHDSUR[LPDUH Tf 0,5 k fl = 1,6 (3.98) 1000 LFRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUELHDOIOFULLFXUHODLD

k fl s
a fl = 1 e
(3.99)
3RQGHUHDDEVRUELHLIOFULLFXFHDDPHGLXOXLUDGLDQWGHJD]HGHDUGHUe se face GXSFULWHULLH[SHULPHQWDOHFRQVLGHUkQGRSURSRULHGLQYROXPXOIRFDUXOXLRFXSDW GHSDUWHDOXPLQRDVDIOFULL &RHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUELHDOIOFULORULJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHODLD a = a fl + (1 ) a g (3.100) Valorile coeficientului de luminozitate , sunt prezentate n tabelul 3.3. &RHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUHDVXSUDIHHORUHVWH =0,7 0,9 combustibil gazos =0,6 0,7 combustibil lichid
69
&XDFHVWHYDORULVHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIRFDUului:
af =
0,82 a a + (1 a)
(3.101)
2 DOW FDUDFWHULVWLF D IRFDUXOXL HVWH IDFWRUXO GH SR]LLH D IOFULL vQ IRFDU )DFWRUXOGHSR]LLHDIOFULLvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHODLD
M = a M bM
h Hf
vQOLPHDGHDPSODVDUHDDU]WRUXOXLraportat lavQOLPHDFDPHUHL:
Hf h
Pentru combustibil lichid sau gazos constantele:
aM L bM =0,2 iar

h = 0,3 . Hf
&XDFHVWHGDWHVHGHWHUPLQVXSUDIDDGHUDGLDLHDIRFDUXOXL
QR 3 SR = 5,765 10 8 Ma f T f Tt 3
Tt 1 1 T M2 f
(m2)
(3.102)
' $FHDVW VXSUDID YD IL GLIHULW GH S R GHWHUPLQDW vQ FDOFXOXO DSUR[LPDWLY 'DFGLIHUHQDHVWHPDLPDUHGHVHUHLDFDOFXOXOFXYDORULPRGLILFDWHSHQWUX Vf LSper SHQWUXFDOFXOHPDLSUHFLVHDFHDVWGLIHUHQVHSRDWHLPSXQHODPD[
5H]XOWOXQJLPHDILQDODIRFDUXOXL
L=
FDUHQXWUHEXLHVGLIHUHGHFHDSUHOLPLQDUFXPDLPXOWGH5%.
S R ah 2(a + h)
(3.103)
70
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3.3.8. Calculul termic al convectivului Convectivul cazanului este deteUPLQDW GLQ FDOFXOHOH DQWHULRDUH SULQ XUPWRULL parametrii: Qc GHELWXOGHFOGXUutil al convectivului (kW) ; tf temperatura gazelor de ardere la intrareavQHYL0C) ; t WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQHYLODFR te/ti temperatura apei LHLUHLQWUDUH (0C).
FR
t gm
6HLPSXQHYLWH]DGHFLUFXODLHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQOLPLWHOHw = 2 4 m/s. 6HFLXQHDGHFLUFXODLHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL B Vg t gm + 273 S circ = (m2) (3.104) w' 273 t f + t cos 0 = ( C ) este temperatura media a gazelor de ardere. 2 QOLPHDSUHOLPLQDUDGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYYDIL S b' = circ a 6HURWXQMHWHODvQWUHJLVHUHFDOFXOHD]YLWH]D B Vg t gm + 273 w= (3.105) ba 273
b
Pentru temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere tgm se GHWHUPLQ GLQ anexa 9, XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL - YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF [m2/s] - FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF [W/mK] - QXPUXO3UDQGWO Pr 'HDVHPHQHDVHGHWHUPLQQXPUXO3UDQGWOODWHPSHUDWXUDSHUHWHOXL3rp cu:
tp = tm +20 0C ; t m =
ti + t e . 2
&RHILFLHQWXO GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU SULQ FRQYHFLH VH GHWHUPLQ XWLOL]kQd UHODLLOHSUH]HQWDWHvQDQH[D pentru curgerea fluidelor transversal pe un fascicul de HYLDH]DWvQOLQLHFRUidor). n toate cazurile:
c = o
Nu . lc
(3.111)
71
&RHILFLHQWXO GH FRUHFLH o LQH FRQW GH H[LVWHQD WXUEXOL]DWRULORU L, pentru turbulizatori n zig zagDPSODVDLvQFDQDOUHFWDQJXODU, se poate determina utiliznd UHODLLOH:
0 = 0 = 2,142 pentru Re < 2300 b 0, 2 r
(3.112) (3.113)
3,3 Re 0, 2 pentru Re > 2300 b 0, 26 5 r
unde br = Curgerea fluidelor transversal pe un rnd de HYL
l este pasul relativ, cu l pas zig-zaguri. b
lc =
de 2
P Nu = 0,3 + Nu + Nu r Pr p 3 Nu l = 0,644 + Re Pr
2 l 2 t
0 ,12
(3.106) (3.107)
0,037 Re 0,8 Pr Nu t = (3.108) 2 0 ,1 1 + 2,443 Re Pr 3 1 P 1 + (n 1) Nu = Nu1 r Pr n p b 0,3 0,7 a = 1 1,5 2 b + 0,7 a

m
= 1 4a 10 < Re < 10 6 0,6 < Pr < 10 3
Re =
w lc
*de diametrul exterior al conductei *s1 pasul dintre

HYL
*a=s1/de *la gaze se nlocuieWH (Pr/Prp)^0,25 cu (Tmg/Tp)^0,12 *de diametrul exterior al conductei *s1 pasul transversal *s2 pasul longitudinal * a = s1/de * b=s2/de * n QXPUXO GH rnduri *la gaze se
vQORFXLHWH
Curgerea fluidelor transversal pe un fascicul GHHYL DH]DUH coridor
(3.109)
Re =
w lc
= 1 4a
pentru b1 m=0,25 pt. inclzire fluid m=0,11 pt.
U FLUHIOXLG
de lc = 2
(3.110)
Nu1=Nu pentru un singur rnd de 10 < Re < 10 6 HYLFRQIRrm rel. (3.106)
(Pr/Prp)^0,25 cu (Tmg/Tp)^0,12
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&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLDLHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHPULPLOH - temperatura media a gazelor de ardere Tgm = tgm + 273 (0C) ; p RO2 , p H 2O ; - SUHVLXQLOHSDULDOHDOHJazelor triatomice grosimea stratului radiant
s = 0,9 leh; leh =
4Vconv S per conv
&RQVWDQWDGHUDGLDLHDJD]HORUHVWH 0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O T 1 0,38 gm ( p H 2O + p RO2 ) kg = 1000 ( p H 2O + p RO2 ) s iar coeficientul de emisivitate al gazelor de ardere:
(3.114)
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.115)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLDLHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD T 3, 6 1 p Tgm ap +1 3 r = 5,765 10 8 a g Tgm (W/m2K) (3.116) 2 Tp 1 T gm XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUELH DO SHUHWHOXL GH RHO DO HYLL se poate considera valoarea ap LSHQWUXWHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXLHYLL T p = t am + 20 + 273 (K) &RHILFLHQWXOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUSHSDUWHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
1 = c + r
Coeficientul 2 (pe partea apei) este mult mai mare (de ordinul miilor de W/m K) n coPSDUDLHFX1 (de ordinul zecilor de W/m2K). QDFHVWHFRQGLLLFRHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUNHVWHGDWGHUHODLD (s-a neglijat 2 ):
2
kI =
1 2 1 + 1 (W/m K)
(3.117)
&RHILFLHQWXO GH PXUGULUH pentru gaze de ardere provenite din combustibil gazos este dat n tabelul 3.9.
73
Viteza w (m/s) 109 (m2K/W)
3 5,233
6 3,837
9 2,791
12 2,093
Tabelul 3.9. 15 18 1,628 1,395
6HSRDWHXWLOL]DLUHODLDDQDOLWLF
= 11,2110 3 w 0,6474
(m2K/W)
Pentru gaze de ardere provenind din combustibil lichid: = 0,0163 (m2K/W) 'LIHUHQD PHGLD GH WHPSHUDWXU VH GHWHUPLQ FRQIRUP ILJXULL L UHODLHL (3.118):
tf
tmax tma tc tmin
t m =
t max t min ) t ln max t min
(3.118)
SC
Fig. 3.8. 6XSUDIDDGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUDGrumului convectiv va fi:
Sc =
nc =
'
Qc kt m
(3.119)
Sc ' ; Lc = s1 nc' 0,75 (b + a ) 2d e
74
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Din calculul lungimii de focar se determin numrul de elemente ale focarului:

n 'f = Lf s1
. Numrul final de elemente al cazanului se obLQH vQ XUPD FDlculului de
echilibrare ce se realizeaz conform relaLHL
3.4. Calculul termic al cazanelor acvatubulare din elemente cu GRX drumuri convective 'HVFULHUHDFD]DQHORUHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQFLRQDUH Sunt executate VXEIRUPGHFDGUHGUHSWXQJKLXODUHGLQHYLQHWHGH, sudate ntre ele pULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQRU SODWEDQGH RELQndu-se cazane monobloc, cu focare tip FDPHUFXGRXGUXPXULFRQYHFWLYHILJ)LHFDUHHOHPHQWHVWHOHJDWGHFROHFWRUXO LGLVWULEXLWRUXOFD]DQXOXLSULQWXXUL
8 13
10
11
C2
2 5
C1
12
F
3
11
14
(OHPHQWvQFKLGHUHVSDWH$U]WRU9L]RU 3URPRWRULGHWXUEXOHQ5DFRUGXULLQWUDUHLHLUHDSDFDOGvQFO]LUH5DFRUGGHHYDFXDUHJD]HGH DUGHUHODFR,]RODLHWHUPLFLFDUFDVH[WHULRDU(DIRGDMGHVXVLQere.

(OHPHQWFXUHQW(OHPHQWvQFKLGHUHID 3ODWEDQGHGHHWDQDUHvQWUHHOHPHQWH'LVWULEXLWRU&ROHFWRU7HDF SHQWUXWHUPRVWDWH
)LJ&D]DQDFYDWXEXODUGLQHOHPHQWHWLSFXGRXGUXPXULFRQYHFWLYH
75
6ROXLDFRQVWUXFWLYDDFHVWXLWLSGHFD]DQHVWHDVHPQWRDUHFXFHDSUH]HQWDW n capitolul 3.3. Calculul termic al cazanelor acvatubulare din elemente tip cu vQWRDUFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQIRFDULXQGUXPFRQYHFWLY cu deosebireaFIRFDUXO estHFXVWUSXQJHUHvQSDUWHDVXSHULRDUVSDWHXQGHVHUHDOL]HD]LWUHFHUHDvQSULPXO GUXP FRQYHFWLY 'XS FXP VH SRDWH REVHUYD vQ ILJXUD JD]HOH GH DUGHUH GXS FH parcurg primul drum convectiv (CI DX SRVLELOLWDWHD V vQWRDUF L V WUHDF vQ DO doilea drum convectiv (CIISULQVSDLXOOVDWOLEHUvQWUHHOHPHQteleID. In continuare SDUFXUJGLQQRXOXQJLPHDFD]DQXOXLLVXQWHYDFXDWHODFR $FHVWHFD]DQHIXQFLRQHD]FXJD]HQDWXUDOHVDXFXFRPEXVWLELOOLFKLGGDUSRW IXQFLRQDLFXOHPQHEULFKHWHVDXFUEXQHVXSHULRUQDFHVWFD]vQORFXODU]WRUXOXL VH PRQWHD] R X SHQWUXvQFUFDUHDIRFDUXOXLFXFRPEXVWLELOVROLG'HDVXSUDHYLORU LQIHULRDUH DOH HOHPHQWHORU VH PRQWHD]XQJUWDUIL[VDXvQXQHOHFD]XULFKLDUHYLOH innferioare ale cadreORU UHSUH]LQW JUWDUXO SODQ DO FD]DQXOXL /D SDUWHD LQIHULRDU VH LQWURGXFFXWLLOHGHFROHFWDUHDFHQXLLFHQXDUXOFD]DQXOXL &D]DQXO HVWH L]RODW WHUPLF FX YDW PLQHUDO L SURWHMDW OD H[WHULRU FX WDEO VXELUH 6HRELQHDVWIHOXQFD]DQPRQREORFSHQtru care, modificnd dimensiunile de JDEDULWDOHHOHPHQWHORUGLDPHWUXOHYLORULQXPUXOGHHOHPHQWH,VHSRWRELQHGLYHUVH YDULDQWHGHVDUFLQLWHUPLFHGXSQHFHVLWL 'HL FRQVXPXO GH PDWHULDO L GH PDQRSHU SHQWUX H[HFXLD DFHVWRU WLSXUL GH cazane este mare, se impune avantajul de a se putea introduce pe elemente, prin VSDLLOHvQJXVWHLGHDVHPRQWDGLUHFWODORFXOGHIXQFLRQDUH 3.4.2. Tema de proiectare Prin tema de proiectare se dau: -Q VDUFLQDWHUPLFDFD]DQXOXLvQN: - te / ti WHPSHUDWXUDDSHLODLHLUHLQWUDUHvQFD]DQ0C sau 80/60 0C); - QDWXUDLFRPSR]LLDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLOLFKLGVDXJD]RV $FHVWH FD]DQH IXQFLRQHD] GH RELFHL FX VXSUDSUHVLXQH vQ IRFDU GHFL FRHILFLHQWXOGHH[FHVGHDHUHVWHDFHODLSHQWUXIRFDUSHQWUXGUXPXULOHFRQYHFWLYHLOD FR = f = CI = CII = cos = 1,05 1,15 . &RQIRUP LQGLFDLLORU GLQ FDSLWROXO VH HIHFWXHD] FDOFXOXO DUGHULL FRPEXVWLELOXOXLLVHGHWHUPLQ Vo, Vgo, Hi, p H 2O , p RO2 LVHWUDVHD]GLDJrama I t sau cp t.
76
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
&DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO PentUX FD]XO GH IXQFLRQDUH D FD]DQXOXL FX FRPEXVWLELO JD]RV VDX OLFKLG SLHUGHUHD VSHFLILF GH FOGXU SULQ DUGHUH LQFRPSOHW GH QDWXU PHFDQLF L FHD SULQ evacuarea produselor solide ale arderii din cazan sunt nule (qmec=0; qcen=0). Pentru calculul randamentului pe cale indirectVHFDOFXOHD] a. 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFGHFOGXUSULQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR(qFR) 3HQWUXFD]XOGHIDcazan de DSFDOG,VHDGPLWHRWHPSHUDWXUODFRFHVH SRDWHGHWHUPLQDFXUHODLDGHDSUR[LPDUH
t cos
ti + t e + (60 80) 0 C 2
(3.120)
Din diagrama I WVHGHWHUPLQYDORDUHDHQWDOSLHLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR
IFR = f (tFR, )
Entalpia aerului teoretic nHFHVDU DUGHULL VH GHWHUPLQ ODWHPSHUDWXUDDPELDQW ta=20 C I ao = Vo c pa t a (3.121)
0
cu cpa = 1,2971 kJ/ m 3 K N FR 5H]XOWYDORDUHDSLHUGHULLVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHOD
qcos =
1 ( I cos I ao ) Hi
(3.122)
b. 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFSULQDUGHUHDLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF(q inc) Q FDGUXO FDOFXOHORU GH SURLHFWDUH GDWRULW SHUIRUPDQHORU GH IXQFLonare ale DU]WRDUHORU PRGHUQH VH DGPLWH R SLHUGHUH SULQ DUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF de ordinul: (3.123) qch = 0,001 0,005 c). 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFSULQSHUHLi exteriori ai cazanului (qext): Q FDGUXO FDOFXOHORU GH SURLHFWDUH SHQWUX FD]DQH UHODWLY PLFL vQ IXQFLH GH JUDGXOGRULWGHL]RODLHWHUPLFDFD]DQXOXLVHSRDWHDOHJe o valoare: (3.124) qext = 0,005 0,015 d. Randamentul cazanului 6HFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD = 1 (qcos + qch + qext ) ; % = 100
(3.125)
77
e. Consumul de combustibil Deoarece qmec = 0; B*= B;
B=
Q Hi
(3.126)
3.4.4. BilDQXOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL )OX[XOGHFOGXUXWLODOFD]DQXOXL )OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVGHFRPEXVWLELO Q. Qc = BH i
)OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVFXDHUXOGHDUGHUHLGHLQILOWUDUH )OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR )OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQ DUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWFKLPLF 5H]XOWWDEHOXOGHELODQ Combustibil pierderi Tabelul 3.10 Util
Qa = BVoc pata Qcos = BI cos

Qinc = qch BH i Qext = qext BH i
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWVSUHH[WHULRU
Q = Q'
Qc Qa - QFR - Qinc - Qext
Q = Q"
FR
1RWQDFHVWELODQq2BHi) s-a scris sub forma: (-BI IRUPDH[SOLFLW (URDUHDUHODWLYYDIL Q'Q" = 100 < 1% Q' 'DFHURDUHDHVWHPDLPDUHHVWHRJUHHDOGHFDOFXO
+ B Vocpata); deci
FR
(3.127)
&DOFXOXOWHPSHUDWXULORULHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX (QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD
78
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
I t = H i (1 qch ) + f V0 c pa t a
(3.128)
apoi se determinWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHGLQGLDJUDPD,-t: t t = f ( I t , f ) . 6HDOHJHWHPSHUDWXUDODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL tf = 700 900 oC, YDORULOHDFHVWHDILLQGQRUPDOHSHQWUXFD]DQHFXGRXGUXPXULFRQYHFWLYH Din diagrama I-WVHGHWHUPLQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXLIf=f(tf,). )OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLDLHvQIRFDUYDIL QR = (1 qext ) B( I t I f ) (kW) (3.129)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUFDUHVHSUHLDvQVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYvQDQVDPEOXYDIL Qc = Q QR (3.130) 6LVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYHVWHvPSULWvQGRXGUXPXULGHJD]HGHDUGHUHDVWIHO Qc = QCI + QCII . (3.131) Se admite:
QCI = (0,75 0,85)Qc

DSRLVHGHWHUPLQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHa din primul drum convectiv: QCI I CI = I f (3.132) B(1 qext ) Din diagrama I t. VH GHWHUPLQ WHPSHUWXUD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD LHLUH GLQ drumul convectiv I ( tCI ) (QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODVIkULWXOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY,,
I CII = I CI
QCII B(1 qext )
I cos
(3.133)
i din diagrama I-WUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUDODVIkULWXOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY,,
t CII = f ( I CII , ) t cos
(3.134)
QFKLGHUHDELODQXOXLLPSXQH ICII IFRL tCII tFR
79
LVHDGPLWHURULOHUHODWLYH I Ic I = cos 100 I t I cos L
(3.135)
t =
t cos tc tt t cos
100
(3.136)
(URULPDLPDULLQGLFRJUHHDOGHFDOFXOQILQDOVHvQWRFPHWHWDEHOXO 6XSUDIDD Focar Convectiv I Q C Convectiv II Q C )OX[GHFOGXU Tabelul 3.11. Temperatura gazelor intrare LHLUH
II
QR QcI QcII
tt tf tCI
tf tCI tFR
%LODQXOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL 'HELWHOHGHFOGXUGLQWDEHOHOHLVHWUDQVSXQJUDILFODVFDUGXS modelul general prezentat n capitolul 2 fig. 2.3. (cu B*=B; QSI=QPA=0; Qec=0; qmec Lqcen=0). 3.4.7. Calculul termic al focarului )RFDUXOGHWLSFDPHUDUHXUPWRDUHOHGLPHQVLXQLFRQIRUPILJ $FHVWFDOFXODUHFDVFRSGHWHUPLQDUHDVXSUDIHHLGHUDGLDLH6RFDSDELOVSUHLD debitul de cOGXU UDGLDQW 4R. Deoarece n calcul intervine gradul de ecranare
LOXQJLPHDGHUDGLDLHHVWHQHFHVDUXQFDOFXOLQWHUDWLY,QLLDOVHDGPLWHR YDORDUHRULHQWDWLY6RFDUHYDILFRPSDUDWFXFHDILQDOSR.
= SR S per
80
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1 1
4 h a
s1 L
Fig. 3.10. Dimensiunile focarului

1.
FDGUXGLQ HDY SODWEDQG GHOHJ WXU QHUYXU DU] WRUX
a) 6HDGPLWHXQIOX[XQLWDUUDGLDQWvQFUFDUHWHUPLFVSHFLILF qR=3050 kW/m2 astfHOFUH]ultRYORDUHSUHOLPLQDUDVXSUDIHHLGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUDIRFarului: Q S R ' = R (m2) (3.137) qR E6HGHWHUPLQVXSUDIDDSUHOLPLQDUGHUDGLDLHvQIRFDUFXUHODLD

' SR =
SRSRDWHILDSUHFLDWSULQGRXPHWRGH
QR T 4 T 4 f p 5,765 100 100
(m2)
(3.138)
cu
=0,65 pentru combustibil gazos =0,75 pentru combustibil lichid Tf = tf + 273 (oK)
Tp=tma+20+273 (oK)
XQGH SHQWUX WHPSHUDWXUD SHUHWHOXL HYLL V-D DGPLV R WHPSHUDWXU FX 0C mai mare dect temperatura fluidului interior. Pentru alegerea dimensiunilor focarului se admitXUPWRDUHOHYDORUL:
t ma =
ti + t e 2
a = 400800 mm L
h = 1,2 1,5. a
81
Dimensiunile laturilor se rotunjesc la valori ntregi de zecimi de metru. 6XSUDIDDSHUHLORUIRFDUXOXLHVWH S per = 2 L(a + h) + 2ah (m2) (3.140)
' S R = 2 L(a + h) + ah
(m2)
Grosimea stratului radiant de gaze este:
s = 3,6
Vf S per
(m)
(3.141)
kg =
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
( p H 2O
T 1 0,38 f ( p H 2O + p RO2 ) 1000 + p RO2 ) s

kg s
(3.142)
6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUELHDOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU
ag = 1 e
(3.143)
&DUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLDGHDSUR[LPDUH
k fl = 1,6
Tf 1000
0,5
(3.144)
LFRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUELHDOIOFULLFXUHODLD
a fl = 1 e
k fl s
(3.145)
3RQGHUHDDEVRUELHLIOFULLFXFHDDPHGLXOXLUDGLDQWGHJD]HGHDUGHUHVHIDFH, GXSFULWHULLH[SHULPHQWDOHFRQVLGHUkQGRSURSRULH GLQYROXPXOIRFDUXOXLRFXSDW GHSDUWHDOXPLQRDVDIOFULL - coeficient de luminozitate). &RHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUELHDOIOFULLLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL cu
= 0,20,4 SHQWUXIODFUGHFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV = 0,6 SHQWUXIODFUSURGXVGHFRPEXVWLELOOLFKLG

Gradul de ecranare al focarului este:
' SR = S per
a = a fl + (1 ) a g
(3.146)
(3.147)
82
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Lcoeficientul de PXUGULUH DVXSUDIHHORU =0,7 0,9 combustibil gazos =0,6 0,7 combustibil lichid &XDFHVWHYDORULVHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIRFDUXOXL
af =
0,82 a a + (1 a)
h* Hf
(3.148)
2DOWFDUDFWHULVWLFDIRFDUXOXLIDFWRUXOGHSR]LLHDIOFULLvQIRFDU
M = a M bM
cu:
(3.149)
pentru combustibil lichid sau gazos.
aM = 0,52 bM = 0,3
h vQOLPHDGHSODVDUHDDU]WRDrelor h* = Hf vQOLPHDWRWDODIRFDUXOXL
Hf 2
Hf h
&XDFHVWHGDWHVHGHWHUPLQVXSUDIDDGHUDGLDLHDIRFDUXOXL
SR =
QR 3 5,765 10 8 Ma f T f Tt 3
Tt 1 1 Tf M2
(m2)
(3.150)
$FHDVWVXSUDIDYDILGLIHULWGH S'R GHWHUPLQDWvQFDOFXOXODSUR[LPDWLY'DF GLIHUHQD HVWH PDL PDUH GH VH UHLD FDOFXOXO prin atribuirea valorii calculate SR VXSUDIHHLGHSUHGLPHQVLRQDUH6R. 6HDOHJHXQGLDPHWUXGLQHYLOHRELQXLWHGHd): 513; 573; 603,5;
76LXQSDVrelativ s1 / de = 1,25 1,5.

5H]XOWQXPUXOGHHOHPHQWHvQIRFDU:
L N f = INT + 1 s 1
(3.151)
83
3.4.8. Calculul termic al drumului convectiv I Din calculele anterioare se cunosc: QCI, tf, tCI. 6H SVWUHD] DFHODL GLDPHWUX DO HYLORU GH OD IRFDU L DFHODL SDV s1. Este de DVHPHQHDGHWHUPLQDWLOLPHDVHFLXQLLGHWUHFHUHDJD]HORUSULQVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLY ,6HVWDELOHWHvQOLPHDVLVWHPXOXLFRQYHFWLY,bILPSXQkQGRYLWH]GHFLUFXODLHvQ intervalul wI' = 2 4 [m s ] . t + 273 BV g m t f + tCI 273 tm = bI = , cu (3.152) w' I a 2 6HURWXQMHWHODYDORULvQWUHJLLVHUHFDOFXOHD]YLWH]D wI. Pentru temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere tm VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ anexa 9 XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL - vscozitatea cinematiF (m2/s) - FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF (W/mK) - criteriul Prandtl Pr &XUJHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHVHIDFHWUDQVYHUVDOSHXQLUGHHYLDH]DWHvQlinie. QDFHVWFD]OXQJLPHDFDUDFWHULVWLFHVWH:
Se calcuOHD] PDL vQWkL FULWHULXO 1XVVHOW SHQWUX FXUJHUHD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH WUDQVYHUVDOSHXQUkQGGHHYL
lc =
de . 2
(3.153)
T Nu1 = 0,3 + Nu l2 + Nu t2 m T p d e WI l c cu Re = L = 1 ; 4s1
0,12
(3.154)
Nu l = 0,644 + Re 3 Pr pentru 10 < Re < 10 6

0,037 Re 0,8 Pr Nu t = 3 2 0,6 < Pr < 10 1 + 2,443 Re 0,1 Pr 3 1
(3.155) (3.156)
84
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Cu
Tp =
t e + ti + 20 + 273 (K) 2
(3.157)
Curgerea gazelor de ardere transversal pe un fascicul de n UkQGXUL GH HYL VH admite N=Nf).
Nu =
1 + ( N f 1) Nf
T Nu1 m Tp
0 ,12
(3.158)
cu
bI 0,3 s 0,7 1 = 1 1,5 2 b I 0,7 s 1

n toate cazurile:
(3.159)
c =
Nu lc
(3.160)
&RHILFLHQWXO GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU SULQ UDGLDLH este determinat de parametrii: p H 2O , p RO2 , Tgm LJURVLPHDVWUDWXOXLUDGLDQWs:
&RQVWDQWDGHUDGLDLHDJD]HORUHVWH
s b s = 1,87 1 + I 4,1 d e d e de
kg =
(m)
(3.161)
(p
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
H 2O
T 1 0,38 gm (p H 2O + p RO2 ) 1000 + p RO2 ) s
(3.162)
iar coeficientul de emisivitate al gazelor de ardere: &RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLDLHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD T 3, 6 1 p Tgm ap +1 8 3 a g Tgm r = 5,765 10 (W/m2K) (3.163) 2 Tp 1 Tgm XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUELH DO SHUHWHOXL GH RHO se ia valoarea ap L SHQWUXWHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXLHYLL T p = t ma + 20 + 273 (0K) (3.164)
ag = 1 e
k g s
85
Coeficientul de schimb deFOGXUSHSDUWHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
g = c+r.
t
tf
Coeficientul VFKLPEGHFOGXU:
global (3.165)
de
kI =
1 + g
tmax tma tcI tmin
cu valorile pentru coeficientul de PXUGULUH din tabelul 3. 'LIHUHQD PHGLH WHPSHUDWXULORU VH FDOFXOHD] UHODLD
S
D cu
SC
t mI =
(t f t ma ) (t CI t ma ) t f t ma ln t CI t ma
QILQDOVXSUDIDDGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUDGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY,VHGHWHUPLQFX UHODLD
S cI =
QcI k I tmI
(3.166)
Pentru un singur element,VXSUDIDDGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUYDIL S1e l = d e [2(a d e ) + 2(bI d e )] (m2) 6HGHWHUPLQQXPUXOGHHOHPHQWHvQFRQYHFWLY

N CI =
(3.167)
'DFQXVHYHULILF NCI NfVHPRGLILFGLPHQVLXQLOHVLVWHPXOXLFRQYHFWLYL se reia calculul. 3.4.9. Calculul termic al drumului convectiv II Se cunosc: QCII, tCI, tcos. &DOFXOXOHVWHLGHQWLFFXFHOSUH]HQWDWSHQWUXGUXPXOFRQYHFWLY,FXvQOLPHD t +t bII, t m = CI cos LUHODLLOHFULWHULDOHVSHFLILFHSHQWUXFDOFXOXOOXLc. 2
S CI S1el
(3.168)
86
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De obicei tgm < 400 0& L vQ DFHVW FD] r 0 ceea ce nVHDPQ F VH SRDWH neglija. c (t CI t ma ) (t cos t ma ) L t mII = (3.169) Deci: k II = t CI t ma 1 + c ln t cos t ma
t
tcI
tma
tcII tmin
SC
6HGHWHUPLQ
S CII =
QCII k II t mII
(3.170)
Pentru un singur element:
S1*el = 2d e (a + bII 2d e ) .
1XPUXOde elemente n convectiv II va fi:
(3.171)
N CII =
S CII * S1el
(3.172)
De obicei NCI NCII Nf L VH SURFHGHD] OD R UHGLVWULEXLUH D VXSUDIHHORU convective:
NCL1f. E 'DF Nc Nf VH FDOFXOHD] VXSUDIDD GH UDGLDLH SHQWUX XQ HOHPHQW DO focarului.
N CI S1el + N CII S1*el NC = (3.173) S1el + S1*el D'DF Nc Nf 1FD]DQXOYDDYHDQXPUXOGHHOemente cel mai mare, dintre
87
S1fel = (d + s1 )(a + h) 2
N CI S1el + N CII S1*el + N f S1fel S1el + S1*el + S1fel
(3.174)
6HFDOFXOHD]XQQXPUGHHOHPHQWHFRPXQSHQWUXRPHGLHSRQGHUDW:
N=
(3.175)
Se poate relua calculul de verificare al cazanului cu N elemente, fiind cunoscute suprafeHOHGHVFKLPEGHFOGXU 6HGHWHUPLQtf, QR, tCI, QCILQCII. 6HYHULILFGDFQR + QCI + QCII = Q sau tCII=tcos initial.
88
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
3.5. Calculul termic al cazanelor acvatubulareFXEDWHULHGHHYLQHUYXUDWHL DU]WRUDWPRVIHULFSHQWUXFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV cazan mural 3.5.'HVFULHUHDFD]DQHORUHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQF LRQDUH
5
PRINCIPALELE ELEMENTE COMPONENTE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. HYLQHUYXUDWH focar; DU]WRDUHDXWRDVSLUDQWH LQWUDUHLHLUHSFDOGvQFO]LUH SLHVGHHYDFXUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH cu rupere de presiune.

2 3
'HWDOLX HDY QHUYXUDW
D d
Fig. 3.11. Schema unui cazan DFYDWXEXODUFXEDWHULHGH HYLQHUYXUDWHLDU]WRU atmosferic pentru combustibil gazos cazan mural &D]DQHOH VXQW GHVWLQDWH SURGXFHULL GH DS FDOG We / ti = 90 / 70 0C pentru vQFO]LUHD XQRU VSD LL PLFL N: L VH mai numesc cazane de apartament. &D]DQXO VH LQVWDOHD] vQ LQWHULRUXO DSDUWDPHQWXOXL GH RELFHL vQ EXFWULH IL[DW SH SHUHWHSULQLQWHUPHGLXOXQHLUDPH8QHRULvQDFHLDLFDUFDVFXFD]DQXOVHDPSODVHD] SRPSDGHFLUFXOD LHDDJHQWXOXLWHUPLFYDVXOGHH[SDQVLXQHvQFKLVLXQVFKLPEWRUGH FOGXU FX SOFL SHQWUX SURGXFHUHD DSHL FDOGH GH FRQVXP ,Q DFHVW FD] DQVDPEOXO VH FXQRDWHVXEGHQXPLUHDGHFHQWUDOGHDSDUWDPHQW
89
3HQWUX RE LQHUHD XQHL VROX LL LHIWLQH VH DGRSW VLVWHPXO GH DUGHUH FX DU]WRU atmosIHULF 6XE DFHDVW GHQXPLUH VH vQ HOHJH DU]WRUXO GH JD] QDWXUDO FX DHU DXWRDVSLUDW SULQ HMHF LH 'HRDUFHFH SULQ HMHF LH QX VH SRDWH DVSLUD PDL PXOW GH RUL volumul de gaz combustibil, restul aerului de ardere se introduce ca aer secundar aspirat prin depresiune n camera de ardere din mediul ambiant. Pentru un exces de DHUX]XDOGH. UH]XOFWUHEXLHDVSLUDWFDDHUVHFXQGDUXQYROXPGHFFDRUL volumul de gaz combustibil. $FHVW VLVWHP GH IXQF LRQDUH LPSXQH H[LVWHQ D XQHL GHSUHVLXQL VXILFLHQte n IRFDUSHQWUXRDEVRE LHGHDHU'HSUHVLXQHDVHFUHLD]SULQautotirajul drumului de gazeDOFD]DQXOXLQILJXUDVHSUH]LQWVFKHPDIXQF LRQDO
he nO LPHtronson de evacuare temperatura te GHQVLWDWHJD]Hge hc nO LPHconvectiv temperatura tcGHQVLWDWHJD]Hgc
hfvQO LPHIRFDU temperatura tfGHQVLWDWHJD]Hgf
fig. 3.12 Componentele autotirajului drumului de gaze al cazanului DepUHVLXQHDHIHFWLYODED]DFD]DQXOXLUH]XOWGLQUHOD LD
H net = g h f ( o gf )+ g hc ( o gc )+ g he ( o ge ) p pi pe
XQGHSLHUGHULOHGHVDUFLQS sunt: p SLHUGHUHGHVDUFLQvQIDVFLFROXOGH HYLQHUYXUDWHDOHFRQYHFWLYXOXL pL SLHUGHUHGHVDUFLQORFDOHODLQWUDUHDDHUXOXi; pH SLHUGHUHGHVDUFLQORFDOHODHYDFXDUHDJD]HORU 'HSUHVLXQHD HIHFWLY OD ED]D FD]DQXOXL WUHEXLH V ILH GH FFD 3DLVVH PHQ LQ SH FkW SRVLELO FRQVWDQW SHQWUX D QX IL IOXFWXD LL PDUL GH H[FHV GH DHU vQ WLPSXOIXQF LRQULL$FHVWDHVWHLPRWLYXOSHQWUXFDUHODLHLUHDgazelor de ardere din
90
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
FD]DQ VH IDFH R UXSHUH GH SUHVLXQH SHQWUX FD WLUDMXO FRXOXL YDULDELO FX WHPSHUDWXUD H[WHULRDUVQXLQIOXHQ H]HGHSUHVLXQHDGLQFD]DQ $U]WRUXOHVWHIRUPDWGLQWU-XQJUXSGHHOHPHQWHGHDU]WRUDWPRVIHULFDVIHOF Y]XWGHVXVIODFUDDSDUHFDXQFRYRUGHPLFLIOFULLQGLYLGXDOHFDUHVHXQHVFvQWU-o ]RQGHDUGHUHFRPXQFXVXSUDID DHJDOSUDFWLFFXVHF LXQHDFDPHUHLGHDUGHUH Pentru a rezista temperaturilor nalte din camera de ardere, aceasta este FSWXLWLQWHULRUFXSOFLGHILEUFHUDPLFUH]LVWHQWODWHPSHUDWXULvQDOWH0C). Q FRQWLQXDUHD FDPHUHL GH DUGHUH SH YHUWLFDO VH JVHWH IDVFLFROXO GH HYL nervurate care are rolul de sistem convectiv al cazanului. n acest convectiv, gazele de DUGHUH FHGHD] DSHL FOGXUD vQ LQWHUYDOXO GH WHPSHUDWXUL GH OD WHPSHUDWXUD FDSWXOXL camerei de ardere tf la temperatura de la evacuare te HYLOH QHUYXUDWH FDUH DOFWXLHVF VLVWHPXO FRQYHFWLY VXQW FRQIHF LRQDWH GH RELFHL GLQ FXSUX FX nervuri de WDEOGHDOXPLQLXQXQHOHVROX LLILHFDUH HDYDUHQHUYXULFLUFXODUHvQDOWHVROX LLFkWH GRX HYL DX QHUYXUL GUHSWXQJKLXODUH FRPXQH 6ROX LD WHKQLF GH QHUYXUDUH QX LQIOXHQ HD]PXOWFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHGHIXQF LRQDUHGHDFHLDvQFDOFXOHVHLDILHFDUH DY FXQHUYXUDFLUFXODUFDUH-LUHYLQHGLQSXQFWXOGHYHGHUHDOWUDQVIHUXOXLGHFOGXU
D d h
ILJ'LPHQVLXQL HDYDULSDW 3ULQFLSDOHOHGLPHQVLXQLJHRPHWULFHDSDUSHILJXU GLDPHWUXOH[WHULRUDO HYLLG diametrul exterior al nervurii D vQO LPHDQHUYXULLK '-d)/2 grosimea nervurii g pasul de nervurare s
91
*D]HOH VXQW HYDFXDWH OD FR SULQWU-un dispozitiv de rupere de presiune. Acest GLVSR]LWLYFRQVLVWvQWU-RKRWvQFDUHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHLHVOLEHUGLQWX XOGHHYDFXDUH DO FD]DQXOXL 'DWRULW FRPXQLFULL FX DWPRVIHUD D FDSWXOXL OLEHU GLQ WX XO GH HYDFXDUH DLFL VH LQVWDOHD] SUHVLXQHD VWDWLF DPELDQW L WLUDMXO FRXOXL QX PDL DUH nici-RLQIOXHQ DVXSUDUHJLPXOXLGHSUHVLXQLGLQFD]DQ Apa cald SURGXV GH FD]DQ LQWU GH OD UHWXUXO LQVWDOD LHL GH vQFO]LUH OD FDSWXOLQIHULRUDOEDWHULHLQHUYXUDWHLSHPVXUFHSDUFXUJH HYLOHVHvQFO]HWH$SD FDOGHVWHFROHFWDWODSDUWHDVXSHULRDUDFD]DQXOXLLWULPLVODFRQVXPDWRUL Cazanul este i]RODW WHUPLF FX YDW PLQHUDO L SURWHMDW OD H[WHULRU FX WDEO VXE LUH6HRE LQHDVWIHOXQFD]DQPRQREORFFXGLPHQVLXQLUHGXVHvQUDSRUWFXVDUFLQD WHUPLFSURGXV 3.5.2. Tema de proiectare Prin tema de proiectare se dau : Q sarcina termiFDFD]DQXOXLvQN: te / ti WHPSHUDWXUDDSHLODLHLUHLLQWUDUHvQFD]DQ0C sau 80/60 0C); QDWXUDLFRPSR]L LDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLJD]QDWXUDOVDXG.P.L.) .
Aceste cazane, cu depresiune n focar, au coeficientul de exces de aer relativ marH GDWRULW VLVWHPXOXL DXWRDVSLUDQW FDUH QX DVLJXU R EXQ RPRJHQHL]DUH D combustibilului cu aerul: = 1,6 1,8. &RQIRUP LQGLFD LLORU GLQ FDSLWROXO VH HIHFWXHD] FDOFXOXO DUGHULL FRPEXVWLELOXOXLLVHGHWHUPLQ VO, Vgo, Hi, p H 2O , p RO2 VHWUDVHD]GLDJUDPD, t sau cp t . 3.5.&DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO $FHVWHFD]DQHIXQF LRQHD]ntotdeauna cu combustibil gazos (gaz natural sau G.P.L.) deci pierderile specifice mecanice (qmec L FHOH SULQ HYDFXDUHD SURGXVHORU solide din cazan (qcen) sunt nule. De asemenea B* = B . 6HFDOFXOHD]SLHUGHULOHVSHFLILFHGHFOGXU a). 3ULQHYDFXDUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHFRT ) :
FR
qcos =
(3.176)
92
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Pentru temperatura aerului (ta 20 0& VH FDOFXOHD] HQWDOSLD DHUXOXL WHRUHWLF necesar arderii :
FR
ti + t e + (60 80) 0 C 2 LGLQGLDJUDPD,WVHGHWHUPLQI . t cos =
6HDGPLWHLPSXQHRWHPSHUDWXUDSUR[LPDWLYDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR (3.177)
I ao = Vo c pa ta
cu cpa = 1,297 kJ/ m 3 K FOGXUDVSHFLILFDDHUXOXLOD0C . N
(3.178)
b). PULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF(qch) : 3HQWUXDU]WRDUHDXWRDVSLUDQWHFXRPRJHQHL]DUHGHFDOLWDWHmedie: qch = 0,005. c). 3ULQSHUH Li exteriori ai cazanului (qext) : Pentru cazane mici, foarte compacte, cu putere sub 80 kW, bine izolate, n faza de proiectare se poate adopta : qext = 0,005 0,008. 'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHHQHUJHWLFFOGXUDSLHUGXWODH[WHriorul cazanului este tot R FOGXU XWLO GHRDUHFH FD]DQXO IXQF LQHD] vQ LQWHULRUXO DSDUWDPHQWXOXL SH FDUH-l vQFO]HWH 'LQ DFHVWH FRQVLGHUHQWH Text = 0 7RWXL SHQWUX LSRWH]D IXQF LRQUL cazanului ntr-R FDPHU FDUH QX QHFHVLW vQFO]LUH VH SRDWH DFFHSWD L LSRWH]D qext = 0,5 0,8 %. Randamentul cazanuluiVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD = 1 (qcos + qch + qext ) L % = 100 (%) Debitul de combustibil va fi :
(3.179)
B=
Q ( m3 / s ) N Hi
(3.180)
3.5.%LODQ XOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL )OX[XOGHFOGXUXWLODOFD]DQXOXLHVWH )OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVGHFRPEXVWLELO )X[XOGHFOGXUDGXVGHDHUXOGHDUGHUH )X[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR
Q; Qcomb = B Hi ; Qa = B Vo cpa ta ; Q =BI ;

FR FR
93
)X[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW Qinc = qch B Hi . 5H]XOWWDEHOXOGHELODQ Fluxuri introduse pierderi Fluxuri utile
Qcomb Qa -Q - Qinc - Qext Q = Q'

FR
Q = Q''
(3.181)
(URDUHDUHODWLY
Q'Q" Q'
100 < 1%
'LQ WDEHOXO VH SRDWH VFULH VXE IRUP H[SOLFLW SLHUGHUHD GH FOGXU OD evacuare a gazelor:
- Qev = - q BHi = - BI
FR
FR
+ BVocpata = - Q
FR
+ Qa .
(3.182)
3.5.5. Calculul tHPSHUDWXULORULHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX (QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
I t = H i (1 qch ) + V0 c pa t a
(3.183)
Din digrama I WVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUH . 6HLPSXQHDOHJHWHPSHUDWXUDODLHLUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU tf = 900 1100 0C . Aceste valorile ULGLFDWH GH WHPSHUDWXUD OD VIkULWXO IRFDUXOXL sunt specifice FD]DQHORUFXIRFDUHIRDUWHSX LQUFLWH/DDFHVWHFD]DQHVXSUDID DGHUDGLD LH n focar HVWH VXSUDID D VHF LXQLL VXSHULRDUH D FDPHUHL GH DUGHUH XQGH SDUWHD LQIHULRDU D IDVFLFROXOXLFRQYHFWLYSULPHWHFOGXULSULQUDGLD LH Din diagrama I WVHGHWHUPLQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQIRFDU
tt = f ( I t , )
94
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
I f = f (t f , )
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLD LHvQIRFDUYDIL
(3.184)
QR = (1 qext ) B ( I t I f )
(kW)
(3.185)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWGHVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYYDIL
Qc = Q QR ,
(3.186)
Entalpia gazelor de ardere la sfULWXOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYHVWH
Ic = I f
Qc (1 qext ) B
(3.187)
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUD
t c = f ( I c , )
(3.188)
FR
QFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLLPSXQHIc I
L tc t LVHDGPLWHURULOHUHODWLYH
FR
I =
L
I cos I c 100 maxim 0,5% I t I cos

t cos tc tt t cos 100 maxim 0,5%
(3.189)
t =
3.5.%LODQ XOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL 'HELWHOH GH FOGXU Qcomb, QR, Qc, Qa L IOX[XULOH SLHUGXWH Q , Qinc, Qext se WUDQVSXQJUDILFDOVFDUFDvQILJXUDFXB* = B; Qpa = 0; Qsfc = 0; Qsi = 0; Qec = 0; qmec Lqcen = 0) .
FR
3.5.7. Predimensionarea cazanului 6HF LXQHDLQWHULRDUD[EDFD]DQXOXLHVWHGHWHUPLQDQWSHQWUXWRDWIRUPD FRQVWUXFWLYYILJ3.11). 3HQWUX DOHJHUHD DFHVWHL VHF LXQL VH DOHJ vQ SUHDODELO FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH HYLL nervurate . Dimensiunile (v. fig.3.13) X]XDOHDOH HYLLQHUYXUDWHVXQW d = 16 25 mm uzual d = 20 mm D = (2 2,5) * d uzual D = 50 mm
95
g = 0,8 1,2 mm s = g + (1,5 2,5) mm
uzual g = 1 mm uzual s = 3 mm
1XPUXOGH HYLSHUSHQGLFXODUSHGLUHF LDGHFXUJHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH11 se DOHJHIXQF LHGHSXWHUHDFD]DQXOXLDVWIHO Q = 20 30 kW --> N1=2 Q = 30 50 kW --> N1=3 Q = 50 80 kW --> N1=4 6HF LXQHD FDQDOXOXL GH gaze se FRQVLGHU GUHSWXQJKLXODU FX raport dimensional: a / b = (3 5) 9LWH]D PHGLH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH vQ GUXPXO FRQYHFWLY VH LD UHODWLY PLF wg PVGHRDUHFHGLVSRQLELOXOGHWLUDMHVWHPLFLSLHUGHULOHGHVDUFLQSULQ IDVFLFROXO GH HYL WUHEXLH V ILH PLFL 3HQWUX FDOFXOHOH SUHOLPLQDUH VH FRQVLGHU F temperatura medie a gazelor n drumul convectiv este tmg = 600 C. Pentru a realiza viteza wgDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHQHFHVDURVHF LXQHOLEHUGH curgere Slc :
S1c =
B (V go + ( 1) Vo ) t gm + 273 wg 273
[m2]
(3.190)
$FHDVWVXSUDID OLEHUHVWHGDWGHVXSUDID DFDQDOXOXLa b din care se scade VXSUDID D GH VHF LXQH RFXSDW GH HYL L QHUYXUL 3HQWUX VLPSOLILFDUHD FDOFXOXOXL VH GHWHUPLQXQJUDGGHVHF LXQHOLEHU 0 dHILQLWFDILLQGVXSUDID DOLEHUGHFXUJHUH UDSRUWDWODVXUDID DWRWDODFDQDOXOXL *UDGXO GH VHF LXQH OLEHU 0 SHQWUX vQWUHDJDVXSUDID HVWHDFHODLFDSHQWUXXQ SDVGH HDYGHRDUHFHDFHVWSDVVHUHSHWSHWRDWVHF LXQHD
Scanal = D*s
D d h
Socupat = d*s + (D-d)*g Sliber = Scanal Socupat $liber / Scanal

s g
Scanal = Sliber
Fig. 3.14.
96
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
/ LPHDFDQDOXOXLGHFLUFXOD LHDgazelor de ardereHVWHGDWGHQXPUXOGH HYL N1 PXOWLSOLFDW FX GLDPHWUXO QHUYXULL ' VH FRQVLGHU F vQWUH FDSHWHOH QHUYXULORU L SHUHWHOHFDQDOXOXLUHVSHFWLYvQWUHGRXFDSHWHGHQHUYXUQXH[LVWMRFVHPQLILFDWLY b = N1 D [m] (3.191) /XQJLPHDFDQDOXLHVWHVXSUDID DFDQDOXOXLUDSRUWDWODO LPHDFDQDOXOXL
a= S1 b
(3.192)
Determinarea acestei cote GHILQHWH VROX LDGLPHQVLRQDOILQDODFD]DQXOXL - lungimea canalului -O LPHDFDQDOXOXL -QXPUXOGH HYL -GLDPHWUXO HYLL - diametrul nerurii - pasul nervurii a b N1 d D s
3.5.8. Calculul termic la focarului Acest calcul are ca scop determinarea tePSHUDWXULL ILQDOH D IRFDUXOXL LQkQG VHDPDGHIDSWXOFVXSUDID DHIHFWLYGHUDGLD LH6RHVWHVXSUDID DFDQDOXOXLFRQYHFWLY $FHVW OXFUX HVWH HYLGHQW GHRDUHFH UDGLD LD HPLV GH IRFDU VSUH SDUWHD VXSHULRDU D FDPHUHLGHDUGHUHHVWHLQWHJUDODEVRUELWGHSDUWHDYL]LELODVLVWHPXOXLFRQYHFWLYGHFL GHvQWUHDJDVHF LXQHDFDQDOXOXLGHJD]H: Gradul de ecranare = R DOIRFDUXOXLUH]XOWGLQUDSRUWXOGLQWUHVXSUDID D Sper
S
SR = b a .
(3.193)
SHUH LORUFDPHUHLGHDUGHUHLVXSUDID DHIHFWLYGHUDGLD LH6R .
)RFDUXODUHIRUPDJHRPHWULFSDUDOHOLSLSHGLFFXVHF LXQHD abLvQO LPHD hf din figura 3.11. pHQWUXGHVYROWDUHDFRPSOHWDIOFULLDVWIHOFDVIkULWXOSURFHVXOXLGH DUGHUHVQXGHSHDVFvQO LPHDIRFDUXOXL Se FRQVLGHUvQO LPHDIRFDUXOXL hf = 0,250,35 m. 5H]XOWXUPWRDUHOHGLPHQVLXQLDOHIRFDUXOXL
97
- volumul focarului -VXSUDID DSHUH LORU
-VXSUDID DHIHFWLYGHUDGLD LH - gradul de ecranare
Vf = a b hf S per = 2 (a + b ) h f + 2 a b
SR = a b
= SR S per Vf s = 3,6 S per
- grosimea stratului radiant : focar:
(m)
6H FDOFXOHD] vQ FRQWLQXDUH FDUDFWHULVWLFD UDGLDQW D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH GLQ
kg = 0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O ( p H 2O T 1 0,38 f ( p H 2O + p RO2 ) 1000 + p RO2 ) s
(3.194)
6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOJD]HORUGH ardere din focar :
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.195)
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLFXUHOD LDDSUR[LPDWLY
k fl = 1,6
Tf 1000
0,5
(3.196)
LFRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULLFXUHOD LD
a fl = 1 e
k fl s
(3.197)
3RQGHUHDDEVRUE LHLIOFULLFXFHDDPHGLXOXLUDGLDQWGHJD]HGHDUGHUHVHIDFH GXSFULWHULLexperimentale, considernd o pondere DSU LLOXPLQRDVHDIOFULL 3HQWUXIOFULSX LQOXPLQRDVHGHFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV CoeficieQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULORULJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD a = a fl + (1 ) a g (3.198) &RHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUHDVXSUDIH HORUHVWH =0,7 0,9 combustibil gazos &XDFHVWHYDORULVHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWD focarului :
af =
0,82 a a + (1 a)
(3.199)
98
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
2 DOW FDUDFWHULVWLF D IRFDUXOXL HVWH IDFWRUXO GH SR]L LH D IOFULL vQ IRFDU pentru combustibil lichid sau gazos :
M = a M bM
XQGHSHQWUXIRFDUHYHUWLFDOHFXIODFUSHVXSUDID DLQIHULRDU aM=0,54; bM=0,2; h/Hf = 0,2 &XDFHVWHGDWHVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDXUDGHODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL
h Hf
(3.200)
Tf =
Tt Co a f Tt 3 S R M (1 qinc )B V g c p
0, 6
[oK]
(3.201)
+1
Temperatura GHLHLUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDUn oC, este :
tf = Tf -273 [oC]
$FHDVWWHPSHUDXWUYDILGLIHULWGHWf DOHDVvQFDOFXOXOGHDSUR[LPDUH'DF GLIHUHQ DHVWHPDLPDUHGHFFD.VHUHLDFDOFXOXOFXYDORDUHDWfUH]XOWDDW GLQ FDOFXOXO ILQDO 'DF HURDUHD HVWH PDL PLF VH FRQWLQX FDOFXOXO FX WHmperatura focarului tfUH]XOWDWGLQFDOFXOGDUQXVHPDLUHLDFDOFXOXOWUDQVIHUXOXLGHFOGXUOD VXSUDID DGHUDGLD LH 3.5.9. Calculul termic al drumului convectiv 'UXPXO FRQYHFWLY HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GLQ FDOFXOHOH DQWHULRDUH SULQ XUPWRULL parametrii : Qc GHELWXOGHFOGXUFHGDWGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHN: tf WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLQWUDUHvQ HYL0C) ; t WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQ HYLODFR te/ti temperatura apei (0C) .
FR
Deoarece temperatura la FDSWXO IRFDUXOXL V-D PRGLILFDW ID GH FHD DOHDV LQL LDO vQ FDOFXOHOH GH ELODQ VH UHFDOFXOHD] IOX[XO GH FOGXU SUHOXDW GH VLVWHPXO convectiv. Din diagrama I WVHGHWHUPLQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQIRFDU
I f = f (t f , ) .
(3.202)
99
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLD LHvQIRFDUYDIL
QR = (1 qext ) B ( I t I f )
(kW)
(3.203)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWGHVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYYDIL
Qc = Q QR ,
(kW)
(3.204)
6FKLPEXOGHFDOGXUFRQYHFWLYvQWUHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHLDSVHIDFHFXREDWHULH FX HYLQHUYXUDWHDDFXPV-DSUH]HQWDWvQGHVFULHUHDVROX LHLFRQVWUXFWLYHDFD]DQXOXL &XPVHFXQRDWHGLQWHRULDJHQHUDODVFKLPEWRDUHORUGHFOGXUVROX LDFRQVWUXFWLY GH H[WLQGHUH D VXSUDIH HL GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU SH SDUWHD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH SULQ QHUYXUDUHVHDSOLFSHQWUXDFRPSHQVDvQWU-RRDUHFDUHPVXUUDSRUWXOGHIDYRUDELOFDUH H[LVWvQWUHFRHILFLHQWXOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXU de la gaze fa de cel de la ap. Nervurile, circularH SWUDWH VDX GUHSWXQJKLXODUH VXQW GLVSXVH HFKLGLVWDQW SH H[WHULRUXO HYLLVXEIRUPGHGLVFXUL'LPHQVLXQLOHX]XDOHDOH HYLORULQHUYXULORUV-au ales n calculul de predimensionare. Cotirea evilor se face prin coturi nenervurate, n exteriorul sec iunii de trecere a gazelor de ardere. Numrul de rnduri de evi vQ GLUHF LD GH FXUJHUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH 12 se stabilete prin calculul termic al suprafe ei de transfer de cldur necesar. Ecua ia de WUDQVIHUGHFOGXU este:
Qc = K g S g tm = K apa S apa tm [W]
(3.205)
unde :
termici, corectat cu un coeficient depinznd de geometria curgerii i parametri agen ilor. Temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere este tgm = (tf + t Temperatura medie a apei este tapam = (ti + te )/ 2.
FR
Kg si Kapa reprezint coeficientul global de transfer de cldur, raportat fie la suprafa a extins, pe parte gazelor de ardere, Sg , fie la suprafa a lis, pe partea apei, Sapa; tm UHSUH]LQW GLIHUHQ D PHGLH ORJDULWPLF GH WHPSHUDWXU vQWUH FHL GRL DJHQ L
)/ 2.
3HQWUXWHPSHUDWXULOHPHGLLDOHDJHQ LORUWHUPLFLVHGHWHUPLQFOGXULOHVSHFLILFH cpaer si capaGLQDQH[HVDXGLQUHOD LLOHGHUHJUHVLHSUH]HQWDWHvQDQH[HOHUHVSHFWLYH Debitul de ap FDUHSDUFXUJH HYLOHeste:
100
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
G=
Q capa (te ti )
[kg/s]
(3.206)
Deoarece apa trece prin N1 HYLvQSDUDOHO HDYDDYkQGGLDPHWUXOLQWHULRUGi , YLWH]DDSHLVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
wapa =
4G apa (N1 d i2 )
[m/s]
(3.207)
Deoarece s-au facut rotunjiri care afecteaz viteza de curgere a gazelor de ardere, aceasta se recalculeaz:
wg =
B(Vgo + ( 1)Vo ) t gm + 273 273 S1c
[m/s]
(3.208)
TRANSFERUL DE CDUR DE LA GAZELE DE ARDERE LA PERETELE METALIC Transferul de cldur este de tip convectiv. Gazele circul prin canalele realizate ntre nervuri, care au la imea (s-g). Considernd canalul format din doua evi alturate, cealalt latur a sec iunii de curgere esteGXEOXOvQO LPLLQHUYXULL 2h . Relatiile de calcul, de tip experimental, sunt date func ie de o lungime caracteristic fix pentru baterie care este pasul nervurrii : s . Pentru calcule este necesar cunoaterea unor parametri fizici caracteristici gazelor de ardere care se determin din tabela anexa 9, pentru temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere tgm: - viscozitatea cinematic, - conductibilitatea termic, - criteriul Prandtl,
Prg .
#g ; g ;
Coeficientul de convec ie g se calculeaz dup metodologia convec iei n curgere for at prin canale i este acelai pentru partea de suprafa lis a evii i partea de suprafa extins a nervurii.
101
Pertele evii are la suprafa a de contact cu aerul o anumit temperatur tp , care se regsete i la baza nervurii. Din cauza rezisten ei termice conductive, temperatura peretelui nervurii tpn este din ce in ce mai ULGLFDW spre vrful nervurii. Pentru a nu complica sistemul de calcul, se consider temperatura suprafe ei nervurii constant, aceeai cu a peretelui evii, dar se afecteaz suprafa a nervurii cu un "randament" subunitar nerv care face compensarea fluxului mai sczut de cldur a suprafe ei cu temperatura mai ULGLFDW dect cea a evii. Rela ia criterial pentru transferul de cldur este func ie de turbulen a curgerii, deci de criteriul Re. Se calculeaza criteriul Reg , innd seama c lungimea caracteristic este pasul de nervurare, din relatia:
Re g =
wg s
(3.209)
Coeficientul de transfer de cldur prin convec ie de la gazele de ardere la peretele exterior se calculeaz cu rela iile peQWUXIDVFLFROGH HYLvQOLQLHFXQRWD LLOH : SPnerv = s; Hnerv = h; de = d; Dnerv = D; Bnerv = g. * evi cu nervuri rotunde
0,54 0,14
P Nu g = 0,104 Re 0, 72 nerv g d e
* evi cu nervuri ptrate
P nerv H nerv
(3.210)
Nu g = 0,096 Re
0 , 72 g
P nerv d e
0,54
P nerv H nerv
0,14
(3.211)
in continuare, pentru ambele cazuri :

