Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr.

4/2011

NATURA JURIDIC A CLAUZELOR

THE LEGAL NATURE OF CLAUSES

CONSIDERATE NESCRISE

CONSIDERED UNWRITTEN

Conf.univ.dr. Titu IONACU

Departamentul tiine Juridice
Facultatea de Administraie Public
i Studii Politice Comparate
Universitatea Constantin Brncui Tg-Jiu

Associate Professor Titu IONACU Ph.D

Juridical Sciences Department
Faculty of Public Administration and
Compared Political Sciences
Constantin Brancusi University of TarguJiu,

Abstract: Clauzele considerate nescrise, o

figur juridic nou, reglementate de Codul Civil
actual sunt cauze de ineficacitate, ab initio a
actului juridic care atrag, fr intervenia instanei de
judecat, inexistena acestuia.
Cuvinte cheie:
nescrise, act juridic, nulitate

Clauze

Abstract:
The
clauses
considered
unwritten, a new legal term, regulated by the current
Civil Code are inefficiency causes, ab initio of the
legal document that result in its inexistence in the
absence of the court of law intervention.

considerate

Inainte de a aprecia care este natura

juridic a clauzelor considerate nescrise, vom
ncerca s enunm exhaustiv, pe ct posibil,
dispozitiile din noul Cod Civil , care calific n
mod expres aceste .
Inc din Titlul preliminar, capitolul IV,
art. 19, al. 3 precizeaz c
Orice
renuntare sau restrngere a dreptului de a
ndeplini o formalitate de publicitate, precum si
orice clauz penal sau alt sanctiune stipulat
pentru a mpiedica exercitarea acestui drept, sunt
considerate nescrise .
In Cartea I - Despre persoane, Titlul
IV, Capitolul III, Sectiunea a II-a,art. 218, alin.
3, prevede Clauzele sau dispozitiile actului de
constituire ori ale statutului , precum si hotrrile
organelor statutare ale persoanei juridice , care
limiteaz sau lrgesc puterile conferite exclusiv
de legea acestor organe, sunt considerate
nescrise, chiar dac au fost publicate .
In Cartea a II_a Despre familie,
Titlul II, Capitolul I, art. 267, alin.2, stabileste
Clauza penal stipulate pentru ruperea logodnei
este considerat nescris.
In Cartea a IV-a Despre mostenire si
liberalitti, Titlul III, Capitolul I, Sectiunea 6, art.

Key words: clauses considered unwritten,

legal document, nullity

Before determining which is the legal

nature of unwritten clauses, we will try to
exhaustively list, as much as possible, the
provisions of the new Civil Code, which
expressly qualify them.
In the preliminary Title, chapter IV,
art. 19, par. 3 stipulates that Any waiver or
restriction of the right to fulfil an advertising
formality, as well as any criminal cause or other
penalty stipulated in order to prevent the
exercising of this right, are considered
unwritten.
In 1st Book On persons, Title IV,
Chapter III, 2nd Section, art. 218, par. 3,
stipulates The clauses or provisions of the
incorporation document or memorandum, as
well as the resolutions of the legal entitys
statutory bodies, that limit or enlarge the powers
exclusively granted by the law of these bodies,
are considered unwritten, even if they have been
published.
The 2nd Book On Family, Title II,
Chapter I, art. 267, par.2, determines that the
Criminal clauses stipulated for breaking an
engagement is considered unwritten.

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1009, alin. 1, precizeaz c Este considerat

nescris clauza prin care, sub sanctiunea
desfiintrii liberalitatii sau restituirii obiectului
acesteia, beneficiarul este obligat s nu conteste
validitatea unei clauze de inalienabilitate, ori s
nu solicite revizuirea conditiilor sau a sarcinilor,
iar potrivit alin. 2, De asemenea, este
considerat nescris, dispozitia testamentar prin
care se prevede dezmostenirea , ca sanctiune
pentru
inclcarea obligatiilor prevazute la
alin. 1 sau pentru contestarea dispozitiilor din
testament , care aduc atingere drepturilor
mostenitorilor rezervatari ori sunt contrare ordinii
publice sau bunelor moravuri.
In Cartea a V-a - Despre obligatii,
Titlul II, Capitolul I, Sectiunea a 4-a, art. 1246,
alin. 4, prevede c Prin acordul prtilor, nu pot
fi instituite si nici suprimate cause de nulitate.
Orice conventie sau clauz contrar este
considerat nescris . In Sectiunea a 6-a, art.
1277, stipuleaz Contractul ncheiat pe
perioad nedeterminat poate fi denuntat
unilateral de oricare dintre prti cu respectarea
unui termen rezonabil de preaviz. Orice clauz
contrar sau stipularea unei prestatii n schimbul
denuntarii contractului, se consider nescris. In
Titlul III, Capitolul II, art. 1402, consacr
Conditia imposibil, contrar legii sau bunelor
moravuri, este considerat nescris...
Art. 1734 - Concursul dintre preemptori.
(1) . In cazul n care mai multi titulari si au
exercitat preemptiunea asupra aceluiasi bun ,
contractul de vnzare se consider ncheiat :
a)cu titularul dreptului legal de
preemptiune atunci cand se afl in concurs cu
titulari ai unor titulari ai unor drepturi
conventionale de preemptiune ;
b) cu titularul dreptului legal de
preemptiune ales de vnzator , cnd se afl n
conrcus cu alti titulari ai unor drepturi legale de
preemptiune ;
c) dac bunul este imobil, cu titularul
dreptului conventional de preemptiune care a
fost nscris mai inti in cartea funciar, atunci
cand acesta se afl in concurs cu alti titulari ai
unor drepturi conventionale de preemptiune .
d) daca bunul este mobil, cu titularul
dreptului neconventional de preemptiune avand

