Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Partea I
2003-2004
SCS I, 2003-2004
Structura disciplinei de Semnale, circuite si sisteme:
SCS I - sem.3 ~ Teoria Semnalelor – 2C 1S 1L
SCS II - sem. 4 ~ Teoria sistemelor – 2C 1S
SCS III - sem. 5 ~ Analiza si sint. circuitelor electrice – 2C 1S 2L
Nota finală:
SCS I & SCS III: 60%E + 30%L + 1p (+ bonus < 20%)
SCS I, 2003-2004
Examenul constă dintr-o probă scrisă şi va viza cunoaşterea teoriei şi
abilitatea rezolvării problemelor, în proporţii aproximativ egale.
SCS I, 2003-2004
Bibliografie pentru curs:
• V. Popescu, Semnale, circuite şi sisteme,Partea I. Teoria
semnalelor, Editura Casa Cartii de Stiinta, Cluj-Napoca,
2001.
• Gh. Cartianu, M. Săvescu, I. Constantin, D. Stanomir,
Semnale, circuite şi sisteme, Editura didactică şi pedagogică,
Bucureşti, 1980.
• Adelaida Mateescu, Semnale, circuite şi sisteme, Editura
didactică şi pedagogică, Bucureşti 1984.
• Adelaida Mateescu, N. Dumitriu, L. Stanciu, Semnale şi
sisteme. Aplicaţii în filtrarea semnalelor, Editura Teora,
Bucureşti 2001.
• A.V. Oppenheim, A. S. Willsky, I. T. Young, Signals and
Systems, Prentince-Hall, 1983.
• A. D. Poularikas, S. Seely, Signals and Systems, PWS
Publishers, Boston, 1985.
SCS I, 2003-2004
Bibliografie pentru seminar:
• Adelaida Mateescu, D. Stanomir (coordonatori), Probleme
de analiza şi sinteza circuitelor, Editura tehnică,
Bucureşti, 1976.
• M. Săvescu, T. Petrescu, S. Ciochină, Semnale, circuite şi
sisteme. Probleme. Editura didactică şi pedagogică,
Bucureşti, 1981.
SCS I , 2003-2004
1. INTRODUCERE
• SEMNAL = o mărime fizică deterministă sau
aleatoare, capabilă să transmită informaţie.
Semnale:
• semnale utile xu(t)
• perturbatii p(t)
Analiza semnalelor
• in timp;
• in frecventa - spectru;
• prin corelatie.
Figura 2.4. Graficul semnalului armonic
Exemplu:
Exemplu:
( )
x(t ) = X 0 + X 1 cos 2π f1t + ϕ x1 +
(2.4)
(
+ X 2 cos 2π f 2t + ϕ x2 )
X0 – componenta continua
X1, X2 –componente armonice
[0,f2]- banda de frecventa
Figura 2.6. Spectrul semnalului (2.4).
Frecventa negativa f1 f
φ φ1
Reprezentare unilaterala a spectrului
x(t) = X1 cos(2π f1t +ϕ1) = f1 f
Relatia lui Euler
1 j 2π f1t 1
= ⋅ X1 ⋅ e ⋅ e + ⋅ X1 ⋅ e− jϕ1 ⋅ e− j2π f11t
jϕ1
A
2 2 ½ X1 ½ X1
-f1 f1 f
-φ1
1 j 2π f1t 1
x(t) = ⋅ X1 ⋅ e ⋅ e + ⋅ X1 ⋅ e− jϕ1 ⋅ e− j2π f11t
jϕ1
2 2
x(t ) = X 0 + X 1 cos ( 2π f t + ϕ )
1 x1 +
+ X 2 cos ( 2π f t + ϕ ) =
2 x2
1 jϕ 1 − jϕ
= X0 + X 1e x1 e j 2π f1t + X 1e x1 e − j 2π f1t +
2 2
1 jϕ 1 − jϕ
+ X 2 e x2 e j 2π f2t + X 2 e x2 e − j 2π f 2t
2 2
Reprezentarile spectrului
• Spectrul de amplitudini in reprezentare
bilaterala prezinta o simetrie para, avand
amplitudinile reduse la jumatate fata de
reprezentarea unilaterala.
• Spectrul de faze in reprezentare
bilaterala prezinta o simetrie impara,
semiplanul drept reproducand fara
modificari valorile din reprezentarea
unilaterala.
• Componenta continua apare cu aceeasi
valoare in ambele reprezentari.
SCS I , 2003-2004
2. O PRIVIRE GENERALA
Liniaritatea:
x1 (t ) → y1 (t ) x(t) y(t)
Daca S
x2 (t ) → y2 (t )
Atunci
Figura 2.9. Sistem
x(t ) = α x1 (t ) + β x2 (t ) → y (t ) = α y1 (t ) + β y2 (t ) liniar cu o intrare şi o
ieşire.
1 1
x(t ) = ⋅ X ⋅ e jϕ x ⋅ e j 2π f1t + ⋅ X ⋅ e − jϕ x ⋅ e − j 2π f1t
2 1 1 2 1 1
x(t) y(t)
S
jϕ − jϕ
1 y j 2π f t 1 y − j 2π f t
y (t ) = ⋅ Y ⋅ e 1 ⋅e 1 + ⋅Y ⋅ e 1 ⋅e 1 Figura 2.9. Sistem
2 1 2 1 liniar cu o intrare şi o
ieşire.
Y
H ( f ) = 1 ⋅ e j (ϕ y − ϕ x ) = | H ( f ) | ⋅e jϕ ( f1)
1 X 1 1 1
1 H ( f ) = H (− f )
1 1
Y ϕ ( f ) = −ϕ (− f )
H (− f ) = 1 ⋅ e − j (ϕ y − ϕ x ) = | H (− f ) | ⋅e jϕ (− f1) 1 1
1 X 1 1 1
1
Raspunsul in frecventa
y (t )
H( f ) =
x(t ) x (t )=e j 2π ft
Caracteristici de frecvenţă
Filtre elementare:
Trece-jos FTJ
Trece-sus FTS
Trece-banda FTB
Opreste-banda FOB
Figura 2.11. Aspecte tipice de caracteristici de
frecvenţă.
y (t ) = H (0 ) X 0 +
N
+ ∑ H ( fk ) ⋅ X
k =1
k (
c o s 2π f k t + ϕ xk + a r g {H ( f k )} )
Semnale
● deterministe;
● aleatoare.
