Relative clauses se folosesc pentru a da informatii despre un anumit subiect fara a

incepe o noua propozitie. Astfel, in loc sa ai doua propozitii scurte despartite de virgula,
vei introduce un relative pronoun(who, which, whose, whom, that) pentru a le lega.
Astfel obtii o propozitie mai complexa dar fluenta, in acelasi timp evitand repetarea
unor anumite cuvinte care nu ar face decat sa ingreuneze textul/propozitia. Sa trecem la
exemple:

1. Do you know that girl? She has a ponytail.
------> Do you know that girl WHO has a ponytail?
2. He got angry. It surprised me.
------> He got angry, WHICH surprised me.
3. Do you like that girl? Her mother is a nurse.
-------> Do you like the girl WHOSE mother is a nurse?
4.I don't like the table. It stands in the kitchen.
-------> I don't liek the table THAT stands in the kitchen.
etc.
Again, nu stiu exact nivelul tau, dar presupun ca daca studiati astea la scoala, nu e
nevoie sa iti traduc propozitiile. Sper ca te-am ajutat si bafta in continuare.
Fiecare se folosesc pentru ceva
WHICH=care, cine-doar pentru obiecte/animale;
WHO=cine-doar pentru persoane
WHOSE=al cui/al carui-pentru persoane si obiecte;
THAT=WHO/WHICH dar fara virgula inainte.
De exemplu eu stiu ca faceam exercitii de genu :
Rachel is my best friend. She is an actress. Si le imbinam asa :
Rachel, who is my best friend, is an actress.
Relative clauses sunt simple, introduse prin who, which, where etc. si in
esenta reprezinta descrierea subiectului/definirea lui/specificarea lui.
The people who got on the bus were there on time.
The shop where I bought my shoes is not far from here.

Destul de clar, ma refer la oamenii care s-au urcat in autobuz si la magazinul de la care
mi-am cumparat pantofii.
Dar, in cele doua cazuri de mai jos va exista acum o diferenta in sensul propozitiei:
(a) The people who got on the bus were there on time.
(b) The people, who got on the bus, were there on time.

In cazul (a) vorbim de oamenii care s-au urcat in autobuz si DOAR de acestia.
Doar cei care s-au urcat au ajuns la timp. Se subintelege ca mai erau si altii, care nu s-au
urcat in autobuz/nu au ajuns la timp. Pentru ca este vorba de un grup cunoscut aici,
vorbim despre defining relative clause.
In cazul (b) vorbim despre toti care s-au urcat in autobuz, care toti s-au urcat si toti au
ajuns la timp. Nu definim un grup de aceea vorbim de non-defining clause.
Incercati si voi cu urmatoarul exemplu:
The travellers who knew about the floods took another road.
The travellers, who knew about the floods, took another road.

WHICH/THAT/WHO (Relative Clauses)
Regula este simpla: cand este vorba de
PERSOANA WHO/THAT
OBIECT, FENOMEN etc. WHICH/THAT
LOC/LOCATIE WHERE

The boy who/that fell ill
The program which/that I implemented
She shop where I bought my shoes.

Dar nu
The boy which I saw.