The 4th Book On inheritances and

liberalities, Title III, Chapter I, 6th Section, art.
1009, par. 1, stipulates that It is unwritten the
clause by which, under the penalty of liberality
cancellation or its subject return, the beneficiary
undertakes not to make an appeal against the
validity of an inalienability clause or request a
review of conditions or tasks, and according to
par. 2, It is also considered unwritten, the
devise which stipulates disinheritance as a
penalty for breaching the obligations provided
by par. 1 or for complaining against the
provisions of the will that are detrimental to the
rights of forced heirs or are contrary to public
order or good morals.
The 5th Book On Obligations, Title
II, Chapter I, 4th Section, art. 1246, par. 4,
stipulates that Through parties agreement,
nullity clauses cannot be established or
suppressed. Any contrary convention or clause
is considered unwritten. 6th Section, art. 1277,
stipulates The contract concluded for indefinite
period can be unilaterally terminated by any of
the parties in compliance with a reasonable
previous notice term. Any contrary clause or the
stipulation of a service provisions in return for
contract termination, is considered unwritten.
Title III, Chapter II, art. 1402, stipulates The
impossible condition, contrary to the law or
good morals, is considered unwritten ...
Art. 1734 - Concurrence of pre-emptive
persons. (1). If several holders have exercised
pre-emption on the same asset, the sale contract
is considered concluded:
a) with the holder of the legal preemption right in concurrence with holders of
other conventional pre-emption rights;
b) with the holder of the legal preemption right chosen by the seller in
concurrence with the holders of other legal preemption rights;
c) if the asset is immovable, with the
holder of the conventional pre-emption right
recorded first in the Land Book, in concurrence
with holders of other conventional pre-emption
rights.
d) if the asset is movable, with the
holder of the unconventional pre-emption right

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data certa cea mai veche, atunci cand aceasta se

afl in concurs cu alti titulari ai unor drepturi
conventionale de preemptiune.
2.
Orice
clauza care contravine
prevederilor alin. 1 este considerata nescris.
In Capitolul V, Sectiunea a 2-a , art.
1825, alin. 1, prevede ca Dac nchirierea este
pe durata determinat, locatarul poate denunta
unilateral contractul prin notificare , cu
respectarea unui termen, de preaviz de cel putin
60 de zile.
Orice clauz contrar este
consuiderat nescris, iar art. 1826, stipuleaz
Este considerat nescris orice clauz in temeiul
careia :
a) chiriasul este obligat sa ncheie o
asigurare cu un asigurtor impus de
locator;
b) se prevede rspunderea solidara sau
indivizibil a chiriasilor din apartamente
diferite situate n acelasi imobil, n cazul
degradrii elementelor de constructii si a
instalatiilor, obiectelor si dotarilor
aferente prtilor comune ale imobilului ;
c) chiriasul se oblig s recunoasc sau s
plteasc n avans, cu titlu de reparatii
locative , sume stabilite pe baza
estimrilor fcute exclusive de locator ;
d) locatorul este indreptatit snueze sau s
suprime, fr contraprestatie echivalent,
prestaiile la care s-a obligat prtin
contract.
In Capitolul VII, Sectiunea a 2-a, art.
1902, alin 5 precizeaz c
Orice
clauz prin care un asociat este exclus de la
impartirea beneficiilor sau de la participarea la
pierderi este considerate nescris.
Art. 1910 prevede :
Alin. 1 Asociatii, chiar lipsiti de dreptul
de administrare, au dreptul sa participle la luarea
hotararilor colective ale adunarii asociatilor.
Alin.2. Hotararile cu privire la societate
se iau cu majoritatea voturilor asociatilor, daca
prin contract sau prin lege nu se stabileste altfel.
Alin. 3 Prin exceptie de la prevederile
alin. 2 hotararile privind modificarea contractului
de societate sau numirea unui administrator unic
se iau cu consimtamantul tuturor asociatilor.
Alin. 4, Obligatiile unui asociat nu pot