2.3.2 Criteriul
periodicitatii
Un semnal este periodic daca
poate fi gasit un interval T,
astfel încât:
x(t ) = x(t + T ) pentru orice t ∈ℜ
● periodice:
● aperiodice:
N
■ impulsuri.
fi în domeniul timp:
• continuu;
• discret.
⇒ în domeniul valorilor
• continuu;
• cuantizat.
Semnale
● de banda larga – B ∼ f0
● de banda ingusta – B << f0
Semnale
● de frecventa joasa
● de frecventa medie
● de frecventa inalta
U = Z I , unde : Z = Rz + jX z
1 1 1 1
PZ = RZ ⋅ | I | = RZ ⋅ I = GZ ⋅ | U | = GZ ⋅U 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
PU = GU ⋅ U 2 = U 2 ; PI = RI ⋅ I 2 = I 2 .
2 2 2 2
P = 1
2 X2 (2.27)
P0 = X 0 2 (2.28)
W1,2 = ∫ x 2 (t ) dt
t1
1 2
WT = ∫ x 2 (t ) dt , P = ∫ x (t ) dt.
T
TT
⇒ pt. semnale aperiodice
∞
Wtot = ∫
−∞
x 2 (t ) dt.
SCS I , 2003-2004
2. O PRIVIRE GENERALA
● periodice:
● aperiodice:
N
■ impulsuri.
fi în domeniul timp:
• continuu;
• discret.
⇒ în domeniul valorilor
• continuu;
• cuantizat.
Semnale
● de banda larga – B ∼ f0
● de banda ingusta – B << f0
Semnale
● de frecventa joasa
● de frecventa medie
● de frecventa inalta
U = Z I , unde : Z = Rz + jX z
1 1 1 1
PZ = RZ ⋅ | I | = RZ ⋅ I = GZ ⋅ | U | = GZ ⋅U 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
PU = GU ⋅ U 2 = U 2 ; PI = RI ⋅ I 2 = I 2 .
2 2 2 2
P = 1
2 X2 (2.27)
P0 = X 0 2 (2.28)
W1,2 = ∫ x 2 (t ) dt
t1
1 2
WT = ∫ x 2 (t ) dt , P = ∫ x (t ) dt.
T
TT
⇒ pt. semnale aperiodice
∞
Wtot = ∫
−∞
x 2 (t ) dt.
unde:
• T este domeniul de ortogonalitate;
• * = complex–conjugat;
• N reprezintă norma setului de funcţii. ; dacă N = 1, setul
este orto-normat.
x(t ) = ∑ ak g k (t ),
k
an = ∫ ⋅ *
1
N2
x (t ) g n (t ) dt .
T
x(t ) = ∑ ak g k (t ), unde an = 1
N2 ∫ x (t ) ⋅ g *
n (t ) dt
k T
x(t ) = ∑ bk g k (t ).
k
Presupunem bk ≠ ak .
= T1 ∫ x 2 (t ) dt − T2 ∑ bk ∫ x(t ) g k (t ) dt + T1 ∫ [∑ bk g k (t )]2 dt =
T k T T k
ε 2 = T1 ⋅ ∫ x 2 (t ) dt − 2N2
T ⋅ ∑ ak bk + N2
T ⋅ ∑ bk2 ± N2
T ⋅ ∑ ak2 =
T k k k
= T1 ⋅ ∫ x 2 (t ) dt − N2
T ⋅ ∑ ak2 + N2
T ⋅ ∑ (ak − bk ) 2
T k k
unde C0 = T2 ⋅ ∫ x(t ) dt ; Cn = T2 ⋅ ∫ x(t ) cos (2π nf1t ) dt ; Sn = T2 ⋅ ∫ x(t ) sin (2π nf1t ) dt
T T T
Forma armonica a SFA:
∞
x(t ) = A0 + ∑ A cos
n =1
n (2π nf1t + ϕn )
C S
0 2 2 n
unde A0 = ; A = C +S ; ϕ = − arctg
2 n n n n C
n
Forma complexa a SFA:
1 ∞
x(t ) = A0 + ∑
2 n =−∞
Anc e j 2π nf1t
unde Anc = 2
T ∫ x(t )
T
e − j 2π nf1t dt , Anc = Cn − j ⋅ S n , Anc = An ; arg { Anc } = ϕn .
SCS I , 2003-2004
3. SEMNALE PERIODICE
unde:
• T este domeniul de ortogonalitate;
• * = complex–conjugat;
• N reprezintă norma setului de funcţii. ; dacă N = 1, setul
este orto-normat.
x(t ) = ∑ ak g k (t ),
k
an = ∫ x t ⋅ g n (t ) dt .
1 *
N2
( )
T
x(t ) = ∑ ak g k (t ), unde an = 1
N2 ∫ x (t ) ⋅ g n (t ) dt
*
k T
x(t ) = ∑ bk g k (t ).
k
Presupunem bk ≠ ak .
