Relative Clauses - Useful Tools in Communication. Plus Extra Exercises To Improve Your English

Maria Ioana Avram
RELATIVE CLAUSES
Useful tools in communication
A theoretical and practical approach
PLUS
Extra Exercises to improve your English
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Cuvânt înainte
Lucrarea de faţă se adresează profesorilor care predau limba engleză la nivel
gimnazial şi liceal, deoarece aceasta poate fi folosită de la nivel intermediar (A2)
până la nivel de bază (B1) şi avansat sau independent (B2).
Cartea tratează o problemă a sintaxei limbii engleze, „Relative Clauses”,
„Propoziţiile atributive”, structuri care ajută la transmiterea informaţiilor într-o
manieră fluentă. Aceştia pot folosi la clasă atât partea teoretică, de înţelegere,
explicare şi clasificare a propoziţiilor atributive, cât mai ales partea practică aflată la
sfârşitul fiecărui capitol. Se urmăreşte în acelaşi timp fixarea problemelor teoretice
menţionate şi îmbogăţirea vocabularului prin abordarea unor teme actuale şi
atractive elevilor, prin folosirea imaginilor, prin jocuri şi prin literatură. O atenţie
deosebită trebuie acordată ultimelor două capitole deoarece acestea dau valoare
întregii cărţi prin varietatea de exerciţii puse la dispoziţie profesorului de la clasă.
Lucrarea conţine patru capitole teoretice care vizează sintaxa limbii engleze,
clasificarea propoziţiilor atributive, diferitele caracteristici ale acestora, precum şi
opoziţia între propoziţiile atributive în limba engleză şi cele în limba română.
Ultimele două capitole sunt strict practice. În capitolul V autoarea a dorit
consolidarea problemelor teoretice referitoare la propoziţiile atributive, punând la
dispoziţia profesorilor o varietate de tipuri de exerciţii, moderne dar şi tradiţionale.
Autoarea a încercat să grupeze diferite activităţi de îmbunătăţire, fixare şi
consolidare a abilităţii elevilor de înţelegere a unui text scris, de scriere si de
conversare folosind în mod repetat şi propoziţiile atributive.
În capitolul VI sunt incluse activităţi suplimentare prin care elevii işi pot
îmbunătăţii nivelul limbii engleze. Aici accentul nu se mai pune în mod special pe
folosirea noilor structuri de sintaxă, deşi se presupune că aceştia au reuşit să le
stocheze şi le vor folosi în situaţii reale de viaţă. Jocul de rol, compararea unor
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imagini, identificarea şi rezolvarea unor probleme similare vieţii cotidine, valorifică
cu adevărat acest ultim capitol.
Luând în considerare caracterul unitar al lucrării, echilibrul realizat între
partea teoretică şi cea practică, originalitatea şi aplicabilitatea exerciţiilor, sunt sigură
că această carte poate fi folosită cu încredere de profesori la orele de limba engleză.
Astfel, îşi va dovedi cu siguranţă utilitatea şi valoarea instrumentală.
Conf. univ. dr. Claudia Leah
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CONTENTS
General introduction 7
THEORETICAL APPROACH
Chapter I. Relative Clauses in English
1.1. Preliminary Remarks about Complex Sentences 9
1.2. Classification of Relative Clauses 16
1.2.1. Restrictive/ Defining /Limiting Relative Attributive Clauses 18
Let‘s practise now 24
1.2.2. Non- restrictive/ Non-defining 30
1.2.3. Connective 36
Let‘s practise now 38
Chapter II. Specific Features of Relative Clauses 42
Let‘s practise now. Mixed relative clauses 43
Chapter III. Relative Clauses in Romanian 46
Chapter IV. English Relative Clauses vs. Romanian Relative Clauses 53
PRACTICAL APPROACH
Chapter V. Mixed Exercises with relative clauses 58
Practise using Relative clauses in communication 62
Chapter VI. Extra Exercises to improve your English 106
CONCLUSIONS 154
Bibliography 155
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“Grammar is…the pole you grab to get your thoughts up on their feet and
walking.”
Stephen King
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this work, Relative Clauses- Useful tools in communication, Plus
Extra Exercises to improve your English, is to identify and present some of the structures of
expression in contemporary English and Romanian. In order to speak an accurate foreign
language, English in this case, a student should manage well the grammar which is one of the
preliminary steps in this process. The Relative clauses are not the simplest English
grammatical constructions and some students don‘t use them until they are advanced. They
are useful and helpful in communication, as well as in writing, because the message is in this
way more interesting and more elaborated transferred.
The book was written for teachers of English who want to analyze in a more detailed
manner the problem of relative clauses in different contexts: reading, speaking and writing.
Using the activities presented in the book they can help the learners to develop their skills and
confidence, to improve their practice and to become better English speakers.
In the absence of a comprehensive work on the functional style of contemporary

English, it has relied on the indications presented in traditional grammar as well as in
structural grammar. Students analyze English by making connections with Romanian,
because it is easier to understand how a language works if you compare it with your mother
tongue.
This work involves both theoretical and practical parts. The theoretical part involves
descriptions and classifications, but mainly explanations and attempts at justification. At the
end of each chapter there are exercises which can be used by the teacher in the classroom.
The practical part reflects mainly the English and Romanian sentences. Varying attention is
given to different mistakes, classifiable or not, which have been observed in English and
Romanian relative clauses.
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The final two chapters underline the importance of speaking, communication and
interaction, but also writing and reading. So, I took into account the improvement of both
productive and receptive skills. I acknowledge that the real world stands on all the above,
therefore, the theoretical rules must be applied without hesitation on different topics which I
tried to make attractive and easy to be developed and discussed. The students will be able to
successfully communicate even when they lack vocabulary, because the language banks may
help them to communicate straightforwardly.
When students are familiar with relative clauses and can use them in every day
speech, they can consider themselves lucky because they possess a valuable tool.
In most cases, activities are suitable for a variety of levels, from elementary to pre-
intermediate and intermediate and the teacher may use them either for consolidation or for
assessment. It offers practical techniques and ideas for classroom activities and relevant
background theory.
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“Language is the expression of ideas by means of speech-sounds combined into
words. Words are combined into sentences, this combination answering to that of
ideas into thoughts.”
Henry Sweet
THEORETICAL
APPROACH
CHAPTER I.
RELATIVE CLAUSES IN ENGLISH
1.1. Preliminary remarks about Complex Sentences
Many sentences, especially in written language, are complex. They can be formed by
linking simple sentences together, but the elements in a complex sentence (unlike those of a
component sentence) are not of equal importance. There is always one independent or ―main‖
clause and one or more dependent or ―subordinate‖ elements. If removed from a sentence, a
main clause can often stand on its own.
Students have to improve their language and to be able to form complex sentences in
order to express their ideas, even in written or in oral production. Nevertheless a foreign
language might be a challenge for everybody, it‗s up to us to extend our vocabulary and to fix
the existed problems or mistakes so that the message conveyed be a clear and suggestive one.
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Examples:
1. While Sarah reads poems, Jennifer reads magazine, but Anastasia reads only comics
dependent clause independent clause independent clause
2. Sarah reads poems, but Jennifer reads magazine because poems are too difficult
independent clause independent clause dependent clause
3. Jennifer, who reads magazines, rarely reads poem; however Sarah enjoys poems.
dependent clause independent clause
independent clause
4. People who read magazines rarely read poems; they often find books difficult.
dependent clause independent clause
independent clause
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Complex sentences have:
a. relative pronoun
Examples:
a) She told you about the neighbor who lives in front of the church.
b) Do you see the dog which is sleeping on the porch?
c) My classmate didn‟t know the boy whose book was on the floor.
d) I was called by the professor whom a met at the College.
e) My father doesn‟t like the armchair that it is opposite the fireplace.
b. a common subordinator
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Examples:
a) Unless the weather is fine, they will stay home.
b) While Andrew was sleeping on the armchair in the living room, Sissy, the family cat was
mewing at the front door.
c) Tony spent his money on PC games because his addiction was campy.
d) I begin to sneeze violently whenever I try to smell the bouquet of flowers.
e) Although Donny passed his driving test, his father refused to land him the family car.
When the subordinator begins the sentence, a comma is necessary after the dependent clause.
e.g. Although she rarely has time for reading, she often buys books.
However, if the independent clause comes first no comma is necessary.
e.g. She often buys books although she rarely has time for reading.
Complex sentences can provide richer detail and language than simple sentences
which are short, concise, to the point. They can relate two ideas but too many complex
sentences can make a piece confusing and convoluted. The key to a correct and
understandably text is to use an assortment of simple, compound and complex sentences.
Subordinate clauses can be classified under three headings (Alexander, 1996: 13):
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Relative clauses are a very common type of subordinate clauses, being in fact one of
the usual ways of expressing the attribute. They are often called relative attributive clauses,
and the distinction is made in English grammar between those which are essential to the
meaning of the sentence and those which add some information.
Compare:
 Annoying children are not very pleasant to a church ceremony.

 Children who are annoying are not very pleasant to a church ceremony.
The word annoying (annoyed) in the first sentence is an adjective, who are annoying is a
clause because it has a finite verb- are. The clause is doing exactly the same work as the
adjective: it describing the children. It is a relative clause because it ―relates‖ to the noun, in
this case, by means of the word who. Relative clauses, like adjectives, can describe people,
things and also events.
A relative clause in English, ―a type of complex post nominal adjectival modifier used in
both written and spoken English‖ (Celce- Maurice & Larsen Freeman 1999: 571) is said to
have two main functions: to modify a noun and to give detailed information about the person
or thing the noun refers to. Generally, relative clauses in English follow the nouns they
modify and are introduced by such a relative pronouns as ‗who‟, „which‟, or „that‟.
However, when a relative pronoun is not placed in the subject position, the relative
pronoun can be deleted in restrictive relative clauses. Thus, as we can see in the next
examples, all of these sentences are grammatical without relative pronouns:
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e.g.
a. She is the woman I met yesterday afternoon.
b. She is the woman I gave some money to.
c. She is the woman I took a picture of.
Hurford (1994) mentions that since we can use a relative pronoun ‘that’ before a
relative clause in each sentence above, ―the relative pronoun can be omitted altogether
anywhere where ‗that‘ can be used, except when the ‗shared‘ position inside the relative
clause is the subject position‖.
Accordingly, it is possible to delete the relative pronoun that replaces an object of a verb
or a preposition altogether except the case that ―the preposition has not been fronts along with
the relatives object‖ (Celce/ Murcia& Larsen- Freeman, 1999: 581).
Let‘s look at the following examples:
d. The woman whom (or that) he talked about is Jenny.
e. The woman about whom he talked is Jenny
f. The woman he talked about is Jenny.
g. * The woman about he talked is Jenny.
Therefore, it is practically possible to delete the relative pronoun only in sentence (d).
Sentence (g) is ungrammatical because, as DeCarrico (2000) points out there are the
‗structural gap‘ that has to be filled up by moving ‗whom‘ to the beginning of the clause. In
order to make the sentence (g) grammatical, we should either place ‗about‘ right after ‗talked‘
or insert ‗whom‘ after the preposition ‗ about‘ so that the preposition is placed right next to
the relative pronoun.
Although a few structural restrictions can be found in the relative pronoun deletion,
whether we should delete or retrain relative pronouns in restrictive relative clauses has been
left unclarified. In fact, most of the grammar reference books and textbooks touch on the
relative pronoun deletion although they merely claim that deletion is more preferable in
speaking than writing, and that one of the main reasons why deletion is preferred in speaking
is that speaking, in general, is less formal in style than writing (see Azar 1992, 1999; Hurford
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1994; Thomas & Martinet 1986). In addition to the discourse modality (speaking vs. writing)
and formality of respective discourse, however, there may be some other factors involved in
the relative pronoun deletion and retention in writing. According to some grammarians one
possible factor is a usage tendency or preference affected by discourse genres or topics, and
the other is the humanness of the referent.
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1.2. Classification of Relative Clauses
Why should we use relative clauses?
Let‘s start from two simple sentences, two independent clauses, which have the same
noun. For example,
e.g. The girl is sleepy.

The girl is trying to read the novel.
These are grammatically correct sentences, but they aren‘t so interesting or so realistic
for fluent speech. The best way to express the message is to combine them to make one more
exciting and complex sentence. What we have to do is to use a relative clause to link the two
simple sentences into a complex one. First, form the dependent clause. Then replace the noun
in one of the sentence with the appropriate relative pronoun, in this case "who". In this way
we formed a relative clause.
e.g. The girl is sleepy.

who is trying to read the novel.
The first one is simple sentence and the second is a relative clause. Continue by
replacing the relative clause after the noun it describes in the main sentence, which is
independent.
e.g. The girl who is trying to read the novel is sleepy.
The information is the same as we had in the two original simple sentences. However,
the complex sentences which has already been formed, is more natural and more interesting.
Relative clauses can be classified according to the main criteria, whether or not the
antecedents of the relative clauses, is present in the surface structure. From the point of view
we can distinguish:
1. Relative clauses with expressed antecedents, also called Dependent Relative Clauses.
e.g.
a) That is the photo that shows my family.

b) She is my neighbor who lives next door.
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2. Relative Clauses without expressed antecedents, also called ―Free Relative Clauses”
e.g. Whoever touches pitch shall be defiled.
On the basic of semantic criterion, it can be distinguished between:
RELATIVE CLAUSES
give relevant
information give extra continue
information the story
Restrictive/ connective
Non –
defining
restrictive
/non-
defining
WHO
people- WHO/THAT
WHO WHOM
things-WHICH/THAT
places- WHERE
WHICH WHOSE
times- WHEN WHEN WHICH
possession- WHOSE WHERE
WHOSE
1.2.1. Restrictive/ Defining/ /Limiting Relative Attributive Clauses
1.2.2. Non-restricting/ Non- defining/ Descriptive/ Amplifying Relative Attributive

Clauses
1.2.3. Connective relative clauses
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If you fold the sentence sure you will see the other side but for sure you will
lose the beauty of original one.” Jayesh Varma
1.2.1. RESTRICTIVE/ DEFINING /LIMITING RELATIVE ATTRIBUTIVE

CLAUSES (RRC)
e.g. The woman who lives in apartment no 10 has been killed.
He is the thief who broke into my house last week.
In the above example ‗who lives in apartment no 10’ / who broke into my house last
week are restrictive/ defining relative clauses because the information is crucial in
understanding the meaning of the sentence. The purpose of a defining relative clause is to
clearly define who or what we are talking about. Without this information, it would be
difficult to know who or what is meant.
e.g. The woman has been killed.
In this case it is not clear which woman has been killed.
Commas are not used to separate defining relative clauses from the rest of the
sentence.
Other examples:
The problem why I came here today is very serious.

A camel is an animal that lives in the dessert.
Let‟s go to the seaside where the weather is always fine.
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RRC usually follow the+ noun, but they can also be used with a/ an + noun, plural
nouns without the and the pronouns all, none, anybody, somebody and also those.
e.g. Jack talked to someone who said he saw you.

The novel is about a man who falls in love with a princess.
Sometimes these clauses are separated from their noun/pronoun by a word or phrase.
e.g. There is a girl here who expects you.

I read something in the magazine which would interest you.
But normally relative clauses should be placed directly after their noun or pronoun.
SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE

(cannot be ( can be omitted) (cannot be omitted)
omitted)
For person who what/ who/ whom whose
that that
For things which which whose/ of which

that that
e.g. The silence that was in the house determined him to leave.
The boy who works at the reception desk is the owner‟s son.
The relative pronouns are who, whom, whose, which and that. The choice of which
pronoun we use in a relative clause depends on:
 The type of clause (defining or non-defining),
 The function of the pronoun in the clause (subject, object, possessive determiner or object
of a preposition),
 The style ( formal or informal)
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e.g.
The banker to whom I gave my check was quite friendly. - formal
The woman I talked to was very pleasant indeed.- informal
The book which I received for my birthday was excellent.- formal
The car he drove was really fast.- informal
It is advisable to make a distinction among:
1. Relative Pronouns used as the subject of RRC

2. Relative Pronouns used as the object of RRC.
3. Relative Pronouns used as a Possessive in a RRC.
4. Relative adverbs in RRC.
1. Relative Pronouns used as the subject of RRC-
e.g. Children who (that) play the fire are in great danger of harm.
The man who bought all the books by Hemingway has died.
This is the teacher who lives next door.
Generally, who and which are more usual in written English whereas that is more usual in
speech when referring to things. The relative pronoun stands in place of a noun. This noun
appears usually earlier in the sentence.
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If the relative pronoun is followed by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun.
Subject pronouns must always be used.
The woman who/that spoke at the meeting was very

knowledgeable.
Noun, subject of Relative pronoun Verb + rest of the Verb + rest of the
the main clause referring to ‗the relative clause main clause
woman‘, subject of
‗spoke‘
2. Relative Pronouns used as the object of RRC.
Who, whom and which can be replaced by that. This is very common in spoken English.
e.g. That‟s the boy (Ø, that, who, whom) I invited to the party.
There‟s the house (Ø, that, which) I‟d like to buy.
If the relative pronoun is not followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun), the
relative pronoun is an object pronoun. Object pronouns can be dropped in defining relative
clauses, which are then called Contact Clauses.
e.g. The apple that George lay on the table is not ripped.
or The apple George lay on the table is not ripped.
Both of these sentences are correct, though the second one is more common in spoken
English.
The apple that/ Ø George lay on is not ripped.

the table
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Noun, subject of main Relative pronoun, Verb+ rest of the Verb +rest of main
clause referring to ‗the relative clause clause
apple, object of
lay
Whom is very formal and is only used in written English. You can use who/ that, or
omit the pronoun completely:
e.g. The doctor whom/ who/that/ Ø I was hoping to see wasn‟t on duty.
It is preferable to use that (not which) after the following words: all, any(thing),
every(thing), few, little, many, much, no(thing), none, some(thing), and after
superlatives. When using the pronoun to refer to the object, that can be omitted.
e.g. There‟s something (that) you should know.

It was the best film (that) I‘ve ever seen.
Nothing anyone does can replace my lost bag.
3. Relative Pronouns used as a Possessive in a RRC.
e.g. He‟s the man whose car was stolen last week.
They were sure to visit the town whose location/ the location which was little known.
Whose is used for things as well as for people.
4. Relative adverbs in RRC.
e.g. This is the park where they first met.