* g =
Nug g Pnerv
W m2 K
(3.212)
Aa cum s-a artat, n metodica uzual de calcul se ine seama de un randament subunitar al suprafe ei nervurilor. Acesta depinde de dou constante adimensionale ale nervurii:
XD =
si
Dnerv de
(3.213)
102
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
0,5
2 * g X I = H nerv nerv Bnerv
(3.214)
unde conductibilitatea termica a metalului nervurii este pentru o el nerv = 50 W/(m.K), pentru cupru nerv = 300 iar pentru aluminiu nerv = 175 . Curbele de randament se calculeaza, pentru XD > 2, cu relatiile : pentru XI > 0.8 : (3.215)
0,797 -0,631 2,359
A = 0,8 - 0,05 (X D 2 )
B = 0,363 + 0,14 (X D 2)
C = 0,525 - 0,071 (X D 2)
nerv = A B (X I 0,8)
C
pentru XI < 0.8 :
(3.216)
A = 1 B = 0,295 + 0,066 (X D 2 ) C = 1,737 - 0,093 (X D 2 )

0,71 1,13
nerv = A B (X I )
C
Cu acest randament, care ns afecteaz numai suprafa a extins, se determin coeficientul corectat de transfer de cldur pe partea gazelor de ardere, dup cum urmeaz: - se determin suprafa a de schimb de cldur a unei nervuri :
2 (D nerv d e2 )
S nerv = 2
[m ]
2
(3.217) (3.218)
- suprafa a lis a evii pe partea gazelor de ardere ntre dou nervuri este:
Sl = (Pnerv Bnerv ) d e
[m ]
2
103
- suprafa a total pe un pas este suma celor dou suprafe e anterior calculate:
Stot = S nerv + Sl
[m ]
2
(3.219)
- iar coeficientul de transfer de caldura corectat se determin din rela ia:

* g = g
nerv S nerv+ Sl Stot
W m2 K
(3.220)
REZISTENTA TERMIC A PERETELUI EVII I A DEPUNERILOR DE PE PEREI Rezisten a termic a peretelui evii este (/per / per), n care /per este grosimea peretelui evii i per conductibilitatea termic a metalului evii (pentru o el per=50(W/m.K), pentru cupru per=300(W/m.K) iar pentru aluminiu per= 175(W/m.K)). $FHDVWUH]LVWHQ WHUPLFDUHvQVRYDORDUHIRDUWHPLFLGHRELFHLVH neglijeaz n calculele curente. 5H]LVWHQ D WHUPLF a depunerilor de piatr (/p/p) pe pere ii evilor este foarte mare, ea constituind principala rezisten n schimbul de cldur9DORULOHUH]LVWHQ HORU WHUPLFH IXQF LH GH FDOLWDWHD DSHL GH YLWH]D GH FXUJHUH L GH WHPSHUDWXUD PHGLH D agentului termic sunt prezentate n capitolul 1 DO ,QGUXPWRUXOXL Ge Proiectare pentru 6FKLPEWRDUH GH &OGXU 3HQWUX DSD GLQ LQVWDOD LL GH vQFO]LUH VH SRDWH considera , SHQWUXGHSXQHULOHGHSLDWU /p PLp = 1 W/(m K) Rezistentele termice conductive se nsumeaz:
= per + p per p
m2 K W
(3.221)
TRANSFERUL DE CLDUR LA PERETELE INTERIOR AL EVILOR Transferul de cldur GH OD SHUHWHOH HYLL OD DS este de tip convectiv, n regim permanent, fr schimbare de stare, curgere prin interiorul evilor. Pentru calcule este necesar cunoaterea unor parametrii fizici caracteristici apei. Acetia se determin din tabela anex pentru temperatura medie a apei tapam:
104
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
- viscozitatea cinematic, - conductibilitatea termic, - criteriul Prandtl,
#apa ; apa ;
Prapa .
Rela ia criterial pentru transferul de cldur este func ie de turbulen a curgerii, deci de criteriul Re. Se calculeaza criteriul Reapa, innd seama c lungimea caracteristic este diametrul interior al evii, din rela ia:
Reapa =
wapa d i
apa
(3.222)
n func ie de valoarea ob inut pentru Reapa se aplic una din XUPWRUHOH rela ii criteriale: pentru Rea > 10000
Nu apa = 0 .024 Re 0 ,8 Pr 0 ,4
pentru 2300 < Rea < 10000
(3.223)
Nu apa = 0.024 Re 0 ,8 Pr 0 ,4 Re
unde
(3.224)
0Re = 1- 6.105 Re-1,8

pentru Re < 2300
Nuapa
d 0 ,0688 i Rea Pra Lt = 3,65 + 0 ,66 di 1 + 0 ,045 Rea Pra Lt

Lungimea Lt a tevilor se FRQVLGHUDILlungimea unei evi nervurate.
(3.225)
Coeficientul de transfer de cldur de la ap la peretele interior al evii se calculeaz cu rela ia:
apa =
Nu apa apa di
W m2 K
(3.226)
105
COEFICIENTUL GLOBAL DE TRANSFER DE CLDUR Se alege o suprafa de control deoarece suprafe ele de transfer de cldur nu sunt egale pentru cele doua fluide. Pentru un pas de nervur suprafa a pe partea scldat de gazele de ardere este:
S *g = 2 (D 2 d 2 ) + d (s g ) 4
(3.227)
Tot pentru un pas de nervurare suprafa a pe partea interioar a tevii este:

S * apa = S d i
[m2]
(3.228)
Daca se alege ca suprafa de control interiorul evilor (suprafa a pe partea apei), coeficientul global de transfer de cldur va fi:
K apa =
1 1
apa
1 + S aer aer S apa
W m2 K
(3.229)
Dac se alege ca suprafa de control exteriorul evilor (suprafa a pe partea gazelor de ardere), coeficientul global de transfer de cldur va fi:
Kg =
1 1 + apa
Sg 1 + S apa g
W m2 K
(3. 230)
DIFERENA MEDIE DE TEMPERATURI I DIMENSION5, FINALE Se consider un curent incruciat ntre ap i gazele de ardere i se utilizeaz metoda 0 - NTC pentru determinarea diferen ei medii de temperatur. Se consider diferen a medie de temperaturi n contracurent, urmnd ca aceasta s fie corectat ulterior prin coeficientul de eficien 0 .
106
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Din diagrama de evolu ie a temperaturilor, se determin diferen ele de temperaturi maxim i minim, tmax = tf ti si tmin = tFR te . Se calculeaz diferen a medie de temperaturi n contracurent:
tf
tmax te tcos tmin ti

SC S
t m cc =
[ C]
o
(3.231)
6XSUDID DVLVWHPXOXLFRQYHFWLYUH]XOW
Sbat =
Qc K g t mcc
[m ]
2
(3.232)
Se determin echivalen ii termici ai celor doi agen iIXQF LHGH'g) :
Wg = D g c g
unde Dg [m3N/s] este debitul volumic de gaze de ardere ; Dg=B Vg unde Dapa>NJV@HVWHGHELWXOPDVLFGHDS.
Wapa = Dapa c apa
(3.233)
Se identific dintre cei doi echivalen ivQDS Wmin i Wmax i se determin: Wrap=Wmin/Wmax. (3.234)
107
Se determin mrimile NTC (QXPUXOGHunit i termice) pentru cele doi agen i termici din rela iile:
NTC g =
K g Sbat Wg
L NTC apa =
K g Sbat Wapa
(3.235)
Se identific NTCmin si NTCmax i n continuare, pe baza diagramelor de tipul 0 = f (NTCmax , Wmin/Wmax , schema de curgere - curent ncruciat) se poate determina coeficientul de reducere 0 . ntr-un calcul numeric, n func ie de valorile relative ale W i NTC se aplic urmtoarele rela ii: Dac Wmax = Wapa ; Wmin = Wg :
B = 1 e
W NTC max min Wmax
L = 1 e
W B max W min
(3.236)
Daca Wmax = Wg; Wmin = Wapa :
B = 1 e ( NTCmax )
Wmax L = Wmin
W B min W 1 e max
(3.237)
Cu valoarea 0 calculat se determin VXSUDID D GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU D convecWLYXOXLOXkQGFDVXSUDID GHFRQWUROVXSUDID Dde pe partea apei:
S apa =
Qc K apa t mcc
(3.238)
Deorace s-a ales suprafa a de control interiorul evilor (suprafa a pe partea apei), coeficientul global de transfer de cldur va fi:
K apa =
apa
1 +
W m2 K
(3.239)
Sg S apa
UHOD LD
6XSUDID D GH VFKLPE GH FOGUQHFHVDUSHSDUWHDDSHLVHSRDWHdeterminaLFX
108
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
S apa =
Qc (te ti ) K apa NTCapa
[m ]
2
(3.240)
Lungimea necesar de eavnervurat va fi:
Lteava =
S apa
di
Lteava a N1
[m]
(3.241)
LQXPUXOGHUkQGXULGH HYLvQGLUHF LDFXUJHULLgazelor de ardere:
N rand =
(3.242)
FDUHVHURWXQMHWHODYDORDUHDvQWUHDJVXSHULRDU Dac se alege ca suprafa de control exteriorul evilor (suprafa a extins, pe partea gazelor de ardere), pentru care s-a calculat coeficientul global de transfer de cldur Kg :
Sg =
Qc (t f tcos ) K g NTC g
[m ]
2
(3.243)
iar lungimea necesara de eav nervurat va fi:
Lteava =
Sg Sg
*
Pnerv
[m]
(3.244)
i numrul de rnduri de evi n direc ia curgerii gazelor de ardere:
N rand =
Lteava a N1
(3.245)
care se rotunjete la valoarea ntreag superioar. 'HVLJXUDPEHOHVLVWHPHGHFDOFXOVXQWHFKLYDOHQWHGHFLFXRULFHVXSUDID GH FRQWUROVHOXFUHD]QXPUXOGHUkQGXULGH HYLUH]XOWDWHGLQFDOFXOXOILQDOHVWHDFHODL
109
3.6. Calculul termic al cazanelor acvatubulareYHUWLFDOHFXIDVFLFROGHHYLL DU]WRUDWPRVIHULFSHQWUXFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV 3.6.'HVFULHUHDFD]DQHORUHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQF LRQDUH Cazanele sunt dHWLSYHUWLFDOFXIRFDUXODPSODVDWvQSDUWHDGHMRVLGHVYROWDUHD IOFULL SH YHUWLFDO $YDQWDMXO DFHVWRU FD]DQH HVWH F RFXS R VXSUDID PLF vQ FHQWUDODWHUPLF(OHSRWILIRORVLWHGUHSWFD]DQHGHvQFO]LUHSHQWUXRFDVFXSX LQH apartamente (sarciQD WHUPLF XWLO 80 kW) sau drept cazane separate pentru SURGXFHUHGHDSFDOGGHFRQVXPvQWU-RFHQWUDOPDLPDUHSkQODN:$VWIHO GHFD]DQHVHDPSODVHD]vQFHQWUDODWHUPLF Din punct de vedere constructiv, deasupra focarului, n cotinuarH SH DFHODL FDQDO VH JVHWH GUXPXO FRQYHFWLY UHDOL]DW VXE IRUPD XQXL IDVFLFRO GH HYL QHWHGH 'HDVXSUDFRQYHFWLYXOXLJD]HOHGHDUGHUHVXQWFROHFWDWHLHYDFXDWHODFR Principalele elemente componente ale cazanului sunt prezentate n figura 1
2 3 s1
s2
'HWDOLXGHDH]DUHDHYLORUvQHLFKLHU
Fig. 3.15. Schema unui cazan acvatubular vertical cu fascicolGH HYLLDU]WRU autoaspirant pentru combustibil gazos
HYL
&D]DQHOH VXQW GHVWLQDWH SURGXFHULL GH DS FDOG te/ti = 90/70 oC pentru vQFO]LUH Uneori, pentru puteri relativ mici vQ DFHLDL FDUFDV FX FD]DQXO VH DPSODVHD] SRPSD GH FLUFXOD LH D DJHQWXOXL WHUPLF YDVXO GH H[SDQVLXQH vQFKLV L XQ VFKLPEWRU GH FOGXU FX SOFL SHQWUX Sroducerea apei calde de consum. Pentru RE LQHUHD XQHL VROX LL LHIWLQH VH DGRSW VLVWHPXO GH DUGHUH FX DU]WRU autoaspirant (atmosferic) 6XE DFHDVW GHQXPLUH VH vQ HOHJHDU]WRUXOpentru combustibil gazos cu aer primar de ardere DXWRDVSLUDW SULQ HMHF LH 'HRDUFHFH SULQ HMHF LH QX VH SRDWH
FDOG vQF O]LUH
orizontale convectiveIRFDUDU]WRDUHDXWRDVSLUDQWHLQWUDUHLHLUHaS ; 5. pieVGHHYDFXUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHFXUXSHUHGHSUHVLXQH
110
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
aspira mai mult de 4 ori volumul de gaz combustibil, restul aerului de ardere se introduce ca aer secundar aspirat din mediul ambiant prin depresiuneD UHDOL]DW n camera de ardere. Pentru un exces de aer uzual, pentru acest tip de cazane, . = 1,4 UH]XOW F WUHEXLH DVSLUDW FD DHU VHFXQGDU XQ YROXP GH FFD RUL YROXPXO GH JD] combustibil. $FHVW VLVWHP GH IXQF LRQDUH LPSXQH H[LVWHQ D unei depresiuni suficiente n focar pentru absorE La de aer de ardere 'HSUHVLXQHD VH FUHLD] SULQ autotirajul drumului de gaze DO FD]DQXOXL L SULQ FRXO OD FDUH HVWH UDFRUGDW 8QHRUL WLUDMXO HVWH DFWLYDWGHXQH[KDXVWRUGDFvQO LPHDFRXOXLQXHVWHVXIicient de mare. Este de aceia QHFHVDU V VH IDF XQ FDOFXO JD]RGLQDPLF ULJXURV DO FD]DQXOXL SHQWUX WRDWH FRQGL LLOH posibile de fuQF LRQDUH $U]WRUXOHVWHIRUPDWGLQWU-XQJUXSGHHOHPHQWHGHDU]WRUDWPRVIHULFDVIHOF Y]XWGHVXVIODFUDDSDUHFDXQFRYRUGHPLFLIOFULLQGLYLGXDOHFDUHVHXQHVFvQWU-o ]RQGHDUGHUHFRPXQFXVXSUDID DHJDOSUDFWLFFXVHF LXQHDFDPHUHLGHDUGHUH 3HQWUX D UH]LVWD WHPSHUDWXULORU vQDOWH GLQ FDPHUD GH DUGHUH L SHQWUX D SUHOXD FOGXUXWLOSULQUDGLD LHSHUH LLIRFDUXOXLVXQWVXEIRUPGHFKHVRQUFLWFXDSDGLQ FLUFXLWXOGHvQFO]LUH Q FRQWLQXDUHD FDPHUHL GH DUGHUH SH YHUWLFDO VH JVHWH IDVFLFROXO GH HYL netede care are rolul de sistem convectiv al cazanului. n acest convectiv, gazele de DUGHUH FHGHD] DSHL FOGXUD vQ LQWHUYDOXO GH WHPSHUDWXUL GH OD WHPSHUDWXUD FDSWXOXL camerei de ardere tf la temperatura de la evacuare tFR HYLOH FDUH DOFWXLHVF VLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYVXQW HYLRELQXLWHGHR HOFXGLDPHWUXOH[WHULRU 42 mm. 3DVXOGHDH]DUHD HYilor n fascicol este: pasul perpendicular pe curgerea gazelor de ardere s1 = ( 1,4 2 ) d SDVXOSHGLUHF LDGHFXUJHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHs2 = ( 1,2 1,6 ) d SDLLVHDOHJDVWIHOFDJURVLPHDPLQLPGHPHWDOvQWUHGRX HYLVILH 10 mm Apa FDOG GH vQFO]LUH GH OD UHWXUXO LQVWDOD LHL LQWU SH lD FDSWXO LQIHULRU DO FD]DQXOXLLGXSFHDFHDVWDSUHLDFOGXUDXWLOGHODIODFULGHODJD]HOHGHDUGHUH HVWHFROHFWDWODSDUWHDVXSHULRDUDFD]DQXOXLLWULPLVODFRQVXPDWRUL Cazanul esWH L]RODW WHUPLF FX YDW PLQHUDO L SURWHMDW OD H[WHULRU FX WDEO VXE LUH6HRE LQHDVWIHOXQFD]DQPRQREORFFXGLPHQVLXQLUHGXVHvQUDSRUWFXVDUFLQD WHUPLFSURGXV 3.6.2. Tema de proiectare Prin tema de proiectare se dau : sarcina termicDFD]DQXOXLvQN: Q WHPSHUDWXUDDSHLODLHLUHLLQWUDUHvQFD]DQ0C sau 80/60 0C); te / ti QDWXUDLFRPSR]L LDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLJD]QDWXUDOVDXG.P.L.) .
111
Aceste cazane, cu depresiune n focar, au coeficientul de exces de aer relativ mare GDWRULW VLVWHPXOXL DXWRDVSLUDQW FDUH QX DVLJXU R EXQ RPRJHQHL]DUH D combustibilului cu aerul: = 1,6 1,8. &RQIRUP LQGLFD LLORU GLQ FDSLWROXO VH HIHFWXHD] FDOFXOXO DUGHULL FRPEXVWLELOXOXL LVHGHWHUPLQ VO, Vgo, Hi, p H O , p RO VHWUDVHD]GLDJUDPD I t
2 2
sau cp t . 3.6.&DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO $FHVWH FD]DQH IXQF LRQHD] GH UHJXO FX FRPEXVWLELO JD]RV JD] QDWXUDO VDX G.P.L.) deci pierderile specifice mecanice (qmec L FHOH SULQ HYDFXDUHD SURGXVHORU solide din cazan (qcen) sunt nule. De asemenea consumul de combustibil B* = B . Se determinSLHUGHULOHVSHFLILFHGHFOGXU a). 3ULQHYDFXDUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHFRT ) :
FR
qcos =
6HDGPLWHLPSXQHRWHPSHUDWXUDSUR[LPDWLYDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR
1 ( I cos I ao ) Hi
(3.246)
t cos =
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WVHGHWHUPLQIFR . Pentru temperatura aerului (ta 20 0& VH FDOFXOHD] HQWDOSLD DHUXOXL WHRretic necesar arderii : I a 0 = Vo c pa t a (3.248) cu
ti + t e + ( 60 80 ) oC 2
(3.247)
cpa = 1,297 kJ/ m 3N K FOGXUDVSHFLILFDDHUXOXLODoC .

b). PULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF(qch) : 3HQWUXDU]WRDUHautoaspirante cu omogeneizare de calitate medie: qch = 0,005
c). 3ULQSHUH Li exteriori ai cazanului (qext) : Pentru cazane mici, foarte compacte, cu putere sub 80 kW, bine izolate, n faza de proiectare se poate adopta o valoare: qext = 0,0050,008.
112
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Randamentul cazanului se calculHD]FXUHOD LD = 1 ( qcos + qch + qext ) L% = 100 (%) Debitul de combustibil va fi:
(3.249)
B=
Q ( m3 / s ) N Hi
(3.250)
3.6.%LODQ XOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL
Q; Qcomb = B Hi ; )OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVGHFRPEXVWLELO Qa = B cpa ta ; )X[XOGHFOGXUDGXVGHDHUXOGHDUGHUH Q =BI ; )X[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR )X[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW: Qinc = qch B Hi .

FR FR
)OX[XOGHFOGXUXWLODOFD]anului este :
5H]XOWWDEHOXOGHELODQ
Fluxuri introduse pierderi
Fluxuri utile
Q = Q'
(URDUHDUHODWLYGHvQFLGHUHDELODQ XOXL:
Qcomb Qa -Q - Qinc - Qext
FR
Q = Q''
(3.251)
Q' Q" Q'
100 < 1%
'LQ WDEHOXO VH SRDWH VFULH VXE IRUP H[SOLFLW SLHUGHUHD GH FOGXU OD evacuare a gazelor:
Qev = q B Hi = B I
FR
FR
+ B Vo cpa ta = Q
FR
+ Qa .
113
3.6.&DOFXOXOWHPSHUDWXULORULHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX Entalpia WHRUHWLFDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
I t = H i ( 1 qch ) + V0 c pa t a
(3.252)
Din digrama I WVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUH t = f ( I t , ) . 6HLPSXQHDOHJHWHPSHUDWXUDODLHLrea gazelor de ardere din focar: tf = 600 800 oC. 9DORULOH DFHVWHD VXQW VSHFLILFH FD]DQHORU FX IRFDUH IRDUWH UFLWH /D DFHVWH FD]DQH VXSUDID D GH UDGLD LH vQ IRFDU HVWH VXSUDID D SHUH LORU ODWHUDOL DL IRFDUXOXL L VHF LXQHD VXSHULRDU D FDPHUHL GH DUGHUH XQGH SDUWHD LQIHULRDU D IDVcicolului FRQYHFWLYSULPHWHFOGXULSULQUDGLD LH Din diagrama I WVHGHWHUPLQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQIRFDU: t t = f ( I t , ) . )OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLD LHvQIRFDUYDIL QR = ( 1 qext )B( I t I f ) (kW) )OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWGHVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYYDIL
(3.253)
Qc = Q QR ,
(3.254)
Entalpia gazelor de ardere la sfkULWXOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYHVWH:
Ic = I f
Qc ( 1 qext )B
(3.255)
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUa : t c = f ( I c , ) . QFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLLPSXQHIc
FR
Ltc
FR
LVHDGPLWHURULOHUHODWLYH
100 0,5% I t I cos t t t = cos c 100 0,5% t t t cos
I =
I cos I c
114
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
3.6.%LODQ XOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL 'HELWHOHGHFOGXU QR, Qc,Qcomb,QaLIOX[XULOHSLHUGXWH QFR, Qinc, Qext VHWUDQVSXQJUDILFDOVFDUFDvQILJXUDFXB* = B; Qpa = 0; Qsfc = 0; Qsi = 0; Qec = 0; qmec = 0 L qcen = 0) . 3.6.7. Calculul termic al focarului )RFDUXOGHWLSFDPHUDUHXUPWRDUHOHGLmensiuni conform fig. 3.16.
a h a A A a
6HF LXQH
A-A
Fig. 3.16. Dimensiunile focarului $FHVWFDOFXODUHFDVFRSGHWHUPLQDUHDVXSUDIH HLGHUDGLD LH6RFDSDELOVSUHLD GHELWXO GH FOGXU UDGLDQW 4R. Deoarece n calcul intervine gradul de ecranare
= S R S per
,QL LDOVHDGPLWHRYDORDUHRULHQWDWLY SR FDUHYDILFRPSDUDWFXFHDILQDO
LOXQJLPHDGHUDGLD LHeste necesar un calcul interativ.
S R.
SR poatHILDSUHFLDWSULQGRXPHWRGH:
a) Se admite un flux unitar radiant qR =30 50 kW/m2
S R' =
sau
QR qR
(m2)
(3.256)
b) 6HFDOFXOHD]VXSUDID DSUHOLPLQDUGHUDGLD LHvQIRFDUFXUHOD LD
S 'R =
QR T 4 T 4 f p 5,765 100 100
(m2)
(3.257)
115
cu
= 0,65 pentru combustibil gazos Tf = tf + 273 (0K)

Tp = tma + 20 + 273 (0K)
t ma =
XQGH SHQWUX WHPSHUDWXUD SHUHWHOXL HYLL V-D DGPLV R WHPSHUDWXU FX 0C mai mare dect temperatura fluidului interior . 6HDOHJHRVHF LXQHSWUDWGHIRFDUFXODWXUDa. QO LPHDIRFDUXOXL se alege n domeniul:
ti + t e 2
h = = 1,5 2 a
&RPSRQHQWHOHVXSUDIH HLGHUDGLD LHYRUIL - VXSUDID DSHUH LORUODWHUDOL:
(3.258)
(3.259) - VXSUDID DWDYDQXOXLXQGHIDVFLFROXOGH HYLSUHLDFOGXUDLSULQUDGLD LH: S R tav = a a (3.260) - sXSUDID DWRWDOGHUDGLD LH:
S R lat = 4 a h = 4 a 2
SR = SRlat + SRtav.
5H]XOWODWXUDLvQO LPHDIRFDUXOXL
(3.261)
a=
S 'R 4 + 1
[m]L h = a
[m]
(3.262)
LVHURWXQMHVFYDORULOHODXQQXPUvQWUHJGHFP CALCULUL EXACT AL FOCARULUI 6XSUDID DSHUH LORUIRFDUXOXLHVWH
S per = 4ah + 2a 2 S 'R = 4ah + a 2
(m2)
(3.263)
6XSUDID DGHUDGLD LHHVWH (m2) (3.264)
116
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Volumul focarului este:
V f = h a2
(m3)
(3.265)
Grosimea stratului radiant de gaze este :
s = 4
Vf S per
(m)
(3.266)
kg =
0 ,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
( p H 2O + p RO2
k g s
T 1 0,38 f ( p H 2O + p RO2 ) 1000 )s
(3.267)
6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU
ag = 1 e
(3.268)
&DUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LDDSUR[LPDWLY
k fl = 1,6
Tf 1000
k gl s
0,5
(3.269)
a fl = 1 e
(3.270)
3RQGHUHDDEVRUE LHLIOFULLFXFHDDPHGLXOXLUDGLDQWGHJD]HGHDUGHUHVHIDFH GXSFULWHULLexperimentale, considernd o pondere DSU LLOXPLQRDVHDIOFULL &RHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULLLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL a = a fl + (1 ) a g (3.271) cu SHQWUXIODFUQHOXPLQRDVGHFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV Gradul de ecranare al focarului este :
' SR = S per
(3.272)
iarJUDGXOGHPXUGULUHDVXSUDIH HORU = 0,7 0,9 (pentru combustibil gazos) Cu acHVWHYDORULVHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIRFDUXOXL
117
af =
0,82 a a + (1 a )
(3.273)
2DOWFDUDFWHULVWLFDIRFDUXOXLHVWHIDFWRUXOGHSR]L LHDIOFULLvQIRFDU
unde pentru combustibil lichid VDX JD]RV L SHQWUX IRFDUH YHUWLFDOH FX IODFU SH VXSUDID DLQIHULRDU cu : aM=0,52; bM=0,3; b*/H = 0,2 vQO LPHDUHODWLYDIOFULL &XDFHVWHGDWHVHGHWHUPLQVXSUDID DGHUDGLD LHDIRFDUXOXL
2
b* M = aM bM Hf
(3.274)
QR 3 SR = 5,765 10 8 Ma f T f Tt 3
Tt 1 1 2 (m2) Tf M
'
(3.275)
AceDVW VXSUDID YD IL GLIHULW GH S R GHWHUPLQDW vQ FDOFXOXO DSUR[LPDWLY 'DF GLIHUHQ D HVWH PDL PDUH GH 10% se reia calculul cu valori modificate ale geometriei. 3.6.8. Calculul termic al drumului convectiv HYLOH VXQW GLVSXVH vQ HLFKLHU FRQIRUP VFKL HL JHQHUDOH D FD]DQXOXL GLQ fig.3.15.
s2 N1 s1
HYLSHXQUkQG
'LUHF LHGHGHSODVDUHD
)LJ'HWDOLXGHDH]DUHD HYLORUvQHLFKHU 'UXPXO FRQYHFWLY HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GLQ FDOFXOHOH DQWHULRDUH SULQ XUPWRULL parametrii :
gazelor de ardere
118
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Qc tf t te/ti
FR
GHELWXOGHFOGXUFHGDWGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHN: temperatura gazelor de ardere la intrare n sistemul convectiv (0C) ; WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQsistemul convectivODFR temperatura apei (0C) .
3HQWUX VWDELOLUHD VHF Lunii de trecere a gazelor de ardere se alege diametrul HYLORUGUXPXULORUFRQYHFWLYHGLQJDPDGH HYLX]XDOHSHQWUXFD]DQHOHGHDSFDOG
24 3
28 3
32 3
42 x 3
6HDOHJHSDVXOUHODWLYGHDH]DUHWUDQVYHUVDOD HYLORU pasul perpendicular pe curgerea gazelor de ardere s1 = ( 1,4 2 ) d SDVXOSHGLUHF LDGHFXUJHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHs2 = ( 1,2 1,6 ) d SDLLVHDOHJDVWIHOFDJURVLPHDPLQLPGHPHWDOGHSODFWXEXODUvQWUHGRX HYL,V fie 8 10 mm 6HFDOFXOHD]QXPUXOGH HYLSHXQUkQG N1:
a = N1 s1 +
DSRLVHURWXQMHWHSDVXOs1 al HYLORUDVIHOvQFkWQXPUXON1VILHvQWUHJ 5H]XOWRDH]DUHSHSULPDOLQLHD HYLORUFRQIRUPILJXULL3.18.
s1 + ss L N1 = 2
s1 ss 2 s1
(3.276)
s1/ 2 s1 N1 HYL
ss
Fig. 3.18$H]DUHD HYLORUvQIDVFLFRO
119
6HFDOFXOHD]DSRLVHF LXQHDOLEHUGHWUHFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQLSRWH]aF VHF LXQHDEUXWDIRFDUXOXLUPkQHQHVFKLPEDWLvQGUXPXOFRQYHFWLYa a) :
s d d = a 2 1 (m2) S circ = a 2 1 (3.277) s s 1 1 s1 d unde termenul s UHSUH]LQW UHGXFHUHD VHF LXQLL de trecere GDWRULW HYLORU 1
convective. Debitul de gaze ce trece prin convectiv este :
Dg = B Vg
t gm =
t gm + 273 273
(0C)
(Nm3/s)
(3.278)
unde tgm este temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere :
t f + t cos 2
5H]XOWYLWH]DJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
(3.279)
W=
Dg S circ
(m/s)
(3.280)
Pentru temperatura media a gazelor de ardere tgm se GHWHUPLQ GLQ DQH[D XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL - YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF (m2/s) -
FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF criteriul Prandtl
Pr
(W/mK)
FDOFXOHD] FRHILFLHQWXO GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU c) pentru curgerea gazelor de ardere transversal pe un fasciFXOGH HYLDH]DWHvQHLFKLHU QDFHVWFD]OXQJLPHDFDUDFWHULVWLFYDILGLDPHWUXOH[WHULRUDO HYLLd . Criteriul hidrodinamic este:
6H DOHJH SDVXO vQ GLUHF LD FXUJHULL JD]HORU GH DUGHUH s2 = ( 1,2 1,6 )
d. Se
Re =
w d
(3.281)
Pentru 10 < Re < 106 L Pr < 10, curgerea fluidelor transversal pe un IDVFLFROGH HYLvQHLFKLHU
120
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Nu = 0 ,157 Re 0 ,6 Pr 0 ,4 c s
unde csHVWHRFRUHF LHSHQWUXSDVXO HYLORU cs = 1 + 0,1 (s1/d) pentru (s1/d) < 3 cs = 1,3 pentru (s1/d) > 3 5H]XO c =
(3.282)
Nu . lc
(3.283)
p H 2O , p RO2 L s - grosimea stratului radiant :

s s s = 1,87 1 + 2 4 ,1 d e d d
&RQVWDQWDGHUDGLD LHDJD]HORUHVWH
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHSDUDPHWULL
(m)
(3.284)
kg =
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O T 1 0,38 m p H 2O + p RO2 1000 p H 2O + p RO2 s
(3.285)
Coeficientul de emisie al gazelor de ardere :
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.286)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
T p 3 ,6 1 T ap +1 8 3 r = 5,765 10 a g Tm m 2 2 T p (W/m K) 1 T m
(3.287)
unde pentru coeficientul GH DEVRUE LH DO SHUHWHOXL VH LD YDORDUHD ap L SHQWUX WHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXL HYLL T p = t am + 20 + 273 [K] Coeficientul de transfer deFOGXUHVWH: i = c + r.
(3.288)
121
&RHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUHVWH
k=
FXYDORULOHSHQWUXFRHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUHconform tabelului 3.9.

t
i 1 + i
(3.289) 'LIHUHQ D PHGLH D WHPSHUDWXULORU VH GHWHUPLQ FRQIRUP UHOD LHL
tf
tmax tcos tma tmin
t m =
t max tmin t ln max tmin
(3.290)
SC
Fig. 3.19.'LIHUHQ DPHGLHa temperaturilor Q ILQDO VXSUDID D GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU D GUXPXOXL FRQYHFWLY VH GHWHUPLQ FX UHOD LD:
Sc =
Qc (m2) kt m
(3.291)
Determinarea geometriei drumului convectiv se face astfel : - QXPUXOGH HYLSHXQUkQG11 (perpendiculDUSHGLUHF LDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH s-DGHWHUPLQDWLQL LDO - QXPUXOGHUkQGXULGH HYL12vQGLUHF LDFXUJHULLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHUH]XOW GLQUHOD LD
Sc = N1 N 2 d a
=>
N2 =
Sc N1 d a
(3.292)
VHURWXQMHWHODYDORDUHDvQWUHDJVXSHULRDU 6H UHPDUF IDSWXO F V-D QHJOLMDW SUHOXDUHD FOGXULL GH FWUH SHUH LL GH WDEO OLPLWDWRULDLGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY'HRELFHLVHFRQVLGHUFDUH]HUYGHVXSUDID VHSRW OXDvQFDOFXOFD]vQFDUHLQWUvQFRPSRQHQ DVXSUDIH HLSc .
122
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
&X QXPUXO GH UkQGXUL GH HYL SH YHUWLFDO VH FDOFXOHD] OXQJLPHD GUXPXOXL convectiv: Lc = N 2 s2 (3.293) LVHGHWHUPLQvQO LPHDWRWDODFD]DQXOXL 3.7. Calculul termic al cazanelor ignitubulare verticale FXXQGUXPLDU]WRUDWPRVferic pentru combustibil gazos 3.7.'HVFULHUHDFD]DQHORUHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQF LRQDUH &D]DQHOHVXQWGHWLSYHUWLFDOFXIRFDUXODPSODVDWvQSDUWHDGHMRVLGHVYROWDUHD IOFULL SH YHUWLFDO $YDQWDMXO DFHVWRU FD]DQH HVWH F RFXS R VXSUDID PLF vQ FHQWUDODWHUPLF(OHSRWILIRORVLWHGUHSWFD]DQHGHvQFO]LUHSHQWUXRFDVFXSX LQH DSDUWDPHQWHVDUFLQDWHUPLFXWLO 30 kW) sau drept cazane pentru producere de DSFDOGGHFRQVXP'DFVXQWFD]DQHSHQWUXSURGXFHUHGHDSFDOGGe consum se DPSODVHD]vQEDLHLXQHRULFDSWGHQXPLUHDGHFD]DQGHEDLH 'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH FRQVWUXFWLY GHDVXSUD IRFDUXOXL vQ FRWLQXDUH SH DFHODL FDQDOVHJVHWHGUXPXOFRQYHFWLYUHDOL]DWVXEIRUPDXQXLIDVFLFROGH HYLQHWHGHFDUH VWUEDW XQ FLOLQGUX FX YROXP PDUH GH DS 'HDVXSUD FRQYHFWLYXOXL JD]HOH GH DUGHUH VXQWFROHFWDWHLHYDFXDWHODFR Principalele elemente componente ale cazanului sunt prezentate n figura 3.19.
4
4 2 3 1
6(&
,81(A - A
Fig. 3.19. Schema unui cazan acvatubular vertical ignitubular FXXQGUXPLDU]WRUDWPRVIHULFSHQWUXFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV

HYLYHUWLFDOHLJQLWXEXODUHFRQYHFWLYHIRFDUDU] WRDUHDXWRDVSLUDQWH LQWUDUHLHLUH S FDOG vQF O]LUHSL V GHHYDFXUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHFX
a
e rupere de presiune.
123
3HQWUX RE LQHUHD XQHL VROX LL LHIWLQH VH DGRSW VLVWHPXO GH DUGHUH FX DU]WRU atmosferic 6XE DFHDVW GHQXPLUH VH vQ HOHJH DU]WRUXO GH JD] QDWXUDO FX DHU DXWRDVSLUDW SULQ HMHF LH 'HRDUFHFH SULQ HMHF LH QX VH SRDWH DVSLUD PDL PXOW GH RUL volumul de gaz combustibil, restul aerului de ardere se introduce ca aer secundar aspirat prin depresiune n camera de ardere din mediul ambiant. Pentru un exces de DHUX]XDOGH. UH]XOWFWUHEXLHDVSLUDWFDDHUVHFXQGDUXQYROXPGHFFDRUL volumul de gaz combustibil. $FHVW VLVWHP GH IXQF LRQDUH LPSXQH H[LVWHQ D XQHL GHSUHVLXQL VXILFLHQWH vQ IRFDU SHQWUX R DEVRE LH GH DHU 'HSUHVLXQHD VH FUHLD] SULQ autotirajul drumului de gaze DO FD]DQXOXL L SULQ FRXO OD FDUH HVWH UDFRUGDW 5H]LVWHQ HOH KLdraulice ale WUDVHXOXLGHJD]HGHDUGHUHVXQWPLFLIDVFLFROVFXUWGH HYLLYLWH]HPLFLGHFXUJHUHD JD]HORUGHDFHLDQXHVWHQHFHVDUDFWLYDUHDWLUDMXOXLFXXQH[KDXVWRU3HQWUXUHGXFHUHD WHPSHUDWXULLJD]HORUODFRGHRDUHFHYLWH]HOHGHFXUJHUHvQ HYile convective sunt mici VHSRWLQWURGXFHvQLQWHULRUXO HYLORUWXUEXOL]DWRULFDUHLQWHQVLILFWUDQVIHUXOGHFOGXU GH SkQ OD RUL (VWH QHFHVDU V VH IDF XQ FDOFXO JD]RGLQDPLF DO FD]DQXOXL SHQWUX WRDWHFRQGL LLOHSRVLELOHGHIXQF LRQDUH $U]WRUXOHVte format dintr-XQJUXSGHHOHPHQWHGHDU]WRUDWPRVIHULFDVIHOF Y]XWGHVXVIODFUDDSDUHFDXQFRYRUGHPLFLIOFULLQGLYLGXDOHFDUHVHXQHVFvQWU-o ]RQGHDUGHUHFRPXQFXVXSUDID DHJDOSUDFWLFFXVHF LXQHDFDPHUHLGHDUGHUH Pentru a rezisWDWHPSHUDWXULORUvQDOWHGLQFDPHUDGHDUGHUHSHUH LLIRFDUXOXLVXQW UFL LFXDSDGHDOLPHQWDUHDFD]DQXOXL Q FRQWLQXDUHD FDPHUHL GH DUGHUH SH YHUWLFDO VH JVHWH IDVFLFROXO GH HYL QHWHGHVWUEWXWODLQWHULRUGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHFDUHDUHUROXOGH sistem convectiv al FD]DQXOXL Q DFHVW FRQYHFWLY JD]HOH GH DUGHUH FHGHD] DSHL FOGXUD vQ LQWHUYDOXO GH WHPSHUDWXUL GH OD WHPSHUDWXUD FDSWXOXL FDPHUHL GH DUGHUH Wf la temperatura de evacuare tFRHYLOHFDUHDOFWXLHVFVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYVXQW HYLRELQXLWHGHR HOFX diametrul interior 35 PPHYLOHVWDQGDUGX]XDOHVXQW: 42 x 3 ; 48 x 3,5 ; 54 x 4. 3DVXO GH DH]DUH D HYLORU vQ VHF LXQH HVWH DOHV DVWIHO FD JURVLPHD PLQLP GH PHWDOvQWUHGRX HYLVILH 15 mm. 1XPUXOGH HYLVHDOHJHDVWIHOFDVVHRE LQRDH]DUHXQLIRUPD HYLORUSH VHF LXQH1XPUXOX]XDOGH HYLHVWHGDWvQWDEHO N -QXPUGH HYL 3 7 12 19 triunghi echilateral R HDYFHQWUDOL HYLSHXQKH[DJRQ WUHL HYLSHXQWULXQJKLHFKLODWHUDOFHQWUDOL HYLSHXQFHUF KH[DJRDQHFXR HDYFHQWUDO HYLSHSULPXOKH[DJRQL HYLSHDOGRLOHDKH[DJRQ PRGGHDH]DUH
$SD UHFH LQWU OD FDSWXO LQIHULRU DO FD]DQXOXL $SD FDOG LHVH SH XQ WX OD SDUWHDVXSHULRDUDFD]DQXOXLLHVWHWULPLVODFonsumatori .
124
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
&D]DQXO HVWH L]RODW WHUPLF FX YDW PLQHUDO L SURWHMDW OD H[WHULRU FX WDEO VXE LUH6HRE LQHDVWIHOXQFD]DQPRQREORFFXGLPHQVLXQLUHGXVHvQUDSRUWFXVDUFLQD WHUPLFSURGXVLFXRUH]HUYUHODWLYPDUHGHDSFDOG 3.7.2. Tema de proiectare Prin tema de proiectare se dau : Q VDUFLQDWHUPLFDFD]DQXOXLvQN: te / ti WHPSHUDWXUDDSHLODLHLUHLLQWUDUHvQFD]DQ QDWXUDLFRPSR]L LDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLJD]QDWXUDOVDXG.P.L.) .
Aceste cazane, cu depresiune n focar, au coeficientul de exces de aer relativ PDUH GDWRULW VLVWHPXOXL DXWRDVSLUDQW FDUH QX DVLJXU R EXQ RPRJHQHL]DUH D combustibilului cu aerul: = 1,4 1,8. &RQIRUP LQGLFD LLORU GLQ FDSLWROXO VH HIHFWXHD] FDOFXOXO DUGHULL FRPEXVWLELOXOXLLVHGHWHUPLQVo, Vgo, Hi, p H O , p RO VHWUDVHD]GLDJUDPD, t sau cp t .
2 2
3.7.&DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO $FHVWH FD]DQH IXQF LRQHD] GH UHJXO FX FRPEXVWLELO JD]RV JD] natural sau G.P.L.) deci pierderile specifice mecanice (qmec L FHOH SULQ HYDFXDUHD SURGXVHORU solide din cazan (qcen) sunt nule. De asemenea B* = B . 6HFDOFXOHD]SLHUGHULOHVSHFLILFHGHFOGXU a). 3ULQHYDFXDUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHFRT ) :
FR
qcos =
6HDGPLWHLPSXQHRWHPSHUDWXUDSUR[LPDWLYDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR
(3.294)
t cos =
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WVHGHWHUPLQIFR . Pentru temperatura aerului (ta 20 0& VH FDOFXOHD] entalpia aerului teoretic necesar arderii : I a 0 = Vo c pa t a (3.296) cu cpa = 1,297 kJ/ m 3 K FOGXUDVSHFLILFDDHUXOXLOD0C . N
ti + te + ( 60 80 ) 0C 2
(3.295)
125
b). PULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF(qch) : 3HQWUXDU]WRDUHDWPRVIHULFHFXRPRJHQHL]DUHGHFDOLWDWHVODE qch = 0,005 c). 3ULQSHUH LH[WHULRULDLFD]DQXOXL (qext) : Pentru cazane mici, n faza de proiectare se poate adopta : qext = 0,0050,008. Randamentul cazanuluiVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD = 1 ( qcos + qch + qext ) L% = 100 (%) Debitul de combustibil va fi :
(3.297)
B=
Q 3 ( mN / s ) H i
(3.298)
3.7.%LODQ XOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL
Q; )OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXs de combustibil : Qcomb = B Hi ; )X[XOGHFOGXUDGXVGHDHUXOGHDUGHUH Qa = B cpa ta ; )X[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR Q =BI ; )X[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW Qinc = qch B Hi .
FR FR
)OX[XOGHFOGXUXWLODOFD]DQXOXLHVWH
5H]XOWWDEHOXOGHELODQ Fluxuri introduse pierderi Fluxuri utile
Q = Q'
(URDUHDUHODWLY
FR
Q = Q''
126
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Q' Q" Q'
100 < 1%
(3.299)
'LQ WDEHOXO VH SRDWH VFULH VXE IRUP H[SOLFLW SLHUGHUHD GH FOGXU OD evacuarea gazelorGHDUGHUHODFR:
-Qev = q B Hi = -B I
FR
FR
+ B Vo cpa ta = - Q
FR
+ Qa .
3.7.&DOFXOXOWHPSHUDWXULORULHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX (QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
I t = H i ( 1 qch ) + V0 c pa t a
(3.300)
Din digrama I WVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUH t = f (I t , ) . 6HLPSXQHDOHJHWHPSHUDWXUDODLHLUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDUWf = 900 0 1100 C . Valorile acestea sunt specifice cazanelor cu focare mici UFLWH /D DFHVWH FD]DQHVXSUDID DGHUDGLD LHvQIRFDUHVWHVXSUDID DODWHUDOLFHDDVHF LXQLLVXSHULRDUH DFDPHUHLGHDUGHUHXQGHSDUWHDLQIHULRDUDFRUSXOXLFD]DQXOXLFXIDVFLFROXOFRQYHFWLY SULPHWHFOGXULSULQUDGLD LH Din diagrama I WVHGHWHUPLQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQIRFDU
tt = f (It, ).
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLD LHvQIRFDUYDIL QR = ( 1 qext )B( I t I f ) (kW)
(3.301)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWGHVLVWHPXOconvectiv va fi :
Qc = Q QR ,
(3.302)
(QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODVIkULtul drumului convectiv este:
Ic = I f
Qc ( 1 qext )B
(3.303)
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUDtc QFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLLPSXQe : Ic
= f (Ic, ).
FR
I =
I cos I c It
Ltc
FR
LVHDGPLWHURULOHUHODWLYH
100 0,5%
127
t =
t cos t c tt
100 0,5%
(3.304)
3.7.%LODQ XOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL 'HELWHOHGHFOGXU QR, Qc, Qa, Qcomb LIOX[XULOHSLHUGXWH QFR, Qinc, Qext se transpun JUDILFDOVFDUFDvQILJXUDFX B* = B; Qpa = 0; Qsfc = 0; Qsi = 0; Qec= 0; qmec Lqcen = 0) . 3.7.7. Calculul termic al focarului )RFDUXOGHWLSFDPHUDUHXUPWRDUHOHGLPHQVLXQLFRQIRUPILJ3.20.
Fig. 3.20. Dimensiunile focarului. $FHVW FDOFXO DUH FD VFRS GHWHUPLQDUHD WHPSHUDWXULL ILQDOH D IRFDUXOXL LQkQG VHDPD GH IDSWXO F VXSUDID D HIHFWLY GH UDGLD LH SR HVWH VXSUDID D VHF LXQLL FRUSXOXL cazanuluiSOXVVXSUDID DODWHUDODIRFDUXOXL. Acest lucru este evLGHQWGHRDUHFHUDGLD LD HPLV GH IRFDU VSUH SDUWHD VXSHULRDU D FDPHUHL GH DUGHUH HVWH LQWHJUDO DEVRUELW GH SDUWHDYL]LELODFRUSXOXLFD]DQXOXLLVLVWHPXOXLFRQYHFWLYGHFLGHvQWUHDJDVHF LXQHD canalului de gaze:
D2 SR = D h f + 4
SR Gradul de ecranare = S per
(m2)
(3.305)
VXSUDID DSHUH LORUFDPHUHLGHDUGHUHLVXSUDID DHIHFWLYGHUDGLD LHSR .
DO IRFDUXOXL UH]XOW GLQ UDSRUWXO GLQWUH
128
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
)RFDUXO DUH IRUPD JHRPHWULF FLOLQGULF FX GLDPHWUXO D L vQO LPHD hf din figura 3.20 3HQWUX GHVYROWDUHD FRPSOHW D IOFULL DVWIHO FD VIkULWXO SURFHVXOXL GH DUGHUHVQXGHSHDVFvQO LPHDIRFDUXOXLVHLDvQO LPHDIRFDUXOXL: hf = 0,250,35 m. 5H]XOWXUPWRDUHOHGLPHQVLXQLDOHIRFDUXOXL - volumul focarului -VXSUDID DSHUH LORU -VXSUDID DHIHFWLYGHUDGLD LH - gradul de ecranare - grosimea stratului radiant :
D 2 Vf = hf (m3) 4 D 2 S per = Dh f + 2 (m2) 4 2 D S R = Dh f + (m2) 4 S = R S per

