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Psihologia Resurselor Umane
Psihologia Resurselor Umane
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CONT IBAN: RO38 BTRL 0130 1205 9213 60xx
Editura:
Asociaia de Stiine Cognitive din Romnia
Str. Republicii, nr. 37, Cluj-Napoca, 400015
Email: ascr@psychology.ro
Tiprit n Romnia
Psihologia Resurselor Umane is the official journal of the Industrial and Organizational Psychology
Association (APIO).
Founder: Horia D. Pitariu, Babe Bolyai University, Cluj Napoca, Romania
Editor in Chief: Horia D. Pitariu, Babe Bolyai University, Cluj Napoca, Romania
Managing Editor: Claudia Rus, Babe Bolyai University, Cluj - Napoca
Editorial Staff:
Smaranda Boro- Babe Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Ctlina Ciuce- Babe Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Daniela Andrei- Babe Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Editorial Board:
Monica Albu George Bariiu Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Natalie J. Allen University of Western Ontario, Canada
Adalgisa Battistelli Universit degli Studii di Verona, Italy
Rbert Balzsi, Babe Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca
Zoltn Bogthy West University, Timioara, Romania
Jean-Luc Bernaud Universit de Rouen, France
Dana H. Born United States Air Force Academy, USA
Andrea Budean - Babe Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Paula Caligiuri Rutgers University, USA
Roxana Capotescu, Babe Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca
Dorina Coldea, Serviciul Romn de Informaii, Bucureti
Jeffrey M. Conte San Diego State University, USA
Cary Cooper Lancaster University Management School, UK
Petru Cureu Babe Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Doru Dima - Dima Consulting Group, Braov, Romania
Anca Dobrean - Babe Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca
Drago Iliescu - D&D Research, Bucureti, Romania
Mark Griffin The University of Sheffield, UK
Remus Ilie Michigan State University, USA
Rick Jacobs Penn State University, USA
Timothy A. Judge University of Florida, USA
Nicolae Jurcu Technical University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Laura L. Koppes University of West Florida, USA
Rmi Kouabenan Universit Pierre Mends, Grenoble, France
Frank J. Landy Landy Litigation Support Group, USA
Janice H. Laurence Office of the Under Secretary of Defense, Personnel and Readiness, USA
Claude Lemoine Universit Charles de Gaule Lille 3
Jacques Leplat Directeur Honoraire LEcole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France
Thomas Li-Ping Tang Middle Tennessee State University, USA
Nicolae Mitrofan University of Bucharest, Romania
Adrian Neculau Al. I. Cuza University, Iai, Romania
Michael P. ODriscoll University of Waikato, New Zeeland
Deniz S. Ones University of Minnesota, USA
Sharon Parker The University of Sheffield, UK
Adrian H. Pitariu - University of Toronto, Schulich School of Business at York University, Canada
Ioan Radu Babe Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Ivan Robertson Leeds University Bussiness School & Manchester Business School, UK
Robert Roe - University of Maastricht, Netherlands
Andr Savoie University of Montreal, Canada
Philippe Sarnin Universit Lyon 2, France
Filaret Sntion - Ovidius University, Constana, Romania
Paul E Spector - University of South Florida, USA
Charles D. Spielberger University of South Florida, USA
Anne Marie Vonthron Universit Victor Segalen-Bordeaux II, France
Zissu Weintraub Department of Defence, Israel
Psihologia Resurselor Umane is published twice a year, in April and October by the Romanian Cognitive
Sciences Association Press (ASCR), Cluj-Napoca
1.
INDEXING: This journal is indexed in PsychINFO, Socit Franaise de Psychologie and National
Council of Research (CNCSIS)
The journal Human Resources Psychology publishes original articles in Romanian, English and French.
Scientific articles submitted for publishing should respect the following conditions:
1.
Manuscripts should follow the publication standards existing in the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association, fourth ed.
2.
3.
Articles must be sent to the editor in chief in two copies: one of the copy must be printed on A4 format, 1
line spaced, in Times New Roman characters, font no. 12 and the paper format must have the following
dimensions: top: 3cm; bottom: 2.5cm; left: 2.5 cm and right: 2.5cm. The other copy must be sent on a
CD (Word format). On the CD label it must be specified the authors name, the title of the article and an
email address where the author can be contacted. The papers can be sent by email to the following
address: office@apio.ro
4.
Theoretical and experimental papers, applied research and meta-analyses should be of maximum 25
pages, 1 line spaced (including tables, graphics and biographical references). Comments and interviews
cannot exceed 10 pages. Book reviews must not exceed 3-4 pages. Articles for the Human Resources
Management in Practice must not be longer than 10 pages, at 1 line spaced.
5.
Armenakis, A.A., & Bedeian A.G. (1992). The role of metaphors in organizational change.
Group and Organizational Management, 17, 242-248.
For a book:
Katzenbach, J.R., & Smith, A. (1993). The Wisdom of Teams. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
CUPRINS
Editorial
Ivan T. Robertson
Criza economic mondial: Un rol pentru psihologia muncii i organizaional
Studii i Cercetri
Jacque Leplat
Eroarea ca defect i mijloc de control al activitii n situaia de munc
Andrea Budean, Horia D. Pitariu
Relaia dintre ncrederea n management i atitudinea fa de schimbare n contextul unei achiziii internaionale
Coralia Sulea, Horia D. Pitariu, Laureniu Maricuoiu
Construcia i validarea unei Scale de evaluare a percepiei comportamentelor contraproductive n organizaii
(EPCBO)
Delia Vrg, Ctlina Zaboril, Coralia Sulea, Laureniu Maricuoiu
Adaptarea n limba romn a Scalei Utrecht de msurare a implicrii n munc: examinarea validitii i a fidelitii
Drago Iliescu, Florin Glin, Dan Ispas
Adaptarea cultural a MAB-II (Multidimensional Aptitude Battery) n Romnia
14
29
43
58
75
MRU n practic
Ctlina Amihiei
Datele biografice n selecia profesional ntre predicie i abuz
88
Despre metod
Rbert Balzsi
Verificarea invarianei msurtorilor prin utilizarea modelelor CFA
96
101
103
105
107
108
111
SUMMARY
Editorial
Ivan T. Robertson
Global economic crisis: A role for work and organisational psychology
14
29
43
58
75
HRM in practice
Ctlina Amihiei
Biographical data in selection- between prediction and abuse
88
About Methods
Rbert Balzsi
Verifying the measurements invariance using the CFA models
96
101
103
105
107
108
111
SOMMAIRE
Editoriale
Ivan T. Robertson
Crise conomique mondiale: Un rle pour la psychologie du travail et industrielle
Etudes et recherches
Jacque Leplat
Lerreur comme dfaut et moyen de contrle de lactivit en situation de travail
Andrea Budean, Horia D. Pitariu
La relation entre la confiance dans le gestionnaire et l`attitude envers le changement dans le contexte d`une
acquisition internationale
Coralia Sulea, Horia D. Pitariu, Laureniu Maricuoiu
Construction et validation de l`echelle pour l`valuation de la perception des comportements contraproductifs dans
les organizations (EPCBO)
Delia Vrg, Ctlina Zaboril, Coralia Sulea, Laureniu Maricuoiu
Roumain adaptation de l`echelle d` Utrecht pour la participation au travail: L`examen de la validit et de la fidlit
Drago Iliescu, Florin Glin, Dan Ispas
L`adaptation culturelle de MAB-II (Multidimensional Aptitude Battery) en Roumanie
14
29
43
58
75
MRU en practique
Ctlina Amihiei
Le data biographiques de la slection professionnelle- entre la prvision et labus
88
Mthodologie
Rbert Balzsi
Vrification de l`invariance des measures en utilisant les CFA modles
96
101
103
105
107
108
111
Adresa de coresponden:
6
Editorial
Dezvoltarea
i
schimbarea
organizaional.
Trecerea n revist a acestor arii de
practic arat foarte clar c n actualele i
excepional provocatoarele condiii economice,
psihologia muncii i organizaional are de
adus o contribuie important- dar sugereaz
de asemenea c accentul i natura ontribuiei
poate s fie foarte diferit de cea din condiiile
normale (i.e. cnd condiiile economice sunt
rezonabil favorabile).
n scopul examinrii potenialei
contribuii a psihologiei n climatul economic
actual, a dori s utilizez un simplu set de
categorii n comparaie cu cele opt arii de
practic menionate anterior i s utilizez un
sistem foarte simplu cu trei categorii pentru a
descrie tipurile de contribuie pe care psihologii
le pot aduce: compoziie (e.g. schimbarea
compoziiei oamenilor n cadrul forei de
munc prin procesele de seleciei, relocare i
plasare pe posturi de munc); dezvoltare (i.e.
dezvoltarea oamenilor care sunt deja o parte a
forei de munc prin intermediul instruirii
profesionale, coaching-ului, feedback-ului i a
altor activiti de dezvoltare); i inginerie
situaional (i.e. reingineria situaiei n care
oamenii lucreaz prin redesignul postului de
munc i al muncii, schimbri n management
i supervizare i schimbare organizaional).
Aceste trei arii acoper toate tipurile principale
de intervenii pe care oricine care lucreaz cu
oameni n organizaii ar putea s le fac. Pe
lng focalizarea pe aceste trei arii generice
a dori s insist asupra a ceea ce consider c
este cea mai important arie pentru psihologia
muncii n condiii economice dificile- i anume
sntatea psihologic i implicarea angajailor.
De ce sntatea psihologic i
implicarea
angajailor
sunt
particular
importante pentru psihologi n condiii
economice provocatoare? Cnd economia
este pus la ncercare, este inevitabil ca
nivelul de solicitare i presiune a oamenilor la
locul de munc s creasc - aceasta
nseamn c meninerea unor nivele ridicate
ale sntii psihologice devine cea mai
important pentru oameni. Psihologii au un rol
major de jucat n ceea ce privete acest
aspect.
Pentru
organizaii,
sntatea
psihologic i implicarea angajailor sunt de
asemenea critice din mai multe motive. n
primul rnd, angajatorii au datoria de a se
ngriji de angajaii lor i trebuie s fie chiar mai
contiincioi n grija fa de angajaii lor cnd
solicitrile sunt crescute dar este de asemenea
clar faptul c organizaiile sunt mult mai
Editorial
elabora programe de instruire profesional
eficiente care ntresc reziliena angajailor
astfel nct ei s poat sa fac fa mai bine
stresului i efectelor negative ale rolurilor lor.
n final, cnd vine vorba de situaiile n care
oamenii i desfoar activitatea de munc,
psihologii, bazndu-se pe extensiva literatura
de specialitate privind designul postului de
munc i al muncii (e.g. Bond & Bunce, 2001),
pot ajuta organizaiile s promoveze posturi de
munc sntoase pentru angajaii lor.
Bibliografie
Bond, F.W. and Bunce, D. (2001). Job Control
Mediates Change in a Work Reorganization
Intervention for Stress Reduction. Journal of
Occupational Health Psychology, 6, 290-302.
Cohen, S., Alper, C. M., Doyle, W. J., Treanor, J. J,
Turner, R. B. (2006). Positive Emotional
Style Predicts Resistance to Illness After
Experimental Exposure to Rhinovirus or
Influenza A Virus. Psychosomatic Medicine,
68, 809-815.
Cooper, C.L. and Quick, J. (1999). Stress and
Strain. Oxford: Health Press.
Derryberry, D. and Read, M. A. (1994).
Temperament and attention: orienting toward
and away from positive and negative signals.
Journal
of
Personality
and
Social
Psychology, 68, 1128-1139.
Ferrie, J.A., Shipley, M.J., Newman, K., Stansfeld,
S.A. & Marmot, M. (2005). Self-reported job
insecurity and health in the Whitehall II study:
potential explanations of the relationship.
Social Science & Medicine, 60, 15931602.
Griffin, J.M., Greiner, B.A., Stansfeld, S.A. &
Marmot, M. (2007). The effect of selfreported and observed job conditions on
depression and anxiety symptoms: a
comparison of theoretical models. Journal of
Occupational Health Psychology, 12, 334349.
Harter, J.K, Schmidt, F.L. and Hayes, T., L. (2002).
Business unit level outcomes between
employee
satisfaction,
employee
engagement and business outcomes: A
meta-analysis.
Journal
of
Applied
Psychology, 87, 268-279.
Kuper, H. & Marmot, M. (2008). Job strain, job
demands, decision latitude, and risk of
coronary heart disease within the Whitehall II
study. Journal of Epidemiological Community
Health, 57, 147153.
Larsen, R. J. and Ketelar, T. (1991). Personality and
susceptibility to positive and negative
Adresa de coresponden:
10
Editorial
Organisational
Development
and
Change.
Reviewing these areas of practice
makes it clear that in the current, exceptionally
challenging economic conditions, work and
organizational psychology has a particularly
important contribution to make but it also
suggests that the emphasis and nature of the
contribution may be very different from normal
times (i.e. when economic conditions are
reasonably favourable).