having the oldest certified date, in concurrence

with holders of other conventional pre-emption
rights.
2. Any clause that contravenes the
provisions of art. 1 is considered unwritten.
Chapter V, 2nd Section, art. 1825, par. 1,
stipulates that If lease is for determined period,
the lessee can unilaterally terminate the contract
through notification, in compliance with at least
60-day previous notice. Any contrary clause is
considered unwritten, and art. 1826, stipulates
It is considered unwritten any clause according
to which:
e) The lessee has to conclude an insurance
with an insurer established by the
lessor;
f) It provides joint or indivisible liability
of tenants from different apartments
located in the same building, in case of
degrading the elements of buildings and
installations, the building common parts
related objects and endowments;
g) The lessee undertakes to recognize or
pay in advance as locative repair works,
the sums determined based on the
estimations made exclusively by the
lessor;
h) The lessor is entitled to cancel or
suppress the services undertaken by
contract without equivalent service.
Chapter VII, 2nd section, art. 1902, par 5
stipulates that Any clause by which a
shareholder is excluded from dividing the
benefits or participation to losses is considered
unwritten.
Art. 1910 stipulates:
Par.1 Shareholders, even if lacking the
management right, are entitled to participate in
the collective decision making process of
shareholders assembly.
Alin.2. The decisions regarding the
company are made with majority of
shareholders votes, unless otherwise provided
by the contract or by the law.
Par. 3 By exception from the
provisions of Par.2 the decisions regarding the
amendment of the company contract or for
assigning a sole director are made with the

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fi marite fara consimtamantul acestuia

Alin. 5 Orice clauz contrar
dispozitiilor prezentului articol este considerat
nescris.
In art. 1918 , despre
drepturile
asociatilor care
nu sunt administratori, se
prevede :
Alin 1 Actele de administrare ale
societatii si cele de dispozitie asupra bunurilor
acesteia sunt interzise asociatilor care nu au
calitatea de administrator, sub sanctiunea
acoperirii daunelor ce ar putea rezulta. Drepturile
tertilor de bun credinta nu sunt afectate.2Z
Alin. 2 . Dac legea nu prevede altfel,
oricare dintre asociati are dreptul de a consulta
registrele si situatiile financiare ale societatii, de a
lua cunostint de operatiunile acesteia si de a
consulta orice document al societatii, fara a
stanjeni operatiunile societatii si a afecta
drepturile celorlalti asociati
Alin. 3 Administratorii vor intocmi un
raport anual cu privire la mersul societatii , care
vor fi comunicate asociatilor . Oriocare dintre
acestia pooate solicita dezbaterea raportului de
catre toti asociatii, caz in care administratorii sunt
obligate sa convoace reunirea asociatilor la sediul
social pentru acest scop.
Alin. 4. Orice clauz contractual,
contrar dispozitiilor prezentului articol, este
considerat nescris.
Tot n Capitolul VII al Titlului 9 al Crtii
a V-a , spatiul normativ ce reglementeaz
contractul de societate, art. 1932 n alin. 2
precizeaz :
Este considerata
nescrisa orice clauz contractual contrara unei
dispozitii imperative din prezentul capitol
(capitolul mai sus precizat), a carei ncalcare nu
este sanctionata cu nulitatea societatii.
In aceeasi ordine de idei , in Sectiunea a
3-a, art. 1953 , in alin. 5, precizeaza : Orice
clauza care stabileste un nivel minim garantat de
beneficii pentru unul sau unii dintre asociati este
considerata nescrisa.
Art. 1995, alin. 1 precizeaza Clauza
prin care se nltur sau restrange raspunderea
stabilita prin lege in sarcina transportatorului se
consider nescrisa.
In Sectiunea a 3-a din acelasi Titlu, art.

consent of all shareholders.

