PREFATA Acest curs este destinat studenilor de anul III, specializarea SEN.

Avnd in vedere particularitile acestei forme de nvmnt, cursul a fost elaborat pentru studiul individual. Cursul este alctuit din opt uniti cu urmtoarea structur: tema unitii, vocabularul de specialitate aferent temei i exerciiile de vocabular Exerciiile i testele sunt precedate de instruciuni clare privind cerinele pentru rezolvarea sarcinilor (tasks). Obiectivele cursului sunt: dezvoltarea i perfecionarea capacitilor de nelegere i exprimare oral, citire i scriere n limba englez, dezvoltarea i perfecionarea priceperilor i deprinderilor de folosire corect, oral i in scris, a limbii engleze, extinderea vocabularului, nsuirea i aplicarea normelor gramaticale n exprimarea situativ conform tematicii prezentate n unitatea de studiu; extinderea vocabularului prin nsuirea termenilor tehnico-marinreti referitor la nomenclatura navei, aparatur. Echipamente i instalaiile de la bord, nsuirea cuvintelor i expresiilor standard recomandate de convenia STCW 98 pentru traficul maritim.

Contents: Unit.1. Ship Structure Unit.2. Ships Dimensions Unit.3. Directions. Terms Relating to Position in a Ship Unit.4. Propulsion, Steering and the Bridge Unit.5. Naval Equipment: Ground Tackle Unit.6. Naval Equipment: Signal Lights, Flags and Bells Unit.7. Seamanship:Different Types of Rope Unit.8. Manning:The Traditional Organization of a ships Crew

Unit 1

SHIP STRUCTURE Objectives: After studying the topic presented in the course book the learners should be able to: identify the main parts of a hull on a layout; recognise, match and label the various decks and name their functions; give Romanian equivalents to the English terms relating to the hull and decks. 1. General Structure of the Ship The main body of the ship is called the hull. The hull consists of an inside framework and an outside skin called shell plating. At the base of the hull is a heavy metal plate called the keel. When the ship is at sea this part of the ship is under water. To make it easier to refer to parts of the ship, the hull is divided into three areas or parts. They are the forward, amidships and after parts. The forward part is nearest the bow. The after part is nearest the stern. Amidships is in the centre part of the ship. Identify the main parts of the hull in the diagram below:

In the bow, the hull is attached to the stem post. In the stern, the hull is attached to the sternpost. The hull is divided into a number of watertight compartments. Decks divide the hull horizontally and bulkheads divide it vertically. Deck beams support the decks and stanchions support the bulkheads. Label the deck beams and the stanchions on the diagram below:

Cargoes are stored in cargo holds. Cargo holds are usually situated at the bottom of the ship. Within the hull, decks are given a special name, i.e. between decks (often called simply tween decks). There may be upper tween decks and lower tween decks above the holds.

Bulkheads are partitions that can run either transversely (across the ship) or longitudinally (fore and aft) sometimes bulkheads are built so that they are completely watertight. This makes it possible either to carry liquid cargoes, or to seal off the ship if water should break in. The bulkhead nearest the stem must be very strong. If the ship is damaged it must remain watertight. This bulkhead is called the collision bulkhead.

Besides the space for cargo the hull also contains the engine room, which is situated at the after end of the ship, and a number of tanks: at the fore end of the ship is the forepeak tank, and at the after end of the ship is the after peak tank. These tanks are used for storing fresh water and ballast water. At the bottom of the ship is the double bottom tank, which is used for storing fuel and water ballast.

If you look at the after part of the ships hull, you can see small round openings in the ships side. These let light and air into the cabins, the crews quarters. The openings are called portholes.