s = 3,6 Vf S per
(m)
focar:
Se caOFXOHD] vQ FRQWLQXDUH FDUDFWHULVWLFD UDGLDQW D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH GLQ
kg =
0 ,8 + 1,6 pH 2O ( pH 2O + pRO2
ag = 1 e
k g s
T 1 0 ,38 f ( pH 2O + pRO2 ) 1000 )s
(3.306)
6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU (3.307) 6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLFXUHOD LDDSUR[LPDWLY
k fl = 1,6
Tf 1000
k fl s
0,5
(3.308)
a fl = 1 e
(3.309)
3RQGHUHDDEVRUE LHLIOFULLFXFHDDPHGLXOXLUDGLDQWGHJD]HGHDUGHre se face GXSFULWHULLexperimentale, considernd o pondere DSU LLOXPLQRDVHDIOFULL 3HQWUXIOFULSX LQOXPLQRDVHGHFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV se poate considera:
129
&RHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULORULJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHOD ia : a = a fl + (1 ) a g (3.310) &RHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUHDVXSUDIH HORUHVWH =0,7 0,9 , pentru combustibil gazos. &XDFHVWHYDORULVHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIRFDUXOXL
= 0,2
af =
0,82 a a + (1 a )
(3.311)
2DOWFDUDFWHULVWLFDIRFDUXOXLHVWHIDFWRUXOGHSR]L LHDIOFULLvQIRFDU
XQGH SHQWUX FRPEXVWLELO OLFKLG VDX JD]RV L SHQWUX IRFDUH YHUWLFDOH FX IODFU SH VXSUDID DLQIHULRDU cu : aM=0,54; bM=0,2; b*/hf = 0,2 vQO LPHDUHODWLYDIOFULL &XDFHVWHGDWHVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDXUDGHODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL:
b* M = aM bM hf
(3.312)
Tf =
Tt Co a f Tt 3 S R M (1 qinc )B V g c p
0, 6
[oK]
(3.313)
+1
7HPSHUDWXUDGHLHLUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDUvQoC, este :
tf = Tf -273 [oC]
$FHDVWWHPSHUDXWUYDILGLIHULWGHWf DOHDVvQFDOFXOXOGHDSUR[LPDUH'DF GLIHUHQ DHVWHPDLPDUHGHFFD.VHUHLDFDOFXOXOFXYDORDUHDWfUH]XOWDDW GLQ FDOFXOXO ILQDO 'DF HURDUHD HVWH PDL PLF VH FRQWLQX FDOFXOXO FX WHPSHUDWXUD focarului tf rezuOWDW GLQ FDOFXO L QX VH PDL UHLD FDOFXOXO WUDQVIHUXOXL GH FOGXU OD VXSUDID DGHUDGLD LH 3.7.9. Calculul termic al drumului convectiv HYLOH VXQW GLVSXVH vQ LQWHULRUXOFRUSXOXLFD]DQXOXLDDFXPse poate observa n fig.3.19.
130
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Drumul convectiv esWH GHWHUPLQDW GLQ FDOFXOHOH DQWHULRDUH SULQ XUPWRULL parametrii : Qc GHELWXOGHFOGXUFHGDWGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHN: WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLQWUDUHvQ HYL0C) ; tf tFR WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQ HYLODFR) ; te /ti temperatura apei (0C) . 3HQWUX VWDELOLUHD VHF LXQLL GH WUHFHUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH VH DOHJH GLDPHWUXO HYLORUGUXPXULORUFRQYHFWLYHGLQJDPDGH HYLX]XDOHSHQWUXFD]DQHOHGHDSFDOG
42 x 3
di = 36
48 x 3,5 di = 41
54 x 4 di = 46
60 x 4 di = 52
6H FDOFXOHD] QXPUXO GH HYL 1t GLQ FRQGL LD FD YLWH]D PHGLH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUHVILHwg = 1,5 3 m/s Debitul de gaze de ardere, la temperatura medie din convectiv t gm =
t f + tcos 2
, este:
Dg = B Vg
t gm + 273 273
(Nm3/s)
(3.314)
6HF LXQHDQHFHVDUGHFXUJHUH
Sc =
Dg wg 4S c d i2
(m2)
(3.315)
1XPUXOpreliminar GH HYL
N t' =
(3.316)
DSRL VH URWXQMHWH SDVXO s1 al HYLORU DVIHO vQFkW QXPUXO 11 V ILH XQ QXPU vQWUHJ acceSWDELOSHQWUXDH]DUHDDOHDV1t = 3, 7, 12, 19 etc.) 6H FDOFXOHD] DSRL YLWH]D JD]HORU vQ VHF LXQHD OLEHU GH WUHFHUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUHSHQWUXQXPUXOILQDOGH HYLDOHVNt .
wg =
4 Dg N t d i2
(m/s)
(3.317)
131
Pentru temperatura media a gazelor de ardere tgm VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ anexa 9, XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL - YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF (m2/s) FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF criteriul Prandtl
Pr
(W/mK)
6H FDOFXOHD] FRHILFLHQWXO GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU (c) pentru curgerea gazelor GHDUGHUHvQLQWHULRUXO HYLORU QDFHVWFD]OXQJLPHDFDUDFWHULVWLFYDILGLDPHWUXOLQWHULRUDO HYLL di Criteriul hidrodinamic este:
Re =
w di
(3.318)
3HQWUXFXUJHUHDIOXLGHORUSULQLQWHULRUXO HYLORUUHOD LLOHFULWHULDOe de transfer de FOGXUVXQW * pentru Re > 10000
Nu = 0 .024 Re 0 ,8 Pr 0 ,4
* pentru 2300 < Re < 10000 unde
(3.319)
0Re = 1- 6.10 .Re

5
Nu = 0.024 Re0 ,8 Pr 0 ,4 Re
-1,8
(3.320)
* pentru Re < 2300
d 0,0688 i Re Pr Lt Nu = 3,65 + 0 ,66 di 1 + 0,045 Re Pr Lt
(3.321)
Lungimea Lt a tevilor se ia Lt di L OD DFHVW RUGLQ GH PULPH GH YDORUL LQIOXH DOXQJLPLL HYLLDVXSUDOXLNuHVWHQHJOLMDELO 5H]XO c =
Nu di
(3.322)
132
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Coeficientul de schimb GHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHPULPLOH WHPSHUDWXUPHGLHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH grosimea stratului radiant: Tgm=tgm+273 (K); s = 0,9 di (m);
SUHVLXQLOHSDU LDOHDOHJD]HORUGHDUGHUHWULDWRPLFH pRO2 ; p H 2O
p RO2 =
VRO2 Vg
pg
[bar@L pH 2 O =
VH 2 O Vg
pg
[bar.]
(3.323)
&RQVWDQWDGHUDGLD LHDJD]HORUVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD
kg =
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O ( p H 2O
T 1 0,38 gm ( p H 2O + p RO2 ) 1000 + p RO2 ) s
(3.324)
iar coeficientul de emisivitate al gazelor de ardere:
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.325)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD
T 3, 6 1 p Tgm +1 8 a p 3 r = 5,765 10 a gTgm 2 2 Tp (W/m K) 1 T gm
(3.326)
XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUE LH DO SHUHWHOXL GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU VH FRQVLGHU valoarea ap HDYWUDVGHR HOLDUSHQWUXWHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXL HYLL Tp = t m + 20 + 273 (K) &RHILFLHQWXOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUSHSDUWHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL 1 = c + r (3.327) CoeILFLHQWXO GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU 2 pe partea apei, este mult mai mare (de ordinul miilor de W/m2.vQFRPSDUD LHFX1 (de ordinul zecilor de W/m2K). Q DFHVWH FRQGL LL FRHILFLHQWXO JOREDO GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU k este dat de UHOD LD
kI =
1 1 + 1
(W/m2K)
(3.328)
133
n care s-a neglijat UH]LVWHQ DWHUPLF1/2). 9DORULOH FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH PXUGULUH pentru gaze de ardere, provenite din arderea de combustibil gazos, sunt prezentate n tabelul XUPWRU &RHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUH combustibil gazos Viteza w (m/s) 3 6 9 12 15 3 2 5,233 3,837 2,791 2,093 1,628 10 (m K/W) 6HSRDWHXWLOL]DLUHOD LDDQDOLWLF 18 1,395
= 11,21 103 w0 ,6474
(m2K/W)
(3.329)
Pentru gaze de ardere provenind din arderea unui combustibil lichid se poate considera: 0,0163 (m2K/W) (3.330) 'LIHUHQ DPHGLHGHWHPSHUDWXUVHGHWHUPLQFRQIRUPILJXULL21LUHOD LHL331):
t
t m =
tf
tmax t min t ln max tmin
(3.331)
tmax tma tc tmin
6XSUDID D GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU D convectivului cazanului va fi:
Sc =
Qc = N t d i Lc (m2). kt m
(3.332)
SC
RezuOWOXQJLPHDFRQYHFWLYXOXL Sc Lc = (m) (3.333) Nt di
Fig. 3.21. Lungimea LcVHURWXQMHWHODo valoarevQWUHDJGHFP
134
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
INTENSIFICAREA TRANSFERULUI DE C/'85&8785%8/,=$725, 'DF OXQJLPHD HYLORU UH]XOW SUHD PDUH FRQVWUXFWLv L/D = 3 4 ) se poate PULFRHILFLQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUFRQYHFWLY .c SULQLQWURGXFHUHDvQ HYLDXQRU turbulizatori. &HLPDLXWLOL]D LVXQWWXUEXOL]DWRULLEDQGvQGRLWVDXWXUEXOL]DWRULLHOLFRLGDOL 7XUEXOL]DWRULL GH WLS EDQG vQGRLW SURGXF R intensificare mai mare a WUDQVIHUXOXLGHFOGXUODDFHLDLFUHWHUHGHSLHUGHUHGHVDUFLQFXWXUEXOL]DWRULLGHWLS EDQGHOLFRLGDO 6FKHPDWXUEXOL]DWRUXOXLFXEDQGRQGXODWHVWHGDWvQILJ3.22.
di p
di
di cos450
pasul relativ: prel = p / di UH]XOW prel = 1,41 WJ
fig. 3.22 Schema turbulizatorului dinEDQGRQGXODW Intensificarea WUDQVIHUXOXL GH FOGXU SULQ FRQYHF LH VH GHILQHWH FD UDSRUWXO , .int . vQWUH WUDQVIHUXO GH FOGXU FX WXUEXOL]DWRU L WUDQVIHUXO GH FOGXU IU turbulizator. Pentru regim laminar de curgere (Re < 2300) coeficientul de intensificare a VFKLPEXOXLFRQYHFWLYGHFOGXUHVWHQXPDLIXQF LHGHSDVXOUHODWLYprel :
135
I=
int 2 ,142 = 0 ,3 prel
(3.334)
Pasul relativ este dat n fig. 3.22. Pierderile relative de sarciQLQGXVHGHWXUEXOL]DWRUVXQW Srel SS0 = 6,53 (3.335)
n tabelul XUPWRUVHGDXFkWHYDYDORULSHQWUXJUDGXOGHLQWHQVLILFDUHLSHQWUX SLHUGHULOHUHODWLYHGHVDUFLQIXQF LHGH.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------90 1.41 1,93 6,53 125 2,72 1,59 6,53 95 1.54 1,88 6,53 130 3,03 1,54 6,53 100 1,69 1,83 6,53 135 3,41 1,48 6,53 105 1,84 1,78 6,53 140 3,89 1,43 6,53 110 2,02 1,73 6,53 145 4,49 1,37 6,53 115 2,22 1,69 6,53 150 5,28 1,30 6,53 120 2,45 1,63 6,53 155 6,38 1,23 6,53 160 8,02 1,14 6,53 -------------------------------------------------------------------
prel
prel
prel
prel
6H UHPDUF R LQWHQVLILFDUH D WUDQVIHUXOXL GH FOGXU DSURDSH GH Gublare (la = 90oGDULRSLHUGHUHGHVDUFLQPDLPDUHGHRUL 'H UH LQXW F R PLFRUDUH D XQJKLXOXL GH vQGRLUH D SODWEDQGHORU GXFH OD R FUHWHUH D WUDQVIHUXOXL GH FOGXU GDU QX L OD R FUHWHUH D SULHUGHULORU GH VDUFLQ DILUPD LHYDODELOvQGRPHQLXOH[SHULPHQWDWGHXQJKLGHvQGRLUH 1600 ). Pentru regim tranzitoriu de curgere (2300 <Re < 10000) coeficientul de LQWHQVLILFDUHDVFKLPEXOXLFRQYHFWLYGHFOGXUHVWHIXQF LHGHSDVXOUHODWLYSrelLGH criteriul Re:
int 3,3 Re 0 ,2 = 1,26 I= 5 prel

3LHUGHULOHUHODWLYHGHVDUFLQLQGXVHGHWXUEXOL]DWRUVXQW Srel SS0 =
(3.336)
17 0 Prel,35 Re 0 ,1
(3.337)
n XUPWRUXOWDEHOVHGDXFkWHYDYDORULSHQWUXJUDGXOGHLQWHQVLILFDUHLSHQWUX piHUGHULOHUHODWLYHGHVDUFLQ
136
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(

90
prel
1.41
Re
3000 4000 5000 6000 3000 4000 5000 6000 3000 4000 5000 6000 3000 4000 5000 6000 3000 4000 5000 6000 3000 4000 5000 6000 3000 4000 5000 6000 3000 4000 5000 6000
I
2,02 1,97 1,92 1,88 1,89 1,83 1,78 1,74 1,76 1,70 1,65 1,61 1,62 1,56 1,52 1,47 1,48 1,42 1,37 1,33 1,33 1,27 1,22 1,18 1,15 1,09 1,04 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
Srel
7,25 7,04 6,89 6,76 7,05 6,86 6,71 6,58 6,87 6,67 6,53 6,41 6,67 6,48 6,34 6,23 6,46 6,28 6,14 6,03 6,23 6,05 5,92 5,81 5,95 5,78 5,65 5,55 5,59 5,43 5,31 5,21

95
prel
1.54
Re
3000 4000 5000 6000 3000 4000 5000 6000 3000 4000 5000 6000 3000 4000 5000 6000 3000 4000 5000 6000 3000 4000 5000 6000 3000 4000 5000 6000
I
1,96 1,90 1,85 1,80 1,82 1,76 1,71 1,68 1,69 1,63 1,58 1,54 1,55 1,49 1,44 1,41 1,41 1,35 1,30 1,26 1,24 1,18 1,14 1,09 1,05 1,00 1,00 1,00
Srel
7,15 6,94 6,80 6,67 6,96 6,77 6,62 6,50 6,77 6,58 6,44 6,32 6,57 6,38 6,24 6,13 6,35 6,17 6,03 5,92 6,09 5,92 5,79 5,69 5,78 5,62 5,49 5,39
100
1.69
105
1.84
110
2,02
115
2,22
120
2,45
125
2,72
130
3,03
135
3,41
140
3,89
145
4,49
150
5,28
155
6,38
160
8,02
,QWHQVLILFDUHD WUDQVIHUXOXLGDFOGXUFRQYHFWLYHVWHFHDPDLPDUHvQUHJLm de FXUJHUH ODPLQDU L HILFDFLWDWHD VFDGH FX FkW WXUEXOHQ D HVWH PDL ULGLFDW $SDUH DVIHO UHJXODGHFDUHWUHEXLHVVH LQVHDPDWRWGHDXQDSURPRWRULLGHWXUEXOHQQXVXQW HILFDFHvQUHJLPXULGHWXUEXOHQULGLFDW Q UHJLPXUL GHWXUEXOHQ ULGLFDWpromotorii nu fac altceva dect V PUHasc semnificativSLHUGHULOHGHVDUFLQ 2 DOW UHJXO HVWH F XWOL]DUHD SURPRWRULORU GH WXUEXOHQ GXFH WRWGHDXQD OD FUHWHUHD SLHUGHULORU GH VDUFLQ vQ FRQVHFLQ calculul gazodinamic al cazanului WUHEXLHVYHULILFHGDFWLUDMXOSHUPLWHLQWURGXFHUHDSURPRWRULORUGHWXUEXOHQ.
137
3.8&D]DQHDFYDWXEXODUHGHDSILHUELQWHGHWLS&$) 3.8.1. 'HVFULHUHDFD]DQHORUHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQF LRQDUH 6XQWFD]DQHGHUDGLD LHFXSXWHULWHUPLFHPDULLXWLOL]HD]FRPEXVWLELOLOLFKL]L LJD]RL &D]DQXOHVWHGHVWLQDWSURGXFHULLGHDSILHUELQWHvQUHJLPGHED] 0C sau n regim de vrf 110 / 150 0& 6XQW FD]DQH PRGHUQH FX SHUH L PHPEUDQ DOLPHQWDWHFXDU]WRDUHSHGRLSHUH LRSXLLVXSUDSUHVLXQHvQIRFar. 'UXPXULOHGHJD]HVXQWGLVSXVHSHYHUWLFDO /D FD]DQHOH PDUL 4 ! 0: VHF LXQHD IRFDUXOXL HVWH PHQ LQXW L FD VHF LXQH D GUXPXOXL FRQYHFWLY /D FD]DQHOH PDL PLFL GXS IRFDU DSDUH R vQJXVWDUH D drumului de gaze. 6FKHPDFRQVWUXFWLYDFD]DQXOXLHVWHGDWvQILJXUD3.23.
6 4
5 8
B 3 2
B-B
A-A
Fig. 3.23. Cazan CAF

DU] WRUIRFDUFROHFWRUIDVFLFXOFRQYHFWLYFROHFWRUFRQYHFWLY OHJ WXU ODFRQHUYXULL]ROD LHWHUPLF
138
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6LVWHPXO FRQYHFWLY FRQWLQX IRFDUXO SH YHUWLFDO LHVWHIRUPDWGLQSDQRXULGH EXFOHGH HYLFDUHSRUQHVFDOWHUQDWLYGLQFROHFWRDUHOHGHSHSHUHWHOHGUHDSWDLVWkQJD 6ROX LD FX SHUHWH PHPEUDQ HOLPLQ VROX LLOH VFXPSH L JUHOH GH vQ]LGLUH L DVLJXUun VFKLPEGHFOGXUSXWHUQLFSULQUDGLD LH &D]DQXOQHFHVLWRVXSUDID PLFGHDH]DUHLVHGH]YROWPXOWSHYHUWLFDO 3.8.2. Tema de proiectare 3ULQWHPDGHSURLHFWDUHVHLPSXQXUPWRDUHOHGDWH - GHELWXOGHFOGXUDOFD]DQXOXL Q (kW) ; - WHPSHUDWXUDDSHLODLHLUHGLQFD]DQ te (0C) ; - temperatura de intrare a apei n cazan: ti (0C) ; - FRPEXVWLELO FX FRPSR]L LH ILH XQ FRPEXVWLELO OLFKLG ILH XQ FRPEXVWLELO gazos) - FD]DQFXSHUH LPHPEUDQvQFRQVWUXF LHHWDQFXVXSUDSUHVLXQHvQIRFDU &D]DQXOHVWHGHWLSHWDQFXSHUH LPHPEUDQvQFRQVHFLQ H[FHVXOGHDHUQX VHPRGLILFSkQODFR'HDOWIHOdUXPXULOHVXQWvQVXSUDSUHVLXQHLGHFLQXSRDWHIL vQQLFLXQFD]YRUEDGHSWUXQGHULGHDHUIDOVGLQH[WHULRU Astfel n tot cazanul excesul de aer este = 1,05 1,15. &RQIRUP LQGLFD LLORU GLQ FDSLWROXO VH HIHFWXHD] FDOFXOXO DUGHULL FRPEXVWLELOXOXL6HGHWHUPLQ VO, Vgo, Hi, p H 2O , p RO2 , VgLVHWUDVHD]GLDJUDPD I t sau cp t. 3.8&DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO 3HQWUX FDOFXOXO UDQGDPHQWXOXL SH FDOH LQGLUHFW VH FDOFXOHD] SLHUGHULOH VSHFLILFHGHFOGXU a. 3LHUGHUHDGHFOGXUSULQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUODFR )LLQG XQ FD]DQ GH DS ILHUELQWH GHFL FX WHPSHUDWXU relativ MRDV D agentului termic secundar, se DGPLWHLQL LDORWHPSHUDWXUODFRGDWGHUHOD LDGHDSUR[LPDUH: tFR = tam + 80 100 (0C); n care temperatura medie a apei este:
t am
te + ti 0 ( C) 2
(3.338)
Entalpia aerului de ardere stoichiometric VH FDOFXOHD] OD WHPSHUDWXUDDPELDQW ta = 20 0C L cpa = 1,2971 kJ/ m 3N K .
I a 0 = Vo c pa t a
(3.339)
139
5H]XOWSLHUGHUHDVSHFLILFODFR
qcos =
1 ( I cos 1 I a 0 ) Hi
(3.340)
b. 3LHUGHUHDGHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF n SURLHFWDUH VH DGPLWH R SLHUGHUH SULQ DUGHUHD LQFRPSOHW FD]DQXO ILLQG FX HFUDQDUHSXWHUQLF qch = 0,005 (3.341) c. 3LHUGHULOH GH FOGXU SULQ DUGHUH LQFRPSOHW GH QDWXU PHFDQLF L SULQ HQWDOSLDFHQXLL Combustibilul nefiind de tip solid: L (3.342) qcen = 0; qmec = 0 d. 3LHUGHULOHGHFOGXUSULQVXSUDID DH[WHULRDUDFD]DQXOXL )XQF LHde debitul cazanului Q 0:VHFDOFXOHD]
0 , qext = 4 ,6167 10 2 QMW6569
(3.343)
e. Randamentul cazanului 6HFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
(3.344)
DSRLVHFDOFXOHD]LYDORDUHDSURFHQWXDO % = 100 (%) f. Consumul de combustibil 6HFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
(3.345)
Q 103 B= H i
(3.346)
B* = B deoarece qmec = 0.
3.8%LODQ XOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL )OX[XOGHFOGXUutil al cazanului este: FluxulGHFOGXUDGXVGHFRPEXVWLELO:
Q (MW)
Qc = B H i
)OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVFXDHUXOGHDUGHUH
Q = B Vo c pa t a
140
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
FlX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR
Qcos = B I cos )OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW Qinc = qch B H i Qext = qext B H i )OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWVSUHH[WHULRU

5H]XOWWDEHOXOGHELODQ Combustibil pierderi Util
Q = Q'
FR
Q = Q''
FR
1RW Q DFHVW ELODQ q2BHi) s-a scris sub forma: (-BI IRUPDH[SOLFLW (URDUHDUHODWLYGHvQFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLva fi: LVHYHULILFHURDUHDPD[LPDGPLVLELOGH
+ BVocpata), deci
Q'Q" = 100 (%) Q'
(3.347)
3.8&DOFXOXOWHPSHUDWXULORULHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX (QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
I t = H i ( 1 qch ) + V0 c pa t a
(3.348)
apoi sHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHGLQGLDJUDPDI-t: t t = f ( I t , ) . 6HDOHJHWHPSHUDWXUDODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL: tf = 900 1100 0C L VH GHWHUPLQ apoi, din diagrama I t, HQWDOSLD JD]HORU OD FDSWXO IRFDUXOXL If = f(tf,). FluxulGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLD LHvQIRFDUYDIL QR = ( 1 qext )B( I t I f ) (kW) )OX[XOGHFOGXUFDUHVHSUHLDvQVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYHVWH
(3.349)
141
Qc = Q QR , cu Q exprimat n (kW)
(QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODVIkULWXO drumului convectiv este:
(3.350)
Ic = I f
Qc ( 1 qext )B
(3.351)
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUDODVIkULWXOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY:
t c = f ( I c , )
(3.352)
QFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLLPSXQH Ic = IFRLtc = tFR LVHDGPLWHURULle relative:
= =
tabel:
I cos I c
It t cos t c tt
100 (%) 0,5%

(3.353)
(URUL PDL PDUL LQGLF R JUHHDO GH FDOFXO Q ILQDO VH vQWRFPHWH XUPWRUXO 6XSUDID D Focar Convectiv )OX[GHFOGXU Temperatura gazelor intrare LHLUH
100 (%) 0,5%
QR Qc
tc tf
tf t
FR
3.8%LODQ XOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL 'HELWHOHGHFOGXUVHWUDQVSXQJUDILFODVFDUGXSPRGHOXOJHQHUDOSUH]HQWDW n capitolul 2 fig. 2.3. (cu B*=B; QSI=QPA LTmec=qcen=0). 3.8.7. Calculul termic al focarului )RFDUXOGHWLSFDPHUGLQSHUHWHPHWDOLFFRQWLQXXDUHXUPWRDUHOHGLPHQVLXQL
h a h
h a h
a a
142
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
6HFDOFXOHD]VXSUDID DSUHOLPLQDUGHUDGLD LHvQIRFDUFXUHOD LD

' SR =
Fig. 3.24. Focarul unui cazan CAF
QR T 4 T 4 f p 5,765 10 3 100 100
(m2)
(3.354)
cu
= 0,65 pentru combustibil gazos = 0,75 pentru combustibil lichid Tf = tf +273 (0K)
Tp = tma +20+273 (0K)
t ma =
XQGH SHQWUX WHPSHUDWXUD SHUHWHOXL HYLL V-D DGPLV R WHPSHUDWXU FX 0C mai mare dect temperatura medie a fluidului interior. Se poate calcula S R DGPL kQGXQIOX[UHODWLYXQLWDUqR=30 50 kW/m2
'
ti + t e 2
S 'R =
QR (m2) ' qR a ah' +2 cos 2
(3.355)
6XSUDID DSHUH LORUIRFDUXOXLHVWH
S per = a 2 + 4ah + a
cu 10 .
0
(3.356)
Grosimea stratului radiant de gaze de ardere este:
s = 4
Vf S per
(m)
(3.357)
kg =
6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOJD]HORUGe ardere din focar :
0,8 + 1,6 pH 2O T 1 0,38 f ( pH 2O + pRO2 ) 1000 ( pH 2O + pRO2 ) s

k g s
ag = 1 e
(3.358)
143
k fl = 1,6
Tf 1000
k fl s
0,5
a fl = 1 e
(3.359)
3RQGHUHDDEVRUE LHLIOFULLFXFHDDPHGLXOXLUDGLDQWGHJD]HGHDUGHUHVHIDFH GXSFULWHULLH[SHULPHQWDOHFRQVLGHUkQGRSRQGHUHDSU LLOXPLQRDVHDIOFULL &RHILFLHQWXOGHOXPLQR]LWDWHDOIOFULLHVWH combustibil gazos = 0,7
= 0,9
combustibil lichid
SHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLLJD]HORUGLQIRFDU
a = a fl + (1 ) a g
' SR Gradul de ecranare al focarului este = S per
(3.360)
Se impune coeficientul de murdULUH alVXSUDIH HORU =1 combustibil gazos =0,9 combustibil lichid
&XDFHVWHYDORULVHFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHal focarului:
af =
0,82 a a + (1 a )
(3.361)
2 DOW FDUDFWHULVWLF D IRFDUXOXL IDFWRUXO GH SR]L LH D IOFUii n focar, pentru combustibil lichid sau gazos:
M = a M bM
cu:
a Hf
a 0,2 0,3 Hf
(3.362) (3.363)
aM = 0,52, bM = 0,3 ,
&XDFHVWHGDWHVHGHWHUPLQVXSUDID DGHUDGLD LHDIRFDUXOXL
144
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
QR 3 SR = 5,765 10 8 Ma f T f Tt 3
'
Tt 1 1 T M2 f
(m2)
(3.364)
$FHDVW VXSUDID YD IL GLIHULW GH S R GHWHUPLQDW vQ FDOFXOXO DSUR[LPDWLY 'DF GLIHUHQ D HVWH PDL PDUH GH VH UHLD FDOFXOXO FX YDORUL SHQWUX Vf L Sper FRUHVSXQ]WRDUHOXLSR. 6HUHFDOFXOHD]dimensiunile reale ale focarului: 6XSUDID D HFUDQDW D IRFDUXOXL ILLQG VXSUDID PHWDOLF FRQWLQX JUDGXO GH ecranare este x = 1 L GHFL SR UHSUH]LQW L VXSUDID D HIHFWLYGHUDGLD LHLVXSUDID D JHRPHWULF
3.8.8. Calculul termic al drumului convectiv 'UXPXO FRQYHFWLY HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GLQ FDOFXOHOH DQWHULRDUH SULQ XUPWRULL parametrii : Qc IOX[GHFOGXU (kW) temperatura gazelor la intrare (0C) tf tFR WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUODLHLUH (0C) tam temperatura media a apei n cazan (0C) PenWUX VWDELOLUHD VHF LXQLL GH WUHFHUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH VH DOHJH GLDPHWUXO HYLORUGUXPXULORUFRQYHFWLYGLQJDPDGH HYLX]XDOHSHQWUXFD]DQHOHGHDSILHUELQWH 24 3, 28 3, 32 3. PentruFD]DQHOHGHFRQVWUXF LHURPkQHDVFV-DXWLOL]DW HDY 28 3. 'DWRULWIDSWXOXLFVHUSHQWLQHOHSOHDFDOWHUQDWLYGLQFROHFWRDUHGLVSXVHID vQ ID SDVXOWUDQVYHUVDODO HYLORUSRDWHILPDLPLFILJ
145
s2
s1
Gaze de ardere
Fig. 3.25. Sistemul convectiv 6HDOHJHSDVXOUHODWLYGHDH]DUHWUDQVYHUVDOD HYLORU
s1 = 1,2 1,5 d
6HFDOFXOHD]DSRLVHF LXQHDOLEHUGHWUHFHUe a gazelor de ardere n ipotezaF VHF LXQHDEUXWDIRFDUXOXLUPkQHQHVFKLPEDWLvQGUXPXOFRQYHFWLYD a):
s d d = a 2 1 (m2) Scirc = a 2 1 s s 1 1 s1 d unde termenul s UHSUH]LQWUHGXFHUHDVHF LXQLLGDWRULW HYLORU 1

Debitul de gaze ce trece prin convectiv este:
(3.365)
Dg = B V g
t m + 273 273
(m3/s)
(3.366)
unde tm este temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere:
tm =
t f + t cos 2
(0C)
5H]XOWYLWH]DJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
W=
Dg S circ
(m/s)
(3.367)
'DFYLWH]DJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHvQLQWHUYDOXO 20 (m/s) se poate accepta DFHLDLVHF LXQHEUXWD a) UH]XOWpentru sistemul convectivFDLSHQWUXIRcar.
146
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
'DF W ! PV FDQDOXO WUHEXLH PULW L VH UHLD FDOFXOXO IRFDUXOXL FX R VHF LXQHPULW 'DFW < 12 (m/s) canalul convectiv trebuie ngustat. PHQWUXFDOFXOXOvQJXVWULL VHDOHJHYLWH]DGHFLUFXOD LH W = (12 20) (m/s) (3.368) LVHGHWHUPLQVHF LXQHDOLEHUQHFHVDUGHFXUJHUH
S circ =
Dg W
(m2)
(3.369)
8QDGLQODWXULOHIRFDUXOXLUPkQHQHVFKLPEDWaLDUFHDODOWVHPLFRUHD]OD valoarea (a5H]XOWODWXUD
L
d Scirc = a a ' 1 s 1 S circ a' = d (m) a 1 s 1
(m2)
(3.370) (3.371)
Pentru temperatura media a gazelor de ardere tm VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ anexa 9, XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL (m2/s) - YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF criteriul Prandtl
Pr
(W/mK)
Se alege pasul longitudinal s2 = (1,5 2,5) de6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGH VFKLPEGHFOGXUc) pentru curgerea gazelor de ardere transversal pe un fascicul de HYLDH]DWHvQFRUGRQOLQLH QDFHVWFD]OXQJLPHDFDUDFWHULVWLFYDIL
l=
de 2
(3.372)
Criteriul hidrodinamic:
Re =
cu = 1
Wlc
(3.373)
d e . 4s1
147
Pentru 10 < Re < 106L3U3L curgere a gazelor de ardere transversal SHXQUkQGGH HYL
unde:
T Nu1 = 0,3 + Nul2 + Nut2 m T p
0 ,12
(3.374)
0 ,037 Re 0 ,8 Pr Nul = 0,644 + Re 3 Pr L Nut = 2 0 ,1 1 + 2 ,443 Re Pr 3 1

Pentru n UkQGXULGH HYL (n = 40 60):
0 ,12
T 1 + ( n 1 ) Nu = Nu1 m T n p s2 0 ,3 0,7 s1 = 1 1,5 2 s 2 + 0,7 s 1

Se determin:
(3.375)
cu
c =
Nu lc
(3.378)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LH HVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHPULPLOH WHPSHUDWXUPHGLHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH Tgm=tgm+273 (K);
SUHVLXQLOHSDU LDOHDOHJD]HORUGHDUGHUHWULDWRPLFH pRO2 ; p H 2O
p RO2 =
VRO2 Vg
pg
[bar@L pH 2 O =
VH 2 O Vg
pg
[bar.]
(3.379)
- grosimea stratului radiant:
s s s = 1,87 1 + 2 4 ,1 d e d d
(m)
(3.380)
148
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
kg =
(p
0,8 + 1,6 pH 2O
H 2O + p RO2
T 1 0,38 m pH 2O + pRO2 1000 s
(3.381)
Coeficientul de emisivitate al gazelor de ardere:
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.382)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHdeterminFXUHOD LD
T p 3 ,6 1 T ap +1 8 3 r = 5,765 10 a g Tm m 2 2 T p (W/m K) 1 T m
(3.383)
XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUE LH DO SHUHWHOXL VH LD YDORDUHD ap L SHQWUX WHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXL HYLL
T p = t am + 20 + 273
CoeficienWXOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUHVWH:
i = c + r
(3.384)
k=
n care s-DQHJOLMDWUH]LVWHQ DWHUPLF1/2). Valorile coeficientului de PXUGULUH pentru gaze de ardere, provenite din DUGHUHDGHFRPEXVWLELOJD]RVVXQWSUH]HQWDWHvQWDEHOXOXUPWRU &RHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUH combustibil gazos Viteza w (m/s) 3 6 9 12 15 3 2 5,233 3,837 2,791 2,093 1,628 10 (m K/W) Se pRDWHXWLOL]DLUHOD LDDQDOLWLF 18 1,395
i 1 + i
(3.385)
= 11,21 103 w0 ,6474
(m2K/W)
(3.386)
Pentru gaze de ardere provenind din arderea unui combustibil lichid se poate considera:
149
0,0163 (m2K/W)
'LIHUHQ DPHGLHDWHPSHUDWXULORUVHGHWHUPLQFRQIRUPUHOD LHL
(3.387)
t m =
(3.388)
Q ILQDO VXSUDID D GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU D GUXPXOXL FRQYHFWLY VH GHWHUPLQ FX UHOD LD
Sc =
Qc (m2) k t m
(3.389)
Determinarea geometriei drumului convectiv se face astfel: - QXPUXOGH HYLSHXQUkQG ntrSHUSHQGLFXODUSHGLUHF LDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH este:
ntr =
GXSFXPFDQDOXODIRVWQHvQJXVWDWVDXvQJXVWDW
a a' sau ntr = s1 s1
(3.390)
ntrVHURWXQMHWHODYDORDUHDvQWUHDJSDULQIHULRDU - QXPUXOGHUkQGXULGH HYLnvQGLUHF LDFXUJHULLJD]HORUGHDUGHUH

n= Sc ntr d e a
(3.391)
VHURWXQMHWHODYDORDUHDSDUVXSHULRDU 6H UHPDUF IDSWXO F V-D QHJOLMDW SUHOXDUHD FOGXULL GH FWUH SHUH LL PHPEUDQ limitaWRULDLGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY'HRELFHLVHFRQVLGHUFDUH]HUYGHVXSUDID VHSRW OXD vQ FDOFXO FD] vQ FDUH LQWU vQ FRPSRQHQ D VXSUDIH HL GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU D convectivului cazanului Sc. $H]DUHDQXPUXOui de rnduri nSHYHUWLFDOVHIDFHvQSDFKHte cuprinznd 8, VDX HYLDGLFVDXEXFOH 3DFKHWHOH QX WUHEXLH V DLE DFHODL QXPU GH HYL SDFKHWXO FX XQ QXPU PDL PLF GH HYL VHDHD]SULPXOGXSIRFDUGHRDUHFHDUHRFLUFXOD LHLQWHULRDUDDSHL PDLLQWHQV 'LVWDQ D vQWUH SDFKHte este de (4 8) s2 iar pasul la bucla din mijlocul unui pachet este de 2 s2SHQWUXDSHUPLWHvQGRLUHD HYLLOD0). &XDFHVWHGDWHVHFDOFXOHD]OXQJLPHDGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY
150
CAPITOLUL 4 CALCULUL TERMIC AL CAZANELOR DE ABUR

4.1. Calculul termic al cazanului ABA (Agregat Bloc Abur) 'HVFULHUHDFD]DQXOXLHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQFLRQDUH (VWH XQ FD]DQ LJQLWXEXODU FX WXE GH IODFU L GRX GUXPXUL FRQYHFtive. )XQF LRQHD]FXFRPEXVWLELOJD]RVVDXOLFKLGLSURGXFHDEXUVDWXUDW )DFHSDUWHGLQFDWHJRULDFD]DQHORUFXYROXPPDUHGHDS3ULQFLSDOHOHHOHPHQWH component ale cazanului sunt prezentate n figura 4.1.
11 10 13 3 12 9 2 4 8
1 F 6
C1 13 7
C2 13
$U] WRU7XEGHIODF U DPRWDUH&XWLHvQWRDUFHUHVSDWH)LHUE WRUFRQYHFWLY,&XWLH
ntoarcereID FierEWRUFRQYHFWLY,,&R7DPEXU6XSDSGHVLJXUDQ,QGLFDWRUGHQLYHO&RQGXFWGHDEXU
Fig. 4.1. Schema conven LRQDODFD]DQXOXLABA

$OLPHQWDUHFXDS
151
4. CALCULUL TERMIC AL CAZANELOR DE ABUR
Cazanul ABA HVWH DOFWXLW GLQWU-un tambur (9) cu diametru mare n interiorul FUXLDVHDIOVXSUDIH HOHGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUWXEXOGHIODFUFXSHUH LLRQGXOD L FXUROGHIRFDUL HYLOHGHIXPFXUROGHIDVFicoOILHUEWRUFRQYHFWLYL ntoarcerea gazelor de pe un drum pe altul se face prin cutii de ntoarcere. Cutia GH vQWRDUFHUH VSDWH HVWH UFLW FX HYL GH DS LDU FHD GH vQWRDUFHUH ID HVWH UHDOL]DWGLQWDEOFSWXLWFXPDWHULDOUHIUDctar. 9ROXPXO PDUH GH DS OD VDWXUD LH GLQ FD]DQ DVLJXU R PDUH LQHU LH WHUPLF DGLFRPDUHFDSDFLWDWHGHDFXPXODUHGHFOGXUFHHDFHRIHUDYDQWDMXOSRVLELOLW LL pUHOXULLIOXFWXD LLORUGHVDUFLQSULQYDULD LLPLFLGHSUHVLXQHvQWDPEXU Volumul mDUH GH DS QHFHVLW vQV WLPS vQGHOXQJDW GH SRUQLUH L LQWUDUH vQ regim. &D XUPDUH D IDSWXOXL F WRDWH HOHPHQWHOH FD]DQXOXL VH DIO LQ LQWHULRUXO tamburului, acesta are dimensiuni foarte mari (diametre de 1600 PP L lungimi de ordinul 1600 4600 PPFHHDFHDQWUHQHD]FRQVXPXULPDULGHPHWDOL iPSXQHOLPLWDUHDGHELWHORUODFFDWKLDSUHVLXQLORUGHOXFUXODFFDEDU $VDPEODUHDULJLGvQWUHWDPEXUWXEGHIODFUL HYLGHIXPHOHPHQWHcare se GLODWGLIHULWGDWRULWWHPSHUDWXULORUGLIHULWHGHOXFUXDQWUHQHD]DSDUL LDvQIXQF LRQDUH L vQ VSHFLDO OD YDULD iL GH VDUFLQ LQFOXVLY SRUQLUH D XQRU VROLFLWUL PHFDQLFH PDUL FDUHGXFXQHRULODGLVWUXJHUHDHWDQULORU(OLPLQDUHDvQSDUWHDDFHVWXLLQFRQYHQLHQWVH UHDOL]HD]SULQXWLOL]DUHDWXEXULORUGHIODFUGHWLSHODVWLF tuburi ondulate LSULQ ULJLGL]DUHDVXSOLPHQWDUD HYLORUGHIXPvQSOFLOHWXEXODUHSULQ HYLDQFRU 4.1.2. Tema de proiectare Prin tema de proiectare se dau: Dh debitul de abur saturat produs, n t/h sau D=0,278 Dh, n kg/s ; p presiunea aburului, n bar ; ti temperatura apei la intrare n cazan; titlul de vapori; compozi LD combustibilului utilzat. &RQIRUP LQGLFD LLORU GLQ FDSLWROXO VH HIHFWXHD] FDOFXOXO DUGHULL combustibiluOXLLVHGHWHUPLQ V0 , Vg , H i . 'DF IXQF LRQDrea cazanului este cu suprapresiune n focar, coeficientul de H[FHV GH DHU HVWH FRQVWDQW L HJDO FX FHO GLQ IRFDU FFD SH WRW WUDVHXO gazelor de ardere. 'DF IXQF LRQDUHD FD]DQXOXi este n depresiune (cu exhautor la evacuarea JD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHFRVHDGPLWHGHH[HPSOX f n focar = 1,1 (1) n fiecare FXWLHGHvQWRDUFHUHVHDGDXJ=0,1.
o
152
5H]XOW - CI ( 2 ) GXSSULPDFXWLHGHvQWRDUFHUHvQ HYLOe fascicolului convectiv I: 2=1,2 . - CII ( 3 ) GXSDGRXDFXWLHGHvQWRDUFHUHvQ HYLOHIDVFLFROXOXLFRQYHFWLY,,3 L HVWHSUDFWLFHJDOFXFRHILFLHQWXOGHH[FHVGHDHUODFRFR). Fiind VFldare interioar, coeficientul de exces de aer mediu pe un drum este cel de la intrare. 6HWUDVHD]GLDJUDPHOH,-t sau cp-t. &DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO $FHVWH FD]DQH IXQF LRQHD] QXPDL FX FRPEXVWLELO JD]RV VDX OLFKLG SLHUGHULOH specifice GHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUmecanic qmecLSULQHYDFXDUHD produselor solide din cazan qcen sunt nule). a) 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFGHFOGXUSULQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUde ardere ODFR )LLQGXQFD]DQGHDEXUIUVXSUDIH HDX[LOLDUHVHDGPLWHLQL LDORWHPSHUDWXU ODFRGHWHUPLQDWGLQUHOD LD :
t cos t s + 50 +
50 Dh
[0C]
(4.1)
Din diagrama I-WVHDIOYDORDUHDHQWDOSLHLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR
I cos = f ( t cos , cos )

(QWDOSLD DHUXOXL WHRUHWLF GH DUGHUH VH FDOFXOHD] SHQWUX WHPSHUDWXUD DPELDQW (de exemplu ta=20 0C).
I ao = V0 c pa t a
5H]XOWSLHUGHUHDVSHFLILFODFR
(4.2)
qcos =
1 ( I cos cos I ao ) Hi
(4.3)
b) 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFGHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF n proiecWDUH VH DGPLWH R SLHUGHUH SULQ DUGHUH LQFRPSOHW FD]DQXO ILLQG FX ecranare medie) qch= 0,0010,008 c) 3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQVXSUDID H[WHULRDUDFD]DQXOXL
153
6HSRDWHXWLOL]DUHOD LDH[SHULPHQWDO (2.17) ;

qext = 5,4643 10 2 Dh 0 ,6577
(4.4)
SHQWUXFD]DQHGHDEXUIUVXSUDIH HDQH[H d) Randamentul cazanului 6HFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD:

L
(4.5) (4.6)
% = 100 %
e) Consumul de combustibil Se admite debitul de purje al cazaQXOXL vQ FRQGL LLOH DSHL ELQH WUDWDWH GH din debitul cazanului : (4.7) Dp=0,03D Din tabelele de SURSULHW LWHUPRGLQDPLFHDOHaburului (Anexa 4VHGHWHUPLQ SHQWUXSUHVLXQHDDEXUXOXLSXUPWRDUHOHPULPLL - WHPSHUDWXUDGHVDWXUD LHWsat - entalpia aburului saturat uscat i - HQWDOSLDDSHLODVDWXUD LHL - HQWDOSLDDSHLODLQWUDUHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHWHPSHUDWXULLti : io=4,186 ti (kJ/kg) Deoarece aburul are un titlu HQWDOSLDILQDODDEXUXOXLHVWH
i = i' ' +( 1 ) i'
(4.8)
DHRDUHFHSHQWUXFD]DQHGHDFHVWWLSQXVHXWLOL]HD]LQMHFWRDUHGHFRPEXVWLELO lichid cu agent de pulverizare aburUH]XOW Winj (YLGHQWLvQFD]XOFRPEXVWLELOXOXL gazos Winj=0. 'H DVHPHQHD VH LD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH F SHQWUX FRPEXVWLELO OLFKLG VDX JD]RV qmec LGHFLB*=B . 5H]XOWGHELWXOGHFRPEXVWLELO consumat de cazan:
B=
D( i io ) + D p ( i' io ) Hi
(4.9)
154
%LODQXOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL )OX[XOGHFOGXUXWLODOFD]DQXOXLHVWH
Qut = D( i io ) + D p ( i' io )
[kW]
(4.10)
Fluxul deFOGXUDGXVGHFRPEXVWLELO
Qc = B H i
)OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVFXDHUXOGHDUGHUHLGHQHHWDQHLW L :
(4.11)
Qa = B cosV0 c pa t a
(4.12)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR
Qcos = BI cos
(4.13)
FluxulGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW
Qinc = qch BH i
(4.14)
Qext = qext BH i
(4.15)
5H]XOWWDEHOXOGLQELODQ Combustibil pierderi Qc Qa - QFR - Qinc - Qext
Tabelul 4.1. Util Qut
Q = Q'
Q = Q''
1RWvQDFHVWELODQ (qFRBHi) s-a scris sub forma: (BIFR-BVoFRcpata ). 6HGHILQHWHHURDUHDUHODWLY:
,DUGDF eroarea este mai PLF de 1% calculul este corect .
Q'Q' ' 100% Q'
(4.16)
155
4.1.5. CDOFXOXOWHPSHUDWXULORULHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX (QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXIRUPXOD
I t = H i ( 1 qch ) + f V0 c pa t a
(4.17)
DSRLVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHGLQGLDJUDPD,-t : t t = f ( I t , f ) 6HDOHJHWHPSHUDWXUDODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL: tf = 900 1100 0C , cu valori mici pentru debite mici. Aceste valori nalte sunt specifice cazanelor cu tub GHIODFU 6H GHWHUPLQ DSRL GLQ GLDJUDPD ,-W HQWDOSLD JD]HORU OD FDSWXO IRFDUXOXi If=f(tf,f) . )OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLD LHvQIRFDUYDIL QR = ( 1 qext )B( I t I f ) [kW]
(4.18)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUFDUHVHSUHLDvQVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLY&,L&,,HVWH Qc = Qut QR (4.19) Acest flux convectiv VHvPSDUWHSHFHOHGRXIDVFLFROHDVWIHO QcI = ( 0 ,7 0,85 ) Qc L QcII = Qc QcI
(4.20)
$FHDVW UHSDUWL LH DSDUH deoarece pe primul drum convectiv temperaturile gazelor de ardere sunt mai ridicate FHHDFH GHWHUPLQ XQ IOX[ XQLWDU GH FOGXU PDL mare. Entalpia gazelor de ardere lDVIkULWXOSULPXOXLGUXPFRQYHFWLYHVWH
I cI = I f
QcI ( 1 qext )B
(4.21)
LGLQGLDJUDPD,-WUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUD
t cI = f ( I cI , cI )
(4.22)
(QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODVIkULWXOFHOXi de-al doilea drum convectiv este :
I cII = I cI
QcII ( 1 qext )B
(4.23)
156
t cII = f ( I cII , cos )
(4.24) L tcII=tFR
QFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLLPSXQH Se admit erorile relative :
IcII=IFR
t =
L
tcos tcII 100 0,5% tt tcos I cos I cII 100 0,5% I t I cos
(4.25)
I =
(4.26)
(URULPDLPDULLQGLFRJUHHDOGHFDOFXOQILQDOVHvQWRFPHWHWDEHOXO 6XSUDID D Focar Convectiv I Convectiv II )OX[GHFOGXU Tabelul 4.2. Temperatura gazelor intrare LHLUH
QR QcI QcII
= Qut
tc tf tcI
tf tcI tFR
%LODQXOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL 'HELWHOH GH FOGXU GLQ WDEHOHOH L 2 VH WUDQVSXQ JUDILF OD VFDU FD vQ figura 2.3 (cu B*=B; Qpa=0; Qsfc=QcI+QcII, Qsi=0; Qec=0; qmec=0; qcen=0) . 4.1.7. Calculul termic al focarului $FHVWFDOFXODUHFDVFRSGHWHUPLQDUHDVXSUDIH HLGHUDGLD LH6RFDSDELOVSUHLD GHELWXO GH FOGXU UDGLDQW 4R. Deoarece n calcule intervine gradul de ecranare
V = S R LOXQJLPHDGHUDGLD LH s = 4 f , este necesar un calcul interativ. Se S per S per SRUQHWHFXRYDORDUHDSUR[LPDWLY6RFDUHvQILQDOVHYDFRPSDUDFXFHDUH]XOWDW din calcul SR.
157
9DORDUHDLQL LDO S R poate fi stDELOLWSULQGRXPHWRGH