Par.4, The obligations of a shareholder
cannot be increased without its consent
Par.5 Any clause contrary to the
provisions herein is considered unwritten.
Art. 1918, about shareholders rights
who are not directors, provides:
Par. 1 Companys management
documents as well as its related assets
documents are forbidden to shareholders that
are not directors, under the penalty of being held
responsible for possible damages. Good faith
third parties rights shall not be affected.
Par.2 . Unless the law provides
otherwise, any of the shareholders is entitled to
look into the companys books or financial
records, to be acknowledge on its operations
and any document of the company, without
interfering with the companys operations and
affect the rights of the other shareholders
Par.3 Directors will draw-up an annual
report regarding the companys activity, that
will be notified to shareholders. Any of them
can ask for the report debate by all shareholders,
in which case directors have to call the
shareholders reunion at the registered office for
this purpose.
Par.4. Any contracting clause, contrary
to the provisions of this article is considered
unwritten.
Also Chapter VII of Title 9 of the 5th
Book, the normative space that regulates the
company contract, art. 1932 in Par.2 stipulates:
It is considered unwritten any contracting
clause contrary to an imperative clause herein
(the aforementioned chapter), whose breach is
not sanctioned with the companys nullity.
In the same order of ideas, 3rd Section,
art. 1953 , in Par.5, stipulates: Any clause that
determines a minimal level guaranteed by
benefits for one or several of the shareholders is
considered unwritten.
Art. 1995, Par.1 stipulates The clause
which removes or restricts the liability
established by law for the forwarder shall be
considered unwritten.
3rd Section of the same Title, art. 2004
provides the following regulation: Par.1. The

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2004 da urmatoarea reglementare : Alin.1.

Transportatorul rspunde pentru moartea sau
vtmarea intergritatii corporale ori a snttii
cltorului.
Alin. 2 El rspunde, de asemenea, pentru
daunele directe si imediate rezultand din
neexecutarea transportului, din executarea lui in
alte conditii decat cele stabilite sau din intarzierea
executarii acestuia.
Alin. 3. In cazul n care, dupa imprejurri
, din cauza intrzierii executrii transportului,
contractul nu mai prezint interes pentru cltor,
acesta l poate denunta, solicitand rambursarea
pretului.
Alin. 4, Transportatorul nu rspunde
daca dovedeste c paguba a fost cauzat de
cltor, cu intentie sau din culpa grava, De
asemenea, transportatorul nu raspunde nici atunci
cand dovedeste ca paguba a fost cauzata de
starea de sntate a cltorului, fapta unui tert
pentru care nu este tinut s rspund sau forta
major. Cu toate acestea transportatorul ramane
raspunzator pentru paguba cauzata de mijlocul
de transport folosit sau de starea de sanatate ori a
angajatilor lui.
Alin. 5. Este considerat nescris orice
clauza prin care se inlatura sau se restrange
raspunderea transportatorului pentru prejudiciile
prevazute in prezentul articol.
In Capitolul 10, art. 2075, alin. 3,
precizeaz Clauza de neconcurent se aplic
doar pentru regiunea geografic sau pentru
grupul de persoane si regiunea geografica la care
se refer contractul de agentie si, doar pentru
bunurile si serviciile, in legatur cu care agentul
este mputernicit s negocieze si s ncheie
contract. Orice extindere a sferei clauzei de
neconcuren este considerate nescris.
Potrivit art. 2087, care reglementeaz
calculul valorii comisionului , la alin. 1 se
mentioneaz La sfrsitul fiecrui trimestru,
comitentul trebuie s trimita agentului copiile de
pe facturile care au fost expediate tertilor ,
precum si descrierea calculului valorii
comisionului. La alin. 2 La cererea agentului,
comitentul va comunica de ndat informatiile
necesare calcularii comisionului, inclusive
extrasele relevante din registrele sale contabile.

forwarder shall be held responsible for the death

or injury of the travellers corporal integrity or
health.
Par.2 It shall also be held responsible
for direct and immediate damages resulting
from the failure to perform the transport, from
its execution in other conditions than the
determined ones or from the delay to execute it.
Par.3. If, as the case may be, because of
the transport delay, the contract is no longer of
interest for the traveller, it can terminate it
asking for price reimbursement.
Par.4, The forwarder shall be held
responsible only if he proves that the damage
has been caused by the traveller, intentionally or
from serious guilt. The forwarder is also not
held responsible when proving that the damage
has been caused by the traveller state of health,
the action of a third party which is not held
responsible or by force majeure. Nonetheless,
the forwarder shall be held responsible for the
damage caused by the conveyance means or by
his state of health or his employees state of
health.
Par.5. It is considered unwritten any
clause by which the forwarders liability is
removed or restricted for the prejudices
provided herein.
Chapter 10, art. 2075, Par.3, stipulates
Non-concurrent clause applies only for the
geographic region or for the group of persons
and the geographic region to which the agency
contract refers and only for the assets and
services regarding which the agent is
empowered to negotiate and conclude a
contract. Any extension of the non-concurrence
clause is considered unwritten.
According to art. 2087, which regulates
the calculation of the commission value, Par.1
stipulates At the end of every quarter, the doer
has to send the agent the copies of the invoices
delivered to third parties, as well as the
description of the commission value. Par.2 At
the agents request, the doer will immediately
provide the information necessary for
calculating the commission including the
relevant excerpts of its accounting records.
According to the provisions of Par.3 The