Now look at the diagram below:

The diagram shows you the upper deck, which is the deck covering the top of the hull, and the bulwarks at the fore and after end of the hull. The bulwark is an extension of the hull plating, which rises above the top of the upper deck. They act as a barrier against the force of the waves. Along the edge of the remainder of the upper deck, especially amidships, you will find a line of guard rails. These are made up of vertical posts called guard stanchions which are linked together by either wires or tubes. These protect the passengers and crew from falling overboard. 1.2. As stated previously, ships are divided off into different levels called decks. The upper deck is the deck which is level with the top of the hull. Modern ships also have decks forward and aft above the upper deck and these are called the forecastle deck and poop deck. Amidships above the level of the upper deck is the superstructure. On a cargo ship the superstructure is usually quite small. The superstructure consists of several decks each with a different purpose. In the diagram below the four decks are named.

The lowest of the four decks of the superstructure is called the bridge deck. The crews quarters and the galley are on this deck. The next deck is the upper bridge deck or saloon deck. Hare are cabins for the passengers and a lounge and saloon for their use. Above the saloon deck is the boat deck. On this deck the officers have their accommodation and so does the captain. On the boat deck you can also find lifeboats, which are raised and lowered into the water by davits. The highest deck in the superstructure is called the navigation bridge. This is the nerve centre of the ship. The wheelhouse is here and so is the chart room and the radio room. The navigation bridge is where the ship is steered or conned from. Look at the diagram below and name the four decks of the superstructure labelled as A to D. What are the decks E and F called?

On which deck are the following found? (a) Lifeboats (b) Wheelhouse (c) Galley (d) Passengers accommodation (e) Crews quarters (f) Captains cabin.

2. VOCABULARY Hull = coca, corp de nava; osatura, carcasa Keel= chila Bow= prova Stern = pupa Forward = partea din fata a navei, inainta, in prova Amidships = la cantrul/mijlocul navei; in axul navei; la cuplul maestru After = din(spre) pupa; la/spre pupa; inapoi Hold = magazie/hambar (de nava) Deck = punte de nava, coverta Bulkhead =perete etans de nava, perete de compartimentare (de regula transversal) Between deck (tween deck) = intrepunte (spatiu) Watertight compartment = compartiment etans Collision bulkhead = perete de coliziune/de forpic; perete de pic prova Stem post= etrava Sternpost =etambou Porthole =iublou Bulwark = parapet, falsbord; spargeval de punte Guard stanchion = baston de balustrada Upper deck = punte superioara Forecastle deck = puntea teuga Poop deck =puntea dunata Superstructure = suprastructura Fore =prova; extremitate prova; // spre prova; in/la prova, dinspre prova Aft = pupa// la/spre/dinspre pupa, din pupa Bridge deck = punte de comanda/navigatie Boat deck = punte a barcilor; punte de promenad (la navele de pasageri) Upper bridge deck= punte superioar Crew quarters = cabinele echipajului Galley = buctrie (pe nava) Saloon deck= punte de clasa ntia (la navele de pasageri) Lounge = careu Accommodation = cabine, spatiu de locuit pentru ofiteri Lifeboats = brci de salvare Wheelhouse = camera a timonei Funnel = co

Vocabulary practice

1. Answer the following questions. a).What is the large part of a ship below the main deck consisting of an inside framework ? b).What is the main structural part that goes along the bottom of a ship? c). How is the hull divided? d). Where is the cargo stowed? e). What are the spaces contained between decks within the hull called? f). What are the vertical partitions called? g). How do you call the windows of the ship? h). How do you call the deck which is level with the top of the hull? i). What is there amidships above the level of the upper deck? 2. Complete the following statements with one or two words. a. In the bow, the hull is attached to the b. In the stern, the hull is attached to the. c. The role of the is to seal off the ship if water should break in. d. At the fore end of the ship is the .. e. At the after end of the ship is the . f. At the bottom of the ship is the . tank. g. The. Is an extension of the hull plating , which rises above the top of the upper deck. h. ., which protect the passengers and crew from falling overboard, are linked together by either wires or tubes. 3. Fill in the blanks. Use the words below. Poop, forecastle, decks, holds, upper, above, superstructure, cargo, fore, aft On the cargo ship, the main body of the ship, the hull, is divided intowhich contain.. The deck at the top of the hull is called thedeck. Above the upper deck are thedeck and the decks. The poop deck isand the forecastle isAmidshipsthe level of the upper deck is the.On a cargo ship the superstructure is usually quite small. The superstructure consists of severaleach with a different purpose. 4. Are these statements TRUE (T) or FALSE (F)? Circle the right answer. a. The upperdeck houses the crews quarters. T/F b. The galley is where the food is prepared. T/F c. The upper bridge deck contains passengers cabins. T/F d. The crews quarters are in the holds. T/F e. The upper bridge deck is sometimes called the saloon deck. T/F f. The galley is in the upper bridge deck. T/F