'
a) Se admite un flux unitar radiant qR =30 50 kW/m2

' SR =
QR qR
[m2]
(4.27)
E6HFDOFXOHD]VXSUDID DGHUDGLD LHvQIRFDUFXUHOD LDDSUR[LPDWLY
S 'R =
QR T f 4 T p 4 5,765 100 100
[m2]
(4.28)
cu
= 0,65 pentru combustibil gazos = 0,75 pentru combustibil lichid Tf = tf+273 [K] Tp= tsat+273 + (20 40) [K]
)RFDUXOGHWLSWXEGHIODFUDUHXUPWRDUHOHGLPHQVLXQLILJXUD
60 D
LS L
LR
Fig. 4.2. FocaruOWLSWXEGHIODFUFXSHUH LRQGXOD L 6H DOHJH GLDPHWUXO WXEXOXL GH IODFU GXS PULPHD FD]DQXOXL FRQIRUP LQGLFD LLORURULHQWDWLYHGLQWDEHOXO Debit Dh [t/h] 0,4 1 14 4 10
158
Tabelul 4.3. Diametru D [m] 0,400 0,600 0,600 0,900 0,700 1,500
6HGHWHUPLQOXQJLPHDDFWLYGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUDIRFDUXOXLGLQUHOD LD
D 2 S ' 4 LR = D
' R
[m]
(4.29)
D 2
S-D FRQVLGHUDW F VXSUDID D FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH fundului focarului 4 preia FOGXU SULQ UDGLD LH deoarece la cazanele bloc-abur cutia de ntoarcere spate este UFLWFX HYLGHDS 9ROXPXOIRFDUXOXL LQkQGVHDPDGHROXQJLPHGHDPRWDUHL = 0,61,2 m LRJURVLPHGHDPRWDUH =0,060 m , este :
D 2 ( D 2 )2 + Ls Vf = L 4 4
' R
[m3]
(4.30)
6XSUDID DSHUH LORUIRFDUXOXLHVWH
S per = [ D L'R + ( D 2 ) Ls ] + 2
Grosimea stratului radiant de gaze este :
D2 [m2] 4
(4.31)
s = 3,6
Vf S per
[m]
(4.32)
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU kg = 0,1 + 1,6 p H 2O (p H 2O T 1 0,38 f (p H 2O + p RO 2 ) 1000 + p RO 2 ) s (4.33)
3UHVLXQLOHSDU LDOHDOH gazelor triatomiceVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LLOH

p H 2O = VH 2O Vg o + ( f 1)V0 p g [bar] ; p RO 2 =
VRO 2 Vg o + ( f 1)V0 p g [bar] (4.34)
unde : pg=1 bar.
159
6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU
ag = 1 e
k g s
(4.35)
k fl = 1,6
Tf 1000
0,5
(4.36)
a fl = 1 e
k fl s
(4.37)
PonderarHD DEVRUE LHL IOFULL FX FHD D PHGLXOXL UDGLDQW GH Jaze de ardere se IDFH GXS FULWHULL experimentale, FRQVLGHUkQG R SURSRU LH din volumul focarului RFXSDWGHSDUWHDOXPLQRDVDIOFULL &RHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULLLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD
a = a fl + ( 1 ) a g
Coeficientul de luminozitate este dat n tabelul 4.4. )ODFUQHOXPLQRDVGHFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV )ODFUGHFRPEXVWLELOOLFKLG Gradul de ecranare al focarului este : LPXUGULUHDVXSUDIH HORU = 0,7 0,9 combustibil gazos = 0,6 0,7 combustibil lichid &XDFHVWHYDORULVHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIRFDUXOXL 0 ,82 a af = a + ( 1 a )
' SR = S per
(4.38)
Tabelul 4.4. = 0,2 = 0,6
(4.39)
(4.40)
FDFWRUXOGHSR]L LHDIOFULLvQIRFDUSHQWUXFRPEustibil lichid sau gazos, este GDWGHUHOD LD:
160
M = aM bM
cu :
h = 0,43 Hf h = 0,3 pentru focare orizontale Hf
(4.41)
aM=0,52; bM=0,3L
T QR 1 SR = 3 t 1 2 [m2] (4.42) 8 3 T M 5,765 10 M a f T f Tt f

unde TtHVWHWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHWt+273) [K]. $FHDVWVXSUDID YDILGLIHULWGH S'R GHWHUPLQDWvQFDOFXOXODSUR[LPDWLY'DF GLIHUHQ DHVWHPDLPDUHGHVHUHLDFDOFXOXOFXYDORULPRGLILFDWHSHQWUX9fL6per (pentru calcule mai precise efectuate pe calculator aceast GLIHUHQ se impune la max.1%). 5H]XOWOXQJLPHDDFWLYGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUDIRFDUXOXL:
D 2 SR 4 LR = D
[m]
(4.43)
4.1.8. Calculul termic al drumului convectiv I 'UXPXO FRQYHFWLY , HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GLQ FDOFXOHOH DQWHULRDUH SULQ XUPWRULL parametrii : QcI GHELWXOGHFOGXUFHGDWGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUH[kW] ; tf WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLQWUDUHvQ HYL[0C] ; tcI temperatura gazelor de ardere la LHLUHGLQ HYL[0C] ; tsat WHPSHUDWXUDDSHLODVDWXUD LH[0C]; 3HQWUX VWDELOLUHD VHF LXQLL GH WUHFHUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH VH DOHJH GLDPHWUXO HYLORUGLQJDPDGH HYLX]XDOH 513; 573; 603; 703,5; 763,5 mm . Se alege viteza de circXOD LHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQOLPLWHHFRQRPLFH WI=10 18 m/s 6HF LXQHDGHWUHFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
SI =
B Vg t m + 273 WI 273
[m2]
(4.44)
161
unde:
Vg VHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD:
Vg = Vg o + ( cI 1 )V0
tm este temperatura media a gazelor de ardere : t f + tcI tm = [0C] 2

1XPUXOGH HYLDOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY,
nI =
4 SI -VHURWXQMHWHODQXPUntreg par d i2
(4.45)
QILQDOVHUHFDOFXOHD]YLWH]DJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
WI =
B Vg
d i2 nI 4
t m + 273 273
[m/s]
(4.46)
Pentru temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere tm VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ anexa 9, XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL - YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF [m2/s] FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF criteriul Prandtl
Pr
[W/mK]
DSRLVHGHWHUPLQFULWHULXOKLGURGinamic :
Re =
WI d i
(4.47)
LVLPSOH[XOGHOXQJLPL 3 Cl = ( L / d i )0 ,25
pentru L/di < 80
(4.48)
Cl = 1 pentru L/di > 80 unde L este lungimea cazanului, care se ia HJDOFXcea a focarului.
Se calculeD]DSRLFRHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LH GDF Re > 10000 :
162
Pr0 ,35 c = 0 ,0263 Cl Re 0 ,8 di
[W/m2K]
(4.49)
iar n cazul 2300 < RHVHIRORVHWHUHOD LD
Pr0 ,35 c = 0,0263 Cl Re 0 ,8 di

cu
[W/m2K]
(4.50)
6 105 =1 Re1,8
(4.51)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHPULPLOH - WHPSHUDWXUPHGLHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH7gm=tgm+273 [K] - grosimea stratului radiant : s = 0,9 . di [m] - SUHVLXQLOHSDU LDOHDOHJD]HORUtriatomice n gazele de ardere:
p RO2 =
VRO2 Vgo + ( cI 1 )V0
pg
[bar]; p H 2O =
VH 2 O Vgo + ( cI 1 )V0
pg
[bar] (4.52)
cu pg 1 bar. &RQVWDQWDGHUDGLD LHDJD]HORUeste :

Kg = 0 ,8 + 1,6 p H 2O ( p H 2O + p RO2 Tgm ( p H 2O + p RO2 ) 1 0 ,38 1000 ) s
(4.53)
iar coeficientul de emisie al gazelor de ardere :
ag = 1 e
k g s
CRHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD T 1 p T a +1 gm 3 r = 5,765 10 8 p a g Tgm [W/m2K] (4.54) 3 ,6 2 Tp 1 T gm XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUE LH DO SHUHWHOXL VH LD YDORDUHD Dp L SHQWUX WHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXL HYLL T p = t sat + 20 + 273 [K]
163
Coeficientul de WUDQVIHUGHFOGXU pe partea gazelor de ardere va fi :
i = c + r
Coeficientul e (pe partea apei) este mult mai mare (de ordinul miilor de W/m K) n comparate cu i (de ordinul zecilor de W/m2K). n aceVWHFRQGL LLFRHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUNHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD (s-a neglijat 1/e n raport cu 1/i) :
2
kI =
i 1 + i
[W/m2K]
(4.55)
&RHILFLHQWXO GH PXUGULUH pentru gaze de ardere provenite din combustibil gazos este dat n tabelul 4.4. Tabelul 4.4. &RHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUH combustibil gazos Viteza [m/s] 3 6 9 12 15 18 3 2 5,233 3,837 2,791 2,093 1,628 1,395 10 [m K/W] 6HSRDWHXWLOL]DLUHOD LDDQDOLWLF: = 11,21 103 Wg 0 ,6474 [m2K/W] iar pentru gaze de ardere provenind din combustibil lichid : = 0,0163 [m2K/W] 'LIHUHQ DPHGLHGHWHPSHUDWXUVHGHWHUPLQFRQIRUPILJXULLLUHOD LHL
t mI =
(4.56)
164
t tf tmax tc1 tsat tmin
SC1
)LJ'LIHUHQ D medie de temperatur t mI QILQDOVXSUDID DGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUDGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY,VHGHWHUPLQFX formula :
S cI =
QcI k I t mI
[m2]
(4.57)
LUH]XOWOXQJLPHD HYLORU
LcI =
S cI d i nI
[m]
(4.58)
4.1.9. Calculul termic al drumului convectiv II Drumul convectiv II HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GLQ FDOFXOHOH DQWHULRDUH SULQ XUPWRULL parametrii : QcII IOX[GHFOGXU[kW] ; tcI temperatura gazelor la intrare; tFR WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUODLHLUH tsat temperaturDIOXLGXOXLODVDWXUD LH Diametrul HYLORUVHDOHJHDFHODLFDSHGUXPXO,GLQPRWLYHWHKQRORJLFH 9LWH]DGHFLUFXOD LHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHVHLDvQOLPLWHOH WII=8 12 m/s
165
6HF LXQHDGHWUHFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
S II =
unde: VgVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD Vg = Vgo + ( cII 1 )V0 tm este temperatura media a gazelor de ardere :
tm = t cI + t cos 2
B Vg t m + 273 WII 273
[m2]
(4.59)
[0C]
1XPUXOGH HYLDOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY,,
nII =
4 S II -VHURWXQMHWHODvQWUHJQXPUSDU d i2
(4.60)
9D UH]XOWD XQ QXPU GH HYL PDL PLF GHFkW OD GUXPXO , GLQ FDX]D GHELWXOXL volumic mai mic de gaze de ardere. 'XSVWDELOLUHDQXPUXOXLGH HYLVHUHFDOFXOHD]YLWH]DJD]HORUGHDUGHUH :
WII =
B Vg
d nII 4
2 i
t m + 273 273
[m/s]
(4.61)
Pentru temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere tm VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ anexa 9 valoriOHXUPWRULORUSDUDPHWULL: - YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF [m2/s] FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF criteriul Prandtl
Pr
[W/mK]
DSRLVHGHWHUPLQFULWHUiul hidrodinamic :
Re =
WII d i
(4.62)
9DORDUHDVLPSOH[XOXLGHOXQJLPLHVWHDFHODLFDSHGUXPXOFRQYHFWLY, CI = 3 (L / d i )0 ,25 pentru L/di < 80 pentru L/di > 80 (4.63)
CI = 1
166
6HFDOFXOHD]DSRLFReficientul de sFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LH n ipoteza Re > 10000 :
Pr0 ,35 c = 0 ,0263 C I Re 0 ,8 [W/m2K] di

LDUvQFD]XO5HVHIRORVHWHUHOD LD
(4.64)
Pr0,35 c = 0,0263 CI Re0,8 di
[W/m2K]
(4.65)
cu
6 105 = 1 1,8 Re
(4.66)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHFDOFXOHD]QXPDLGDF
tm =
tcI + tcos > 400 0C 2
(4.67)
FD]vQFDUHPHWRGLFDHVWHDFHLDLFDFHDIRORVLWODGUXPXOFRQYHFWLY,VFKLPEkQGX-se PH O , PRO L Tg .
2 2
'DFtm < 400 0&HIHFWXOUDGLD LHLVHQHJOLMHD]Lr=0. Coeficientul de WUDQVIHUGHFOGXU este :
i = c + r
(4.68)
k II =
i 1 + i
[W/m2K]
(4.69)
cXYDORULOHSHQWUXFRHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUHGLQWDEHOXO 'LIHUHQ D PHGLH GH WHPSHUDWXUL VH GHWHUPLQ FRQIRUP VFKHPHL ILJXULL L UHOD LHL
t mII =
(4.70)
167
t tc1 tmax tcos tsat tmin
)LJ'LIHUHQ DPHGLHDWHPSHUDWXULORU t mII QILQDOVXSUDID DGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUDGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY,,VHGHWHUPLQFX formula :
SC2
S cII =
QcII k II t mII
[m2]
(4.71)
LUH]XOWOXQJLPHDGUXPXOXLconvectiv:
LcII =
S cII [m] d i n II
(4.72)
&DOFXOXOGHHFKLOLEUDUHDVXSUDIHHORU 'LQ ILJXUD UH]XOW FRQGL LD FRQVWUXFWLY Fa lungimea focarului L=LR+LDP V ILH HJDO cu lungimea drumurilor convective (L DFHVWHD HJDOH vQWUH ele) :
L = LI = LII
(4.73)
Dintr-XQ SULP FDOFXO DFHDVW FRQGL LH QX HVWH vQGHSOLQLW L DWXQFL VH SURFHGHD]ODRechilibrareDVXSUDIH HORU
168
6H LD vQ SULPXO UkQG FD OXQJLPH D GUXPXULORU FRQYHFWLYH PHGLD UDSRUWDW OD VXSUDID DFHORUGRXGUXPXUL
nI LI + nII LII = ( nI + nII )Lconv

deci :
(4.74) (4.75)
Lconv =
nI LI + nII LII n I + nII
n acest fel s-DPHQ LQXWVXSUDID DGHVFKLPEGDUV-a repartizat altfel ntre cele GRXGUXPXUL 2 D GRXD HFKLOLEUDUH WUHEXLH IFXW vQWUH OXQJLPHD IRFDUXOXL / L OXQJLPHa drumurilor convective Lconv . D 'DF /conv este mai mic dect L, dar mai mare dect LR, atunci partea IRFDUXOXL FDUH GHSHWH OXQJLPHD FRQYHFWLY VH VFRDWH vQ DIDUD FD]DQXOXL VXE IRUP de antefocar. E'DF/convHVWHPDLPLFGHFkW/LPDLPLFFKLar ca LRDWXQFLVHSURFHGHD] OD VFGHUHD WHPSHUDWXULL OD FR WFR DVWIHO vQFkW QHFHVDUXO GH VXSUDID FRQYHFWLYV FUHDVFLVDMXQJvQOLPLWHOH/ Lconv LR . Se poate, GH DVHPHQHD PUL GLDPHWUXO HYLORU FRQYHFWLYHGiVDXLPULYLWH]D de ciUFXOD LHDJD]HORUIUDVHGHSLOLPLWHOHHFRQRPLFH c'DF/convHVWHPDLPDUHGHFkW/VHSURFHGHD]ODRULGLFDUHa temperaturii la FRDVWIHOvQFkWQHFHVDUXOGHVXSUDID FRQYHFWLYVVFDGLVDMXQJOD/ Lconv LR . Se poate de asemenea PLFRUD GLDPHWUXO HYLORU FRQYHFWLYH VDXL YLWH]H GH FLUFXOD LHDJD]HORUIUDGHSLOLPLWHOHHFRQRPLFH 2 DOW PHWRG GH HFKLOLEUDUH vQ DFHVW FD] GDF /conv L) este repartizarea drumurilor convective pe 3 fascicole. $FHDVWGLQXUPVROX LH neFHVLWRLQYHVWL LHVXSOLPHQWDUSULQSODFDWuEXODU FH WUHEXLH SXV OD FDSWXO IRFDUXOXL FD]DQXO GHYHQLQG FX WXE GH IODFU L HYL vQ prelungire. 6ROX LLOHGHPDLVXVVXQWVROX LLGHHFKLOLEUDUHvQFDGUXOXQXLSURLHFWWHKQLF /D SURLHFWXO GH H[HFX LH VH PDL LDX vQ GLVFX LH L HOHPHQWHOH HFRQRPLFH DOH ILHFUHLVROX LL 2 DOW SRVLELOLWDWH GH HFKLOLEUare este aceea n care se iau n considerare VXSUDIH HOH GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU FX IOX[XULOH GHFOGXUUHVSHFWLYH'DFVHQRWHD] IOX[XULOHGHFOGXU
169
qf =
UH]XOW
Q Q QR ; qcI = cI ; qcII = cII SR S cI S cII
[kW/m2]
(4.76)
D2 QR q f + D f q f Ls + QcI + QcII 4 L= D f q f + d ( n I q cI + n II q cII )
[m]
(4.77)
'DF VH UHLD FDOFXOXO GH YHULILFDUH FX DFHVWH GLPHQVLXQL VH UHFDOFXOHD] Q , Q , Q 'cII LVHGHWHUPLQ t 'f L t 'cI .
' R ' cI
&DOFXOXOWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLFXHYLFXLQFOLQDUHPDUHWLS&5 'HVFULHUHDFD]DQXOXLHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQFLRQDUH &D]DQHOH FX HYL FX vQFOLQDUH PDUH WLS &5 FD]DQH GH UDGLD LH sunt cazane DFYDWXEXODUH FX GRX WDPEXUXUL XQ GUXP FRQYHFWLY L SUHvQFO]LWRU GH DHU 3URGXF DEXU VDWXUDW L IXQF LRQHD] FX JD]H QDWXUDOH VDX FX FRPEXVWLELO OLFKLG 3ULQFLSDOHOH elemente componente sunt prezentate n schema din figura 4.5. $FHVWHFD]DQHDX HYLOHILHUEWRDUHDOHHFUDQHORULVLVWHPXOXLFRQYHFWLYOHJDWH GLUHFWODWDPEXUXULLRvQFOLQDUHPHUJkQGSkQODYHUWLFDOLWate. Acest mod de prindere DVLJXUREXQFLUFXOD LHLQWHULRDUDDSHLLHPXOVLHLvQFD]DQ QWHKQLFDPRGHUQDXOXDWH[WLQGHUHWRWPDLPDUHFD]DQHOHFX HYi cu nclinare PDUHFXSHUHWHPHPEUDQDYkQG HYLOHDOWXUDWHVXGDWH cu platbande. Se nlRFXLHWH DVWIHO ]LGULD JUHRDLH D FD]DQXOXL FX XQ VWUDW WHUPRL]RODQW SURWHMDW FX WDEO L VH PUHWHVXEVWDQ LDOWUDQVIHUXOUDGLDQWvQIRFDUGHDLFLLGHQXPLUHDGH cazare tip CR). 7HKQLFD VXGXULL DXWRPDWH FX VWUDW SURWHFWRU GH IOX[ VDX vQ FXUHQW GH vQDOW IUHFYHQ HVWH ELQH SXVODSXQFWLDVWIHOSHUH LLPHPEUDQVXQWHFRQRPLFLLIU defecte. (WDQHLWDWHDSHUIHFWvQIRFDUSHUPLWHDUGHUHDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLOLFhid sau gazos VXESUHVLXQHvQYHGHUHDLQWHQVLILFULLSURFHVHORUGLQIRFDULUHDOL]ULLXQRUYLWH]HPDUL GHFLUFXOD LHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQdrumurile convective. *D]HOH GH DUGHUH VFKLPE FOGXU SULQ UDGLD LH vQ IRFDU, parcurg lungimea IRFDUXOXLLGDWRULWWLUDMXOXLVXQWREOLJDWHVWUHDFvQVLVWHPXOILHUEWRUFRQYHFWLYDe aici parcurg GLQ QRX OXQJLPHD FD]DQXOXL L VXQW SUHOXDWH GH canalul de colectare L LQWURGXVHvQ HYLOHSUHvQFO]LWRUXOXLGHDHU/DLHLUHsunt aspirDWHGHFWUH un exhautor LHOLminate laFR Astfel de cazane pot produce 5 50 t/h abur cu presiuni de 8 30 bar.
170
12
14 3
hF
hC
lF
1 2 10 7 13 11 4
HFUDQODWHUDOHFUDQVSDWHILHUE WRUFRQYHFWLYFDQDOJD]HVSUH3$SUHvQF O]LWRUGHDHUWDPEXUVXSHULRU
tambur iQIHULRUFRQGXFWGHDEXUFDQDOGHDHUFROHFWRUHFUDQVSDWHDU]WRUDOLPHQWDUHFXDS13. purje.
)LJ&D]DQFX HYLFXvQFOLQDUHPDUH 4.2.2. Tema de proiectare 7HPDGHSURLHFWDUHLPSXQHXUPWRDUHOHGDWH - debitul cazanului : Dh [t/h] sau D [kg/s] ; - presiunea aburului saturat : ps [bar] ; - titlul aburului: ; - temperatura apei la intrarea n cazan: ti [0C]; - FRPSR]L LDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLXWLOL]DWOLFKLGVDXJD]RV; - IRFDUXOIXQF LRQHD]vQVXSUDSUHVLXQHVDXvQGHSUHVLXQH; - cazaQFXSUHvQFO]LWRUGHDHU; - temperatura de prHvQFO]LUHD aerului: tpa [0C]; - WHPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXLLQWURGXVvQSUHvQFO]LWRUWa [0C]; &D]DQXO IXQF LRQHD] vQ VXSUDSUHVLXQH L FRHILFLHQWXO GH H[FHV GH DHU HVWH constant pe traseul gazelor de ardere f = sfc = 1 =1,05 1,15. Coeficientul de exces GH DHU vQ SUHvQFO]LWRUXO GH DHU SRDWH V FUHDVF PA = 2 = 1 GDF VXSUDSUHVLXQHD GLQ IRFDU DVLJXU R SUHVLXQH ]HUR VDX QHJDWLY OD LHLUHD JD]HORU GLQ focar.
171
ConforP LQGLFD LLORU GLQ FDSLWROXO se HIHFWXHD] FDOFXOXO DUGHULL FRPEXVWLELOXOXL6HGHWHUPLQ V0 , Vg , H i LVHWUDVHD]GLDJUDPHOH,-t sau cp t.
o
&DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO $FHVWHFD]DQHIXQF LRQHD]QXPDLFXFRPEXVWLELOJD]RVVDXOLFKLGGHFLTmec=0 LTcen=0) . a). 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFGHFOGXUSULQHQWDOSLDJD]HORU de ardereODFR )LLQGXQFD]DQGHDEXUFXVXSUDIH HDX[LOLDUHVHDGPLWHLQL LDORWHPSHUDWXUOD FR FDOFXODW cu formula H[SHULPHQWDO de optimizare :
tcos 160 +
100 0 [ C] Dh
(4.78)
Din diagrama I-WVHDIOYDORDUHDHQWDOSLHLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR
I cos = f ( t cos , cos )

(QWDOSLD DHUXOXL WHRUHWLF GH DUGHUH VH FDOFXOHD] SHQWUX WHPSHUDWXUD DPELDQW ta=20 0C; I ao = V0 c pa t a 5H]XOWSLHUGHUHDVSHFLILFODFR 1 qcos = ( I cos cos I ao ) Hi
(4.79)
b) 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFGHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF n proiectare se admite o pierdere prin arGHUH LQFRPSOHW FD]DQXO Iiind cu HFUDQDUHPDUHLDU]WRUXOGHvQDOWSHUIRUPDQ :
qch = 0,001
c) 3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQVXSUDIe ele exterioare ale cazanului 6HSRDWHXWLOL]DUHOD LDDSUR[LPDWLY qext = 5,8797 10 2 Dh 0 ,5185 pentru cazane de abur cuVXSUDIH HDQH[H d) Randamentul cazanului 6HFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD: L

% = 100 %
172
e) Consumul de combustibil $GPL kQGFGHELWXOGHSXUMvQFRQGL LLOHXQHLDSHELQHWUDWDWHeste de 3% din debitul de abur al cazanului: Dp=0,03D . 'LQWDEHOHOHGHSURSULHW LWHUPRGLQDPLFHDOHDEXUXOXL(Anexa 4VHGHWHUPLQ pentru presiunea aburului ps XUPWRDUHOHPULPL - WHPSHUDWXUDGHVDWXUD LH - ts - entalpia aburului saturat uscat - i - HQWDOSLDDSHLODVDWXUD LH - i - HQWDOSLDDSHLODLQWUDUHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHWHPSHUDWXULL ti : io=4,186ti (kJ/kg) Deoarece aburul are un titlul cHQWDOSLDILQDODDEXUXOXLHVWH
i = i' ' +( 1 ) i'
(4.80)
Deoarece pentru cazanele de acHVWWLSQXVHXWLOL]HD]LQMHFWRDUHGHFRPEXVWLELO OLFKLG FX LQMHF Le de abur UH]XOW Winj (YLGHQW L vQ FD]XO FRPEXVWLELOXOXL JD]RV Winj =0. 'H DVHPHQHD VH LD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH F SHQWUX FRPEXVWLELO OLFKLG VDX JD]RV qmec LGHFLB* =B . 5H]XOWF:
B=
D ( i io ) + D p ( i' io )
Hi
[u.c.*/s]
(4.81)
*(unitati de combustibil) %LODQXOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL )OX[XOGHFOGXUXWLODOFD]DQXOXLHVWH Qut = D ( i io ) + D p ( i' io ) FluxulGHFOGXUDGXVGHFRPEXVWLELO: (4.82)
Qc = B H i
Fluxul de cOGXUDGXVFXDHUXODWPRVIHULF:
(4.83)
Qa = B cos V0 c pa t a
(4.84)
173
)OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVSULQSUHvQFO]Lrea aerului: QPA = B f V0 c pa ( t pa t a ) )OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR
(4.85)
Qcos = B I cos
(4.86)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUpierdutSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF :
Qch = qch B H i
(4.87)
Qext = qext B H i
(4.88)
5H]XOWWDEHOXOGeELODQ Combustibil pierderi
Tabelul 4.5. Util
Qc Qa + QPA - QFR - Qinc - Qext
Qut QPA
Q = Q'
Q = Q''
1RW vQ DFHVW ELODQ -q2BHi) s-a scris sub forma: (-BIFR+BFRV0cpata); deci IRUPDH[SOLFLW Q'Q' ' 100% L VH YHULILF HURDUHD Q' PD[LPDGPLVLELOGH 'DFHURDUHDHVWHPDLPDUHH[LVWRJUHHDOGHFDOFXO &DOFXOXOWHPSHUDWXULLLHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX (QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXIRUPXOD I t = H i ( 1 qch ) + f V0 c pa t a [kJ/u.c.] DSRLVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHGLQGLDJUDPD,-t : t t = f ( I t , f ) [oC]. (4.89a) 6HGHILQHWHHURDUHDUHODWLY =
174
6HDOHJHWHPSHUDWXUDODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL tf = 900 1100 0C aceste valori fiind normale pentru focare de cazane mari de abur. Se GHWHUPLQ apoi din diagrama I-t entalpia gazelor de ardere ODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL If =f(tf,f) . )OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLD LHvQIRFDUYDIL: QR = ( 1 qext ) B ( I t I f ) [kW] (4.89b)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUFDUHVHSUHLDvQVLVWHPXOILHUEWRUvQDQVDPEOXHVWH Qsf = D ( i io ) + D p ( i' io ) [kW] (4.90) iarIOX[XOGHFOGXUFDUHVHSUHLDvQVLVWHPXOILHUEWRUFRQYHFWLYHVWH: Qsfc = Qsf QR [kW]
(4.91)
Entalpia gazelor de ardere lDVIkULWXOVLVWHPXOILHUEWRUconvectiv este:
I sfc = I f
Qsfc ( 1 qext ) B
[kJ/u.c.]
(4.92) [0C].
t sfc = f ( I sfc , sfc )
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWGHSUHvQFO]LWRUXOGHDHUHVWH QPA = B f V0 c pa ( t PA t a ) [kW] Entalpia gazeORUGHDUGHUHODVIkULWXOSUHvQFO]LWRUXOXLGHDHUHVWH
(4.93)
I PA = I sfc
I PA ( 1 qext )B
[kJ/u.c.]
(4.94)
LGLQGLDJUDPD,-WUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUD t PA = f ( I PA , PA ) [0C]. QFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLLPSXQH IPA=IFRLtPA=tFR LVHDGPLWHURULOHrelative : I I PA I = cos 100 (%) 0,5 % It L
t =
tcos t PA 100 (%) 0,5 % tt
(4.95)
(URUL PDL PDUL LQGLF R JUHHDO GH FDOFXO Q ILQDO VH vQWRFPHWH WDEHOXO centralizator 4.6. Tabelul 4.6.
175
6XSUDID D Focar Convectiv I Convectiv II
)OX[GHFOGXU QR Qsfc QPA
Temperatura gazelor intrare LHLUH tt tf tf tsfc tsfc tFR
%LODQXOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL 'HELWHOH GH FOGXU GLQ WDEHOHOH L VH WUDQVSXQ JUDILF OD VFDU GXS modelul general prezentat n capitolul 2 figura 2.3 (cu B*=B, QSI=0; Qec=0; qmec L qcen=0). 4.2.7. Calculul termic la focarului )RFDUXOGHWLSFDPHUDUHXUPWRDUHOHGLPHQVLXQL
Sectiunea A-A 6
0
~500 h L l A
h h
Fig. 4.6. Dimensiuni focar Acest calcul are ca scop determinarea suprafH HLGHUDGLD LHSRFDSDELOVSUHLD GHELWXO GH FOGXU UDGLDQW QR. Deoarece n calcule intervine gradul de ecranare V = S R LOXQJLPHDGHUDGLD LH s = 4 f , este necesar un calcul interativ. Se S per S per SRUQHWHFXRYDORDUHDSUR[LPDWLY SRFDUHvQILQDOVHYDFRPSDUDFXFHDUH]XOWDW din calcul SR.
' S R SRDWHILDSUHFLDWSULQGRXPHWRGH
a) Se admite un flux unitar radiant qR=30 50 kW/m2
176
LUH]XOW
' S R =QR /qR [m2]
cu :
b) Se calFXOHD]VXSUDID DSUHOLPLQDUGHUDGLD LHvQIRFDUFXUHOD LD QR ' SR = [m2] (4.96) T f 4 T p 4 5,765 100 100 = 0,65 pentru combustibil gazos
= 0,75 pentru combustibil lichid Tf = tf + 273 [K] Tp = ts + 273 [K]
Pentru alegerea dimensiunilor focaUXOXLVHFDOFXOHD]YROXPXOIRFDUXOXLGLQWURFRQGL LHGHvQFUFDUHWHUPLFYROXPHWULFDGPLVLELO qv = 150 250 [kW/m3] (4.97) LUH]XOW
Vf =
Qc B H i = qv qv
[m3]
(4.98)
Vf = A h L LVHGHWHUPLQODWXULOHGLQUHOD LD /DWXULOH VH URWXQMHVF OD YDORULOH vQWUHJL GH ]HFLPL GH PHWUX 'DF ODWXULOH DX GLPHQVLXQLSUHDGLIHULWHGHVROX LLOHX]XDOHVHDOHJHDOWvQFUFDUHWHUPLFDIRFDUXOXL
&XQRVFkQGFVXSUDID DSHUH LORUIRFDUXOXLHVWH A S per = h" L + h' L + 2 L + 2 A h cos 6 o LFJrosimea stratului radiant de gaze este :
Se alege apoi un raport de laturi h (3 4) A
[m2]
s = 4
Vf S per
[m]
(4.99)
sHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU 0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O Tf ( p H 2O + p RO2 ) (4.100) 1 0 ,38 kg = 1000 ( p H 2O + p RO2 ) s Valorile lui p H 2O L p RO2 s-au calculat pentru 1 = fFXUHOD LLOH
177
p H 2O =
cu : pg =1 bar.
VH 2O Vgo + ( f 1 )V0
p g ; p RO2 =
VRO2 Vgo + ( f 1 )V0
p g (4.101)
6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOJD]HORUGe ardere din focar :
ag = 1 e
k g s
(4.102)
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLFXUHOD LDDSUR[LPDWLY T k fl = 1,6 f 0,5 (4.103) 1000 LFRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULLFXUHOD LD

k fl s
a fl = 1 e
(4.104)
PondHUHDDEVRUE LHLIOFULLFXFHDDPHGLXOXLUDGLDQWGHJD]HGHDUGHUHVHIDFH GXSFULWHULLexperimentaleFRQVLGHUkQGRSURSRU LHGLQYROXPXOIRFDUXOXLRFXSDWGH SDUWHDOXPLQRDVDIOFULL - coeficient de luminozitate) . &RHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULLLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD a = a fl + ( 1 ) a g (4.105) cu
= 0,2 SHQWUXIODFUOXPLQRDVGHFRPEXVWLELOJD]RVL SHQWUXIODFUSURGXVGHFRPEXVWLELOOLFKLG

Gradul de ecranare al focarului este :
' SR = S per
(4.106)
LPXUGULUHDVXSUDIH HORU = 0,7 0,9 combustibil gazos
= 0,6 0,7 combustibil lichid

af = 0,82 a a + ( 1 a )
&XDFHVWHYDORULVHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIRFDUXOXL (4.107)
2 DOW FDUDFWHULVWLF D IRFDUXOXL IDFWRUXO GH SR]L LH D IOFULL vQ IRFDU SHQWUX combustibil lichid sau gazosVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD:
178
M = a M bM
cu :
harz H foc
(4.108)
aM = 0,52; bM = 0,3;
harz 1 =FRQIRUPVFKL IRFar . H foc 3

T QR 1 SR = 3 t 1 2 8 3 T M 5,765 10 M a f T f Tt f
2
[m2]
(4.109)
unde TtHVWHWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHtt+273) [K]. 'DFGLIHUHQ DHVWHPDLPDUHGH % se reia calculul cu valori modificate pentru (pentru calcule automateGLIHUHQ DHVWHGHPD[ 1 % ). 6XSUDID D SHUH LORU HFUDQD L VROX LD FX ]LGULH YD IL GLIHULW GH SR datRULW FRHILFLHQWXOXLVXEXQLWDUGHHILFLHQWDHFUDQHORUGHSHUHWH( ). Amplasarea ecranelor se face astfel : a) Ecranul de tavan (VWH FRQVWLWXLW GLQ HYLOH VHPLvQJURSDWH DOH WDYDQXOXL HYLOH GH HFUDQH OD FD]DQXOFX HYLFXvQFOLQDUHPDUHDXGLPHQsiunea : 513; 515; 573; 575; 603; 605 Se alege pasul ecranelor :
' $FHDVW VXSUDID YD IL GLIHULW GH S R GHWHUPLQDW vQ FDOFXOXO DSUR[LPDWLY
s = 1,2 1,8 cu d GLDPHWUXOH[WHULRUDO HYLL d

Pasul este IRDUWH PLF SHQWUX FD UFLUHD ]LGULHL V VH IDF IRDUWH LQWHQV L JURVLPHDQHFHVDUa ]LGULHLVILHPLF $VWIHO OD FD]DQHOH &5 JURVLPHD ]LGULHL IRFDUXOXL HVWH PP ID GH DOWH cazane la care grosimea ajunge la 300 500 mm. Din diagrama din figura UH]XOW YDORDUHD FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH HILFLHQ al ecranului.
179
1 0.9 0.8 X 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 1
(ILFLHQHFUDQGHUDGLDLHGLVWDQDW s d
1.5
2.5
3.5 s/d
4.5
5.5
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 X 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 1
(ILFLHQHFUDQGHUDGLDLHVHPLvQJURSDW s d
1.5
2.5
3.5 s/d
4.5
5.5
)LJ'LDJUDPHGHFDOFXOSHQWUXFRHILFLHQ LLGHHILFLHQWDLHFUDQHORU 6XSUDID DHFUDQDWHVWH: S a = A L
1 cos 6 0
(4.110)
b) Ecranul lateral stnga eVWH vQ FRQWLQXDUHD HFUDQXOXL GH WDYDQ GDU HYLOH Qu mai sunt semingropate ci sunt GLVWDQ DWHID GHSHUHWHODGLVWDQ Ds =(1,2 1,8)d. 'LQGLDJUDPDILJXULLUH]XOWFRHILFLHQWXOGHHILFLHQ al ecranului.
180
6XSUDID DHFUDQDWHVWH S b Cu:
= h" L
(4.111)
A 0 h=h+2 tg 6 2
c). Ecranul lateral dreapta Este un ecran independent, legat la tamburi.
'LQ PRWLYH FRQVWUXFWLYH GLDPHWUXO L SDVXO HYLORU VH SVWUHD] DFHODL FD OD HFUDQXOVWkQJD7RWXLGDFHVWHQHFHVDUVHSRDWHPULSDVXOQHILLQGLPSXVHFRQGL LL GHUFLUHD]LGULHL 'LQGLDJUDPDILJXULLUH]XOWFRHILFLHQWXOGHHILFLHQ al ecranului. 6XSUDID DHFUDQDWHVWH S b Cu:
= h' L
(4.112)
h=h-2
d) Ecranul spate
A tg 60 2
(VWH XQ HFUDQ OHJDW SULQ GRX colectoare exterioare de tamburi. Montarea lui DUHvQVSHFLDOUROXOGHUFLUHDSHUHWHOXLGLQVSDWHGDUSRDWHVLOLSHDVF TotGLQPRWLYHFRQVWUXFWLYHVHUHFRPDQGPHQ LQHUHD diametruluiLSDVului de DH]DUHGHOD celelalte ecrane de perete. DinGLDJUDPDILJXULLUH]XOWFRHILFLHQWXOGHHILFLHQ al ecranului. 6XSUDID DHFUDQDWHVWH S b = h L e) Ecranul ID (VWH XQ HFUDQ OHJDW SULQ GRX FROHFWRDUH H[WHULRDUH GH WDPEXUL 0RQWDUHD OXL DUHvQVSHFLDOUROXOGHUFLUHDSHUHWHOXLID DYkQGX-VHJULMVVHSUHYDGVSD LLvQWUH HYL SHQWUX DPSODVDUHD DU]WRDUHORU 6SD LLOH GLQWUH HYL VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ VFGHUHD SDVXOXL GH DH]DUH GH R SDUWH L GH DOWD D ]RQHL GH DPSODVDUH D DU]WRUXOXL )RUPD HYLORUQXYDPDLILGUHDSWci va avea bucle cu ndoiri specifice rezultate constructiv. 6XSUDID DHFUDQDWHVWHDFHHDvLFXFHDDSHUHWHOXLVSDWH
181
n final se vQWRFPHWH un tabel centralizator (4.7) al ecranelor . 6XSUDID D Si [m2] Tabelul 4.7. 6XSUDID DGH Coeficient de UDGLD LHSi i HILFLHQW i [m2]
Amplasare ecran Tavan Perete lateral stnga Perete lateral dreapta Perete spate 3HUHWHID
Dimensiuni [m]
S x
SR
i i
7UHEXLHVVHUHDOL]H]H
S x
i i
(4.113)
'DF VH UHQXQ OD VROX LD GH ]LGULH vQ IDYRDUHD VROX LHL GH SHUHWH PHPEUDQ FDOFXOHOH UPkQ YDODELOH FX SUHFL]DUHD F SHQWUX WRDWH VXSUDIH HOH FRHILFLHQ LL GH HILFLHQ Di ecranelor devin egali cu 1.
S i xi < S R VXSUDID D SHUH LORU QX HVWH VXILFLHQW SHQWUX DPSODVDUHD 'DF HFUDQHORU L WUHEXLH DOHV XQ IRFDU PDL PDUH &DOFXOul se reia de la nceput cu o vQFUFDUHWHUPLFYROXPHWULFqvPDLPLF
S i xi > S R se va reduce lungimea de ecranare LVDXVHSRDWHUHQXQ D 'DF la ecranul de fund.
'XS VWDELOLUHD PULPLORU JHRPHWULFH DOH HFUDQHORU VH FDOFXOHD] QXPUXO GH HYL SHQWUX ILHFDUH HFUDQ SULQ vPSU LUHD O LPLL SHUHWHOXL OD SDVXO GH HFUDQDUH s. Se face apoi RVHF LXne ODVFDUDIRFDUXOXLHFUDQDW &DOFXOXOWHUPLFODVLVWHPXOXLILHUEWRUFRQYHFWLY 'UXPXO FRQYHFWLY HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GLQ FDOFXOHOH DQWHULRDUH SULQ XUPWRULL parametrii : Qsfc IOX[GHFOGXU[kW] ; temperatura gazelor la intrare; tf tsfc WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUODLHLUH tsat WHPSHUDWXUDIOXLGXOXLODVDWXUD LH
182
3HQWUX VWDELOLUHD VHF LXQLL GH WUHFHUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH VH DOHJH GLDPHWUXO HYLORU GUXPXlui convectiv din gama X]XDO GH HYL 603; 573 sau 51 L 6H DOHJH LQL LDO GLDPHWUXO HYLORU L YLWH]D GH FLUFXOD LH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH vQ w=10 15 m/s limitele economice : 6HF LXQHDQHFHVDUGHWUHFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL BVg t mg + 273 Asfc = [m2] w' 273 unde: pasul relativ transversal
s = 1,3 1,8 . d
(4.114)
Vg s-DFDOFXODWFXUHOD LD Vg = Vg + ( sfc 1 ) V0 .

o
tmg este temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere : tmg =

*HRPHWULFVHF LXQHDGHWUHFHUHOLEHUHVWH s d d h = b' h 1 Asfc = b' 1 s s 1 1 LUH]XOWO imea provizorie a canalului convectiv :
t f + t sfc 2
[0C]
(4.115)
b' =
Asfc d h1 s 1
[m]
(4.116)
mai apropiat. Uzual : n1r = 4 HYL 'DF n 1r este n afara acestui domeniu se UHFRPDQGUHFDOFXODUHDFXRvQO LPHKGLIHULWDVWIHOnctVVHUHVSHFWHLQWHUYDOXO 5H]XOWO LPHDUHDODFDQDOXOXLFRQYHFWLY b = (n1r + 1) s1 [m] QILQDOVHUHFDOFXOHD]YLWH]DJD]HORUGHDUGHUH :
B Vg t mg + 273
LQXPUXOGH HYLSHUkQG n1r = 1 + 2 -VHURWXQMHWHODQXPUXOvQWUHJFHO s 1
b'
w=
273 h (b n1r d )
[m/s]
(4.117)
Pentru temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere tmg VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ DQH[a 9 XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL
183
FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF criteriul Prandtl
YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF
Pr
[m2/s] [W/mK]
apoLVHGHWHUPLQFULWHULXOKLGURGLQDPLF
Re =
w de
s1 s2 s1 s ; ; . Pentru 2 se aleg valori de 1,7 2,2. d e d e s2 de
pentru coridor
1/ 6
LVLPSOH[XULOHGHOXQJLPL
&RUHF LDGHDH]DUHDIDVFLFROXOXLHVWH
s c = 2 d e
0 ,15
s c = 1 s 2
SHQWUXHLFKHUFX
s1 2 s2
c = 1,12
SHQWUXHLFKHUFX
s1 <2 s2
6HFDOFXOHD]DSRLFRHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LHODVFOGDUH WUDQVYHUVDODIDVFLFROXOXLvQHLFKHUvQLSRWH]D 103 < Re < 105 P t = 0,41 c Re 0 ,6 Pr 0 ,33 r P d rp

0 ,25
[W/m2K]
(4.118) (4.119)
c =
N 0,7 t N
'HRDUHFHQXPUXOGHUkQGXULHVWHGHRELFHLN >15; c t . &RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD ie este determinat de parametrii : *

2
p H 2O L p RO FDOFXOD LvQFDSLWROXOUHOD LDLVHFDOFXOHD]
pentru = sfc . * s grosimea stratului radiant, care va fi :
s s s = 1,87 1 + 2 4,1 d d d
[m]
(4.120)
184
kg =
0 ,8 + 1,6 p H 2O ( p H 2O + p RO2
Tmg ( p H 2O + p RO2 ) 1 0,38 1000 ) s
(4.121)
cu Tmg = tmg + 273 [K] iar coeficientul de emisie al gazelor de ardere :

k g s
ag = 1 e
(4.122)
Coeficientul de schimb de FOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD

ap +1 2 T 1 p T mg 3, 6 Tp 1 T mg
r = 5,765 10 8
3 a g Tmg
[W/m2K]
(4.123)
XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUE LH DO SHUHWHOXL VH LD YDORDUHD ap L SHQWUX WHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXL HYLL T p = t sat + 20 + 273 [K] (4.124) Coeficientul de WUDQVIHUGHFOGXUHVWH:
i = c + r
(4.125)
cu =0,95 SHQWUXVFOGDUHDLPSHUIHFWDIDVFLFROXOXL &RHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUHVWH
k=
cu valorile SHQWUXFRHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUH din tabelul 4.4. 'LIHUHQ D PHGLH GH WHPSHUDWXUL VH GHWHUPLQ FRQIRUP VFKHPHL ILJXULL L UHOD LHL
i 1 + i
(4.126)
t m =
(4.127)
QILQDOVXSUDID DGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUDGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYVHGHWHUPLQFX UHOD LD

185
Ssfc =
Q sfc k t m
t tf
[m2]
(4.128)
tmax tsfc tsat tmin
)LJ'LIHUHQ DPHGLHDWHPSHUDWXULORU LUH]XOWQXPUXOGHUkQGXULGH HYL
Ssfc
N=
S sfc
d e n1r h
care VHURWXQMHWHODYDORDUHvQWUHDJ Lungimea drumului convectiv este: lc = N s2 [m]. Q FD]XO FkQG QXPUXO GH UkQGXUL HVWH 1! HVWH X]XDO V VH vPSDUW n GRX SDFKHWHIDVFLFROXOFRQYHFWLYFXXQVSD LXGHYL]LWDUHvQWUHHOHGHDSUR[LPDWLYP n acest caz: lc = N s2 + 0,5 [m] . &DOFXOXOWHUPLFDOSUHvQFO]LWRUXOXLGHDHU 3UHvQFO]LWRUXO GH DHU HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GLQ FDOFXOHOH DQWHULRDUH SULQ XUPWRULL parametrii : QPA IOX[GHFOGXU[kW] ; tsfc temperatura gazelor la intrare [oC] ; tFR temperatura gazelor ODLHLUH[oC] ;
186
ta tap
temperatura aerului la intrare (ambiant) [oC] ; WHPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXLSUHvQFO]LWODLHLUH [oC] .
6ROX LD FRQVWUXFWLY QX HVWH OHJDW GH GLPHQVLXQLOH UHVWXOXL FD]DQXOXL FX H[FHS LDOXQJLPLLFDUHQXWUHEXLHVGHSHDVFOXQJLPHDFD]DQXOXL 3UHvQFO]LWRUXOVHUHDOL]HD]GLQ HYLVFOGDWHvQLQWHULRUGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHL vQ H[WHULRU WUDQVYHUVDO GH DHU 6H DOHJH XQ GLDPHWUX DO HYLORU vQ JDPD YDORULORU uzuale : N222; N252; N322; N382; N422; N452; N542; N572 6HGHWHUPLQDSRLGLDPHWUHOHFDUDFWHULVWLFH - interior di [m] - exterior de [m] 3HQWUX FDOFXOXO WUDQVIHUXOXL GH FOGXU SH SDUWHD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH VH DOHJH R YLWH] wg PVYLWH]UHODWLYPLF,GHRDUHFHVXSUDID DILLQGPDUHSLHUGHULOHGH sarcince vor rezulta sunt mari. 1XPUXOGH HYLSUHOLPLQDUQHFHVDUvQIDVFLFXOHVWHGDWGHVHF LXQHDQHFHVDUGH curgere a gazelor de ardere : B Vg t m + 273 APA = [m2] (4.129) Wg 273 L A n' = PA (4.130) d i2 4 unde temperatura medie a gazelor este : t m = LYROXPXOGHJD]H:
t sfc + tcos
2 Vg = Vg o + ( cI 1 )V0 .
[0C]
1XPUXOGH HYLVHUHSDUWL]HD]DSRLILJXUDvQWU-RDH]DUHvQHLFKHUSHXQ dreptunghi cu raportul laturilor hp=(1,5 2)bp . s1 s = 2; 2 = 1,7 2 ,1 ceea ce duce la un pas pe 3DVXO HYLORU VH DOHJH de de GLDJRQDO
s = 1,2 1,5 . de
187
s2
s1 bp s
Directia de circulatie a aerului
)LJ$H]DUHD HYLORUvQ3$ 'LQDH]DUHUH]XOWQXPUXOUHDOGH HYLn. 6HUHFDOFXOHD]DSRLYLWH]DJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
hp
Wg =
B Vg
d n 4
2 i
t m + 273 273
[m/s]
(4.131)
Pentru temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere tm VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ DQH[a 9 XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL - YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF [m2/s] FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF criteriul Prandtl
Pr
[W/mK]
DSRLVHGHWHUPLQFULWHULXOKLdrodinamic :
Re =
Wg d i
Valoarea simplexului de lungimi este, lund ca lungime lungimea focarului :
3 pentru L/di < 80 ( L / d i )0 ,25 Cl = 1 pentru L/di > 80 Cl =