To examine the potential contribution
of psychology in the current climate I would
like to use a simpler set of categories than the
eight areas of practice noted above and use
a very simple three category system to
describe the types of contribution that
psychologists can make: composition (e.g.
changing the composition of people in the work
force,
through
selection
processes,
redeployment
and
job
placement);
development (i.e. developing the people who
are already part of the workforce, through
training, coaching, feedback and other
development
activities);
and
situational
engineering (i.e. re-engineering the situation
that people work in through job and work
redesign, changes in management and
supervision and organizational change). These
three areas cover all of the main types of
interventions that anyone working with people
in organizations could hope to make. In
addition to focusing on these three generic
areas I would also like to focus on what I
believe to be the most important area for
psychological work in difficult economic times
that of employee well-being and
engagement.
Why is employee well-being and
engagement
particularly
important
for
psychologists in challenging economic times?
When the economy is challenged it is
inevitable that the level of demand and
pressure on people in the workplace increases
this means that maintaining good levels of
psychological well-being becomes even more
important for people. Psychologists have a
major role to play in this. For organizations,
psychological well-being and employee
engagement are also critical, for several
reasons. First, employers have a duty of care
towards their employees and will need to be
even more conscientious in caring for their
employees when demands are increased but it
is also clear that organizations are more
effective when their employees have higher
levels of psychological well-being (see
11
12
Editorial
References
Bond, F.W. and Bunce, D. (2001). Job Control
Mediates Change in a Work Reorganization
Intervention for Stress Reduction. Journal of
Occupational Health Psychology, 6, 290-302.
Cohen, S., Alper, C. M., Doyle, W. J., Treanor, J. J,
Turner, R. B. (2006). Positive Emotional
Style Predicts Resistance to Illness After
Experimental Exposure to Rhinovirus or
Influenza A Virus. Psychosomatic Medicine,
68, 809-815.
Cooper, C.L. and Quick, J. (1999). Stress and
Strain. Oxford: Health Press.
Derryberry, D. and Read, M. A. (1994).
Temperament and attention: orienting toward
and away from positive and negative signals.
Journal
of
Personality
and
Social
Psychology, 68, 1128-1139.
Ferrie, J.A., Shipley, M.J., Newman, K., Stansfeld,
S.A. & Marmot, M. (2005). Self-reported job
insecurity and health in the Whitehall II study:
potential explanations of the relationship.
Social Science & Medicine, 60, 15931602.
Griffin, J.M., Greiner, B.A., Stansfeld, S.A. &
Marmot, M. (2007). The effect of selfreported and observed job conditions on
depression and anxiety symptoms: a
comparison of theoretical models. Journal of
Occupational Health Psychology, 12, 334349.
Harter, J.K, Schmidt, F.L. and Hayes, T., L. (2002).
Business unit level outcomes between
employee
satisfaction,
employee
engagement and business outcomes: A
meta-analysis.
Journal
of
Applied
Psychology, 87, 268-279.
Kuper, H. & Marmot, M. (2008). Job strain, job
demands, decision latitude, and risk of
coronary heart disease within the Whitehall II
study. Journal of Epidemiological Community
Health, 57, 147153.
Larsen, R. J. and Ketelar, T. (1991). Personality and
susceptibility to positive and negative
emotional states. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 61, 132-140.
Meyer, J. (1997). Organizational commitment, In
C.L. Cooper and I.T. Robertson (Eds)
International Review of Industrial and
Organizational Psychology, 12, Chichester:
John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
Organ, D.W. and Paine, J.B. (1999). A new kind of
performance for industrial and organisational
psychology: Recent contributions to the study
of organisational citizenship behaviour, In
C.L. Cooper and I.T. Robertson (Eds)
International Review of Industrial and
13
Jacques Leplat
LEcole Pratique des Hautes Etudes
Abstract
In activity, the error is often evaluated in a negative manner, as the absence of succes. But the
error may also have a positive role in that it reveals the characteristics of the activity: so, its
knowledge can be a way to control the action, as shown, in particular, the regulatory model for
which the action is regulated based on differences in purpose. It is precisely from this model
that will be organized this paper. It sugests this can be a framework for analysing the error by
showing the work of particular significance.
The introduction refers to some general knowledge on the study of error. The second chapter
justifies the need to coordinate the study of error to that of activity. The following sections are
organized around several themes that mark out the analysis for this coordination: setting goals,
assessing the error with the issues of detection and diagnosis, the possible exploitation of the
error. A final section addresses the role of the operator characteristics in the production and
the management of the error. The conclusion discusses the interest of exploiting the dual
character of error for the analysis of activity and on how this exploitation.
Key words: psychology, ergonomics, reliability, error, activity analysis, regulation, objective,
diagnosis, competences
Rsum
Dans lactivit, lerreur est souvent value de manire ngative, comme labsence de
russite. Mais lerreur peut avoir aussi un rle positif dans la mesure o elle rvle des
caractristiques de lactivit : sa connaissance peut donc tre un moyen de contrle de
laction, comme le montre, notamment, le modle de rgulation pour lequel laction est rgle
en fonction des carts son but. Cest justement partir de ce modle que sera organis cet
article. Il propose ce qui pourrait constituer un cadre danalyse de lerreur en lillustrant de
travaux plus particulirement significatifs.
Lintroduction rappelle quelques connaissances gnrales concernant ltude de lerreur. Le
second chapitre justifie la ncessit de coordonner ltude de lerreur celle de lactivit. Les
parties suivantes sont organises autour de quelques thmes qui jalonnent les analyses visant
cette coordination: la dfinition des buts, lvaluation de lerreur avec les questions de la
dtection et du diagnostic, les exploitations possibles de lerreur. Enfin, une dernire partie
aborde le rle des caractristiques de loprateur dans la production et la gestion de lerreur.
La conclusion revient sur lintrt dexploiter le caractre biface de lerreur pour lanalyse de
lactivit et sur les modalits de cette exploitation.
Mots-cls: psychologie, ergonomie, fiabilit, erreur, analyse de lactivit, rgulation, but,
diagnostic, comptences.
Rezumat
n cadrul activitii, eroarea este evaluat deseori ntr-o manier negativ, ca o absen a
reuitei. Dar eroarea poate avea, de asemenea, un rol pozitiv n cadrul msurii, unde ea relev
caracteristicile activitii: cunoaterea sa poate fi aadar un mijloc de control al aciunii, cum se
arat, modelul de reglare pentru care aciunea este reglat pe baza diferenelor de scop.
Articolul de fa este organizat pornind tocmai de la acest model. Se sugereaz c acest
model poate constitui un cadru de analiz a erorii, ilustrnd aplicaiile de importan deosebit.
Partea de introducere se refer la unele cunotine generale cu privire la studiul erorii. Cel deal doilea capitol justific necesitatea de a coordona studiul erorii cu cel al activitii.
Urmtoarele seciuni sunt organizate n jurul mai multor teme care puncteaz analizele ce
vizeaz aceast coordonare: stabilirea scopurilor, evaluarea erorii prin intermediul problemelor
1
14
Studii i Cercetri
de detecie i diagnostic, exploatrile posibile ale erorii. Ultima seciune abordeaz rolul
caracteristicilor operatorului n generarea i gestionarea erorii. Concluzia aduce n discuie
interesul privind exploatarea caracterului dual al erorii pentru analiza activitii i pentru
modalitile acestei exploatri.
Cuvinte cheie: psihologie, ergonomie, fiabilitate, eroare, analiza activitii, reglare, scop,
diagnostic, competene
15
16
Studii i Cercetri
17
une
mthode
inspire
de
l'analyse
hirarchique prsente plus haut. Douze
tches ont t identifies et dcomposes en
sous-tches. Les erreurs rapportes
chacune de ces sous-tches ou tapes taient
catgorises en deux grandes classes, ellesmmes subdivises en plusieurs sous-tches.
1. Les
erreurs
inter-tapes
ou
procdurales qui comportent les
erreurs caractrises par des carts
l'ordre normal des tapes (catgories
1 6, ci-dessous), par l'omission ou
par
le
rarrangement
d'tapes
ralises correctement, par ailleurs.
2. Les erreurs intra-tape relatives des
erreurs dans l'excution d'une tape
(par exemple, raliser une opration
manuelle avec trop ou trop peu de
force; catgories 7 10 ci- dessous).
Voici la liste des tapes: 1- tape
omise; 2- tape partiellement ralise; 3tape rpte; 4- tape ajoute; 5- tape
substitue une autre; 6- tape hors
squence; 7- tape avec excs (de vitesse, de
force, de distance, de temps, de rotation de
profondeur); 8- tape avec insuffisance (de
id.); 9- tape avec dfaut (de id.); 10- tape
ralise avec ou sur le mauvais objet. (p. 411)
Les rsultats montrent que "la majorit
des erreurs enregistres taient des erreurs
intra-tapes associes au contrle moteur des
instruments et que celles-ci ncessitaient une
correction" (p. 412). Les erreurs inter-tapes
reprsentaient 39% du nombre total d'erreurs.
Les erreurs taient ultrieurement analyses
plus prcisment en fonction des problmes
intressant directement les chirurgiens. Des
tableaux rsument les rsultats essentiels dont
les auteurs tirent un certain nombre
d'interprtations et de conseils pratiques.
3. Ltude de lerreur en rfrence aux
conditions de gestion de lactivit
18
Studii i Cercetri
19
20
Studii i Cercetri
21
22
Studii i Cercetri
description
produite
doit
intgrer
les
connaissances sur les situations sources de
rfrence et plus largement reprsenter les
circonstances errones, c'est--dire celles qui
ne sont pas compatibles avec le nouveau
dispositif" (p. 358). Les auteurs ont propos
une mthodologie cette fin et celle de la
remdiation qui peut en rsulter. Ils en
exposent un exemple partir de l'tude d'un
dispositif
de
communication
en
visioconfrence. Cette tude montre que 85%
des erreurs et incidents lors de l'utilisation du
systme de visioconfrence peuvent tre
pronostiqus partir de l'ide que les
utilisateurs se comportent en situation de
visioconfrence comme en situation de
confrence" (p. 376) et ils en tirent des
consquences pour la remdiation.
3. Caractrisation des erreurs fonde sur la
connaissance de la situation ("situation
awareness")
On a retenu ici un exemple de
taxonomie d'erreurs porte gnrale qui
rfre l'erreur la situation qui l'a produite.
Cette taxonomie, propose par Jones et
Endsley (2000) est fonde sur la notion de
"situation awareness" (S.A.), expression que
nous traduirons, pour la commodit, par
connaissance de la situation, awareness
ayant en ralit une signification qui renvoie
la fois connaissance et conscience ou
mieux, peut-tre, prise en compte. Cette
expression a t dfinie comme "la perception
des lments de l'environnement l'intrieur
d'un volume de temps et d'espace, la
comprhension de leur signification et la
projection de leur statut dans le futur proche"
(Endsley, 1988, cit par Jones et Endsley,
2000, p. 367.). Situation awareness est
considre comme un lment essentiel d'une
prise de dcision correcte dans une situation
de travail. Une connaissance dfectueuse de
la situation est donc un facteur de dgradation
du processus de dcision, et donc, une source
d'erreur. Selon les auteurs prcdents, cette
connaissance dfectueuse peut se situer
plusieurs niveaux.
Niveau 1. Dfaillance dans la perception
correcte de la situation": il s'agit du
type d'erreur entran par le fait que
l'agent n'a pas pris ou ne dispose pas
d'information suffisante ou valable sur
la situation
Niveau
2. Intgration ou comprhension
impropre de la situation": il s'agit ici du
type d'erreur rsultant de l'exploitation
dfectueuse
des
informations
recueillies au premier niveau
Niveau 3. Projection incorrecte des actions
futures du systme": ce type d'erreur
est imputable une mauvaise
exploitation du modle labor partir
des donnes (d'aprs Jones et
Endsley, 2000, p. 377).
Les
deux
premiers
niveaux
correspondant l'laboration d'un modle de
la situation voquent la notion de "sense
making" ou construction de la situation (Weick,
1995), celle aussi de position du problme
distingue de la rsolution du problme
("problem setting versus problem solving").
V. EXPLOITATION DE L'ERREUR
On passe ici la fonction de
rgulateur qui traduit la connaissance de
l'erreur, apporte par le diagnostic, en action
entreprendre sur le systme pour le ramener
un fonctionnement souhait: c'est le rle de la
variable rglante qui peut agir sur le systme
technique ou sur l'oprateur lui-mme.
On peut distinguer deux grands types
d'exploitation de l'erreur qui correspondent
deux types de rgulation, la rgulation
fonctionnelle et la rgulation structurelle. Dans
la rgulation fonctionnelle, l'erreur est exploite
dans le systme existant. Son modle le plus
typique est celui du servo-mcanisme dont le
fonctionnement est rgl par les carts au but
vis et dont une illustration est le thermostat.