UNIT 2 SHIPS DIMENSIONS Objectives: After studying the unit in the course book, the learner should be able to: define the ships dimensions; identify the ships dimensions on a diagram; discriminate among the different patterns used for expressing measurements. A ships size and capacity can be described in two ways-linear dimensions or tonnage. Each is completely different yet interrelated. A ships measurement is expressed in feet and inches-linear dimensions. A ship is a three dimensional structure having length, width and depth. LENGTH A ships length is measured in different ways for ships officers, for architects and designers, and for registry. Terms used for technical or registry purposes include registered length, tonnage length, floodable length, and length by ABS rules. We mention these terms for familiarization only. The more commonly used length measurements-length overall, length between perpendiculars, and length on load waterline are discussed as follows. 1.1. Length Overall (LOA) A ships Length Overall is measured in feet and inches from the extreme forward end of the bow to the extreme aft end of the stern. Watercraft operators must be familiar with this and similar dimensions to safely manoeuvre the ship. The dimension is commonly found in lists of ships data for each vessel. 1.1. 2. Length Between Perpendiculars (LBP) A ships Length Between Perpendiculars is measured in feet and inches from the forward surface of the stem, or main bow perpendicular member, to the after surface of the sternpost, or main stern perpendicular member. On some types of vessels this is, for all practical purposes, a waterline measurement. 1.1.3. Length on Load Waterline (LWL) A ships Length on Load Waterline is an important dimension because length at the waterline is a key factor in the complex problem of speed, resistance, and friction. On vessels with a counter stern, the LWL and LBP can be the same or about the same. On a ship with a cruiser stern, the LWL is greater than the LBP Consider the diagram below. Can you state which lines show the LOA and the LBP of this vessel?

1.2. WIDTH A ships width or, more properly a ships breadth is expressed in a number of ways and, like length, for a number of reasons.

1.2.1. Maximum/Extreme Breadth A ships maximum/extreme breadth is measured in feet and inches from the most outboard point on one side to the most outboard point on the other at the widest point on the ship. 1.2.2. Beam The beam of a ship is the width of the ship (over the plating) taken at any position along the length. When giving a brief summary of ships measurements there is a tendency to use the term beam for maximum/extreme breadth. 1.3. DEPTH The depth of a vessel involves several important vertical dimensions. They involve terms like freeboard, draft, draft marks, and load lines. The vessels depth is measured vertically from the lowest point of the hull, ordinarily from the bottom of the keel, to the side of any deck that you may choose as a reference point. 1.3.1. Freeboard When a ship floats, a large part of it is below the waterline. The waterline is the line at which a ship floats in the water, depending on its load. The vertical distance from the waterline to the edge of the lowest outside deck is the freeboard. 1.3.2. Draft/Draught The vertical distance form the waterline to the lowest part of the ships bottom is the draft. The draft is also the least depth of water in which a ship will float. The draft of a ship will vary according to the weight with which it is loaded. A fully-loaded ship will have a deeper draft than when unloaded. An unloaded ship will have a shallow draft. There may be a difference between the ships draft aft and her draft forward according to the weight of the load carried. Large vessels are usually vessels of deep draft or hampered vessels. They have to comply with maritime international regulations relating to the maximum draft permitted in various navigable areas. 1.3.3. Draft marks and load lines A vessel that was overloaded might become unstable and sink. To stop that from happening there are very strict laws governing the loading of ships. On the side of every vessel there is painted a line (like the one in the drawing) which shows the safe level at which the ship floats in water of different densities. The vessel must never be loaded so that this line goes below the level of the water. This safety line carries the name of the man who advocated it- Samuel Plimsoll. It is called the Plimsoll Line. A set of marks are painted on the bows, the stern and amidships. These marks show the vertical height of the hull from the underside of the keel to just the load line. These marks are called draft marks. Look at the diagram below and identify the lines which show the freeboard, draft, waterline, height, and extreme breadth.

