RELAII ECONOMICE INTERNAIONALE / INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS

TENDINE N DEZVOLTAREA TURISMULUI MONDIAL CONTEMPORAN

Drd. asist. univ. Ana TURCOV, ASEM
Provocrile generate de criza economic global, terorism, epidemii care, prin urmare, au afectat direct industria mondial a turismului, au pus problema, la nivel global, de abordare a turismului ntr-o viziune nou, mai complex. Astfel, OMT i Consiliul Mondial al Turismului i Cltoriilor consider c aceast abordare va fi o condiie important pentru dezvoltarea destinaiilor de primire i a comunitilor locale. Noul Turism ndrznete s cuprind o nou dimensiune a cltoriilor i turismului ca rspuns matur pentru o lume mai complicat. Contientizarea global a importanei turismului a declanat o viziune nou privind oportunitile pe care le ofer turismul mondial. Una din cele mai complexe industrii pe plan mondial s-a dovedit a fi industria turismului. n secolul XXI, turismul apare ca un fenomen economico-social caracteristic societii moderne, influenat de dezvoltarea tehnologiilor informaionale, a transporturilor, infrastructurii, sistemelor tehnice din sectorul hotelier. Aceste schimbri au contribuit la creterea gradului de globalizare n cadrul industriei turistice mondiale. Cercetrile n domeniul turismului internaional relev faptul c turismul are un impact major asupra destinaiilor turistice, economiilor, culturilor i mediului ambiant. Turismul acioneaz ca un factor stimulator al economiei mondiale, contribuind cu peste 10% la PIB- ul global. Turismul internaional este un generator al locurilor de munc i, astfel, favorizeaz la reducerea omajului pe plan mondial. Ca parte integrant a sectorului teriar, turismul ocup un loc important n structura comerului internaional de servicii. Noile tendine n dezvoltarea industriei turismului arat c aceasta reprezint una din principalele forme de legtur ntre naiuni att pe plan intern, ct i internaional. Cltoriile devin o component important a procesului complex de instruire a populaiei. De menionat c turismul internaional i relaiile internaionale sunt strns legate ntre ele, astfel nct turismul, prin esena sa, neag orice conflicte politice, acte de agresiune i rzboaie. Turismul cultiv un spirit de nelegere reciproc ntre oameni i contribuie la cunoaterea diversitii culturale ale altor naiuni, la educaia i apropierea persoanelor n scopul nelegerii, pcii i colaborrii internaionale. n definiiile formulate asupra turismului internaional, de-a lungul anilor, s-a pus accentul, n special, pe ideea deplasrii traversnd frontierele n scopuri de odihn, agrement, afaceri i reuniuni. Indicatorii turismului trebuie s se sprijine pe

CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL TRENDS IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

PhD candidate Ana TURCOV, AESM
The challenges generated by the global economic crisis, terrorism, epidemic diseases, which affected directly the world tourism industry, have globally posed the approach to tourism in a new, complex vision. Thus, the WTO and the World Tourism and Travel Council consider that this will be an important condition for the development of arrival destinations and local communities. The New Tourism dares to include a new dimension of travel and tourism as a mature response to a more complex world. The global awareness of the importance of tourism has triggered a new vision to the opportunities that the global tourism represents. One of the largest industries in the world has proved to be the tourism industry. In the XXI century tourism emerges as a socio-economic phenomenon specific to the modern society, influenced by the development of information technologies, transportation, infrastructure, technical systems in the hospitality sector. These changes have contributed to the increase of globalization in the world tourism industry. The researches on international tourism underline the fact that tourism has a major impact on tourist destinations, economies, cultures and environment. The tourism industry acts as a stimulating factor in the economy contributing over 10% of global GDP. International tourism creates new jobs and thus, is reducing unemployment in the world. As part of the tertiary sector, tourism plays an important role in the structure of international trade services. The new trends in development of tourism industry show that tourism is one of the main forms of connection between nations at the national and international level as well. Travel has become an important component of the complex process of education of the population. Note that international tourism and international relations are closely linked, so that tourism, by its nature denies any political conflicts, wars and acts of aggression. In order to achieve an international collaboration, peace and mutual agreement, tourism helps people to acquire a higher level of understanding among them and contributes to a better knowledge of the cultural diversity of other nations, education and peoples approach. Over the years the international tourism definitions emphasized the idea of movement across borders for purposes of recreation, leisure and business meetings. 141