= T1 ∫ x 2 (t ) dt − T2 ∑ bk ∫ x(t ) g k (t ) dt + T1 ∫ [∑ bk g k (t )]2 dt =
T k T T k
ε 2 = T1 ⋅ ∫ x 2 (t ) dt − 2N2
T ⋅ ∑ ak bk + N2
T ⋅ ∑ bk2 ± N2
T ⋅ ∑ ak2 =
T k k k
= T1 ⋅ ∫ x 2 (t ) dt − N2
T ⋅ ∑ ak2 + N2
T ⋅ ∑ (ak − bk ) 2
T k k
unde C0 = T2 ⋅ ∫ x(t ) dt ; Cn = T2 ⋅ ∫ x(t ) cos (2π nf1t ) dt ; Sn = T2 ⋅ ∫ x(t ) sin (2π nf1t ) dt
T T T
Forma armonica a SFA:
∞
x(t ) = A0 + ∑ A cos
n =1
n (2π nf1t + ϕ n )
C0 Sn
unde A0 = ; An = Cn 2 + S n 2 ; ϕn = − arctg
2 Cn
Forma complexa
∞
a SFA:
1 1 ∞
x(t ) = ∑ Anc e j 2π nf1t
= A0 + ∑ Anc e j 2π nf1t
2 n =−∞ 2 n =−∞ ,n ≠ 0
Set de functii: e j 2π nf1t
2 1 2
unde A0 c =
TT∫ x (t ) dt =
2
A0 ; n ≠ 0, Anc =
TT∫ x(t ) e − j 2π nf1t dt ;
2 2
⎛ 2X0 ⎞ 2 2 ⎛2
2X0 ⎞ -T/2 T/2 t
C0 =
T ∫T ⎝
⎜ X 0 +
T ⎠⎟dt =
T
X 0T = 2 X 0 ; C n =
T ∫T ⎝
⎜ X 0 +
T ⎟⎠
cos(2π nf1t )dt ;
− −
2 2
T T
⎡ T
⎤
2 ⎛ 2
2X0 ⎞ 2⎢ ⎛ 2 X 0 ⎞ cos(2π nf1t ) 2 ⎥ 2 X 0 1 2 2X0
Sn = ∫ ⎜ X 0 + ⎟ sin(2 π nf t ) dt = − ⎜ X + ⎟ + ∫ cos(2π nf t ) dt = (−1) n +1
T⎢ ⎝ T ⎠ 2π nf1 − T ⎥ T 2π nf1 T πn
1 0 1
T T⎝ T ⎠
−
2
⎢
⎣ 2 ⎥
⎦ −
2
∞
1 2X0
x(t ) = 2 X 0 + ∑ (−1) n +1 sin(2π nf1t )
2 n =1 π n
Forma armonica:
⎧π
C 2X0 S ⎪⎪ 2 , n = 2k + 1
A = 0 = X ; A = C2 + S 2 = ; ϕ = − arctg n =⎨
0 n n n n
πn C ⎪ − π , n = 2k
0 2
n
⎪⎩ 2
∞ 2X
x(t ) = X + ∑ 0
cos (2π nf t + ϕ )
0 π n 1 n
n =1
Forma complexa:
T
2 2
⎛ 2X0 ⎞
A0 c =
T ∫T ⎜⎝ 0 T t ⎟⎠ dt = 2 X 0 = 2 A0
X +
−
2
T
⎡ T T
⎤
2 ⎛ 2
2 X 0 ⎞ − j 2π nf1t 2 ⎢⎛ 2 X 0 ⎞ e − j 2π nf1t 2 2
e − j 2π nf1t 2 X 0 ⎥ 2(−1) n
T ∫T ⎜⎝ ∫
Anc = X0 + t e dt = ⎢⎜ X 0 + t − dt ⎥ = j
T ⎟⎠ T ⎝ T ⎟⎠ − j 2π nf1 T − j 2π nf1 T πn
−
2
⎢⎣ −
2 −
T
2
⎥⎦
1 ∞ 2(−1) n j 2π nf1t
x(t ) = A0 + ∑ j πn e
2 n =−∞ ,n ≠ 0
∞
1 ∞
x(t ) = A0 + ∑ A cos
n =1
n (2π nf1t + ϕn ) x(t ) = A0 + ∑
2 n =−∞
Anc e j 2π nf1t
-T/2 T/2 t
∞ 2X 1 ∞ 2(−1) n j 2π nf1t
x(t ) = X + ∑
0 π n
0
cos (2π nf t + ϕ )
1 n
x(t ) = A0 + ∑ j πn e
2 n =−∞ ,n ≠ 0
n =1 f1 f1
An An
π/2
ϕn π/2 ϕn
-π/2
-π/2
⎣ n =−∞
2 ⎦ 2 n =−∞
d. Teorema derivării.
e. Teorema integrării.
t
Anc
x1 (t ) = ∫
−∞
x(τ ) dτ ⇔ Anc1 =
j 2π nf1
SCS I , 2003-2004
3. SEMNALE PERIODICE
1 ∞ 1 ∞
x(t ) = ∑ Anc e j 2π nf1t
= A0 + ∑ Anc e j 2π nf1t
2 n =−∞ 2 n =−∞ ,n ≠ 0
2 1 2
T T∫ T T∫
− j 2π nf1t
unde A0 c = x (t ) dt = A0 ; n ≠ 0, Anc = x (t ) e dt ;
2
∞
x(t ) = A0 + ∑ A cos
n =1
n (2π nf1t + ϕ n )
A0 c
unde A0 = ; An = Anc ; ϕn = arg { Anc }
2
⎧ t1
⎪⎪ 1, t <
2 -3T/2 -T -t1/2 t1/2 T t
unde x1 (t ) = ⎨
⎪0, t1 < t < T
t1 ⎪⎩ 2 2
1 2
t1
A0 =
T ∫t dt =
T
;
− 1
2
t1 t1
− j 2π nf1t
2 e 2t1 ⎛ t ⎞
2 2
2
n ≠ 0, Anc =
T ∫ t1
e − j 2π nf1t dt =
T − j 2π nf1 t1
=
T
sinc ⎜ π n 1 ⎟
⎝ T⎠
− −
2 2
⎧ 2t1 ⎛ t1 ⎞
A
⎪ n = Anc = sinc ⎜π n ⎟
⇒⎨ T ⎝ T⎠
⎪ ϕ = arg { A } = 0 or π
⎩ n nc
sin( x)
sin c( x) =
x
sinc x
x
− 9 π − 7 π −5 π − 3 π −π π 3π 5π 7π 9π
-0.2
t1=T/2:
1 ⎛ π⎞
A0 = ; n ≠ 0, Anc = sinc ⎜ n ⎟
2 ⎝ 2⎠
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 2 2 2
Anc 1 0 − 0 0 − 0
π 3π 5π 7π ϕn
1 2 2 2 2
An 0 0 0 0
2 π 3π 5π 7π
ϕn 0 0 π 0 0 0 π 0
An
t1=T/3:
1 2 ⎛ π⎞
A0 = ; n ≠ 0, Anc = sinc ⎜ n ⎟
3 3 ⎝ 3⎠
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 3 3 3 4 3 3
Anc 0 − − 0
3 π 2π 4π 5π 7π 8π ϕn
⇒
1 3 3 3 3 3 3
An 0 0
3 π 2π 4π 5π 7π 8π
ϕn 0 0 0 π π 0 0 0
t1=T/4:
1 1 ⎛ π⎞
A0 = ; n ≠ 0, Anc = sinc ⎜ n ⎟
4 2 ⎝ 4⎠
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 1 2 2 1 2
Anc 0 − − − 0
2 π π 3π 5π 3π 7π ϕn
⇒
1 2 1 2 2 1 2
An 0 0
4 π π 3π 5π 3π 7π
ϕn 0 0 0 0 π π π 0
⎣ n =−∞
2 ⎦ 2 n =−∞
d. Teorema derivării.