Dans la rgulation structurale, l'erreur prend un
autre statut en ce qu'elle constitue un test de la
pertinence du systme dans lequel elle s'est
produite. L'erreur conduit alors modifier le
systme lui-mme. Si le thermostat ne rduit
pas les erreurs qui dpassent un certain seuil,
il faudra changer le dispositif mme de
rgulation.
On peut reconnatre une distinction du
mme genre dans les tudes de l'organisation.
C'est ainsi qu'Argyris et Schn (2002/1996)
caractrisent deux sortes d'apprentissage, en
simple boucle et en double boucle. Le systme
devient alors une "thorie d'action dfinie
comme suit: nous avons une situation donne
S, une consquence prcise voulue, C, et une
stratgie d'action A, dont le but est d'atteindre
la consquence C dans le cadre de la situation
S" (p. 36). La consquence C est affecte de
23
24
plusieurs
niveaux :
des
reprsentations,
des
rgles
et
des
automatismes.
Studii i Cercetri
25
26
Studii i Cercetri
27
28
Studii i Cercetri
Andrea Budean
Danis Consulting
Horia Pitariu
Universitatea Babe Bolyai
Abstract
The research literature suggests that organizational change can have both: positive and
negative consequences on the members of an organization, but the first to be experienced are
always the negative ones. As a result, reactions like resistance to change, negative attitudes
towards organizational change and turnover are frequently noted in the change literature. The
study at hand examines the employees reactions in the context of the acquisition of a
company by a foreign investor, considering the role of trust in management. Additionaly, we
intend to analize the predictive power of each of the three attributes of trustworthiness (ability,
benevolence and integrity, according to Mayer et al., 1995) for the attitudes regarding the
organizations acquisition and the turnover intention. The results suggest a direct effect of trust
in management on attitudes and turnover intention. When the three trustworthiness attributes
were simultaneously introduced in a regression analysis, the results proved that ability and
integrity were significant predictors of change attitudes, while benevolence showed no
predictive power. As it regards the turnover intention, only managements perceived integrity
was supported as a significant predictor.
Key words: mergers and acquisitions, trust in management, attitudes towards acqusition,
turnover intention.
Rsum
La littrature scientifique suggre que le changement organisationel peut avoir la
fois : des consquences positives et ngatives sur les membres de l`organisation,
mais les premiers expriences sont toujours les celles negatives. En
consquences, les ractions comme la rsistance au changement, des attitudes
ngatives envers le changement organisationnel et la fluctuation des employs
sont souvent notes dans la litterature du changement. La prsente tude
examine, part les reactions des employs dans le cadre de l`aquisition d`une
organisation par un investisseur tranger, en comtant tenu du rle de la confiance
dans la gestion. De plus, nous avons l`intention d`analyser le pouvoir prdictif de
chacun de trois attributs de la confiance (la capacit, bienveillance et l` integrit,
selon Mayer et colab., 1995) pour les attitudes au rgard de l`acquisition de
l`organisation et l`intention de quitter. Les rsultats suggrent un effet direct de la
confiance dans la gestion sur l`attitudes et l`intention de quitter. Lorsque les trois
attributs de la confiance ont t mis en place en mme temps dans l`analyse de
rgression, les rsultats ont prouv que la capacit et l`intgrit ont t des
facteurs prdictifs significantifs pour l`attitude du changement, tandi que la
bienveillance ne montrait aucun pouvoir prdictif. En ce qui concerne l`intention de
quitter, seulement l`intgrit peru du management a t soutenue comme un
prdicteur significatif.
Mots cls : fusions et acquisitions, la confiance au management, des attitudes
envers l`acquisition, l`intention de quitter.
29
Rezumat
Cercetrile arat c dei schimbarea organizaional poate avea att consecine
benefice, ct i efecte negative asupra membrilor organizaiei, primele care sunt
resimite de ctre acetia sunt cele negative. n consecin, reaciile cele mai des
notate n literatura de specialitate sunt rezistena la schimbare i atitudinile
negative fa de aceste iniiative, precum i o rat ridicat a fluctuaiei de personal.
Studiul de fa investigheaz reaciile angajailor n cazul achiziiei companiei de
ctre un investitor strin, lund n considerare rolul ncrederii n managementul
superior n determinarea acestora. n plus, ne-am propus analiza puterii predictive
a fiecreia dintre cele trei atribute necesare pentru percepia ncrederii
(competena, bunvoina i integritatea cf. Mayer et al., 1995) n raport cu
atitudinile fa de achiziie i intenia de schimbare a locului de munc. Rezultatele
susin existena unei relaii directe i semnificative statistic ntre ncrederea n
management i atitudinile fa de achiziie, respectiv intenia de schimbare a
locului de munc. n momentul n care cele trei variabile ale ncrederii au fost
introduse simultan ntr-o analiz de regresie, rezultatele indic faptul c percepia
competenei managementului i a integritii acestuia prezic atitudinile fa de
achiziie, n timp ce percepia unui caracter binevoitor al membrilor bordului de
directori nu prezice atitudinile fa de aceasta. n cazul inteniei de schimbare a
locului de munc, doar percepia integritii conducerii a obinut suport ca i
predictor semnificativ.
Cuvinte cheie: fuziuni i achiziii, ncredere n management, atitudini fa de
achiziie, intenia de schimbare a locului de munc
Introducere
Competiia
global,
presiunile
financiare tot mai accentuate, inovaiile
tehnologice i solicitrile n cretere din partea
clienilor se numr printre motivele cele mai
frecvente
care
au
atras
schimbri
organizaionale majore. Una dintre formele
concrete de schimbare organizaional care a
nregistrat o cretere semnificativ n Romnia
n ultimul deceniu, odat cu creterea
investiiilor strine directe este reprezentat de
achiziiile
internaionale.
Literatura
de
specialitate subliniaz ns n repetate rnduri
c succesul unei achiziii este influenat nu
doar de factori economici i financiari, ci i de
reaciile i raportarea angajailor la acest
proces.
Schimbarea organizaional creat
prin intermediul fuziunilor i achiziiilor a fost
abordat prin analize realizate la diferite
nivele. La nivel organizaional, cercetrile iau
n considerare diferenele culturale (naionale
i organizaionale) i influena acestora asupra
procesului integrrii (Cartwright & Cooper,
1997). La nivel de grup, accentul cade pe
identitatea de grup i ataamentul fa de
entitatea organizaional nou format (Buono
& Bowditch, 2003; Cartwright, 2008). La nivel
individual, cercetrile se concentreaz asupra
30
Studii i Cercetri
31
32
Studii i Cercetri
33
H1b:
Percepia
bunvoinei
managementului
superior
prezice
raportarea unor atitudini favorabile fa
de schimbrile asociate cu achiziia.
H1c:
Percepia
integritii
managementului
superior
prezice
raportarea unor atitudini favorabile fa
de schimbrile asociate cu achiziia.
O alt consecin a unui nivel redus al
ncrederii n managementul superior este
prsirea organizaiei. Pentru c nu vor s i
asume riscul de a lucra n organizaii conduse
de persoane percepute ca insuficient de
competente, lipsite de integritate sau care nu
i urmresc dect interesele personale, o
parte dintre angajaii companiilor care trec prin
schimbri decid s i schimbe locul de munc.
Fluctuaia de personal este extrem de
costisitoare pentru organizaii. n relaie cu
achiziiile internaionale, Begley & Young
(1994) susin c un nivel ridicat al fluctuaiei
blocheaz realizarea integrrii celor dou
organizaii. n consens cu acest rezultat,
analiza realizat de Cannella & Hambrick
(1993) pe 96 de achiziii indic faptul c
pierderea persoanelor cu funcii de conducere,
ca i consecin a achiziiei acioneaz n
detrimentul organizaiei. Vandenberg & Nelson
(1999) susin c cel mai bun predictor al
prsirii organizaiei este intenia de schimbare
a locului de munc. Intenia de prsire a
organizaiei este influenat de schimbarea
organizaional. Schweiger & DeNisi (1991)
raporteaz reducerea inteniei de a rmne n
organizaie, n cazul angajailor care au fost
anunai n mod oficial de o fuziune. Datorit
anselor
ridicate
ca
schimbrile
organizaionale
asociate
achiziiilor
internaionale s influeneze sigurana postului
de munc, i alte antecedente ale fluctuaiei
(Ashford, Lee & Bobko, 1989), intenia
schimbrii locului de munc a fost introdus ca
i variabil n cadrul cercetrii prezente.
Aceste date publicate n studii anterioare au
dus la stabilirea celei de-a doua ipoteze a
studiului, i anume:
H2: ncrederea n managementul superior
prezice raportarea unei intenii reduse de
schimbare a locului de munc.
H2a:
Percepia
competenei
managementului
superior
prezice
raportarea unei intenii reduse de
schimbare a locului de munc.
H2b:
Percepia
bunvoinei
managementului
superior
prezice
34
Studii i Cercetri
relaiilor
i
atmosferei
din
organizaie/departament.
Intenia de schimbare a locului de
munc, a fost evaluat printr-un singur item, cu
variante multiple de rspuns, prin care
participanilor li se cerea s indice frecvena cu
care s-au gndit n ultimele trei luni s i
schimbe locul de munc.
profesionale,
10,2%
tehnice,
4,6%
administrative, 25% calificate, 6,1% vnzri,
9,3% tehnologice i 15,7% ocupaii de baz.
Instrumente
ncrederea n managementul superior
a fost evaluat prin Chestionarul de evaluare a
ncrederii n managementul superior (Mayer &
Davis, 1999), care cuprinde trei scale,
corespunztoare celor trei caracteristici ale
unui caracter demn de ncredere: scala de
percepie a competenei managementului
superior, scala de percepie a caracterului
binevoitor al managementului superior i scala
de percepie a integritii managementului
superior; o scal de evaluare a tendinei
generale spre ncredere; o scal global de
ncredere n managementul superior i dou
scale
suplimentare,
pentru
evaluarea
percepiei corectitudinii sistemului de evaluare
a performanelor profesionale. n studiul de
fa au fost administrate doar scalele care
vizeaz cele trei atribute ale unui caracter
demn de ncredere i scala referitoare la
nivelul global al ncrederii. Scalele administrate
nsumeaz 21 de itemi, la care se poate
rspunde de la 1 al 5 (total dezacord, total
acord), nsumndu-se rspunsurile pe fiecare
scal.
Pentru msurarea atitudinilor fa de
achiziie, am formulat un set de itemi pe baza
celor utilizai de Buono, Bowditch & Lewis
(1985) i Buono & Bowditch (1989) n
evaluarea reaciilor angajailor, n urma
fuziunilor, aa nct n final s obinem date
referitoare la atitudinea general a angajailor
fa de achiziie i la atitudinea fa de
impactul pe care l-a avut achiziia asupra
Procedura
Informarea participanilor cu privire la
procesul culegerii datelor s-a realizat n 3
etape: (1) Informarea managementului, pn
la nivel de linie; (2) Informarea tuturor
angajailor companiei despre studiul care se
realizeaz, ce se urmrete, n ce const
evaluarea, cte zile va dura i (3) Fiecare
participant la cercetare a primit o scrisoare de
informare, n care erau prezentate detalii
referitoare la: cum vor primi instruciunile de
completare a chestionarelor, ct timp va dura
completarea, cum se vor strnge datele,
condiiile de respectare a confidenialitii,
feedback. Completarea chestionarelor s-a
derulat pe parcursul a 4 zile, n serii de cte
15-20 de participani, la sediul companiei, sub
supravegherea unui psiholog.