6HFDOFXOHD]DSRLFRHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LHvQLSRWH]D VFOGULLLQWHULRDUHLWXUEXOHQ HLVWDELOL]DWH5H10000 :
c = 0 ,0263 Cl
LDUvQFD]XO5HVHDSOLFLFRUHF LDVXEXQLWDU pentru c :
Pr0 ,35 Re 0 ,8 [W/m2K] di
(4.132)
188
6 105 = 1 Re1,8
t sfc + t cos 2
(4.133)
CoHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHFDOFXOHD]QXPDLGDF
tm =
400 0C
(4.134)
vQ FDUH FD] PHWRGLFD HVWH DFHLDL FX FHD IRORVLW OD VLVWHPXO ILHUEWRU FRQYHFWLY schimbndu-se p H 2O , p RO2 , UDGLD LHLVHQHJOLMHD]Lr=0.
Tm L
Tp =
t m + t ma + 273 'DF tm<400 2
C efectul
Coeficientul de WUDQVIHUGHFOGXU este : g = c + r sau g = c
(4.135)
3HQWUX FDOFXOXO WUDQVPLVLHL GH FOGXU SH SDUWHD DHUXOXL VH DOHJH VFhema de VFOGDUHFXPDLPXOWHWUHFHULFRQIRUPILJXULL QGLUHF LDSHUSHQGLFXODUSHLQWUDUHDDHUXOXLVXQWQ1 HYL
n1 =
hp s1
hp s2
(4.136)
LvQGLUHF LDGHFXUJHUHDDHUXOXLQ2 HYL
n2 =
(4.137)
VLWH]DGHFXUJHUHDDHUXOXLDFHLDLvQWRDWHWUHFHULOHVHDOHJHvQOLPLWHOH
Wa = 5 10 m/s
5H]XOWVHF LXQHDOLEHUQHFHVDUWUHFHULLDHUXOXL
Aa =
cu
B Va f t am + 273 Wa 273
[m2]
(4.138)
LGHRDUHFHJHRPHWULFVHF LXQHDHVWH s de Aa = b l1 1 s1
t am =
t a + t ap 2
[0C]
[m2]
(4.139)
189
sau UH]XOW
Aa = l1 ( b n1 d e )
l1 = Aa s de b 1 s1
[m] (4.140)
Canalul de aer este astfel complet deterPLQDWLDUHGLPHQVLXQLOHb x l1 . Pentru temperatura medie a aerului tamVHGHWHUPLQGLQanexa 9, din coloanele SHQWUXDHUXUPWRDUHOHYDORUL [m2/s] - YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF criteriul Prandtl
Pr
[W/mK]
DSRLVHGHWHUPLQFULWHULXOKLGURGLQDPLF
Re =
Wa d i
1 3 GAZE DE ARDERE
2 5 7
AER CALD
4 A
s2 7
s1
GAZE DE ARDERE A AER RECE 2 6
a VHF LXQHWUDQVYHUVDO
HYLPHWDOLFHWX LQWUDUH
b VHF LXQHORQJLWXGLQDO
GHVS U LWRULLFDQHSO FLWXEXODUHL]ROD LHWHUPLF WX LQWUDUH

LHLUHDJHQWWHUPLFVHFXQGDUDHUFDPHUGHvQWRDUFHUHSHUHL LHLUHDJHQWWHUPLF primar (gaze de ardere).
)LJ3UHvQFO]LWRUXOGHDHU &RUHF LDGHDH]DUHDIDVFLFROXOXLHVWH
s C = 2 d e
0 ,15
pentru coridor
190

1/ 6
s C = 1 s 2 C = 1,12
SHQWUXHLFKHUFX SHQWUXHLFKHUFX
s1 2 s2
s1 <2 s2
6HFDOFXOHD]DSRLFRHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LHODVFOGDUH WUDQVYHUVDODIDVFLFROXOXLvQHLFKHUvQLSRWH]D 103 < Re < 105 :
Pr 3 = 0 ,41 C Re 0 ,6 Pr 0 ,33 P de rp
0 ,25
[W/m2K]
(4.141) (4.142)
c =
unde n2HVWHQXPUXOGH HYLvQGLUHF LDGHFXUJHUH. &RHILFLHQWGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHQXH[LVWvQFD]XODHUXOXL (format din gaze biatomice). 3HQWUXIDFWRUXOGHVFOGDUHneunifiUPVHDGRSWYDORDUHD =0,95 0,98. Coeficientul de WUDQVIHUGHFOGXU este :
n2 0,7 3 n2
a = c
k =
a g a + g
[W/m2K]
(4.143)
FXYDORULOHSHQWUXFRHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUH = 0,70 0,80 pentru combustibil gazos = 0,65 0,75 pentru combustibil lichid 'LIHUHQ DPHGLHGHWHPSHUDWXULHVWHFRQIRUPVFKHPHL
t m =
6XSUDID DGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUQHFHVDUHVWH

QPA k t m
(4.144)
S PA =
[m2]
(4.146)
191
t tsfc tmax tap tcos tmin ta

)LJ'LIHUHQ DPHGLHDWHPSHUDWXULORU *HRPHWULFVXSUDID DGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUHVWH S PA = ntr l1 d m n (4.146)
SPA S
unde dmHVWHGLDPHWUXOPHGLXDO HYLLLDU ntr HVWHQXPUXOGHWURQVRDQHLUH]XOW
ntr =
S PA d m l1 n
(4.147)
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L = l1 ntr
[m]
(4.148)
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192
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CALCULUL TERMIC AL CAZANELOR CU CONDENSATIE

5.1. 'HVFULHUHDFD]DQXOXLHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQF LRQDUH ,Q FDGUXO SUHRFXSULORU JHQHUDOH GH HILFLHQWL]DUH HQHUJHWLF D FRQVXPDWRULORU PLFL L PHGLL GH FOGXU GH]YROWDUHD GRPHQLXOXL FD]DQHORU FX FRQGHQVD LH YLDELOH WHKQLFLDYDQWDMRDVHHFRQRPLFUHSUH]LQWRGLUHF LHGHPDUHDFWXDOLWDWH )HQRPHQXO SDUWLFXODU XUPULW HVWH FRQGHQVDUHD YDSRULORU GH DS GLQ JD]HOH GH DUGHUHSHVXSUDIH HOHGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUDOHFD]DQXOXLvQYHGHUHDH[WUDJHULLFOGXULL ODWHQWH GH YDSRUL]DUH $VWIHO VH SRDWH WUHFH GH OD SRWHQ LDOXO HQHUJHWLF DO FRPEXVWLELOXOXLUHSUH]HQWDWGHSXWHUHDFDORULFLQIHULRDUODSRWHQ LDOXOUHSUH]HQWDWGH SXWHUHDFDORULFVXSHULRDU ,Q YHGHUHD SUHFL]ULL FRQGL LLORU GH DSDUL LH D IHQRPHQXOXLGHFRQGHQVDUHXWLO vQFD]DQHLFXDQWLILFDUHDHQHUJHWLFDHIHFWHORUVHSRUQHWHGHODDQDOL]DFRQ LQXWXOXL GHYDSRULGHDSGLQJD]HOHGHDUGHUH(VWHLPSRUWDQWGHSUHFL]DWGHODvQFHSXWFGLQ gama de combustibili se va studia numai gazul natural (metanul) deoarece n cazul FRPEXVWLELOLORU OLFKL]L VDX VROL]L GDWRULW FRQ LQXWXOXL GH VXOI LQHUHQW DFHVWRUD FRQGHQVXO UH]XOWDW DUH XQ FDUDFWHU DFLG FDUH QHFHVLW WUDWUL XOWHULRDUH IFkQG QHSUDFWLFXWLOL]DUHDvQJDPDGHSXWHULPLFLLPHGLL'HDVHPHQHDQXYRUILDQDOL]D L QLFL DO L FRPEXVWLELOL JD]RL GH H[HPSOX FRPEXVWLELOLL JD]RL OLFKHILD L GHRDUHFH FRQ LQXWXO GH YDSRUL GH DS vQ JD]HOH GH DUGHUH HVWH LQIHULRU FHOXL GLQ FD]XO JD]XOXL metan, fenomenul de condensare fiind dezavDQWDMDW LDU SH GH DOW SDUWH JUDGXO GH IRORVLUH vQ LQVWDOD LLOH WHUPLFH FDVQLFH HVWH UHODWLY UHGXV 'HVLJXU SDUWLFXODUL]DUHD PHWRGRORJLHL GH FDOFXO OD DFHWL FRPEXVWLELOL vL YD JVL RSRUWXQLWDWHD SH PVXU FH VLVWHPHOHGHFRQGHQVDUHYRUFSWDvQYLLWRU o extindere mai mare. )HQRPHQXO GH FRQGHQVDUH DO YDSRULORU GH DS GLQ JD]HOH GH DUGHUH DSDUH vQ FRQGL LLOHH[LVWHQ HLXQHLVXSUDIH HGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUFXRWHPSHUDWXUODLQWHUID D FX JD]HOH GH DUGHUH PDL VF]XW GHFkW WHPSHUDWXUD SXQFWXOXL GH URX al vaporilor de DS GLQ DPHVWHFXO GH JD]H UHSUH]HQWDW GH JD]HOH GH DUGHUH ,Q FRQFOX]LH SHQWUX RE LQHUHD HIHFWXOXL WHUPLF XWLO OD FRQGHQVDUH QX VH LPSXQH FRQGL LD GH VFGHUH D WHPSHUDWXULL JD]HORU GH DUGHUH VXE WHPSHUDWXUD SXQFWXOXL GH URX FL GRDU FRQGL LD VFGHULL WHPSHUDWXULL VXSUDIH HL GH FRQWDFW VXE WHPSHUDWXUD SXQFWXOXL GH URX &RQGHQVDUHDDUHHIHFWXWLOGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHHQHUJHWLFGDFVXSUDID DvQFDX]HVWH XQDGLQVXSUDIH HOHGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUDOHFD]DQXOXL
193
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Pentru exemplificarea grafLF D FRQGL LLORU FH GHWHUPLQ DSDUL LD IHQRPHQXOXL n figura 5.VXQWSUH]HQWDWHFHOHGRXVLWXD LLFHVHSRWvQWkOQLvQVLVWHPHOHFRQYHFWLYH ale cazanului.
t Profil temperatura t Canal curgere gaze de ardere Apa t perete t apa Punct de roua t perete t apa Apa Punct de roua
Gaze de ardere
Gaze de ardere
Fig.5.D/LSVFRQGHQVDUH Fig5.E$SDUL Le condensare
6WDELOLUHD FX DSUR[LPD LH D ]RQHL XQGH vQFHSH FRQGHQVDUHD VH IDFH LPSXQkQG FRQGL LD GH DSDUL LH D FRQGHQVULL OD XQ QLYHO DO WHPSHUDWXULL SHUHWHOXL HJDO FX WHPSHUDWXUD GH URX D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH FX XPLGLWDWH LQL LDO &RQGL LD JHQHUDO GH condensare este: tper W .
74:
&DQWLWDWHDWRWDOGHFRQGHQVGLQJD]HOHGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]DVWIHO Cantitatea de H2 n combustibil este: H2 =

4 16
[kg(H2)/kg(CH4)]
&DQWLWDWHDGHDSSURGXVGHDUGHUHDKLGURJHQXOXLHVWH H2 O =
18 2
[kg(H2O)/kg(H2)]
&DQWLWDWHDGHDSSURGXVGHDUGHUHDDNJGHPHWDQHVWH H2O/CH4 =
4 18 = 2,25 16 2
[kg(H2O)/kg(CH4)]
194
'HQVLWDWHDPHWDQXOXLVHFDOFXOHD]GLQUHOD LD 1 kg(CH4) =
22,4 Nm3(CH4) = 1,4 Nm3(CH4) 16
&DQWLWDWHDGHDSSURGXVGHDUGHUHDD1P3 de metan este:

H 2 O 2,25 = = 1,607 CH 4 1,4
[kg(H2O)/Nm3(CH4)]
(FKLYDOHQWXO vQ FOGXU DO DFHVWHL FRQGHQVUL HVWH LQkQG VHDPD F OD temperatura de 60 0&FOGXUDGHFRQGHQVDUHHVWHU NFDONJ Qcond = 623 1,607 = 1001 kcal/Nm3(CH4) La o FRQGHQVDUH WRWDO D YDSRULORU GH DS GLQ JD]HOH GH DUGHUH FOGXUD GH FRQGHQVDUH UHSUH]LQW UDSRUWDW OD SXWHUHD FDORULF LQIHULRDU XQ VXUSOXV GH FOGXU FHGDWGH 4 100 = 11,78 % &XQRVFkQGFRQ LQXWXOLQL LDOGHYDSRULGHDSGLQJD]HOHGHDUGHUHVHGHWHUPLQ SUHVLXQHDSDU LDODYDSRULORUGHDSGLQJD]HOHGHDUGHUHSH2OLDSRLWHPSHUDWXUD SXQFWXOXLGHURXLQL LDOW , GXSRUHOD LHGHDSUR[LPDUHFXRHURDUH
74:
TEMPERATURA DE ROUA A GAZELOR DE ARDERE FUNCTIE DE PRESIUNEA PH2O 65 TEMPERATURA PUNCTULUI DE ROUA - TROUA [C] 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25
TEMPERATURA PUNCTULUI DE ROUA FUNCTIE DE EXCESUL DE AER
60
TEMPERATURA DE ROUA [C]
55
50
45
40
35
30 0,05
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
PRESIUNE PH2O [bar]
EXCES DE AER - ALFA
195
Fig.5.9DULD LDW Pentru pH2O < 0,18 bar : t Pentru pH2O > 0,18 bar : t
74:
IXQF LHGHSUHViuneaSDU LDODYDSRULORUGHDS = 44,778 + 67,25219 ( pH2O 0,08 ) 0,6461199 = 59,969 + 80,5883 ( pH2O 0,18 ) 0,9693625 (5.2) (5.1)
74:
74:
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p H 2O = 14097 ,4 e
t roua = ln 3928,5 p H 2O 14097,4
3928 , 5 t roua + 231, 667
(5.3)
231,667
(5.4)
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197
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198
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o
5.3. Calculul randamentului terPLFDOFD]DQXOXLLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO ,Q ELODQ XO JHQHUDO DO FD]DQXOXL YD DSDUH UDQGDPHWXO WHUPLF IU FRQGHVDUH XUPkQG FD HIHFWXO FRQGHQVULL V VH DGDXJH HIHFWXOXL GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU FD XQ IHQRPHQ VXSUDSXV /D WHPSHUDWXUD OD FR GH FFD 0 0& UDQGDPHQWXO WHUPLF IU condensare este GH FFD LDU HIHFWXO FRQGHQVULL VH YD DGXJD VXSOLPHQWDU SULQ WHUPHQXO 4FRQG4FRPEFDUHDUHRYDORDUHGHRUGLQXO 8 %.
$VWIHOvQDQVDPEOXFD]DQXOYDDYHDHILFLHQ DWHUPLF ( ef ) de 103 105 %, UDSRUWDWODYDORDUHDSXWHULLFDORULFHLQIHULRDUHDFRPEXVWLELOXOXL (Hi) L un randament
( cz ) inferior valorii de 100 % SHQWUX UDSRUWDUHD FRUHFW GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO ELODQ XOXLWHUPLFODSXWHUHDFDORULFVXSHULRDUa combustibilului (Hs) :
ef =
Qut 100 B Hi
[%]
cz =
Qut 100 < 100 B Hs
[%]
(5.5)
'HRDUHFHFRQFHQWUD LLOHGHR[LGGHFDUERQvQJD]HOHGHDUGHUHODFRVXQWIRDUWH PLFL GH RUGLQXO XQLW LORU GH SSP QX VH SXQH SUREOHPD FRQVLGHUULL unei pierderi VSHFLILFHSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF 'H DVHPHQHD GDWRULW VROX LHL FRQVWUXFWLYH GH FHQWUDO FH vQJOREHD] FRUSXO FD]DQXOXLvQVSD LXOGLQFDUHVHSUHOHYHD]DHUXOGHDUGHUHVHSRDWHQHJOLMDLHIHFWXO pierderilor specificeGHFOGXUSULQVXSUDIH HOHH[WHULRDUH 'HELWXO GH FRPEXVWLELO VH FDOFXOHD] FX PHWRGD FODVLF SULQ UDSRUWDUHD GHELWXOXLXWLOGHFOGXUODHILFLHQ LSXWHUHFDORULFLQIHULRDUDFRPEXVWLELOXOXL
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Qut ef H i
[m3N/s]
(5.6)
199
cu varianta de exprimare ca debit orar de combustibil :
Bh=B3600 [m3N/h]
5.4. Calculul termic al cazanului 'HILQLUHDIOX[XULORUGHF OGXU
(5.7)
8UPULQG FLUFXOD LD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH FRQIRUP VROX LHL FRQVWUXFWLYH VH SRW LGHQWLILFDXUPWRDUHOHIOX[XULGHFOGXUSHQWUXVHUSHQWLQDIRFDU convectiv1: ,QIRFDU]RQDGHDUGHUHLUDGLD LHGRXIOX[XULGHFOGXUUDGLDQWHLDQXPH IOX[XOGHFOGXUUDGLDWGHVXSUDID DSHUHWHOXLDU]WRUXOXLFDUHVHFDOFXOHD]FD XQ IHQRPHQ GH UDGLD LH vQWUH XQ FRUS VROLG FX HPLVLYLWDWH FLUFD L LQFLQWD PDWHULDOL]DW GH VHUSHQWLQ FDUH DUH WHPSHUDWXUD DSHL GLQ VHUSHQWLQ L IOX[XO GHFOGXUUDGLDWGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHFDUHDXIRVWSURGXVHGHDU]WRULXPSOX YROXPXOGLQFDPHUDFLOLQGULFGLQWUHDU]WRULSULPDVHUSHQWLQ ,Q]RQDFRQYHFWLYDVHUSHQWLQHLIRFDU 8Q IOX[ GH FOGXU SH FDUH JD]HOH GH DUGHUH vO FHGHD] FRQYHFWLY VHUSHQWLQHL OD WUDYHUVDUHD SULQ FDQDOHOH HYLL JRIUDWH GLQ ]RQD GH DUGHUH FWUH SHUHWHOH H[WHULRU DO FD]DQXOXL &XUJHUHD HVWH UDGLDO ID de axa cazanului. 8Q IOX[ GH FOGXU FHGDW FRQYHFWLY GH JD]HOH GH DUGHUH OD FXUJHUHD SULQ SRU LXQHD OLEHU GLQWUH H[WHULRUXO VHUSHQWLQHL IRFDU L SHUHWHOH exterior, n sens axaial al cazanului. 'XS FXP UH]XOW GLQ GHVFULHUHD IXQF LRQDO D FD]DQXOXL FLUFXOD D JD]HORU GH DUGHUHID GHVHUSHQWLQSRDWHILGHGRXIHOXUL &LUFXOD LH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH UDGLDO SH R VHUSHQWLQ FD] vQ FDUH JD]HOH GH DUGHUHVWUEDWvQGLUHF LHUDGLDO HYLOHVSD LXOGHFXUJHUHILLQGFRQVWLWXLWGHXQ QXPU GH FDQDOH GHWHUPLQDW GH QXPUXO GH VSLUH FDUH FRQVWLWXLH FLOLQGUXO SULQ FDUHWUHFJD]HOHUDGLDOFD]XOVHvQWkOQHWHODIRFDUXOFD]DQXOXL &LUFXOD LDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHD[LDOSHRVHUSHQWLQFD]vQFDUHVHUSHQWLQDHVWH DH]DW OkQJ XQ SHUHWH L VH IRUPHD] FDQDOH GH FXUJHUH D[LDO vQWUH HDY L SHUHWHGHWHUPLQDWHGHQXPUXOGHVSD LLJRIUDWHFDUHVHDIOSHRFLUFXPIHULQ GH VHUSHQWLQ FD]XO VH vQWkOQHWH OD VHUSHQWLQD GLQ GUXPXO FRQYHFWLY DO FD]DQXOXLLODH[WHULRUXOVHUSHQWLQHLFDUHHVWHPUJLQLWGHFPDDH[WHULRDU a cazanului.
200
Pentru calcul s-D DSOLFDW PRGHOXO GHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUVSHFLILFSHQWUXFDQDOH de forme necirculare. Deoarece regimul termic al gazelor de ardere nu depinde de IHQRPHQXOGHFRQGHQVD LHFDUHDSDUHSHXQHOHVHUSHQWLQHFRQGHQVDUHDQXLQIOXHQ HD] vQ SULQFLSLX WUDQVIHUXO GH FOGXU VHQVLELO FL QXPDL WUDQVIHUXO GH FOGXU ODWHQW L VFKLPEXO GH PDV 2 XRDU DOWHUDUH D UH]XOWDWHORU VH SRDWH vQV SURGXFH GDWRULW DFHVWHL LSRWH]H SH GH R SDUWH GDWRULW PRGLILFULL UHJLPXOXL GH WHmperaturi al apei FDUHSUHOXkQGLFOGXUDGHFRQGHQVDUHGLQJD]HYDDYHDRvQFO]LUHPDLLQWHQVLDUSH GH DOW SDUWH GDWRULW YDULD LHL YROXPXOXL GH YDSRUL GH DS GLQ JD]HOH GH DUGHUH 'LIHUHQ DGHWHPSHUDWXUSHFLUFXLWXODSHLHVWHvQVUHODWLYUHGXV, maxim 8 % din 20 o &DGLF o&LQXDOWHUHD]VHQVLELOUH]XOWDWHOHLDUYDULD LDGHSUHVLXQHSDU LDOD YDSRULORU GH DS GLQ JD]HOH GH DUGHUH QX GXFH OD PRGLILFUL PDMRUH DOH YDORULORU principalilor parametrii fizici ai acestora. 6H FRQVLGHU GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH JD]RGLQDPLF WUDYHUVDUHD XQLIRUP D VHUSHQWLQHL IRFDU GH FWUH JD]HOH GH DUGHUH 1XPUXO GH FDQDOH VLPSOH FDUH VH IRUPHD] HVWH GH FRUHVSXQ]WRU FHORU VSLUH FH GHOLPLWHD] IRFDUXO SULQ ILHFDUH canal circulnd astfel 1/8 din debitul total de gaze de ardere. *D]HOH GH DUGHUH GXS WUDYHUVDUHD UDGLDO D VHUSHQWLQHL LQWU SURJUHVLY GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO GLUHF LHL D[LDOH vQ VSDWHOH DFHVWHLD $VWIHO GHELWHOH GH JD]H FDUH VFDOG ILHFDUHVHUSHQWLQvQVHQVD[LDODOFD]DQXOXLUH]XOWGLQDGunarea debitului de SH VHUSHQWLQD DQWHULRDU FX FHO FH FXUJH SULQ FDQDOHOH UDGLDOH GH JD]H OD QLYHOXO VHUSHQWLQHLvQGLVFX LH ,Q FXUJHUH D[LDO GLQ SXQFWXO GH YHGHUH DO DQVDPEOXOXL SHVWH SULPD VSLU D serpentinei 1, vor fi numai 1/8 din debitul de gazeDOFD]DQXOXLSHQWUXDGRXDVSLUD VHUSHQWLQHL VH PDL DGDXJ SULQ LQWUDUH UDGLDO GLQ GHELWXO GH JD]H DO FD]DQXOXL L GHFLYDSDUWLFLSDODWUDQVIHUXOGHFOGXUGLQGHELWXOGHJD]HDOFD]DQXOXL 3H XOWLPD VSLU D VHUSHQWLQHL GHELWXO GH JD]H HVte de 7/8 din cel total al cazanului deoarece 1/8 din debitul de gaze de ardere trece direct din focar n serpentina 2 prin canalele de traversare. 3HQWUX FRQYHFWLYXO GRL FRQGL LLOH JHRPHWULFH GH FXUJHUH VXQW VLPLODUH FX SULPXO FRQYHFWLY DGLF DFHDVWD VH GHVIRDU ORQJLWXGLQDO SULQ FDQDOHOH QHFLUFXODUH IRUPDWHGHJRIUDUHGDWRULWSUH]HQ HLQXUXULORUGHXPSXWXUDWkWvQWUHSHUHWHOHH[WHULRU L VHUSHQWLQ FkW L vQWUH VHUSHQWLQ L SHUHWHOH LQWHULRU DO FRUSXOXL GHIOHFWRU GRS ceramic sau metalic). EfectXODFHVWRUQXUXULHVWHDVWIHOGHRVHELWGHLPSRUWDQWQXDWkWSULQUHDOL]DUHD GHYLWH]HPULWHFkWSULQVFKLPEDUHDOXQJLPLLFDUDFWHULVWLFHDWUDQVIHUXOXLGHFOGXU SULQ FRQYHF LH vQ VHQVXO VFGHULL GUDVWLFH GH FLUFD - RUL ID GH FD]XO FXUJHULL tranVYHUVDOH SHVWH IDVFLFXO GH HYL FDUH DU DYHD FD OXQJLPH FDUDFWHULVWLF GLDPHWUXO H[WHULRUDO HYLL &RQYHFWLYXO VH PDWHULDOL]HD] L vQ VXSUDID GH FRQGHQVDUH DWkW GDWRULW UHJLPXULORU GH WHPSHUDWXUL DOH DJHQ LORU FkW L GDWRULW FDUDFWHULVWLFLORUIXQF LRQDOHFH DYDQWDMHD]GUHQDUHDSHOLFXOHLGHFRQGHQV
201
3HQWUX FDOFXO FRQIRUP PRGHOXOXL IL]LF DO FXUJHULL VH YRU GHILQL XUPWRDUHOH zone de calcul conform figurii 5.5.:
3.1 - 3.4
5.3
5.2
5.1
Fig. 5.5. 'LVFUHWL]DUHDVXSUDIH HLGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXULPDV 1. VXSUDID D HYLL JRIUDWH RULHQWDW FWUH D[XO FD]DQXOXL GHWHUPLQDW GH VHF LRQDUHDFRQYHFWLYXOXLFXXQFLOLQGUXFHWUHFHSULQD[D HYLLHVWHRVXSUDID VXSXV UDGLD LHL JD]HORU GH DUGHUH GLQ IRFDU L UDGLD LHL VXSUDIH HL VROLGH cilindriceFDUHPDWHULDOL]HD]DU]WRUXO 2. VXPD VXSUDIH HORU VFDOGDWH GH JD]HOH GH DUGHUH OD VWUEDWHUHD UDGLDO D serpentinei focar-convectiv 1;
202
3. ILHFDUH MXPWDWH GH VSLU vQ SDUWH vQ ]RQD GLQWUH FRQYHFWLYXO L SHUHWHOH GHVSU LWRU DYDQVkQG ORQJLWXGLQDO vQ GLUHF LD WUHFHULL GLQ FRQYHFWLYXO vQ FRQYHFWLYXOSHQWUXILHFDUHVXSUDID vQSDUWHVHPRGLILFGHELWXOGHJD]HGH DUGHUHFHRVSDOILHFDUHVXSUDID HVWHGHSHQGHQWGHUH]XOWDWHOHGHFDOFXODOH VXSUDIH HORUDQWHULRDUH 4. serpentina convectivului 2 n ansDPEOXSHQWUXFDOFXOXOWUDQVIHUXOXLGHFOGXU VHQVLELOGHODJD]HOHGHDUGHUHODDS 5. ILHFDUH VSLU D FRQYHFWLYXOXL SH UkQG GH OD LHLUHD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD FR DPRQWHvQVHQVXOD[HLFD]DQXOXLSHQWUXFDOFXOXOFRQGHQVULL Calculul termic al zonei de focar Calculul termic ncepe prin determinarea temperaturii teoretice de ardere. Pentru aceasta seLQL LDOL]HD]WHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFODRYDORDUHFXSULQVvQWUHL 2000 o& L SHQWUX YDORDUHD LQL LDOL]DW VH GHWHUPLQ FOGXUD VSHFLILF D JD]elor de ardere cpg. 6HIRORVHWHUHOD LDGHGHWHUPLQDUH
tt =
H i + Vo c pa t ao (Vgo + ( 1) Vo ) c pg
[oC]
(5.8)
6H YHULILF GDF WHPSHUDWXUD DVWIHO FDOFXODW HVWH vQWU-un interval de +/- 50 oC ID GH WHPSHUDWXUD WHRUHWLF LQL LDOL]DW 'DF QX HVWH vQGHSOLQLW FRQGL LD VH UHLQL LDOL]HD]WHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFLVHUHLDFDOFXOXOSkQODvQGHSOLQLUHDFRQGL LHL )OX[XULOHGHFOGXUGLQIRFDUVHGHWHUPLQLQGHSHQGHQWDVWIHO SHQWUX IOX[XO UDGLDW GH VXSUDID D GH VWDELOL]DUH D DU]WRUXOXL FWUH VHUSHQWLQDIRFDUVHXWLOL]HD]UHOD LD
4 4 Qaf = C o az S az (Taz T per )
[kW]
(5.9)
unde : Co = 5,7610-5 , FRQVWDQWDGHUDGLD LH6WHIDQ Boltzmann; az = 0,7 , coefiFLHQWGHDEVRUE LHDOVXSUDIH HLDU]WRUXOXL Saz sXSUDID DODWHUDODDU]WRUXOXL:
S az = D az L az
[m2]
(5.10)
Taz .YDORDUHX]XDO

203
Tper = tper + 273 = te + 273
[K]
LDU SHQWUX IOX[XO GH FOGXU UDGLDW GH PHGLXO gazos din focar se IRORVHVF UHOD LLOH VSHFLILFH GHWHUPLQULL FRHILFLHQ LORU GH UDGLD LH vQ convective LQFLQWH FX OXQJLPH GH UDGLD LH PLF IU UDGLD LH OXPLQRDV:
tt + t f t per 10 3 Qgf = rf S f 2
[kW]
(5.11)
unde : rf este coefiFLHQWXOFRQYHFWLYGHUDGLD LHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU; SfHVWHSURLHF LDSHGLDPHWUXOLQWHULRUDOVHUSHQWLQHLIRFDU:
S f = Dif L f
cu
[m2]
(5.12)
axei longitudinale a cazanului; t f WHPSHUDWXU HVWLPDW D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD LQWUDUHDvQ]RQDGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUFRQYHFWLYDVHUSHQWLQHLIRFDUWUHFHUHDUDGLDO conform graficului din figura 5.6.
1750 1700 1650 1600 tg [C ]
a = 1 ,1
Dif GLDPHWUXOLQWHULRUDOVHUSHQWLQHLIRFDUL Lf lungimea foFDUXOXLvQGLUHF LD
1550 1500 1450 1400 1350 6 ,5 7 ,5 8 ,5 9 ,5 B c o m b [N m c /h ]
a = 1 ,2 a = 1 ,3
Figura 5.6. VDORULGHLQL LDOL]DUHSHQWUXWHPSHUDWXUDGHLHLUHD gazelor de ardere din focar

204
Pentru
r f VHYDIRORVLUHOD LD
T 3, 6 1 per Tgm ap +1 3 8 2 r f = 5,765 10 a g Tgm (5.13) 2 T per [W/m K] 1 T gm XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUE LH DO SHUHWHOXL VH LD YDORDUHa ap=0,84 L temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere este:
Tgm = (Tt+Tf)0,5
[K]
(5.14)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOPHGLXOXLJD]RV ag HVWHGDWGHUHOD LD
ag = 1 e
Vf S pf
k g s
(5.15)
cu grosimea stratului radiant:
s = 4
[m]
(5.16)
unde volumul focarului este:

Vf =
2 2 (D if D az ) Lf 4
[m3]
(5.17)
iarVXSUDID DWRWDODSHUH LORUGHOLPLWDWRULDLIRFDUXOXL este:
S pf = (Dif + Daz ) L f + 2
LFRQVWDQWDGHUDGLD LHDJD]HORU
2 2 (Dif Daz )
[m2]
(5.18)
Kg =
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O ( p H 2O
Tgm ( p H 2O + p RO2 ) 1 0,38 1000 + p RO2 ) s
(5.19)
205
p RO2 = p H 2O =
cu : pg 1 bar.
VRO2 Vg o + ( cI 1)V0 V H 2O V g o + ( cI 1)V0
p g [bar]; p g [bar]
(5.20)
'XSGHWHUPLQDUHDIOX[XULORU4afL4gfVHGHWHUPLQIOX[XOWRWDOGHFOGXU transmis n focar: Qf = Qaf + Qgf [kW] (5.21)
7HPSHUDWXUDUHDODJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQIRFDUVHGHWHUPLQFX UHOD LD
t f = tt
L
Qf D gN c pg
[oC] (cu cpg determinat pentru tgm)
(5.22)
DgN = BVg
debitul normal de gaze de ardere [m3N/s].
$FHDVW WHPSHUDWXU HVWH FHD FXFDUHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHLQWUvQ]RQDGHWUHFHUH UDGLDO GLQ IRFDU vQ VSDWHOH VHUSHQWLQHL IRFDU FRQYHFWLYGHQXPLW FRQYHQ LRQDO L serpentina 1).
Calculul termic al serpentinHLIRFDUODVFOGDUHDUDGLDO IDGHD[XOFD]DQXOXL 3HQWUX D FDOFXOD IOX[XO GH FOGXU WUDQVPLV GH JD]HOH GH DUGHUH vQ WUDYHUVDUHD UDGLDO D VHUSHQWLQHL HVWH QHFHVDU LQL LDOL]DUHD WHPSHUDWXULL GH LHLUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH GLQ WUDYHUVDUHD UDGLDO (tr) la valoarea de 500 o& L GHWHUPLQDUHD SDUDPHWULORU fizici ai gazelor de ardere la t mr = YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF criteriul Prandtl FOGXUVSHFLILF
tf + tr : 2
= = Pr = cpg =
[m2/s] [W/mK] [-] [J/m3NK]
206
&RQYHF LD OD WUDYHUVDUHD WUDQVYHUVDO D VHUSHQWLQHL DUH XUPWRDUHOH caracteristici: - FRQYHF LHIRU DW - IUVFKLPEDUHGHID] - FXUJHUHWUDQVYHUVDOSHVWH HYLJRIUDWHDOWXUDWH - ODUFLUHDIOXLGXOXL 0ULPLOHJHRPHWULFHLPSOLFDWHvQDFHDVWFRQYHF LHVXQt: - lungimeaFDUDFWHULVWLF= GLDPHWUXOKLGUDXOXLFDOFDQDOHORUFHVHIRUPHD] SULQ DOWXUDUHD HYLORU JRIUDWH FRQIRUP ILJXULL 5.3.; DFHDVW OXQJLPH VH SRDWHDSUR[LPDFXO LPHFDQDO VHF LXQHD GH FXUJHUH UDGLDO, conform figurii 5.4. este (Scr) = suma VHF LXQLLSHGLUH LDSHUSHQGLFXODUFXUJHULLDWXWXURUFDQDOHORUGHFXUJHUH IRUPDWHSULQDOWXUDUHDVSLUHORUGLQVHUSHQWLQD
S ctr = S c / ml Dmf nt1 [m2]
(5.23)
unde Sc/mlHVWHVHF LXQHDGHFXUJHUHWUDQVYHUVDOSHXQPHWUXGHOXQJLPH GH HDYJRIUDWLDUQt1HVWHQXPUXOGHVSLUHDOVHUSHQWLQHL VXSUDID D GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU vQ FXUJHUHD UDGLDO 6scr MXPWDWH GLQ VXSUDID DWRWDOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUDVHUSHQWLQHLGHRDUHFHVHFRQVLGHU FRQYHF LDODWUHFHUHDUDGLDOFDDF LRQkQGGHODID DLQWHULRDUa serpentinei FWUH IRFDU SkQ OD LQWHUVHF LD FX MHWXO GLQ VSDWHOH VHUSHQWLQHL DGLF vQ VHF LXQHDGHGLDPHWUXPHGLXal serpentinei:
S scr =
unde St/ml HVWH VXSUDID D GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU SH XQPHWUXGHlungime GH HDYJRIUDW 6HGHWHUPLQYLWH]DFDUDFWHULVWLFWUDQVIHUXOXLGHFOGXU
DgN t mr + 273 273 [m/s] S ctr
1 S t / ml Dmf nt1 2
[m2]
(5.24)
wgr =
(5.25)
unde DgN este debitul normal de gaze de ardere LFULWHULXO5HSHQWUXFXUJHUH
207
Re =
wgr l c
UDGLDO cr ) VHIRORVHVFUHOD LLOH Pentru Re > 2300 :
Pentru determLQDUHDFRHILFLHQWXOXLGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUFRQYHFWLYla trecerea
cr
l = 0,024 1 + c lc de
2 3 Re 0,8 Pr 0,33 Re
[W/m2K]
(5.26)
cu:
Re
6 10 5 = 1 SHQWUX5HL Re = 1 pentru Re >10000, Re1,8
unde de HVWHGLDPHWUXOH[WHULRUDO HYLLJRIUDWH Pentru Re < 2300 :
cr
l 0,0668 c Re Pr de = 3,65 + 2 lc lc 3 1 + 0,04 Re Pr d e
[W/m2K]
(5.27)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHQHJOLMHD]GDWRULWOXQJLPLL GHUDGLD LHIRDUWHPLFLGHRUGLQXOGHschiderii dintre gofre). $VWIHOFRHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHWUDVIHUGHFOGXUvQWUHFHUHDUDGLDOGHYLQH
K cr = 0,9 cr
[W/m2K]
(5.28)
XQGHHVWHXQFRHILFLHQWGHUHGXFHUHFH LQHVHDPDGHUH]LVWHQ DWHUPLFGH tip conductiv a peretelui mHWDOLF L GH UH]LVWHQ D WHUPLF GH WLS FRQYHFWLY SH SDUWHD apei. 6H GHWHUPLQ WHPSHUDWXUD UHDO GH LHLUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH GXS WUHFHUHD UDGLDOSHVWHVHUSHQWLQFXUHOD LDGHYHULILFDUH
208

K cr S scr DgN c pg
t r = t am + (t f t am ) e
[oC]
(5.29)
unde tam este temperatura medie a agentului secundar (apa). 5H]XOWIOX[XOGHFOGXUWUDQVPLVvQWUHFHUHDUDGLDODJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
Qr = DgN c pg (t f t r ) 10 3
[kW]
(5.30)
&DOFXOXOWHUPLFDOVHUSHQWLQHLIRFDUODVF OGDUHDORQJLWXGLQDO IDGHD[XOFD]DQXOXL Cunoscnd WHPSHUDWXUD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD LHLUHD GLQ WUHFHUHD UDGLDO L GHELWXOGHJD]HGHDUGHUHvQFXUJHUHDORQJLWXGLQDOID GHD[DFD]DQXOXLGLQVSDWHOH SULPHLVSLUHDVHUSHQWLQHLVHSRDWHFDOFXODWUDQVIHUXOGHFOGXUFRQYHFWLYFHUH]XOW Pentru a cDOFXOD DFHVW IOX[ GH FOGXU VH LQL LDOL]HD] WHPSHUDWXUD GH LHLUH D gazelor de ardere ODVIkULWXOWUDQVIHUXOXLGHFOGXU SHVWHSULPDVSLUWs1) la valoarea vkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF criteriul Prandtl FOGXUVSHFLILF = = Pr = cpg = [m2/s] [W/mK] [-] [J/m3NK]
t r + t s1 : 2
de 200 o&Lse determiQ parametrii fizici ai gazelor de ardere la t ml =
&RQYHF LDDUHXUPWRDUHOHFDUDFWHULVWLFL - FRQYHF LHIRU DW - IUVFKLPEDUHGHID] - FXUJHUHWUDQVYHUVDOSHVWH eDY gofrat PUJLQLWGHSHUHWH; - ODUFLUHDIOXLGXOXL 0ULPLOHJHRPHWULFHLPSOLFDWHvQDFHDVWFRQYHF LHVXQW - OXQJLPHDFDUDFWHULVWLF GLDPHWUXOKLGUDXOXLFDOFDQDOHORUFHVHIRUPHD] ntre Hava gofratLSHUHWH, conform figurii 5.5.; DFHDVWOXQJLme se poate DSUR[LPDFXO LPHa canalului (lcanal Kcanal).
209
b Dint
h=a/2
Figura 5.7. Formarea canalelor de trecere la serpentina 1 VHF LXQHD GH FXUJHUH 6c VXPD VHF LXQLL SH GLUH LD SHUSHQGLFXODU curgerii, a tuturor canalelor de curgere formate:
S c = 0,5 S c / ml D mf
-
[m2]
(5.31)
VXSUDID D GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU vQ FXUJHUHD UDGLDO 6scr MXPWDWH GLQ VXSUDID D WRWDO GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU D spirei GHRDUHFH VH FRQVLGHU FRQYHF LD de OD WUHFHUHD UDGLDO SkQ OD LQWHUVHF LD FX XUPWRUXO jet din FXUJHUH UDGLDO (DGLF SkQ n XUPWRDUHD VHF LXQH GH GLDPHWUX PHGLX D serpentinei):
S sc = 0,5 S t / ml Dmf
[m2]
(5.32)
6HGHWHUPLQYLWH]DFDUDFWHULVWLFWUDQVIHUXOXLGHFOGXU
wg =
Dg
t ml + 273 273 Sc
[m/s]
(5.33)
unde Dg este debitul normal de gaze de ardere prin spatele spirei 1 LFULWHULXO5HSHQWUXFXUJHUH Re =
wg lc
210
3HQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDFRHILFLHQWXOXLGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUFRQYHFWLYVHIRORVHVF UHOD LLOH (5.26) sau (5.27). Coeficientul deWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHQHJOLMHD]GDWRULWOXQJLPLL GHUDGLD LHIRDUWHPLFLGHRUGLQXOGHVFKLGHULLGLQWUHJRIUH $VWIHOFRHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHWUDVIHUGHFOGXUGHYLQH
K c = 0,9 c
[W/m2K]
(5.34)
unde 0,9 este un coefiFLHQWGHUHGXFHUHFH LQHVHDPDGHUH]LVWHQ DWHUPLFGH WLS FRQGXFWLY D SHUHWHOXL PHWDOLF L GH UH]LVWHQ D WHUPLF GH WLS FRQYHFWLY SH SDUWHD apei. 6H GHWHUPLQ WHPSHUDWXUD UHDO GH LHLUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH FX UHOD LD GH verificare:
t s1 = t am + (t r t am ) e
K c S sc Dg c pg
[oC]
(5.35)
unde tam este temperatura medie a agentului secundar (apa). 5H]XOW IOX[XO GH FOGXU WUDQVPLV vQ WUHFHUHD UDGLDO D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH la exteriorul spirei 1:
Qs1 = Dg c pg (t r t s1 ) 10 3
[kW]
(5.36)
Modelul de calcul aplicat pentru prLPD VSLU VH UHLD SHQWUX XUPWRDUHOH VSLUH L FX GLIHUHQ D F LQWUDUHD vQ ]RQD GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU QX PDL HVWH D XQXL GHELW FX VXUV XQLF GH SURYHQLHQ FL D XQXL DPHVWHF GH JD]H GH DUGHUH FRQIRUP schemei de curgere. Astfel: - la exteriorul spirei 2 va curge un amestec de : 1/8 DgN cu temperatura ts1 rezultat din trecerea la exteriorul spirei 1 2/8 DgN cu temperatura tr UH]XOWDWGLQWUHFHUHDUDGLDOvQWUHVSLUDL spira 2. LYDJHQHUDIOX[XOGHFOGXUXWLO4s2. la exteriorul spirei 3 va curge un amestec de : 3/8 DgN cu temperatura ts2 rezultat din trecerea la exteriorul spirei 2
211
2/8 DgN cu temperatura tr UH]XOWDWGLQWUHFHUHDUDGLDOvQWUHVSLUDL spira 3. LYDJHQHUDIOX[XOGHFOGXUXWLO4s3. la exteriorul spirei 4 va curge un amestec de : 5/8 DgN cu temperatura ts3 rezultat din trecerea la exteriorul spirei 3 2/8 DgN cu temperatura tr UH]XOWDWGLQWUHFHUHDUDGLDOvQWUHVSLUDL spira 4. LYDJHQHUDIOX[XOGHFOGXUXWLO4s4. Calculul global al serpentinei focar Fluxul dHFOGXUWRWDOVFKLPEDWGHVHUSHQWLQDGHYLQH -
Qserp1 = Q f + Qr + Qsi
i =1
[kW]
(5.37)
Intr-XQ FDOFXO DXWRPDW VH IDF YHULILFUL GH FRQFRUGDQ vQWUH WHPSHUDWXULOH LQL LDOL]DWHSHSDUFXUVXOFDOFXOXOXLLFHOHUH]XOWDWHGLQFDOFXOIFkQGX-VHQXPUXOGe LWHUD LLQHFHVDUSHQWUXvQFKLGHUHDDFHVWRUDVXERHURDUHDGPLVLELOGHH[HPSOXoC). In cazul calculului manual acest lucru nu este posibil, acceptndu-se erorile rezultate GLQ SUHGLF LLOH DSUR[LPDWLYH 'DWRULW DFHVWHL SDUWLFXODULW L WHPSHUDWXUD ILQDO D JD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQVHUSHQWLQDLLQWUDUHDvQVHUSHQWLQDVHYDFDOFXODFX UHOD LDJOREDO
c tt t t pg t serp1 =
tt
tserp1
Qserp1 D gN
[oC] (5.38)
tserp1 pg
c pg VXQW FOGXULOH VSHFLILFH ale gazelor de ardere la (unde c pg WHPSHUDWXUD WHRUHWLF L UHVSHFWLY OD WHPSHUDWXUD GH LHLUH GLQ VHUSHQWLQD FDOFXO iterativ) )
L
LQXFXUHOD LDGHFDOFXODWHPSHUDWXULLDPHVWHFXOXLGHJD]H 7/8 DgN cu temperatura ts4 rezultat din trecerea la exteriorul spirei 4 1/8 DgN cu temperatura tr UH]XOWDWGLQWUHFHUHDUDGLDOvQWUHVSLUDL corpul central deflector.
212
Calculul termic al serpentinei 2 (serpentina convectiv) 3HQWUXDFDOFXODIOX[XOGHFOGXUVHQVLELOVFKLPEDWGHVHUSHQWLQDSDUWHDGLQ serpentina cazanului cupULQV vQWUH FRUSXO FHQWUDO GH GLULMDUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH L peretele exterior al cazanului) se GHWHUPLQ SDUDPHWULL IL]LFL DL JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD
tm2 =
t serp1 + t serp 2 2
, unde t serp 2
= t cos :
= = Pr = cpg = [m2/s] [W/mK] [-] [J/m3NK]
YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF conductibiliWDWHDWHUPLF criteriul Prandtl FOGXUVSHFLILF
&RQYHF LDDUHXUPWRDUHOHFDUDFWHULVWLFL - FRQYHF LHIRU DW - IUVFKLPEDUHGHID] - FXUJHUHWUDQVYHUVDOSHVWH HDYJRIUDWPUJLQLWGHSHUH L - ODUFLUHDIOXidului. 0ULPLOHJHRPHWULFHLPSOLFDWHvQDFHDVWFRQYHF LHVXQW - OXQJLPHDFDUDFWHULVWLF GLDPHWUXOKLGUDXOXLFDOFDQDOHORUFHVHIRUPHD] vQWUH HDYDJRIUDWLSHUHWHFRQIRUPILJXULL5.8.; DFHDVWOXQJLPHVHSRDWH DSUR[LPDFXO LPHDFDQDOXOXLOcanal Kcanal). VHF LXQHD GH FXUJHUH 6c2 VXPD VHF LXQLL SH GLUH LD SHUSHQGLFXODU curgerii, a tuturor canalelor de curgere formate:
S c 2 = S c / ml Dmf
-
[m2]
(5.39)
VXSUDID D GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU 6sc2 VXSUDID D WRWDO GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU a serpentinei:
S sc 2 = S t / ml Dmf nt 2
[m2]
(5.40)
unde nt2 este nuPUXOGHVSLUHDOVHUSHQWLQHL 6HGHWHUPLQYLWH]DFDUDFWHULVWLFWUDQVIHUXOXLGHFOGXU
wg 2 =
DgN
t m 2 + 273 273 Sc2
[m/s]
(5.41)
213
Figura 5.8. formarea canalelor de trecere la serpentina 2
LFULWHULXO5HSHQWUXFXUJHUH Re =
wg 2 l c
3HQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDFRHILFLHQWXOXLGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUFRQYHFWLYVHIRORVHVF UHOD LLOH5.26) sau (5.27). &RHILFLHQWXOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHQHJOLMHD]GDWRULWOXQJLPLL GH UDGLD LH IRDUWH PLFL GH RUGLQXO GHVFKLGHULL GLQWUH JRIUH L D WHPSHUDWXULL PHGLL VF]XWH. $VWIHOFRHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHWUDVIHUGHFOGXUGHYLQH
K c 2 = 0,9 c 2
[W/m2K]
(5.42)
unde 0,9 esteXQFRHILFLHQWGHUHGXFHUHFH LQHVHDPDGHUH]LVWHQ DWHUPLFGH WLS FRQGXFWLY D SHUHWHOXL PHWDOLF L GH UH]LVWHQ D WHUPLF GH WLS FRQYHFWLY SH SDUWHD apei. 6H GHWHUPLQ WHPSHUDWXUD UHDO GH LHLUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH FX UHOD LD GH verificare:
t s 2 = t am + (t s1 t am ) e
K c 2 S sc 2 DgN c pg
[oC]
(5.43)
214
5H]XOWIOX[XOGHFOGXUWUDQVPLVvQserpentina 2:
Qs 2 = DgN c pg (t s1 t s 2 ) 10 3
[kW]
(5.44)
)OX[XOWRWDOGHFOGXUVHQVLELOWUDQVPLVvQFD]DQGHYLQH
sensibil = Qs1 + Qs 2 Qtot
[kW]
(5.45)
&DOFXOXOWHUPLFODIXQF LRQDUHDvQUHJLPGHFRQGHQVD LHVHUSHQWLQD 6HYHULILFvQSULPXOUkQGH[LVWHQ DFRQGL LHLGHFRQGHQVDUH
t per t roua , unde t per = t am
(5.46)
GXS FDUH VH FDOFXOHD] WHPSHUDWXUD VWUDWXOXL OLPLW GH FRQGHQVDUH FD R PHGLH vntre WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHLWHPSHUDWXUDSHUHWHOXL
t lim =
t gm + t per 2
(5.47)
6HFDOFXOHD]DSRLFRQVWDQWHOHIL]LFHDOHJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQVWUDWXOOLPLW FRHILFLHQWXOGHGLIX]LHPROHFXODU'if coeficientul de viscozitate cinematLFng LUH]XOWFULWHULXO6&+0,'7
Sc =
Dif
(5.48)
Pentru calculul criteriului SHERWOOD, caracteristic difuziei turbulente, se FDOFXOHD]FLIUD5(<12/'6SHQWUXJD]HOHGHDUGHUHGLQVWUDWXOOLPLW
Re g lim =
wg d ech
L apoi Sh = 0,023 Re g lim Sc

0 ,8
0 , 33
(5.49)
&RHILFLHQWXO GH WUDQVIHU GH PDV DQDORJ FX FRHILFLHQWXO GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU.VHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
215
Sh Dif d ech
(5.50)
&DOFXOXO GHELWXOXL GH FRQGHQV SH VXSUDID VH IDFH GXS UHOD LD GH WUDQVIHU GH PDVvQFDUHJUDGLHQWXOPRWRUHVWHGLIHUHQ DGHFRQFHQWUD LLUHVSHFWLYSUHVLXQLSDU LDOH DYDSRULORUGHDSvQWUHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHLSHUHWH
gaz per J mas = (p H 2O p H 2O )
0,02157 t gm + 273
[kg/sm2]
(5.51)
n care termenul
FRQFHQWUD LLOH GH H2O vQ JD]H L OD SHUHWH GHRDUHFH FRQFHQWUD LD YDSRULORU GH DS vQ amestec este:
gaz 0,02157 per (p H 2O p H 2O ) reprH]LQW GLIHUHQ D GLQWUH t gm + 273
C H 2O
cu
M R a = p H 2O ; p H 2O = p Hdim 98066 [Pa] 2O t gm + 273
(5.52)
a p H dim exprimat adimensional (conform calculului de ardere). 2O
'DFVXSUDID DGHFRQGHQVDUHOXDWvQFRQVLGHUDUHSHQWUXHOHPHQWXOGHFDOFXOHVWH ScondUH]XOWFGHELWXOGHFRQGHQVDWRE LQXWSHVXSUDID DHOHPHQWXOXLYDIL
Gcond = J mas S cond
[kg/s]
(5.53)
)OX[XO GH PDV GHWHUPLQ XQ IOX[ HFKLYDOHQW GH FOGXU GH FRQGHQVDUH SULQ PXOWLSOLFDUH FX FOGXUD ODWHQW GH FRQGHQVDUH r 6H UHYLQH OD R UH]LVWHQ WHUPLF GLIX]LY5difSULQUDSRUWDUHDODVXSUDID LODGLIHUHQ DGHWHPSHUDWXUJD]HGHDUGHUH DS,QYHUVXOUH]LVWHQ HLGLIX]LYHHVWHFRHILFLHQWXOHFKLYDOHQWGHFRQYHF LHGLIX]LY.dif. ,QJD]HOHGHDUGHUHLQL LDOHFDQWLWDWHDGH H2O a fost:
in in GH 2O = DgN C H 2O
[kg/s]
(5.54)
In gazele de ardere finale cantitatea de H2O va fi:
GH2Ofin = GH2Oin Gcond