26th December is the day when children in England collect money for poor people.
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Time when (=in/ July is the month when a lot of tourists visit the
on/at/which) seaside.
Place where(=in/at/on/to That is the school where I have studied for 10 years.
which)
Reason why(=for which) Love is the reason why we get married.
e.g.
2010 was the year when my daughter was born.
This is the village where I grew up.
That‟s the reason why I love my husband.
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EXERCISES WITH RESTRICTIVE/ DEFINING/ RELATIVE CLAUSES
1. Relative clauses- Formation
Complete the sentences using relative clauses. Use who and which.
e.g. A Finnish is a person (live in Finland) who lives in Finland.
1. A microwave is a machine (cook food using microwaves)__________________________.

2. A clock is a thing (tell the time) ______________________ _______________________ .
3. A hair style is a person (cut, shape and set hair)__________________________________ .
4. A yacht is a ship (carry people across the water)_________________________________ .
5. A real estate salesperson is (sell houses)________________________________________.
6. A knife is a thing (can cut many things)________________________________________ .
7. An au pair is a person (look after children)______________________________________.
8. A watermelon is a fruit (be green in the outside and red in the inside________________ .
9. The Statue of Liberty is a sculpture (symbolize freedom)__________________________.
10. A tour guide is a person (make itineraries)___ ________________ ________________.
2. Give a definition to form relative clauses:
e.g. A library is a building where you can borrow books.
1. A butterfly is _______________________________.
2. A flight attendant is a_________________________.
3. A night is__________________________________.
4. An antonym is______________________________.
5. Summer is_________________________________.
6. A burglar is________________________________.
7. A greengrocer‘s is___________________________.
8. A salesman is ______________________________.
9. A guidebook is______________________________.
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10. A pineapple is______________________________.
3. Relative pronouns- necessary or not?

Decide whether the relative pronouns must be used or not.
e.g.
1. A clock is something which tells you the time.

 Relative pronoun is necessary
 Relative pronoun is not necessary.
2. Terry is a person who everybody likes.
o Relative pronoun is necessary
o Relative pronoun is not necessary.
3. The Nile is a river which runs through Cairo.
4. Hats are things which you wear on your head.
5. A chemist is a person who sells painkillers in a drugstore.
6. Friendship is a relation which cannot be bought.
o Relative pronoun is not necessary
7. A swimsuit is a thing which you wear when you swim.
8. An au pair is a professional woman who looks after young children.
9. Butterflies are insects which were first caterpillars.
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10. Highway is a road which helps you arrived quickly wherever you want.
4. Relative pronouns- necessary or not?
Decide whether the relative pronouns must be used or not.
1. The cathedral which we visited last year was burned down.

2. The girl who you saw in my car is my neighbor.
3. The phone which is on the bed belongs to my sister.
4. I still remember the play which they acted last Friday.
5. Mr. Taylor, who teaches us Physical Education, was diagnosed with cancer.

6. My boyfriend, whom I always borrow money, forgets to lend me them back.

7. I cannot forget the cottage that we stayed at.

8. A man who always lies isn‘t trustworthy.
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5. Write relative clauses without using the relative pronoun:
e.g. They live in a small town. The town is very old.

The town they live in is very old.
1. She is watching a movie now. It is a very interesting film.
The movie____________________________________.
2. The parcel hasn‘t arrived yet. I delivered it a week ago.
The parcel____________________________________.
3. Tom is hanging out with those boys. I don‘t like them.
I don‘t like____________________________________.
4. The concert was very excited. My friend sang two popular songs.
The concert__________________________________.
5. Jennifer wore a beautiful silk wedding dress yesterday. Did you see it?
Did you see___________________________________.
6. I made an album. It had many pictures.
The album____________________________________.
7. The cakes are delicious. I baked them last night.
The cakes____________________________________.
6. Decide whether the relative pronoun is a Subject Pronouns or Object pronouns:
e.g.
They will go to a resort which is popular for its unique hotels. -subject pronoun
a) They will go to a resort which my friend has recommended to them.
b) That is the woman who Tom gave her a lift.
c) That is the woman who lives in my neighborhood.
d) Do you know the boy who I played with?
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e) Do you know the boy who talked to me?
f) This is the mall which is always very crowded.
g) This is the mall which I like very much.
h) The books that are on sales are very popular.
i) The books that I bought yesterday were bestsellers.
7. Choose between the following relative pronouns: who, which or whose.
e.g. This is the band which was attacked yesterday night after the concert.
1. Maria ___________brother is working with me was at their concert.

2. The police officers ______________ are investigated the case called him at the station.
3. John__________was in the first row didn‘t see anything suspicious.
4. He came with a friend ___________is a detective.
5. The detective __________ camera filmed the moment came at the station.
6. The camera___________shows the whole concert was checked by the police officers
7. The boys ___________wore masks were the main suspects.
8. They had masks_____________made them look like Michael Jackson.
9. The attackers______________had a BMW car took the manager‘s suitcase full of money.
10. Their car___________may give them more clues was found abandoned in a petrol
station.
8. Relative adverbs
Choose the correct relative adverb: where, when or why.
e.g. December and February are the months when people get depressed.
1. Do you know the reason ___________teenagers don‘t like school anymore?

2. Paris is the city____________you can spend your honeymoon.
3. Stratford- upon- Avon is the place___________William Shakespeare was born.
4. 14 February is the day_____________people celebrate love.
5. A confectioner‘s is a shop__________you can buy cakes and cookies.
6. The murder of Franz Ferdinand was the reason___________The I War World started.
7. The day_________I met you was very rainy.
8. A comedy film was the reason ____________ I decided to go to The Acting School.
9. There are times_____________I feel lonely.
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10. That is ___________refused the job.
9. Continue the idea….
Create short descriptions from the following beginning phrases using relative clauses.
e.g. The best teacher…

The best teacher is someone who is friendly and understanding.
1. The best friend is someone who...
2. The most important idea are those which…
3. The most useful gadgets are those which….
4. The worst people are those which…
5. The most interesting tourist attractions are those where/which…
6. The luckiest person…
7. The unluckiest person…
8. The biggest mistake...
9. The funniest person…
10. The most annoying neighbor…
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“To cut and tighten sentences is the secret of mastery.”
Dejan Stojanovic
1.2.2. NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES
N- RRC
Non restrictive or non-defining relative clauses are placed after nouns which are
definite already. They are also known under the name of Appositive Relative Clauses.
They add supplementary information about an already identified antecedent and can
be omitted without causing confusion. Also, they are separated from their noun by commas,
dashes, or parentheses. These are generally known as SEPARATION MARKERS, and make
the non-restrictive relative clauses easy to recognize.
The pronoun can never be omitted in a N- RRC.
e.g. Mrs. Jackson, who is very intelligent, lives on the corner.
Correct punctuation is essential in non-defining relative clauses. If the non-defining

relative clauses occur in the middle of a sentence, a comma is put before the relative pronoun
and at the end of the clause. If the non-defining relative clause occurs at the end of a
sentence, a comma is put before the relative pronoun. In defining relative clauses there are no
commas.
e.g. My friend, who is very ambitious, says he will definitely pass the final exams.
Anna, who had been shopping all day, suggested at the next shop.
Clauses such of these, which come immediately after the subject of the main verb, are
found mainly in written English. In spoken be more likely to say:
e.g. My friend is very ambitious, says he will definitely pass the final exams.
Anna had been shopping all day, so/and suggested at the next shop.
e.g. The bank manager, to whom he addressed his complaints, was very unhelpful.- formal
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The local branch manager, who I talked to about my problems, was very helpful.-
informal
These types of sentences are defined by Quirk (Quirk, 1973: 42)
“The head can be viewed as a member of a class which can be

linguistically identified only trough the modification that has
been supplied (restrictive). Or the head can be viewed as unique,
or as a member of a set that has been independently identified (for
example: in a preceding sentence, any modification given to such a
head additional information which is not essential for identifying
the head), and we call it non- restrictive”.
Compare:
a) The guests who were not very fond of music were glad that the performance had been
cancelled.- RRC
b) The guests, who were not very fond of music, were glad that the performance had been
cancelled. – N- RRC
RRC and N- RRC have different entailments:
a) Entails that only a part, a part of the guests were happy about the performance being
cancelled, namely those who were not very fond of music.
b) Entails that all the guests were not fond of music, so that all were glad that the
performance had been cancelled.
Only N-RRC can modify certain antecedent categories like proper names, first and second
person personal pronouns.
e.g. Lieschen Gruhl, whose blonde hair and pale skin had been as famed as her serene
piety, was still spoken of as “our golden angel” had only one child.
31
The role of N-RRC is to introduce into the message some supplementary, parenthetical
information about the subject or another noun in the sentence, therefore has a rather loose
connection with the noun, or any how can be considered to be a closely bound up with is as
RRC.
The determiners
Certain determiners of the antecedent normally present the occurrence of the N-RRC.
It is also mentioned the following list:
e.g.
Any/ no/ every student, who is wearing socks, is a swinger.
There were a lot of teenagers at the graduation party, many of whom I hadn’t ever seen.
She had thousands of books on her bookshelves, most of which she had read.
Rebecca picked up a handful of rocks, one of which was the wedding ring.
N-RRC cannot be introduced by that. That cannot replace who or which.
e.g. Cats, that search, are nasty.
Tom, that is very lazy, failed his driving test again.
32
According to the same A. V. Martinet and A.J. Thomson‘s pattern (1986:85) the
following relative pronouns are used in the N-RRC:
Person Thing Place

Subject who which
Object who/ whom which Where, when
Possessive whose Whose/ of which
The relative pronoun which at the beginning of a N-RRC can refer to all the
information contained in the previous part of the sentence, rather than to just one word.
e.g. He is studying to become a pilot, which is very difficult.

My baby nephew slept all night, which was a surprise.
A classification can be the following one:
1. Relative pronouns used as the Subject of N-RRC

2. Relative pronouns used as the object of N-RRC
3. Relative pronouns used as a possessive in N-RRC
4. Relative adverbs in N-RRC
1. Relative pronouns used as the Subject of N-RR
1. Relative pronouns used as the Subject of

N-RRC
e.g. Frank Zappa, who was one of the most creative artists in rock’n roll, came from
California.
That bridge, which cost £5 million, has been finished in 10 years.
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2. Relative pronouns used as the object of N-RRC
e.g. Frank invited Janet, who (whom) he had met in Japan, to the party..
She gave me the book, which she had just finished reading it.
His car, for which he paid so much money, was stolen last night.
That can never be used in N-RRC.
3. Relative pronouns used as a possessive in N-RRC
e.g. The singer, whose most recent recording has had much success, is signing autographs.
The artist, whose name he could not remember, was one of the best he had ever seen.
His garden, whose flowers smelled so lovely, was a wonderful place for the party.
4. Relative adverbs in N-RRC
e.g. We flew to Paris, where I had to catch another plane to Sydney.- adverb of place
The most stressful period of the year is on holidays, when most of the people are alone.-
adverb of time
In N-RRC which can be used to refer to an entire clause.
e.g. He came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a t-shirt, which was a stupid
thing to do.
34
After numbers and words like many, most, neither and some, we use of before
whom and which in N-RRC.
e.g. Many of those people, most of whom enjoyed their experience, spent at least a year
abroad.
Dozens of people had been invited, most of whom I knew; only a few (that) really
interested him.
o The N-RRC clauses are quite formal and are typical of written English. In spoken English
we prefer less formal structures.
o Written English: My mother, who is 70 now, still works in the garden.
o Spoken English: My mother is 70 now and still works in the garden.
o Written English: Their car, which is there, looks crashed.
o Spoken English: Their car is there. It looks crashed.
In informal English we use who instead of whom.

Formal: Mr. John, whom I know quite well, would be a good surgeon.
Informal: Mr. John, who I know quite well, would be a good surgeon.
George Yule presents in his book „Explaining English Grammar‟ (2006: 249), some
differences between restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses.
Restrictive Non- restrictive relative
 defining  non-defining
 necessary information  extra information
 no separation markers  separation markers (e.g. commas)
 not usually after proper nouns  after proper nouns
 not as additional comments  provide additional comments
 not with quantity expressions  with quantity expressions
 initial that and zero relative  not with that and zero relative
 with general antecedents  not with general antecedents
 shorter and more common  longer and less common
35
“It's strange how a word, a phrase, a sentence, can feel like a blow to the head.”
Veronica Roth, Allegiant
1.2.3. Connective Relative Clauses
Connective Clauses do not describe or do not specify the preceding nouns or

pronouns, but only develop, continue the story. They are usually placed after the object of
the main verb. Their function is different, but the rules are the same as with the N-RRC. The
pronouns are who, whom, whose, which and write them with commas.
e.g. I gave the letter to Miriam, who sent it to his husband.

She passed me the salt, which fell on the floor.
Or after the prep + noun: I threw the ball to Tom, who threw it to Ann.
They can be replaced by and/ but + he/she etc.:
e.g. I threw the ball to Jenny and she threw it to Ken.

She passed me the salt, but it fell on the floor.
Sometimes it may be difficult to say whether a clause in this position is non-defining
or connective, but there is no need for students to make this distinction, as the two forms are
the same.
e.g. He ate pizza, which made him fat= He ate pizza and it made him fat.
We can use one/ two etc. few/ several/ some etc + of + whom/ which exactly like in
the case of all, both, few/ most/ several/ some etc. + of+ whom/ which.
e.g. He introduced me to his boys, one of whom offered to go with me.

I bought four books, two of which I sent them to my friend in Timisoara.
The clock struck twelve, which made everyone kiss.- in this case which can stand for
a whole clause. As in:
The snow fell all night, which kept us inside.
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What in opposition with which, relative pronoun vs. connective relative:
What as a relative pronoun
 Does not refer back to anything

 It is also usually the object of a verb
 What= the thing that/ the things that
What they did amazed us=The things that we did amazed us.
Which as a connective relative
 Must refer to a word or group

 It is usually the subject
He said he had a well paid job, which was not true.
37
Exercises with N- RRC
1. Combine the sentences using relative clauses. All relative clauses are non-
defining:
e.g.
1. Alexander Graham Bell was the son of a deaf mother. Alexander Graham Bell was born
on in 1847.
Alexander Graham Bell, who was born in 1847, was the son of a deaf mother.
2. Alexander abandoned school at the age of 15. He was interested in the sciences.
Alexander__________________________________ ______________________.
3. His grandfather lived in London. He helped him fell in love with study and discussions.
His grandfather _____________________ .
4. In 1863 he started to work for Weston House Academy in Scotland. Bell became a ‗pupil-
teacher‘ of elocution and music.
In 1863 _____________________________ .
5. In 1877 Bell married Mabel Hubbard in Cambridge, Massachusetts. She was deaf like his
mother.
In 1877 Bell______________________________________________________ .
6. Bell and his parents moved to Canada. He was 23 years old.
Bell__________________________________________________________________.
7. He worked on acoustic telegraphy with his assistant. Thomas Watson was an electrical
designer.
Thomas Watson_____________________ ________________________ __________.
8. The Bell Telephone Company was created in 1877. It had numerous other improvements
to the telephone by the engineers.
The Bell Telephone Company_______________ _______ _______ _______ ______.
38
9. The Alexander Graham Bell Museum was opened in 1956. It is part of the Alexander
Graham Bell National Historic Site in Baddeck, Nova Scotia.
The Alexander Graham Bell Museum ________ _______ _______ ______.
10. Alexander Graham Bell died in 1922 at the age of 75. He is buried in Beinn Bhreagh,
Nova Scotia, Canada.
Alexander Graham Bell_____________________ _____________________________ .
2. Relative clauses – RRC or N- RRC?

Read the situations and then decide whether the following relative clauses are defining
or non-defining.
RRC – no commas
N-RRC – commas
1. I have four cousins.

o My cousin who lives in London came to see me yesterday.
o My cousin, who lives in London, came to see me yesterday.
2. I am a shopaholic.
o The clothes which I bought last week were at sale.
o The clothes, which I bought last week, were at sale
3. Terry has one brother.
o His brother who is 18 years old had an accident in Germany.
o His brother, who is 18 years old, had an accident in Germany
4. Rebecca's mum has borrowed my car.
o Rebecca's mum who is a teacher has borrowed my car.
o Rebecca's mum, who is a teacher, has borrowed my car.
5. Dave has 6 chipmunks. Three of them are girls.
o Dave‘s three chipmunks which are girls have a concert tonight.
o Dave‘s three chipmunks, which are girls, have a concert tonight
6. My twin sister Charlotte moved to Sheffield.
o My twin sister Charlotte whose husband is English moved to Sheffield last year.
o My twin sister Charlotte, whose husband is English, moved to Sheffield last year.
7. Angelina Jolie is very famous and rich.
o Angelina Jolie whom I saw at the cinema yesterday is a famous and rich actress.
39
o Angelina Jolie, whom I saw at the cinema yesterday, is a famous and rich actress.
8. We are on a school trip. We visited a swimming pool.
o The swimming pool which we visited on a school trip is new.
o The swimming pool, which we visited on a school trip, is new.
9. I have two dogs. Both of them are male.
o My dogs which cannot stay inside are male.
o My dogs, which cannot stay inside, are male.
10. I am a football fan.
o The football match which I saw last week was exciting.
o The football match, which I saw last week, was exciting.
3. Linking sentences
Combine the sentences using a relative clause. You can use relative pronouns only
where necessary. You have to use commas in some sentence.
A holiday in Romania
e.g.
My family and I usually travel abroad for our vacations but this year we have decided to
spend our holiday in Romania, our home country. Romania lies in the south east of Europe,
with its border at the Black Sea.
This year we have spent our holiday in Romania, which is in the south east of Europe.
1. People live in Romania. They are called Romanians.
The people .
2. We first want to visit Bucharest. Bucharest is the capital of Romania.
We first want .
3. Mircea Eliade was born in Bucharest. He wrote novels and religious and philosophic
books.
Mircea Eliade .
4. Then we visited a lake, Balea Lake. It is in the Transfagarasan Mountains.
The lake .
5. Transfagarasan Road is 90 km long. People know it as being the second highest mountain
pass in Romania after theTransalpina.
Trasfagarasan Road ________________ .
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6. Then we plan to visit Bran and Peles Castle. Bran is commonly known as "Dracula's
Castle" and is a museum open to tourists, displaying art and furniture collected by Queen
Marie.
Bran Castle .
7. The next touristic attraction is the Black Sea. The Black Sea has many famous resorts, but
the most popular one is Mamaia.
The Black Sea _____________________ .
8. My parents will like to go to the Techirghiol Mud, near Eforie Nord resort. It is known
for its unique therapeutic qualities.
Techirgiol Mud .
9. I will send you one postcard from each visited place. It will show the beauties of my
country.
The postcard _____________________ .
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Chapter II. Specific Features of Relative Clauses
 Prepositions in relative clauses
The relative pronoun can also refer to the object of a preposition. We place the
preposition in front of the relative pronoun, but more often at the end.
WITH IN FOR
TO OF FROM
In informal style, the preposition comes after the verb.
e.g. This is the knife with which he was killed.