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Potrivit dispozitiilor din alin. 3 Clauza prin care

se derog de la prevederile alin. 1 si 2 , in
defavoarea agentului, se consider nescris.
Potrivit cu art. 2094 Nu se poate deroga
n defavoarea intereselor agentului de la
prevederile art. 2079,2080,2084, 2085, art. 2086,
alin. 2 si 4, art. 2091 si 2092. Orice clauz
contrar este considerat nescris.
In Capitolul XV, Sectiunea a 2-a, art.
2192, alin 3 precizeaz c Este considerat
nescris orice clauz prin care institutia de credit
este exonarat de rspundere pentru neexecutarea
obligatiilor ce-I revin in administrarea titlurilor
de prudent si diligent.
In Capitolul XVIII, care reglementeaza
contractul de ntretinere, art. 2257, alin. 5
mentioneaz Clauza prin care creditorul
intretinerii se oblig la prestarea unor servicii este
considerate nescris iar potrivit art. 2263, alin. 2
contractul de intretinere nceteaz Atunci cand
comportamentul celeilalte parti face imposibil
executarea contractului , n conditii conforme
bunelor moravuri, cel interesat poate cere
rezolutiunea, iar potrivit alin. 3 In cazul
prevazut la alin. 2 , precum si atunci cand se
ntemeiaz pe neexecutarea fr justificare a
obligatiei de intretinere, rezolutiunea nu poate fi
pronuntat decat de instant, dispozitiile art. 1552
nefiind aplicabile. Orice clauz contrar este
considerate nescris.
In Titlul X, Capitolul III, Sectiunea a 2-a
, art. 2384, alin 2 stipuleaz Clauzele care
impun debitorului plata anticipata si imediat a
obligatiei garantat sau plata vreunei alte
obligatii prin faptul constituirii unei alte garantii
asupra aceluiasi bun, se consider nescrise.
Potrivit art. 2385 care reglementeaz antihreza
Clauza prin care creditorul ipotecar este
autorizat ca pana la data inceperii executarii sa
posede imobilul ipotecat sau sa-si insuseasca
fructele ori veniturile acestuia, se consider
nescris.
In Sectiunea a 3-a, art. 2396, alin. 3
precizeaz Clauzele care impun debitorului
plata anticipata si imediat a obligatiei garantat
sau plata vreunei alte obligatii prin faptul
constituirii unei alte garantii asupra aceluiasi bun,
se consider nescrise.

clause by which the provisions of par. 1 and 2

are derogated, to the disadvantage of the agent,
shall be considered unwritten.
According to art. 2094 It cannot
derogate to the disadvantage of the agents
interest from the provisions of art.
2079,2080,2084, 2085, art. 2086, Par.2 and 4,
art. 2091 and 2092. Any contrary clause is
considered unwritten.
Chapter XV, 2nd Section, art. 2192, par.
3 stipulates that It is considered unwritten any
clause by which the credit institution is
exonerated from liability for failure to execute
the obligations in the administration of prudence
and diligence of titles.
Chapter XVIII, which regulates the
maintenance contract, art. 2257, Par.5 mentions
The clause by which the maintenance creditor
undertakes to provide services is considered
unwritten and according to art. 2263, Par.2 the
maintenance contract terminates When the
conduct of the other party makes it impossible
to execute the contract, under conditions
compliant with the good morals, the interested
party can ask for termination, and according to
Par.3 In the case provided in Par.2 , as well as
when it is based on unjustified non-execution
for the maintenance obligation, termination can
only be sentenced by the court, the provisions of
art. 1552 not applying. Any contrary clause is
considered unwritten.
Title X, Chapter III, 2nd Section, art.
2384, par. 2 stipulates The clauses that ask for
anticipated payment of the guaranteed
obligation by the debtor or the payment of
another obligation by establishing another
guarantee on the same asset, are considered
unwritten. According to art. 2385 which
regulates The clause by which the mortgagee
is authorized that by the execution date own the
mortgaged immovable asset or acquire its
incomes, shall be considered unwritten.
3rd Section, art. 2396, Par.3 stipulates
The clauses that ask the debtor for anticipated
and immediate payment of the guaranteed
obligation or the payment of another obligation
by establishing a guarantee on the same asset,
shall be considered unwritten.