5H]XOWFRQFHQWUD LDILQDOGH+2O :
216
[kg/s]
(5.55)
fin H 2O
127$ SHQWUXVLPSOLILFDUHDFDOFXOXOXLGDWRULWWHPSHUDWXULLVF]XWHDJD]HORU de ardere nu s-DXPDLFRQVLGHUDWFRUHF LLOHGHWHPSHUDWXUSHQWUXWUHFHUHDGHODGHELWXO normal la cel realLLQYHUV. 3UHVLXQHDSDU LDODEVROXW>3D@ILQDO va fi:
fin GH 2 O = DgN
(5.56)
pH2Ofin = CH2O
fin
461,9 (tgm + 273)
(5.57)
LSUHVLXQHDSDU LDO>EDU@
p H O (adm ) =
fin
2
fin pH O
2
98066,5
(5.58)
&RHILFLHQWXOFRQYHFWLYDOFRQGHQVULLSHSHUHWHHVWH.cd=1/Rcd LVHFDOFXOHD] FXUHOD LDFODVLFGHFRQGHQVDUH

gaz per cd = 0,652 Ac (d e (t roua t roua ))4 1
(5.59)
unde AcHVWHRFRQVWDQWIXQFLHde parametri fizici ai apei din pelicula de condens la WHPSHUDWXUDGHFRQGHQVDUHSUH]HQWDWvQWDEHOXOXUPWRU: &DUDFWHULVWLFLIL]LFHDOHDSHLODVDWXUDWLHLFRQVWDQWD$c tr r apa ab o [ C] J/kg m/s2 kg/mc kg/mc W/mK 40 0,6338 2406000 992,16 0,05115 6,59E-7 50 0,6478 2383000 988,04 0,08306 5,56E-7 60 0,6594 2358000 983,19 0,1302 4,79E-7 70 0,6676 2333000 977,71 0,1982 4,15E-7 80 0,6745 2308000 971,82 0,2934 3,66E-7 90 0,6804 2282000 965,34 0,4235 3,26E-7 100 0,6827 2257000 958,31 0,5977 2,95E-7 PHQWUXFDOFXODXWRPDWVHSRDWHXWLOL]DUHOD LDGHUHJUHVLHH[SRQHQWLDO Ac [-] 9752,67 10308,5 10801,3 11253,8 11653,5 12019,5 12297,7
Ac = 9130 + 141,37 ( t
74:
- tpe ) 0,774553
(5.60)
&RHILFLHQWXOFRPSXVGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUSULQFRQGHQVDUHYDIL
.cond = 1 / Rcond
217
(5.61)
unde
Rcond = Rdif + Rcd
(5.62)
&XDFHVWHGDWHVHSRDWHFDOFXODFRPSOHWWUDQVIHUXOGHFOGXU L PDVvQSURFHVXO GHFRQGHQVDUHLVHRE LQSDUDPHWULLILQDOL ,Q FRQWLQXDUH VH SXQH FRQGL LD FD YDORDUHD LQL LDO DWULEXLW VDUFLQLL WHUPLFH randamentului (eficieQ HLLUHVSHFWLYWHPSHUDWXULLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFRVQXGLIHUH FXPDLPXOWGHID GHYDORDUHDFDOFXODW'DFQXVHvQGHSOLQHWHFRQGL LDVHUHLD calculul cu noua valoare a parametrilor de intrare.
218
6. CALCULUL TERMIC AL C$=$1(/25)81&,211' CU ARDEREA LEMNULUI PRIN GAZEIFICARE (ARDERE INVERS
CAPITOLUL 6. CALCULUL TERMIC AL C$=$1(/25 )81&,211' CU ARDEREA LEMNULUI PRIN GAZEIFICARE $5'(5(,19(56
&D]DQHOH PLFL GH vQFO]LUH FX OHPQH DSOLF GLQ FH vQ FH PDL PXlt sistemul de DUGHUH LQYHUVDW 6LVWHPXO UHSUH]LQW DUGHUHD DUMHL GH OHPQH vQWU-R ]RQ ELQH GHOLPLWDWODED]DVWUDWXOXL)D]HOHVSHFLILFHDUGHULLFRPEXVWLELOLORUVROL]LVHVXFFHGFX rapiditate ntr-R ]RQ vQJXVW ID GH JURVLPHD VWUDWXOXL GH DUM D Oemnelor mpiedicndu-VHIXQFLRQDODSDULLDIHQRPHQXOXLGHDPEDODUHDDUGHULLvQWRDWPDVD de combustibil. In figura 6. HVWH VFKHPDWL]DW DUGHUHD VWUDWXOXL vQ VLVWHP FODVLF GLUHFW &D SULQFLSLXJHQHUDOODDUGHUHDGLUHFWvQVWUDWDHUXOSULPDUGHDUdere produce un debit de JD]H GH DUGHUH FH VWUEDWH VWUDWXO L GXFH OD DSDULLD GLYHUVHORUID]HGHDUGHUHDUGHUH UH]LGXXFDUERQRVGHYRODWLOL]DUHLvQFO]LUHFXXVFDUHvQWRDWPDVDGHFRPEXVWLELOFH IRUPHD] R DUM GH DOLPHQWDUH 5H]XOW OD SDUWHD VXSHULRDU D VWUDWXOXL XQ GHELW GH JD]HGHDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWvQDPHVWHFFXVXEVWDQHYRODWLOHFRPEXVWLELOHLXPLGLWDWH Acest debit de gaze combustibile, rezultat practic din ntreaga grosime a stratului, SULPHWHDHUXOVHFXQGDUGHDUGHUHLJHQHUHD]JD]HGHDUGHUHFRPSOHW 6.1. Analiza constructiv-IXQF LRQDODFD]DQHOor cu combistibil solid - lemne
6 8
3 5 2
Fig. 6.1 Focar cu grtar cu ardere direct a stratului de lemne

1. corp cazan cu pereti raciti cu apa; 2. gratar; 3. strat de lemne; 4. insuflare de aer primar de ardere; 5. zona de ardere a cocsului; 6. camera de ardere a produselor de gazeificare; 7. insuflare de aer secundar; 8. tevi convective; 9. evacuarea gazelor de ardere.
219
&RQFOX]LDHVWHFvQUHJLPXOQRUPDOGHOXFUXDOJUWDUXOXLDSDUHIHQRPHQXOGH DPEDODUH D VWUDWXOXL DGLF DSDULLD XQHL VDUFLQL WHUPLFH FDUH GHSHWe sarcina WHUPLF SURLHFWDW D FD]DQXOXL 5H]XOWDWXO HVWH GHSLUHD WHPSHUDWXULL PD[LPH D DSHL GLQ FD]DQ FKLDU L vQ FRQGLLLOH XQRU VLVWHPH PHFDQLFH GH LQWURGXFHUH D DHUXOXL GH DUGHUHLDSDULLDVLWXDLHLGHDYDULHGHVXSUDWHPSHUDWXU3HQWUXDHYLWDDFHst fenomen WUHEXLHUHGXVJURVLPHDVWUDWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELOFHHDFHGXFHODDUMHFXWLPSVFXUWGH acoperire a necesarului termic. In cazul arderii inverse, conform schemei din figura 6.2. GDWRULW SURSDJULL IURQWXOXL GH IODFU vQ FRQWUDFXUHQW FX DHUXO de ardere (primar), fenomenul de DSULQGHUHQHFRQWURODWDVWUDWXOXLQXPDLDSDUHFHHDFHSHUPLWHUHDOL]DUHDXQRUUH]HUYH semnificative de combustibil printr-RJURVLPHIRDUWHPDUHGHVWUDW$VWIHOVHUHDOL]HD] DXWRQRPLL GH IXQFLRQDUH FX R vQFUFWXU DUM GH SkQ OD RUH GH IXQFLRQDUH QRUPDOGLQVDUFLQDQRPLQDO
4 9
8 1
3 5 2
6 7
Fig. 6.2. Focar cu grtar cu ardere invers a stratului de lemne.

1. corp cazan cu pereti raciti cu apa; 2. gratar; 3. buncar de lemne; 4. insuflare de aer de ardere; 5. zona de aprindere a lemnelor; 6. camera de ardere a produselor de gazeificare; 7. intoarcere a gazelor de ardere; 8. tevi convective; 9. evacuarea gazelor de ardere.
QFRQWDFWFXR]RQVWDELOGHDUGHUHOHPQHOHGHGHDVXSUDJUWDUXOXLVHDSULQG LVXIHUXQ proces de gazeificareQSUH]HQDXQHLFDQWLWLVXILFLHQWHGHDHUSHQWUX DUGHUHFRPSOHWFDUHDQWUHQHD]VXEJUWDUSURGXVHOHGHJD]HLILFDUHDFHVWHDDUGvQWU-o FDPHUGHDUGHUH$LFLHVWHGHPHQLRQDWGLIHUHQDGHSURFHVIDGHDUGHUHDGLUHFWD straWXOXL /D DUGHUHD GLUHFW VWUDWXO GH FRPEXVWLELO vQ DUGHUH VH GH]YROW SH YHUWLFDO
220
RULFkWGHPXOWvQOLPLWDDHUXOXLGLVSRQLELOLvQWRWGHDXQDGDWRULWUHDFWLYLWLLPDULD FDUERQXOXL OD WHPSHUDWXUL ULGLFDWH DUGHUHD HVWH LQFRPSOHW 'H DFHHD HVWH WRWGeauna QHFHVDUFDODDUGHUHDGLUHFWVVHLQVXIOHGHDVXSUDVWUDWXOXLDHUVHFXQGDUDSUR[LPDWLY FX DFHODL GHELW FD L DHUXO SULPDU SHQWUX D GD R[LJHQXO QHFHVDU DUGHULL YRODWLOHORU L gazelor de gazeificare a cocsului. /D DUGHUHD LQYHUV VWUDWXO GH cocs este numai pe periferia buFLORU GH OHPQ OD SRULXQHD LQIHULRDU D VWUDWXOXL L QX VH GH]YROW vQ VXVXO VWUDWXOXL GHRDUHFH FXUHQWXO GH DHU GH DUGHUH YLQH GH VXV vQ MRV PHQLQkQG UHFH FRPEXVWLELOXO $FHVW IHQRPHQ GH DSULQGHUH QXPDL SULQ FRQGXFLH L UDGLDLH ORFDO GLIHUHQLD] IXQGDPHQWDO DUGHUHD LQYHUV GH DUGHUHD GLUHFW XQGH DSULQGHUHD VH IDFH PDLDOHVFRQYHFWLYSULQJD]HOHILHUELQLSURGXVHGHVWUDWXULOHLQIHULRDUH 'DWRULW DFHVWRU SDUWLFXODULWL IXQFLRQDOH FD]DQHOH FX FRPEXVWLELO VROLG FX aUGHUHLQYHUVDXGLVWULEXLDDHUSULPDUDHUVHFXQGDUvQGRPHQLXO- 60% / VSUH GHRVHELUH GH VLVWHPHOH FX DUGHUH GLUHFW FDUH DX DFHODL UDSRUW YDULLQG vQ domeniul 50% / 50% - 40% / 60%. 6LVWHPXO GH DUGHUH LQYHUV D FRPEXVWLELOXOXL VROLG vQ VWUDW DGXFH L R VHULH GH alte avantaje importante. 'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUHDOFDOLWLLDUGHULLGHRDUHFHLQVXIODUHDGHDHUVHFXQGDUVH UHDOL]HD]GHRELFHLFRQFHQWUDWDDFXPUHLHVHGLQVFKHPDIXQFLRQDOGLQILJXUD6.3., SHR]RQDGHVHFLXQHUHGXVVHFLXQHDGHWUHFHUHGLQWUHEXQFUXOFHDUHODED] zona GH DUGHUH L FDPHUD IRFDU UFLW GH DUGHUH D SURGXVHORU JD]RDVH VH UHDOL]HD] R DPHVWHFDUH IRDUWH EXQ FX SURGXVHOH GLQ FDPHUD GH JD]HLILFDUH DVLJXUkQGX-se QHFHVDUXOGHDHUGHDUGHUHvQFRQGLLLOHXQRr excese de aerVF]XWH&KLDUGDFDUGHUHD VHUHDOL]HD]QXPDLFXDHUSULPDUSULQDFFHOHUDUHDGHELWXOXLFRPELQDWGHDHUvQH[FHV cu produsele GH DUGHUH LQFRPSOHW L cu volatilele la trecerea prin reducerea de VHFLXQH VH UHDOL]HD] GH DVHPHQHD FRQGLLL IDYRUDELOH GH DPHVWHFDUH FH FUHHD] SUHPL]HOH XQHL DUGHUL FRPSOHWH OD H[FHVH GH DHU PLFL $GXJkQG HOHPHQWXO GH VWDELOL]DUH D DUGHULL FRQVWLWXLW GH WHPSHUDWXUD ULGLFDW D FDQDOXOXL GH WUHFHUH L SRVLELOLWDWHDvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUHUFLW, de dirijare a gazHORUGHDUGHUHSHVWHVXSUDIHH UHIUDFWDUHILHUELQLUH]XOWRUHGXFHUHDVXEVWDQLDOD&29QHDUVHHOLPLQDWHFXJD]HOH GH DUGHUH L XQ QLYHO GH FRQFHQWUDLL GH R[LG GH FDUERQ FRPSDUDELOH FX FHOH FDUDFWHULVWLFHDUGHULLFRPEXVWLELOLORUJD]RLvQVLVWHPHDXWRaspirante. 'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH IXQFLRQDO GHRDUHFH SULQ FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH SDUWLFXODUH VLVWHPXOXLRSULUHDSURFHVXOXLGHDUGHUHHVWHDSURDSHFRPSHWSULQRSULUHaLQVXIOULLGH DHUVSUHGHRVHELUHGHDUGHUHDGLUHFWvQVWUDWXQGHRSULUHDLQVXIOULLGHDHUQXGXFHL OD RSULUHD GHJDMULORU GH YRODWLOH GLQ VWUDW UH]XOW SRVLELOLWDWHD XQXL FRQWURO L D XQHL DVLJXUULDFD]DQHORUPXOWPDLVWULFWHLHILFLHQWH 0DL PXOW GDWRULW VLVWHPXOXL VSHFLILF GH DSULQGHUH L VWDELOL]DUH D DUGHULL vQ strat, ce permite ncUFDUHD FX DUMH PDUL VH FRQVWLWXLH vQ DYDQWDM IXQFLRQDO L FRQWLQXLWDWHDSURFHVXOXLGHDUGHUHGHWLSSURFHVVWDLRQDU
221
&DPHU GHDS

Aer primar 100 % - 60 % Strat de combustibil
Post-ardere
SULPDU
Aer secundar 0 % - 40 %
Post-ardere
VHFXQGDU
(cu stabilizare) Produse de

DUGHUHFRPSOHW
=RQ DPRWDW JU WDU

activ )
6HF LXQHGH
trecere a produselor de gazeificare
Corp refractar
Fig. 6.6FKHPDIXQFLRQDOGHDUGHUHODVROXLLOHFXGX] de trecere a produselor de gazeificare /D QLYHOXO H[SORDWULL FXUHQWH HVWH GH UHPDUFDW vQ SULPXO UkQG IDSWXO F GHVFKLGHUHDXLLGHDOLPHQWDUHQXGXFHODFRQWDFWXOFXVWrDWXOGHDUGHUHFHHDFHHOLPLQ SRVLELOLWDWHDGHDFFLGHQWDUHGLUHFWVDXSULQFGHULGHFRPEXVWLELODSULQVGLQFD]DQ n cDPHUDGHDUGHUHLQIHULRDUDHUXOILLQGvQGHELWVXILFLHQWVHSURGXFHDUGHUHD FRPSOHW*D]HOHGHDUGHUHXUPHD]DSRLWUDVHXOSULQHYLOHGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYLVXQW DSRL HYDFXDWH OD FR FLUFXODLD ORU ILLQG DVLJXUDW GH XQ H[KDXVWRU (VWH DYDQWDMRDV funFLRQDUHDFD]DQXOXLvQGHSUHVLXQHGHRDUHFHVHHYLWVFSULOHGHJD]HGHDUGHUHSULQ QHHWDQHLWL Procesul din camera de deasupra stratului fiind preponderent de gazeificare, WHPSHUDWXUDQXHVWHvQDOW6SHFLILFHSHQWUXSURFHVXOGHJD]HLILFDUHVXQWWHmperaturile de 600 900 0&&RQWDFWXOJUWDUXOXLFXXQFRPEXVWLELOFXWHPSHUDWXUUHODWLYMRDV LFXDHUXOGHDUGHUHFDUHDUHXQSXWHUQLFHIHFWGHUFLUHIDFHFDWHPSHUDWXUDEDUHORUGH JUWDU VDX a DPEUD]XULL GH LHLUH D JD]HORU V ILH PXOW PDL MRDV Gect n arderea GLUHFW GHFL QX YRU IL QHFHVDUH PDWHULDOH UHIUDFWDUH GH FDOLWDWH VXSHULRDU SHQWUX D DVLJXUDGXUDELOLWDWHDJUWDUXOXL 3DUWLFXODULWDWHD GH SRUQLUH OD FD]DQHOH FX DUGHUH LQYHUV HVWH GDW GH WUHFHUHD curgerii gazelor din sistem invers, cX VWUEDWHUHD FRQYHFWLYXOXL, n sistem direct, IU VWUEDWHUHD FDPHUHL GH DUGHUH UFLWH L D FRQYHFWLYXOXL SULQWU-R VHFLXQH GH VFXUWFLUFXLW FX HYDFXDUH GLUHFW OD FR 6LVWHPXO GH WUHFHUH HVWH vQ JHQHUDO PDQXDO L QX ULGLF SUREOHPH GH UHDOL]DUH WHKQRORJLF VDX GH PDQLSXODUH vQ H[SORDWDUH FXUHQW
222
3UH]HQDDFHVWXLVLVWHPDUHvQVDYDQWDMXODVLJXUULLODSRUQLUHDVLVWHPXOXLGHODUHFHD XQXLGHELWGHJD]HGHDUGHUHGHWHPSHUDWXUULGLFDWFHHDFHGXFHODDWLQJHUHDUDSLGD regimului de autotiraj pentrX FRXO GH IXP HOHPHQW IXQFLRQDO GHRVHELW GH DYDQWDMRV DWkWSHQWUXIXQFLRQDUHDFD]DQXOXLFkWLSHQWUXFRQGLLLOHGHVLJXUDQDIXQFLRQULLvQ FHQWUDOVHHYLWDSDULLDUHIXOULORUGHJD]HWR[LFHVDXIRUPDUHDGHDFXPXOULGHJD]H FXSRWHQLDOGHH[Slozie). 3HULRDGDGHDUGHUHGLUHFWODSRUQLUHDGHODUHFHDVLVWHPHORUFXDUGHUHLQYHUV WUHEXLHVILHVXILFLHQWGHOXQJSHQWUXDDVLJXUDvQFO]LUHD]RQHLUHIUDFWDUHGHODED]D EXQFUXOXL GH FRPEXVWLELO FH FRQLQH JUWDUXO L IRUPDUHD VWUDWXOXLVXSHUIicial de cox UHDFWLYODVXSUDIDDLQIHULRDUDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLGHODED]DVWUDWXOXL$FHDVWSHULRDG HVWHvQVPXOWPDLVFXUWGHFkWFHDQHFHVDUVLVWHPHORUFODVLFHGHDUGHUHFDUHQHFHVLW WLPSDWkWSHQWUXvQFO]LUHD]RQHORUDPRWDWHFkWPDLDOHVSHQWUXIormarea unui strat de MDU JURV L XQLIRUP QHFHVDU LQLLHULL DUGHULL OD vQFUFDUHD FX DUMD GH FRPEXVWLELO SURDVSW6FXUWDUHDWLPSXOXLGHSRUQLUHODUHFHFRQMXJDWFXPULUHDWLPSXOXLGHDUM GXFH OD VLPSOLWDWH VSRULW vQ H[SORDWDUH D VLVWHPHORU FX DUGHUH LQYHUV SDUDOHO FX UHGXFHUHDHPLVLLORUJOREDOHODQLYHOXOVLVWHPXOXLHVWHFXQRVFXWIDSWXOFXQVLVWHPGH ardere cu combustibil solid are emisii maxime de noxe n perioadele de pornire). Din punct de vedere al combustibilului utilizat, la cazanele cuDUGHUHLQYHUVVH UHFRPDQGIRORVLUHDXQRUOHPQHGHVHFLXQHPHGLHGHFLUFD[PPVHYDHYLWD VHFLXQHD URWXQG SUHIHUkQGX-VH FHOH FX ]RQH GH FRO XQGH VH LQLLD] DUGHUHD FX XXULQFXOXQJLPHFDUHVSHUPLWUHOL]DUHDXQHLDFRSHULULFRUHFWHDJUWDUXOXLLD ]RQHLGHED]DPRWDWHLFXXPLGLWDWHPD[LPGH-&RQGLLDGHXPLGLWDWHHVWH PDL UHVWULFWLY GHFkW vQ FD]XO VLVWHPHORU GH DUGHUH GLUHFW FDUHSHUPLWX]XDOIRORVLUHD XQRU OHPQH FX XPLGLWDWH PD[LP GH GDU QX UHSUH]LQW XQ LPpediment n IRORVLUHD VLVWHPHORU FX DUGHUH LQYHUV GHRDUHFH XPLGLWDWHD FHUXW HVWH DWLQV GH FRPEXVWLELOSULQXVFDUHQDWXUDOSHSHULRDGGHFLUFDDQLvQGHSR]LWvQFKLV 7UHEXLHGHDVHPHQHDUHPDUFDWGLIHUHQDFRQVWUXFWLYFHDSDUHODQLYHOXO]RQHL de gUWDU$VWIHOODVLVWHPXOGHDUGHUHGLUHFWDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLVHFRQVWLWXLHvQ]RQ GHJUWDUVWULFWVXSUDIDDSHFDUHVHLQVXIODHUSULPDUGHDUGHUHIRUPDWGLQEDUHGH JUWDU VSULMLQLWH vQ GLYHUVH VLVWHPH 5H]XOW QHFHVLWDWHD DVLJXUULL XQRU VLVWHPH FRPSOH[HGHGLVWULEXLHXQLIRUPDDHUXOXLSHVHFLXQLGHFXUJHUHPDULSHQWUXDQXVH UHDOL]DGH]HFKLOLEUHGHDUGHUHLDVHDVLJXUDGHELWHOHVSHFLILFHGHFRPEXVWLELODUV/D FD]DQHOH FX DUGHUH LQYHUV GDWRULW SUH]HQHL DHUXOXL QHFHVDU GH UHDFLH SULPDU L D VFOGULL]RQHLGHED]FXJD]HGHDUGHUHUH]XOWRIXQFLRQDUHFDVXSUDIDGHJUWDU JHQHUDWRDUHGHDSULQGHUHDvQWUHJLL]RQHDPRWDWHGHODED]DVWUDWXOXL)XUQL]DUHDGH DHUVHFXQGDUVDXDPHVWHFDUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWFXDHUXOGLVSRnibil de tip SULPDU QX VH UHDOL]HD] vQV GHFkW vQ ]RQD GH WUHFHUH GLQWUH EXQFU L IRFDUXO UFLW ]RQFDUDFWHUL]DWGHYLWH]HLWXUEXOHQHPDULLGHVHFLXQHUHGXV6HFUHHD]DVWIHO SUHPL]HOH XQHL LQVXIOUL HILFLHQWH GH DHU GH DUGHUH IU QHFHVLWDWHD DVLJXUULL XQLIRUPLWLL GH FXUJHUH SH VHFLXQL PDUL 0DL PXOW DHUXO SULPDU FH VFXUW-FLUFXLWHD] DQXPLWH]RQHGLQEXQFUYDILIRORVLWFDDHUGHDUGHUHVHFXQGDUODWUHFHUHDSULQ]RQDGH
223
OHJWXU PDL VXV DPLQWLW 5H]XOW GHFL F VLVWHPXO GH DUGHUH LQYHUV QX QXPDL F HOLPLQ FRPSOLFDLLOH OHJDWH GH GLVWULEXLD GH DHU GH DUGHUH GDU L FRPSHQVHD] constructiv scurt-circuitele de aer inerente curgerii prin stratul de combustibil aleatoriu LvQFRQWLQXPRGLILFDUH Referitor la sarcinile termice ale cazanelRU vQ GLVFXLH HVWH LPSRUWDQW GH PHQLRQDW F VH XWLOL]HD] XQ GRPHQLX X]XDO PDL UHGXV GH SXWHUL WHUPLFH QRPLQDOH SHQWUXFD]DQHOHFXDUGHUHLQYHUVN:IDGHFD]DQHOHFXDUGHUHGLUHFW N: ([SOLFDLD SHQWUX GRPHQLXO UHODWLY UHGXV VSHFLILF VROXLLORU FX DUGHUH LQYHUV UH]LG SH GH R SDUWH vQ QRXWDWHD VROXLHL FDUH QX D SHUPLV vQF ODQVDUHD XQRU cazane de puteri mari,GDWRULWOLSVHLXQRUPRGHOHFODUHGHFDOFXOLIXQFLRQDUH, iar pe GHDOWSDUWHGDWRULWFDUDFWHUXOXLQHSUDFWLFDOXQXLEXQFUFXDOLPHQWDUHVXSHULRDUvQ cazul unor cazane mari. Un parametru important,DWkWSHQWUXSHUIRUPDQHOHWHUPLFHFkWLSHQWUXFHOHGH ardere,HVWHH[FHVXOGHDHU'DFODFD]DQHOHFXDUGHUHGLUHFWHVWHQHFHVDUPHQLQHUHD unui nivel de oxigen n gazele de ardere de circa 10 vQYHGHUHDPHQLQHULLXQHL FRQFHQWUDLLGH&2ODXQQLYHOFRUHFWGHFLUFDSSPOD22 , pentru cazanele FXDUGHUHLQYHUVHVWHVXILFLHQWRFRQFHQWUDLHGHR[LJHQvQJD]HOHGHDUGHUHGHQXPDL 4 8 %. Aceste concenWUDLLGHR[LJHQVHH[SULPSULQH[FHVHGHDHUFXSULQVHvQWUH L OD FD]DQHOH FX DUGHUH GLUHFW VSUH GHRVHELUH GH FD]DQHOH FX DUGHUH LQYHUV FH QHFHVLWH[FHVHGHDHUGHGRDU 1,65. 5H]XOWSLHUGHULGHFOGXUSULQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFRFXSkQOD SURFHQWH PDL PDUL OD FD]DQHOH FX DUGHUH GLUHFW ID GH FHOH FX DUGHUH LQYHUV vQ FRQGLLLOHFRPSDUULLXQRUFD]DQHFXPDVHLFRVWXULGHSURGXFLHUDSRUWDWHODVDUFLQD WHUPLFXWLODSURSLDWH ,Q FRQFOX]LH GLQ DQDOL]D HIHFWXDW UH]XOW R VHULH GH DYDQWDMH FODUH SH SODQ HQHUJHWLF L OHJDWH GH FDOLWDWHD DUGHULL HFRORJLFH JHQHUDWH GH IRORVLUHD WHKQLFLL GH DUGHUH LQYHUVDW GDU L LPSRVLELOLWDWHD DSOLFULL DFHVWHL WHKQLFL IU FRPSOLFDUHD sistemului de alimentare, la puteri termice PDUL ,Q SOXV GDF V-DU GRUL PHQLQHUHD caracteristicii de autonomie la 10 12 ore, s-ar ajunge la volume neeconomice de VWRFDUHSHQWUXFRPEXVWLELO5H]XOWFVROXLDFXDUGHUHLQYHUVVHSUHWHD]ODVDUFLQL WHUPLFH SkQ OD N: ILLQG UHFRPDQGDELO GDWRULW DYDQWDMHORU GH H[SORDWDUH VHPQLILFDWLYHGDUHVWHGLVFXWDELODSOLFDUHDDFHVWHLDODVDUFLQLWHUPLFHPDLPDUL
6.2.
6ROX LD constructivQHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQF LRQDUH

224
Din varietatea mare de tipuri constructive de cazane cu ardere cu gazeificare a lemnelor se alege pentru exemplificarea calculului modelul prezentat n fig. 6.4.
4 9
8 1
3 5 2
6 7
Fig. 6.4. Cazan de ap cald cu gazeificare. 6ROXLDSDUWLFXODUDILHFUuiWLSGHFD]DQGLQDFHDVWFDWHJRULHGHFD]DQHIDFH ca un calcul de dimensiRQDUHVvQWkPSLQHPDULGLILFXOWLvQDH]DUHDVXSUDIHHORUGH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU DVWIHO FD V ILH vQGHSOLQLWH L FRQGLLLOH WHKQRORJLFH L cele de IXQFLRQDUHQHFHVDUH'HDFHLDVHSUHIHUWRWGHDXQDVROXLDGHverificarea prin calcul termic a cazanului DGLF,GXSDOHJHUHDFRQVWUXFWLYDPRGHOXOXLLDGLPHQVLXQLORU HVWLPDWH FD ILLQG FHOH DGHFYDWH V VH IDF R YHULILFDUH SULQ FDOFXO D IXQFLRQDOLWLL VROXLHL &D]QXOHVWHDOFWXLWGLQGRXGUXPXUL drumul descendent: EXQFUXO GH FRPEXVWLELO FDUH DUH OD SDUWH LQIHULRDU LQVWDODLDGHDUGHUHLIRFDUXO; drumul ascendent: n continuarea focarului, drumul convectiv ignitubular. 'HRDUHFHvQID]DGHSRUQLUHDFD]DQXOXLvQUHJLPGHDUGHUHGLUHFWDVWUDWXOXL GH MRV vQ VXV WHPSHUDWXUD vQ EXQFU SRDWH IL UHODWLY ULGLFDW VH DOHJH VROXLD GH EXQFU FX SHUHL UFLL FX DS 1XPDL vQ UHJLXQHD GLQ GUHSWXO XLL GH vQFUFDUH L OD SDUWHDVXSHULRDUWDYDQQXVHIDFHFDPHUGXEOUFLW 3vOQLD LQIHULRDU D EXQFUXOXL HVWH L HD UFLW GDWRULW WHPSHUDWXrii ridicate de IXQFLRQDUH
225
&DPHUD IRFDUXOXL HVWH DOFWXLW GLQ SHUHL UFLL SDUWHD GH GX] L GH FRUS UHIUDFWDU D DOELHL GH vQWRDUFHUH GH IODFU ILLQG DGXJDte SH SHUHLL UFLL DL FDPHUHL focarului5H]XOWF parteaHILFLHQWGHSUHOXDUHDIOX[XOXLGHFOGXUUDGLDWGHIRFDU este n principal LQFLQWDLQIHULRDUDFD]DQXOXLGLQFDUHVHVFDGVXSUDIDHOHDPRWDWH 6LVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYHVWHFRQVWLWXLWGLQHYLFXGLDPHWUXOF45x3 ... F76x3,5 mm distribuite uniform pe supUDIDDGHWUHFHUHDGUXPXOXL In cazul constructiv ales sunt HYL -[ /XQJLPHD FRQYHFWLYXOXL HJDO FX OXQJLPHD EXQFUXOXL HVWH GH mm.
6.3. Tema de calcul de verificare Prin tema de proiectare se dau: Q -VDUFLQDWHUPLFDFD]DQXOXLvQN: te / ti -WHPSHUDWXUDDSHLODLHLUHLLQWUDUHvQFD]DQoC) sau (80/60 oC); FRPSR]LLa combustibiluluiGHILQLWvQVSHFLDOSULQXPLGLWDWHDOHPQXOXLGHRDUHFH QX H[LVW GLIHUHQH VHPQLILFDWLYH GH FRPSR]LLH D OHPQXOXL IXQFLH GH HVHQD GH SURYHQLHQ. In tabelul 6.1 se dau caracteristicile de ardere ale OHPQXOXL IXQFLH GH XPLGLWDWHD
&DOFXOXO SURFHVXOXL GH DUGHUH D OHPQXOXL VH IDFH GXS PHWRGLFD FODVLF D DUGHULL FRPEXVWLELOXOXL OLFKLG VDX VROLG FRQIRUP LQGLFDLLORU GLQ FDSLWROXO 6H HIHFWXHD] calFXOXODUGHULLFRPEXVWLELOXOXLLVHGHWHUPLQVO, Vgo, Vg, Hi, p H O , p RO VHWUDVHD] diagrama I t sau cp t.
2 2
W.
$FHVWH FD]DQH IXQFLRQHD] FX VXSUDSUHVLXQH vQ IRFDU GHFL FRHILFLHQWXO GH exces de aer este constant SkQODHYFXDUHDODFR = f = c = = 1,4 1,6 = ct.
FR
&DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO $FHVWH FD]DQH IXQFLRQHD] FX FRPEXVWLELO VROLG GHFL SLHUGHUHD VSHFLILF GH FOGXU SULQ DUGHUH LQFRPSOHW GH QDWXU PHFDQLF Tmec L FHD SULQ HYDFXDUHD produselor solide ale arderii din cazan (qcenVHSRWOXDvQFRQVLGHUDUH7RWXLGDWRULW SURFHVXOXL GH DUGHUH SULQ JD]HLILFDUH SLHUGHUHD SULQ DUGHUH LQFRPSOHW GH QDWXU PHFDQLFTmecLFHDSULQHYDFuarea produselor solide ale arderii din cazan (qcen) pot fi considerate nule deoarece produsele de gazeifiare ard complet n regim de ardere VSHFLILFFRPEXVWLELOXOXLJD]RVQDFHVWHFRQGLLL% %
226
CARACTERISTICI DE ARDERE LEMN COMPOZITIE uscat C uscat H uscat O uscat N uscat A uscat COMPZITIE umed W x C H O N A SUMA ARDERE Vo VCO2 VN2 VH2O Vgo PUTERE CALORICA Hi -kJ/kg Hi -kcal/kg Dupa SR>EN Hi -kJ/kg Hi -kcal/kg 17285 17070 16856 16642 16427 16213 15998 15784 15570 15355 15141 14926 14712 4129 4078 4027 3976 3924 3873 3822 3771 3719 3668 3617 3566 3515 17076 16863 16650 16437 16224 16011 15798 15585 15372 15160 14947 14734 14521 4079 4028 3977 3927 3876 3825 3774 3723 3672 3621 3571 3520 3469 4.202 4.156 4.111 4.065 4.019 3.974 3.928 3.882 3.837 3.791 3.745 0.851 0.842 0.833 0.824 0.814 0.805 0.796 0.787 0.777 0.768 0.759 3.321 3.285 3.249 3.213 3.177 3.141 3.105 3.068 3.032 2.996 2.960 0.785 0.790 0.795 0.800 0.805 0.810 0.815 0.820 0.825 0.830 0.835 4.957 4.917 4.877 4.836 4.796 4.755 4.715 4.675 4.634 4.594 4.554 3.700 3.654 0.750 0.740 2.924 2.888 0.840 0.845 4.513 4.473 8 92 5.52 9 91 5.46 10 90 5.4 11 89 5.34 12 88 5.28 13 87 5.22 14 86 5.16 15 85 5.1 16 84 5.04 17 83 4.98 18 82 4.92 19 81 4.86 34.83 0.162 0.972 100 20 80 4.8 34.4 0.16 0.96 100 49.6 6 43 0.2 1.2 49.6 6 43 0.2 1.2 49.6 6 43 0.2 1.2 49.6 6 43 0.2 1.2 49.6 6 43 0.2 1.2 49.6 6 43 0.2 1.2 49.6 6 43 0.2 1.2 49.6 6 43 0.2 1.2 49.6 6 43 0.2 1.2 49.6 6 43 0.2 1.2 49.6 6 43 0.2 1.2 49.6 6 43 0.2 1.2 49.6 6 43 0.2 1.2
45.63 45.14 44.64 44.14 43.65 43.15 42.66 42.16 41.664 41.17 40.67 40.176 39.68 39.56 39.13 0.184 0.182 1.104 1.092 100 100 38.7 38.27 37.84 37.41 36.98 36.55 36.12 35.69 35.26 0.18 0.178 0.176 0.174 0.172 1.08 1.068 1.056 1.044 1.032 100 100 100 100 100 0.17 0.168 0.166 0.164 1.02 1.008 0.996 0.984 100 100 100 100
Tabelul 6.1 - Caracteristicile de ardere ale lemnXOXLIXQFLHGHXPLGLWDWHD: 6HFDOFXOHD]SLHUGHULOHVSHFLILFHGHFOGXU a. 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFGHFOGXUSULQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR )LLQG XQ FD]DQ GH DS FDOG VH DGPLWH R WHPSHUDWXU OD FR FH VH SRDWH GHWHUPLQDFXUHODLDGHDSUR[imare, pentru cazane cu lemne:
t cos
ti + te + (100 140) 0 C 2
(6.1)
Din diagrama I WVHGHWHUPLQYDORDUHDHQWDOSLHLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR I = f (t , )

FR FR
227
(QWDOSLD DHUXOXL WHRUHWLF GH DUGHUH VH GHWHUPLQ OD WHPSHUDWXUD DPELDQW ta=20 C
o
I ao = Vo c pa t a
cu cpa = 1,297 kJ/ m K 5H]XOWSLHUGHUHDVSHFLILFODFR
3 N
(6.2)
qcos =
1 ( I cos I ao ) Hi
(6.3)
b. 3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF n cadrul calculelor de proiectarH GDWRULW SURFHVXOXL GH DUGHUH GLIX]LY D OHPQXOXL vQ UHJLP GH JD]HLILFDUH FX SUHSRQGHUHQD GHJDMULL GH &2 vQ FRQGLLLOH GH DUGHUH UHGXFWRDUH se admite, conform standardelor europene, uQ FRQLQXW GH QHDUVH CO=2000 ppm (0,2% CO) n gazele de ardere, ceeace corespunde unei pierderi prin DUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF:
qch =
Qch 1 q mec = (126,36 CO )V g usc B * Hi Hi
(6.4)
unde CO este exprimat n %. c. 3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQSHUHLLH[WHULRULDLFD]DQXOXL n cadrul calculelor pentru cazane relativ micL vQ IXQFLH GH JUDGXO GRULW GH L]RODLHWHUPLFDFD]DQXOXLVHSRDWHDOHJHRYDORDUH qext = 0,005 0,015 d. Randamentul cazanului 6HFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD
LH[SULPDWvQYDORDUHSURFHQWXDO % = 100
= 1 (qcos + qch + qext )
(6.4)
e. Debitul de combustibil consumat
B=
Q Hi
(kg/s)
(6.5)
SHQWUX R H[SULPDUH IL]LF LQWHOLJLELO VH XWLOL]HD] FRQVXPXO RUDU GH FRPEXVWLELO %h GHILQLWGHUHODLD Bh = 3600 * B [kg/h] 6.5%LODQ XOGHDQVamblu al cazanului
228
)OX[XOXWLOGHFOGXUDOFD]DQXOXLHVWH )OX[XOGHFOGXUdin arderea combustibilului: )OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVFXDHUXOGHDUGHUH Fluxul dHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR
4GDWSULQWHP. Qc omb = BH i (6.6)
Qa = BVo c pa t a (6.7)
Qcos = B I cos
(6.8) (6.9) (6.10)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW Qinc = qch BH i Qext = qext BH i )OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWVSUHH[WHULRU 5H]XOWWDEHOXOGHELODQWHUPLc al cazanului:. Fluxuri introduse pierdere Tabelul 6.1. Util
Q = Q'
FR
Qcomb Qa QFR Qinc Qext
Q = Q''
FR
1RWQDFHVWELODQWHUPHQHXO qcosBHi s-DVFULVVXEIRUPDH[SOLFLW (BI + Bcoscpata= Q +Qa). (URDUHDUHODWLY =
'DF HURDUHD UHODWLY GH vQFKLGHUH D ELODQXOXL HVWH PDL PDUH GH FHD PD[LP DGPLVLELO SHQWUX DFHVW JHQ GH FDOFXOH vQVHDPQ F V-D IFXW R JUHHDO GH calcul sau de citire n diagrama I-t.
Q'Q" 100 1% Q'
(6.11)
6.5%LODQ XOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL 'HELWHOH GH FOGXU GLQ WDEHOHOH 6. L 6. VH WUDQVSXQ JUDILF OD VFDU FD vQ figura 2.3 (cu particularizarea: B*=B; Qpa=0; Qsfc=Qc, Qsi=0; Qec=0; qmec=0; qcen=0). 6.6. Calculul focarului Pentru metodologia deFDOFXOVSHFLILFDFHVWXLFD]DQWUHEXLHIFXWXQFDOFXOGH YHULILFDUH D IRFDUXOXL GHRDUHFH VXSUDIDD GH UDGLDLH HVWH FXQRVFXW SULQ SUHFL]DUHD
229
LQLLDODVROXLHLFRQVWUXFWLYH1HFXQRVFXWDFDOFXOXOXLHVWHWHPSHUDWXUDGHODVIkULWXO focarului tf . 3URFHGXUDGHFDOFXOHVWHXUPWRDUHD - calculul temperaturii teoretice de ardere, -FDOFXOXOVXSUDIHHORUGHUDGLDLH -FDOFXOXOFDUDFWHULVLWLFLLGHUDGLDLHDIRFDUXOXL - calculul temperaturii la finele focarului. Calculul temperaturii teoretice de ardere (QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHVHGHWHUPLQFXUHODLD
I t = H i (1 qch ) + f V0 c pa t a
(6.12)
t t = f ( I t , ) .
DSRLVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHGLQGLDJUDPD,-t:
&DOFXOXOVXSUDIH HORUGHUDGLD LH Calculul este un cDOFXO JHRPHWULF GH VXSUDIHH 7RDWH VXSUDIHHOH GH UDGLDLH ILLQG VXSUDIHH PHWDOLFH FRQWLQXH FRHILFLHQWXO GH HILFLHQ HVWH 6FKHPD IRFDUXOXLHVWHGDWvQILJ6.5 6HvQVXPHD]XUPWRDUHOHVXSUDIHH VXSUDIDDVXSHULRDUDFDPHUHLGHDUGHUHLDLQWUULLvQFRQYHFWLY S1 = l b a b VXSUDIDDIURQWDODFDPHUHLGHDUGHUH Sfr = hf b baza camerei de ardere: Sb = l b ls bs VXSUDIDDVSDWHDFDPHUHLGHDUGHUH Ssp = hc b 6XSUDIDDSHUHWHOXLGHVSULWRUSHDPEHOHIHH Sp = ((hf hp) + (hc hp)) b 6XSUDIDDODWHUDO Slat = 2 (ca hf +(l-ca) h)
230
a hf hc
ca
hp l
bs ls
fig. 6.6FKHPDGLPHQVLRQDODIRFDUXOXL 6XSUDIDD WRWDO HIHFWLY GH UDGLDLH HVWH FRHILFLHQW GH HILFLHQ XQLWDU SHQWUX supraIHHPHWDOLFHFRQWLQXH SR = S1 + Sfr + Sb +Ssp + Sp + Slat [m2] Calculul volumului focarului 6HvQVXPHD]XUPWRDUHOHYROXPH volumul camerei de ardere Vca = hf b ca volumul camerei de ntoarcere spre convectiv: Vc = hc b ( l ca ) Volumul total al focarului: Vf = Vca + Vc [m3]
&DOFXOXOVXSUDIH HLSHUH LORUDPRWD L 6HvQVXPHD]XUPWRDUHOHVXSUDIHH VXSUDIDDVXSHULRDUD]RQHLDPRWDWHGHLQWDUDUH Si = a b VXSUDIDDFRUSXOXLUHIUDFWDUGHDUGHUH Sref = ls bs

231
6XSUDIDDWRWDODSHUHLORUDPRWDL Ss = Si + Sref &DOFXOXOVXSUDIH HLSHUH LORUIRFDUXOXL 6XSUDIDD SHUHLORU IRFDUXOXL HVWH VXPD VXSUDIHHL GH UDGLDLH L D VXSUDIHHL DPRWDWH Sper = SR + Ss [m2]
,QL LDOL]DUHDWHPSHUDWXULLGHODVIkULWXOIRFDUXOXL 2LPSRUWDQWFDUDFWHULVWLFIXQFLRQDODFD]DQHORUFXDUGHUHSULQJH]HLILFDUHD OHPQHORURSUH]LQWtHPSHUDWXUDUHODWLYFRERUkWa focaruluiGDWRULWH[FHVXOXLULGLFDW GH DHU L VXSUDIHHL PDUL GH UDGLDLH. De aceea intervalul de alegere a temperaturii la FDSWXOIRFDUXOXLHVWH tf =600800 oC. Calculul caracteristicii GHUDGLD LHDIRFDUXOXL S-au determinat anterior: - volumul focarului: Vf (m3) - VXSUDIDDSHUHLORUIRFDUXOXL Sper (m2) - VXSUDIDDGHUDGLDLH SR (m2) 6HGHWHUPLQvQFRQWLQXDUH grosimea stratului radiant de gaze: s = 3,6 gradul de ecranare: =
Vf S per
(m)
(6.21) (6.22)
SR S per
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUH 0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O T 1 0,38 f ( p H 2O + p RO2 ) kg = (6.27) 1000 ( p H 2O + p RO2 ) s 6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUELHDOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU
ag = 1 e
k g s
(6.24)
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLFXUHODLDGHDSUR[LPDUH
232
k fl = 1,6
Tf 1000
0,5
(6.25)
LFRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUELHDOIOFULLFXUHODLD
a fl = 1 e
k fl s
(6.26)
3RQGHUHDDEVRUELHLIOFULLIDGHFHDDPHGLXOXLUDGLDQWGHJD]HGHDUGHUHGLQ IRFDUVHIDFHGXSFULWHULLH[SHULPHQWDOHFRQVLGHUkQGX-VHRSURSRULH, din volumul IRFDUXOXLRFXSDWGHSDUWHDOXPLQRDVDIOFULL &RHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUELHDOIOFULLLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHODLD a = a fl + (1 ) a g (6.27) Valoarea coeficientului de luminozitate pentru volatilele de combustibil solid este = 0,6 . &RHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUHDVXSUDIHHORUHVWH =0,7 pentru combustibil solid. &XDFHVWHYDORULVHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIRFDUXOXL 0,82a af = (6.28) a + (1 a ) &DUDFWHULVWLFDGHXPSOHUHFXIODFUDIRFDrului. 2DOWFDUDFWHULVWLFDIRFDUXOXLHVWHIDFWRUXOGHumplere a focarului cu IOFU M. Pentru combustibil solid cu IODFU de volatile din ambrazura focarului M=0,44. 7HPSHUDWXUDODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL 6HGHWHUPLQFULWHULXO%2/7=0$11
Bo =
B V g c pg
C 0 10 8 S R Tt 3
(6.29)
unde = 1 q ext ; cpg VHGHWHUPLQGLQWDEHOHSHQWUXWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLF ,QFRQWLQXDUHVHGHWHUPLQLQYDULDQWXOGHWHPSHUDWXUDIRFDUXOXLVLPOSOH[XO
Tf Tt
233
(M a )
f
Bo 0, 6
0,6
+ Bo 0, 6
(6.30)
GHXQGHUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUDODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL
t f = Tt 273,15 [oC]
'DFVHFDOFXOHD]FXYDORULOHGHED]VHDSOLFUHODLDGHFDOFXO
tf =
Tt M C o Tt S R (1 qext )B Vg c pg
3
0, 6
273,15 [0C] +1
(6.31)
Cunoscndu-se tf VHGHWHUPLQIOX[XOGHFOGXUVFKLPEat radiativ n focar. 'DF DFHDVW WHPSHUDWXU YD IL GLIHULW GH WHPSHUDWXUD DOHDV LQLLDO SULQ estimare) cu mai mult de 10% se reia calculul cu valori recalculate SHQWUX FOGXUL VSHFLILFHLFRHILFLHQWGHUDGLDLHDIRFDUXOXLFXWHPSHUDWXUDILQDOWf . ,QILQDOVHRELQHYDORDUHWHPSHUDWXULLODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXLWf [ 0C]. 6.8. Calculul termic al drumului convectiv Convectivul cazanului este determinat, din punctul de vedere al transferului de FOGXUGLQFDOFXOHOHDQWHULRDUHSULQXUPWRULi parametrii: tf tFR te/ti WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLQWUDUHvQHYL0C) ; temperatura HVWLPDW D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD LHLUHD GLQ HYL OD FR temperatura apei (0C).
'HRDUHFH vQ ELODQXO JHQHUDO DO FD]DQXOXL WHPSHUDWXUD OD FR D Iost estiPDW calculul termic al drumului convectiv are rolul de a confirma (sau infirma) WHPSHUDWXUDHVWLPDW'DFGLQFDOFXOXOWHUPLFGHYHULILFDUHYDUH]XOWDFWHPSHUDWXUD HVWLPDW QX HVWH FHD FRUHFW VH YD UHOXD FDOFXOXO FX R QRX WHPSHUDXWU OD FR vQFHSkQGGHODELODQXOWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXL QFRQVHFLQFDOFXOXOWHUPLFDOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYHVWHXQFDOFXOGHYHULILFDUH a temperaturii finale a unui drum convectiv. SHFLXQea de trecere a gazelor de ardere UH]XOWGLQ alegeUHDQXPUXOXLGHHYi LDO diametruluiHYLORU,GLQJDPDGHHYLX]XDOHGH):
51 3; 57 3; 60 3; 70 3,5; 76 3,5 mm.

234
'XS DOHJHUHD QXPUXOXL L GLDPHWUXOXL HYLORU VH FDOFXOHD] YLWH]D GH FLUFXODLHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
w=
B Vg t gm + 273 di2 273 n 4
(6.32)
t gm =
t f + tcos 2
(0 C ) este temperatura media a gazelor de ardere.
Viteza deFLUFXODLHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHZWUHEXLHVILH n intervalul economic pentru acest tip de cazan: w = (2 4) m/s.'DFQXHVWHvQDFHVWGRPHQLXVHPRGLILF VROXLDconstructiv prin QXPUXOGHHYL sau diametrul acestora. Pentru temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere tgm VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ anexa 9, XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL - YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF [m2/s] - FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF [W/mK] - QXPUXO3UDQGWO Pr tp cu DeDVHPHQHDVHGHWHUPLQQXPUXO3UDQGWOSHUHWH3rp la temperatura peretelui tp = tm +(1020) oC ; t m =
ti + t e . 2
(6.33)
Coeficientul de transferGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHFLHVHGHWHUPLQXWLOL]kQGUHODLL criterialeSHQWUXFLUFXODLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLQWHULRUXOHYLORUFRQIRUPanexei 10 . wd i > 3 10 4 De exemplu, pentru Re =
2/3 (Re 1000) Pr di 8 Nu = 1 + C 2/3 L 1 + 12,2 (Pr 1) 8

2
(6.34)
Pr cu = (1,82logRe 1,64) ; C = Pr p de combustibil.