e. Teorema integrării.
t
Anc
x1 (t ) = ∫
−∞
x(τ ) dτ ⇔ Anc1 =
j 2π nf1
3.3.1 Distributii
3.3.1 Distributii
∫ x(t )
−∞
f (t ) dt = V f ( x)
- sondare ∫ x(t ) ⋅ δ (t − τ )
−∞
dt = x(τ )
∞
- filtrare ∫ X ( f ) ⋅δ ( f − f )
−∞
1 df = X ( f1 )
∫ x(t ) ⋅ γ (t ) dt = ∫ x(t ) dt
γ(t) −∞ 0
1 ⎧0 , pentru t < 0
γ (t ) = ⎨
t ⎩1 , pentru t > 0
γ(t-τ)
dγ
t
1 dt
= δ (t ) ; γ (t ) = ∫ δ (τ )dτ
−∞
τ t
∞
δ T (t ) = ∑ δ (t − kT )
k =−∞
-nT … –T T 2T …nT … t
Anδ
T T
2 2 2 2 2
Ancδ = ∫ δ T (t ) ⋅ e − j 2π nf1t
dt = ∫ δ (t ) ⋅ e − j 2π nf1t dt =
T −T T −T T
2 2 f
2 ∞ ϕn δ
⇒ δT (t ) = ∑
T n =−∞
e j 2π nf1t =
2
= [ 0.5 + cos(2π ⋅ f1t ) + cos(2π ⋅ 2 f1t ) + cos(2π ⋅ 3 f1t ) + …] -3f1 -2f1 -f1 f1 2f1 f
T
∞ ∞
δ T (t ) = ∑ δ (t − kT )
k =−∞
δ T (t − t1 ) = ∑ δ (t − t
k =−∞
1 − kT )
2 2 − j 2π nf1t1
AncδT ( t ) = AncδT (t −t1 ) = e
T T
2 2
Ancδ 'T ( t ) = ( j 2π nf1 ) Ancδ 'T ( t −t1 ) = ( j 2π nf1 ) e − j 2π nf1t1
T T
2 2
Ancδ ''T ( t ) = ( j 2π nf1 ) Ancδ ''T ( t −t1 ) = ( j 2π nf1 ) e − j 2π nf1t1
2 2
T T
2 2
Ancδ ( k ) (t ) = ( j 2π nf1 ) Ancδ ( k ) (t −t ) = ( j 2π nf1 ) e − j 2π nf1t1
k k
T
T T 1
T
t < 0 → x1 (t ) = 0
0 < t < t1 → x1 (t ) = P1 (t )
t1 < t < t2 → x1 (t ) = P1 (t ) + [ P2 (t ) − P1 (t )] = P2 (t )
t2 < t < t3 → x1 (t ) = P1 (t ) + [ P2 (t ) − P1 (t )] + [ P3 (t ) − P2 (t )] = P3 (t )
− Pλ '(t ) ⋅ γ (t − T ) − Pλ (T ) ⋅ δ (t − T )
SCS I , 2003-2004
3.3 Metoda delta periodic
3.3.1 Distributii
3.3.1 Distributii
∫ x(t )
−∞
f (t ) dt = V f ( x)
- sondare ∫ x(t ) ⋅ δ (t − τ )
−∞
dt = x(τ )
∞
- filtrare ∫ X ( f ) ⋅δ ( f − f )
−∞
1 df = X ( f1 )
x(t ) ⋅ δ (t −τ ) = x(τ ) ⋅ δ (t −τ )
!!!
X ( f ) ⋅ δ ( f − f1 ) = X ( f1 ) ⋅ δ ( f − f1 )
1 γ (t ) = ∫ δ (τ )dτ .