This was the knife (which) he was killed with. (more informal).
In formal style, the preposition is placed before the pronouns whom or which:
e.g. The house in which Octavian Goga was born is now a museum.- RRC
Mrs. Jenny, to whom I have just spoken to, sends you her regards. – N-RRC
When the preposition is at the end, we can use that instead of which, or we can omit the
relative pronoun.
e.g. Ina is a student that I once shared the room with.

The plane we were waiting for delayed 2 hours.
We cannot use that after a preposition: This is the College that he wants to go to.
Sentence relative clauses refer back to the whole clause or sentence, not just one norm. They
always go at the end of the clause or sentence.
e.g. Tina admires the Prime Minister, which surprised me. (= and this surprises me)
He never helps her with the household, which is a bad thing. (= and this is a bad
thing)
Look at the difference between next relative clauses:
e.g. The house which Octavian Goga was born in is now a museum. – RRC
The house that Octavian Goga was born in is now a museum.-RRC
The house Octavian Goga was born in is now a museum. –RRC
Mrs. Jenny, who I have just spoken to, sends you her regards. – N-RRC
42
I. Underline the correct word in each sentence:
1. The teenagers which/whose baggage was lost had to wait a long time at the airport
2. The train which/who goes to Paris leaves at 8 o‘clock from platform 3.
3. Everyone who/which was there will remember your party forever.
4. Mary was helped by someone who/whom told her the answer.
5. Do you know whom/whose phone is this?
6. Where‘s the book whose/that I left on this desk?
7. I don‘t know who/which to call in case of emergency.
8. The bus to the museum, which/whose was full, didn‘t stop either.
9. The playground which/where we met last time is under construction.
10. That girl, who/whose brother had an accident, is my niece.
II. Insert the relative pronouns which have been omitted in the following sentences:
1.The car you will buy next week is very expensive.
2.The dog I played with lives next door.
3.Are those your glasses you are looking for?
4.The girl Mike offered the red roses is very pretty.
5.My mother has just given me the dress I want to wear at the wedding.
6.The church we visited last summer was built in 1456.
7.The band they are listening to is famous all over the world.
8.Do you like the dress Mary is wearing at the reception party?
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III. Join the following sentences to make one sentence using a relative pronoun when
necessary.
If the relative pronoun is unnecessary, put it in brackets. You may sometimes have to
change the word order or change 'a' into 'the'.
a. That‘s the girl. She won the cheerleaders‘ contest last week.
_______________________________ .
b. Our manager gave a party on Christmas Eve. It cost 1000 Euros.
_______________________________ .
c. That's my office. I have been working here for 20 years.
____________________________ .
d. My cousin came at school. He is a fireman.
_______________________________ .
e. You met your boyfriend at the swimming pool. He is a famous bodyguard.
_____________________________ __ .
f. There are the policemen. They caught the thief.

_______________________________ .
g. What's the name of that teacher? She is wearing the blue jeans and that short sleeves t-
shirt.
_ ______________________________ .
h. My house was very expensive. It's a villa in the city centre. .

_______________________________ .
i. You're watching a comedy. I watched it last week.

_______________________________ .
j. Where is your father? He ordered a beer.

_______________________________ .
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IV. Identify the relative clauses in the following text:
A VERY LONG LIFE
Timothy the tortoise was about 160 years old when he died at his home near Exeter in
November 2005. Timothy, whose early life was spent at sea, was thought to be the oldest
resident in Britain at the time.
He was found by a British naval officer, Captain John Courtenay Everard, on a Portuguese
ship in 1854. Everard, who was a relative of the Earl of Devon, adopted him and he became
the mascot on a succession of British ships for nearly forty years. In 1892 he went to live at
Powderham Castle, which is the historic home of the Earls of Devon, and in 1935 he was
given a permanent home in the castle‘s rose garden.
Throughout his long life, Timothy showed a keen instinct for survival. During the Second
World War, for example, he felt the vibrations from the bombs that the Germans were
dropping on Exeter and made his own air-raid shelter under some steps. He was also very
healthy, never needing to see a vet until the last year of his life.
At the time of his death, Timothy was owned by Lady Gabrielle Courtenay, who is the aunt
of the current Earl of Devon. Lady Devon also lives at Powderham, where Timothy was
given a family funeral and was buried in the grounds of the castle.
(https://prezi.com/yfn4uxtgofxc/a-very-long-life/by krystyll yee, on 10 July 2014)
45
Chapter III. Relative Clauses in Romanian
 Preliminary remarks
One of the usual ways of expressing the attribute in Romanian Grammar is the
attribute relative clause, a very common type of subordinate clauses.
According to ―Gramatica Limbii Române‖/ The Grammar of Romanian Language‖

(1966) the relative clauses have the syntactic function of an attribute of the main clause.
At the semantic level, these sentences help to identify the subject or another part of
the sentence and add some information (note indispensable, though of various degrees of
importance) about the subject or another part of the sentence. Because they can be
introduced by a relative pronoun, they are also called Relative Clauses.
 Classification
Many grammarians, such as M Vulişici- Alexandrescu, M. Avram, Ştefania Popescu,

C. Dumitriu used to classify this type of sentence as follows.
a. Relative/ Attributive Clauses are introduced by a relative pronoun, an adverbial pronoun

or a conjunction.
It is the clause which depends by the main clause.
Colegul meu care râde e foarte obraznic.
b. Appositive Attributive/ Relative Clauses
They are the clauses which do not depend syntactically by the main clause. ―Gramatica
Limbii Române‖( 1966) proposes the following classification of the attributive clauses
46
A. Relative/ Attributive Clauses- A.C.
Prietena mea [care mă ajută la lecţii], [care nu mă lasă să chiulesc de la şcoală], se

mută cu părinţii în baia Mare.
We can observe that the omission of the two relative clauses would cancel the
possibility to identify the subject.
The purpose of the Relative Clause:
 Indispensability to the meaning of the subject or of another nominal element in the

sentence
 It cannot be omitted without losing the clarity or the point of the sentence
A Relative Clause can be introduced by:
a. relative pronouns;
b. relative adverb;
c. conjunctions;
d. syndetical.
a. relative pronouns are:
The relative care may appear in different cases and can have almost any function in the
sentence:
47
Subject: ― Este o logică a inimii, foarte grea, [care n- a fost scrisă]” ( N. Iorga)
D.O. :” Plăcerea cea mai bună e accea [pe care o dai]” ( N. Iorga)
Noun-modifier: “ Sunt oameni [ale căror păreri atârnă de ale adversarilor lor] şi cărora
duşmănia le dă întâi un crez” ( N. Iorga)
Prepositional Object: “Mare om e acela ce n-are nevoie de nimeni! Dar vai de acela [de
care au nevoie mulţi].” ( N. Iorga)
The relative pronoun with reference to people cine may introduce an indirect
interrogative attributive clause:
A pus întrebarea [cine a realizat eseul].

Cine changes its form in the Genitive case.
“Să te usuci de dorul [cui ştiu eu]. (Ion Creangă)
The introductory ce remains unchanged whether it refers to masculine, feminine, singular or
plural.
masculine- singular “Soarele ce azi e mândru, el îl vede trist şi

roş”
masculine- plural “Pentru oameni are însemnătate fapta ce ai
făcut”
feminine- singular Pentru tine ajunge hotărârea ce ai luat-o”
feminine-plural “Am o mândră ca o floare
Ce m-asteaptă cu mâncare”
The relative ce is more used in written language.
When we refer to people or animals we rather use the relative care.
The relative cât, câţi, câtă, câte may introduce an A.C., but it is rarely used.
“ Dintr-al prinţilor şirag.
[Câţi au trecut al casei prag],
De bună seamă cel mai drag A fost ales.” (George Coşbuc)
b. Relative adverbs employed to introduce an A. C. are:
o unde: Se opri speriat încercând să găsească un loc pe unde să o ia la sănătoasa.

o cum: Gândul cum să-l ajungă din urmă pentru a opri tragedia îl măcină zi şi
noapte.
48
o cât: Munca cât ai depus-o a fost în van.
o Când: Să te întrebi ce ai greşit în ziua când vei vedea că nu mai ai duşmani.
Their antecedents are nouns which names place and time. In the constituent relative clause,
prepositions which precede the relative adverb, such as de, pe are incorporated into the
relative adverb.
Când follows only time nouns, such as ―ziua când….‖, ― momentul când….‖, ―ocazia
când…‖.
Unde follows only place nouns such as: ― Casa unde…‖, ―locul unde…‖
Cât follows only quality nouns: ―efortul cât…‖, ―munca cât…‖
c. The conjunctions which introduce an attributive clause are:
 Că
 Să
 ca….să
Ana avu idea că nu va mai fi iubită de nici un bărbat.
d. The Relative Clauses can be introduced by syndetical which mean that it is separated by
comma by the antecedent clause.
“Eu eram feciorul mamei, care ştia a face mult şi mari minunăţii.”
The adverbial Relative Clause adds supplementary information about a noun and in the same
time it expresses an adverbial relation towards a verb or an adverb in the antecedent clause.
Bătrâna care ştia vrăţile pe care le făcuse, se temu, observând bucuria mirilor.
At the semantic level, the relative clause can be divided into:
 relative clauses which identify the noun:
Auzii paşii uşori ai lui Potr,şi în clipa când acesta deschise uşa îşi ridică spre el paşii.
 relative clauses which explains it:
“Să se facă un palat cum seamăn pe lume să nu aibă.” (Petre Ispirescu)
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B. Appositive Relative Clauses- App. R. C.
According to ―Gramatica Limbii Române‖(1966), the appositive clause is another

type of attributive relative clauses which conveys more less information or rather constitutes
the semantically important part of the subject group, being often appended to a
noun/significant, semantically irrelevant noun, such as: ―fapt‖, ―idée‖, ― lucru‖ (the reality
that vague nouns, ―of wide denotation‖), forfeit the sentence stress to which nouns are usually
authenticate.
 App. R. C are separated by pause, marked in written language by a comma, dash

or even period by the noun they explain or amplify or clarify (and which would have
very little meaning without them), or from the rest of the sentence:
“ Tocmai acum se gândi el la un lucru pe care trebuia sa-l fi făcut de mult: să dea
examen şi să intre bursier la Sf. Sava”. (Vlăhuţă, Alexandru);
“Minunat ar fi părintele Trandafi, dacă nu l-ar strica un lucru, e cam greu la

vorbă, cam aspru la judecată”. (Ioan Slavici)
 App. R. C. can be introduced by a conjunction, a relative pronoun or an appositive
adverb adică or anume.
―Un lucru înveţi învăţând: ce sus e adevărul”. (N. Iorga)
“Un învăţat are două datorii: să înveţe necontenit şi să înveţe necontenit pe alţii.”
( N. Iorga)
 It determines a noun:
“ Mai am un singur dor
în liniştea serii
Să mă lasaţi să mor
La marginea mării.”
 It determines a pronoun:
“Iată ce ziceam: Această stare de lucruri este intolerabilă.” (Caragiale)
 The appositive relative clause differs from the relative clause by the fact it can
determine a verb:
Iată: se împlini scriptura.
 It can determine an adverb:
“Aşa ar fi vrut el să fie întotdeauna: în sufletul şi gâbdurile ei să nu existe nimeni şi
nimic afară de dânsul”. (Rebreanu)
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 Or a whole sentence:
―Şi gândul babacăi şi gândul meu se potriveau: Trebuia să mă fac plugar”. (Sadoveanu)
Any part of a sentence can be detailed into an appositive clause.
51
 The Moods and tenses used in Relative and Appositive
Clauses
The predicate in the Appositive Clause can appear in all the predicative moods:
Mood Attributive clauses
1. indicative “Ogarele se întind verzi, îmbrăcate în orz aspru, în trifoi creţ şi
moale, în ovăz arborat cu grăunţe care se clatină pe firişoare la
fiece adiere” (Delavrancea)
2. conjunctive “Pământ cât să-mi aşez cortul pe el găsesc oriunde.”
3. “conditional “Am vrea doi cunoscuţi care ar putea să-şi facă înlesnirea asta.”
optativ” (Sadoveanu)
4. “presumptive” ―Satele să prindă şi să deie în mâna oştenilor Măriei sale pe slujitorii
păgâni care vor fi umblând în ţară după dabile pescheşuri şi
plocoane‖. (Sadoveanu)
52
Chapter IV. English Relative Clauses vs. Romanian Relative
Clauses
 Differences
1. The moods used in Romanian Relative Clause vs. The moods used in the English
Relative Clause
In Romanian the predicative in the relative clause can be put in all personal moods
except for the imperative mood.
e.g. Să spui în povestea ta tot ce ştii şi ce nu ştii. (N. Iorga)
The two predicates of the relative clause are in the indicative mood. In English, the
predicate in the relative clause can be put only in the indicative mood, and rarely in the
subjunctive mood. The tense of the predicative verb in the subordinate clause and that in the
main clause has a logical coordination.
e.g. The doctor that you rang up in the morning has come to see you.
The tense of the predicative verb in the subordinate clause is past ―belonging to
the indicative mood‖.
e.g. It is time you should change your decision.
The tense of the predicative verb in the subordinate clause is subjunctive.
2. The Omission of Relative Pronouns in the Relative Clause
Both English Relative Clauses and Romanian Relative Clauses are introduced by
relative pronouns which usually refer back to the head of the noun phrase.
e.g. …………..the guest of honour, who had left for Cairo….(Engl.)
…………..oaspetele de onoare care a plecat la Cairo…(Rom)
In English, the choice of relative pronouns depends upon personal/ non personal
reference, whether the clause is defining or subjective, objective or possessive, whether the
clause is defining or non- defining and the degree of formality used:
53
e.g. …light music had stopped, replaced by the funeral March, which was evidently all the
disc jockey had to hand.
With defining clauses a relative pronoun in object position is frequently omitted. This zero
pronoun produces a unique relative clause without a relative pronoun-a contact clause.
e.g. This was one of the extravagances he permitted himself.
In spoken language, we omit a relative pronoun thereby reducing the clause.
In Romanian, the relative pronoun cannot be omitted.
e.g. “Rogojonaru scoase o foaie galbenă pe care o arată conducătorului cu o mândrie

ostentativă…” (Liviu Rebreanu)
This is a typical example of relative clause introduced by a relative pronoun. If we omit the
relative pronoun, the clause would be ambiguous.
3. Syntactic Devices
English relative Clauses are stylistically diversified. The syntactic devices that
contribute to stylistic specialization are: the optionally of preposition movement, the
possibility of dropping the inflection on a non genitive relative pronoun, the deletion of the
relative marker.
Klima (1964: 66) mentions three levels of formality for the relative clauses:
 “Elegant literary English”- Klima considers that relative clauses of this variety
are case coding:
- Case agreement is marked on the relative pronoun
- Preposition are fronted
 What he terms “a variety of Standard Colloquial English”, derived by
movement, characterized by the fact that:
- Case agreement is optional
- Preposition are not fronted
 A variety of familiar informal style, characterized by:
- Deletion of relative marker
- Use of pronominal copy of the relatives noun-phrase.
The syntactic devices used in Romanian:
54
- The deletion of relative marker
- Case agreement is obligatory
- Prepositions appear in front of the relative pronoun
Similarities
1. Punctuation
The Romanian relative clause which help identifying or clarifying the subject or
another part of the sentence is not separated by comma, no matter whether is placed after the
antecedent clause or it is intercalated.
e.g. Povestea cu care-ncep vă va da mult de gândit.
The relative clauses give important information in order to identify the subject: “povestea”.
e.g. Se află o privelişte cum nu e alta pe lume. (Mihail Sadoveanu)
In the same manner with Romanian Relative Clause, English relative clause which help
identifying or clarifying the subject are never separated by comma by the antecedent clause.
e.g. The place where he works is known by many people.
The day when he will reach to America we shall celebrate the event.
The relative clauses bring important information in order to identify the noun‖place‖ or
―day‖.
The Romanian relative clause which determine an articulated noun preceded by a preposition
and relative clauses which are introduced by a conjunction or by the relative pronoun cui are
never separated by a comma by the antecedent sentence.
e.g. Aveam atuul că fusesem la şedinţa precedent.
Datoria cui întâlneşte un nevoiaş este să îl ajute.
In all these cases, the using of commas is a mistake.
It is important to underline the fact that in both languages, the relative clauses which add
some extra information about the subject are separated by comma by the antecedent clause.
55
e.g. My friend, who lives in Cluj, wrote me that he was going to go to USA.
Să discutăm puţin despre munţii din vest, a căror origine este vulcanică.
The information that this type of clauses conveys- however interesting it may be- is not
indispensable for identification. It could have been omitted without any essential loss for the
meaning and trend of the sentence as a whole.
2. Syntactic Function of Relative Pronouns in English and Romanian
The relative pronouns employed to introduce a relative clause in English are:

who, which and that. In a sentence these pronouns may have different syntactic function.
The relative pronouns employed to introduce a Romanian Relative clauses are:

care, cine, ce and cât.
They have almost the same range of functions as they have in English.
Subject Subject
He is the boy who lives next door. Hai fiecare pe la casa cui ne are.
This is the place that remembers you about a “Există o logică a inimii, foarte grea,
happy day. care n-a fost scrisă”. (N. Iorga)
This is the car which was won by your friend.
Direct object Noun-modifier