Pentru 2300 < Re < 3 104:
0,11
, L = L B unde LB HVWH vQOLPHD EXQFUXOXL
235
2 3 Nu = 0 49,37 + [1,615 A 0,7] + B C 1 + 22 Pr

1/ 3
(6.35)
cu
o UHSUH]LQW HIHFWXO WXUEXOL]DWRULORU FH VH YRU PRQWD OD LQWHURUXO HYLORUFRQYHFWLYHIXQFLHGHJUDGXOGHWXOEXUL]DUHUHDOL]DWIRUPLSDVGHLFDQDUH
Pentru regimul laminar: Re < 2300:
3 di * Nu = 0 49,37 + 1,615 3 Re Pr 0,7 L
* cu 0 = 1,62,2.
1/ 3
Pr Pr p
0 ,11
(6.36)
* Pentru turbulizatorii n zig-zag coeficienLL GH FRUHFLH 0 L 0 pot fi GHWHUPLQDLFXUHODLLOHH[SHULPHQWDOH
3,3 Re 0 ,2 2 ,142 = 0 ,2 L 0 = 0 ,2 5 pr pr

* 0
unde p r =
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHFLH
l este pasul relativ, cu l pas zig-zaguri. di
c =
Nu lc
(6.37)
di l
CoeficiHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLDLHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHPULPLOH
236
WHPSHUDWXUPHGLHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH grosimea stratului radiant:
Tgm=tgm+273 (K); s = 0,9 di (m);
SUHVLXQLOHSDULDOHDOHJD]HORUGHDUGHUHWULDWRPLFH pRO2 ; p H 2O
p RO2 =
VRO2 Vg
pg
[bar@L pH 2 O =
VH 2 O Vg
pg
[bar.]
&RQVWDQWDGHUDGLDLHDJD]HORUVHGHWHUPLQFXUHODLD
kg =
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O ( p H 2O
T 1 0,38 gm ( p H 2O + p RO2 ) 1000 + p RO2 ) s
(6.38)
iar coeficientul de emisivitate al gazelor de ardere:
a g =1 e
k g s
(6.39)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLDLHVHGHWHUPLQFXUHODLD
T 3,6 1 p Tgm a p +1 8 3 a g Tgm r = 5,765 10 2 2 T p (W/m K) 1 T gm
(6.40)
XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUELH DO SHUHWHOXL GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU VH FRQVLGHU valoarea ap=0,8HDYWUDVGHRHOLDUSHQWUXWHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXLHYLL Tp = t m + 20 + 273 (K) Coeficientul de transfer GHFOGXUSHSDUWHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL 1 = c + r &RHILFLHQWXO GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU 2 pe partea apei este mult mai mare (de ordinul miilor de W/m2.vQFRPSDUDLHFX1 (de ordinul zecilor de W/m2K). Q DFHVWH FRQGLLL FRHILFLHQWXO JOREDO GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU k este dat de UHODLD 1 kI = (W/m2K) (6.41) 1 + 1
237
n care s-DQHJOLMDWUH]LVWHQDWHUPLF1/2). 9DORULOH FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH PXUGULUH pentru gaze de ardere, provenite din arderea de combustibil VROLGFXUH]LVWHQWHUPLFSURYHQLQGGLQGHSXQHULOHGHFHQX YRODQW, sunt : &RHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUH 3 6 9 12 5,233 3,837 2,791 2,093 Tabelul 6.4. 15 1,628 18 1,395
Viteza w (m/s) 103 (m2K/W)
6HSRDWHXWLOL]DLUHODLDDQDOLWLF
= 11,2110 3 w 0,6474 (m2K/W)
(6.42)
6H FDOFXOHD] vQ ILQDO WHPSHUDXWUD GH LHLUH D JD]HORU GH DGHUH GLQ GUXPXO convectiv de gaze, conformUHODLHLGHYHULILFDUHDVXSUDIHHORUFRQYHFWLYH
t e = t ma + (t f t ma ) e
k S BVg c pg
[0C]
(6.43)
Temperatura te HVWH WHPSHUDWXUD GH FR D Fazanului, care s-D LQLLDOL]DW la vQFHSXWXOFDOFXOXOXLGHDOHJHUHDVROXLHLFRQVWUXFWLYH
6.9HULILFULILQDOH DaFWHPSHUDWXUDILQDOWeHVWHGLIHULWFXPDLPXOWGH.GHWHPSHUDWXUD presupXVLQLLDOSHQWUXFRWcosVHSURFHGHD]vQGRX moduri:
GDF QX HVWHRGLIHUHQSUHDPDUHGHRUGLQXO.VHUHIDFHFDOFXOXO pentru gsirea temperaturii corecte la cRUHOXkQGFDOFXOXOGHODELODQXO WHUPLFFXQRXDWHPSHUDWXUGHFRRELQXW GDF HVWH R GLIHUHQ SUHD PDUH peste 20 K) VROXLD FRQVWUXFWLY QX UHDOL]HD] SDUDPHWULL GRULL L WUHEXLH V VH UHSURLHFWH]H FD]DQXO FX VXSUDIHHGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUPodificate.
238
CAPITOLUL 7
CALCULUL HIDRAULIC (*$=2',1$0,&,$/ ,167$/$,(, '( (9$&8ARE A GAZELOR DE ARDERE

Calculul gazodimanic al cazanelor are ca scop determinarea pierderilor de VDUFLQSHFHOHGXSFLUFXLWH - circuitul aerului de ardere L - circuitul gazelor de ardere Circuitul aerului de ardere vQFHSHGHODDVSLUD LDDHUXOXLdin mediul ambint SkQ la focar, iar ciUFXLWXOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGHODIRFDUSkQODLHLUHDORUSHFR Aerul de ardere se introduce n cazan, cel mai frecvent, cu ventilatoare de aer. /D FD]DQHOH FX GHELW PLF DFHVWHD SRW OLSVL DHUXO SWUXQ]kQG vQ IRFDU SULQ HIHFWXO LQVWDOD LHLGHWLUDM *D]HOH GH DUGHUH VH SRW HYDFXD SULQ WLUDM IRU DW DUWLILFLDO FX YHQWLODWRDUH GH gaze de ardere (exhaustoare), sau prin tirajul natural al coXOXL /DFD]DQHOHFXDUGHUHVXESUHVLXQHSUHVXUL]DWHYHQWLODWRDUHOHGHDHUUHDOL]HD] VXSUDSUHVLXQHDGLQIRFDUFDUHDVLJXULDFRSHULUHDWRWDOVDXSDU LDODUH]LVWHQ HORUGH FLUFXOD LH SH FLUFXLWXO JD]HORU GH DUGHUH SkQ OD ED]D FRXOXL L HYDFXDrea lor n exterior . 7.1. Calculul pierderilor hidraulice GHVDUFLQ &DOFXOHOHVHIDFDWkWSHQWUXWUDVHXOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHFkWLSHQWUXWUDVHXODHUXOXL GHDUGHUH5HOD LLOHGHFDOFXOXWLOL]DWHQXGLIHUvQWUHHOHSHQWUXDHUVDXSHQWUXJD]HGH ardere vQV SDUDPHWULL DHURGLQDPLFL L GH IOXLG Z VXQW VSHFLILFL ILHFUXL ORF GH calcul. 3LHUGHULOHGHVDUFLQSHWUDVHXODHUXOXLGHDUGHUHLSHWUDVHXOJD]HORUGHDUGHUH DSDUGDWRULWQHFHVLW LLvQYLQJHULLXQRUUH]LVWHQ HKLGUDXOLFHFHVHPDLQLIHVWn cadrul LQVWDOD Lei GH FD]DQ OD FXUJHUHD IOXLGHORU UHVSHFWLYH $FHVWH UH]LVWHQ H VXQW GH PDL multe feluri; - UH]LVWHQ HGHIUHFDUHce se produc n canalele de aer sau de gaze de ardere FXVHF LXQHFRQVWDQW(OHGXFODDSDUL LDSLHUGHULORUliniare de sarFLQp); - UH]LVWHQ H ORFDOH FDUH DSDU OD VFKLPEUL GH IRUP VDX GH GLUHF LH DOH FDQDOHORULGXFODDSDUL LDSLHUGHULORUORFDOHGHVDUFLQp) concentrate n VHF LXQLOHFDUHPDUFKHD]VFKLPEDUHDGHIRUPVDXGHVHF LXQH - efecte gazodinamice produse dH IRU HOH DVFHQVLRQDOH DSUXWH GDWRULW GLIHUHQ HORU GH WHPSHUDWXU DOH IOXLGXOXL SH WUDVHHOH YHUWLFDOH SR]LWLYH VDX negative (ph) :
p g = p + p ph p f
239
(N/m2)
(7.1)
7. &$/&8/8/+,'5$8/,&*$=2',1$0,&,$/,167$/$ ,(,'( EVACUARE A GAZELOR DE ARDERE
unde pf este presiunea (sau depresiunea) din focar . La determinarea rezisteQ HORUSLHUGHULORUGHVDUFLQVHIRORVHVFGDWHOHVWDELOLWH OD FDOFXOXO WHUPLF FX H[FHS LD GLDPHWUXOXL HFKLYDOHQW WHUPLF FH VH vQORFXLHWH FX diametrul echivalent hidraulic . &DOFXOXOSLHUGHULORUGHVDUFLQOLQLDUH Pierderile liniare de sarcinVHFDOFXOHD]FXXUPWRDUHOHUHOD LL - n cazul curgerii unui curent izoterm :
l w2 p = (N/m2) d 2
vQFD]XOFXUJHULLFXVFKLPEGHFOGXU
(7.2.)
l w 2 p h = d 2 Tp / T + 1
2
(N/m2)
(7.3.)
l d w 7L7p
lungimea liniare prin care curge fluidul, (m) diametrul echivalent hidraulic, diametrul exterior sau interior, (m) YLWH]DPHGLHDIOXLGXOXLSHSRU LXQHDFRQVLGHUDWPV GHQVLWDWHDIOXLGXOXLODWHPSHUDWXUDLODSUHVLXQHDFRQVLGHUDWNJP3) temperaturDPHGLHDIOXLGXOXLUHVSHFWLYDSHUH LORUVSOD LGHIOXLGSH SRU LXQHDFRQVLGHUDW. FRHILFLHQWXOGHIUHFDUHGHSHQGHQWGHQXPUXO5H\QROGVLuneori de UXJR]LWDWHDSHUH LORU(coeficientul lui Darcy).
Valorile lui pentru conducte sau canale netede se pot determina utiliznd UHOD LLOH 64 = pentru Re < 2000 (7.4.) Re
=
=
0,303 (lg Re 0,9 )2

0,3164 4 Re
pentru 2000 < Re < 4000
(7.5)
pentru 4000 < Re < 105
(7.6)
3HQWUX HYLUXJRDVHODYDORUL
k = 8 10 5 12,5 10 3 L Re > 4000 : d
240

0 ,23
unde : kHVWHUXJR]LWDWHDDEVROXWSHQWUXFRQGXFWHVDXFDQDOHGDW pentru cteva cazuri practice n tabelul 7.1. 1DWXUDSHUH LORUFRQGXFWHLVDXFDQalului HYLGLQR HOIUVXGXU - noi, neintrate n exploatare 0,02 - FXUDWHGXSH[SORDWDUH 0,04 - FXGHSXQHULPLFLGHSLDWUODXWLOL]DUHDDSHLWUDWDWH LGHJD]DWH 0,1 - FX GHSXQHUL PHGLL GH SLDWU OD XWLOL]DUHD DSHL WUDWDWHPHGLLLIUGHJD]DUH 0,04 - cu depunerL PDUL GH SLDWU L FRUR]LXQL OD XWLOL]DUHDDSHLQHWUDWDWHLIUGHJD]DUH 1,0 &DQDOHGLQWDEO (0,1 0,15) &DQHOHGLQFUPLGVDXEHWRQ - tencuite - QHWHQFXLWHFXVXSUDID UHODWLYQHWHG (2 3) - QHWHQFXLWHFXVXSUDID UXJRDV (3 9) HYLGLQIRQW 0,8 &DQDOGH]LGULHEHWRQDW 0,8 6 (medie 2,5) Canale din beton 0,8 6 (medie 2,5) HYLGHVWLFO 0,0015 0,01 (medie 0,005)
3
k 68 = 0,11 + d Re
(7.7)
Tabelul 7.1. 10 k(m)
Valoarea lui , pentru conducte sau canale rugoase, SHQWUXFDUHHVWHvQGHSOLQLW FRQGL LD VHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
d Re > 560 k
(7.8)
0,25
2
k 0,57 log d
(7.9)
Q FD]XO FDQDOHORU GH JD]H UHDOL]DWH GLQ PDWHULDO WHUPRL]RODQW PLFRUDUHD WHPSHUDWXULL GLQ FDX]D SLHUGHULORU GH FOGXU SULQ SHUH L FWUH PHGLXO vQFRQMXUWRU VH SRDWHQHJOLMDLDUFXUJHUHVHSRDWHFRQVLGHUDL]RWHUP
241
&DOFXOXOSLHUGHULORUGHVDUFLQORFDOH Pierderile GHVDUFLQORFDOHDWkWvQFD]XOFXUJHULLL]RWHUPHFkWLvQFD]XOFXUJHULL FXVFKLPEGHFOGXUVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD:
w2 p = 2
(N/m2)
(7.10)
n care: FRHILFLHQW GH UH]LVWHQ ORFDO FDUH GHSLQGH GH IRUPD JHRPHWULF QHUHJXODULW LLGHFXUJHUHLXQHRULGHQXPUXO5H\QROGV wL viteza, respectiv densitatea fluidului n locul considerat. 'DF DSDUH R YDULD LH GH YLWH] vQ ORFXO VWXGLDW vQJXVWDUH GH VHF LXQH OUJLUH GH VHF LXQH VH FRQVLGHU vQ FDOFXO YLWH]D FHD PDL PDUH FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH VHF LXQLL PDL mici . a. 0RGLILFULGHVHF LXQH 3HQWUXUH]LVWHQ HORFDOHFUHDWHGHPRGLILFULGHVHF LXQHFRHILFLHQWXO este dat de tabelul 7.2. Tabelul 7.2. &RHILFLHQWXOGHUH]LVWHQ ORFDOSHQWUXPRGLILFULOHGHVHF LXQH Denumirea 6FKL D Coeficientul raportat la YLWH]DLQGLFDWvQVFKL
Intrare n canal cu PXFKLLOHvQDFHODL plan cu peretele
= 0,5
Intrare n canal cu PXFKLLOHLHLWH

a
La s/d 0,2 - = 0,5 s/d 0,2 -=1 0,05 < a/d < 0,2 - = 0,85 la s/d 0,04 - = 0,5 La r/d = 0,25 PXFKLLOH vQ DFHODL SODQ FX peretele = 0,5 FXPXFKLLOHLHLWH = 0,4 la r/d = 0,1 - = 0,12 la r/d = 0,2 - = 0,05
r Intrare n canal cu muchiile rotunjite w
242
,HLUHGLQFDQDO
=1
,HLUHGLQFDQDOSULQ JUWDUVDu prin GLDIUDJP
= (1,707 w w
fm VHF LXQHD OLEHU GH FXUJHUH D JUWDUXOXL VDX D diafragmei fM VHF LXQHD OLEHU D canalului
f f f = M +0,707 M 1 M f fm fm m
2
fM -1)2 fm
Intrare n canal prin JUWDUVDXSULQ GLDIUDJP *UWDUXOVDX diafragma n interiorul canalului &ODSHWFRPSOHW GHVFKLV
f f f = M -1+0,707 M 1 M f fm fm m
= 0,1
b. &RWXULFLUFXODUHVDXSWUDWH Cot de 900FXUD]D5GHFXUEXULGLDPHWUXOGDOFRQGXFWHL Tabelul 7.3. &RHILFLHQWXOGHUH]LVWHQ SHQWUXFRWXULGH0FLUFXODUHVDXSWUDWH 05 06 07 08 09 1 15 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 1,2 0,9 0,65 0,45 0,35 0,28 0,19 0,17 0,14 0,13 0,11 0,08 0,06 0,05 Cnd unghiul de cotire este diferit de 900VHDSOLFFRHILFLHQWXOGHFRUHF LH% = C B (7.11) &RUHF LHSHQWUXXQJKLXOGHFRWLUH 300 600 900 1200 1500 0,48 0,80 1 1,18 1,32 Tabelul 7.4. 1800 1,41
R d
0 0
&kQGVHF LXQHDHVWHGUHSWXQJKLXODUDEFXFRWDEvQSODQXOFXUEXULLVHDSOLF FRHILFLHQWXOGHFRUHF LH&

243
= C B C
&RUHF LHSHQWUXVHF LXQHGLIHULWGHSWUDW 0,2 1,22 0,4 1,13 0,6 1,08 0,8 1,04 1 1 1,5 0,90 2 0,86 3 0,86 4 0,90
(7.12)
Tabelul 7.5 6 0,97 8 1
a b
&RHILFLHQWXO GH UH]LVWHQ SHQWUX FRWXUL EUXWH IU UDFRUGUL vQ FD]XO XQXL unghi de cotire de 900LDXQHLVHF LXQLSWUDWHVDXFLUFXODUGHFRQGXFWHVWH
C = 1,2
(7.13)
n cazul unui unghi diferit de cotire :
C = 1,2 B
QFD]XOXQHLVHF LXQLGUHSWXQJKLXODUHGHFDQDO
(7.14)
C = 1,2 B C
(7.15)
Cnd n cotireVHIDFHLRPRGLILFDUHDVHF LXQLLFDQDOXOXLFGHULOHGHSUHVLXQH VHFDOFXOHD]FXYLWH]DFHDPDLPDUHLFXXUPWRDUHOHFRUHF LL - SHQWUXFRWXULEUXWHQXVHDSOLFFRUHF LD pentru coturi line cu
R > 0,1 : b
2
f = C B C e f i
(7.16)
unde feHVWHVHF LXQHDGHLHLUHLfiVHF LXQHDGHLQWUDUH c. 9DULD LLGHVHF LXQH 1RWkQGVHF LXQHDPLFFX fmLFX fMVHF LXQHDPDUHFRHILFLHQWXOGHUH]LVWHQ
ODOUJLUHDVHF LXQLLYDILLODvQJXVWDUHDVHF LXQLL .
fm/ fM
&RHILFLHQWXOGHUH]LVWHQ ODYDULD LDVHF LXQLL 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,81 0,64 0,49 0,36 0,25 0,16 0,09 0,04 0,47 0,43 0,38 0,33 0,28 0,23 0,17 0,12
Tabelul 7.6. 0,9 0,01 0,06
244
3HQWUXOUJLUHLvQJXVWDUHEUXVFGHVHF LXQHSRWILXWLOL]DWHUHOD LLOH
f f ' = M 1 respectiv ' ' = 0,51 m f fM m

d. )DVFLFXOGH HYLDH]DWHvQOLQLHFRULGRU
(7.17)
= 0 nr
n care : nr QXPUXOGHUkQGXULGH HYLSHGLUHF LDGHFXUJHUHDIOXLGXOXL coefLFLHQWXOGHUH]LVWHQ DOXQXLUkQGGH HYL
Coeficientul 0 depinde de pasurile relative s1/dL s2/d GLQWUH HYLSUHFXPL GH QXPUXO 5H\QROGV s2 L s1 UHSUH]LQW SDVXULOH GLQWUH HYL vQ VHQVXO FXUJHULL IOXLGXOXLUHVSHFWLYSHUSHQGLFXODUSHGLUHF LDde curgere iar d este diametrul exterior al HYLORUIDVFLFROXOXL 'DFVHQRWHD]
=
atunci pentru :
s1 d ( s1 / d ) 1 = s 2 d ( s2 / d ) 1
(7.18)
s1 s 2 L < 1 :
1,52 ( s1 / d ) ( Re)0 ,2
(7.19)
0 =
iar pentru : s1
> s2 L 8 :
0 =
0 ,32
0 ,2 0 ,68
(7.20)
( s1 / d ) ( 0 ,9 )
(Re)
'DF XQJKLXO GLQWUH GLUHF LD GH FXUJHUH D IOXLGXOXL L D[HOH HYLORU IDVFLFROXOXL este 750, coeficientul WUHEXLHPULWFX e. )DVFLFROXOGH HYLDH]DWHGHFDODW
= 0 ( nr + 1 )
(7.21) (7.22)
n care:
0 = C s Re 0 ,27
245
fiind :
Coeficientul CS LQH VHDPD GH SDVXULOH GLQWUH HYL SDVXO UHODWLY SH GLDJRQDO
s'2 1 s1 s2 = + d 4 d d
VHQRWHD]
(7.23)
( s1 / d ) 1 ( s '2 / d ) 1
(7.24)
GDF < 1,7 :
CS = 3,2 +(4,6 2,7)(2 - s1/d) n cazul n care s1/d < 2 (7.25)

sau :
CS = 3,2 n cazul n care s1/d 2

'DF 5,2 ; CS = 0,44 ( +1)2
(7.26)
coeficientul WUHEXLHPULWFX
'DFXQJKLXOGLQWUHGLUHF LDGHFXUJHUHDIOXLGXOXLLD[HOH HYLORUHVWH 750,
f. 3HQWUXFDOFXOXOFRHILFLHQWXOXLGHUH]LVWHQ ORFDODOWHXULORUVLPHWULFH se poate IRORVL XUPWRDUHD PHWRG DSUR[LPDWLY WHXO VH vQORFXLHWH vQ PRG FRQYHQ LRQDO SULQ GRX FRWXUL LQGHSHQGHQWH DGPL kQGX-VH F VHF LXQea canalului comun se mparte ORQJLWXGLQDOvQGRXSU LSURSRU LRQDOHFXGHELWHOHUDPXULORUFRHILFLHQWXOGHUH]LVWHQ ORFDOSHQWUXILHFDUHFXUHQWVHFDOFXOHD]FDSHQWUXXQFRWFXPXFKLLOHQHURWXQMLWHFX VHF LXQLLQHJDOHODLQWUDUHLODLHLUH &DOFXOXO SLHUGHULORU GH VDUFLQ OD FXUJHUHD DHUXOXL VDX D JD]HORU GHDUGHUHSULQ VXSUDIH HOH GH vQFO]LUH DOH DSDUDWXOXL FX UHOD LLOH LQGLFDWH HVWH YDODELO vQ FD]XO VXSUDIH HORUGHvQFO]LUHFXUDWH $YkQGvQYHGHUHIDSWXOFvQFDOFXOHQXVHSRDWH LQe seama de o serie de aspecte VSHFLILFH FDUDFWHULVWLFH FXUJHULL vQ FRQGL LL UHDOH SLHUGHULOH GH VDUFLQ GHWHUPLQDWH WHRUHWLF VH FRUHFWHD] SULQ vQPXO LUHD FX XQ FRHILFLHQW GH FRUHF LH 0 DOH FUXL YDORUL SHQWUXFD]XOPXUGULULLPHGLLDVXSUDIH HORUGHvQFO]LUHVXQW - IDVFLFROHGH HYLILHUEWRDUHYHUWLFDOH1 - VXSUDIH HGHvQFO]LUHUHDOL]DWHGLQVHUSHQWLQH VXSUDvQFO]LWRDUHHFRQRPL]RDUH - preQFO]LWRDUHGHDHUGLQ HYLQHWHGH o pe partea aerului de ardere 1,05 o pe partea gazelor de ardere .. 1,1
246
&DOFXOXOSLHUGHULORUGHVDUFLQvQFDQDOHYHUWLFDOHHIHFWHGHWLUDM 9DORDUHD DXWRWLUDMXOXL WLUDMXO QDWXUDO RULFUeL SRU LXQL YHUWLFDOH GLQ FLUFXLW LQFOXVLYFRXOVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
p h = h( a g ) g
(N/m2)
(7.27)
a densitatea aerului exterior (kg/m3) g densitatea medie a gazului afODWvQFRQGXFW(kg/m3)

'DF IOXLGXO HVWH GLULMDX vQ VXV DXWRWLUDMXO PLFRUHD] SLHUGHUHD GH VDUFLQ vQ circuit (-ph LDU GDF IOXLGXO HVWH GLULMDW vQ MRV DXWRWLUDMXO YD PUL SLHUGHUHD GH VDUFLQvQFLUFXLW+ph) . n cazul tirajului natural, autoWLUDMXO FRXOXL FD GH DOWIHO L UH]LVWHQ HOH OD FXUJHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSULQFRVHGHWHUPLQVHSDUDW 7.2. CDOFXOXOSDUDPHWULORUGHED]DiLQVWDODLHLGHDOLPHQWDUHFXDHUGH ardere 7.2.1. Debitul de aer Introducerea aerului de ardere n focar se face cu ajutorul ventilatoarelor de aer. /DXQHOHFD]DQHPLFLDGPLVLDOXLVHIDFHSULQHIHFWXOLQVWDOD LHLGHWLUDM 'HELWXOGHFDOFXODOYHQWLODWRDUHORUGHDHUVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD
unde : h -HVWHvQO LPHDSHYHUWLFDODWUDVHXOXLP
Da = 1,0161 1 f V0 B
273 + tar 273
(m3/s)
(7.28)
f tar 1
debitul de combustibil care arde efectiv n focar, n kg/s sau Nm3/s . 1,0161 V0 volumul teoretic de aer umed necesar arderii, n Nm3/kg sau Nm3/Nm3
coeficientul de exces de aer n focar temperatura aerului aspirat de ventilator, n 0C coeILFLHQWGHUH]HUYHJDOFX
QFD]XOvQFDUHFRQ LQXWXOGHXPLGLWDWHDODHUXOXL[HVWHGLIHULWGHNJNJ aer uscat, termenul 1,0161 V0VHvQORFXLHWHFX[90 .
247
7.2.2. Calculul presiunii ventilatoarelor de aer de ardere PierGHUHD GH VDUFLQD WRWDO D WUDVHXOXL GH DHU YD IL LQkQG VHDPD GH H[LVWHQ D depresiunii din focar (pf = 30 50 N/m2) :
p a = + p + p p h + p A p f
(7.29)
Termenul paUHSUH]LQWSLHUGHUHDGHVDUFLQvQDU]WRU7HUPHQXOph poate ILQHJOLMDWGDFDHUXOQXHVWHSUHvQFO]LWVDXGDFGLIHUHQ HOHGHFRWHGLQWUHSUHvQFO]LWRU GHDHULDU]WRDUHQXvQWUHFP 3HWUDVHXODHUXOXLGHDUGHUHSLHUGHULOHGHVDUFLQKLGUDXOLFvQVXPHD]: - UH]LVWHQ HOHFRQGXFWHLGHDVSLUD LHSkQODYHQWLODWRU - UH]LVWHQ HOHFRQGXFWHLGHUHIXODUHGHODYHQWLODWRUODSUHvQFO]LWRUXOGHDHU - UH]LVWHQ HOHWUDVHXOXLGHODSUHvQFO]LWRUXOGHDHUODIRFDU - UH]LVWHQ HOH LQVWDOD LLORU IRFDUXOXL vQ FD]XO DUGHULL FRPEXVWLELOXOXL VROLG SH JUWDU, VH FRPSXQ GLQ UH]LVWHQ HOH FXWLLORU GH GLVWULEX LH SHQWUX DOLPHQWDUHD FX DHU SH ]RQH D JUWDUXOXL L GLQ UH]LVWHQ D JUWDUXOXL L D VWUDWXOXL GH FRPEXVWLELOLDUODIRFDUHOHIUJUWDUVHFRPSXQGLQUH]LVWHQ HOHFDUHSDUOD FXUJHUHD DHUXOXL SULQ DU]WRU DHUXO VHFXQGDU LQFOXVLY SLHUGHUHD GH VDUFLQ GLQDPLFODLHLUHDDHUXOXLGLQDU]WRUvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUH) . 5H]LVWHQ D JUWDUXOXL L DOH VWUDWXOXL GH FRPEXVWLELO VH LDX vQ FRQVLGHUDUH SULQ SUHVLXQHDSHFDUHDHUXOGHDUGHUHWUHEXLHVo DLEVXEJUWDUFRQIRUPLQGLFD LLORUGLQ tabelul 7.7. 3UHVLXQHDQHFHVDUVXEJUWDU Tipul focarului )RFDUFXJUWDUUXODW Combustibil &UEXQL EUXQL VXSHULRUL KXLOH necocsificabile )RFDUH FX JUWDUH &UEXQLbruni cu w40% nclinate, mecanizate )RFDUHFXJUWDUIL[ &UEXQLEUXQL &UEXQLEUXQLLQIHULRULOLJQL L Tabelul 7.7 Presiunea aerului VXEJUWDU1P2) (valori orientative) 600 - 800 600- 800 800 1000 1000 - 1200
3UHVLXQHDGHFDOFXODYHQWLODWRDUHORUGHDHUVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD H v = 2 p a (N/m2) (7.30) unde : 2 este un coeILFLHQWGHUH]HUYSHQWUXSUHVLXQHHJDOFX
248
3XWHUHDPRWRUXOXLHOHFWULFFHDQWUHQHD]YHQWLODWRUXOYDIL
Nv =
Dv H v 1000 v
(kw)
(7.31)
unde : v este randamentul ventilatorului (0,6 0,8) . 7.3. CDOFXOXOSDUDPHWULORUGHED]DLLQVWDODLHLGHWLUDM 'HELWXOLQVWDOD LHLGHWLUDM 'HELWXOGHFDOFXODOLQVWDOD LHLGHHYDFXDUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHVHGHWHUPLQFX UHOD LD
Dg = 1 Vg B
273 + t g 273
(m3/s)
(7.32)
Vg
1
tg
volumul gazelor de ardere din cazan la excesul de aer FR, [ Nm3/kg sau Nm3/ Nm3] FRHILFLHQWGHUH]HUY1 = 1,05 pentru cazan cu debitul nominal > 20 t/h L1 = 1,1 pentru cazane cu debitul nominal 20 t/h) . WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODH[KDXWRUUHVSHFWLYODED]DFRXOXL>0C ].
7.3.2. Calculul presiunii ventilatoarelor de gaze de ardere ([KDXWRUXOWUHEXLHVvQYLQJWRDWHUH]LVWHQ HOHGHSHWUDVHXOJD]HORUGHDUGHUH GHODSDUWHDGHvQFHSXWDIRFDUXOXLSkQODHYDFXDUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODED]DFRXOXL unde de regulVHLPSXQHp = 0 . 'HFL vQ FD]XO WLUDMXOXL DUWLILFLDO FRXO QX VHUYHWH DWkW SHQWUX FUHDUHD WLUDMXOXL FkW SHQWUX HYDFXDUHD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH vQ DWPRVIHU 'H DFHHD vQO LPHD FRXOXL VH DOHJH vQ IXQF LH GH FRQGL LLOH VDQLWDUH GH SURWHMDUH D YHJHWD LHL HWF VH FDOFXOHD] QXPDLGLDPHWUXOFRXOXLFDUHVHGHWHUPLQvQIXQF LHGHGHELWXOWRWDOGHJD]HGHDUGHUH SHQWUXRYLWH]ODLHLUHDGLQFRGH-PV'LDPHWUXOPHGLXDOXQXLFRvQIXQF LH GHFHOHGRXYDORULG1LG2GHODH[WUHPLW LYDIi :
dm =
2d1d 2 d1 + d 2
(7.33)
'XS FDOFXOXO UH]LVWHQ HORU VHSDUDWH GH SH vQWUHJ WUDVHXO JD]HORU GH DUGHUH VH LQWURGXFH R FRUHF LH FDUH LQH VHDPD GH FRQFHQWUD La GH FHQX vQ JD]HOH GH DUGHUH provenite din arderea combustibilului solid . PHQWUX WUDVHXO JD]HORU GH DUGHUHDWXQFLFkQGIRFDUXOOXFUHD]vQGHSUHVLXQHOD SLHUGHUHDGHVDUFLQWRWDODWUDVHXOXLVHDGDXJLGHSUHVLXQHDSURGXVvQIRFDUSf . 6H DGRSW vQ JHQHUDO R GHSUHVLXQH GH 1P2 OD QLYHOXO DU]WRDUHORU Pierderea totDOGHVDUFLQSHQWUXWUDVHXOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
249
p g = ( 1 + )[ p + p + ( p h )] + p f (N/m2) (7.34)
WHPSHUDWXUPHGLHVLXQFRHILFLHQWGHH[FHVPHGLX
- HVWH FRQFHQWUD LH GH FHQX vQ JD]HOH GH DUGHUH L VH FDOFXOHD] SHQWUX R
10 2 A a an = g Vg
NJFHQXNJJD]HGHDUGHUH (7.35)
unde : AHVWHSURFHQWXOWRWDOGHFHQX aan IUDF LXQHDDQWUHQDWGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHGLQFDQWLWDWHDWRWDOGHFHQXUH]XOWDW prin arderea a NJGHFRPEXVWLELO'DFFHQXDL]JXUDVXQWHYDFXDWHvQVWDUHVROLG aan este : - SHQWUXIRFDUHOHFXFUEXQHSXOYHUL]DWL - SHQWUXIRFDUHOHFXJUWDU Pentru combustibil lichid sau gazos = 0 . 3UHVLXQHDGHFDOFXODH[KDXVWRUXOXLVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD unde : 2HVWHXQFRHILFLHQWGHUH]HUYSHQWUXSUHVLXQHDHJDOFX 3XWHUHDPRWRUXOXLHOHFWULFFHDQWUHQHD]H[KDXVWRUXOYDIL
H ex = 2 p g
Dg H ex
(N/m2)
(7.36)
N=
unde :
1000 ex
(kw)
(7.37)
ex este randamentul exhaustorului (0,6 0,8) .
7.3.3. Calculul coXOXLODLQVWDOD LLOHFXWLUDMQDWXUDO 'LDPHWUXO FRXOXL VH GHWHUPLQ vQ IXQF LH GH GHELWXO WRWDO GH JD]HGHDUGHUHDO FD]DQHORUOHJDWHODFR9LWH]DJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQFRVHDOHJHvQWUHL m/s, cu valorile mici ale vitezei la cazane de debit mic. Q FD]XO FkQG FRXO FD]DQXOXL HVWH GHVWLQDW SHQWUX SUHOXDUHD vQWUHJXOXL WLUDM necesar cazanului : unde
H0HVWHWLUDMXOQHWDOFRXOXL
H 0 = 1,2p g
(7.38)
Q FD]XO FkQG FRXO HVWH GHVWLQDW exclusiv dispersiei emisiilor poluante n PHGLXOvQFRQMXUWRU
H 0 < 1,2p g
(7.39)
restul tirajului fiind asigurat de exhaustor.
250
7LUDMXOEUXWDOFRXOXL+FDUHVHGHWHUPLQIUkSLHUGHULOHSURSULLGHVDUFLQSH traseul acestuia, este :
H = hc ( a gm )g
hc a
vQO LPHDFRXOXLP densitatea aerului exterior, (kg/m3); a = 1,293
273 273 + t a
(7.40)
(7.41)
gm
GHQVLWDWHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODWHPSHUDWXUDPHGLHGLQFRNJP3) Densitatea gazelor de ardere la stare normalVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LLOH
gN =
0,717 + 1,293V0 Vg 0 + ( 1 )V0
pentru combustibil gaz natural
(7.42)
gN =
1 + 1,293V0 Vg 0 + ( 1 )V0
273 273 + t gm
pentru combustibil lichid sau gazos
(7.43)
Densitatea medie a gazelor de ardere, la temperatura tgm va fi :
gm = g N
(7.44)
7HPSHUDWXUDPHGLHDJD]HORUvQFRHVWH
t gm = t i
t c 2
(0C)
(7.45)
3HQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD FGHULL GH WHPSHUDWXU vQ FR tc VH XWLOL]HD] UHOD LL H[SHULPHQWDOHVWDELOLWHvQIXQF LHGHFGHUHDGHWHPSHUDWXUSHXQLWatea de lungime t:
t c = hc t cu valorile pentru t:
-
(0C)
(7.46)
FRGHWDEOQHL]RODW
t =
-
1,76 sau t = Qh
2 Dh
(0C)
(7.47)
FRGHWDEOL]RODW
251
t =
-
0,7 0,8 sau t = Qh Dh

0,6 0,22 sau t = Qh Dh
(0C)
(7.48)
FRGHFUPLGFXSHUH LLFXJURVLPHGHFFDPP
t =
-
(0C)
(7.49)
FRGHFUPLGFXSHUH LLFJURVLPHGHFFDPP
t =
0,13 0 ,13 sau t = Qh Dh
(0C)
(7.50)
unde Dh este debitul de abur al cazanului n t/h iar putea calcula tc FXUHOD LDL dat n tabelul 7.8 .
QhGHELWXOGHFOGXUvQMW .
HFXUHOD LD * &DRSULPLQGLFD LHWLUDMXOEUXWDOFRXOXL ho n N/m2PvQO LPHGHFRHVWH

7LUDMXOXQLWDUDOFRXOXL 130 140 150 2,88 3,1 3,3 200 210 220 4,2 4,36 4,51 Tabelul 7.8. 160 3,5 230 4,65 170 3,7 240 4,8 180 3,86 250 4,9
'H PHQ LRQDW F hc vQO LPHD FRXOXL WUHEXLH DSUR[LPDW LQL LDO SHQWUX D VH
tgm
h
* o
tgm
h* o
C N/m2/1 m 0 C N/m2/1 m
120 2,66 190 4,04
7DEHOXO HVWH FDOFXODW SHQWUX R WHPSHUDWXU D DHUXOXL DPELDQW GH 0C, GHQVLWDWHDQRUPDOa0 = 1,293 kg/Nm3Lg0 = 1,34 kg/Nm3 . 7LUDMXOQHWDOFRXOXLVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD
H 0 = H hc pcos 0,9 H (N/m2)
(7.51)
unde : pFRHVWHSLHUGHUHDGHVDUFLQOLQLDUSHPGHOXQJLPHGHFRFDS 5HOD LLOH SUHFHGHQWH SRW IL IRORVLWH L SHQWUX YHULILFDUHD YDORULL PD[LPH D SLHUGHULLGHVDUFLQce SRDWHILDFRSHULWSULQWLUDMQDWXUDOGHXQFRFXGLPHQVLXQLGDWH .
252
7. &DOFXOXO SDUDPHWULORU GH ED] DL LQVWDODLHL GH LQVXIODUH OD FD]DQHOH FX ardere sub presiune 7.'HELWXOLQVWDOD LHLGHLQVXIODUH &XQRWD LLOHIRORVLWHDQWHULRUGHELWXO de aer al ventilatorului este :
Da = 1,01611 f V0 B
273 + t a 3 (m /s) 273
(7.52)
n care : f este coeficientul de exces de aer din focar . 7.4.2. Calculul presiunii de refulare a ventilatorului de insuflare La cazanele lucrnd cu focarele sub presiune delimitarea drumului de gaze pe WUDVHXODHUXOXLQXHVWHQHFHVDUGHRDUHFHHIHFWXOGHFLUFXOD LHHVWHSURGXVGHRVLQJXU VXIODQWQDFHVWFD]
p a , g = p a p g
H v ,i = 2 p a ,g
D a H v ,i 1000 v
(7.53)
Presiunea de calcul a ventilatorului de aer insuflat va fi : (N/m2) (7.54) 3XWHUHDPRWRUXOXLHOHFWULFQHFHVDUDQWUHQULLYHQWLODWRUXOXLYDIL
N v ,i =
(kw)
(7.55)
unde: v este randamentul ventilatorului .
253
CAPITOLUL 8
CALCULUL DE REZISTEN AL CAZANELOR

8.1. Date generale Calculul de rezisten se efectueaz pentru dimensionarea sau verificarea tamburilor (mantalei) evilor, colectoarelor, plcilor tubulare, fundurilor i tubului de flacr. Elementele metalice se dimensioneaz sau se verific considerndu-le supuse la presiune interioar sau exterioar ca solicitare principal. n calcule se ine seama i de alte solicitri ce pot avea loc, datorate: a) greutii proprii i a fluidului n timpul exploatrii; b) diferenelor de temperatur i a dilatrii termice diferite a materialelor; c) sarcinii hidrostatice a fluidului; d) efectul concentrrilor de eforturi produse de suporturi, racorduri de conducte i alte similare. 8.2. Materiale folosite pentru execuia elementelor metalice ale cazanelor Principalul material utilizat n execuia cazanelor este oelul, a crui compoziie chimic, conform SR EN 297 + A2 / 2001 este cea din tabelul 8.1. Tabelul 8.1. Caracteristici mecanice i compoziia chimic a oelurilor carbon i inoxidabile
Material Tip oel Rezisten la traciune N/mm2 Carbon Table, evi Feritic Austenitic 520 600 800 C masa % 0,25 0,08 0,08 P S Si Mn Cr masa % Mo masa % 1,5 2,03,0 Ni Ti Nb/Ta masa % 12 %C 8 %C
masa masa % %
masa masa % %
masa masa % % 9-15 7 %C 5 %C
0,05 0,05 15,5 1,0 1,0 18 0,045 0,030 16,5 1,0 2,0 20 0,045 0,030
Pentru armturi din font i la realizarea evilor cu aripioare sau nervurate, caracteristicile minime pentru font sunt cele centralizate n tabelul 8.2. Tabelul 8.2. Caracteristici minime pentru font Font cu grafit lamelar (ISO 185) : 150 N/mm2 Rezisten la traciune r 160 220 HB 2,5/187,5 Duritate Brinell Font cu grafit nodular (recopt feritic) : 400 N/mm2 Rezisten la traciune r 23 J/c m2 Rezilien
254
8. CALCULUL DE REZISTEN AL CAZANELOR
Reperele turnate executate din aluminiu sau din cupru sunt centralizate n tabelele 8.3 i 8.4. Grosimile minime ale pereilor sunt prezentate n tabelele 8.5 i 8.8. Tabelul 8.3. Repere turnate executate din aluminiu sau din aliaje de aluminiu Rezisten la traciune Domeniu de temperatur r 0 C N/mm2 Al 99,5 pn la 300 75 Al Mg2 Mn 0,8 pn la 250 275 Tabelul 8.4. Repere turnate executate din cupru sau din aliaje de cupru Rezisten la traciune Domeniu de temperatur r 0 C 2 N/mm SF - Cu pn la 250 200 Cu Ni 30 Fe pn la 350 310 Grosimile minime ale pereilor sunt prezentate n tabelele 8.5 i 8.8. Tabelul 8.5. Grosimi minime pentru reperele laminate Oeluri carbon, aluminiu Oeluri protejate, oeluri inoxidabile, cupru a b c a b c mm mm mm mm mm mm 4 3 2,9 2 2 1 Coloana a) pentru pereii camerelor de ardere expui la ap i la foc i pentru pereii orizontali ai suprafeelor de schimb prin convecie . Coloana b) pentru pereii care nu sunt expui dect la ap i pentru formele de consolidare, ca ambutisrile suprafeelor de nclzire prin convecie de deasupra camerei de ardere . Coloana c) evi ale schimbtorului convectiv . Tabelul 8.8. Grosimile nominale minime ale elementelor cazanelor executate din materiale turnate supuse la presiune Font cu grafit nodular Debit caloric nominal Qn Debit caloric nominal Qn (recopt feritic), cupru kW mm mm 3,5 3,0 35 4,0 3,5 > 35
255
Oelurile pentru tamburi i colectoare de diametru mare, executate n general din tabl sudat, sunt oeluri OLK (tabelul 8.7) . Valoarea rezistenei admisibile (a), calculat dup necesiti n raport cu temperatura de calcul a peretelui elementului de cazan, se determin din relaia de calcul corespunztoare :
a r20 / 2,6;
unde :
20 G , rt
a ct / 1,5;
a rt / 1,5; a tf
(8.1)
- este rezistena la limita de rupere la 200C, respectiv la temperatura peretelui;
t c
- rezistena la limita de curgere, la temperatura tp; - rezistena la limita de fluaj, la temperatura tp.
Temperatura de calcul a peretelui tp este temperatura pentru care se stabilete valoarea rezistenei admisibile a metalului :
t p = t f + ( 25 50 )0 C i n general t p = t f + f q , ,
unde: tf este temperatura fluidului de lucru. Tabelul 8.7. Oel carbon laminat n table groase pentru cazane de abur i recipiente sub presiune Marca OLK 1 OLK 2 OLK 3 OLK 4 OLK 5 Rezistena la traciune r (daN/cm2) 34004200 3400-3800 3900-4000 4100-4200 38004700 3800-4000 4100-4300 4400-4700 35004400 41005000 44005300 Limita de curgere la 200C c (daN/cm2) I II III 2200 2400 2300 2600 2800 2000 2200 2200 2500 2700 1900 2100 2100 2400 2600 Alungirea relativ la rupere (%) 31 30 28 27 26 25 24 22 20
n tabelul 8.8 sunt date rezistenele admisibile n funcie de temperatur pentru unele oeluri utilizate la cazane .
256
Tabelul 8.8. Rezistenele admisibile a n daN/cm pentru diferite oeluri, n funcie de temperatur OL OLC OL OLC OL OLK OLC 25 Temperatura de 34 10 37 15 42 2 OLK 3 calcul a pereilor 0 2 ( C) a n daN/cm 20 11700 1200 1300 1330 1430 1470 1600 200 1050 1090 1170 1210 1280 1330 1400 240 970 1000 1070 1110 1220 1340 260 930 960 1030 1060 1110 1160 1270 280 890 920 980 1010 1110 1210 300 050 885 940 970 1050 11500 360 750 820 900 980 400 670 730 800 875 440 525 580 630 670 500 250 300 300 300
2
8.3. Calculul grosimii pereilor corpurilor cilindrice 8.3.1. Calculul tamburilor (mantalelor cilindrice) Grosimea necesar a tablei este :
s=
unde :
Di p +c 2 a p
(cm)
(8.2)
a c
Di p
diametrul interior al tamburului (cm) ; presiunea de lucru (bar) ; efortul unitar admisibil (daN/cm2) ; coeficientul de slbire conform tabelului 8.9 ; adaos de coroziune cu valori : c=0,1 pentru s 30 mm c=0 pentru s > 30 mm
Presiunea de calcul este presiunea nscris pe placa de timbru corectat cu un coeficient de siguran (1,1 1,3). Relaia (8.2) este aplicabil pentru cazurile cnd sunt ndeplinite condiiile corespunztoare mantalelor cu perei subiri : - raportul s/Di < 0,1 - raportul De/Di < 1,5 - n cazul mantalelor sudate liniile medii trebuie s fie n prelungire una cu alta pentru fiecare mbinare longitudinal
257
nu au loc solicitri suplimentare locale datorit racordurilor sau unor sarcini ciclice etc. solicitrile de natur termic sunt pstrate n limite reduse, ca urmare a respectrii grosimilor limit ale pereilor admii n drumul gazelor de ardere. Tabelul 8.9
Coeficieni de slbire pentru tamburi Tamburi cu guri pe generatoare (la pasul s1) = s1-d/s1 Tamburi cu guri transversale (la pasul s) =2(s-d)/s Gaur cu diametru mare : do 0,6 Di =1-do/531Di6 Manual, cap la cap cu =0,85 completare la rdcin Idem, fr completare la =0,7 rdcin Sudur Suduri transversale =0,8 Sudur T pe ambele pri =0,85 prelucrate Suduri T neprelucrate =0,7 Grosimea minim a peretelui tamburului, indiferent de rezultatul calcului, nu poate fi mai mic de 6 mm. Temperatura de lucru a pereilor n acest caz se ia conform indicaiilor din tabelul 8.10. Tabelul 8.10 Temperatura tp a pereilor tamburilor Felul tamburilor tp Tambur nenclzit tp=tf Tambur neizolat, cu s 50 mm, nclzit tp=tf+1,2 s* +100C cu gaze de ardere avnd tg < 600 0C Tambur neizolat, cu s 30 mm, nclzit tp=tf+2,5 s* +200C cu gaze de ardere avnd tg = 600-900 0C Tambur neizolat, cu s 22 mm, nclzit tp=tf+4 s* +300C cu gaze de ardere avnd tg > 900 0C *) s n mm
Verificri suplimentare. Grosimea tamburului calculat cu relaia (8.2) se verific innd seama de solicitarea a ncovoiere datorit greutii proprii, apei, izolaiei i a evilor suspendate de tambur . Determinarea momentului de ncovoiere, se face considernd tamburul ca o grind simplu rezemat, ncrcat cu o sarcin uniform distribuit :
M max
q l2 = (daN.cm) cu q n daN/cm 8
(8.3)
unde : l este diferena ntre reazime (m) .