−∞
τ t
∞
δ T (t ) = ∑ δ (t − kT )
k =−∞
-nT … –T T 2T …nT … t
Anδ
T
2 2 2 2
Ancδ = ∫ δ T (t ) ⋅ e − j 2π nf1t
dt = ∫ δ (t ) ⋅ e − j 2π nf1t dt =
TT T −T T
2 f
2 ∞ ϕn δ
⇒ δT (t ) = ∑
T n =−∞
e j 2π nf1t =
2
= [0.5 + cos(2π ⋅ f1t ) + cos(2π ⋅ 2 f1t ) + cos(2π ⋅ 3 f1t ) + …] -3f1 -2f1 -f1 f1 2f1 f
T
∞ ∞
δ T (t ) = ∑ δ (t − kT )
k =−∞
δ T (t − t1 ) = ∑ δ (t − t
k =−∞
1 − kT )
2 2 − j 2π nf1t1
AncδT ( t ) = AncδT (t −t1 ) = e
T T
2 2
Ancδ 'T ( t ) = ( j 2π nf1 ) Ancδ 'T ( t −t1 ) = ( j 2π nf1 ) e − j 2π nf1t1
T T
2 2
Ancδ ''T ( t ) = ( j 2π nf1 ) Ancδ ''T ( t −t1 ) = ( j 2π nf1 ) e − j 2π nf1t1
2 2
T T
2 2
Ancδ ( k ) (t ) = ( j 2π nf1 ) Ancδ ( k ) (t −t ) = ( j 2π nf1 ) e − j 2π nf1t1
k k
T
T T 1
T
t < 0 → x1 (t ) = 0
0 < t < t1 → x1 (t ) = P1 (t )
t1 < t < t2 → x1 (t ) = P1 (t ) + [ P2 (t ) − P1 (t )] = P2 (t )
t2 < t < t3 → x1 (t ) = P1 (t ) + [ P2 (t ) − P1 (t )] + [ P3 (t ) − P2 (t )] = P3 (t )
− Pλ '(t ) ⋅ γ (t − T ) − Pλ (T ) ⋅ δ (t − T )
⎧ 2t 2 , t ∈ [3k ,3k + 1)
⎪
x(t ) = ⎨ 2, t ∈ [3k + 1,3k + 2)
⎪0,, t ∈ [3k + 2,3(k + 1))
⎩ 1 2 3
x’(t)
x1 (t ) = 2t 2 ⋅ γ (t ) +(2 − 2t 2 ) ⋅ γ (t − 1) − 2 ⋅ γ (t − 2) 4
− 2 ⋅ δ (t − 2) = 4t ⋅ γ (t ) −4t ⋅ γ (t − 1) − 2 ⋅ δ (t − 2)
1 2 3
∞
1 1 1 ∞
P = ∫ x 2 (t ) dt = A02 +
TT 2
∑
n =1
A = A + ∑ Anc ⋅ Anc*
2
n
2
0
2 n =1
Functii Rademacher:
rn (θ ) = sign[sin(2 n πθ )]
Functii Walsh:
n
walm (θ ) = ∏ ⎡⎣ r k (θ ) ⎤⎦
pmk
,
k =1
unde pmk = mk ⊕ mk +1
-1/2 0 1/2
Figura 3.11. Primele 16 funcţii Walsh.
SCS I -3. Semnale periodice
3.5 Analiza aproximativa a semnalelor periodice
x (θ T ) = ∑ Wk ⋅ walk (θ ) Wk = ∫ x (θ T ) ⋅ wal (θ ) dθ
k
k =0 − 12
T
K 2
1
x ( t ) = ∑Wk walk ( Tt ) Wk = ∫ x ( t ) ⋅ walk ( t
T ) dt
k =0 T −T
2
Exemplu:
K=3 1
W0 = ( I1 + I 2 + I 3 + I 4 ) x(t)
T
1
W1 = ( − I1 − I 2 + I 3 + I 4 )
T I1 I2 I3 I4
1
W2 = ( − I1 + I 2 + I 3 − I 4 )
T -T/2 -T/4 0 T/4 T/2 t
1
W3 = ( I1 − I 2 + I 3 − I 4 ) Figura 3.12. Împărţirea perioadei în
T patru intervale egale.
SCS I -3. Semnale periodice
3.5 Analiza aproximativa a semnalelor periodice
Functii Haar:
⎧ m m + 0.5
⎪ 2 p −1
, pentru ≤ θ <
2 p −1 2 p −1
⎪
⎪ m + 0.5 m +1
harn (θ ) = ⎨− 2 p −1 , pentru p −1
≤ θ < p −1
,
⎪ 2 2
⎪ 0 , in rest
⎪
⎩
n = 2 p −1 + m
unde:
n = ordinul funcţiei Haar în cadrul setului; Figura 3.13. Primele opt funcţii
p = ordinul grupei; Haar.
SCS I , 2003-2004
4. SEMNALE APERIODICE
Semnale aperiodice:
• cvasiperiodice
• impulsuri.
Observatie:
∞
∃ X ( f ) (converge) daca ∫
−∞
x(t ) ⋅ dt < ∞ (absolut integrabila)
1 ∞ ⎡2 2 ⎤ j 2π nf t
t
⇒ x ( t ) = ∑ ⎢ ⋅ ∫ x (τ ) e − j 2π nf1τ
dτ ⎥ e 1
=
2 n =−∞ ⎢⎣ T t1 ⎥⎦
∞ ⎡ t2 ⎤
= ∑ ⎢ ∫ x (τ ) e − j 2π nf1τ dτ ⎥ e j 2π nf1t ⋅ f1
⎢ t1
n =−∞ ⎣ ⎦⎥
Notam 1/ T = f1 ⇒ T → ∞, f1 → df , nf1 → f
∞
⎡∞ ⎤ j 2π ft
x (t ) = ∫ ⎢∫ ( )
x τ e − j 2π f τ
dτ ⎥ e df
−∞ ⎣ −∞ ⎦
Pereche Fourier: x (t ) ⇔ X ( f )
X ( f ) = X re ( f ) + j ⋅ X im ( f ) ,
∞
X re ( f ) = ∫ x(t ) cos(2π ft )dt ;
−∞
X re ( − f ) = X re ( f )
∞
X im ( f ) = − ∫ x (t ) sin(2π ft ) dt ; X im (− f ) = − X im ( f )
−∞