This is the boy whom I met yesterday. “Sunt oameni ale căror păreri atârnă de
Much else that he had done had failed to ale adversarilor şi cărora duşmănia le dă
please his young critic. întâi un crez.” ( N. Iorga)
Prepositional object Subject complement

This is the pan which I boiled the milk in. Cartea câtă a fost ai învăţat-o din doasă-
There was everything that the most exacting n doasă.
pleasure ever could which for.
Subject complement Prepositional Object

The millionaire which he was is gone now. “Mare om e acela ce n-are nevoie de
nimeni. Dar vai de acela de care au
nevoie foarte mulţi.”(N. Iorga)
Adverbial of place
This is the shop where I bought it from.
56
3. The Conjunctions used to Introduce a Relative clause
Both in Romanian and English we can use conjunctions to introduce a relative clause.
The conjunctions employed to introduce a Romanian Relative Clause are: că, să, cum, cum
că, dacă, ca să, până să.
e.g.
Problema dacă să răspund la scrisoare sau nu m-a frământat mult timp.
“Veţi crede c-aveţi dreptul şi voi ca să trăiţi.” (M. Eminescu)
The conjunctions employed to introduce an English relative clause is that.
The news that she was coming to see us spread quickly.
57
PRACTICAL APPROACH
Chapter V.
Mixed Exercises with relative clauses
A. Which Relative Pronoun(s) can complete each sentence?
1. My friend told me about a student________has taken the TOEFL test twelve times!
who whom which that

2. The professor____________I talked to didn‘t know the answer to my question.
who whom which that

3. I am looking for a college program__________offers a lot of computer courses.
who O( omit the pronoun) which that

4. Some of the courses___________I took last semester have been very useful.

5. My friend__________favourite class was Java studies with me in the afternoon.
who whom which whose

6. Computer Studies is the kind of major__________will guarantee a good job after
graduation.

7. The class_________I didn‘t do well in was ‗Programming with Perl‘.

8. The courses__________are taught in the evening are mostly graphic arts classes.
Who O( omit the pronoun) which that
58
9. You should always study the subjects__________you really like.
10. A person________outlook is positive will do well in life.
who whose which that
B. Join each pair of sentences together to make one sentence.
1. This is the man. I met him in Paris.
2. I wanted the painting. You bought it.
3. This is the chair. My parents gave it to me.
4. She‘s the woman. She telephoned the police.
5. He‘s the person. He wanted to buy your house.
6. There are things about Adam. I hate them.
7. Alan invited us to the party. It was his birthday.
8. My three rabbits died. This was a pity.
9. The oleander flourished. It had been planted by my uncle.
10. The people come from Scotland. We live next to them.
C. In these quotations from The Last of the Wine by Mary Renault, underline the
relative pronouns and their antecedents, and state the type of each relative clause:
1. The country people, whose farms were being burned, poured into the city.
2. When I was Born he was still alive, which is no reason for foolish youths to ask
whether I remember him.
3. My father decided to name after him the child that I was being born.
4. At the back were the stables, where my father kept his two horses.
5. Any progress I made was a signal for her anger.
59
6. My grandfather, in whose image I see the God Poseidon, was growing infirm.
7. As for me, I was one of those who grow late.
8. I used to hear things said by the slaves, who had their one reason to hate her.
9. But those are nearly the worst days that I remember.
10. You will refrain from hubris, which he gods hate.
D. Translate from English into Romanian:
FOX HUNTERS AT BAY
Oscar Wild describes the English country gentlemen galloping after a fox. For centuries
hunting has been cherished as a country sport. For nearly as long others have viewed it has
barbarity, Non Britons may well wonder what the fuss is about. (…)
The truth is that fox hunters derive great pleasure from chasing and killing foxes. To most
people who care about the welfare of animals, this is wrong. But by itself that fact is too
slender a reason to outlaw hunting.
The minorities who support hunting may dwindling but their numbers are still substantial
and they passionately believe that a hunting ban would be an assault on rural culture and
traditions. (Adapted from The Economist)
E. Rewrite the following sentences using defining relative clauses and non defining
relative clauses:
e.g. Jane will visit me this Wednesday. Jane was my classmate.
Defining: My classmate who will visit me this Wednesday is Jane.

Non- defining: Jane, who was my classmate, will visit me this Wednesday.
a. Jennifer is my school. Jennifer is the most intelligent girl.
Defining: _______________________________ .
Non- defining: ______________________________.
60
b. Margaret is arguing with Tom. Tom is a rebel person.
Defining: _______________________________ .
Non- defining: ______________________________.
c. I will going shopping with my sister. My sister is a shopaholic teenager.
Defining: _______________________________ .
Non- defining: ______________________________.
d. Our town was found in 1200. Our town is Mozart‘s hometown.
Defining: _______________________________ .
Non- defining: ______________________________.
e. The World Trade Centre was bombed on 11th September 2001. The World Trade Centre is
the landmark of USA.
Defining: _______________________________ .
Non- defining: ______________________________.
f. Mary is shopping in Paris. Paris is the shopping‘s paradise.
Defining: _______________________________ .
Non- defining: ______________________________.
g. Andra is working in this office. She is the manager of the company.
Defining: _______________________________ .
Non- defining: ______________________________.
h. My desk mate is going to present an essay about dolphins. Dolphins are intelligent
mammals.
Defining: _______________________________ .
Non- defining: ______________________________.
i. Our cousin from California will visit us next week. Our cousin is called Tom.
Defining: _______________________________ .
Non- defining: ______________________________.
61
“Tell me and I’ll forget. Show me and I remember. Involve me and I learn.”
Benjamin Franklin
62
1. LIKES AND DISLIKES
Continue the following sentences:
 Writing or oral interaction

 Individual or pair work
Beginnings:
 I like/ dislike friends who…

 I like/ dislike people who…
 I like/dislike teachers who…
 I like/ dislike classmates who…
 I like/dislike days when…
 I like/dislike films which…
 I like/ dislike lessons in which…
 I like/ dislike places where…
 I like/ dislike holidays when...
 I like/ dislike jobs which…
 I like/dislike actors who…
 I like/dislike music which…
e.g. I like parents who let their children choose their job
63
2. AUCTIONING SENTENCES
Procedure:
o divide the class into teams,

o allocate a sum of money to each team,
o write up the list of 10 sentences on the board,
o explain that half of the sentences are not correct,
o sell the sentences to them,
o they must try to ―buy‖ only the correct sentences,
o the winning team is the one that has the most correct sentences at the end,
o give them 10 minutes to discuss and decide which sentences are correct i.e. the ones they
want to buy,
o start the auction and sell the sentence to the team that make the highest bids,
o the winning team is the one that has the most money at the end.
1. Mrs John, for whom I was working, was very kind and generous.
2. The kids picked up the pear, some of which were too ripped.
3. The truck drivers, which knew about the car accident, took another
highway.
4. The stairs who lead to the first floor are rather wet.
5. A post office is a place where you can send parcels and letters.
6. Films which are scary and frightening are called horror.
7. The policeman, which gave you a fine, is my neighbor.
8. Do you remember the couple whose son was hit by a car?
9. What‘s the name of the girl that diary was found in the tram?
10. My mother, whom is retired, cooks for the homeless people once a
week.
64
2. GIVE A DEFINITION FOR THE OTHERS TO GUESS
 Material: Cards with nouns/ noun phrases
 Individual or pair work
 Writing or oral interaction
e.g.
A railway station: A place where you a train stops.

A secretary: Someone who is employed to do office work, arranging meeting, answering the
phone, etc.
NOUNS FOR DEFINING
A- words B –words C- words

Austria Brazil Canada
Africa Berlin Christmas
an astronaut a backpack coffee
an airport a bathtub a cockpit
the ability a birthplace a carpenter
an adoption a bishop cake
an alarm a bodyguard a campsite
an alien a bunk bed a capital city
the autumn a burglar a candle
an auction a brassier a carriage
an accountant a box chocolate
an acquaintance a bomb a cushion
an accommodation a blackboard customs
an apricot a bicycle a crocodile
an avocado a bestseller a criminal
65
D- words E- words F- words
Denmark England France
Dublin Egypt Florida
a daughter Europe a factory
a death an emperor a farm
a dollar the earth feathers
a dentist an employee the fashion
a destiny an employer a florist
a detective an entrance a -father in- law
a devil the evening a fountain
a disciple an ex-husband a friend
a divorce an eyebrow Everest a funeral
a donor the export the furniture
a drugstore the evil the freedom
a dryer an engine a fox
a drawbridge a family
G- words H- words I- words

Germany Halloween Italy
Great Britain Holland India
a gull Hollywood an immigrant
a gate a hammer an idol
a garbage collector a handbag an infant
a gadget a hay the income
a gangster helicopter the ink
a ghost a hero an injection
a goose a highway an interviewer
a grandson a homemaker an island
a groom a hostel an itinerary
a gun a husband the ice-cream
a guest a hostess an invitation
a garden a holiday an intellectual
a gymnast a hen an instructor
L- words M- words N – words

Luxembourg Madrid Niagara Falls
London Moscow New Zealand
a landlord Mexico a neighbor
a language a mayor a name
a lawyer the morning a needle
a leader the money a nephew
a lemon matches a newspaper
the luggage the mayonnaise a nurse
a locker a melody a notebook
a liver a menu the north
a lipstick a mechanic the night
a license a medal a nun
a leg a microscope a nest
the lunch a minister a net
a ladder a monk a network
66
O- words P- words R- words
an ocean Portugal Russia
an owl Paris Rome
olives a party a racket
an onion a parachute the rainbow
an opportunity a parcel a rat
an orphan parents a reader
a orchard a payment a relationship
an owl a peer a result
an owner a peacock a resort
oyster a pensioner a robot
overalls a pet a runaway
an organization a plumber a rule
an orator a poet a rubber
an opponent a pyramid a recipe
an omen a python a rainfall
S- words T- words U- words
Switzerland Tokyo USA
Shanghai a taxi-driver University
Statue of Liberty a tailor an uncle
a sailor a table unemployed
a salesman tea an umbrella
a scabbard a tent a union
scissors a thief an underground
a sculpture a thread a universe
a sermon a textbook a uniform
the sky a traveler
a sofa a treasure
a soldier a train
a souvenir a toy
a squirrel a tortoise
a surgeon a translator
67
3.SENTENCE SCRAMBLE
o Materials: Sets of word and punctuation cards to make sentences in separate
numbered envelopes.
e.g. learn by The which from written English book is teacher we an
The book which we learn from is written by an English teacher.
1. complain my to woman director the whom

I is .
2. she suffers pregnant illness was serious she got

whose still from she when a effects .
3. a . of never accomplishments is with
colleague mine her satisfied , Mrs. Jenny
4. gone father , fishing . never , his
seen who on trip was again a had
5. was marathon who were to the
part of crowd I going the .
6. airport still whose wasn‘t
, is the , at the owner suitcase found

.
7. the in which you is where resort stayed

?
8. children I who . behind notice didn‘t the

hiding the sofa were
68
9. was for life , that singer famous the man killed who
, imprisoned .
10. ? last in the whose son

drowned
in the sea Greece do remember you

couple year
4. DEBATE TIME!
Combine the sentences using relative pronouns/adverbs. Then make a debate upon
them.
1. Tourism generates rubbish. Tourism should protect the nature.

2. Tourism is a danger to nature. It destroys the environment and pushes wildlife away.
3. Tourism is the world largest industry. It provides employment for many people
69
1. COMPARE, CONTRAST AND SPECULATE THE PHOTOS
The following photos show different types of accommodation. Compare the

photographs and say why you think people have chosen to live in such places. Which of these
would you like to live in?
Use the language bank and the relative pronouns or adverbs.
Relative
LANGUAGE BANK
pronouns/adverbs
o Both photos show...
 who
o The first photo might be a...
 that
o On the other hand, the second photo presents...
 where
o The most striking difference between the two
 when
pictures is….
 why
o I should think a city like this would be...
 whose
o Perhaps the people who live ...
 which
o It would probably appeal to people who want to
 most of which
stay...
 many of whom
o I suppose those who...prefer...
 some of whom
o I imagine that……..
 a few of /most
o It could be/might / may be that….
of whom
o My dream is to have a…
o I wish we had…
o It is comparable to/ appears similar to…
 Penthouse on the top of a skyscraper
 isolated/ posh/remote/luxurious/rustic/airy
 (lack of) privacy/ spacious/cosy
 rural/ urban environment home
 environmentally friendly
 nightlife/ crowded
 Cut off from urbanism and civilization…
70
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig 3.
Fig 4.
71
2. DISCUSS AND SELECT
Imagine you are going to move house in a new city. Talk about how important each
facility is for you and then decide which two are the most important. Use some relative
clauses to express your ideas.
Language bank
 For example, if you….then you have to choose…

 Supposing you…then you would need to…
 Without…you wouldn’t be able to deal in a situation where…
 traffic jam/congestion
 better income/ savings/pension
 sightseeing
 acquaintance
 dwelling
 ring road/motorway
 affordable
 supportive family
72
1. COMPARE, CONTRAST AND SPECULATE THE PHOTOS
Look at the following three photos which show people feeling anxious/ stressed.
Compare them and say why the situations are stressful and what make the people anxious.
Which one would you least like to be in? Why? Use the language bank.
Language bank
o I imagine he/she is anxious about...which...

Relative
o My guess would be that he/she... pronouns/
adverbs
o While, the first picture shows someone worried  who
about....  that
o My impression is that the person who  where
appears....  when
o Judging by his/her impression, she/he must be
 why
feeling
 whose
o He/ she looks quite/rather…
 which
o It looks as if he/she is…
 most of
o It is totally different from…
which
 Pass an exam
 many of
 On board
which
 Depressed/ confident/overcome t he fear
 Frustrated/ depressed/ stressed/ nervous/
tense
 Tricks to beat flight /anxiety
 Facial expressions
 The desire to be the first
 Personal ambition
 The desire to pursue a career
73
Fig.1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
74
Here are some examples of most important inventions which changed people‘s lives.
First talk about each of them and decide which 3 inventions you consider to be the most
important and what drawbacks they have. In pairs discuss which of them will become
obsolete over the next twenty years. Use some relative clauses to express your ideas.
Language Bank
 in the old days/ in o It has had a greater  high tech gadgetry/

my grandparents’ impact on…than… industry
time o They are efficacious,  urban sprawl
 in recent years but their long term use  lifesaver/ stressful
 whereas these days may affect… lifestyle
 in the not too o The one which  heal/ recover from
distant future influence dramatically illness/ biological
 in years to come our life is… weapons

o Imagine if you had  consumer society
live…, then you would  traffic congestion
have…  leisure activity
75
1. COMPARE, CONTRAST AND SPECULATE
Look at the following three pictures which show children spending their free time
playing. Compare them and say which one is more familiar to you and which activity is more
healthy and beneficial for young generations. Use the language bank.
Language bank
o These 3 photos have in common….

o While, the first picture shows humble Relative
children, the next two .... pronouns/
o In my view,…is/are responsible for… adverbs
o My impression is that nowadays children  who
should be in the company of............  that
o I guess/ I imagine…  where
o They appear to be…..  when
o I would say they’re probably…  why
o On the other hand, they might be…  whose
o To judge from their house/ clothes/  which
surroundings  most of
o It has very little in common with… which
o pass time  many of
o addiction which
o social interaction
o wealthy kids/ homeless /juvenile crime
o aware of lacking
o poverty in the past
76
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
77
Look at the following tips for adults who want to spend their leisure time doing
different things. First, why do you think people would like to spend their time in those
situations? Then, try to decide which of them are most enjoyable for you and why.
Language bank
 I really love/like
 I’m fond of/ keen on/ interested in..
 I find … fascinating/ interesting/ exciting.
 What I like most is…
 I detest/ can’t stand/ hate..
 I’m not keen on/ interested in…
 I find …dull/ boring/ tiring.
o feel part of a group
o satisfied yourself
o addicted to
o you can switch off
o competitive
o unwind
o escape from reality
o exercise for mind
o stroll in the park
o once in a blue moon
o to promote teamwork
o to improve self discipline/ quality of life
78
1. COMPARE, CONTRAST AND SPECULATE
Look at the following three pictures which show children studying in schools. Can
you see the differences? Which environment are you more familiar with? Motivate your
choice choosing one of the pictures you like most.
Language bank
 I think that type of classroom would be very

effective…
 My guess would be that he/she..... Relative
pronouns/
 While, the first picture shows...... adverbs
 who
 My impression is that the second picture
 that
presents the reality which…..
 That picture has a lot in common with…  where
 It appears to me that/ reminds me of…  when
 It is totally different from…  why
 It has little in common with…It varies greatly  whose
from…  which
 It reminds me of…  most of

which
o group work/ cooperation  many of
o collaboration/ team work which
o well equipped classrooms

o attractive/boring
o improve/ develop students’ skills
o broaden one’s knowledge
o overcrowded/ empty
o cost/quality of education
o public vs. state schooling
79
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig 4
80
Look at the following list of places which may be found in a university campus.
Which three of them are the most important for you? Motivate your choice. Would you like
to find something else in such a youth hostel?
Language bank
o In my opinion,/view...  positive pastime

o It seem/ appears to me that...  academic prestige
o I am in favour of...  challenging place to live...
o To my mind...  leisure activities
o I am totally opposed to/ against...  ‘fraternities- sororities’
o I disagree with...  fulfil your potential
o If you...then you would choose..  attractive environment...
o Without...you wouldn’t be able to  in favour of…
cope in a situation where...
o Supposing you...then a place like...
would be a necessity.
o On the other hand...
81
1. DESCRIBE THE PICTURES
Fig. a. Why do you think the man is so