Rezultate
Rezultatele
obinute
n
urma
administrrii chestionarelor sunt prezentate n
Tabelul 1. Datele reflect valorile medii i
abaterea standard pentru fiecare variabil
inclus n studiu, valoarea coeficientului de
consisten intern Alpha Cronbach pentru
fiecare scal i intercorelaiile dintre variabile.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Competena
Bunvoina
Integritatea
ncredere
Atitudini fa de achiziie
Intenia de schimbare LM
AS
3.66
3.13
3.45
2.85
3.51
1.77
.88
.90
.72
.63
.82
.99
(.89)
.69**
.65**
.89**
.49**
-.38**
(.81)
.69**
.90**
.40**
-.43**
(.74)
.86**
.48**
-.46**
(.89)
.52**
-.46**
(82)
-.42**
35
Predictor
Statistics
2
2
R
R
Gen
Vrsta
Nivelul postului
-.08
.09
-.06
.142
.020
-.009
.690
ncrederea n management
.52**
.534
.285
.256
9.95**
Gen
Vrsta
Nivelul postului
-.08
.09
-.06
.142
.020
-.009
.690
Competena managementului
.50**
.517
.267
.238
9.12**
Gen
Vrsta
Nivelul postului
-.08
.09
-.06
.142
.020
-.009
.690
Bunvoina managementului
.42**
.429
.184
.151
5.63**
Gen
Vrsta
Nivelul postului
-.08
.09
-.06
.142
.020
-.009
.690
Integritatea managementului
.47**
.496
.246
.216
Pas 1
Pas 2
Atitudini fa de achiziie
Pas 1
Pas 2
Atitudini fa de achiziie
Pas 1
Pas 2
Atitudini fa de achiziie
Pas 1
Pas 2
* Modelul este semnificativ la p<.05
** Modelul este semnificativ la p<.001
36
8.15**
Studii i Cercetri
Predictor
Statistics
2
2
R
R
Gen
Vrsta
Nivelul postului
.18
-.24*
.08
.300
.090
.063
3.32*
ncrederea n management
-.49**
.569
.323
.296
11.9**
Gen
Vrsta
Nivelul postului
.18
-.24*
.08
.300
.090
.063
3.32*
Competena
managementului
-.41**
.507
.257
.227
8.62**
Gen
Vrsta
Nivelul postului
.18
-.24*
.08
.300
.090
.063
3.32*
Bunvoina
managementului
-.46**
.537
.289
.260
10.14*
*
Gen
Vrsta
Nivelul postului
.18
-.24*
.08
.300
.090
.063
3.32*
Integritatea
managementului
-.44**
.534
.285
.257
9.98**
Pas 1
Pas 2
Intenia de schimbare a
locului de munc
Pas 1
Pas 2
Intenia de schimbare a
locului de munc
Pas 1
Pas 2
Intenia de schimbare a
locului de munc
Pas 1
Pas 2
37
Tabelul 4. Rezultatele analizei de regresie pentru testarea puterii predictive a componentelor individuale ale
ncrederii
Criteriu
Atitudini fa de achiziie
Predictor
Statistics
2
2
R
R
Gen
Vrsta
Nivelul postului
-.08
.09
-.06
.142
.020
-.009
Competena managementului
Bunvoina managementului
Integritatea managementului
.33*
-.02
.26*
.553
.306
.263
Gen
Vrsta
Nivelul postului
.18
-.24*
.08
.300
.090
.063
3.32*
Competena managementului
Bunvoina managementului
Integritatea managementului
-.10
-.22
-.22*
.572
.327
.286
7.94**
Pas 1
.690
Pas 2
Intenia de schimbare a
locului de munc
7.18**
Pas 1
Pas 2
38
Studii i Cercetri
40
Studii i Cercetri
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organizational
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and
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of
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and
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of
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Studii i Cercetri
Construction and validation of the Scale for the Evaluation of the Perception of
Counterproductive Behaviors in Organizations (EPCBO)
1 1
Coralia Sulea
West University of Timioara, Romania
Horia Pitariu
Babe-Bolyai University from Cluj Napoca, Romania
Laureniu Maricuoiu
West University of Timioara, Romania
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a scale for the perception of counterproductive work
behaviors. Employees from four independent samples filled in the questionnaire (total
N=390). Two studies were conducted. The first study aimed to item construction and
exploratory factor analysis, whereas the second aimed to instrument validation and
confirmatory factor analysis. The results confirmed a four factor scale (misuse of information,
production deviance, absenteeism and withdrawal, as well as interpersonal counterproductive
behavior). The scale has 20 items and can be applied to a wide range of organizations.
Implications for managers and future research are also discussed.
Key words: counterproductive work behavior, its perception, factor analysis
Rsum
Cet article prsente la construction dune chelle pour valuer la perception sociale des
employes sur les comportements contra productifs a travaille. Quatre groups de participants
ont rpondu ce questionnaire (N = 390). On a ralise deux tudes. La premire tude on a
gnre les questions et on a ralise une analyse factorielle exploratoire. Dans le deuxime
tude on a valide et on a ralise une analyse factorielle confirmatoire. Les rsultats obtenus
confirment une structure des questions dans quatre facteurs (utilisation errone de
information, dviance dans la production,
absentisme,
retray, comportements
interpersonnelles contre productifs). Lchelle contiens 20 questions et on peut lutilise dans
organisations varies. En fin, on discute les implications pour les managers et les nouvelles
directions de recherche.
Mots clfs: comportements contra productifs, perception sociale, analyse factorielle
Rezumat
Scopul acestui articol a fost de a construi o scal de evaluare a percepiei angajailor asupra
comportamentelor contraproductive la locul de munc. Chestionarul a fost completat de patru
grupuri independente de angajai (N total = 390). Au fost realizate dou studii. Primul studiu a
avut ca scop construirea itemilor i realizarea unei analize factoriale exploratorii, iar cel de-al
doilea studiu a avut ca scop validarea instrumentului i confirmarea structurii factoriale a
acestuia. Rezultatele au confirmat structurarea itemilor n patru factori (folosirea
necorespunztoare a informaiilor, deviana legat de producie, absenteism i retragere,
precum i comportamente contraproductive interpersonale). Scala are 20 de itemi i poate fi
utilizat ntr-o gam larg de organizaii. Sunt discutate implicaii pentru manageri i direcii
viitoare de cercetare.
Cuvinte cheie: comportamente contraproductive la locul de munc, percepia lor, analiz
factorial.
Introduction
Interest for research in the field of
organizational deviance and counterproductive
work behaviors has increased in the beginning
of the 90s. Counterproductive work behavior
(CWB) consists of volitional acts that harm or
intend to harm organizations and their
stakeholders
(e.g.,
clients,
co-workers,
customers and supervisors) (Spector & Fox,
2005, p.152). Specific CWBs include abusive
behavior against others, aggression (both
physical and verbal), working incorrectly on
purpose, sabotage, theft and withdrawal (e.g.,
absenteeism,
lateness
and
turnover).
Counterproductive behaviors are intentional
that is, the employee decides to behave in
such a way. Starting with the identification of
such behaviors in organizations, researchers
were concerned with the implications that
these behaviors had on employees and
organizations, and also with the construction of
analysis and intervention models in this field. In
the literature, individual counterproductive
behaviors are studied using mostly self-report
instruments. Currently, the most frequently
used scales are those developed by Bennett
and Robinson (2000), and Fox and Spector
(2002).
The
interest
for
studying
counterproductive behaviors is supported by
the cost analysis of such behaviors. According
to Vardi and Weitz (2004), these costs can be
economic (e.g., losses of productivity due to
lateness at work, theft or sabotage) or social
(e.g., psychological or physical effects,
withdrawal or low work satisfaction for those
who are targets of such behaviors).
The purpose of this research is to
develop an instrument for the analysis of the
employees
perception
on
the
counterproductive behaviors within their
organization. Further on, we shall present
three important theories that offer explanatory
mechanisms for the relation between
perceived behaviors at workplace and the
tendency act in a similar manner for those who
share the same working environment.
Potential
predictors
of
counterproductive behaviors are frequently
studied in the literature. The main predictors
include variables such as personality
dimensions, interpersonal conflicts at work,
organizational justice, work satisfaction,
negative emotions at work (Pitariu, Sulea,
Zaboril & Maricuoiu, 2008; Herschovis,
Turner, Barling, Arnold, Dupre, Innes, LeBlanc
& Sivanthan, 2007; Dalal, 2005). A less
explored aspect in this field of research refers
to the implications of the perception of such
44
Studii i Cercetri
Misuse of information
Deviance related to
production
This category includes behaviors like failing to meet deadlines, faulty task
accomplishment (as far as time and/or quality are concerned), destruction
of company property, causing damage, resources abuse, alliance making
and nepotism.
Theft
Absenteeism and
withdrawal
Refers to behaviors like being late for work, pauses, leaves, spending time
with other actions than task-related activities, stalling, missing.
These include gossip, telling on somebody, heavy unjustified criticism,
disrespect towards people within the organization, behaviors orientated
towards other colleagues or persons with the purpose of doing physical,
psychological or verbal harm or aggression.
Counterproductive
interpersonal behaviors
Item review
A new group consisting of 30 people
(supervisors and subordinates of various ages
and professions from several organizations)
has analyzed two types of lists: one with the
dimensions (categories) of counterproductive
behavior and their definitions and the other
with randomly arranged specific examples
extracted from the previous stage. The
participants task was to allocate each example
to the category where it belonged (retroversion
46
Studii i Cercetri
Item selection
Results
and
preliminary
factor
47
Communality
3
it9/s4
0.804
0.705
it15/s2
0.720
0.626
it10/s2
0.684
0.677
it14/s2
0.670
0.635
it8/s1
0.667
0.592
it16/s2
0.604
0.698
it17_s4
0.575
0.730
it7/s2
0.547
it28/s4
0.492
it12/s4
0.456
it24/s2
0.452
it22/s2
0.438
it11/s3
0.433
it23/s4
0.411
0.636
it31/s4
0.387
0.674
it29/s3
0.385
0.637
-0.303
0.670
0.745
-0.451
0.731
-0.302
0.659
0.331
0.728
-0.368
0.724
it4/s1
0.821
0.818
it3/s1
0.806
0.769
it2/s3
0.728
0.636
it5/s2
0.647
0.669
it1/s1
0.647
0.420
it6/s1
0.521
0.485
it26/s4
-0.767
0.878
it25/s4
-0.700
0.728
it32/s4
-0.318
0.623
it30/s3
-0.683
0.669
it21/s3
-0.665
0.817
it20/s2
-0.628
0.662
it13/s3
-0.609
0.623
it27/s3
-0.519
0.640
it19/s3
-0.395
-0.509
0.785
Note: the notation of each item includes the number of the item in the questionnaire and the number of the scale it
was created for.
48
Studii i Cercetri
Tabel 3. Factorial structure
Items
Factors
1
To tell on their colleagues to the superior with the purpose of obtaining certain
personal advantages or discrediting them (i26 s4)
To pass on the gossip of colleagues to the direct superior (i25 s4)
To like criticizing constantly the management and colleagues from other
departments (i32 s4)
Not to tell the truth about the accomplishment or non-accomplishment of a
certain task (i3 s1)
Not to tell the truth in order to cover some deficiencies or in order to avoid
performing their duties (i4 s 1)
To distort information about the degree of accomplishment of a task (i 1 s1)
.833
.756
.353
.862
.856
.709
.486
.762
.711
.332
.601
To disregard the instructions of the superior and to do their duties as they see
fit, thus affecting the efficiency of the whole team (i10 s2)
To deliberately manifest disinterest about an objective of the team (i16 s2)
.555
.503
.448
.337
.400
.305
.326
.392
.371
.360
Stalling for time when performing their working duties (i21 s3)
-.679
To leave the office before the end of the working hours (i30 s3)
-.664
To ask for a leave without a justification and repeatedly, thus affecting the
accomplishment of their working duties in optimal conditions (i13 s3)
To pretend to be busy so as they do not receive any other working duties
(It19_s3)
To take longer or more frequent breaks than it is allowed (i27 s3)
To pretend to accomplish a duty but to do nothing in fact (i18 s3)
.323
.399
-.654
-.560
-.510
.409
-.488
14.388
1.263
1.121
1.020
Explained variance
59.949
5.263
4.670
4.250
59.94
65.21
69.88
74.13
.90
.84
.89
.92
Internal consistency
-.415
Method
Sample and procedure
49
Results
In this study we conducted a
confirmatory factor analysis for validating the
four-factor solution indicated by the exploratory
factor analysis. For this analysis, we used
AMOS 4.0 software. We used the guidelines
provided by Garson (2008), Schreiber, Nora,
Stage, Barlow and King (2006) and Sava
(2004) for interpreting the goodness of fit
indices. We took into account the following
2
indices: , GFI (index of good fit), RMR (root
mean squared residuals), RMSEA (root mean
squared error of approximation) and Hoelter
.05.
Factor structure
The fit indices for the tested model
indicated that the tested factor structure is an
2
2
adequate one. The relative index ( /df) is 3,
which is an acceptable value (according to
Kline, 1998 apud. Garson, 2008; Schreiber et
al. 2006). The RMR (root mean squared
Table 4. Fit indices for the initial and final models for perceived organizational behaviors in organization.
Model
df
2/df
GFI
RMR
1
(initial - 24 items)
2
(final - 20 items)
738
246
<.001
3.00
0.75
427
164
<.001
2.60
0.83
0.05
RMSEA
low
0.09
Hoelter
index .05
76
0.05
0.08
90
Table 5. Fit indices for the overfactor solution and the single factor solution
50
Model
df
/df
GFI
RMR
Overfactor
Single factor
433,66
562,54
166
170
<.001
<.001
2,61
3,30
.825
.777
.053
.055
RMSEA
low
.080
.098
Hoelter
index .05
90
71
Studii i Cercetri
Table 6. Mean values, standard deviations and correlations for the instrument sub-scales
Factor
Min
Max
Mean
SD
No. of items
1. Misuse of information
Scale
4.00
19.00
8.06
3.74
.87
2. Production deviance
6.00
22.00
9.37
4.10
.79**
.86
6.00
27.00
11.36
5.14
.78**
.82**
.89
4.00
20.00
7.61
3.86
.73**
.79**
.81**
3. Absenteeism and
withdrawal
4.Counterproductive
interpersonal behaviors
.87
Note: N=198. Note: * p<.05, ** p<.01. Alpha indicators are presented on the diagonal
Table 7. Average values, standard deviations and Alpha indicator for the EPCBO scale (general score)
Scale
EPCBO (general score)
Min
20.00
Max
83.00
Mean
36.40
SD
15.48
No. of items
20
Alpha
.95
51
Table 9. Correlations between the perceived counterproductive behaviors scale and measurements of similar
behaviors, behaviors related in terms of theory, and dissimilar behaviors.