X ( f ) = X re2 ( f ) + X im2 ( f ) , X (− f ) = X ( f )
Spectrul de faze
X im ( f )
ϕ ( f ) = arctg , ϕ (− f ) = −ϕ ( f )
X re ( f )
2
Anc = X (nf1 )
T
∞
unde x(t ) = ∑ x (t − kT )
k =−∞
1
Teorema liniaritatii
α x1 (t ) + β x2 (t ) ⇔ α X 1 ( f ) + β X 2 ( f )
Teorema derivarii
x '(t ) ⇔ j 2π f X ( f )
Teorema integrarii
t
1
∫
−∞
x(τ )dτ ⇔
j 2π f
X(f )
Teorema intarzierii
x(t − t0 ) ⇔ e − j 2π f t0 X ( f )
−∞
∫ x (t ) x (t )dt = ∫ X ( f ) X
1 2
−∞
1 2 (− f )df
∞ ∞
W= ∫ x (t ) dt = ∫ X ( f ) df =
2 2
−∞ −∞
∞ ∞
= ∫ S ( f )df
−∞
= 2 ∫ S ( f )df
0
SCS I , 2003-2004
4. SEMNALE APERIODICE
Proprietati:
Rxy (τ ) = Ryx (−τ )
Rxy (τ ) ≡ 0 ⇔ x(t ), y (t ) necorelate
T −T 2 2 2
2
−∞
Proprietati:
Rxx (τ ) = Rxx (−τ )
Rxx (0) ≥ Rxx (τ )
SCS I - 4. Semnale aperiodice
4.4 Convolutia semnalelor aperiodice
Proprietatile convolutiei:
Figura 4.2 Inspectia semnalului in fasii verticale (a), respectiv orizontale (b)
∞ t
x1 (t ) = ∫ x (τ ) ⋅ δ (t − τ )
−∞
1 dτ x1 (t ) = ∫ x '(τ ) ⋅ γ (t − τ )
−∞
1 dτ
∫ x(τ ) ⋅ δ (t − τ )
−∞
dτ → ∫ x(τ ) ⋅ h(t − τ )
−∞
dτ
Figura 4.3 Sistem liniar cu o intrare
x (t ) → y ( t ) si o iesire
t t
y (t ) = x(0)a(t ) + ∫ x '(τ ) ⋅ a(t − τ ) ⋅ dτ = x(t )a(0) + ∫ x(τ ) ⋅ a '(t − τ ) ⋅ dτ =
+0 +0
(relatiile lui Duhamel)
t t
= x(0)a(t ) + ∫ x '(t − τ ) ⋅ a(τ ) ⋅ dτ = x(t )a(0) + ∫ x(t − τ ) ⋅ a '(τ ) ⋅ dτ
+0 +0
SCS I , 2003-2004
4. SEMNALE APERIODICE
Convergenta transformatei
x1 (t ) = x(t ) ⋅ e −α t
∞
∫
−∞
x1 (t ) dt ≤ ∞ ⇒
Convergenta transformatei
jω jω jω
α >a α α
Puncte critice:
-poli pk X ( pk ) = ∞
-zerouri zk X ( zk ) = 0
X ( f ) = X ( s ) s = j 2π f
( )
n
x(t ) = ∑ rez ⎡ X s ) ⋅ e pk t ⎤
p ⎣ ⎦
k =1 k
n
Pt. poli simpli x(t ) = ∑ ak ⋅ e pk t
k =1
t ⋅ x(t ) ⇔ − X '( s )
Teorema integrarii imaginii
∞
x(t )
⇔ ∫ X ( s )ds
t s
d n y (t ) dy (t ) d m x(t ) dx(t )
an + " + a1 + a0 y (t ) = bm + " + b1 + b0 x(t )
dt n dt dt m dt
in conditii initiale nule
Y ( s ) bm s m + " + b1s + b0
⇒ =
X ( s ) an s n + " + a1s + a0
Figura 4.3 Sistem liniar cu o
Functia de transfer (f.d.t) intrare si o iesire
Y ( s)
H (s) =
X ( s) conditiiinitiale nule
Observatii:
H ( s ) = L {h(t )}
H ( jω ) = H ( s ) s = jω
5.1 Generalitati
5.4 Transformata Z
5.1 Generalitati
x(t) xT(t)
x(t) xT(t)
t t
xT (t ) = x(t ) ⋅ pτ T (t )
1 ∞
∑ ncp
j 2π nf p t
pτ (t ) = A0 +
T
A ⋅ e t
2 n =−∞ ,n ≠ 0
pτT(t)
1 τ 2
unde : fp = ; A0 = ; Ancp = ⋅τ ⋅ Sa (π nf p t )
T T T
xT(t) t
∞
1
∑
j 2π nf p t
xT (t ) = A0 ⋅ x(t ) + A ⋅
ncp ⎣
⎡ x (t ) ⋅ e ⎤
2 n =−∞ ,n ≠ 0 ⎦
1 ∞
⇒ X T ( f ) = A0 ⋅ X ( f ) + ∑
2 n =−∞ ,n ≠ 0
Ancp ⋅ X ( f − nf p ) t
SCS I , 2003-2004
5. SEMNALE ESANTIONATE
5.1 Generalitati
5.4 Transformata Z
5.1 Generalitati
a) b) c)
xT (t ) = x(t ) ⋅ pτ T (t )
Figura 5.2 Esantionarea reala
∞
1
∑ ncp
j 2π nf p t
pτ T (t ) = A ⋅ e
2 n =−∞
1 2
unde : f p = ; Ancp = ⋅τ ⋅ Sa (π nf p t )
T T
1 ∞
xT (t ) = ∑ Ancp ⋅ ⎡⎣ x(t ) ⋅ e
j 2π nf p t
⎤
2 n =−∞ ⎦
1 ∞
⇒ X T ( f ) = ∑ Ancp ⋅ X ( f − nf p )
2 n =−∞
Figura 5.3. Spectrele semnalului analog (a), al trenului de impulsuri (b) şi al semnalului eşantionat (c).