Relative clause
We can use relative clauses to join two English sentences, or to give more
information about something.
I bought a new car. It is very fast.
I bought a new car that is very fast.
She lives in New York. She likes living in New York.
She lives in New York, which she likes.
Defining and Non-defining
A defining relative clause tells which noun we are talking about:
I like the woman who lives next door.
(If I don't say 'who lives next door', then we don't know which woman
I mean).
A non-defining relative clause gives us extra information about
something. We don't need this information to understand the sentence.
I live in London, which has some fantastic parks.
(Everybody knows where London is, so 'which has some fantastic
parks' is extra information).
Defining relative clauses:
1: The relative pronoun is the subject:
First, let's consider when the relative pronoun is the subject of a defining
relative clause.
We can use 'who', 'which' or 'that'. We use 'who' for people and 'which' for
things. We can use 'that' for people or things.
The relative clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence.
We can't drop the relative pronoun.
For example (clause after the object of the sentence):
I'm looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer well.
She has a son who / that is a doctor.
We bought a house which / that is 200 years old.
I sent a letter which / that arrived three weeks later.
More examples (clause after the subject of the sentence):
The people who / that live on the island are very friendly.
The man who / that phoned is my brother.
The camera which / that costs 100 is over there.
The house which / that belongs to Julie is in London.
2: The relative pronoun is the object:
Next, let's talk about when the relative pronoun is the object of the clause.
In this case we can drop the relative pronoun if we want to. Again, the
clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. Here are
some examples:
(Clause after the object)
She loves the chocolate (which / that) I bought.
We went to the village (which / that) Lucy recommended.
John met a woman (who / that) I had been to school with.
The police arrested a man (who / that) Jill worked with.
(Clause after the subject)
The bike (which / that) I loved was stolen.
The university (which / that) she likes is famous.
The woman (who / that) my brother loves is from Mexico.
The doctor (who / that) my grandmother liked lives in New York.
Non-defining relative clauses:
We don't use 'that' in non-defining relative clauses, so we need to use
'which' if the pronoun refers to a thing, and 'who' if it refers to a person. We
can't drop the relative pronoun in this kind of clause, even if the relative
pronoun is the subject of the clause.
(Clause comes after the subject)
My boss, who is very nice, lives in Manchester.
My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about cars.
My bicycle, which I've had for more than ten years, is falling apart.
My mother's house, which I grew up in, is very small.
(Clause comes after the object)
Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who lives in New York.
The photographer called to the Queen, who looked annoyed.
Last week I bought a new computer, which I don't like now.
I really love the new Chinese restaurant, which we went to last night.
Prepositions and relative clauses
If the verb in the relative clause needs a preposition, we put it at the end of
the clause:
For example:
listen to
The music is good. Julie listens to the music.
The music (which / that) Julie listens to is good.
work with
My brother met a woman. I used to work with the woman.
My brother met a woman (who / that) I used to work with.
go to
The country is very hot. He went to the country.
The country (which / that) he went to is very hot.
come from
I visited the city. John comes from the city.
I visited the city (that / which) John comes from.
apply for
The job is well paid. She applied for the job.
The job (which / that) she applied for is well paid.

Whose
'Whose' is always the subject of the relative clause and can't be left out. It
replaces a possessive. It can be used for people and things.
The dog is over there. The dog's / its owner lives next door.
The dog whose owner lives next door is over there.
The little girl is sad. The little girl's / her doll was lost.
The little girl whose doll was lost is sad.
The woman is coming tonight. Her car is a BMW.
The woman whose car is a BMW is coming tonight.
The house belongs to me. Its roof is very old.
The house whose roof is old belongs to me.
Where / when / why
We can sometimes use these question words instead of relative pronouns
and prepositions.
I live in a city. I study in the city.

I live in the city where I study.
I live in the city that / which I study in.
I live in the city in which I study.
The bar in Barcelona is still there. I met my wife in that bar.

The bar in Barcelona where I met my wife is still there.
The bar in Barcelona that / which I met my wife in is still there.
The bar in Barcelona in which I met my wife is still there.
The summer was long and hot. I graduated from university in the summer.

The summer when I graduated from university was long and hot.
The summer that / which I graduated from university in was long and
hot.
The summer in which I graduated was long and hot.

"IF conditional" in engleza - forma I

Conditionala I exprima o conditie reala i posibila.

Exemplu:
If it rains, you will need an umbrella.
Daca va ploua, vei avea nevoie de o umbrela.

Propozitia conditionala este o propozitie secundara ce depinde de una principala. In
propozitia secundara pedicatul sta la present, pe cand in cea principala avem will+
infinitiv scurt.
Exemplu:
If I leave now, I will get home at 7 oclock.
Daca plec acum, voi ajunge acasa la ora 7.