1.3.4.Trim and List The relation of the length of the draft and the bow and stern is called the trim. The ship in the figure below is horizontal, so we say its in trim. Sometimes either the bow or stern is lower in the water than it should be. Then we say the ship is out of trim. When this happens we say that the ship is trimmed by the head or trimmed by the stern/down by the head or down by the stern. If the ship is out of balance from left to right, she is said to have a list. The ship may have a list to port/starboard of.degrees. In order to upright the ship you have to transfer fuel/ ballast water/ fresh water/oil from one tank to another to correct the list. If cargo is not properly lashed, it may shift and cause a list of the ship to port or starboard. In this case you have to move the cargo to correct the list. Study the diagram below showing some important ship dimensions: 1.4. EXPRESSING GENERAL DIMENSIONS 1.4.1. Study the table below Noun length width breadth depth height Adjective long wide broad deep high

1.4.2. We can describe the length, breadth, depth and height of an object by using four different patterns: 1. The beam is three metres in length. 2. The beam has a length of three metres. 3. The length of the beam is three metres. 4. The beam is three metres long. In order to describe the radius, diameter or the circumference of an object you will have to use only the patterns 1,2 and 3. 1.4.3. We can describe the dimensions of a ship using the following patterns: 1. The ships overall length (LOA) is 146 metres. 2. The overall length (LOA) of the ship is 146 metres. 3. The ship has an overall length (LOA) of 146 metres. 1.5. Words and Phrases Length = lungime LOA(length overall) = lungime maxima LBP(length between perpendiculars) = lungime a navei ntre perpendiculare LWL( length on load waterline) = lungime a navei la linia de plutire de ncrcare Width = lime Breadth = lime a navei Beam = lime maxim (a navei); traversul navei Depth = adncime(a apei);nal]ime a bordului; pescaj

Freeboard = bordul liber Draught/draft = pescaj Draught /draft forward =pescaj prova Draught/draft aft = pescaj pupa Draught/draft marks = scara de pescaj/ncrcare Load lines = marca de ncarcare, marca de bord liber Plimsoll line/mark = semn Plimsoll, marca de bord liber Trim = asieta, diferena de pescaj; nclinare longitudinal Trimmed by the bow/head/stem = (nava) aprovat Trimmed by the stern = (nava) apupat List = canarisire, nclinare transversal permanent/static, unghi de canarisire/a se nclina, a se canarisi To have/take a list = a (se) canarisi

Vocabulary Practice
I. Answer the following questions. 1. How is a ships measurement expressed? 2. What does LOA stand for? 3. What does LBP stand for? 4. What does LWL stand for? 5. What is the ships maximum breadth? 6. What is meant by the beam of a ship? 7. How do you measure a vessels depth? 8. What is the freeboard? 9. What is the draft of a vessel?