∞
xT (t ) = x (t ) ⋅ δ T (t ) = ∑ x(kT )
k = −∞
δ (t − kT )
1 ∞
X T ( f ) = ∑ X ( f − nf p )
T n = −∞
5.4 Transformata Z
• Transformata Z bilaterala
∞
X ( z) = ∑ x(kT )
k =−∞
z −k = X + ( z) + X − ( z)
• Transformata Z unilaterala
∞
X ( z ) = X + ( z ) = ∑ x(kT ) ⋅ z − k
k =0
5.4 Transformata Z
z = e sT
5.4 Transformata Z
Proprietati: x(t ) ⇔ X ( z )
Liniaritatea
α ⋅ x ( n) + β ⋅ x ( n) ⇔ α ⋅ X ( z ) + β ⋅ X ( z )
1 2 1 2
Intarzierea secventei
x1 ( n) = {x ( n − k )} ⇔ X 1 ( z ) = z − k X ( z )
Convolutia secventelor ∞
{ y (n)} = {x(n)} ⊗ {h(n)} = ∑{x(k )}{h(n − k )} ⇔ Y ( z ) = X ( z ) ⋅ H ( z )
k =0
5.4 Transformata Z
Transformarea Z-biliniară (TZB)
x 2 x3 x 4
ln(1 + x) = x − + − + …
2 3 4 1+ x x3 x5
⇒ ln = 2( x + + − …)
x 2
x 3
x 4
1 − x 3 5
ln(1 − x) = − x − − − − …
2 3 4
1 1 1+ x 2 z −1
⇒s= ln z = ln
T T 1− x T z +1
1
TZB{x(t )} = X ( s ) s=
2 z −1
T T z +1
X r ( f ) = XT ( f ) ⋅ F ( f )
∞
x(t ) = ∑ x(kT )
k =−∞
Sa[π f p (t − kT )]
x ''(kT )
xr (t ) = x(kT ) + x '(kT ) (t − kT ) + (t − kT ) 2 + …, t ∈ [kT , (k + 1)T )
2
1
x '(kT ) = { x(kT ) − x[(k − 1)T ]}
T
1
unde : x ''(kT ) = {x(kT ) − 2 x[(k − 1)T ] + x[(k − 2)T ]}
T2
⇒ H 0 ( f ) = T ⋅ Sa (π fT ) ⋅ e
− j 2π f T
2
X r ( f ) = XT ( f ) ⋅ H0 ( f )
a) b)
Figura 5.11. Răspunsul extrapolatorului de ordinul I (a)
şi funcţia sa pondere (b).
Filtrarea combinata
τ>>T
τ=2T
τ=0.5T
SCS I , 2003-2004
6. SEMNALE MODULATE
xM (t ) = X (t ) ⋅ cos Φ (t ) = X (t ) ⋅ cos(2π f pt + ϕ (t ))
⇓
fazor xM = X (t ) ⋅ e jϕ ( t )
{
xM (t ) = Re xM ⋅ e
j 2π f p t
} Figura 6.1. Reprezentarea
fazorială a unui semnal modulat.
Anvelope:
I+ = X p [1 + g m (t )] = X p [1 + m xm (t )]
I − = − X p [1 + g m (t )] = − X p [1 + m xm (t )]
a) b) c)
Daca min{gm(t)} <-1 ⇒ intrepatrunderea
Figura 6.2. Funcţia modulatoare controlează
anvelopelor=supramodulatie (figura 6.2c) amplitudinea semnalului modulat.
X max − X min
m=
X max + X min
a) b)
⎡ ∞
⎤
xMA (t ) = X p ⎢1 + ∑ mk ⋅ cos(2π f k t + ϕ k ) ⎥ ⋅ cos(2π f pt + ϕ p )
⎣ k =1 ⎦
⎛ 1 ∞ 2⎞
PMA = Pp ⎜1 + ∑ mk ⎟
⎝ 2 k =1 ⎠
xMA (t ) = X p ⋅ cos(2π f pt + ϕ p ) +
m jϕ j 2π f t m − jϕ − j 2π f p t
+ ⋅ X p ⋅ e p ⎡⎣ xm (t ) ⋅ e p ⎤⎦ + ⋅ X p ⋅ e p ⎡⎣ xm (t ) ⋅ e ⎤
⎦
2 2
⇓
1 jϕ − jϕ
X MA ( f ) = X p ⎡⎣ e p ⋅ δ ( f − f p ) + e p ⋅ δ ( f + f p ) ⎤⎦ +
2
m jϕ m − jϕ
+ ⋅ X p ⋅e p ⋅ Xm( f − fp) + ⋅ X p ⋅e p ⋅ Xm( f + fp)
2 2
f p − fs > 0 ⇒ f p > fs
Redresare dubla-alternanta
2 2
xr 2 (t ) = Xp + mX p xm (t ) +
π π
X p [1 + mxm (t )] cos ( 2π ⋅ 2 f pt + 2ϕ p ) −
4
+
3π
X p [1 + mxm (t )] cos ( 2π ⋅ 4 f pt + 4ϕ p ) + …
4
−
15π
Redresare mono-alternanta
1 1 2
xr1 (t ) = + cos(2π f pt + ϕ p ) + cos(2π ⋅ 2 f pt + 2ϕ p ) −
π 2 3π
2
− cos(2π ⋅ 4 f pt + 4ϕ p ) + … Figura 6.9. Demodularea semnalului MA – spectre.
15π
xBLD (t ) = m ⋅ xm (t ) ⋅ X p cos(2π f p t + ϕ p )
a) b)
Figura 6.11. Comparaţie între MA şi modulaţia BLD.
m2 PBLD m2
PBLD = Pp ⇒ =
2 PMA 2 + m2
BBLD = 2 Bm
Figura 6.12. Reducerea de putere.
SCS I - 6. Semnale modulate
6. SEMNALE MODULATE
SCS I , 2003-2004
6. SEMNALE MODULATE
Anvelope:
I+ = X p [1 + g m (t )] = X p [1 + m xm (t )]
I − = − X p [1 + g m (t )] = − X p [1 + m xm (t )]
a) b) c)
Daca min{gm(t)} <-1 ⇒ intrepatrunderea
Figura 6.2. Funcţia modulatoare controlează
anvelopelor=supramodulatie (figura 6.2c) amplitudinea semnalului modulat.
xBLD (t ) = m ⋅ xm (t ) ⋅ X p cos(2π f p t + ϕ p )
a) b)
Figura 6.11. Comparaţie între MA şi modulaţia BLD.
m2 PBLD m2
PBLD = Pp ⇒ =
2 PMA 2 + m2
BBLD = 2 Bm
Figura 6.12. Reducerea de putere.