If precede conditionala, dar conditionala poate sta inainte sau dupa propozitia
principala.
Exemple:
If he does his homework, his teacher will be pleased.
Daca ii face temele, profesorul lui va fi multumit,

She will be tired, if she works so much.
Va fi obosita, daca lucreaza aa mult.

In loc de will putem avea alte verbe modale, precum can, may, etc.
Exemple:
If you want to, you can borrow my car.
Daca vrei, pot sa imprumuti maina mea.

If it is cloudy, it may rain.
Daca este innourat, este posibil sa ploua.

Conditionala II exprima o conditie putin probabila si se refera la o situatie
ipotetica.

Exemplu:
If I went to University, I would have a good job.
Daca as merge la facultate, as avea un loc bun de munca.

In propozitia secundara predicatul sta la timpul trecut simplu, iar in cea principala
avem constructia would + infinitiv
Exemplu:
If he came home, his mother would be very happy.
Daca ar veni acasa, mama lui ar fi foarte fericita.

Desi predicatele sunt la un timp trecut, conditionala II se refera la viitor.

Exemplu:
If he were dead, she would miss him.
Daca el ar muri, i-ar fi dor de el. (De fapt el nu a murit inca, dar in cazul in care el
ar muri candva in viitor, ei i-ar fi dor de el.)

Ca si in cazul conditionalei I, if precede conditionala, dar conditionala poate sta
inainte sau dupa propozitia principala.

Exemple:
If they had the chance, they would go to London.
Daca ei ar avea ocazia, ei ar pleca la Londra.

She would travel to Italy, if she had enough money.
Ar calatori prin Italia, daca ar avea destui bani.
Desi forma de trecut simplu a verbului a fi pentru persoana I si persoana a III-a,
numarul singular este was, in cazul conditionalei avem forma were.

Exemple:
If I were you, I would be more careful.
Daca as fi in locul tau, as fi mai prudent.

If he were rich, he would buy this house.
Daca el ar fi bogat, el ar cumpara casa aceasta.
In loc de would, putem avea alte verbe modale, precum might sau could.

Exemple:
If you won the lottery, you could buy that car.
Daca ai castiga la lotto, ai putea cumpara acea masina.

He might get in serious trouble, if he did not pay attention.
Ar putea avea probleme serioase, daca nu ar fi atent.
Conditionala III exprima o actiune din trecut ce ar fi putut fi posibila, daca s-ar
fi indeplinit o anumita conditie.

Exemplu:
If you had been more careful, this would have never happened.
Daca ai fi fost mai atent, nu s-ar intamplat asta

In propozitia secundara predicatul sta la timpul past perfect, iar in cea principala
avem constructia would + have + participiul (a treia forma a verbului).

Exemplu:
If he had known the truth, he would have done things differently.
Daca ar fi stiut adevarul, ar fi procedat altfel.

Conditionala III se refera la o actiune care de fapt nu a avut loc, deoarece conditia
pentru ca aceea actiune sa se petreaca nu a fost indeplinita.
Exemplu:
If I had won that money, I would have bought a car.
Daca as fi castigat acei bani, as fi cumparat o masina. (Dar nu am castigat banii,
deci nu mi-am cumparat masina.)

Ca si in cazul conditionalelor I si II, if precede conditionala, dar conditionala
poate sta inainte sau dupa propozitia principala.

Exemple:
If they had eaten that cake, they would have gotten sick.
Daca ar fi mancat acel tort, li s-ar fi facut rau.

You would have helped him, if you had known he needed you.
L-ati fi ajutatat, daca ati fi stiut ca are nevoie de voi.

In loc de would, putem avea alte verbe modale, precum might sau could, astfel nu
am mai avea constructia would + have + participiu, ci constructiile might + have +
participiu sau could + have + participiu.
Exemple:
If he had graduated high school, he could have gone to University.
Daca ar fi absolvit liceul, el ar fi putut merge la facultate.

If he had gone to the party, he might have met Anne.
Daca s-ar fi dus la petrecere, poate ar fi intalnit-o pe Anne.