Comparison criterion
EPCBO 1
Similar behaviors
Individual counterproductive behaviors (Fox &
Spector, 2002)
Scale of interpersonal counterproductive behaviors
Scale of organizational counterproductive behaviors
Theoretically related concepts
Procedural justice (Leventhal 1980 apud Colquitt,
2001)
Perceived organizational support (Rhoades,
Eisenberger &Armeli 2001 apud OBrien 2004)
Dissimilar behaviors
Perceived social support (support from family, friends
and other significant persons) (MMPS, Zimet, Dahlem,
Zimet & Farley, 1988)
Observed correlations
EPCBO
EPCBO 3
2
EPCBO 4
.33**
.41 **
.45**
.48**
.32**
.41**
.32**
.33**
-.21*
-.32*
-.26**
-.32*
-.31**
-.39**
-.37**
-.48**
.18
.06
.15
.14
counterproductive
behaviors
within
organizations, since the categories generated
reflect both behaviors oriented towards the
organization, as well as interpersonal
behaviors (Bennett & Robinson, 2000; Spector
et al., 2006).
Evidence for instrument validation has
been obtained by evaluating the relation
between the resulting scale and other
measures that have evaluated similar
constructs. Moreover, the present instrument
had moderate relations with measures of
theoretically related constructs, such as
organizational
justice
or
perceived
organizational support. Finally, the scale has
shown discriminating validity, since no
significant correlation with unrelated construct
(such as support from other persons) has been
found.
It must be mentioned that the
validation is a continuous process. Only in
time, many more other studies will bring
considerable support in this respect.
Although this study provides many
contributions to the literature in this field, it
does have certain limitations.
The scale of this study does not
include all possible types of counterproductive
behavior. In different stages of evolution of the
scale some items were given up to, since they
did not meet the necessary statistical criteria. A
special attention in the process has been
focused on finding a balance in the creation of
a scale that was to include common types of
counterproductive
behavior
for
various
organizational cultures in order to provide a
complete set of behaviors and psychometric
Studii i Cercetri
53
References
Bennett,
54
Studii i Cercetri
Do not tell the truth about the fulfillment or the failure to fulfill a
task
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Daily
Once or two
times a
week
2
3
Once or two
times a
month
Once or two
times
No.
Never
In the table below there is a description of several possible behaviors that may occur within any organization.
Read carefully each sentence and mark the number that illustrates best the frequency of occurrence of that
particular behavior in your organization.
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
55
Never
Once or two
times
Once or two
times a
month
Once or two
times a
week
Daily
No.
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
14
Misuse
or
use
in
an
abusive
devices/instruments/resources of the company
15
16
17
18
19
20
manner
the
Administrare i cotare
Scala de evaluare a percepiei comportamentelor contraproductive n organizaii (SEPCCO) este un instrument
ce msoar percepia angajailor asupra comportamentelor de acest tip manifestate de colegii lor n cadrul
organizaiei. Instrumentul are patru scale:
56
Studii i Cercetri
2
3
4
S nu spun adevrul cu
neexecutarea unei sarcini
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
privire la executarea
sau
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
Zilnic
O dat sau
de dou ori
Niciodat
Nr.
crt
O dat sau
de dou ori
pe lun
O dat sau
de dou ori
pe
sptmn
n propoziiile de mai jos sunt descrise o serie de comportamente posibile care pot aprea n orice organizaie.
Citii cu atenie fiecare propoziie i ncercuii cifra corespunztoare frecvenei cu care considerai c respectivul
comportament se manifest n organizaia dumneavoastr.
57
Delia Vrg
Ctlina Zaboril
Coralia Sulea
Laureniu Maricuoiu
Universitatea de Vest din Timioara, Romania
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to validate the Romanian version of Utrecht Work Engagement
Scale (UWES-R). The study was developed in three phases: (1) adaptation for Romanian
language of Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (17 item version and 9 item version) (Shaufeli &
Bakker, 2003); (2) a comparative analysis of the two scales; (3) a validity analysis for UWES-9
on Romanian population. The factor structure for the two scales was tested using confirmatory
factor analysis. The results indicate that the fit indices for UWES-17 are lower than for UWES9. The comparative analysis of the results indicate that UWES-9 is, generally, more adequate
to be used in Romanian organizations. The internal consistency of the UWES-9 scales have
values between .70 and .80 and the consistency for the unique factor is almost .90 that
suggests a better adequacy for the single factor model. The construct validity analysis shows
that work engagement is related to personality dimensions, organizational citizenship and
counterproductive work behaviors, organizational justice and job content aspects. The results
support the reliability and validity aspects for the tested instrument.
Key words: organizational well-being, work engagement, factor analysis, validity.
Rsum
L'objectif de cette tude tait d'examiner la validit de la version roumaine de l'chelle
d'Utrecht pour limplication dans le travail (UWES-R). L'tude comprend trois phases: (1)
l'adaptation de lchelle de l'implication dans le travail (variante UWES-17 items et la variante
UWES-9 items) (Shaufeli & Bakker, 2003), en roumain et leur application au niveau de
l'organisation, (2) l'analyse comparative de ces deux chelles (3) lanalyse de validit de la
forme UWES-9 items sur la population roumaine. On a test la structure factorielle de l'chelles
par l'analyse factorielle confirmatoire. Les rsultats ont montr que les indices de
correspondance pour la variante UWES-17 sont infrieurs celles des UWES-9. L'analyse
comparative des rsultats obtenus indique que la version abrge (UWES-9) est gnralement
plus adapte pour lutilisation dans les organisations en Roumanie. La cohrence interne de
lchelles de l'instrument UWES- 9 a des valeurs comprises entre .70 et .80 et pour le facteur
unique est proche de .90, ce qui propose un meilleur modle d'adquation du model
unifactoriel. L'analyse mene sur la validit de la construction a indiqu que limplication dans
le travail est lie des dimensions de la personnalit, des comportements (civique
participative et contre-productive), de justice et des aspects du contenu dun post de travail.
Les rsultats soutiennent la fiabilit et des aspects sur la validit de l'instrument test.
Mots-cls: ltat de bien-tre dans les organisations, l'implication dans le travail, l'analyse
factorielle, la validit
Rezumat
Scopul acestui studiu a fost de a analiza validitatea versiunii n limba romn a Scalei Utrecht
pentru implicarea n munc (UWES-R). Studiul a cuprins trei etape: (1) adaptarea Scalei de
implicare in munc (varianta UWES-17 itemi i varianta UWES-9 itemi) (Shaufeli & Bakker,
2003) n limba romn i aplicarea lor la nivel organizaional; (2) analiza comparativ a celor
dou scale; (3) analiza validitii formei UWES -9 itemi, pe populaie romneasc. S-a testat
58
Studii i Cercetri
structura factorial a celor 2 scale prin analiza factorial confirmatorie. Rezultatele au artat c
indicii de potrivire pentru varianta UWES-17 sunt mai sczui dect cei pentru UWES-9.
Analiza comparativ a rezultatelor obinute indic faptul c varianta prescurtat (UWES-9)
este, n general, mai adecvat pentru a fi folosit n organizaiile din Romnia. Consistena
intern a scalelor instrumentului UWES-9 are valori ntre .70 i .80 iar cea a factorului unic este
aproape de .90, ceea ce sugereaz o mai bun adecvare a modelului unifactorial. Analizele
realizate asupra validitii de construct au indicat c implicarea n munc este legat de
dimensiuni ale personalitii, comportamente (civic-participative i contraproductive), justiia
organizaional i aspecte ale coninutului postului. Rezultatele susin fidelitatea i aspecte ale
validitii instrumentului testat.
Cuvinte cheie: sntate psihologic n organizaii, implicare n munc, analiz factorial,
validitate
Introducere
Conceptul de sntate psihologic
(engl., well-being) a fost intens studiat pe
parcursul anilor 90, att pe plan internaional,
ct i n Romnia. Studiile internaionale
reflect o direcie clar de cercetare a acestui
concept n relaie cu domeniul sntii
organizaionale i cu cel al calitii vieii.
Cercetrile prezentate n revistele de
specialitate i n comunicrile tiinifice din
cadrul Congreselor Europene de Psihologia
Muncii i Organizaional vizeaz, pe de o
parte, investigarea constructelor relaionate cu
sntatea psihologic (satisfacie n munc,
conflict munc-familie, sntate, stresul
ocupaional .a.m.d.), iar pe de alt parte,
clarificarea sferei conceptuale a sntii
psihologice,
precum
i
identificarea
modalitilor prin care acest concept poate fi
operaionalizat n cercetri empirice.
n Romnia, preocuprile legate de
studiul sntii psihologice n organizaii ca un
construct unitar au fost reduse. Acest fapt se
datoreaz transformrilor socio-politice prin
care a trecut ara noastr n ultimii 20 ani,
transformri care s-au reflectat i la nivel
organizaional. Perioada prelungit de tranziie
la economia de pia, consolidarea iniiativei
private n mediul economic, precum i apariia
investitorilor n domeniul serviciilor i n cel al
produciei au fcut ca mediul organizaional din
Romnia s aib prioriti legate, n mai mare
msur, de aspecte administrative i
financiare, dect de aspecte ale bunstrii
angajailor.
Complexitatea conceptului de sntate
psihologic n organizaii face ca acesta s fie
greu operaionalizabil ntr-o form unitar,
consensual la nivelul comunitii tiinifice
internaionale.
Starea de bine este un construct
biopsihosocial larg, care include: sntatea
fizic, mental i social. Literatura de
specialitate referitoare la tema sntii i
Studii i Cercetri
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Studii i Cercetri
Model testat
1 factor
UWES-17
(N=187)
3 factori
necorelai
3 factori corelai
1 factor
3 factori
necorelai
3 factori corelai
UWES-9
(N=283)
GFI
NFI
IFI
.783
.733
.793
.673
.470
.509
.786
.737
.796
.870
.883
.900
(27)=668,00, p<.001
.683
.532
.543
(24)=160,29, p<.001
.876
.887
.903
(119)=416,50,
p<.001
(119)=825,90,
p<.001
(116)=410,02,
p<.001
(27)=167,03, p<.001
Scala
Dedicare
Vitalitate
Absorbie
Implicare
n munc
m
11,33
13,05
13,22
4,80
5,33
4,92
.70
.88
.68
Lotul 2 (N=178)
Regie public,
Timioara
m
11,00
4,80
.77
12,64
4,98
.90
13,37
4,51
.77
37,74
13,95
.91
36,99
Lotul 1 (N=61)
Firm privat, Arad.
13,12
.92
Lotul 3 (N=44)
Masteranzi UVT
Total (N=283)
m
12,38
12,27
13,45
3,67
3,16
3,02
.77
.65
.66
m
12,84
11,51
13,63
4,63
4,40
4,03
.86
.71
.68
38,11
8,26
.84
37,99
11,75
.89
65
Dedicare
Absorbie
Implicare n munc
Vitalitate
1,00
Dedicare
0,77
1,00
Absorbie
0,70
0,77
1,00
Implicare n munc
0,90
0,93
0,90
1,00
Nota: N=178. Coeficienii de corelaie semnalai cu bold sunt semnificativi la p<.01.
este
una
din
Contiinciozitatea
dimensiunile personalitii din modelul Big Five
ce include o component volitiv legat de
nevoia de achiziie, auto-motivare i eficacitate
personal. De asemenea, contiinciozitatea
include o component de dependen legat
de nevoia de ordine, responsabilitate i
precauie. Astfel, nu este surprinztor de ce
66
Stabilitate emoional
0,13
0,14
0,02
0,10
Studii i Cercetri
Anxietatea - ca trstur
Vitalitate
-0,21
-0,25
Dedicare
-0,17
-0,30
Absorbie
-0,15
-0,17
Implicare n munc
-0,19
-0,26
Nota: N=178. Coeficienii de corelaie semnalai cu bold sunt semnificativi la p<.05.
Comportament
civic-participativ
organizaional
Comportamente
contraproductive
interpersonale
Comportamente
contraproductive
organizaionale
Vitalitate
0,19
0,35
-0,16
Dedicare
0,18
0,37
-0,18
Absorbie
0,24
0,44
-0,19
Implicare n
0,22
0,42
-0,19
munc
Nota: N=178. Coeficienii de corelaie semnalai cu bold sunt semnificativi la p<.05.