1 angry?
b. How would you react if you failed a

job interview?
c. Describe a situation when you or

someone you know had an
unsuccessful job interview.
Fig.
2 a. Where do you think is that woman?
b. What do you think the interviewers

are discussing?
c. How do you prepare for a job

interview? What items should you
bring to a job interview?
82
2. DISCUSS
You are applying for a job with an important company, you have always dreamt of working
for them. Make a two minute speech about career plans; about your qualifications, desires
and expectations concerning the company. Use the following questions for your short
presentation.
 What is your dream job? Why?
 In your opinion is there a difference between job and career?
 What would you like to learn from this Company position?
 What kind a career you would never consider?
Language bank
o I’d like to begin with.../I’d like to o Another thing which I’d have to
start by saying that... add is …
o As you probably read in my CV... o I consider that my experience/
o First, I’d like to talk about… knowledge/skills will be useful…
o I work as a… o There is no way I would ever…
o I hold a diploma/ degree in… o As a conclusion, /To sum up…
o I hope to (be promoted)… o Thank you for your time and
o I don’t intend to ( resign)… attention.
o My immediate plans are…
83
STORY IN A BAG
Students work in group. Give them paper bags with 5-6 random objects/ cards with pictures-
words on them connected with travelling and holidays.
 A portrait of Jesus
 A postcard form Caribbean
 A Christian book
Islands
 A city Card access
 a plane ticket
 A necklace
 a suitcase
 Coach
 seasick
 City map.
 a ship ticket
 travel insurance
 a Card access to spa, scuba
diving
GROUP 2
GROUP 1
 Early booking  Visa

 Flight delay- bad weather
 Carsick
 Business trip- boss
 Passport  To make a contract with smb.
 A train ticket  Melbourne
 Bad weather
 Hotel room


GROUP 4
GROUP 3
84
At a signal, each group of students opens its bag, removes its objects and invents an
oral story incorporating all the objects found in the bag. The stories become very complex
and creative in order to make each object a step in the plot.
Make complex sentences using relative pronouns as: who, that, where, when, whose,
which, most of which. Use also the following linking words: first, after that, then, when,
although, in contrast, however, finally, in the end.
As a follow up activity they have to write down their story for the next lesson.
85
SAY THINGS ABOUT A PICTURE
Look at the following picture and say things about it using complete grammatical
sentences. Use the relative clauses. It can be an individual task or a group work. Make a
contest among the groups and the winner can be the group who gives more sentences.
Figure 1
Figure 2
86
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
87
A LITTLE BIT OF LITERATURE
“I like books whose virtue is all drawn together in a page or two. I like sentences that don't
budge though armies cross them. ” Virginia Woolf, Jacob's Room
1. Read the following fragments from different books. Recognize the relative clauses
and say if it is a restrictive/ defining clause, Non- restrictive/ non- defining or connective
clause.
―The medicine man, as it turned out, was a small, merry- eyed, russet-colored old guy with a
mostly toothless mouth, whose resemblance in every way to the Star Wars character Yoda
cannot be exaggerated. ..―
―Now, I‘m the kind of person who, when a ninth- generation Indonesian medicine man tells
you that you‘re destined to move to Bali and live with him for four months, thinks you should
make every effort to do that…..‖
― It is merely this world that is chaotic, bringing changes to us all that nobody could have
anticipated. The Augusteum warms me not to get attached to any obsolete ideas about who I
am, what I represent, whom I belong to, or what function I may once have intended to serve.‖
― There is one temple in the Ashram that is open to the general public, where many Italians
come throughout the day to pay tribute to a statue of the Siddha Yogi who established this
lineage of teaching back in the 1920s and who is still revered across India as a great saint.‖
―My sister had a friend who used to think that Catherine had two or three younger sisters,
because she was always hearing stories about the sister who was in Africa, the sister who was
working on a ranch in Wyoming, the sister who was the bartender in New York, the sister
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who was writing a book, the sister who was getting married- surely this could not be all the
same person?‖
(Elizabeth Gilbert- Eat, Love Prey)
2. Translate into English the following fragments:
“Ţi-am destăinuit că bărbatul care va conta cel mai mult în viaţa ta a trecut prin spatele tău.
Acum nu mai este acolo……..
Ajungând pe peron, au început să strige în direcţia şefului de gară, care a oprit lanterna şi le-a
ordonat să urce în primul vagon…..
- Alice, în tine sunt două vieţi. Cea pe care o cunoşti şi o alta, care te aşteaptă de multă
vreme. Aceste două existenţe n-au nimic în comun. Bărbatul de care-ţi vorbeam ieri
se află undeva, pe drumul din cealaltă viaţă, şi nu va fi niciodată present în asta pe
care o duci acum…
Şi, în timp ce Can traducea cum putea mai bine conversaţia dintre Alice şi artizanul
parfumier, Daldry s-a dus la fereastra să privească Bosforul, care se zărea nedesluşit, prin
aburul ce acoperea geamurile. Chiar dacă ăsta nu era absolut deloc lucru pe care-l sperase
venind la Istambul, era posibil ca Alice să facă într-o bună zi avere. Dar oricât ar fi părut de
ciudat, chestia asta îl lăsa cu totul rece…
Mi-am plans toată acea ignoranţă, din pricina căreia n-am ştiut niciodată că fiinţele ce
mi-au dat viaţă nu m-au vazut crescând. Am plans pentru că oamenii pe care i-am iubit şi care
m-au educat mă adoptaseră pentru a-mi salva viaţa. Nu mă numesc Alice; sunt armeancă, iar
adevăratul meu nume nu este Pendelbury‖
(Marc Levy - The Strange Journey of Mr. Daldry)
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3. Read the following quotations. Recognize the relative clauses and make a
conversation with your partner starting from it. Do you agree/ disagree with those
quotes?
1. “Acquaintance, n.: A person whom we know well enough to borrow from, but not well
enough to lend to‖.
Ambrose Bierce
2. ―My definition of a free society is a society where it is safe to be unpopular‖.
Adlai E. Stevenson Jr.
3. ―Kindness is the language which the deaf can hear and the blind can see‖.
Mark Twain
4. ―There are two types of people who will tell you that you cannot make a difference in this
world: those who are afraid to try and those who are afraid you will succeed‖.
Ray Gofoth
5. ―I like long walks, especially when they are taken by people who annoy me‖.
Noel Coward
6. ―You know you‘re getting old when you stop to tie your shoelaces and wonder what else
you could do while you‘re down there‖.
George Burns
7. ―Computers are useless. They can only give you answers‖.
Pablo Picasso
8. ―A genius! For 37 years I‘ve practiced fourteen hours a day, and now they call me a
genius‖ !
Pablo Sarasate
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PROJECT
1. My travel journal circle
In groups (5 students) sitting in circles continue the following sentence using complex
sentences, especially relative clauses.
a. Day 2
The emerald valley, which appeared in front of me, made me believe that I was day
dreaming. But soon his voice woke me up to reality...
b. On the plane from Madrid a girl, who was around 10 years old, kept putting small pieces
of paper in the boy‟s hair in front of her. Funny…
c. The night was awful. We almost lost our way through the mysterious dense forest which
made you fell haunted. When we saw the chalet, that tiny clay – brick house, I stopped
and I couldn‟t believe…
Write the first sentence (one) of the journal then pass it to your colleague. The procedure
continues until the pieces of paper return to the original owners. Read out the journal you
have just finished.
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TIPS FOR A SUCCESSFUL INTERVIEW
Lead-in:
What are the most important things when you go to an interview?
Set up the activity:

1. First, read the following text and match the headings with the correct paragraph:
2. Identify the relative pronouns/adverbs and try to eliminate them making necessary
changes.
A. Interview Follow Up,

B. Practice, Practice, Practice,
C. The Interview Itself
D. Interview styles,
E. Do Your Homework,
F. Appearance
INTERVIEW PREPARATION
(1)…………………………….
Learn as much as you can about the opportunity and the interviewing organization. Evaluate
your own knowledge, skills and abilities which can help you take the job and think about how
you qualify for the opportunity. Find out information that may be useful about the
organization ahead of time.
(2)………………………………
Be prepared for a variety of interview styles. Some interviewers, who are kind and friendly,
simply ask questions from a list. Some use a conversational style and others may just act in a
formal way, which can determine a potential candidate to feel bullying. A more ―threatening‖
attitude that is considered only by the candidate may be a graphic representation of you in
words or symbols on a chalkboard or flip chart.
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(3)……………………………….
The way you look, which is essential, can make a big difference. Don't try a new haircut or
style that can reflect another person, but do get a haircut about a week before your interview.
A person, who wears extra makeup and jewelry, should be deselected. Dress conservatively
and comfortably, about one level above what you would wear to work. Being clean and neat
is most important. Plan ahead so that you don't have to scramble at the last minute about what
to wear. No denim and no backpack. A person whose look is clean and need is more
trustworthy.
(4)………………………………
Practice answering questions. List your skills, talents and experiences that directly apply to
this opportunity, as well as any hobbies that relate to it, so you can tell the interviewer(s)
about what you can do.
Plan and practice some answers to typical questions. Watch for nervous gestures and
eliminate any slang or other inappropriate language. Look on the Internet for sites, which can
be advantageous, and practice in front of a mirror, or record your practice interviews on an
audio- or videotape.
(5)………………………………
The punctuality, which is indispensable in an interview, can say some important things about
you. Arrive early, about 10 to 15 minutes before your scheduled time. Make sure you know
how to get to the interview. If you are unsure of the location, make a trial run.
Be in control of your nerves by taking deep breaths, which can make you feel on firm ground.
Maintain a positive attitude no matter how you think the interview is going. Smile. Bring an
extra copy of your resume, a fresh notepad and a pen.
Greet the interviewer. Offer a firm handshake. Listen carefully for the interviewer's name and
title, if you don't already know them. Your pose, that says a lot of things about yourself,
indicates your character. Make and maintain eye contact. Be friendly but not too casual,
which might be considered impertinent. Speak in complete sentences, and use a formal
vocabulary. Don't fidget, chew gum, smoke or use slang during your interview, things that
are inadvisable.
Answer questions and be honest. Answer clearly and completely with enough information.
Organize your thoughts so you don't ramble. Remain calm; what I know is a hard job, no
matter the questions are you asked. Be tactful, courteous, sincere, polite and knowledgeable
about the organization and what you have to offer.
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Conclude the interview. Thank the interviewer, who might be a man or a woman, for the time
spent with you. Ask when a decision, which can be favorable to you or not, will be made, if
that hasn't already been indicated.
(6)……………………………
Make notes as soon as you leave. Write down the name of the interviewer, questions you
answered well, questions you might have answered more effectively, and questions you
would like to have asked. Keep a file of notes from your interviews that you can use to
prepare next time.
Send a follow-up or thank you letter. Type it on good quality paper, or write it by hand. Don't
think you can skip it — interviewers expect it. Express your thanks for the interview and
restate your interest in the opportunity. You can even answer a question which you may have
missed during the interview.
(Adapted from www.ext.colostate.edu)
3. Read the following statements and decide if they are True or False. Motivate your choice:
a) Search details about the company.____

b) Wear fashionable expensive colorful clothes._____
c) It is important to be a boastful and talkative person.____
d) Don‘t ask anything about the date for decision.____
e) As soon as the interview is ready forget every detail and try to focus on another
advertisement. ____
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4. Match the words with the correct synonyms and antonyms.
SYNONYMS ANTONYMS
a) confusion, mix-up a) inability, clumsiness
b) result, aftereffect b) standard
c) experimental, preliminary c) careless, questionable
d) summary, curriculum vitae d) definite, known
e) chance, circumstances e) origin, cause
f) intelligence, wisdom f) peace, order
g) elegant, accurate g) complete, long description
h) casual dialect, jargon h) misfortune, closing
Word Synonyms Antonyms
opportunity
knowledge
neat
scramble
follow-up
slang
trial
resume
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Talking about JOBS
Lead-in:
1. Can you guess which occupations will be the most important for our society in the
future? Give us your opinion. Discuss in pairs.
2. Write down 10 most important future jobs. Would you like to have one of those jobs?
Why? Why not?
3. What are the things that can motivate you to accept a job?
4. What kind of job would you reject and why?
Set up the activity:

1. Look at the following list of jobs. They are supposed to be the 21st century jobs. Can
you motivate this choice?
Robotics technician
Stem Cell Researcher
Biochemical engineer
Nutritionist
Wind turbine technician
Nanotechnologist
Waste Management consultant
Custom Implant Organ Designer
Organic Food Producer
2. Pair work/ Group work activity.
Bellow there are 9 pieces of information about jobs with their descriptions and photos. They
have been split into three parts and mixed up. Can you put them back together again? Pay
attention to the second column; link the words making the necessary changes. Make complex
sentences in order to have an interesting presentation. Concentrate on using relative
pronouns/ adverbs.
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A B C
Specialized people /teach /manage /

increasing amounts of waste/ loaded /
contaminants /public. Health risks/ if
Stem not /disposed /properly.
Consultants /biology /chemistry/work
Cell /countries /the unregulated disposal
/waste /cause pollution.
Workers/dispose/ materials /need
protection / its risks.
Scientists/ hope /future/ custom

1.
transplantable organs /available
Organs/ designed /your body
/probably/ use your own cells.
Custom organs / decrease/ long
transplant /lists/ waiting
many years now/our gadgets/ have

2. getting /small/ small.
been
It /continues/ construction / repair
/electronics / require /services
/nanotechnologists.
These / people /ability /manipulate
matter /molecular level.
They/study /organic chemistry,
molecular biology / micro fabrication
3. cell research / expected / be /a

Stem
growing scientific field /the future
it/ expected / evolve in the coming
decades.
Researchers /study /embryonic, fetal
/adult stem cells.
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A biochemical engineer /responsible
4.
/development / new chemical
products /be used / companies
/individuals.
Products / be agricultural chemicals /
used /treat and develop foods /public
consumption.
Products / oils/ plastics/ paints,
papers /textiles/ detergents / soaps /
perfumes / cosmetics.
They /conduct studies / cells,
proteins/ viruses/ other biological
substances
Organic farming/ work/ harmony /

nature/
5. rather / against /it.
farmer /must not/ see /every insect
Wind /pest, every plant / weed
turbine The aim/ not to eradicate/ all pests
/ weeds, but / keep / down / an
acceptable level / make / most /
benefits /they /provide.
Nutritionist / a person / advice /

matters
6. / food/ nutrition impacts
on health. Nutritionist/ a health
Robotics professional / has a / degree /
dietetics/ related field.
He/ she/ plan/ meal programs/
people/ health/ weight/ problems.
A wind turbine technician /work /a

team
7. /well-trained professionals /
maintain / turbines
Part of the job /include /basic
cleaning /maintenance.
This / involve/ go / hundreds / feet
/air / gain /access / various /part/
turbines.
Wind turbine technicians /work /
hazardous chemicals / heavy
machinery /exclusive / this industry.
job/ require / constant /learn
/continue/ education.
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Job / is/ design/ maintain/
automated/
8. robotic systems.
They/ good at/ mechanical repair/
electric circuit design/ computer
programming.
Robots / already/ use/ tasks/ too/
precise /human hands/ surgical
/mechanical procedures. robotics
technician/ program/ units/
perform these tasks
(Adapted from http://www.cnbc.com/2012/01/04/21st-Century-Jobs.html?page=2)
Follow- up activity
1. What jobs are you most familiar with?
2. Would you like to have such an occupation? Which one is more attractive for you? Why?
Give reasons for your choice.
3. Which modern job could you find in your city and in your country?
4. Can you make a top 3 more necessary modern job?
5. Write about these 21st century jobs. Be a journalist and present them to the class as an
article or be a TV presenter and read the news to the audience. Use the words in the
second column and improve your news adding other facts on the internet.
99
THE LANDMARKS OF ORADEA CITY, ROMANIA COUNTRY
1. Look at the following pictures which show some of the most popular tourist attractions
from Oradea city. Answer the following questions:
 Do you recognize the landmarks?

 What can you tell us about them?
2. Have a look at their descriptions. Fill in the blanks with the suitable relative
pronouns/adverbs (avoid repetition).
3. Match the descriptions from each paragraph with the correct picture/figure.
Figure 1 Figure 2
Figure 3
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Figure 4 Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 5
Figure 9
Figure 6
101
1. Băile Felix,……………..is a spa resort, is located only 5 miles south of the city. This is
home (…………….thousands of tourist go every year) to several thermal springs and
medical centers offering treatments …………. alleviate rheumatism, arthritis, gynecological
affections and neurological problems. It is currently Romania‘s largest health resort,
…………..is open year-round. It is a famous place …………….you can heal your body.
Figure…
2. The City Hall Tower of Oradea, ..........has a 160 feet-tall clock tower, is situated in the city
centre. The main reason, ................ somebody should visit this place is 100 years old clock ..............
still functions. The Tourist Information Centre, ............... you can get everything about
Oradea‘s surroundings, is situated here.
Figure...
3. The Oradea Fortress,.................is unique in Eastern Europe through its complex

architectural old Italian and military-style, is the city‘s emblematic symbol and a historical
masterpiece. The Italian architect...............made the architectural plan, set his stamp on it
because the fortress remained the best kept Italian renaissance of the central Europe.
Nowadays, it is the venue of various fairs, ...................the most appreciated and expected is
―The Christmas Fair‖. Other important events...............usually take place here are: ―Autumn
in Oradea‖,.................is held in October and ―Days of Fortress‖ in June-July.
Figure...
4. The Black Eagle Palace,………….. is located in Unirii Square, was built between 1907
and 1909 by Hungarian architects. The city centre,…………….you can find the Palace, is an
architectural masterpiece. The interior glass covered passage,………..has three entrances,
links three streets, each entrance being dominated by an eagle, the symbol of the building.
You can spend time and money in the shops, cafes, kids‘ theatre and four star hotel.
Figure…
5. Ferdinand Square,……………the neoclassical State Theater is located, dominates with its

imposing feature. The construction was designed in 1900 by Fellner and Hellmer,
……………are Austrian architects. They are famous for being the entrepreneurs of Vienna
Opera House, too.
The statuary group,………‖guards‖ the theater, is situated in front of it. It represents the two
patron muses of the Dramatic Art: Melpomene,…………was one of the nine muses of music,
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song and dance, known as well as Muse of tragedy; and Thalia, was the goddess
………presided over comedy and idyllic poetry.
Figure…
6. The late Baroque Church of the Moon, the cathedral of the orthodox episcopate of
Oradea, was built between 1784-1790. The clock mechanism,………was installed in 1793,
features a half-gold, half-black sphere, maintained in perpetual motion, reproducing the
phases of the moon . Figure…
7. The Bishop‟s Palace,…………. is the most biggest palace of the city, has 120 large
extravagant rooms and 365 exterior windows. It was modeled on drawings by Giovanni
Battista Ricca , ……….was an Italian architect and it was completed in 1770 by Franz Anton
Hillerbrandt, ……..was an Austrian architect.
Figure…
8. The Roman Catholic Cathedral in Oradea, ……….is also known as ―The Assumption of
Blessed Virgin Mary‖ was built between 1750 and 1780. Basilica is Romania‘s biggest
baroque monument in the country.
Those………..enter will be astonished to see the remarkable monumentality and the profound
state of mystical elevation. Elements…………..make it profoundly attractive are the
exquisite chromatic scale, pictorial composition and the heavenly acoustics.
Together with the Bishop Palace and the Canonicilor Row constitute the catholic complex of
the town. It is home to the Museum of the Crisana Region.
Figure…
9. 64 miles southeast of the city …………… the Apuseni Nature Park is, you can discover
of the most interesting cave systems in the country. Limestone, …………underlies most of
the park, is responsible for the area's impressive landforms. There are 400 caves,
……………….. can be explored. Sculptured mountain ridges, mysterious underground rivers
and delicate cave formations will keep your camera busy.
The Apuseni Motzi villages are ideal places to find the tranquility and timeless wisdom of
traditional village life, vibrantly alive and intact here as perhaps, nowhere else in Europe.
Figure
103
1. Imagine that you are a travel agent and you participate to a Travel Contest. Write an
advertisement for either your hometown, a popular holiday resort in your country or the
capital city of your country. Use the words and phrases that you have been working with in
order to advertise the place to prospective tourist. Use approximately 100/ 130 words.
USEFUL WORDS
Extreme adjectives: luxurious, magical, sumptuous, spectacular, stunning,
magical, breathtaking, picturesque, sparkling, relaxing, crystal clear,
extravagant, word famous,
Nouns: scenery, hills, buildings, beauty, view, vista, countryside,
mountains, resorts, rivers, caves, atmosphere, sea, worldwide, bay,
excursions to, departing, arrival, surface
2. Describe your last holiday? Where have you been? Give details about the place, people and
weather. Use the postcards bellow.
3. Imagine you are in a journey and you are writing a postcard to your friend. Give him/her as
many details as you can in order to convince him to go there soon. Write 100-120 words.
Useful Language
 The beauty of this place can be compared to nothing else.