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In sfrsit, n Capitolul IV al aceluiasi

Titlu, Sectiunea 1, art. 2433 care reglementeaza
interdictia pactului comisoriu se precizeaz c
Orice clauz potrivit creia, pentru a garanta
executarea obligatiei debitorului su, creditorul
si rezerv dreptul s devin proprietarul
irevocabil al bunului sau s dispun de acesta
fr formalitatile impuse de lege se consider
nescris.
Aceasta este reglementarea pe care o d
noul Cod Civil clauzelor considerate nescrise.
Intrebarea fireasc ce se ridic este cea cu privire
la natura juridica a acestora .
S-a dorit instituirea unor alte cauze de
ineficacitate a actului juridic, pe lng cele
cunoscute si consacrate deja ? Dac s-ar
raspunde afirmativ, ar trebui sa se lamureasc
regimul juridic al acestor cauze, regim juridic ,
care sa fie esential diferit de cel al altor cauze de
ineficacitate.
Daca am lua in discutie numai paralela
cu institutia nulitii, la prima vedere, s-ar putea
crede c efectul acestor clauze considerate
nescrise este similar efectului pe care l-ar
produce existenta unor cauze de nulitate.
Dac ne intoarcem la dreptul roman,
doctrina n raport de acesta, a fost majoritar n
sensul c nu facea nici o distinctie intre nulitate si
inexistent si nici intre nulitatea absolut si
relativ, singura sanctiune recunoscuta fiind
nulitatea absolut 1.
Unele legiuiri existente pn n anul
1821 consacr mai mult sau mai puin termenul
de inexisten2.
De asemenea, Legiuirea Caragea
consacr inexistena de fond pentru lipsa unui
element esenial pentru existena unui contract
cum ar fi lipsa capacitii de a contracta a celor
fr de minte precum i a risipitorilor.
Manualul juridic al lui Andronache
Donici abordeaz teoria inexistentei actului
juridic cruia i lipsete un element esenial3.
D. Alexandresco consider c art.63 si
88 din Codul Calimach scot n eviden
inexistena cstoriei bazat pe consimmntul a
dou persoane de acelai sex 4.
In secolul XIX concepia dominant din
doctrin era aceea a nulitii totale si iremediabile

In the end, Chapter IV of the same Title,

Section 1, art. 2433 which regulates the
interdiction of commissoria lex stipulates that
Any clause according to which, in order to
guarantee the execution of its debtors
obligation, the creditor reserves the right to
become the irrevocable owner of its asset or use
it without the formalities required by the law
shall be considered unwritten.
This is the regulation that the new Civil
Code gives to the unwritten clauses. The natural
question regards their legal nature.
Other inefficacy causes of the legal
document have been desired beside the already
known ones? If the answer were yes, the legal
regime of these causes should be clarified, as
the legal regime has to be essentially different
from that of other inefficacy causes.
If we discuss only the comparison with
the institution of nullity, at first sight, we could
believe that the effect of such unwritten clauses
is similar to the effect that the inexistence of
such nullity causes would cause.
If we return to the Roman law, the
doctrine was of majority meaning that it made
no distinction between nullity and inexistence
nor between absolute and relative nullity, the
only recognized sanction being absolute
nullity10.
Some laws existent before 1821
provide more or less space to the term of
inexistence11.
Also, Caragea Law determines the
background inexistence for the lack of an
essential element for the existence of a contract
like the lack of the contracting capacity of
mindless persons and lavish persons.
The judicial manual of Andronache
Donici approaches the theory of inexistence of
judicial document which lacks an essential
element12.
D. Alexandresco considers that art.63
and 88 of the Callimachus Code reveal the
inexistence of marriage based on the consent of
two persons of the same sex13.
In the 19th century, the dominating
conception of the doctrine was that of total and
irremediable nullity Quod nullum est, nullum

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Quod nullum est, nullum producit effectum 5.

Actul juridic era asemnat cu un
organism6 care se poate nate mort sau bolnav i,
n consecin se poate vindeca sau poate pieri,
organism compus din organe eseniale, aa cum
sunt condiiile de existen ale unui act juridic si
organe neeseniale cum ar fi condiiile de
validitate.
Teoria inexistenei ca ineficacitate
ridicat este prezentat pentru prima dat in anul
1808 de jurisconsultul german Karl Zachariae
von Lingenthal7, fcnd distinctie ntre nulitate si
inexistent, teorie dezvoltat si extinsa de
doctrina francez a secolului XIX si preluat si
de doctrina noastr.
Doctrina francez aprecia c actul
inexistent este acela care nu s-a putut forma din
cauza unui element esenial pentru existena sa ,
cruia i lipsete un element fundamental legat de
definirea lui, un act fr existen n lumina legii,
o aparen fr realitate.
Si n doctrina romaneasc de la
nceputurile secolului trecut este definit actul
inexistent 8 , ca fiind acela care incalc o lege
definitorie ce fixeaz o idee, o notiune , avand
misiunea de a face inteleas manifestarea de
voin.
In doctrina contemporan se neag din
nou conceptual de inexisten, nulitatea fiind
singura sanciune ce nltur orice discuii cu
privire la inexisten ca o categorie distinct de
ineficacitate a actului juridic, apreciindu-se c,
inexistena echivaleaz cu nulitatea absolut,
nlturndu-se orice form de ineficacitate, ab
initio.
Consider c n prezent doctrina este
dispus si trebuie s recunoasc inexistena
printre anomalii alturi de nulitate , caducitate,
inopozabilitate, simulaie .a, urmnd s
depeasc poziia punerii semnului de egalitate
ntre actul inexistent i actul nul.
In sprijinul acestei idei , putem veni chiar
cu reglementri date de noul Cod Civil, , care
potrivit art. 21 al. 2 In cazul in care un drept, act
sau fapt radiat, se prezum c el nu exist
In acest sens credem c toate clauzele
considerate de cod ca fiind nescrise atrag, ab
initio, inexistena actului juridic.