-0,23
-0,21
-0,19
-0,24
Studii i Cercetri
Justiie interpersonal
Justiie informaional
Vitalitate
0,28
0,23
0,14
Dedicare
0,29
0,26
0,23
Absorbie
0,29
0,21
0,10
Implicare n munc
0,32
0,27
0,17
Nota: N=178. Coeficienii de corelaie semnalai cu bold sunt semnificativi la p<.05.
Tabel 9. Corelaiile dintre diferite caracteristici ale postului (msurate prin proba JCQ) i implicarea n munc
Vitalitate
Dedicare
Absorbie
Aplicabilitatea aptitudinilor
0.06
0.09
-0.00
Autoritatea decizional
-0.00
-0.01
-0.11
ncrctura psihologic a postului
0.08
-0.02
0.13
Efortul fizic
0.07
0.00
0.07
Gradul de insecuritate a locului de munc
0.12
.20
0.09
Expunerea la noxe/toxicitate
-0.02
-0.02
-0.04
Condiiile de lucru periculoase
-0.11
-0.11
-0.12
Suportul perceput din partea efului
.29
.36
.30
Suportul perceput din partea colegilor
33
.31
.20
Satisfacia general la locul de munc
.32
.47
.34
Gradul de insatisfacie la locul de munc
-.26
-.40
-.24
Tulburri de natur psihosomatic
.19
.16
0.03
Tulburri ale somnului
0.07
0.05
-0.08
Grad de depresie
-.31
-.33
-0.14
Suport perceput familie
-.18
-.24
-.17
Suport perceput din partea prietenilor
-.15
-.22
-.20
Suport perceput din partea unei persoane
-0.06
-0.13
-0.06
speciale/semnificative/importante
Nota: N=178. Coeficienii de corelaie semnalai cu bold sunt semnificativi la p<.05.
Implicare n munc
0.05
-0.05
0.05
0.06
.15
-0.03
-0.13
.34
.31
.41
-.33
0.14
0.01
-.29
-.21
-.20
-0.08
69
Dedicare
Absorbie
Implicare n munc
Vrst
.14
.16
.17
.17
Vechime n munc
.17
.17
.19
.19
Studii i Cercetri
Limite
Recent, cercettorii americani sunt cei
care dezbat intens problematica dimensiunilor
teoretice ale conceptului de implicare n
munc, dar i modul de operaionalizare al
acestuia, precum i modalitile de msurare.
Newman
i
Harrison
(2008)
sintetizeaz principalele reacii la definirea
implicrii n munc drept o stare pozitiv n
legtur cu munca, caracterizat de vitalitate,
dedicare i absorbie (Schaufeli, Bakker &
Salanova, 2006). Prima reacie a autorilor se
refer la faptul c implicarea n munc este un
construct latent superior, deoarece nu are un
coninut conceptual nou, fiind un amestec al
unor concepte existente. Dei Macey i
Schneider (2008) afirm c implicarea n
munc este un cupaj nou a unor vinuri vechi,
un amestec cu caracteristici i savoare
distincte, Newman i Harrison arat c
amestecul i redenumirea unor teme precum
vitalitate, dedicare, absorbie, consacrate deja
n teoriile comportamentului organizaional, nu
aduce neaprat claritate conceptual.
n al doilea rnd, noteaz autorii
americani, utilitatea conceptului stare de
implicare n munc depinde de dovedirea
practic a validitii sale, ca diferit de alte
constructe
latente
superioare,
precum
atitudinea general fa de munc. n
cercetarea practic, combinarea unor itemi
care descriu atitudini fa de munc (precum
UWES)
poate
genera
coeficieni
de
consisten intern alpha Cronbach ridicai,
ns validitatea explicativ pentru consecine
comportamentale generale este sub nivelul
celui furnizat de conceptul umbrel atitudine
n munc. n practic, atunci cnd se discut
despre implicarea n munc, se face referire
mai degrab la comportamente de munc
observabile i mai puin la atitudini generale.
A treia observaie a celor doi autori
este legat de faptul c termenul implicare n
munc, aa cum este utilizat n practic, poate
fi conceptualizat ca factor supraordonat al unor
comportamente de munc intens studiate:
performana n munc, comportamentul civic
participativ. Un studiu meta-analitic realizat de
Harrison, Newman i Roth (2006) a trecut n
revist peste 500 de cercetri care au urmrit
relaii ntre atitudini i comportamente n
munc. Rezultatele acestui studiu meta-analitic
sprijin conceptul de implicare n munc,
diferit de atitudinea fa de munc i
conceptualizabil
ca
un
construct
comportamental superior.
Implicarea n munc, ca un concept
emergent, a captat atenia cercettorilor i
practicienilor o dat cu trecerea la o abordare
71
Bibiliografie
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behavioral approach to the treatment of post
traumatic stress disorder after work-related
trauma. Professional Safety, 42, 39-42.
Bakker, A.B., Schaufeli, W.B., Leiter, M.P., & Taris,
T.W. (2008). Work engagement: An
emerging concept in occupational health
psychology. Work and Stress, 22 (3), 187200.
Barrick, M.R., & Mount, M.K. (1991). The Big Five
personality dimensions and job performance:
A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44,
1-26.
Barrick, M.R., Mount, M.K., & Strauss, J.P. (1993).
Conscientiousness and performance of sales
representatives: Test of the mediating effects
of goal setting. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 78, 715-722.
Bennett, R.J., & Robinson, S.L. (2000).
Development of a measure of workplace
deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85
(3), 349-360.
Blickle, G. (1996). Personality traits, learning
strategies, and performance. European
Journal of Personality, 10, 337-352.
Bolchover, D. (2006). Morii vii. Rupi de lume, dui
dintre noi: crudul adevr despre viaa de
birou. Bucureti: Codecs.
Brief, A.P., Burke, M.J., George, J.M., Robinson,
B.S.., & Webster, J. (1988). Should negative
affectivity remain an unmeasured variable in
72
Flow.
Studii i Cercetri
Judge, T. A., Erez, A., Bono, J. E., & Thoresen, C.
J. (2002). Are measures of self-esteem,
neuroticism, locus of control, and generalized
self-efficacy indicators of a common core
construct? Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 83, 693710.
Karaseck, R.A. (1979). Job demands, job decision
latitude, and mental strain: Implications for
job
redesign,
Administrative
Science
Quarterly, 24, 265-308.
Kawakami, N., Kobayashi, F., Araki, S., Haratani, T.,
& Furui, H. (1995). Assessment of job stress
dimensions based on the Job DemandsControl
Model
of
employees
of
telecommunication and electrical power
companies in Japan: Relability and Validity of
the Japanese Version of the Job Content
Questionnaire, International Journal of
Behavioral Medicine, 2(4), 358-375.
Kristensen, T.S. (1995). The demand-controlsupport model: Methodological challenges for
future research, Stress Medicine, 11, 17-26.
Kristensen, T.S. (1996). Job stress and
cardiovascular disease: A theoretical critical
review, Journal of Occupational Health
Psychology, 1(3), 246-260.
Langelaan, S., Bakker, A.B., Van Doornen L. J. P.,
& Shaufeli, W. B. (2006). Bournout and work
engagement: Do individual differences make
a difference? Personality and individual
differences, 40, 521-532.
Lee,
73
Studii i Cercetri
11
Drago Iliescu
D&D Testcentral
Florin Glin
TalentGate Romania
Dan Ispas
University of South Florida
Abstract
This study examined the cultural adaptation of the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery II in
Romania. Cultural adaptation of the items and the standardization process are described. The
psychometric characteristics of the Romanian version are shown to be excellent in terms of
reliability and construct validity (intertest correlations and EFA). Further studies conducted in
Romania are discussed, both on the correlation with other cognitive ability tests and on the
criterion validity of the MAB-II.
Keywords: cognitive ability testing, cultural adaptation, norming, reliability, criterion validity
Rsum
Cette tude a examin l`adaptation culturelle de la Multidimensional Aptitude Battery II en
Roumanie. L`adaptation culturelle de ces questions et le processus de normalisation sont
dcrites. Les caractristiques psychomtriques de la version roumaine sont rvls excellents
en termes de fiabilit et de validit (intertest corrlations et EFA). D`autres tudes menes en
Roumanie sont examines, la fois sur la corrlation avec d`autres tests d`aptitudes cognitives
et sur la validit de critre de la MAB-II.
Mots cls: test de la capacit cognitive, l`adaptation culturelle, normalisation, de fiabilit, de
validit de critre
Rezumat
Studiul de fa a examinat adaptarea cultural a Bateriei Multidimensionale de Aptitudini II n
Romnia. Sunt descrise adaptarea cultural a itemilor i procesul de standardizare.
Caracteristicile psihometrice ale versiunii romneti sunt excelente n termeni de fidelitate i
validitate de construct (corelaii intertest i EFA). Sunt discutate studii ulterioare realizate n
Romnia, att n ceea ce privete corelaiile cu alte teste de abiliti cognitive, ct i validitatea
de criteriu a MAB-II.
Cuvinte cheie: testarea abilitii cognitive, adaptare cultural, etalonare, fidelitate, validitate de
criteriu
O parte a datelor normative discutate n acest articol au fost raportate i n Iliescu & Glin (2008)
Adresa de coresponden: dragos.iliescu@testcentral.ro
75
Introducere
Bateria
Multidimensional
de
Aptitudini,
versiunea
II
(MAB-II,
Multidimensional Aptitude Battery-II) a fost
proiectat pentru a furniza o msur comod i
scorabil obiectiv a aptitudinii cognitive
generale, adic a inteligenei. Rezultatele se
prezint sub forma unui profil care conine 5
scoruri la subtestele verbale i 5 scoruri la
subtestele de performan.
Bateria MAB, ca i revizia ei MAB-II,
au fost realizate cu un singur gnd: s ofere o
soluie mai rapid, cu administrare creionhrtie i cu posibilitatea de administrare n
grup, bazat pe o scorare obiectiv, pentru
bateria WAIS, care, dup cum se tie, este un
standard n domeniul testrii aptitudinilor
cognitive. Totui, bateria WAIS are o seam de
avantaje marcante care o fac dificil de utilizat
chiar i n contextul evalurii clinice i practic
imposibil de utilizat n contextul psihologiei
muncii: dureaz mult, se administreaz doar
individual, pe baz de instrumentar complex i
se scoreaz (parial) subiectiv. Aadar, dup
cum vom vedea, MAB-II ofer practic o form
rapid, scorabil obiectiv, administrabil n
grup, pentru modelul WAIS (Krieshok &
Harrington, 1985). Fr a avea vreun item
comun cu vreuna din formele WAIS, MAB-II
obine cu un timp de aplicare njumtit i cu o
administrare mult mai facil, corelaii foarte
mari cu aceast baterie, capitaliznd astfel de
pe urma tuturor studiilor de validare realizate
cu WAIS.
Formatul itemilor, administrarea i scorarea
MAB-II
MAB-II folosete itemi cu alegeri
multiple pentru toate subtestele. Dei
coninutul lor merge de la verbal i numeric
pn la imagini, n toate cazurile sarcina
respondentului este s identifice, dintre cele 5
variante, pe aceea care este corect sau pe
care o consider corect. Acest format al
itemilor permite o nregistrare facil a
rspunsurilor pentru fiecare persoan, o
scorare structurat, pentru care nu sunt
necesare cunotine foarte profesioniste,
precum
i
scorarea,
interpretarea
i
prezentarea automat a datelor. Itemii sunt
cuprini n dou caiete de testare, unul pentru
cele 5 teste Verbale i unul pentru cele 5 teste
de Performan. Fiecare din cele 10 subteste
este administrat cu o limit de timp de 7
minute. Testul poate fi scorat att electronic,
ct i manual.
Cele 5 subteste Verbale ale MAB-II
sunt urmtoarele: Informaie (Information),
76
(Comprehension),
Aritmetic
nelegere
(Arithmetic), Similariti (Similarities) i
Vocabular (Vocabulary). Cele 5 subteste de
Performan coninute n MAB-II sunt:
Simboluri
numerice
(Digit
Symbol),
Completare de imagini (Picture Completion),
Spaial (Spatial), Aranjarea de imagini
(Picture Arrangement), Asamblarea de
obiecte (Object Assembly). MAB-II ofer
scoruri pentru toate cele 10 subteste. n plus,
MAB-II furnizeaz un scor IQ Verbal, un scor
IQ Performan i un scor IQ Complet.