 It’s………………….that makes it unique and an unforgettable.
 The views are……………..
 The place is famous for…………….
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JOBS AND OCCUPATIONS
Across
5. It‘s a person who serves food and drinks in a restaurant;
9. It‘s a man/woman that keeps audits and inspects the financial records of individuals or business
concerns and who prepares financial and tax reports;
10. A person who manages hotel workers. It is responsible for keeping the hotel running smoothly.
Down
1. It‘s a woman who likes to style hair, who cuts, shapes and sets hair. She uses scissors, razor,
combs, clippers and hair dryers;
2. It‘s usually a woman who works in an office, answers the phone, types letters on her computer;
3. It‘s usually a man who is always available to help people. He wears a red uniform with a helmet.
He saves people from fire;
4.It‘s a woman who likes working with books and people, lends books and other library materials,
keeps records and buys materials;
6. It‘s usually a man who likes to travel, studies dials, uses maps, flight plans and weather reports;
7. It might be a man or a woman who wears a uniform, apron and sometimes a big white hat; she/he is
a night worker who makes bread for morning;
8. It might be a man or a woman who wears a white uniform and gloves. She/he treats sick people.
105
Chapter VI
106
COMMUNICATION IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS
1. Making and responding to suggestions

Task 1.
Your flat mate has just taken the driver license test and he/she wants to do something special
to celebrate. Discuss where you might go and what activities you can organize. Act out
dialogues on the following situation.
Task 2.
You best friend is getting married next month. You and her/his sister are in charge of the
bachelor party. Discuss where to have the party and what surprises might be perfect for your
best friend.
Language bank
Making suggestions Responding

o Would you be interested in...?  This is the best/ worst advice…
o I was thinking it would be great  That would be lovely.
to…  You‘re definitely right.
o If I were you…  That‘s easier said than done.
o You‘d better…  I don‘t think that…
o I think it would be a good idea to…  I had never thought of that.
o If I were in her shoes, I‘d…  I‘m not sure that‘s such a good idea.
o Perhaps you might like to…
 No, I believe that wouldn‘t be
o How about?
appropriate.
o Have you ever thought about…
o It would be wonderful if …
107
2. Apologizing
Look at the pictures bellow. What do you think might be happening in each situation? What
do you think the people in the pictures are saying? In pairs, make up dialogues. Use the
language bank to help you.
1. 2.
3. 4.
Language bank
 I do apologize.  Never mind/ I understand/ It doesn‘t

 I‘m awfully sorry that… matter.
 It‘s not entirely my fault…  Let‘s forget about it.
 If I had known…the I would(n‘t)  It‘s nothing/ It‘s not a big deal.
have…  I appreciate your apology, but…
 How can I make it up to you?  I‘m sorry. I‘m afraid I can‘t…
 I promise to be more...in the future  Look at the consequences…I can‘t go on

like this.
108
3. Giving News
With a partner, act out dialogues, giving and responding to news.
Look at the following situations and choose some of them:
 loosing/ winning a competition  getting a new job
 winning at the lottery  being promoted/ fired
 complain about a hotel reservation  getting a scholarship/ accepted in an
 meeting an old friend after a long exchange course
period of time  loosing something
eg.
A: I have wonderful news for you. You’ll never guess what has happened to me.
B: Oh, really? What …tell me please!
A: I was reading the newspaper when I saw a picture at page 2. It was a beautiful black
woman, middle aged, in a business suit and talking in front of a large audience. You’re never
going to believe who was that woman.
B: Don’t tell me it’s someone from the secondary or elementary school?
A: That’s incredible. You are close to it. Do you remember that shy girl from the ninth grade?
The one who won that literature contest? Annie Johnson? She is now the mayor of a very
important city.
B: That’s incredible. I haven’t heard anything about her since graduation. Lucky girl!
Language bank
Giving news Responding to the news

o You‘ll never guess...  I can‘t believe this!
o You can‘t imagine what happened.  Wow! It‘s fantastic!
o I have wonderful news for you.  You‘re joking!/ That‘s incredible!
o I hate to tell you this, but...  Oh, no!/ That‘s horrible!
o I‘m afraid I have some bad news.  Oh, what a pity.
o I deeply regret to say this, but...  Oh my God. I can‘t believe this!
109
4. Placing an order
Read the advertisement and, using the language from the box, act out a dialogue.
Karry’s Pizza
What a year it‘s been!

Good bye 2017! Welcome 2018!
We have so much to cerebrate with YOU, our FANS. You
made us the most successful one.
As a reward, we want to offer you more. We are opening a
new restaurant in your city.
Place your next order at Inn Square, 25 Road Street, No 10.
Tel: 000734735736
Visit our website and place an order there:

www.Kerry’s Pizza.Inn.com.
Language bank
Tips for placing an Order Tips for answering

 I am interested in... o Definitely Madam/ Sir
 I wonder if you could help me o How can I help you? / How can I be of
with an order, please. help?
 I would like to eat/ buy...but I o The best choice/ Excellent / Wonderful
need some information about... choice.
 I would like to pay... o I‘ll put the order through for you.
 Is it possible to make the o It will arrive in no more than...
payment by credit card/ cash/... o The delivery will be in 1-2 days.
 My deliver address is... o How would you like to pay?
 Can you send me the invoice on o Could you give me your credit card
email, please? details, please?
o Name/ number/ expiry date?
o Could you confirm your name and
address, please?
110
Eg.
A: I wonder if you could help me with an order, please.
B: Of course, madam.
Now, in pairs, using the language bank, act out the following situations.
1. You call a pharmacy company to order some medicine.
2. You want to order some books for your students, so you call a publishing company.
5. Making a complaint
You‘ve just received your smart TV but when you opened the box it was damaged. The
screen was marked and the remote control was missing. The order was made online and the
courier didn‘t open the parcel before paying it. Act out a dialogue between a dissatisfied
customer and the customer service representative at the appliance company.
Language bank
Tips for making a complaint Answering a complaint

 I‘m calling to make an official o I am taking notes and I ‗ll look
complaint... into this matter as soon as
 Could you tell me please who is in possible.
charge of.../ responsible for...? o I sincerely apologise for this
 I would like to make a complaint inconvenience/ unpleasant
about the product/ service/ situation
courier‘s delivery procedures. o I‘m awfully sorry. I‘ll try to
 I was hoping you could give me a change the item.
refund/ an exchange. o I‘ll do my best to solve it for you
o You can either exchange it or get
a refund.
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Eg.
A: Good afternoon. I‟d like to...

B: Good afternoon, Sir. What might be the problem?
Now, in pairs, using the language bank, act out the following situations.
1. You have just received a new cell phone but when it arrived it was damaged. Call the
Shop Company and make a complaint.
2. You have ordered some clothes from an online shop. Many of the cloth items are in a
wrong size. Call and make a complaint.
3. You ordered some gadgets from an appliance on line store 10 days ago and they haven‘t
arrived yet. Call and make a complaint.
112
1. Have you heard about The Seven Wonders of the Modern World ? Look at each photo
and try to name them.
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6. 7.
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7 MODERN WONDERS OF THE WORLD
Channel Tunnel
CN Tower
Empire State Building
Golden Gate Bridge
Itaipu Dam
Netherlands North Sea Protection Works
Panama Canal
2. Can you match the following facts with each Modern Wonder of the World?
A.
- opened on May 1, 1931- was the tallest building in the world
- 102-story building, 1,454 feet.
- located in the center of Midtown Manhattan
B.
- opened in 1994, connects Folkestone in the United Kingdom with Coquelles in France.
- 31.35 miles (50 km) long, with 24 of those miles located under water
- over 13,000 skilled and unskilled workers would be hired to build it
C.
- connects the city of San Francisco with Marin County to its north,
- the longest span in the world from the time it was completed in 1937 until the completion
of the Verrazano Narrows Bridge in New York in 1964.
- 1.7 miles long and about 41 million trips are made there each year.
D.
- a telecommunications building that was built by Canadian National Railways in 1976.
- Today, the world's third largest tower at 553.3 meters (1,815 ft).
- broadcasts television, radio, and wireless signals throughout the Toronto region.
E.
- 48 mile-long (77 km) international waterway allows ships to pass between the Atlantic
Ocean and Pacific Ocean, saving about 8000 miles (12,875 km) from a journey around the
southern tip of South America, Cape Horn.
- built from 1904 to 1914,
- takes approximately fifteen hours to traverse it through its three sets of locks (about half
the time is spent waiting due to traffic).
114
F
-located on the border of Brazil and Paraguay and it was completed in 1984
-the world's largest operating hydroelectric facility and creates the 110 mile-long Itaipu
Reservoir.
- electricity generated it is greater than the electricity generated by China's Three Gorges
Dam, is shared by Brazil and Paraguay.
- the dam supplies Paraguay with more than 90% of its electrical needs.
G
-today, approximately 27 percent of this country is actually below sea level.
- area is home to over 60 percent of the country's population of 15.8 million people.
- the movable barrier consists of 65 concrete piers weighing 18,000 tons a piece. But the
type of equipment needed for such gargantuan and specialized tasks did not exist anywhere
in the world; it had to be invented.
- "In terms of magnitude," an American trade journal wrote, that this project "approaches of
the Great Wall of China
(adapted from http://geography.about.com/od/culturalgeography/ss/Seven-Wonders-Of-The-

Modern-World_2.htm#step-heading)
1. Speak about each of them using those given information for at least 3 minutes. Add
anything else you may know.
2. Which places would you like to visit? Why? Give arguments to sustain your ideas.
3. Which Modern Wonder of the World seems to be more useful for ordinary people?
4. Can you add other buildings/ construction that you have visited or heard on the list of
Modern Wonder of the World?
Project
Write 100 words essay about one place, building, city which impressed you or you
would like to visit in the near future.
115
AROUND THE WORLD IN 30
MINUTES
Tell your students that they have just graduated from high-school and they haven‘t passed the
entrance exam to the university. So they have a gap year. What would they like to do if they
had a free year?
Would they like to travel if they had a round –the world ticket valid for a year?
116
Situation:
a. Students are put in group of 3. Each of the group has a world map in front of them. They
have to imagine a tour around the world with two friends.
Route_______________________________________________________________
__
From City_______________, Country ________________
To:
 Destination 1__________________by_______________. Time spent there:______
Tourist attraction that you will like to visit there:____________________________________
Activities:__________________________________________________________________
 Destination 2__________________by______________ . Time spent there:______
Activities:__________________________________________________________________
Activities:__________________________________________________________________
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…
Activities:__________________________________________________________________
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
117
b. They have to think about any problems that might occur with such a trip. They are given a
Card 1 with some examples. (Little money, Cycling, Sleeping in tent…….)
Possible Problems
Budget……………………………………………………………………………………..
Means of
transport…………………………………………………………………………………..
Accommodation…………………………………………………………………………..
Clothing and
accessories………………………………………………………………………………..
First aid
box…………………………………………………………………………………………..
Schedule………………………………………………………………………………………
Language…………………………………………………………………………………
c. Students have to act out their roles presenting the ideas from card 1 and 2. The other
group may ask them some questions to their discussion.
d. Students have to imagine that they are now in a specific country/ city and they have to act
a role play describing the surroundings.
Teacher monitors their activity, listens to them and makes notes of the grammatical or
vocabulary problems.
Teacher does the other role-plays with quick feedback from each group and a little work on
any language problems they have had each time.
118
.
1. Where can you find a job advertisement? Look at the following enumeration. Which one
do you prefer? Why?
 Internet- specialized sites like: www. Ejobs.ro , www.bestjobs.ro,www.activejobs.ro,

ro.indeed.com, etc.
 Television;
 Local newspapers;
 Job recruiters;
 Notice on the street;
2. Do people only work for money? What other motivation is there to work?
3. Which occupation would you like to try in the near future? Motivate your answer.
4. What would influence you to accept the job? Think about:
 Salary/wage/ good  Opportunity for personal

remuneration development
 Schedule / Leisure time  Colleague
 Location
 Pleasant working environment
 Recognition of achievement
5. Which factors are important for getting a job? Discuss with your partner.
 age/ sex  marital status

 experience  qualifications
 astrological sign  references
 appearance  family background
 hobbies  perk
 intelligence  contacts and connections.
119
1. Read the following – Job application letter. Put the missing expressions in the correct
place (1-7) in the letter. Be careful! There are some extra you do not need.
 a job that really  where I would have

 someone who needs  which offers
 which I attached  who will
 why I would like  which was advertised
PTC Company
Independent Square, no. 12,
Oradea City, Bihor County, Romania
Dear Sir/Madame,
I am writing in reply to your advertisement for a Web master and Web designer for PTC
Company, (1)......................................in The Daily News on 15th May 2017.
I am at present working as a part time programmer at Quick link in Oradea,
(2.)………………………...helped me a lot but I would like to expand my computer
knowledge. As you will see in my CV, (3)……………………..it to my letter, I have been
working there for the last year, since I was in the second semester of the 12 grade. I have just
entered The Computers College of Oradea, (4)…………………theoretical and practical
studies, too. But the year I worked I learned a lot of things connected to graphic or 3D
animations, software programs and web pages.
In your advertisement you say you are looking for (5)…………………..to be talented in
design and creating visuals. I have experience in major graphics programs, such as Adobe
Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, and others.
I am very interested in working for a company (6)…………………………….the opportunity
to acquire new information.
I am encolsing my CV with this letter and I would be glad to attend to the interview if
selected.
I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Yours sincerely, Matei Dan
120
2. Choose one of the bellow jobs. Read the Job Application Letter above and the Notes for
writing a letter of application and write one on your own.
baile Felix Newspaper, 27th May 2017

The Voice, 2nd April, 2017
HOLIDAY WORK REQUIRED VACANCY
HOTEL RECEPTIONIST (female) BANK MANAGER
Should be a young lady with pleasant personality DVB BANK is looking for a bank
Minimum a few months of experience in a similar job (school manager to head its new downtown
practical experience accepted) branch.
Certificate of Spoken & written English and German o + 5 years experience.
Should be willing to work at the weekend during the summer o Working hours: 8 a.m. to 5
holiday ( June- September) p.m.
Accommodation available if required as part of the package o Excellent benefits, including
(wage negotiable) attractive retirement plan
Write a full CV to: Queen Hotel Baile Felix, Republicii o Italian language speaker
Street 35, telephone number: 0745892149, Contact. Ms. Contact: CV & 2 references to dvb
Ioana Barlau bank @gmail.com, Cluj Napoca,
Milcov Street, No.128.
JOB ADVERTISEMENTS
Wanted: Children’s entertainers for English Kids Campsite across

Romania
Are you looking for a part time summer job?
Do you want to earn a good weekly income and enjoy yourself in the same time?
Qualification:
o English speaker B2 , previous experience as children‘s entertainer
o Gender: male/ female
o Location: Brasov
Your duties:
 Organizing activities like face painting, treasure hunts
 Taking kids on excursions
 Weekly shows: singing, dancing, telling jokes,
Free meals and accommodation.
Please send us your CV and a Job Application Form at: Brasov, 22 Republicii Street,
telephone number: 0771256983.
Contact. Mrs. Rowan Angela – Manager
121
NOTES FOR LETTER OF APPLICATION
Applicant‘s address in the right part
Company‘s address and date in the left part
Paragraph 1 Formal Greeting, reason of writing, where post was
advertised
 Dear Sir or Madam ( if you don‘t know his/ her name)
 Dear Mr. X/ Mrs. Y ( if you know his/her name)
 I am writing in response to your advertisement in….. / I am writing to apply for the
job…../ I would like to apply for the post of…which I saw advertised in…./I am
writing to you with the reference to…../I am writing in reply to your advertisement
for a….
Paragraph 2 What you are doing now
 As you can see from my CV I am qualified…./ I would like to work for you
because I am interested in…./
 In addition, I hold certificate in….
 I am a good speaker/fluent of…../I am fluent in spoken and written….
 I am at present working for…..
Paragraph 3 Reference to past work, experience, character
 Furthermore, I have the relevant experience you are looking for.