Revista / Journal ECONOMICA nr4 (74) 2010

RELAII ECONOMICE INTERNAIONALE / INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS

noiunile i definiiile oficiale cu coninut unitar, incluse n documentaia tehnic a Organizaiei Mondiale a Turismului (OMT). Astfel, se consider vizitator strin orice persoan, indiferent de naionalitate, care are reedin n exteriorul rii pe care o viziteaz i care cltorete cu orice alt motiv dect cel de a exercita o activitate remunerat n aceast ar. Toi cltorii n cadrul activitilor de turism sunt desemnai de termenul vizitator. Termenul acesta devine conceptul de baz n sistemul de indicatori statistici ai turismului i este determinant n clasificarea cltorilor, recomandat de OMT. De remarcat c importanta industriei turismului crete att la nivel naional, ct i internaional, dar, totui, criza economic mondial din ultimii ani a afectat i aceast industrie. n mod special, anul 2009 a fost un an deosebit de dificil pentru turismul internaional, care a fost influenat direct de criza financiar global, dar i de gripa pandemic H1N1. Conform cercetrilor OMT, n anul 2009, n toate regiunile lumii s-au nregistrat mai puini vizitatori dect n anul 2008, cu excepia Africii i Americii de Sud. Impactul a fost mai pronunat n Europa, unde scderea a fost de 10%, n condiiile n care majoritatea rilor au fost n recesiune. Aceast scdere a fost nregistrat n perioada ianuarie-aprilie 2009, fa de aceeai perioad a anului trecut. n aceast perioad au fost nregistrate 247 milioane de vizitatori, spre deosebire de 269 milioane n anul 2008. America de Nord a avut de suferit n urma recesiunii, care a afectat economia turismului Statelor Unite att ca pia, dar i ca destinaie. America de Sud a fost singura regiune, pe lng Africa, care a nregistrat o cretere de 2%. n Asia i Pacific s-a nregistrat o scdere de 6%, iar n Orientul Mijlociu se estimeaz o scdere de 18%. Creterea de 3%, nregistrat n Africa, se datoreaz turismului dezvoltat n staiunile de pe coasta Mediteranei. Provocrile generate de criza economic global, terorism, epidemii care, prin urmare, au afectat direct industria mondial a turismului, au pus problema, la nivel global, de abordare a turismului ntr-o viziune nou, mai complex. Astfel, OMT i Consiliul Mondial al Turismului i Cltoriilor consider c aceast abordare va fi o condiie important pentru dezvoltarea destinaiilor de primire i a comunitilor locale. Noul Turism ndrznete s cuprind o nou dimensiune a cltoriilor i turismului ca rspuns matur pentru o lume mai complicat. Contientizarea global a importanei turismului a declanat o viziune nou la oportunitile pe care le ofer turismul mondial. Noul Turism este o cale nou de parteneriat coerent ntre sectorul privat i autoritile publice i este orientat spre furnizarea comercial a produselor de calitate, dar ntr-un mod care s asigure beneficii pentru comunitile locale. Noul Turism se orienteaz dincolo de consideraiile pe termen scurt. Acesta se concentreaz pe beneficii nu numai pentru persoanele care cltoresc, dar i pentru 142