Prezentarea modificrilor aduse MAB-II n
procesul de adaptare la limba romn i la
spaiul cultural specific Romniei
Traducerea i adaptarea MAB-II
pentru limba romn a necesitat un efort
important, pentru a menine un echilibru ntre
cerinele deintorului licenei internaionale a
testului (Sigma Assessment Systems) i
constrngerile culturale i de limb specifice
Romniei. Pe de o parte, este de neles
dorina autorului, ori, n cazul nostru, a
editorului internaional, de a ine testul ct mai
apropiat cu putin de forma sa original,
efectund aadar modificri minime. Aceast
dorin este ntotdeauna neleas i acceptat
de autorii adaptrii, cu att mai mult cu ct nu
se poate capitaliza de pe urma cercetrilor i a
studiilor de validare efectuate n alte culturi sau
medii, dect n condiiile n care exist o
echivalen suficient de clar ntre formele
testului care circul n noua cultur.
Cu toate acestea, o simpl traducere
nu este niciodat suficient. Dei exist un
mare numr de studii care confirm
performana echivalent, n culturi diferite, a
marii majoriti a itemilor figurali (scala
Performan) utilizai n diferite teste de
aptitudini mentale (de exemplu Maldonado &
Geisinger, 2005), exist tot attea dubii cu
privire la performana echivalent a itemilor
verbali. Majoritatea itemilor din testele verbale,
care ncarc puternic componenta cristalizat
a inteligenei, sunt itemi cu o rezonan
cultural puternic. Pilotarea MAB-II n
Romnia a demonstrat de altfel cu prisosin,
la nivelul analizei de item i a analizei de
distractor, faptul c o parte mare a itemilor
verbali, n special din subtestele V1, V2, V4 i
V5, aveau o performan insuficient n
contextul cultural romnesc.
Aadar, cel mai intens efort i cea mai
substanial intervenie au avut loc n cazul
subtestelor i itemilor mai saturai cultural. Am
putea spune c este vorba de subtestele mai
saturate de factorul cristalizat Gc din
componena inteligenei. n aceast situaie s-
Studii i Cercetri
Studii i Cercetri
Zona statistic
1. Nord - Est
2. Sud - Est
3. Sud
4. Sud - Vest
5. Vest
6. Nord - Vest
7. Centru
8. Bucureti
Total
Eantionul MAB
N
%
528
16.50
397
12.41
497
15.53
357
11.16
290
9.06
403
12.59
365
11.41
363
11.34
3200
100.00
Populaia Romniei %
17.17
13.16
15.48
10.74
8.97
12.64
11.68
10.14
100.00
79
Tabelul 2. Prezentare comparativ a nivelului de educaie al subiecilor inclui n eantionul MAB-II, comparativ
cu nivelul populaiei generale din Romnia
Nivelul de educaie
N
Gimnazial
Liceal
Profesional
Postliceal
Superior
Nedeclarat
Total
Brbai
%
517
589
158
99
151
86
1600
32.31
36.81
9.88
6.19
9.44
5.38
100.00
Femei
%
446
425
139
224
300
66
1600
Raport B/F %
MAB
27.88
26.56
8.69
14.00
18.75
4.13
100.00
Populaia Romniei %
Brbai
Femei
1.16
1.39
1.14
.44
.50
1.30
21.36
12.06
11.19
0.98
4.69
50.28
21.24
14.88
6.39
1.33
5.88
49.72
Raport B/F %
Populaia
general
1.01
.81
1.75
.74
.80
-
Tabelul 3. Comparaie ntre brbai i femei pe eantionul MAB-II romnesc, n ceea ce privete numrul anilor
de colarizare
Ani de colarizare
8
12
14
16
Nedeclarat
Total
Numr mediu ani colarizare
Brbai
N
517
747
99
151
86
1600
%
32.31
46.69
6.19
9.44
5.38
100.00
Femei
N
446
564
224
300
66
1600
11.16
%
27.88
35.25
14.00
18.75
4.13
100.00
11.91
Tabelul 4. Comparaie ntre brbai i femei pe eantionul MAB-II romnesc, n ceea ce privete mediul de
provenien
Mediul de proveniena
Urban
Rural
Total
80
Brbai
N
1080
520
1600
Femei
%
67.50
32.50
100.00
N
1108
492
1600
%
69.25
30.75
100.00
Studii i Cercetri
Tabelul 5. Coeficienii de stabilitate test-retest pentru subtestele si scalele MAB-II, calculat pentru Romnia
Subtest
Media
Test 1
18.73
16.42
12.85
21.18
23.89
24.31
21.61
31.00
10.87
10.75
93.07
98.54
191.61
Scoruri brute
Media
Stabilitatea
Test 2
test-retest
18.85
.88
16.46
.91
12.85
.92
21.10
.88
24.08
.95
24.38
.97
21.72
.94
31.30
.85
10.85
.85
10.77
.92
93.34
.96
99.01
.94
192.35
.96
Media
Test 1
54.65
52.62
55.02
54.28
52.87
56.72
58.83
59.86
54.52
53.94
106.98
113.06
111.51
Scoruri T / IQ
Media
Stabilitatea
Test 2
test-retest
54.84
.88
52.70
.91
55.02
.92
54.16
.88
53.06
.95
56.83
.97
59.07
.94
60.21
.85
54.44
.85
54.00
.92
107.10
.96
113.32
.95
111.73
.96
N=71; Mediile subtestelor sunt prezentate att n scoruri brute ct i n note standardizate T. Pentru
scalele Verbal, Performan, i Total, primele medii sunt exprimate n sume de scoruri brute, iar
ultimele sunt scoruri standardizate IQ.
Alpha
0.92
0.78
0.94
0.76
0.87
0.87
0.85
0.77
0.90
0.94
0.80
0.86
0.85
81
Tabelul 7. Matricea de intercorelaii dintre subtestele MAB-II, calculat pe eantionul normativ romnesc
INF
.63
.56
.62
.64
.36
.40
.32
.39
.44
COM
ARI
SIM
VOC
DS
PC
SPA
PA
OA
.57
.67
.73
.23
.27
.20
.20
.28
.53
.53
.40
.33
.31
.34
.41
.75
.40
.39
.22
.36
.38
.28
.28
.16
.23
.25
.52
.50
.52
.42
.50
.56
.53
.46
.45
.62
Studii i Cercetri
V
Varimax
.754
.879
.671
.824
.896
.225
.215
.084
.159
.247
Oblimin
.810
.876
.728
.861
.892
.377
.376
.245
.330
.402
P
Varimax
.340
.083
.336
.260
.081
.718
.763
.749
.802
.737
G
Oblimin
.498
.275
.476
.435
.277
.750
.792
.749
.817
.773
.68
.78
.56
.75
.81
.57
.63
.57
.67
.60
Not:
Factorul G reprezint prima component principal nerotit. V reprezint factorul Verbal iar P reprezint
factorul Performan.
APM
Tabelul 9. Corelaii ntre MAB-II i Raven APM (Advanced Progressive Matrices), pentru un eantion romnesc
de N=186
Subtest
Verbal
V1. Informaie (INF)
V2. nelegere (COM)
V3. Aritmetic (ARI)
V4. Similariti (SIM)
V5. Vocabular (VOC)
Performan
P1. Simboluri numerice (DS)
P2. Completare de imagini (PC)
P3. Spaial (SPA)
P4. Aranjare de imagini (PA)
P5. Asamblare de obiecte (OA)
Scale generale
IQ Verbal
IQ Performan
IQ Total
84
Corelaii
.29
.28
.43
.27
.19
.31
.39
.45
.38
.56
.39
.52
.50
Studii i Cercetri
Tabelul 10. Corelaiile dintre subtestele MAB-II i subtestele GAMA, pe un eantion romnesc N=167
Verbal
V1. Informaie (INF)
V2. nelegere (COM)
V3. Aritmetic (ARI)
V4. Similariti (SIM)
V5. Vocabular (VOC)
Performan
P1. Simboluri numerice (DS)
P2. Completare de imagini (PC)
P3. Spaial (SPA)
P4. Aranjare de Imagini (PA)
P5. Asamblare de obiecte (OA)
Scale generale
IQ Verbal
IQ Performan
IQ Total
Not:
Identiti
Analogii
Succesiuni
Construcii
IQ GAMA
.25**
.31**
.21**
.12
.02
.43**
.31**
.21**
.23**
.06
.52**
.39**
.21**
.27**
.23**
.30**
.17*
.16*
.12
-.02
.49**
.37**
.24**
.24**
.11
.33**
.20*
.30*
.25**
.38**
.37**
.17*
.44**
.40**
.51**
.29**
.19*
.51**
.34**
.46**
.16*
.14
.32**
.28**
.25**
.36**
.22**
.51**
.41**
.51**
.23**
.40**
.38**
.32**
.52**
.51**
.44**
.51**
.57**
.18*
.32**
.31**
.38**
.56**
.57**
* p<.05, ** p<.01.
r
.91
.82
.83
.85
.93
.82
.86
.83
.85
.86
.94
.96
.96
Studii i Cercetri
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Intelligence Scale WAIS and the WAIS
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psihologic.
Metode
statistice
complementare. Cluj-Napoca: ASCR.
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Intelligence Scale-Revised. New York:
Psychological Corporation.
87
Ctlina Amihiei
Universitatea din Bucureti
Eusebiu Catana
ITS&Telematics Consultants, Brussels, Belgium
Abstract
This paper explores the use of biodata as a selection method. Starting from the definition of the
term, its content, as well as the elaboration of specific instruments and the validity of biodata
use, this paper offers a holistic picture on biographical data used in selection, providing
suggestions for practitioners as well as researchers.
Key words: selection, biodata, biographical questionnaire
Rsum
La prsente tude explore l`utilisation de biodata comme un mode de slection profesionnelle.
partir de la dfinition de la notion, son contenu, ainsi que l`laboration d`instruments
spcifiques et la validit de biodata, cette prsente tude offre une vision globale sur le data
biographic utilises dans la slection professionnelle, en fourninsant des suggestions pour les
practiciens ainsi que les rechercheurs.
Mots cls: slection profesionnelle, biodata, questionnaire biographique
Rezumat
Prezentul studiu exploreaz utilizarea datelor biografice n selecia de personal. Pornind de la
definirea termenului, principalele categorii de informaii incluse n aceste date i pn la
modaliti de elaborare a instrumentelor specifice, precum i condiiile n care putem vorbi de
validitatea acestei metode de testare, prezentul articol i propune s ofere o imagine de
ansamblu asupra datelor biografice ca tehnic de evaluare n selecia profesional, cu implicaii
att pentru cercettori, ct i pentru practicieni.
Cuvinte cheie: selecia profesional, date biografice, chestionar de date biografice
Introducere
Adresa de coresponden:
amihaiesi.catalina@gmail.com
88
89
90
Comportamentul
comportamentul viitor
trecut
prezice
91
92
Concluzii
n ciuda lipsei unei conceptualizri
clare, a unui cadru teoretic i a unui acord cu
privire la modalitatea de elaborare a itemilor,
datele biografice continu s fascineze att
cercettorii ct mai ales practicienii. ncntarea
obinerii unui coeficient de corelaie ntre .30 i
.40 i-a fcut pe muli s nu se mai ntrebe ce
msoar de fapt i cum anume ar putea folosi
mai eficient acele valori n propria companie
sau n propriile studii.
Perpetuarea ideii c datele biografice
sunt un predictor acurat al performanei la locul
de munc, mpreun cu dovezi referitoare la
faptul c practicienii valideaz mult prea rar
aceast tehnic (Terpstra & Rozell, 1997) au
condus la perpetuarea unor practici abuzive n
domeniu. Cercettorii abuzeaz de tehnicile de
prelucrare a datelor pentru a obine rezultatele
dorite, interpretarea datelor obinute plind n
faa supremaiei pragului de semnificaie.
Practicienii abuzeaz de resursele umane de
care dispun supunnd candidaii la ntrebri
care ar trebui s fie acolo (Pilbeam &
Corbridge, 2006). Cadrul legislativ permisiv,
precum i necunoaterea rolului pe care
tehnicile de selecie profesional l joac i
determin pe muli candidai s accepte
tratamentul angajatorilor.
Predictorul acurat din spatele datelor
biografice continu s fie perceput astfel de
multe ori pe baza unor metaanalize n care
coninutul conceptului de date biografice este
preluat din studiile care includ n chestionarele
de acest fel msurarea celor mai variate
concepte, de la interese, valori, trsturi de
personalitate, pn la aptitudini specifice i
chiar preferine pentru anumite activiti
sportive (Harvey-Cook & Taffler, 2000;
Eberhardt & Muchinsky, 1982), precum i pe
baza unor cercetri derulate pe un anumit
domeniu de activitate i un anumit post,
cercetri ale cror rezultate nu pot fi
generalizate, asocierile disprnd la testarea
altor eantioane.
Regsim astfel n literatura ce vizeaz
selecia pe baz de date biografice, asocieri
cel puin ciudate, care nu au o fundamentare
teoretic, nu pot fi generalizate i nu sunt
stabile. Aplicat astfel, analiza datelor
biografice se aseamn cu ncercrile oarbe
de a gsi asocieri ntre caracteristicile
indivizilor, constituind un abuz att la adresa
acestora, ct i n ceea ce privete utilizarea
tehnicilor statistice.