258
Modulul de rezisten W se calculeaz pentru seciunea circular cea mai slbit, din cauza orificiilor, lund n considerare deplasarea centrului de greutate fa de centrul geometric. Pentru o seciune inelar fr orificii :
W =
4 4 ( De Di ) (cm3) 32 De
(8.4)
n cazul cnd Mmax i Wmin sunt n seciuni diferite se stabilete seciunea cu solicitare maxim dup relaia :
i =
ar
Mi ar (daN/cm2) W = ( 0,8 0 ,9 ) a pentru evi tambure nclzite .
(8.5)
Pentru a evita solicitri termice defavorabile se ine seama de racordul de alimentare cu ap al tamburului s fie prevzut cu o manta interioar de protecie; de asemenea, prin modul de distribuie n tambur a apei de alimentare, trebuie s se fereasc orificiile i pereii de contactul cu acesta. Calculul camerelor de ap i emulsie este identic cu al tamburelor . Coeficientul de adaos este : c 1 mm . Grosimea camerei nu poate fi mai mic de 5 mm. Camerele n care se mandrineaz evi vor avea grosimea minim a pereilor de 16 mm . 8.3.2. Calculul evilor evile folosite n construcii suprafeelor de nclzire a cazanelor i a conductelor aferente n poriunile drepte, se calculeaz cu relaia :
s=
p De +c 2 a + p
(cm)
(8.6)
Relaia este valabil n cazurile : - s/De 0,2 pentru evi are conin ap, amestec ap abur sau abur saturat - s/De 0,28 pentru evi are conin abur supranclzit . Temperatura de calcul a peretelui se ia : tp=tr + 25 500C . Adaosul la grosimea de calcul va fi: c 0,5 mm . Verificrile suplimentare: evile supuse la sarcini constante exterioare mari, provenite din greutatea proprie, a izolaiei termice, trebuie s fie verificare cu privire la solicitrile suplimentare introduse de acestea. Solicitarea dezvoltat de sarcinile exterioare trebuie s satisfac condiia :
259
ext 0,87 ar 1,2
ar a
(8.7)
n care : ar este (0,8 0,9) e pentru elemente nclzite .
ext = s + 0 ,8 i
unde : s =
(8.8)
Mi N i i = . So W
n aceste relaii N i Mi sunt solicitrile n eav, So seciunea i W modulul de rezisten al evii . Conductele cu temperatura mediului interior de cel puin 3500C trebuie s fie verificare, dup necesitate, n raport cu felul construciei, la solicitarea de ncovoiere datorit efortului termic dat de dilatarea termic. Efortul datorit ncovoierii trebuie s satisfac condiia :
ac 1,1 ar
iar
2 ar a
1,25 ext
(8.9)
ac =
Mi W
Verificarea la efort termic, trebuie fcut n condiiile extreme ale strii la cald i la rece ale conductei . Pentru evi supuse la presiune exterioar, grosimea minim a peretelui evii (cu diametrul exterior peste 200 mm) se determin cu relaia (8.6) cu meniunea c rezistena admisibil este egal cu 0,7 din mrimea adoptat pentru calculul sub presiune interioar . 8.4. Calculul grosimii pereilor tuburilor de flacr Tuburile de flacr se execut netede sau ondulate i cu grosimi cuprinse ntre 7 i 20 mm . Grosimea peretelui tubului de flacr se calculeaz cu relaiile: - pentru tuburi netede : pDi al s = 0 ,015 (cm) (8.10) 1 + 1 + + 0 ,2 r p( l + Di ) - pentru tuburi ondulate :
260
s = 0,03
pDi
+ 0,2
(cm)
(8.11)
n care: Di diametrul interior al tubului de flacr sau diametrul interior minim la tuburile ondulate, n cm ; r rezistena la rupere la 200C, n daN/cm2 ; lungimea tubului cuprins ntre dou consolidri (fig. 8.1) sau ntre l consolidri i funduri sau plci tubulare, n cm ; un coeficient egal cu : a - 75 pentru tuburi uzuale fr mbinare sau cu mbinare longitudinal, aezate orizontal ; - 45 pentru tuburi aezate vertical . nlimea ondulaiei la tuburile de flacr trebuie s fie de cel puin 35 mm iar pasul ondulaiei nu mai mare de 200 mm . nlimea consolidrilor trebuie s fie de cel puin 35 mm i s ofere elasticitate suficient tubului care se dilat mai mult dect mantaua cazanului . n figura 8.1 sunt artate cteva consolidri folosite la tuburile de flacr netede sau ondulate . Lungimea l ntre dou consolidri nu trebuie s fie mai mare dect 6Di i cel mult de 5 m .
>s b>2s >5s s l l Di s l l Di h>5s
r2 s Di
r1 80
r2
90
l Di
Fig. 8.1. Consolidri ale tubului de flacr
261
8.5. Calculul fundurilor i al capacelor Dimensiunile principale ale fundurilor bombate sunt indicate n figura 8.2 . Normele pentru construcia acestor funduri prevd ca : R Di i r 0,1 Di . Grosimea de tabl necesar este dat de relaia :
s=
pDe y +c 2
(cm)
(8.12)
Adaosul c se ia 0,10 cm la d < 30 mm i 0 la d > 30 mm . unde d este diametrul gurii (gaur de vizitare sau de inspectare).
d R r s Di De
Fig. 8.2. Fund bombat. Valoarea coeficientului de forma y este dat n tabelul 8.11, n funcie de bombajul relativ al fundului i de prezena gurilor nentrite sau a gurilor de vizitare cu caracteristica geometric : d /
De s .
Tabelul 8.11
262
Coeficienii de forma y
h/De
0,18 0,2 0,225 0,25 0,30 0,40 0,50
d/
0 y la fund fr guri 3,14 2,9 2,4 2,0 1,55 1,15 1,1
De s
0,5 1 2 3 4 5 y la funduri cu guri nentrite sau guri de vizitare 3,4 3,4 3,92 4,85 5,75 6,75 2,9 2,9 3,7 4,6 5,5 6,5 2,4 2,58 3,42 4,35 5,25 6,2 2,0 2,3 3,2 4,1 5,0 5,9 1,61 2,0 2,9 3,75 4,6 5,4 1,27 1,7 2,5 3,32 4,05 4,75 1,2 1,6 2,2 3,0 3,7 4,35
Relaia (8.12) este valabil n urmtoarele condiii: - raportul s/De are valorile: 0,003 s/De 0,16 ; - funduri semisferice, n orice condiii; - funduri eliptice dac h/De 0,18; d/De 0,5 ; - funduri mner de co dac R De, r 0,1 De : r1 3 mm ; h 0,18 De 8.6. Calculul plcilor tubulare Plcile tubulare se consolideaz n poriunea rmas n afara fascicolului de evi, cu mijloace adecvate, ori de cte ori valoarea presiunii de lucru a cazanului impune aceasta . n poriunea n care se fixeaz fascicolului de evi n placa tubular pot avea loc dou cazuri : a. Placa tubular se consolideaz prin ancore speciale sau mai multe, prin evi ancore, filetate, grosimea peretelui calculndu-se cu relaia :
s = k dc
ar
(cm)
(8.13)
n care: dc diametrul cercului cel mai mare care se poate nscrie n spaiul liber dintre locurile ancorate ; este un coeficient egal cu 0,34 0,5 . k evile se madrineaz, iar pentru placa tubular grosimea minim va fi s = 0,5 + 0,125 dc (cm), unde dc este diametrul orificiului. Distana dintre ancore se alege de cel mult 200 mm .
263
b. Placa tubular nu se consolideaz n mod special, n acest caz se verific rezistena mbinrii prin mandrinare a evilor n ceea ce privete smulgerea din orificiu, determinndu-se valoarea ncrcrii specifice q (daN/cm) pe unitatea de lungime a circumferinei evii cu relaia :
q=
p A d c (daN/cm)
(8.14)
n care: A este suprafaa plcii tubulare dintre patru evi (figura 8.2 suprafaa haurat).
h de/di M R
Fig. 8.3. Aezarea evilor n placa tubular
d c2 A = t h 4
(cm2)
de do p
diametrul exterior al evii (cm) ; diametrul orificiului (do = de + 0,1), (cm) presiunea n daN/cm2 .
ncrcarea q trebuie s corespund valorilor : q 4 pentru evi mandrinate n orificii netede sau n canale inelare ; q 5 pentru evi mandrinate i cu unul din capete rsfrnt ; q 7 pentru evi mandrinate i cu ambele capete rsfrnte . Pentru evile sudate n placa tubular, mbinarea trebuie s corespund condiiilor :
d h 1,25 ( d e 2 d i 2 ) din care se deduce valoarea lui h . 4
Plcile tubulare, supuse la ncovoiere n interiorul poriunii haurate, se verific cu relaia :
264
i =
P d s 3601 0 ,7 e e e
2
r 4 ,5
(daN/cm2)
(8.15)
n care :
e=
AE + EC 2
(mm)
n calculul suprafeelor marginale ale plcilor tubulare se poate considera c sarcina este preluat pn la 1/2 din valoarea sa direct de ctre peretele cazanului aflat n vecintate .
265
ANEXA 1
ECHIVALENTA INTRE UNITATILE DE MASURA DIN SISTEMELE SI si MkgS
Nr. crt. 1 2 3 4
Denumirea Masa Densitate Forta Presiune
Sistemul de unitati SI MkgS kg kgf s2/m kg/m3 kgf s2/m4 N kgf N/m2 (Pa); bar kgf/cm2; at; kgf/m2
Relatii de conversie 1N 0,102 kgf; 1 kgf 9,81 N 1 N/m2 = 10-5 bar = 0,102 kgf/m2 = 7,510-3 torr; 1 bar = 105 N/m2 = 750 torr; 1 kgf/m2 = 1 mm H2O; at = 1 kgf/cm2 = 735,6 torr. 1 J = 0,102 kgfm = 1/4185,5 kcal; 1 kWh = 3,6106 J; 1 BTU = 0,252 kcal = 1,055 kJ; 1 kcal = 4,185 kJ = 3,968 BTU. 1 W 0,102 kgfm/s = 1,3610-3 CP; 1 kW = 103 W = 860 kcal/h; 1 kcal/h = 1,163 W = 3,968 BTU/h; 1CP = 0,735 kW. 1 kcal/kgfoC = 4,1855 kJ/kgK 1 kcal/mhoC = 1,163 W/mK 1 kcal/mhoC = 1,163 W/mK 1 kgfs/m2 = 9,81 Ns/m2
Energie
J; kWh
kgf m; kcal; BTU kgfm/s; kcal/h; CP; BTU/h kcal/kgfoC kcal/mhoC kcal/m2hoC m2/s kgfs/m2
6 7 8 9 10 11
Putere Calduri specifice Conductivitate termica Coeficient de schimb superficial prin convectie Vascozitate cinematica Vascozitate dinamica
W = J/s; kW J/kgK W/mK W/m2K m2/s Ns/m2
266
ANEXA 2 35235,(7,/(),=,&( ALE AERULUI, LA p = 0,981 bar
t [oC]
1
[kg/m3]
2
cp [kJ/Nm3 K]
3
102 [W/m K]
4
a 106 [m2/s]
5
106 [Ns/m2]
6
106 [m2/s]
7
Pr
-50 -20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
1,532 1,350 1,251 1,207 1,166 1,127 1,091 1,057 1,026 0,996 0,967 0,941 0,916 0,869 0,827 0,789 0,754 0,7220 0,6530 0,5960 0,5482 0,5075 0,4418 0,3912 0,3510 0,3183 0,2916 0,2683 0,2487 0,2319
1,2963 1,2969 1,2971 1,2971 1,2971 1,2971 1,2971 1,2971 1,3044 1,3044 1,3044 1,3044 1,3059 1,3096 1,3147 1,3147 1,3199 1,3239 1,3367 1,3502 1,3639 1,3808 1,4118 1,4411 1,4679 1,4918 1,5127 1,5311 1,5470 1,5617
2,00 2,28 2,438 2,51 2,58 2,65 2,72 2,79 2,86 2,92 2,99 3,06 3,12 3,25 3,37 3,49 3,62 3,74 4,06 4,37 4,64 4,91 5,45 5,98 6,47 7,00 7,40 7,84 8,26 8,66
13,1 16,8 19,2 20,7 22,0 23,4 24,8 26,2 27,6 29,2 30,6 32,2 33,6 37,0 40,0 43,3 47,0 49,7 60,0 68,9 80,0 89,4 113,2 133,6 162,0 182 216 240 277 301
14,538 16,157 17,197 17,697 18,198 18,688 19,169 19,640 20,111 20,572 21,023 21,474 21,906 22,779 23,622 24,446 25,251 26,016 27,919 29,724 31,431 33,099 36,160 39,063 41,751 44,301 46,696 49,011 51,218 53,376
9,490 11,97 13,75 14,66 15,61 16,58 17,57 18,58 19,60 20,65 21,74 22,82 23,91 26,21 28,66 31,01 33,49 35,03 42,75 49,87 57,33 65,22 81,85 99,83 118,95 139,18 160,14 182,67 205,94 230,17
0,71 0,71 0,71 0,71 0,71 0,71 0,71 0,71 0,71 0,71 0,71 0,71 0,71 0,71 0,71 0,71 0,71 0,71 0,71 0,71 0,72 0,72 0,72 0,73 0,73 0,73 0,74 0,74 0,74 0,74
267
ANEXA 3
PROPRIE7,/(7(502',1$0,&($/($3(,,$/($%858/8,167$5('( 6$785$,(1)81&,('(7(03(5$785 t [ C] 1 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150 152 154 156 158
o
T [K] 2 372,15 373,15 374,15 375,15 376,15 377,15 378,15 379,15 380,15 381,15 382,15 383,15 385,15 387,15 389,15 391,15 393,15 395,15 397,15 399,15 401,15 403,15 405,15 407,15 409,15 411,15 413,15 415,15 417,15 419,15 421,15 423,15 425,15 427,15 429,15 431,15
p [bar] 3 0,9775 1,0132 1,0499 1,0876 1,1265 1,1666 1,2079 1,2504 1,2941 1,3390 1,3852 1,4326 1,5316 1,6361 1,7464 1,8628 1,9854 2,1144 2,2502 2,3932 2,5434 2,7011 2,8668 3,041 3,222 3,414 3,614 3,823 4,042 4,271 4,510 4,760 5,020 5,293 5,576 5,872
v [m /kg] 4 0,0010427 0,0010435 0,0010443 0,0010450 0,0010458 0,0010466 0,0010474 0,0010482 0,0010490 0,0010498 0,0010507 0,0010515 0,0010532 0,0010549 0,0010567 0,0010585 0,0010603 0,0010621 0,0010640 0,0010638 0,0010677 0,0010697 0,0010717 0,0010737 0,0010757 0,0010777 0,0010798 0,0010819 0,0010840 0,0010862 0,0010884 0,0010906 0,0010928 0,0010950 0,0010974 0,0010998
3
v [m3/kg] 5 1,730 1,673 1,618 1,566 1,515 1,466 1,419 1,374 1,331 1,289 1,249 1,210 1,137 1,069 1,005 0,9465 0,8917 0,8407 0,7930 0,7486 0,7074 0,6683 0,6321 0,5981 0,5664 0,5366 0,5087 0,4824 0,4379 0,4347 0,4130 0,3926 0,3733 0,3552 0,3381 0,3220
[kg/m3] 6 0,5780 0,5977 0,6181 06386 0,6601 0,6821 0,7047 0,7278 0,7513 0,7758 0,8006 0,8264 0,8795 0,9354 0,9950 1,056 1,121 1,189 1,261 1,336 1,414 1,496 1,582 1,672 1,765 1,864 1,966 2,073 2,184 2,300 2,421 2,547 2,679 2,815 2,958 3,106
i [kJ/kg] 7 414,9 419,1 423,3 427,5 431,7 436,0 440,2 444,4 448,6 452,9 457,1 461,3 469,8 478,2 486,7 495,2 503,7 512,2 520,8 529,2 537,7 546,3 554,8 563,2 571,8 580,4 589,0 597,6 606,2 614,8 623,4 632,2 641,0 649,6 658,2 666,9
i [kJ/kg] 8 2674 2676 2677 2679 2680 2681 2683 2685 2687 2688 2689 2691 2694 2697 2700 2703 2706 2709 2712 2715 2718 2721 2723 2725 2728 2731 2734 2737 2739 2742 2744 2746 2749 2752 2754 2756
r [kJ/kg] 9 2259 2257 2254 2251 2248 2245 2243 2241 2238 2235 2232 2230 2224 2219 2213 2208 2202 2197 2191 2186 2180 2174 2168 2162 2156 2151 2145 2139 2133 2127 2121 2114 2108 2102 2096 2089
268
t [ C]
o
T [K] 2 433,15 435,15 437,15 439,15 441,15 443,15 445,15 447,15 449,15 451,15 453,15 458,15 463,15 468,15 473,15
p [bar] 3 6,180 6,502 6,836 7,183 7,545 7,920 8,311 8,716 9,137 9,574 10,027 11,234 12,553 13,989 15,551
v [m /kg]
3
v [m3/kg] 5 0,3068 0,2925 0,2790 0,2662 0,2541 0,2426 0,2318 0,2215 0,2118 0,2026 0,1939 0,1739 0,1564 0,1409 0,1272
1 160 162 164 166 168 170 172 174 176 178 180 185 190 195 200
4 0,0011021 0,0011044 0,0011069 0,0011094 0,0011119 0,0011144 0,0011169 0,0011195 0,0011221 0,0011218 0,0011275 0,0011344 0,0011415 0,0011489 0,0011566
[kg/m3] 6 3,238 3,419 3,584 3,757 3,935 4,122 4,314 4,515 4,721 4,936 5,157 5,750 6,394 7,097 7,662
i [kJ/kg] 7 675,5 684,2 692,9 701,7 710,5 719,2 727,9 736,7 745,5 754,3 763,1 785,2 807,5 829,9 852,4
i [kJ/kg] 8 2758 2760 2762 2764 2767 2769 2771 2773 2774 2776 2778 2782 2786 2790 2793
r [kJ/kg] 9 2082 2076 2069 2062 2056 2050 2043 2036 2029 2022 2015 1997 1979 1960 1941
269
ANEXA 4 PROPR,(7,/(7(502',1$0,&($/($3(,,$/($%858/8,167$5('( 6$785$,(1)81&,('(35(6,81( p t v v i i r o 3 3 3 [bar] [ C] [m /kg] [m /kg] [kJ/kg] [kJ/kg] [kJ/kg] [kg/m ]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1,00 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0 3,2 3,4 3,6 3,8 4,0 4,2 4,4 4,6 4,8 5,0 5,4 5,8 6,2 6,6 7,0 7,4 7,8 8,2 8,6 9,0 9,4 9,8 10,0
99,01 102,32 104,81 107,14 109,23 111,38 113,32 115,47 116,94 118,62 120,23 123,27 128,09 128,73 131,20 133,34 135,35 137,86 139,87 141,79 143,62 143,39 147,09 148,73 150,31 151,84 154,76 157,52 166,12 162,59 164,96 167,21 169,37 171,44 173,43 175,35 177,21 179,01 179,88
0,0010432 0,0010452 0,0019472 0,0010492 0,0010510 0,0010527 0,0010543 0,0010559 0,0010575 0,0010590 0,0010605 0,0010633 0,0010659 0,0010685 0,0010709 0,0010723 0,0010784 0,0010776 0,0010797 0,0010817 0,0010836 0,0010855 0,0010874 0,0010892 0,0010910 0,0010927 0,0010960 0,0010992 0,0011022 0,0011052 0,0011081 0,0011109 0,0011136 0,0011162 0,0011187 0,0011213 0,0011237 0,0011261 0,0011273
1,694 1,550 1,429 1,325 1,230 1,159 1,091 1,031 0,9772 0,9290 0,8834 0,8098 0,7465 0,6925 0,6461 0,6057 0,5701 0,5386 0,5404 0,4852 0,4624 0,4416 0,4227 0,4054 0,3895 0,3747 0,3485 0,3258 0,3060 0,2885 0,2728 0,2588 0,2462 0,2347 0,2243 0,2149 0,2061 0,1982 0,1940
0,5903 0,6453 0,0999 0,7545 0,8098 0,8627 0,9164 0,9699 1,223 1,076 1,129 1,235 1,340 1,444 1,548 1,651 1,754 1,867 1,959 2,001 2,163 2,264 2,366 2,467 2,568 2,669 2,869 3,069 3,268 3,467 3,666 3,864 4,062 4,250 4,458 4,654 4,852 5,045 5,139
417,4 428,9 432,4 449,2 458,5 467,2 475,4 483,2 490,7 497,9 504,8 517,8 529,8 540,9 551,4 561,4 571,1 580,2 588,7 596,8 601,7 612,3 619,8 626,9 633,7 640,1 652,7 664,7 670,0 686,9 697,2 707,1 715,4 725,4 734,2 742,8 750,9 758,8 762,7
2675 2679 2683 2687 2690 2693 2696 2699 2702 2704 2707 2711 2715 2719 2722 2720 2728 2731 2734 2736 2738 2741 2743 2745 2747 2749 2752 2755 2758 2761 2764 2766 2768 2770 2772 2774 2776 2778 2778
2258 2499 2244 2238 2232 2226 2221 2216 2211 2206 2202 2193 2185 2178 2171 2164 2157 2151 2145 2139 2133 2129 2123 2118 2113 2109 2009 2090 2082 2074 2067 2059 2052 2045 2038 2031 2025 2019 1015
270
ANEXA 5 35235,(7,/(),=,&($/($3(,3(&85%$'(6$785$,( t [ C]
o 1
[kg/m3]
2
10 4 [grd]-1
3
i [kJ/kg]
4
a 10 4 2 [W/m K [m /h] ]
5 6
10 4 [Ns/m2]
7
10 6 [m2/s]
8
Pr
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300
999,8 999,6 998,2 995,6 992,2 988,0 983,2 977,7 971,8 965,3 958,3 951,0 943,1 934,8 926,1 916,9 907,4 397,3 886,9 876,0 864,7 852,8 840,3 827,3 813,6 799,2 784,0 767,9 750,7 732,3 712,5
-0,7 0,95 2,1 3,0 3,9 4,6 5,3 5,8 6,3 7,0 7,5 8,0 8,5 9,1 9,7 10,3 10,8 11,5 12,1 12,8 13,5 14,3 15,2 16,2 17,2 18,6 20,0 21,7 23,8 26,5 29,5
0 12,03749 83,90788 25,69374 67,52187 209,30813 251,13626 293,00626 334,96000 376,99748 419,11870 461,36553 503,6961 546,4035 589,1109 832,2370 657,3631 719,3266 763,2901 807,6723 852,4732 897,6928 943,7498 989,8068 1037,5386 1085,6891 1135,7957 1185,8897 1236,8398 1290,8147 1344,8644
0,5513 0,5745 0,5989 0,6176 0,6338 0,6478 0,6594 0,6676 0,6745 0,6804 0,6827 0,6850 0,6862 0,6862 0,6850 0,6838 0,6827 0,6792 0,6745 0,6699 0,6629 0,6548 0,6455 0,6373 0,6280 0,6176 0,6048 0,5896 0,5745 0,5582 0,5396
4,71 4,94 5,16 5,35 5,51 5,66 5,79 5,89 5,97 6,03 6,08 6,12 6,15 6,18 6,20 6,21 6,21 6,20 6,19 6,16 6,11 6,06 6,00 5,92 5,84 5,74 5,62 6,18 6,30 5,05 4,75
1788,363 1305,711 1004,544 801,477 653,346 549,360 469,899 406,134 355,122 314,901 282,528 258,984 277,592 217,782 201,105 186,390 173,637 162,846 153,036 144,207 136,359 130,473 124,587 119,582 114,777 109,872 105,943 102,024 98,100 94,176 91,233
1,790 1,300 1,000 0,805 0,659 0,556 0,479 0,415 0,366 0,326 0,295 0,268 0,244 0,226 0,212 0,202 0,191 0,181 0,173 0,166 0,160 0,154 0,149 0,145 0,141 0,137 0,135 0,133 0,131 0,129 0,128
13,7 9,5 7,0 5,4 4,3 3,55 3,00 2,55 2,25 1,95 1,75 1,57 1,43 1,32 1,23 1,17 1,10 1,05 1,01 0,97 0,95 0,92 0,90 0,88 0,86 0,86 0,86 0,87 0,89 092 098
271
ANEXA 6 35235,(7,/(),=,&($/(*$=(/25'($5'(5(/$35(6,81($'(EDU &RPSR]L LDJD]HORU rCO 2 = 0,13; rH 2O = 0,11; rN 2 = 0,76 )
t [ C]
o 1
[kg/m3]
2
cp [kJ/Nm3 K]
3
10 2 [W/m]
4
a 10 2 [m2 /h]
5
10 2 [N s/m2]
6
10 6 [m2/s]
7
Pr
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
0,295 0,950 0,748 0,617 0,525 0,457 0,405 0,363 0,329 0,301 0,275 0,257 0,240
1,0425 1,0676 1,0969 1,1221 1,5114 1,1849 1,2142 1,2393 1,2644 1,2895 1,3063 1,3230 1,3398
2,2794 3,1284 4,0123 4,8380 5,6987 6,5593 7,4199 8,2689 9,1528 10,0134 10,8973 11,7463 12,6185
6,08 11,10 17,60 25,16 35,04 43,61 54,32 66,17 79,09 92,87 109,21 124,37 141,27
15,7842 20,3943 24,1955 28,2331 31,6863 43,8549 37,8666 40,6918 43,3798 45,9108 48,3633 50,7078 52,9936
12,20 21,54 32,80 45,81 60,38 76,30 93,61 112,1 131,8 152,8 174,3 197,1 221,0
0,72 0,69 0,67 0,65 0,64 0,63 0,62 0,61 0,60 0,59 0,58 0,57 0,56
272
ANEXA 7 &/'85,/(63(&,),&($/(8125*$=(>N-1P3 K]
t [ C]
o 1
cp
CO2
2
[kJ/Nm3 K] H2O
5
N2
3
O2
4
Aer usc.
6
Aer um.
7
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500
1,5998 1,7003 1,7873 1,8627 1,9297 1,9887 2,0411 2,0884 2,1311 2,1692 2,2035 2,2349 2,2638 2,2898 2,3136 2,3354 2,3555 2,3743 2,3915 2,4074 2,4221 2,4359 2,4484 2,4602 2,4700 2,4811
1,2946 1,2958 1,2996 1,3067 1,3163 1,3276 1,3435 1,3536 1,3670 1,3720 1,3917 1,4034 1,4143 1,4252 1,4348 1,4440 1,4528 1,4612 1,4687 1,4788 1,4825 1,4892 1,4951 15010 1,5064 1,8114
1,3059 1,3176 1,3352 1,3561 1,3775 1,3980 1,4168 1,4344 1,4499 1,4637 1,4775 1,4892 1,5005 1,5106 1,5203 1,5294 1,5378 1,5462 1,5541 15617 1,5892 1,5759 1,5830 1,5897 1,5964 1,6027
1,4943 1,5051 1,5223 1,5424 1,5654 1,5897 1,6148 1,6412 1,6680 1,6954 1,7229 1,7501 1,7769 1,8028 1,8280 1,8527 1,8761 1,8895 1,9213 1,9423 1,9628 1,9824 2,0009 2,0189 2,0365 2,0628
1,2971 1,3004 1,3071 1,3172 1,3235 1,3427 1,3565 1,3708 1,3842 1,3975 1,4097 1,4214 1,4327 1,4432 1,4528 1,4620 1,4708 1,4788 1,4867 1,4938 1,5010 1,5072 1,5135 1,5194 1,6252 1,5303
1,3188 1,3243 1,3318 1,3423 1,3544 1,3652 1,3829 1,3975 1,4114 1,4248 1,4373 1,4499 1,4612 1,4725 1,4830 1,4926 1,5018 1,5102 1,5177 1,5257 1,5128 1,5399 1,5462 1,5526 1,5583 1,5638
273
ANEXA 8 ENTALPIA GAZELOR PRODUSE ALE ARDERII [kJ/ Nm3]
t [oC]
1
CO2
2
N2
3
O2
4
H2 O
5
Aer usc.
6
Aer um.
7
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500
0 171,27 395,12 561,15 774,80 798,05 1229,28 1467,27 1711,04 1959,21 2212,50 2469,17 2728,80 2989,87 3253,88 3519,60 3787,04 4056,54 4327,56 4598,95 4872,00 5146,26 5420,80 5698,02 5969,76 6251,00
0 129,59 260,02 391,80 526,24 663,65 804,00 947,31 1092,96 1240,92 1391,80 1544,29 1697,76 1852,24 2009,98 2166,75 2324,64 2484,04 2643,84 2804,97 2966,00 3127,53 3291,20 3452,30 3614,40 3778,75
0 131,73 267,06 406,86 551,00 698,80 850,14 1003,80 1159,92 1317,78 1477,10 1637,79 1800,24 1963,26 2127,72 2293,50 2459,84 2627,86 2796,66 2966,47 3136,80 3308,55 3461,72 3654,47 3830,40 4005,75
0 150,52 304,30 462,60 626,00 794,45 968,40 1148,56 1334,40 1525,68 1722,40 1924,56 2131,68 2343,12 2559,06 2778,30 3001,60 3228,30 3458,16 9690,18 3924,40 4162,83 4401,54 4842,09 4886,16 5130,50
0 130,00 261,42 395,18 531,58 671,15 813,90 959,56 1107,28 1257,39 1408,30 1563,50 1718,76 1876,16 2034,48 2193,60 2353,92 2514,64 2678,08 2838,98 3001,80 3165,96 3329,70 3495,54 3660,48 3826,50
0 132,39 268,28 402,57 541,60 683,90 829,50 977,97 1128,72 1281,87 1436,90 1594,34 1752,84 1913,60 2075,50 2238,15 2402,08 2566,49 2730,95 2897,88 3064,60 3232,74 3400,54 3569,60 3738,72 3908,25
274
ANEXA 9
VALORILE CONSTANTELOR FIZICE $/(*$=(/25'($5'(5(,$/($(58/8,
t [oC]
1
Gaze de ardere 10 [m2/s]

2 6
Aer Pr 4
10 [W/m K]
3
10 [m2/s]
5
102 [W/m K]
6
Pr 7
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
12,2 21,5 32,8 45,8 60,4 76,3 93,6 112 132 152 174 197 221 245 272 297 323
2,28 3,13 4,01 4,85 5,70 6,55 7,42 8,27 9,16 10,02 10,9 11,75 12,55 13,5 14,42 15,33 16,3
0,72 0,69 0,67 0,66 0,64 0,63 0,62 0,61 0,60 0,59 0,58 0,57 0,56 0,55 0,54 0,53 0,52
13,3 23,0 34,8 48,2 63,0 79,3 96,8 116 135 155 178 199 223 248 273 300 328
2,43 3,12 3,74 4,37 4,91 5,45 5,98 6,47 7,00 7,40 7,84 8,26 8,66 9,45 9,98 10,39 10,8
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
275
ANEXA 10
ECUATII CRITERIALE PENTRU DETERMINAREA COEFICIENTULUI DE CONVECTIE

(FXDWLDFULWHULDOD 'RPHQLXGHYDODELOLWDWH 2EVHUYDWLL
/XQJLPHD
1UFUW
&RQGLWLLIL]LFHGHSURFHV
FDUDFWH
ULVWLFD
Ecuatii criteriale la convectia fara schimbarea starii de agregare I. Convectia libera in spatii nelimitate
1 Nu = 0,60 + 0,387 [Gr Pr . f (Pr) ]6 16 9 2
G r.P r < 1 0 5
GGLDPHWUXO H[WHULRUDO FLOLQGUXOXL
6XSUDIDWDRUL]RQWDODFLOLQGULFD
9 0,559 16 1 + f (Pr) = Pr
sau
1 0 5 < G r.P r < 1 0 9
Nu = 0,40 (Gr Pr )4
KLQDOWLPHD
&RQGXFWHFXDULSLRDUHGH GK
JURVLPHFRQVWDQWD
b 3 Nu = 0,24 Gr Pr d
- pentru aer
1 0 < G r.P r < 1 0

3
DULSLDRDUHL EGLVWDQWDOLEHUD GLQWUHDULSLRDUH
II. Convectia libera in spatii limitate

Gr.Pr <1708
N u =1 1 N u = 0 , 2 0 8 (G r P r )4
N u = 0 , 0 9 2 (G r P r )
0 ,3 5
3ODFLSODQHSDUDOHOH
1708 < Gr.Pr < 2,2 10 4 Gr.Pr > 2,2 10 4
VGLVWDQWDGLQWUH SODFL
$1(;$FRQWLQXDUH
/XQJLPHD (FXDWLDFULWHULDOD 'RPHQLXGHYDODELOLWDWH 2EVHUYDWLL
1UFUW
FDUDFWH
ULVWLFD
III. Convectia fortata

1 1
Nulam = 0,664 Re 2 Pr 3
Re < 5 105 5 105 < Re < 107 10 < Re < 107

1
/OXQJLPHD SODFLLLQGLUHFWLD FXUJHULL
Nuturb =
/
&XUJHUHDIOXLGHORULQOXQJXO
VXSUDIHWHORUSODQH
0,037 Re 0,8 Pr 2 1 + 2,443 Re 0,1 Pr 3 1

0 , 25
Pr 2 2 Nu = Nulam + Nuturb Pr p
0,11 3 3 Pr d 3 Re Pr i 0,7 Nu = 49,37 + 1,615 L Prp 1
Re < 2300
2 3 3 Nu = 49,37 + [1,615 A 0,7] + B C 1 + 22 Pr di

sau
1 2 3
2300 < Re < 3 104 d 0,1 < i < 1 L
di - diametrul
interior al conductei circulare
&XUJHUHDIOXLGHORUSULQFRQGXFWH
dechGLDPHWUXO
HFKLYDOHQW KLGUDXOLF /OXQJLPHD FRQGXFWHL
dech
0 ,11 Pr di di A = 3 Re Pr ; B = Re Pr ; C = Pr L L p 2 (Re 1000 ) Pr di 3 Nu = 8 1 + 2 3 L Pr 1 1 + 12,2 8 0,11 2
3 10 < Re
4
= (1,82 log Re 1,64)
Pr ; = Pr p
Prp
$1(;$FRQWLQXDUH
1UFUW
FDUDFWH
ULVWLFD
Re < Re cr Re cr = 2300
0 , 45 di = 1 + 8,6 D
'
'F> K'FA@ 'V /Q[ /OXQJLPHD WHYLL KSDVXOGLQWUH VSLUH QQXPDUXOGH VSLUH
0, 9 1 d Nulam = 3,66 + 0,08 1 + 0,8 i Re m Pr 3 D
d m = 0,5 + 0,2903 i D
0 ,194
Pr ; = Pr p
0 ,14
&XUJHUHDIOXLGHORUSULQFRQGXFWH
LQVSLUDOD
Re > 2,2 10 4
0,14
'VGLDPHWUXO PHGLXDOVSLUHORU 'FGLDPHWUXO PHGLXDO FLOLQGUXOXL 'GLDPHWUXOGH FDOFXO
Re Pr di 8 Nuturb = 2 VDX 3 Pr 1 1 + 12,7 dech 8 =

Pr 0,3164 d + 0,03 i ; = Pr Re 0, 25 D p Nutranz = Nulam Re cr + (1 ) Nuturb Re max
1 2
Re cr < Re < Re max Re max = 2,2 104

0 , 25
8
QXPDLSHQWUX KPDUH
2,2 104 Re = 2,2 104 Re cr Pr Nu = 0,3 + Nu + Nu Pr p

2 l 2 t
Re =
3
de - diametrul
exterior al conductei s1SDVXOGLQWUH
0 ,8
WHYL
&XUJHUHDIOXLGHORUWUDQVYHUVDOSH
de l= 2
Nut =
Nul = 0,644 Re Pr
XQUDQGGHWHYL
wl = 1 4a 1 0 < Re <1 0 6
0,037 Re Pr 2 1 + 2,443 Re 0,1 Pr 3 1
0 ,6 < P r <1 0 3
D
V
de
gaze se inlocuieste (Pr/Prp)^0,25 cu (Tmg/Tp)^0,12
* la
$1(;$FRQWLQXDUH
1UFUW
FDUDFWH
ULVWLFD
Pr 1 + (n 1) Nu = Nu1 Pr n p
de l= XQIDVFLFXOGHWHYL 2
DVH]DUHFRULGRU
b 0,3 0,7 a = 1 1,5 2 b + 0,7 a Nu1 = Nu pentru un singur rand de tevi, conform rel.7
* de - diametrul wl exterior al Re = conductei * s1SDVXO =1 pt. b 1 WUDQVYHUVDO 4a VSDVXO ORQJLWXGLQDO pt. b < 1 =1 D Vde 4ab * b = s2/de m = 0,25 pt. inc. fluid * n - numarul de m = 0,11 pt. racire fluid randuri
10 < Re <106
la gaze se inlocuieste (Pr/Prp)^0,25 cu (Tmg/Tp)^0,12 *
Pr 1 + (n 1) Nu = Nu1 Pr n p Re =
=1+
Nu1 = Nu pentru un singur rand de tevi, conform rel.7
de l= 2 XQUDQGGHWHYL
2 3b
DVH]DUHHVLFKHU
* de - diametrul wl exterior al conductei * s1SDVXO =1 pt. b 1 WUDQVYHUVDO 4a VSDVXO ORQJLWXGLQDO pt. b < 1 =1 4ab D Vde m = 0,25 pt. inc. fluid * b = s2/de * n - numarul de m = 0,11 pt. racire fluid
10 < Re <10
6
* randuri la gaze se inlocuieste (Pr/Prp)^0,25 cu (Tmg/Tp)^0,12
$1(;$FRQWLQXDUH
1UFUW
FDUDFWH
ULVWLFD
IV. Convectia fortata insotita de convectia libera

Fortele ascensiona le in acelasi sens cu curgerea fortata :
3 Nu = Nuliber + Nu 3 fortat
(
1 3
R e < R e cr G r P r > 7 1 0 5

6XSUDSXQHUHDSURFHVHORUGH
Fortele ascensiona le in sens opus fata de curgerea fortata :

3 Nu = Nu 3 Nuliber fortat
FRQYHFWLHOLEHUDVLIRUWDWD
Nuliber conform rel. de la convectia libera Nu fortat conform rel. de la convectia fortata
INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE APARATE TERMICE CAZANE 18058/'((9,3(3/&,/(78%8/$5( $H]DUHDvQKH[DJRQ 1XPUXOGH HYLVXSOLPHQWDUHSH rndurile sectoarelor, m Pe primul rnd m1 Pe al treilea rnd m3 Pe al doilea rnd m2 ANEXA 11
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49
1 7 19 37 61 91 127 169 217 271 331 397 469 517 631 721 817 919 1027 1141 1261 1387 1519 1657 1851
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
2 5 6 7 8 9 12 13 14 15 16 17
4 7 8 9 10
18 24 30 36 42 48 66 90 102 114 126 138 162 198 228 246 267 282
281
1XPUXOWRWDOGH HYL n
8
1XPUXOGH HYL suplimentare n toate sectoarele
1XPUXOGH HYLSH latura hexagonului a
1XPUXOGH HYLSH GLDJRQDO b
1XPUXOGH HYLSH VXSUDID DFHDPDL mare dintre hexagoane
1 7 19 37 61 91 127 187 241 301 367 439 517 613 721 823 931 1045 1165 1303 1459 1615 1765 1981 2083
INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE APARATE TERMICE CAZANE ANEXA 12
Tevi din otel fara sudura laminate la cald (SR 404/1-98)

Diametrul exterior (mm)
Grosimea peretelui (mm)

3,0 1,63 1,85 2,14 2,29 2,59 2,88 3,11 3,33 3,55 3,77 3,99 3,5 2,11 2,46 2,63 2,98 3,32 3,58 3,84 4,10 4,36 4,62 4,88 5,18 5,74 6,00 6,26 6,86 7,38 7,90 4,0 2,76 2,96 3,35 3,75 4,04 4,34 4,64 4,93 5,23 5,52 5,87 6,51 6,81 7,10 7,79 8,38 8,98 9,67 10,30 10,85 11,54 12,10 12,70 5,0 4,07 4,56 4,93 5,30 5,67 6,04 6,41 6,78 7,21 8,01 8,38 8,75 9,62 10,36 11,10 11,96 12,70 13,44 14,30 15,04 15,78 16,65 17,39 6,0 5,77 6,21 6,66 7,10 7,55 7,99 8,51 9,47 9,91 10,36 11,39 12,28 13,77 14,20 15,09 15,98 17,02 17,90 18,79 20,12 20,72 21,60 22,64 23,97 25,45 27,82 31,52 8,0 7,89 8,48 9,07 9,67 10,26 10,95 12,23 12,82 13,42 14,80 15,98 17,16 18,54 19,73 20,91 22,29 23,47 24,66 26,04 27,23 28,41 29,79 31,57 33,51 36,70 41,63 46,76 52,28 62,34 68,66 72,80 10 9,37 10,11 10,85 11,60 12,33 13,19 14,80 15,54 16,28 18,00 19,48 20,96 22,69 24,20 25,65 27,37 28,85 30,33 32,06 33,54 35,02 36,75 38,96 41,43 45,38 51,54 57,95 64,86 77,44 85,33 90,51 12 12,43 13,22 14,20 15,24 17,16 18,05 18,94 21,01 22,79 24,56 26,63 28,41 30,19 32,26 34,03 35,81 37,88 39,66 41,43 43,50 46,17 49,13 53,86 61,26 68,95 77,24 92,33 101,80 108,02 14 19,33 20,37 21,41 23,82 25,89 27,97 30,38 32,45 34,53 36,94 39,01 41,08 43,50 45,57 47,65 50,66 53,17 56,62 62,15 70,78 79,75 89,42 107,72 118,07 125,33 16 21,30 22,49 23,67 26,44 28,80 31,17 33,93 36,30 38,67 41,43 43,80 46,16 48,93 51,30 53,66 56,42 59,98 63,92 70,24 80,10 90,36 101,41 121,53 134,16 142,44 18 28,85 31,52 34,18 37,29 39,95 42,61 45,72 48,39 51,05 54,16 56,82 59,48 62,59 66,59 71,02 78,12 89,22 100,77 133,20 135,83 150,04 159,36 20 46,36 49,82 52,77 55,73 59,19 62,15 65,11 68,56 73,00 77,93 85,82 98,15 110,98 124,79 149,94 165,72 176,08 22 49,91 53,71 56,97 60,22 64,02 67,27 70,53 74,33 79,21 84,64 93,32 106,89 120,99 136,18 163,85 181,21 192,61
Masa (kg/ml)
25 29 32 34 38 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63,5 70 73 76 83 89 95 102 108 114 121 127 133 140 146 152 159 168 178 194 219 245 273 324 356 377
282
ANEXA 13
Tevi din otel fara sudura pentu cazane si schimbatoare de caldura (SR 9377-90)
Diametrul exterior (mm)
Grosimea peretelui (mm) 1,5 0,388 0,462 0,536 0,610 0,684 0,869 1,05 1,35 1,61 2,0 0,493 0,592 0,690 0,789 0,888 1,13 1,38 1,77 2,12 2,27 2,5 0,586 0,709 0,832 0,956 1,08 1,39 1,69 2,19 2,62 2,80 3,36 3,54 3,5 Masa (kg/ml) 0,666 0,814 0,962 1,11 1,25 1,26 1,42 1,63 1,85 2,00 2,29 2,59 2,98 3,11 3,58 3,33 3,84 3,99 4,22 4,88 4,96 5,74 5,40 6,26 5,70 6,60 7,38 3,0 4,0 1,58 2,07 2,56 3,35 4,04 4,34 5,52 6,51 7,10 7,50 8,38 5,0 1,85 2,47 3,08 4,07 4,93 5,30 6,78 8,01 8,75 9,25 10,36 6,0 2,81 3,55 4,73 5,77 6,21 7,99 9,47 10,36 10,95 12,28 8,0 4,34 5,92 7,30 8,29 10,26 12,23 13,42 14,20 15,98
12 14 16 18 20 25 30 38 45 48 57 60 70 76 80 89
283
INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE APARATE TERMICE CAZANE ANEXA 14

d
d3
45
d2 d1
FLANSE ROTUNDE PENTRU SUDARE
Teava Dn d 10 15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 100 125 150 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 14 20 25 30 34 38 42 45 48 57 60 76 89 108 114 133 140 159 168 219 273 324 356 377 406,4 508 609,6 a
FLANSE ROTUNDE PENTRU SUDARE CONFORM STAS : 8011-84 (Pn 2,5) si 8012-84 (Pn 6) d1 d2 d3 b Masa mm kg/buc 75 50 0,25 10 80 55 0,28 11 90 65 0,44 0,55 100 75 12 0,53 0,93 120 90 0,90 1,03 130 100 14 14 1,00 1,14 140 110 1,11 160 130 1,39 190 150 2,29 16 2,66 210 170 2,53 3,68 240 200 18 18 3,46 4,68 265 225 20 4,32 320 280 22 6,35 375 335 8,39 24 440 395 10,80 15,60 490 445 26 22 13,10 540 495 28 18,70 645 600 25,10 30 755 705 26 25,70
ANEXA 14 (continuare)
Teava
Dn
d d1 mm 90 95 105 115 140 150 165 185 200 220 250 285 340 395 445 505 565 670 780
10 15 20
25
32
40
50
65 80
100
125
150
200 250 300
350
400 500 600
14 20 25 30 34 38 42 45 48 57 60 76 89 108 114 133 140 159 168 219 273 324 356 377 406,4 508 609,6
FLANSE ROTUNDE PENTRU SUDARE CONFORM STAS : 8013-84 (Pn 10) 8014-84 (Pn 16) d2 d3 b Masa d1 d2 d3 b kg/buc mm 60 0,45 90 60 12 12 65 0,50 95 65 14 14 75 0,74 105 75 14 14 0,88 85 115 85 0,86 1,50 100 140 100 1,47 16 16 1,64 110 150 110 1,61 2,22 125 165 125 18 18 2,18 18 18 145 2,66 185 145 160 20 3,27 200 160 20 4,16 180 22 220 180 22 3,97 5,75 210 250 210 5,47 24 24 7,05 240 285 240 22 6,66 295 26 9,42 340 295 26 22 350 12,10 405 355 28 32 400 13,60 460 410 26 20,60 460 30 520 470 36 17,90 515 32 16,10 580 525 30 38 26 620 34 34,70 715 650 33 44 725 30 36 38,60 840 770 36 48 Masa kg/buc 0,45 0,50 0,74 0,88 0,86 1,50 1,47 1,64 1,61 2,22 2,18 2,66 3,27 4,16 3,97 5,75 5,47 7,05 6,66 9,13 14,90 17,80 28,20 24,80 34,60 59,30 79,00
285
ANEXA 15
H h
s d Dn 20 25 32 40 50 d 25 28 34 42 48 60 73 65 76 80 100 125 150 200 250 300 350 89 114 140 158 219 273 324 356 s mm 3; 4 3 4; 6 4; 8 4; 6 10 4; 6 10 4; 6 10 4; 8 12 5; 8 14 6 10; 16 6 10; 16 6 12; 13 6 12; 20 6 12; 20 8 14 25 8 16 25 10; 18 25 10; 18 25 H 31 32 33 35 37 40 55 43 58 44 59 47 62 53 68 67 82 67 82 80 95 93 108 106 121 114 129 139 126 141 151 154 164 167 177 h
25
40 25 40 25 40 25 40 25 40 25 40 25 40 25 40 25 40 25 40 50 25 40 50 40 50 40 50
400 450 500
406 457 508
286
ANEXA 16
CRITERII DE SIMILITUDINE
Denumirea criteriului
1
Simbol
2
5HODLHGHFDOFXO
6HPQLILFDLHIL]LFXWLOL]DUH
4
Arhimede
Ar
J O 4 = *D

Biot
Bi
Euler
Eu
Fourier Froude (Boussinesq) (Vedernikov) Galileu
Fo Fr (B) (V) Ga
. O S Z D 2 O Z JO J O
)RUHJUHYLWDLRQDOH)RUHGHYkVFR]LWDWH PLFDUHOLEHU RezistenWHUPLFLQWHUQ5H]LVWHQ WHUPLFODVXSUDID WUDQVIHUGHFOGXU )RUHGHSUHVLXQH)RUHGHLQHULH (frecarea fluidelor la curgerea prin conducte) WUDQVIHUGHFOGXUvQUHJLPWUDQ]LWoriu) )RUHGHLQHULH)RUHJUDYLWDLRQDOH (curgerea fluidelor compresibile) )RUHJUHYLWDLRQDOH)RUHGHYkVFR]LWDWH (curgerea fluidelor vscoase) )RUHGHSHUWXUEDLH)RUHGHYkVFR]LWDWH VFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHFLHOLEHU
Grashoff
Gr
J O W
Kutateladze
Ku
Nusselt
Nu
Peclet
Pe
. O .5 Z O = Re Pr
.5 = ,
7 .S WO WS
Prandtl
Pr
Reynolds
Re
Z O
WUDQVIHUGHFOGXULPDVvQWLPSXO YDSRUL]ULLXQXLOLFKLG tl temperatura lichidului tp temperatura peretelui &OGXUWUDQVPLVSULQFRQYHFLH&OGXU WUDQVPLVSULQFRQGXFLH WUDQVIHUGHFDOGXU 7UDQVIHUXOGHFOGXUWRWDO7UDQVIHUXOGH FOGXUFRQGXFWLY WUDQVIHUXOGHFOGXU 'LIX]LWDWHPRPHQWDQ'LIX]LYLWDWH WHUPLF WUDQVIHUXOGHFOGXUFRQYHFWLYOD PLFDUHDIRUDWDIOXLGXOXL )RUHGHLQHULH)RUHGHYkVFR]LWDWH (curgerea fluidelor)
287

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UNIVERSITATEA TEHNICA DE CONSTRUCTII BUCURESTI FACULTATEA DE INSTALATII

Conf.dr.ing. STANESCU PAUL-DAN

Asist.ing. POPESCU (OLEA) LELIA LETITIA

INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE CAZANE

UNIVERSITATEA TEHNICA DE CONSTRUCTII BUCURESTI FACULTATEA DE INSTALATII

Conf.dr.ing. STANESCU PAUL-DAN

Asist.ing. POPESCU (OLEA) LELIA LETITIA

INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE CAZANE

35 35 46 62 75 89 110 123 138

219 219 225 226 226

1. CALCULUL ARDERII COMBUSTIBILULUI

CAPITOLUL 1 CALCULUL ARDERII COMBUSTIBILULUI

VCO2 = 0,01 CO2 + CO + mCm H n

INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE APARATE TERMICE CAZANE

Volumul de bioxid de sulf din gazele de ardere:

V RO2 = VCO + VSO

Volumul de azot din gazele de ardere:

9ROXPXOGHYDSRULGHDS din gazele de ardere:

1. CALCULUL ARDERII COMBUSTIBILULUI

Volumul real al gazelor de ardere: Vg = Vg 0 + ( 1)V0 [ m3 / m3 ] N N c) 'HQVLWDWHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODVWDUHQRUPDO

comb + 1,293V [kg/ m3 ] N Vg

3UHVLXQHDSDULDODJD]HORU triatomice ( RO 2 ) din gazele de ardere: VRO2 PRO2 = pg [bar] Vg 3UHVLXQHDSDULDODYDSRULORUGHDS:

unde p g HVWHSUHVLXQHDDEVROXWDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH p g = p o 1 bar . d) 3XWHUHDFDORULFLQIHULRDU a combustibilului gazos se deteUPLQFXUHODLD:

+ 912,4 C3 H 8 + 1184 C 4 H 10 [kJ/ m3 ] N

SXWHUHDFDORULFHVWH H i = 37000 kJ/ m3 . N

INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE APARATE TERMICE CAZANE

Volumul teoretic de gaze de ardere fUH[FHVGHDHU( = 1 )

Volumul real de aer necesar arderii cu exces de aer: Va = V0 [ m3 /kg] N

1. CALCULUL ARDERII COMBUSTIBILULUI

3UHVLXQHDSDULDODJD]HORU522 n gazele de ardere:

INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE APARATE TERMICE CAZANE

I = VRO2 iRO2 + VN 2 iN 2 + VH 2 OiH 2 O + ( 1)V0iaer

1. CALCULUL ARDERII COMBUSTIBILULUI

Tabelul 1.1.(QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHUH]XOWDWHGLQDUGHUHDXQLWLLGH combustibil (kJ/ m3 ) sau (kJ/kg) N

INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE APARATE TERMICE CAZANE

apoi se GHWHUPLQ entalpia :

LvQILQDOVHFLWHWHvQGLDJUDPD,-t valoarea: 1.4. Diagrama cp t

1. CALCULUL ARDERII COMBUSTIBILULUI

INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE APARATE TERMICE CAZANE

1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

1,6143 1,6265 1,6411 1,6520 1,6646 1,6734 1,6822

1,6005 1,6123 1,6265 1,6378 1,6482 1,6545 1,6637

1,5909 1,6022 1,6169 1,6261 1,6386 1,6478 1,6570

1,5641 1,5754 1,5880 1,5976 1,6085 1,6181 1,6277

1,5411 1,5520 1,5637 1,5729 1,5834 1,5917 1,6018

Se GHWHUPLQ t 'e' FXUHODLD:

Vgi c p iti Vg c 'pe

t e' = t e'' . ,QILQDOVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDGHLHLUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH t e pentru c pe :

1. CALCULUL ARDERII COMBUSTIBILULUI

c H 2O = 1,5051 + 8,4142 10 5 (t 100)1,154 [kJ/ m3 K] N

(1.36) (1.37) (1.38)

=1 =1,1 =1,2 =1,5 =2 =3 =4

Fig. 1.2. Diagrama cp t pentru gaze naturale

INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE APARATE TERMICE CAZANE cp

=1,1 =1,2 =1,5 =2 =3 =4

Fig. 1.3. Diagrama cp t pentru combustibili lichizi

=1 =1,1 =1,2 =1,5 =2

Fig. 1.4. Diagrama cp t pentru combustibil solid

2. BILANTUL TERMIC AL CAZANULUI

1. Cazan 2. Alimentare cu combustibil

(YDFXDUHFHQX L]JXU &RQWXUGHELODQ

INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE APARATE TERMICE CAZANE

= 1 q j = 1 (qcos + qch + qmec + qext + qcen ) (%)

3UHVLXQHDSDULDODJD]HORU triatomice ( RO 2 ) din gazele de ardere: VRO2 PRO2 = pg [bar] Vg 3UHVLXQHDSDULDODYDSRULORUGHDS:

unde p g HVWHSUHVLXQHDDEVROXWDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH p g = p o 1 bar . d) 3XWHUHDFDORULFLQIHULRDU a combustibilului gazos se deteUPLQFXUHODLD:

3UHVLXQHDSDULDODJD]HORU522 n gazele de ardere:

Tabelul 1.1.(QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHUH]XOWDWHGLQDUGHUHDXQLWLLGH combustibil (kJ/ m3 ) sau (kJ/kg) N

Se GHWHUPLQ t 'e' FXUHODLD:

(YDFXDUHFHQX L]JXU &RQWXUGHELODQ

2.1.2.3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSUin evacuarea gazelor de ardere laFR q cos sau q2 ) Se determinFXUHODLD:

VHRELQHGLQdiagrama I-t pentru cos LWHPSHUDWXUD t cos ;

Pentru cazane de apFDOGVDXILHUELQWH

I aer UHSUH]LQWHQWDOSLDDHUXOXLGHDUGHUHODWHPSHUDWXUDDPELDQW (ta200&L

La proiectarea cazaneloUVHSRWDGPLWHXUPWRDUHOHYDORULRULHQWDWLYHSHQWUXqch: vQFD]XOXWLOL]ULLXQHLLQVWODLLGHDUGHUHSHUIRUPDQWH

unde: tpi tHPSHUDWXUDPHGLHDXQHLVXSUDIHHH[WHULRDUHi a cazanului; Si PULPHDVXSUDIHHLH[WHULRDUHi a cazanului;

cu valori uzuale n intervalul 0,880,93 (cazane clasiceIUFRQGHQVDUHDYDSRULORUGH DSGLQJD]HOHGHDUGHUH.

QC=BHi Qpa=B f V0(iap-ia) -qFR B Hi -qch B* Hi -qext B* Hi

Din diagrama I-t, pentru IsfcLsfcVHRELQHtsfc . $QDORJHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGXSVXSUDvQFO]LWRUHVWH

Din diagrama I-t, pentru IsiLsiVHRELQHtsi.

Din diagrama I-t, pentru IecLecVHRELQHtec. (QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGXSSUHvQFO]LWRUXOGHDHU

Eroarea DGPLVLELOGHvQFKLGHUHDELODQXOXLpaULDOSHHOHPHQWH este de maxim 0,5 %LVHGHWHUPLQDVWIHO

UH]XOWHQWDOSLD gazelor de ardereGXSVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLY

'DF t t FDOFXODWGLIHU de tt LQLLDO cu mai mult de 50 K se UHLWHUHD]FDOFulul