Tourism indicators should be based on the unit content official definitions, listed in the technical documents of the WTO. Thus defining foreign visitor, people who travel outside their usual environment and travel for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited. All the travelers in the tourism activities areas are called visitors. The term of visitor becomes the main concept in the tourism statistics, recommended by WTO. Even though the tourism industry has a major importance the industry was affected as well by the world economic crisis. The 2009 was a particularly challenging year, the Industry had to face the fall-out from the financial crisis and the H1N1 influenza pandemic. According to WTO research in all regions in 2009 were recorded fewer visitors than in 2008 except Africa and South America. In the conditions of world recession, Europe had a major impact with a decline of 10%. The decrease was registered in January-April 2009 compared to the same period last year. In this period were recorded 247 million visitors, unlike 2008 with 269 million. The recession affected also and North Americas economy, as a market and as a destination as well. South America was the only region, besides Africa, which recorded an increase of 2%. In Asia and the Pacific has been registered a decrease of 6%, regarding the Middle East, the data are incomplete, although it is expected to decrease 18%. Due to the development of tourism resorts on the Mediterranean coast Africa registered a growth of 3%. The challenges generated by the global economic crisis, terrorism, epidemic diseases, which affected directly the world tourism industry, have globally posed the approach to tourism in a new, complex vision. Thus, the WTO and the World Tourism and Travel Council consider that this will be an important condition for the development of arrival destinations and local communities. The New Tourism dares to include a new dimension of travel and tourism as a mature response to a more complex world. The global awareness of the importance of tourism has triggered a new vision to the opportunities that the global tourism represents. The New Tourism is a new way towards a coherent partnership between the private sector and the public authorities and is oriented towards the commercial provision of quality products, in such a way that it would ensure benefits to local communities. The New Tourism is oriented beyond short term considerations. It focuses on benefits not only for people that travel, but also for people in the communities they visit, and their natural, social and cultural environments.

Revista / Journal ECONOMICA nr4 (74) 2010

RELAII ECONOMICE INTERNAIONALE / INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS

oamenii din comunitile pe care le viziteaz, i pentru mediile naturale, sociale i culturale respective. Concepia de dezvoltare pentru Noul Turism se bazeaz pe urmtoarele principii: 1. Guvernele recunosc cltoriile i turismul drept un domeniu prioritar al economiei. 2. Proiectele turistice se vor realiza n baza unui echilibru dintre business i economia naional, cu participarea oamenilor din domeniul culturii i a proteciei mediului nconjurtor. 3. Asigurarea procesului de cretere economic pe termen lung prin intermediul dezvoltrii turismului i cltoriilor. Noul Turism cere industriei turistice s creeze un echilibru corect intre mediul de afaceri i calitatea vast a necesitilor de via a comunitilor locale. Sectorul privat poate fi un catalizator al dezvoltrii durabile i un factor care contribuie la creterea demnitii oamenilor din locurile vizitate de turiti. Pe plan intern, sectorul turistic trebuie sa ajusteze planificarea de afaceri calitatea serviciilor i a produselor, precum i s adopte politici care vor respecta interesele comunitilor locale. Pe plan extern, sectorul turistic trebuie s foloseasc oportunitile de ajutor pentru economiile n dezvoltare i s asigure conservarea i protejarea mediului natural i cultural . Dependena angajamentului sectorului turistic fa de oameni, comuniti i mediu poate sa contribuie la dezvoltarea i extinderea turismului pe plan mondial. Au fost determinate mai multe obiective privind direciile de dezvoltare ale Noului Turism n sectorul privat: Extinderea pieelor prin promovarea i protecia patrimoniului natural i cultural din destinaiile de primire; Dezvoltarea sistemului de educaie, perfecionarea relaiilor dintre angajai, carier, promovarea ntreprinderilor mici, ridicarea gradului de contientizare privind aplicarea msurilor de protecie a mediului nconjurtor; Furnizarea produselor turistice i diversificarea produsului imaginar, care va reduce sezonalitatea n turism i va mri beneficiile industriei; mbuntirea calitii produselor i a serviciilor turistice; Implementarea standardelor de calitate la toate nivelurile i n toate sferele, inclusiv traininguri pentru fora de munc angajat n turism; Transferul de abiliti i practici ale industriei turistice internaionale, care aduc beneficii i eficien sporit; Coordonarea sectorului, turistic cu deciziile strategice ale mediului de afaceri; Comunicarea eficienta cu organizaiile din turism, cu guvernele la nivel strategic i local. De menionat c OMT a stabilit anumite angajamente ale industriei turistice mondiale, care pot fi realizate pe principii de cooperare internaional:

The concept for the development of new tourism is based on the following principles: 1. Governments recognize travel and tourism as a priority area of the economy 2. Tourism projects will be based on a balance between business and national economy with the participation of people from cultural and environmental protection areas. 3. Assuring the process of the long term economic growth by developing tourism and travel. New Tourism requires the tourism industry to create a fair balance between the business area and the quality of local communities life needs. The private sector can be a catalyst for sustainable development and a factor that contributes to the growth of human dignity due to the places visited by tourists. Locally, the tourism sector should adjust business planning, the quality of products and services and adopt policies according to the interests of local communities. Externally, the tourism sector should use the opportunities for emerging economies and assure the preservation and protection of natural and cultural environments. The commitment of dependency of the tourism sector towards people, communities and environment can contribute to the expansion and development of tourism worldwide. Several objectives have been determined concerning development directions of new tourism in the private sector: Market expansion through promotion and protection of natural and cultural patrimony from reception destinations; Development of education systems, employee relations, career, small business, promotion, raising awareness concerning environment protection; Provision of tourist products and diversification of imaginary products that would reduce seasonality and increase industry benefits; Quality improvement of tourist products and services; Quality standards implementation at all levels and in all spheres, including trainings for tourism employees; International tourism skill and practice transfer which brings increased efficiency and benefit; Coordination between the tourism sector and business area strategic decisions; Effective communication of organizations inside tourism with governments on a local and strategic level. The WTO has set some global tourism industry commitments, which can be achieved on the principles of international cooperation: compliance of the best tourism practices from the tourism development with regional affairs, 143

Revista / Journal ECONOMICA nr4 (74) 2010

RELAII ECONOMICE INTERNAIONALE / INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS

alinierea celor mai bune practici din dezvoltarea turismului cu politicile privind afacerile regionale, transportul, resursele umane, mediul, infrastructura i dezvoltarea rural; asigurarea parteneriatului dintre sectoarele public i privat n pregtirea comun de master- planurilor pentru dezvoltarea durabil a ntregilor destinii sau regiunilor de odihn i recreiere; crearea unor servicii locale pentru consultarea acionarilor; reconstrucia panourilor naionale din turism prin parteneriat dintre sectoarele public i privat; avertizarea pericolelor de dezvoltare excesiv i neplanificat n anumite regiuni; dezvoltarea resurselor umane i desfurarea efectiv a abilitilor prin intermediul planificrii i prin legislaie, care evit limitele bazate pe reedin i alte criterii; asigurarea colaborrii n domeniul de informaii, pentru analiza sectorului turistic i elaborarea de politici; stimularea lucrului n echip la organizarea respectrii drepturilor i securitii vizitatorilor; promovarea i dezvoltarea ncrederii prin turism ntre naiuni. Noul Turism ofer prioritate activitilor economice, care sporesc calitatea vieii i ofer noi oportuniti pentru prosperitatea local. Avantajul poate fi ctigat de rile care vor reui s integreze necesitile industriei turistice mondiale cu politicile naionale. n acest sens, va fi necesar de ntreprins un ir de aciuni care vor contribui la ridicarea turismului de la nivel naional strategic la nivel superior de politic turistic internaional, bazat pe extinderea i diversificarea ofertelor de produse turistice mondiale de calitate i promovarea experienei managementului inovaional i a responsabilitii sociale.

transport, human resources, environment, rural infrastructure and development policies; assurance of the partnership between public and private sectors in order to prepare common master-plan, for sustainable development , leisure and recreational destinations; creation of local consulting services for shareholders; tourism national boards reconstruction through partnership between private and public sectors; warning about the dangers of excessive and unplanned development in some regions; human resources development and effective deployment of skills through planning and legislation that would avoid limits based on residency and other criteria; ensuring cooperation in the field of information for tourism sector analysis and policy development; teamwork incitement in assuring visitors rights and security; promotion and development of trust between nations. The New Tourism gives priority to economic activities that enhance life quality and offers new opportunities for local prosperity. The advantage can be gained by countries that will succeed in integrating global tourism industry requirements with national policies. It will require to undertake a series of actions that will contribute to raise tourism from a national strategic level to a superior international tourism policy, based on the expansion and diversification of world tourism quality products supply and promotion of innovative management experience and social responsibility.

144

Revista / Journal ECONOMICA nr4 (74) 2010