SCS I - 6. Semnale modulate
6. SEMNALE MODULATE
BDMA = 2 ( f sp + Bm )
anvelope I + = 2 [ 1 + xm1 (t ) ]
BMPO = f sp + max ( Bm1 , Bm 2 )
I− = −2 [ 1 + xm 2 (t )]
Modulatie in faza MP
ϕ (t ) = ϕ p + g m (t ) ⇒ xMP (t ) = X p cos (2π f p t + ϕ p + g m (t ))
Daca
xm (t ) = X m cos (2π f m t + ϕm )
atunci
g m (t ) = ∆ϕ ⋅ cos (2π f mt + ϕm )
xMP (t ) = X p cos ⎡⎢⎣ 2π f p t + ϕ p + ∆ϕ ⋅ cos (2π f m t + ϕm )⎤⎥⎦ Figura 6.25. Diagrama
fazorială.
Modulatie in frecventa MF
f (t ) = f p + g m (t )
1 d Φ (t ) ⇒ Φ(t ) = 2π f p ⋅ t + ϕ p + 2π ∫ g m (t )dt
f (t ) = ⋅
2π dt
(
⇒ xMF (t ) = X p ⋅ cos 2π f p t + ϕ p + 2π ∫ g m (t )dt )
Daca
g m (t ) = ∆f ⋅ cos(2π f m t + ϕm )
atunci
⎡ ∆ f ⎤
xMF (t ) = X p ⋅ cos ⎢ 2π f p t + ϕ p + ⋅ sin(2π f m t + ϕm )⎥
⎢ fm ⎥
⎣ ⎦
∆f
β= = indice de modulaţie
fm
⎪ ∞
Daca ⎨ sin( β sin α m ) = 2∑ J 2 k +1 ( β ) ⋅ sin[(2k + 1)α m ] ,
⎪ k =0
⎪ (−1)i J i ( β ) = J − i ( β )
⎪
⎩
∞
atunci xMF (t ) = ∑X
n =−∞
p (
J n ( β ) ⋅ cos 2π ( f p + nf m ) t + ϕ p + nϕ m )
∞
xMF (t ) = ∑X
n =−∞
p (
J n ( β ) cos 2π ( f p + nf m ) t + ϕ p + nϕ m )
1
PMF = PMP = Pp = X p2
2
BMF = 2 N f m = 2(1 + β ) f m
( )
BMF = 2 1 + β + β f m − relatia lui Manaev
BMF = 2( f m max + ∆f ) = 2 Bm + 2∆f − relatia lui Carson
SCS I , 2003-2004
6. SEMNALE MODULATE
Daca
xm (t ) = X m cos (2π f m t + ϕm )
atunci
g m (t ) = ∆ϕ ⋅ cos (2π f mt + ϕm )
xMP (t ) = X p cos ⎡⎢⎣ 2π f p t + ϕ p + ∆ϕ ⋅ cos (2π f m t + ϕm )⎤⎥⎦ Figura 6.25. Diagrama
fazorială.
Daca ∞
xm (t ) = ∑ X mk ⋅ cos(2π f mk t + ϕmk )
k =1
atunci
⎡ ∞ ⎤
xMP (t ) = X p ⋅ cos ⎢ 2π f p t + ϕ p + ∑ ∆ϕmk ⋅ cos(2π f mk t + ϕmk )⎥ ≠
⎢⎣ k =1
⎥⎦
∞
≠ X p ⋅ ∑ cos ⎡⎣⎢ 2π f p t + ϕ p + ∆ϕmk ⋅ cos(2π f mk t + ϕmk )⎤⎦⎥
k =1
MP este neliniara!!!
Daca
g m (t ) = ∆f ⋅ cos(2π f m t + ϕm )
atunci
⎡ ∆ f ⎤
xMF (t ) = X p ⋅ cos ⎢ 2π f p t + ϕ p + ⋅ sin(2π f m t + ϕm )⎥
⎢ fm ⎥
⎣ ⎦
∆f
β= = indice de modulaţie
fm
Daca ∞
xm (t ) = ∑ X mk ⋅ cos(2π f mk t + ϕmk )
k =1
atunci
⎡ ∞ ⎤
xMF (t ) = X p ⋅ cos ⎢ 2π f p t + ϕ p + ∑ βmk ⋅ sin(2π f mk t + ϕmk )⎥ ≠
⎢⎣ k =1
⎥⎦
∞
≠ X p ⋅ ∑ cos ⎡⎣⎢ 2π f p t + ϕ p + βmk ⋅ sin(2π f mk t + ϕmk )⎤⎦⎥
k =1
MF este neliniara!!!
{ Modulatia in pozitie MP
Modulatia in frecventa MF
= Modulatie neliniara
⎪ ∞
Daca ⎨ sin( β sin α m ) = 2∑ J 2 k +1 ( β ) ⋅ sin[(2k + 1)α m ] ,
⎪ k =0
⎪ (−1)i J i ( β ) = J − i ( β )
⎪
⎩
∞
atunci xMF (t ) = ∑X
n =−∞
p (
J n ( β ) ⋅ cos 2π ( f p + nf m ) t + ϕ p + nϕ m )
∞
xMF (t ) = ∑X
n =−∞
p (
J n ( β ) cos 2π ( f p + nf m ) t + ϕ p + nϕ m )
1
PMF = PMP = Pp = X p2
2
BMF = 2 N f m = 2(1 + β ) f m
( )
BMF = 2 1 + β + β f m − relatia lui Manaev
BMF = 2( f m max + ∆f ) = 2 Bm + 2∆f − relatia lui Carson