producit effectum 14.

The legal document is similar to an
organism15 which can be born dead or ill and
consequently can be healed or can be
extinguished, an organism consisting of
essential parts, like the existence conditions of a
legal document and unessential bodies like
validity conditions.
The theory of inexistence as high
inefficacy is first of all presented in 1808 by the
German jurisprudent Karl Zachariae von
Lingenthal16, making a distinction between
nullity and inexistence, a theory developed and
extended by the French doctrine of the 19th
century and adopted by our doctrine as well.
The French doctrine appreciated that the
inexistent document is the one that could not be
formed because of an element which is essential
for its existence, which lacks a fundamental
element regarding its definition, a document
without existence in the light of the law, an
appearance without reality.
The Romanian doctrine at the beginning
of the last century defines inexistent document17
, as being the one breaching a defining law
which fixes an idea, a notion, having the
mission of making the expression of will
understood.
The contemporary doctrine denies again
the concept of inexistence, nullity being the
only sanction that removes any discussions
regarding inexistence as a distinct category of
legal documents inexistence, appreciating that
inexistence is equivalent with absolute nullity
removing any form of inefficacy, ab initio.
I think that at present the doctrine is
willing and has to admit the inexistence among
anomalies along with nullity, caducity,
inopposability, simulation etc, and will exceed
the position of putting an equivalence sign
between the inexistent document and the null
document.
In supporting this idea, we can bring
regulations given by the new Civil Code which,
according to art. 21 par. 2 In the case of a
radiated right, document or fact, it is presumed
that it does not exist
This is why we believe that all the

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Am putea spune c legiuitorul a numit

clauzele considerate nescrise si toate celelalte
cauze nenumite care ar atrage ineficacitatea
actului juridic sunt cauze de nulitate,afirmatie
care se poate baza pe dispoziiile art. 1255 al. 1
care precizeaz clauzele contrare legii, ordinii
publice sau bunelor moravuri si care nu sunt
considerate nescrise atrag nulitatea contractului
n ntregul su iar in alineatul 2 se
mentioneaz c numai clauzele nule sunt
inlocuite de drept cu dispozitiile legale
aplicabile.
Aceasta ar presupune ca in privina
clauzelor considerate nescrise nu se poate pune
problema nlocuirii lor cu dispoziiile legale
aplicabile pentru c actul juridic, n aceast
situaie pur si simplu nu exist ab initio
clauzele considerate nescrise nici nu exist i ca
atare nu pot fi analizate si ca fiind nule.
Expresia clauze considerate nescrise nu
poate fi echivalent cu cea nule si neavenite,
nule de drept, lovite de nulitate absolut ci
mai degrab cu sunt considerate inexistente.
Acest lucru i pentru simplul fapt c,
dac n cazul nulitii este necesar intervenia
instanei de judecat, n situaia clauzelor
considerate nescrise , aceast intervenie nu are
loc.
Din toat economia textelor din codul
civil care trateaz clauzele considerate nescrise ,
nu reiese nevoia interveniei instanei de judecat
sau posibilitatea prilor de a se pronuna asupra
acestor clauze, posibilitate pe care o confer
numai n cazul nulitii9
Ca o concluzie considerm c aceste
clauze considerate nescrise de Codul Civil sunt
cauze de ineficacitate ab initio, distincte de
nulitate iar consecina existenei lor atrage
inexistena actului juridic.