 For the last years I have been working as a …..
 I think I am ...person. For example, I have ….
 I have had experience of/ as….
 In your advertisement you say you are looking for……
 I consider myself to be (punctual)…….
 I enclose a reference from my previous employer.
Paragraph 4 Closing details, when available for interview, contact

details
 This will be an opportunity to…

 I would like to work for you because I am interested in…
 I would be very happy to attend for interview if selected
 I am enclosing my CV with this letter./ I enclose my CV and I would be glad to
attend an interview at any time convenient to you.
 I look forward to hearing from you soon
 Yours faithfully, (when you don‘t know the person‘s name)
 Yours sincerely, (when you know the person‘s name)
 Your full name.
122
3. JUMBLED LETTER
Read the following model of ‗THANK YOU LETTER‘ and fill in the missing words.
Be careful. There are three extra words:
fascinating, utility, suits, interview,

that goals, productivity, references,
which appreciate, citizen, obey, whose
Your name and contact details
Interviewer‟ name
Company address
Dear Mr./Mrs.………..,
Thank you for the (1)……………………..(2)………………. was very constructive. I have to say that I
am more interested now in your company/ business/ university/center and I do
(3)………………. the time you spent with me giving all the details and information
(4)……………..were useful to me. It was really (5)…………………. to visit the offices and
production line and to hear about your (6)……………… for the future.
I think your company/ business/ university/ center is the right place for me because it
(7)…………… my skills and interests. During the interview, I forgot mentioning my implication
in the city voluntarism and I respect your efforts to be a good corporate (8)……………….…. I
would be happy to be one of your company members (9)………….work may help in
developing your business.
If you would like any additional (10)…………………or information, don’t hesitate to contact me
at the above address. I am very interested in this job/ admission and I look forward to
getting your decision.
Your faithfully, Your name and signature
123
From: JenniferBurca@yahoo.com
4. Formal emails To: collegebusinessdepartment@yahoo.com
You have seen an advert in your Subject: Job application
college for a partu time job Dear Sir or Madam,

Marketing Assistant in 1)I just wanted to ask you about the position of part time Marketing
Bucharest. Write an email and Assistant which was advertised on the college site.
(120-180 words) apply for the I am twenty-three years and am currently a graduate student at both
job. Mention any suitable Marketing and Business Administration College. 2) I’d like to have a
go at since I have experience in marketing projects for the last 3 years.
qualification and experience you 3) I am really good at both written and spoken German and English.
have and why this job is suitable
4) Although, I don’t have relevant experience in economy I am ready
for you. to learn and improve my knowledge. 5) I ‘m sure I’d be great at this
job as I am a hardworking person, well-organized and friendly. I also
consider myself to be a communicative person and having
entrepreneurial thinking.
I am available for part-time job till the end of July but afterwards the
schedule may be extended to full time. I would be glad to attend an
interview 6) whenever is good for you.
I look forward to hearing from you,
7) Best wishes,
Jennifer Burca
Read the letter and replace the informal expressions in bold to the formal ones bellow.
a I am interested in e I feel I would be well suited

b Despite not having for this position
f Yours faithfully
c I am writing to apply for
g at any time convenient to you
d I have a good command of
124
5. Read the postcard and complete with the phrases from the box. Be careful! There are two
extra phrases.
nuns, accommodation, Monasteries, guests, last, hell, churches, Jesus,

hotel, hosts
Dear Mrs. Martin,
Greetings from the North East of Romania. This is my first time in

Bucovina, but I am sure it will not be the (1) …………. My family
and I are visiting the Painted (2)………………..in the Northern
Romania which were built around 15th and 16th century. These
churches conjure up an image of breathtaking scenery and
spectacular monuments. There you can see impressive architecture
(3)……………… with painted exterior walls with portraits of saints
and prophets, scenes from the life of (4)……………, images of angels
and demons, and heaven and (5)…………………..
We have just visited the monasteries in Humor, Moldovita and
Probota and in the next days we are planning to see two more,
Sucevita and Voronet. The (6)……………………is cheap but the
rooms are traditional, archaic and it makes you return ages ago.
Friendly and hospitable (7)……………….serve you with everything
you want. I saw (8)………..….and monks in the Monasteries and
their kindness, prayers and silence show me a better world without
wars, enemies, and wealth. I think these places are worth visiting
with the whole class during the first semester.
I am looking forward to seeing you on the first day of the school.
Yours faithfully,
Leonora Owen
125
6. Read the postcard and complete with the phrases from the box. Be careful! There are
two extra phrases.
weather, midday, place, spas, ideal, well, seagulls, nearby, vinegars, healing,
painful, lighthouse, midnight
Dear Roxana,
(1)…………Here I am, in Mangalia, the southet, biggest, brightest and best resort. It’s
such an incredible (2)……………. Our guest-house is (3)…………for Dan, kids and me
because it’s only 2 minutes walk from the sandy and quiet beach. The (4)……..……
restaurants serve delicious food and fortunately our favorite fish specialties. The
(5)………….. is boiling hot and the sea has approximately 28 degrees. Imagine how
difficult it’s for me to get Dan and Mary out of the water before (6)……………... There
are some extraordinary attractions like the (7)……………..specialized in mud baths,
Romanian (8)…………… and Mangalia Music Festival in August. The evening walking
on the promenade, the noisy but unique sounds of the waves hitting the rocks and the
(9)……………. flying makes these days to be magnificent. I’ll never forget the
impressive (10)………………during the night.
I even tried for a few days those mud baths and they were (11) ……………………for
my arthritic and nervous disorders.
Romanian resorts offers just about everything a holiday maker could wish for.
Got some great photos to show you when we get back.
Well, it’s time to swim. Ha, ha! See you next week!
Love.
Simona
126
Noughts and crosses
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
1. Divide the class into two teams. One team is X and the other O.
2. In turn each team decides which square they want to nominate.
3. Teacher asks a question. If the team gets it right their symbol is written in that square.
4. The first team to get a line of three symbols in any direction across the grid is the
winner.
127
BOARD GAME
1 2 3 4
? ?
5
?- Take a card. Read it loud. Ask the
group to discuss. Everyone who speaks
gets 1 point.
Talk- Take a card. Read it out. Say your
( for passing) opinion about it for at least 30 seconds.
You get 3 point.
15 Riddle card- Someone in your group take 6
a card and you have to guess the riddle.
You get 3 points for a correct answer.
Bonus- 1 Point when you go past. It is the
end of the game.
?
14 8
?
13 12 11 10 9
? ?
128
Procesure:
 Play in groups of 3-6 students
 Place your counters on the start square
 Player one flips a coin/ throws a die. Heads means move one square, tails means
move two squares
 Player 1 moves their counter to the correct square and answers the question. The other
students in the group decide if the answer is correct. If it is not, the player must return
to the square where they started
 Player 2 flips the coin and plays and so on
 Players continue until the first player reaches the finish line.
 The winner at the end is the one with most points
129
1. AT THE MEETING
CARD 1
Your name: Jim Brown
Your age: 29
Your job: advertiser for a famous advertising agency
Task:
Your company has been chosen to design a new advertisement.
You have come up with the new ideas for that product.
You are having a meeting and present the commercial to your partner. Use
relevant material, photos, drawings, Power point presentation to convince the
client.
CARD 2
You are the manager and you are having a meeting to hear and see the ideas for
the new commercial.
Ask a lot of questions.
You are unhappy about the end of the advertisement and try to make some
changes.
Role play 2
130
2. AT THE INTERVIEW
Card 1 Card 2
The interviewee The interviewer
 An unemployed European o At least 2 years experienced

woman nanny, cook nutritious meals,
help children with homework,
 You are divorced doing the laundry and
household
 You want to get the job as an au
pair for an English family o good English, driver license,
First Aid Certificate, Child Care
 you have B2 English Certificate
Certificate
 Hobbies: playing with kids, o £250 per week.
reading, gardening, cooking
o Free accommodation, mobile
and wifi access
o Non- smoker, reliable, punctual

and well presented
131
4. LOOKING FOR A JOB
Student A
Position ___________ Bartender _______________ Cleaner
Salary ___________ £600 £1200 £5 per hour
Secretary Working in a Experience

required in a busy coffee required to all
busy office Cleaner required for office
shop - 3 aspects of
Description venue. Include only
evenings p.w. financial domain:
__________. evening work
(hours accounting, payroll
negotiable) and____________
A&C Winster City Centre

Location Downtown Gabrielty Com.
Lawyers
Experienced in MS
Office applications
Experienced
and able to deal
in laws and Sociable,
efficiently and ___________________
Requiremen secretariat or pleasant and
professionally with ___________________
ts graduated hardworking
clients. ___________________
from Law required
_____________
University
_______________
____
Apply in writing,
Jennifer - enclosing current
Mrs
017714 50935 CV, to
Bendown-
Contact after _______________ Millan - _____________
0359 432
___________ _, Gabrielty Com
593, 9-4pm
__ Industrial Park,
London,
132
Student B
Position Secretary _____________ Accountant __________
Salary £200 £600 _______________ __________
A&C
Location Downtown _______________ __________
Lawyer
Secretary
Experience Cleaner
required in a
Working in a busy required to all required for
busy office.
coffee shop - 3 aspects of financial office venue.
Description Available for
evenings p.w. domain: Include
work on
(_______negotiable) accounting, payroll only_______
Saturday
and spreadsheets __________
mornings.
Experienced in MS
Sociable, pleasant Office applications
Experienced in
and hardworking and able to deal Must be
laws or
Requirements required. Must be efficiently and flexible .
graduated from
able to prepare professionally with hours
Law University
cocktails. clients. 25-30 year
old only.
Apply in writing,
Mrs Bendown- enclosing current
__________
____________ Jennifer - 017714 CV, to Mr. John
Contact Christine -
50935 after 6 pm Smith, Gabrielty
____________ 0172802847
Com Industrial
Park, London,
Procedure:
1. Students work in pairs.
2. Give one person of each pair the Student A page and the other the Student B page.
3. Four different jobs are being advertised in the local paper.
4. Students should ask each other questions to find out the information that is missing
from their page, then write it down, asking for spellings as necessary.
133
5. AT THE RAILWAY STATION
Tourist useful language:
May I ask you a favor?
Would you be so good as to…………?
Would you tell me….
…where the exit is?
…where the luggage office is?
…where the waiting room is?
Student A
You want to buy a return ticket to

Cambridge.
You want to know when the next train
leaves.
It‘s ten to five now.
Student B
You work at the train station.
The prices of the tickets are:
a single – £20
a return – £35
The next train is in fifteen minutes.
134
6. AT THE AIRPORT
Make a role play in which you Complain that your flight has been delayed for two hours.
Talk to somebody in charge from the Information Desk and ask for details.
o Is it a non-stop flight?
TOURIST AIRPORT EMPLOYEE
- You are an angry businessman/
journalist/ doctor…… - You suggest changing the flight or you
- You have an emergency and have will depart only in 12 hours
to reach to the destination - You propose the tourist to spend the
night at a hotel
- You ask for other flight
- You apologize for the inconvenience
Tourist useful language:

o May I ask you a
favor? /I beg your
pardon.
Airport employee useful expressions:
o Would you be so
good as to…………?  Will you excuse me
o Be so kind as to tell please? I have to
us what happened? answer the telephone.
o I‘ve got a request to  I‘m afraid I
make. can‘t……………
o I would appreciate it  I‘m sorry but I can‘t
very much if……….. manage it.
o Would you tell me….  We‘ll put you on the
o …where the gate is? passenger list for the
o …where the luggage next flight
office is?
o ..where the waiting
room is?
135
7. AT THE TRAVEL AGENT‟S
A. CUSTOMER
You want:
 A single room
 To go to a hotel in Paris for 5 nights. You can spend up to 1000 € on a hotel
 To be as near as possible to the city centre
 To go to a hotel with an international cuisine
 A comfortable room with TV, air conditioning and wireless
 Swimming pool
B. TRAVEL AGENT
Study the following information carefully so that you can answer A (the customer)
Grand Hotel Francais Le Bristol Paris Hotel le Notre Dame
Cost per night 120€ 150€ 210€
View ☺ ☺☺ ☺☺☺
Distance from the centre 2 miles 5 miles 8 miles
Disco ☺ ☺☺ ☺☺☺
Restaurant ☺ ☺☺☺ ☺☺☺
Swimming Pool ☺☺ ☺☺☺ ☺☺☺
Other facilities ( Tv, wireless) ☺☺☺ ☺☺☺ ☺☺☺
Note: ☺- good, ☺☺ - very good, ☺☺☺- excellent
136
8. BOOKING A HOLIDAY
Let‘s pretend you work for a Travel Agency. Work with your partners, which are now
your clients. Prepare a Romanian Tour Guide (look at the Romanian map from the above
pages). Give reasons to your clients why they should take a trip to those places. What should
they see and do there? Now change the schedule if it is necessary and make a five day
itinerary together. Add pictures and details of what to see and do there. Present your project
to your classmates.
ITINERARY - Romania Tour Guide
Departure time and Location:
Route
Days Location / Accommodation Food Price Observations

Activity plan
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
Day 5
Useful language
Making recommendations:
 If you are looking for......, then this is the right.....for you.
 I can fully recommend….
 Anyone would love this…..
 I wouldn’t make that choice, if I were you.
 Never before have I been to such a wonderful place.
 Personally speaking, I would prefer/ rather…..
137
YOU ARE THE TRAVEL AGENT
Ask your client about:

o His hobbies
o His favorite past time activities
o Preferences: mountains or seaside
o Budget
o Means of transport
Make recommendations:
 If you are looking for......, then this is the right.....for
you.
 I can fully recommend….
 Anyone would love this…..
 I wouldn’t make that choice, if I were you.
 Never before have I been to such a wonderful place.
 Personally speaking, I would prefer/ rather…..
 If you ask me…..
 Take your time
 I wouldn’t advise you to do that
 I wouldn’t bother about it.
 It’s up to you
YOU ARE THE CLIENT
Make agreements and disagreements

using the following examples:
 I agree to your proposal…..
 It‘s out of question…
 By all means…
 I couldn‘t possibly….
 I agree up to a point.
 On the contrary…
 It doesn‘t matter….
 Not for the world…….
 I would go on further and say……..
 To tell the truth
138
MODEL OF AN ITINERARY
If you are a Tour Guide or a Travel Agent, you should give your clients an itinerary or
schedule of your trip. Here is the itinerary of a 7 Day trip in Europe, from Romania- to
Paris
Day 1 Cluj Napoca- Budapest- Vienna ( 660 km)
Departure from Cluj Napoca by coach- to Budapest- arrival in Vienna
Included in the price- Sightseeing tour of Budapest City, lunch
Arrival in Vienna
Included in the price - Accommodation at Inter Hotel- 3 stars, dinner, bed and breakfast
Day 2- Vienna- Munchen ( 450km)

Included in the price- excursion to important buildings like St. Stephen’s Cathedral, Schonbrunn
Palace, Tiergarten Schönbrunn, the world's oldest public zoo.
Lunch and departure to Munchen by coach.
Day 3 - Munchen
Breakfast at Beer Gardens.
Sightseeing tour of Munchen: the baroque Nymphenburg Palace, Bavaria Opera, Galeria Kaufhof
at Marienplatz.
Dinner and accommodation at Hotel Bavaria-3 stars
Day 4 Munchen- Strasbourg, France (400 km)

Departure from Munchen to Strasbourg
Lunch there and tour of the city to: Cathedrale Notre Dame de Strasbourg, European Parliament,
Botanical Gardens of Strasbourg University.
Bed and breakfast at hotel Gutenberg
Day 5 Strasbourg- Paris (500 km)

Arrival in Paris late in the afternoon.
Accommodation at Hotel Bastille Speria.
Sightseeing tour of Paris: Saint Chapelle and Musee d’ Orsay.
Day 6- Paris
Beautiful tourist attractions: Louvre, Notre Dame de Paris and Eiffel Tour. Dinner at Eiffel Tour
restaurant.
Day 7- Paris- Cluj Napoca ( 1600 km)

Breakfast at the Hotel and visit Disneyland Paris.
Departure from Paris to Cluj Napoca by plane late in afternoon.
Arrival in Cluj Napoca in the evening.
139
9. RENT A CAR- BOOKING FORM
Vehicle Rental Details
1. Vehicle Rental selection:

2. From ( Start from City):
3. To ( Final destination):
4. Date of pickup:
5. Pickup time:
6. Date of drop-off:
7. Drop- off Time:
8. Driver Required?
o Yes……..
o No……...
9. Driver aged:
10. Insurance:
o None
o Collision Damage Waiver
o Liability Insurance
o Personal Accident Insurance
o Personal Effects Coverage
Billing information Credit / Debit Card Information
First Name: Card Number:

Middle Initial:
Last name: Expiration Month:
Address:
Expiration Year:
City:
County:
Card Brand:
Country:
Zip Code:
Phone:
JUMBLED LETERS
140
10. COMPARING COUNTRIES
1. Read the notes about the country.
Procedure/ Instructions:

from their page, then write some notes down, asking for spellings as necessary.
SINGAPORE, a city-state STUDENT A
Population: 5,4 million people; 74.1%- Chinese Singaporeans, 13.4 % Malays, 9.2 % Indians and
Eurasians.
Density: __________________
Capital: Singapore
Location: ______________________________________________
Official Languages (4): English, Malay, ____________________
Currency: Singapore dollar
History: ______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Government: Parliamentary republic
Geography: ______________- Singapore Island or Pulau Ujong in Malay
Climate: tropical rainforest climate, no distinctive seasons, uniform temperature and pressure, high
humidity and abundant rainfall. ____________________________________________________
Transport: they travel by foot, bicycles, bus, taxis or train. Car owners have to pay higher taxis
and to bid for a Singaporean Certificate. 8 airports
Modern Day economy: It is one of the original Four Asian Tigers along with Hong Kong, South
Korea and Taiwan. It is ranked as one of the least corrupt countries in the world, along with New
Zealand and Scandinavian Countries. It is the 14th largest exporter and the 15th largest importer in
the world. Singapore has one of the lowest unemployment rates 1.9%in 2011.
Tourist attractions: ____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Education: 2 main public universities are among 50 in the world.
Religion: Buddhism is the most widely practised religion
Curiosities:
1. From 1992, chewing- gum is forbidden. However from 2004, people who want to use it
have to obtain a medical recipe in order to buy it legally. You get a fine if you are caught
with it. Transport and consumption of drugs is punished with death.
2. You may get a 1000 dollar fine if ____________________________________________
141
SINGAPORE, a city-state STUDENT B
Population: 5,4 million people; 74.1%- Chinese Singaporeans, 13.4 % Malays, 9.2 %
Indians and Eurasians.
Density: 7,615 km 2
Capital: _________________
Location: Island in Southeast Asia, ―the Gibraltar of the East‖
Official Languages (4): English, Malay, Mandarin, Tamil,
Currency: _______________________
History: 1824- 1965- British Colonization, Its Independence Day- 9 August 1965
Government: ___________________________
Geography: 63 islands- Singapore Island or Pulau Ujong in Malay
Climate: tropical rainforest climate, no distinctive seasons, uniform temperature and
0
pressure, high humidity and abundant rainfall. Temperature usually range from 22 to 35
Celsius.
Transport: _________________________________________________________________
Modern Day economy: It is one of the original Four Asian Tigers along with Hong Kong,
South Korea and Taiwan.It is ranked as one of the least corrupt countries in the world, along
with New Zealand and Scandinavian Countries. It is the 14th largest exporter and the 15th
largest importer in the world. Singapore has one of the lowest unemployment rates 1.9%in
2011.
Tourist attractions: 15 million tourist/ year. Marina Bay Sands Hotel, Skypark, Orchard
Road, Esplanada, Botanical Gardens, The Gardens, The Flyer, Chinatown Heritage Centre,
Education: 2 main public universities are among 50 in the world.
Religion: _________________________________________________
Curiosities:
1. From 1992, _____________ is forbidden. However from 2004, people who want to
use it have to obtain a medical recipe in order to buy it legally. You get a fine if you
are caught with it. Transport and consumption of drugs is punished with death.
2. You may get a 1000 dollar fine if you don‘t keep clean around or you don‘t flush
water at the toilet.
142
2. Read the notes about the country.
Instructions:
from their page, then write some notes down, asking for spellings as necessary.
VATICAN CITY STATE STUDENT A
Population: ______________________
Density: 1877 km 2 – it is the smallest internationally recognized independent state in the world by both
area and population
Capital: Vatican City
Location: __________________________________________
Official language: Latin, Italian
Currency: _______________________
History: On 7 June 1929 was established the independent state of Vatican City and reaffirmed the
special status of Catholicism in Italy
Government: _____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Climate: It is the same as Rome's: a temperate Mediterranean climate with mild, rainy winters from
September to mid- May and hot dry summers from May to August.
Religion: __________________________________________
Tourist attractions: St. Peter’s basilica, The Sistine Chapel, The Vatican Apostolic Library, Vatican
Museums and the Gardens: Vatican’s Gardens, established during the Renaissance and Baroque era,
occupies half of this area. They are decorated with fountains and sculptures.
Economy: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Transport: It has no airports (Vatican City heliport) or highways. You can take the train to Rome
Did you know?
1. _________________________________________________________________________
2. Crime consists of pick pocketing and shoplifting from the visitors. Vatican City has no prison
system and people committing crimes are sent to Italian prisons.
3. _________________________________________________________________________
4. Loggia of the Benediction is the name of the balcony where the Pope speaks to the public.
143
VATICAN CITY STATE STUDENT B
Population: 842 people,

Density: 1877 km 2 – it is the smallest internationally recognized independent state in the world by both
area and population
Capital: ___________________________
Location: In the South of Europe, a walled enclave within the city of Rome.
Official language: _____________________________
Currency: Euro
History: _________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_
Government: Absolute Monarchy ruled by the Bishop of Rome- the Pope. He exercises principal
legislative power, executive and judicial power over the State of Vatican City. He is the sovereign of the
state.
Climate:
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
___
Religion: Roman Catholicism,
Tourist attractions:
____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
___
Economy: Its budget comes from the Vatican Museums and post office, the sales of stamps, coins,
medals and tourist mementos, the fees for admission to museums and publication sales.
Vatican City State was added by UNESCO to the List of World Heritage Sites in 1984.
Transport:
___________________________________________________________________________
Did you know?
1. No passport controls for visitors entering Vatican City form the surrounding Italian territory.
2. ___________________________________________________________________________
3. You need 4 years to visit the Vatican Museums if you spend at least 1 minute to admire each
piece of art.
4. ____________________________________________________________________
144
11. LEAFLET 1
Card 1 A Card 1 B
STUDENT A STUDENT B
TRAVELLER TRAVEL AGENT
Look at the card and ask your partner Look at the card and answer your
questions about a voyage. partner questions about a voyage.
Voyage Monaco, Italy and Adriatic

Voyage
What is the name of the journey?
Departure day?
Embark city?
Suitable for children? Take a 10 night voyage in the

Mediterranean Sea! It lasts for 10 days
Cost? and you may enjoy the scenic and
cultural treasures of the French Riviera,
Additional taxes? Italy and Adriatic Sea.
How long? Be at Nice Port in France on the 25th of

May and sample the luxurious life of
Website? Monaco, Italy, Montenegro and Croatia.
At Venice we debark in a great spot, so

you can walk to town for dinner.
For early booking just 7000 £ for a

family with 2 children (aged 3-7).
Including taxes, fees & port expenses.
Visit our website: www.

Anyacluccruise.com
145
12. LEAFLET 2
Card 2 A Card 2 B
STUDENT A STUDENT B
SPORTMAN SECRETARY
Look at the card and ask your partner Look at the card and answer your partner
questions about a skydiving holiday. questions about a skydiving holiday.
Instructor Spain skydive
Instructor skydive
Where?
Who/attend?
The courses are designed for beginners and
Cost? we will teach you all the necessary skills. Our
Accommodation? students come from all parts of the world,
Equipment? especially UK, Ireland, Germany and other

northern European countries in order to
Contact?
combine their holidays while learning how to
skydive.
Email: info@instructorsspain.com
Phone: (0034) 620 659 096 (Spain mobile)
Price
Tandem Skydive- 200 €
Tandem Skydive plus Video recording DVD-
280€
The necessary equipment is free.
Note:
Additional expense for
travel/accommodation, at least 5 days.
146
SPEAK UP 1
CARD 1.
You are the Planet Earth. You are disappointed because people don‘t protect you and
destroys the environment.
You want to hear some ideas which might bring positive changes.
CARD 2
You are the director of a large company which has factories worldwide in many
fields (oil, cars, furnishings, construction)
You are worried only about how to expand your business and to increase the profit.
You support your own believes that the present is the one that counts.
CARD 3
You work for a NGO (non-governmental organization).
You struggle for stopping global warming, the pollution of factories, deforestation
and the sprawl of touristic building in forestland.
Your aim is to give real solutions:
- convince the businessman to start doing smth. (bring out new machines, move
factories far from the cities, etc.)
- teach people what to do to protect the environment (recycling, saving water,
147
SPEAK UP 2
Have a look at these photos. Tell everything you know about them in 5 minutes. Compare,
describe and speculate.
A.
B.
C.
148
SPEAK UP 3
Think about your life at the age of nine. Tell your partner about it.
 Who were your friends?
 What was your favorite game?
 Did your life used to be different to how it is now?
 Where did you use to go to school?
 Do you remember any of the teachers?
 What did you like or dislike? Why?
 What did you use to do before/ after school or during the beaks?
1. Choose from the list the things you want to talk about.
2. What difference can you list from the present life? What did you use to do before?
3. Can you list the 3 most important things for you from your childhood?
149
SPEAK UP 3
Teacher prepares some cards. Students take a card in turn. If on the card is written the word truth
then they must tell a true story about a past holiday. If they choose a card with a destination or holiday
already on it, they must talk about an imaginary holiday they took there. Encourage them to make it as
interesting as they can, using a lot of details. The group must guess which is true and which is false.
Funny holiday cards
You went in a You went on an TELL THE TRUTH

skiing journey at English Camping
an ice hotel in England
TELL THE TRUTH You went shopping You went on a

in Rome and cruise in The
Madrid during Indian Ocean
Fashion Week
Festival
You watched TV all TELL THE TRUTH You went by coach

holiday. You didn’t from Romania-
go out one. Spain on a
sightseeing tour
TELL THE TRUTH You went to a car TELL THE TRUTH

racing competition
in Dubai.
150
CROSSWORDS 1 .
TRAVELLING
Across
1. shop without taxes
5. a place to sunbath
7. visiting places
11. information and details
12. Money used in a country
13. proof of payment when travelling
14. rent a room
Down
2. buses in England
3. Opposite for arrival
4. a small hotel
6. used for transporting clothes
8. a sort of scuba diving
9. Identity card shown at the airport
10. the most expensive holiday
1 2
4 -
5 6
8 9
- 10
-
11
12
13
14
151
CROSSWORDS 2.
HOLIDAYS
Unscramble each of the clue words.
Copy the letters in the numbered cells to other cells with the same number.
152
CROSSWORDS 3.
MODERN JOBS
Unjumble the letters to find different types of jobs. Then write the letter correspondent to
the number and you will discover another occupation of the 21st century.
153
“I'm more interested in arousing enthusiasm in kids than in teaching the facts.
The facts may change, but that enthusiasm for exploring the world will remain
with them the rest of their lives.” Seymour Simon
CONCLUSIONS
I have worked at this paper for the last two years with the belief that it will be a handy
and useful book for my colleagues. Whether you want to re-teach some of the problems
related to relative clauses, or just practise some exercises at the beginning or ending of the
lessons, these practical ideas are accessible for a variety of levels. It‘s up to you, the teacher
who wants to exploit it, to add or modify some of the tasks according to the students‘ level,
their skills and needs and to the school curriculum.
Additionally, the last two chapters offer a variety of exercises providing emphasis on
both productive and receptive skills. Why not testing your students using a role play exercise,
fill in a crossword, play a game or better involve them in a debate, auction or let them focus
on a reading or writing exercise. All the exercises stand on real life situations and actual
problems.
Nevertheless, communication, even if it is written or oral, represents the fundamental

of learning a foreign language. As I have just said, my goal was to make them speak out, to
interact with their peers by offering them some paths to be followed. After that, using the
language bank I offered them support and confidence in expressing their ideas. Subsequently,
practicing such drills students can engage themselves in a fluent and accurate conversation.
154
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Alexander, L. G., 1996, Longman English Grammar Practice, Longman;

2. Avram, Mioara, 1980, Gramatica Limbii Române, Bucureşti;
3. Azar, B. S., 1992, Fundamentals of English Grammar. (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice Hall;
4. Bantaş, Andrei, 1966, Descriptive English Syntax, Institutul European;
5. Batstone, Rob, 1995, Grammar, Oxford University Press;
6. Bădescu, Alice, 1962, Gramatica Limbii Engleze, Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică,
Bucureşti;
7. Broughton, G. 1990, The Penguin English Grammar A-Z for Advanced Students, Penguin
Elt, London;
8. Celce- Muricia, M., &Larsen- Freeman, D., 1999, The grammar book. (2nd Ed.). Boston,
Mass.: Heinle& Heinle;
9. Close, R.A., 1975, A reference Grammar for Strudents of English, Longman Publishing;
10. Cornilescu, Alexandra, 1982, English Syntax, Bucureşti;
11. Curme, G:O, 1931, Syntax, Published by D.C. Heath and Co, Boston;
12. DeCarrico, J. S., 2000, The structure of English: Studies in form and function for
language teaching, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press;
13. Dumitru C, 1967, Gramatica Limbii române vol II Bucureşti;
14. Galea, Ileana& Stanciu, Virgil, 1999, English with tears, ediţia a II-a, ed. Dacia, Cluj;
15. Gilbert, Elizabeth, 2007, Eat, prey, love, Bloomsbury Publishing;
16. Gramatica Limbii Române, 1966, Ediţia Academiei Române, Bucureşti, vol. II;
17. Gramatica Limbii Române, 2005, Ediţia Academiei Române, Bucureşti, vol. II;
18. Hurford, J. R. 1994, Grammar: A student‟s guide. Cambridge, Cambridge University
Press;
19. Keenan, E., 1970 A Logical Base for a Transformational Grammar of English, Univ. of
Pensylvannia;
20. Leviţchi, Leon, 1971, Gramatica Limbii Engleze, Ed. Didactică şi Pedagogică Bucureşti;
21. Levy, Marc, 2012, Strania călătorie a domnului Darldry, Editura 3;
22. Popescu, Ştefania, 1984, Gramatica practică a limbii române, Bucureşti;
23. Quine, W.O. 1961, Word and Object, MIT Press, Cambridge;
24. Quirk, R., 1973, A University Grammar of English, Seminar Press;
25. Scrivner, Jim, 2014, Teaching Grammar, Oxford University Press;
26. Thomson, A.J. & Marinet, A.V., 1986 A Practical English Grammar, Oxford University
Press;
27. Thornbury, Scott, 2007, How to teach Grammar, Pearson Longman
28. Ur, Penny & Wright, Andrew, 1992, Five- Minute Activities, Cambridge University Press
29. Ur, Penny, 2007, Grammar Practice Activities, A practical guide for teachers, Cambridge
University Press
30. Vulişici Alexandrescu, Maria, 1996, Sintaxa Limbii Române, Oradea;
31. Yule George, 2006, Explaining English Grammar, Oxford University Press
32. Zandvoort, R.W, 1957, A Handbook of English Grammar, London.
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Other sources:
http://w.w.w.abdn.ac.uk/languagecentre/resources/grammar/relclause-multiphp
http://psychcentral.com/psypsych/Rel
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/relative-clauses
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/clause-phrase-and-sentence/verb-
patterns/relative-clauses
https://prezi.com/yfn4uxtgofxc/a-very-long-life/- http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/sentences
https://images.google.com/
http://www.cnbc.com/2012/01/04/21st-Century-Jobs.html?page=2
https://litemind.com/best-famous-quotes-2/
http://www.thefreedictionary.com
http://www.thesaurus.com/
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http://quizlet.com/15496980/occupation-riddles-flash-card
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https://collegegrad.com/jobsearch/new-job-preparation/new-job-proverbs
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http://www.onestopenglish.com
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
156

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Maria Ioana Avram

Lucrarea de faţă se adresează profesorilor care predau limba engleză la nivel

gimnazial şi liceal, deoarece aceasta poate fi folosită de la nivel intermediar (A2)

până la nivel de bază (B1) şi avansat sau independent (B2).

Cartea tratează o problemă a sintaxei limbii engleze, „Relative Clauses”,

„Propoziţiile atributive”, structuri care ajută la transmiterea informaţiilor într-o

sfârşitul fiecărui capitol. Se urmăreşte în acelaşi timp fixarea problemelor teoretice

menţionate şi îmbogăţirea vocabularului prin abordarea unor teme actuale şi

întregii cărţi prin varietatea de exerciţii puse la dispoziţie profesorului de la clasă.

clasificarea propoziţiilor atributive, diferitele caracteristici ale acestora, precum şi

opoziţia între propoziţiile atributive în limba engleză şi cele în limba română.

Ultimele două capitole sunt strict practice. În capitolul V autoarea a dorit

consolidarea problemelor teoretice referitoare la propoziţiile atributive, punând la

dispoziţia profesorilor o varietate de tipuri de exerciţii, moderne dar şi tradiţionale.

Autoarea a încercat să grupeze diferite activităţi de îmbunătăţire, fixare şi

consolidare a abilităţii elevilor de înţelegere a unui text scris, de scriere si de

conversare folosind în mod repetat şi propoziţiile atributive.

folosirea noilor structuri de sintaxă, deşi se presupune că aceştia au reuşit să le

cu adevărat acest ultim capitol.

Luând în considerare caracterul unitar al lucrării, echilibrul realizat între

partea teoretică şi cea practică, originalitatea şi aplicabilitatea exerciţiilor, sunt sigură

că această carte poate fi folosită cu încredere de profesori la orele de limba engleză.

Astfel, îşi va dovedi cu siguranţă utilitatea şi valoarea instrumentală.

Conf. univ. dr. Claudia Leah

In the absence of a comprehensive work on the functional style of contemporary

RELATIVE CLAUSES IN ENGLISH

1.1. Preliminary remarks about Complex Sentences

dependent clause independent clause independent clause

independent clause independent clause dependent clause

dependent clause independent clause

dependent clause independent clause

a) Unless the weather is fine, they will stay home.

d) I begin to sneeze violently whenever I try to smell the bouquet of flowers.

 Annoying children are not very pleasant to a church ceremony.

a. She is the woman I met yesterday afternoon.

b. She is the woman I gave some money to.

c. She is the woman I took a picture of.

Let‘s look at the following examples:

d. The woman whom (or that) he talked about is Jenny.

e. The woman about whom he talked is Jenny

f. The woman he talked about is Jenny.

g. * The woman about he talked is Jenny.

Why should we use relative clauses?

e.g. The girl is sleepy.

e.g. The girl is sleepy.

e.g. The girl who is trying to read the novel is sleepy.

a) That is the photo that shows my family.

e.g. Whoever touches pitch shall be defiled.

On the basic of semantic criterion, it can be distinguished between:

times- WHEN WHEN WHICH

possession- WHOSE WHERE

1.2.1. Restrictive/ Defining/ /Limiting Relative Attributive Clauses

1.2.2. Non-restricting/ Non- defining/ Descriptive/ Amplifying Relative Attributive

1.2.3. Connective relative clauses

1.2.1. RESTRICTIVE/ DEFINING /LIMITING RELATIVE ATTRIBUTIVE

e.g. The woman who lives in apartment no 10 has been killed.

He is the thief who broke into my house last week.

e.g. The woman has been killed.

In this case it is not clear which woman has been killed.

The problem why I came here today is very serious.

Let‟s go to the seaside where the weather is always fine.

e.g. Jack talked to someone who said he saw you.

e.g. There is a girl here who expects you.