93
94
Journal, 8, 2, 105-120.
Gunter, B., Furnham, A. & Drakeley R. Routledge
(1993) Biodata: biographical indicators of
business performance. Routledge.
Harvey-Cook, J. & Taffler, R. (2000). Biodata in
professional entry-level selection: statistical
scoring of common format applications.
Journal of Occupational and Organizational
Psychology, 73, 103-118.
Hermelin, E. & Robertson, I. (2001). A critique and
standardization of meta-analytic validity
coefficients in personnel selection. Journal
of Occupational and Organizational
Psychology, 74, 253-277.
Hersen, M. (2004). Comprehensive handbook of
psychological assessment. John Wiley and
Sons.
Kaak, S., Feild, H., Giles, W. & Norris, D. (1998).
The wieghted application blank: a costeffective tool that can reduce employee
turnover. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant
Administration Quarterly, 39, 18-24.
Karas, M. & West, J. (1999). Construct-oriented
biodata development for selection to a
differentiated
performance
domain.
International Journal of Selection and
Assessment, 7, 2, 86-96.
Kilcullen, R., White, L., Mumford, M. & Mack, H.
(2002). Assessing the construct validity of
rational
biodata
scales.
Military
Psychology, 7, 1, 17-28.
Kluger, A., Reilly, R. & Russell, C. (1991). Faking
biodata tests: are option-keyed instruments
more resistant? Journal of Applied
Psychology, 76, 6, 889-896.
Lefkowitz, J., Gebbia, M., Balsam, T. & Dunn, L.
(1999). Dimensions of biodata items and
their relationship to item validity. Journal of
Occupational
and
Organizational
Psychology, 72, 331-350.
Mael, F. (1991). A conceptual rationale for the
domain and attributes of biodata items.
Personnel Psychology, 44, 763-792.
Mael, F. & Ashforth, B. (1995). Loyal from day one:
biodata, organizational identification, and
turnover among newcomers. Personnel
Psychology, 48, 309-333 .
McManus, M. & Kelly, M. (1999). Personality
measures and biodata: evidence regarding
their incremential predictive value in the life
insurance industry. Personnel Psychology,
52, 137-148.
Mount, M., Witt, L & Barrick, M. (2000). Incremental
validity of empirically keyed biodata scales
over GMA and the five factor personality
constructs. Personnel Psychology, 53,
299-323.
95
Rbert Balzsi
Universitatea Babe Bolyai, Cluj Napoca
12
96
Despre metod
ea1
a2
a3
b1
ea2
ea3
eb1
b2
b3
eb2
eb3
97
a1
ea1
1
a2
a2
a2
ea2
a3
a3
a3
a1
ea3
ea1
a2
a2
ea2
b1
b1
a3
eb1
a3
ea3
b2
b2
b2
b3
b3
b3
b1
eb2
eb3
eb1
b2
b2
eb2
b3
b3
eb3
98
Despre metod
d1
d2
ed1
ed2
d3
d4
d5
d6
d7
d8
d9
ed3
ed4
ed5
ed6
ed7
ed8
ed9
Tabel 1. Rezultatele studiului de analiz a invariaei criteriilor de diagnostic DSM a depresiei majore pe cele
dou categorii de gen (Brown, 2006)
Estimri independente
Brbai(n=375)
Femei(n=375)
Invarian
45.96
52.95
df
26
26
df
-
RMSEA
.045
.053
CFI
.97
.96
Configural
98.91
52
.049
.96
Metric
102.84
60
3.93
.045
.96
Scalar
115.31
68
12.47
.043
.96
Factorial strict
125.02
77
9.71
.048
.96
RMSEA Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (Eroarea a Aproximrii) ; CFI Comparativ Fit Index (Index
de Potrivire Comparativ); - Diferena de ; df Diferena de grade de libertate.
99
Concluzii
Cercetrile transnaionale impun cu
necesitate adaptarea unor instrumente de
evaluare, astfel nct acelai construct s fie
msurat n diferite culturi. Adaptarea ns nu
se rezum doar la traducerea i retroversiunea
instrumentelor de evaluare psihologic.
Cercettorii trebuie s se asigure c itemii
chestionarului sunt interpretai n mod similar
n toate culturile implicate. O modalitate de a
verifica invariana instrumentului, presupune
utilizarea analizei factoriale confirmatorii.
Aceasta este o procedur flexibil, care spre
deosebire de alte modele permite evaluarea
tuturor componentelor invarianei.
Bibliografie
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Byrne, B. M., Shavelson, R. J., & Muthrn, B. (1989).
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of
partial
measurement
invariance.
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Cross-cultural Psychology, 34 (2), 155-175.
Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2000).
Assessing extreme and acquiescence
response sets in cross-cultural research
using structural equation modeling. Journal of
Cross-Cultural Research, 31, 187-212.
Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002).
Evaluating goodness-of-fit indices for testing
measurement
equivalence.
Structural
Equation Modeling, 9, 233-255.
Cheung, G. W. (2008). Testing Equivalence in the
Structure, Means, and Variances of HigherOrder Constructs With Structural Equation
Modeling. Organizational Research Methods,
11, 593-613.
Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple
regression/correlation analysis for the
behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Drasgow, F., & Kanfer, R. (1985). Equivalence of
psychological
measurement
in
100
autoarea
prezint
principalele teorii din domeniul psihologiei
organizaionale, de la perspectiva clasic la
cea post-modern. Sunt prezentate abordri
ale mediului organizaional i ale complexitii
organizaionale,
componentele
sistemului
organizaional
i
tipuri
de
structuri
organizaionale. Abordarea descriptiv bine
documentat i structurat ofer, nc din
acest capitol, un ghid foarte util pentru
introducerea
n
domeniul
psihologiei
organizaionale, atrgnd atenia, pentru cei
interesai de organizaiile moderne, asupra
unei teme centrale a gndirii organizaionale
post-moderne: organizaiile virtuale. Capitolul 2
Schimbarea organizaional descrie
importana
aspectelor
implicate
n
managementul schimbrii organizaionale i
distincia dintre schimbarea proactiv i cea
reactiv. Sunt prezentate principalele tipuri de
schimbare
organizaional,
bazate
pe
combinaia dintre inovare i inerie. Este
evideniat
procesul
de
diagnoz
organizaional, care st la baza interveniilor
presupuse de programele de dezvoltare
organizaional. Capitolul 3 Problematica
lurii deciziei descrie ntr-o manier
structurat modele de luare a deciziilor,
prescriptive i descriptive. Autoarea prezint i
aspecte comportamentale i organizaionale n
luarea deciziei. Este discutat modelul
raionalitii limitate i aplicri recente ale
acestuia n literatura de specialitate. Autoarea
ne apropie de scopul central al crii prin
discuia despre studiul deciziei n diferite
circumstane, cu accent pe luarea deciziilor n
condiii de incertitudine. Punctul central al
101
acestui
capitol
este
reprezentat
de
complexitatea cognitiv i mecanismele de
control a stresului decizional, importante fiind
modalitile prin care managerii pot s i
dezvolte abilitile de a gestiona astfel de
procese n situaii complexe. Este discutat i
rolul factorilor individuali care pot anticipa
succesul decizional, relevana acestora n
procesul de selecie a angajailor, precum i
interesul organizaiilor de a avea indivizi care
au potenialul s adopte decizii eficiente n
medii organizaionale dinamice i complexe,
specifice
situaiei
de
schimbare
organizaional. Autoare propune un model
care vizeaz nivelul individual, mai specific, un
model care i propune identificarea relaiilor
dintre factorii cognitivi i de personalitate care
contribuie la predicia performanei decizionale
din organizaiile n schimbare. Capitolul 4
Obiectivele cercetrii prezint principalele
direcii ale cercetrii care se refer, pe de-o
parte, la identificarea factorilor psihologici cu
rol n succesul managerilor ca decideni i, pe
de-alt parte, elaborarea unei strategii de
selecie a personalului de conducere pe baza
factorilor psihologici identificai ca predictori ai
performanelor decizionale din organizaiile n
schimbare. Din punct de vedere metodologic,
este
important
descrierea
construirii
instrumentului care msoar complexitatea
cognitiv i cea a elaborarrii unei scale cu
ancore comportamentale pentru evaluarea
performanei decizionale. Cercetarea descris
a vizat o analiz aplicativ, desfurat ntr-un
cadru natural, organizaional. Capitolul 5
Studiul influenelor variabilelor individuale
asupra performanei decizionale din sarcini n
schimbare a avut drept obiectiv studiul
relaiilor dintre variabilele individuale i
performana decizional, nainte i dup o
schimbare
neateptat,
ntr-o
sarcin
concret. Rezultatele studiului sprijin ideea c
adaptabilitatea reprezint un factor important
n eficiena decizional n condiiile de
schimbare. Autoarea sublinieaz ideea c
decizia, n contexte de schimbare, impune
cerine deosebite fa de decizia n contexte
stabile. Pe lng valena metodologic, este
important de precizat i valena aplicativ,
deoarece cercetarea accentueaz necesitatea
introducerii
anumitor
caracteristici
de
personalitate n bateriile de teste de selecie
pentru funcii sau situaii n care performana
depinde de adaptabilitate, ai crui predictori
sunt considerai a fi aptitudinile cognitive
generale,
deschiderea
spre
nou
i
contiinciozitatea. Capitolul 6 Studiu privind
102
implicaiile
factorilor
cognitivi
i
de
personalitate n luarea deciziilor discutarea
modelului propus identific factorii psihologici
care contribuie la succesul managerilor n rolul
lor de decideni, n organizaiile n schimbare.
Modelul propus de autoare are att valene
explicative, ct i predictive, evideniind c n
condiii
de
incertitudine,
competenele
cognitive, alturi de factori de personalitate,
prezic cel mai bine eficiena i performana
organizaional decizional. Pe de alt parte,
n condiii de stabilitate, aptitudinile cognitive
generale sunt predictori viabili ai performanei
decizionale. Avnd n vedere aceste dou
contexte diferite, autoarea atrage atenia
asupra necesitii unei abordri difereniate a
procesului decizional, n funcie de condiiile n
care acesta se produce. Capitolul 7 Studiu
comparativ ntre subieci cu performane
decizionale diferite a urmrit realizarea unei
comparaii ntre persoane cu performane
diferite n raport cu luarea deciziilor.
Rezultatele studiului susin c, pe msur ce
gradul de incertitudine i risc crete, situaiile
devin mai puin predictibile, crete i
importana factorilor de personalitate implicai
n performana decizional. Capitolul 8
Studiul privind identificarea profilului modal al
angajatului performant prezint i modul prin
care autoarea i-a propus i configurarea
bateriei de probe psihologice n vederea
seleciei persoanelor cu potenial adaptativ la
schimbarea organizaional. Delia Vrg relev
importana rolului trsturilor de personalitate
n potrivirea persoan-organizaie, ilustrnd
profilul modal al angajatului performant la
nivelul ntregii organizaii. De asemenea,
diferenele semnificative la nivel departamental
subliniaz importana raportrii la un profil
modal departamental, n cadrul procesului de
selecie. Important de reinut este rezultatul
conform cruia candidaii cu potenial de
dezvoltare i capacitate de nvare, precum i
cu un nivel ridicat al complexitii cognitive au
anse mai mari de a fi angajai n companii.
Capitolul 9 Concluzii generale
argumenteaz c programele de schimbare
organizaional necesit implicaii individuale
de la toate nivelele organizaiei i prevede
aciuni derulate att la nivel individual, ct i
organizaional. Se desprinde clar ideea c
decizia n contexte de schimbare impune
cerine deosebite fa de decizia n contexte
stabile, iar factorii de personalitate devin din ce
n
ce
mai
importani
n
estimarea
performanelor decizionale dup schimbare. n
condiii
de
incertitudine,
competenele
103
104
Roxana Vaida
105
106
107
108
Claudia Rus
109
110
Claudia Rus
APIO
Asociaia de Psihologie Industrial i Organizaional
V ateptm cu drag!
111
APIO
Asociaia de Psihologie Industrial i Organizaional
Dac
112
1.
1.
2.
2.
Les manuscrits
manire claire.
3.
3.
4.
4.
La
longueur
des
tudes
thoriques,
exprimentales, dinvestigations appliques et des
mta-analyses sera de 25 pages maxim, crites
avec un interligne de 1, y compris les tableaux, les
figures et les rfrences bibliographiques. Les
commentaires et les interviews ne seront pas plus
longs que de 10 pages. Pour les critiques, la
longueur sera de 3-4 pages. La longueur des
articles prnant des MRU en practique ne peut
pas excder 10 pages.
5.
5.
Pentru carte:
doivent
tre
labors
dune
Pour un livre:
113