10. What does in trim mean? II. Complete the following statements with the appropriate term(s). 1. The painted line which shows the safe level at which the ship floats in water of different densities is called the..Line. 2. The of a ship is the width of the ship (over the plating) taken at any position along the length. 3. When either the bow or stern is lower in the water than it should be, we say the ship is 4. If the ship is out of balance from left to right, she is said to have a 5. Ais the line at which a ship floats in the water. III. Describe the dimensions of these objects in as many ways as possible: 1. CONTAINER : height:2.44m; length:12.2m; width:2.44m 2.TANK : depth:3m 3. LIFEBUOY : inner circumference:229mm; outer circumference:381mm 4. BEAM : thickness: 10mm 5. PISTON RING: circumference: 2500m IV. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Am pescaj maxim 6m, bord liber 2m si inaltimea 12m. 2. Pescajul prova este de 25 picioare, pescajul pupa este de 27 picioare, bordul liber 9 picioare si inaltimea 38 picioare. 3. Nava mea este aprovata. 4. Nava Osiris este stinjenita de pescaj. 5. Am o inclinare de 10 grade spre babord. 6. Care este lungimea maxima? 7. Care este pescajul maxim actual? 8. Pescajul maxim permis este de 20m 9. Lungimea maxima a navei este de 146m 10. Tancul are o adincime de 3m.

Unit 3 DIRECTIONS TERMS RELATING TO POSITION IN A SHIP Objectives: After studying the topic in the course book the learner should be able to:identify directions on a diagram; compare terms used to express direction and position on board ship with terms used on land; describe a traditional as well as a modern general cargo vessel using terms relating to position and direction on board ship correctly. 1. One way in which the language of the sea and the language used on land are different is in the terminology of directions. When a sailor gets on a ship he goes aboard. He doesnt go to the back of the ship, he goes aft. If he wants to walk toward the bow of the ship, he goes forward .If he doesnt find what he wants, he checks fore and aft, which means from the bow to the stern. If that doesnt help, he looks abaft which means further to the rear, or astern (behind the stern). He never watches the sea from the right side of the ship, he watches from the starboard. The left side is always called the port side. If he sees something directly off either side of the ship, its located abeam. An object or area which lies across the ship from the starboard to the port side is said to be athwartships. Anything in the centre of the ship is located amidships. A sailor looking to either side of the ship from amidships is facing outboard. Somebody watching him from either side has to face inboard. Something over him from any part of the ship is above. If its very high, such as on a mast, its aloft .If its under him, its below. Something away from the wind is lee. If its in a lee direction, its leeward.If it moves in a lee direction, it goes leeway. If its near the ship, its close aboard. 1.1. Vocabulary Aft = in spate, spre pupa Forward = in fata, spre prova Fore and aft = de-a lungul Abaft = la pupa, aproape de pupa; inapoia, spre/catre/inspre pupa Astern = inapoi, in spate, la/in pupa; mers inapoi; cu mers/mars inapoi Starboard side = tribord Port side = babord Abeam = la travers, de la travers Athwartships = transversal/travers pe nava; la traversul navei Amidships = la centrul/mijlocul navei; in axul navei; la cuplul maestru; pozitie zero a cirmei Outboard = peste bord, in exteriorul navei Inboard = interior, in interiorul navei Above = deasupra; in amonte Aloft = in gabie, in arborada, sus pe verga Below = jos, sub Lee = bord de sub vint, zona de calm ( in bordul de sub vint al navei) ; sub vint Leeward = bord de sub vint; a veni sub vint (despre nava);sub vint, la adapost de vint Close aboard = foarte aproape, la mica distanta (de nava)

1.2. Look at the diagram below and identify the following directions: ( forward, aft, abaft, astern, on the port side, on the starboard side, abeam, athwartships ,amidships) e.g. a is forward af bg ch de

1.3. Now study this diagram of a traditional general cargo ship and read the description below: A traditional general cargo ship has her engine room and bridge superstructure amidships. She may have three holds forward of the bridge and two holds aft of the bridge. Forward of No.1 hold is the forecastle and right forward is the jackstaff. Derricks are supported by masts and samson posts. They are stowed fore and aft when the ship is at sea. There are two lifeboats, one on the port side amidships another on the starboard side amidships, abaft the funnel. The poop is situated aft and there is an ensign right aft.