clauses considered by the code as being

unwritten result in the existence of the legal
document ab initio.
We can say that the lawmaker
appointed the clauses considered unwritten and
all the other uncalled causes that would draw
the inefficacy of the legal document are causes
of nullity, a statement that can be based on the
provisions of art. 1255 par. 1 which stipulates
the clauses contrary to the law, public order or
good morals and which are not considered
unwritten draw the nullity of the contract as a
whole and paragraph 2 mentions that only
null clauses are replaced by right with the legal
enforceable provisions.
This supposes that regarding the clauses
considered unwritten, the problem cannot be
discussed for replacing them with the legal
enforceable provisions because the legal
document, in this case there are no unwritten
clauses ab initio and do not exist as such and
cannot be analyzed as being null.
The phrase unwritten clauses cannot be
equivalent with the phrase null and void,
rightfully null, struck by absolute nullity
but rather they are considered inexistent.
For the reason that in the case of nullity,
the interference of the court of law is necessary,
in the case of unwritten clauses, this
intervention does not occur.
The texts of the civil code that regulate
unwritten clauses, do not reveal the need for the
court of law interference or the parties
possibility to sentence on these clauses, which is
granted only in the case of nullity18
In conclusion, we think that these
unwritten clauses of the Civil Code are causes
of inefficacy ab initio, distinct from nullity
and the consequence of their existence results
in the inexistence of the legal document.

Bibliografie:
Bibliography:
Gh. Beleiu, Drept civil roman.Introducere
in dreptul civil Subiecte de drept civil, Ed.
Gh. Beleiu, Romanian civil law.
Universul Juridic Bucuresti, 2005
Introduction in civil law. Subjects of civil law.
M. Bojinc , Drept civil. Teoria general a Judicial Universe Press, Bucharest, 2005
dreptului civil, Ed. Helios , Craiova, 2002
N. Em.Antonescu, Nevaliditatea actelor
M. Bojinc, Civil law. General theory of
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35

Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 4/2011

juridice in dreptul civil, n material nulitilor.

Institutul de Arte Grafice Romania Nou ,
Bucuresti, 1927
V.V.Popa, Drept civil, Partea generala.
Persoanele, Ed. 2, Editura CH Beck, Bucuresti,
2006

civil law, Helios Press, Craiova, 2002

N. Em. Antonescu, The lack of judicial
documents acts in civil law, in the matter of
nullities. The Institute of Graphic Romania
Nou, Bucharest, 1927
V.V.Popa, Civil law, General Part.
Persons, Ed. 2, CH Beck Press, Bucharest, 2006

V.V.Popa, Drept civil, Partea generala. Persoanele, Ed. 2, Editura CH Beck, Bucuresti, 2006, pag. 186
Astfel , potrivit art.2 din Pravilniceasca Condic, orice hotarre care nu este fcut n scris i nu este semnat,
trebuie considerat ca i cum nu ar fi fost niciodat realizat, inexistent.
3
Art.2., Cap.XI Fr alctuirea preului, vinderea nu se face. Art.7. Iar vanzarea iconomicoas ntru nimic se
socotete
4
Curierul Judiciar nr. 64/7,10,1914, p.753.
5
Gh. Beleiu, Drept civil roman.Introducere in dreptul civil Subiecte de drept civil, Ed. Universul Juridic
Bucuresti, 2005, p. 221
6
M. Bojinc , Drept civil. Teoria general a dreptului civil, Ed. Helios , Craiova, 2002, p. 331-332
7
Apud N. Em.Antonescu, Nevaliditatea actelor juridice in dreptul civil, n material nulitilor. Institutul de Arte
Grafice Romania Nou , Bucuresti, 1927, p. 329-344
8
.N. Em.Antonescu, Nevaliditatea actelor juridice in dreptul civil, n material nulitilor. Institutul de Arte
Grafice Romania Nou , Bucuresti, 1927, p. 48-49
9
Art. 1246, al. 3 Dac prin lege nu se prevede altfel, nulitatea actului poate fi constatat sau declarat prin
acordul prilor
10
V.V.Popa, Civil law, General Part. Persons, Ed. 2, CH Beck Press, Bucharest, 2006, page 186
11
Therefore, according to art.2 of the Register, any decision which is not made in writing and signed, has to be
considered like never made, inexistent.
12
Art.2., Chapter XI Without price calculation, selling does not occur.
13
Legal Courier nr. 64/7,10,1914, p.753.
14
.Gh. Beleiu, Romanian civil law. Introduction in civil law. Subjects of civil law. Judicial Universe Press,
Bucharest, 2005, p. 221
15
M. Bojinc, Civil law. General theory of civil law, Helios Press, Craiova, 2002, p. 331-332
16
Apud N. Em.Antonescu, The lack of judicial documents acts in civil law, in the matter of nullities. The
Institute of Graphic Arts Romania Nou, Bucharest, 1927, p. 329-344
17
N. Em. Antonescu, The lack of judicial documents acts in civil law, in the matter of nullities. The Institute of
Graphic Romania Nou, Bucharest, 1927, p. 48-49
18
.Art. 1246, par. 3 Unless, the law provides otherwise, the document nullity can be established or declared by
parties agreement
2

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