1.4. Study the diagram below and read the description of a modern general cargo: A modern general cargo ship has her engine room and bridge superstructure aft. She may have four holds forward of the bridge and one hold aft of the bridge. Forward of No.1 hold is the forecastle and right forward is the jackstaff. Derricks are supported by masts and Samson posts. They are stowed fore and aft when the ship is at sea. There are two lifeboats, one on the port side aft, another on the starboard side aft, abaft the funnel. The poop and the bridge superstructure are combined. There is an ensign staff right aft.

1.5. Terms describing position in relation to a ship Study the diagram below:

As you have noticed, there is a tanker at the centre of the diagram and a host of ships around her. The position of these ships in relation to the tanker can be expressed in the following way: a) Ship A is (dead) ahead./Ship A is ahead of the tanker.

b) Ship B is on the starboard bow. c) Ship C is before the starboard beam. d) Ship D is before the starboard beam. e) Ship E is abaft the starboard beam. f) Ship F is on the starboard quarter. g) Ship G is (dead astern)/Ship G is astern of the tanker. h) Ship H is on the port quarter. i) Ship I is abaft the port beam. j) Ship J is abeam./Ship J is on the port beam k) Ship K is before the port beam. l) Ship L is on the port bow.

I. Answer the following questions. 1. What does go aboard mean? 2. What is aft? 3. What does forward mean on a ship? 4. What is fore and aft? 5. What is abaft? 6. What is astern? 7. What is starboard?

8. What is port? 9. Where is an object thats abeam. 10. What does athwartships mean? 11. What is amidships? 12. What does looking outboard mean? 13. What does looking inboard mean? 14. What is aloft? 15. What does above mean in a naval context? 16. What does below mean in a naval context? 17. What is lee? 18. What is leeward? 19. What is leeway? 20. What is close aboard? II. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate term(s). 1. An object located amidships off either side of a ship is said to be--2. Something high above the main structure of a ship is--3. Something away from the wind is--4. An object in a lee direction is--5. An object moving in a lee direction goes--6. If its near the ship, its --- --7. When a sailor faces the bow of the ship, he faces--8. If you are standing at the center of a ship, youre standing--9. The starboard side of a ship is the--10. If you go along the ship from stem to stern, you go ---and---the ship. III. Fill in the blank spaces using the words provided below. Amidships; abaft; fore and aft; portside; forward of; aft of; right forward; starboard side; right aft A traditional general cargo ship has her engine room and bridge superstructure---.She may have three holds --- ---the bridge and two holds --- ---the bridge. Forward of No.1 hold is the forecastle and --- ----is the jackstaff. Derricks are supported by masts and samson posts. They are stowed --- and when the ship is at sea. There are two lifeboats, one on the ---amidships another on the ---amidships,---the funnel. The poop is situated aft and there is an ensign--- -IV. Translate the following ext into Romanian paying attention to the terms relating to directions and position in a ship. A modern general cargo ship has her engine room and bridge superstructure aft. She may have four holds forward of the bridge and one hold aft of the bridge. Forward of No.1 hold is the forecastle and right forward is the jackstaff. Derricks are supported by masts and Samson posts. They are stowed fore and aft when the ship is at sea. There are two lifeboats, one on the port side aft, another on the starboard side aft, abaft the funnel. The poop and the bridge superstructure are combined. There is an ensign staff right aft.

Unit 4
NAVAL EQUIPMENT: GROUND TACKLE Objectives: After studying the topic in the course book the learner should be able to: identify pieces of equipment used for anchoring and mooring; label the items studied correctly on a diagram; match the term with the illustration; recognise definitions of ground tackle items. 1. Ground tackle is the term used to include all equipment used for mooring and anchoring ships. Mooring means to tie or make fast a boat or ship to the land or a mooring buoy. Anchoring means to keep a ship in place at sea by a heavy metal object on the end of a rope. Ground tackle includes the anchors, chains, shackles, and stoppers necessary for these operations.

An anchor is hoisted (raised) and lowered by a windlass.

This is a motor that turns a shaft on which is mounted a wildcat or chain grab, which is the wheel that takes up the chain. This equipment is located in the windlass room. Below the windlass room is the chain locker where the chain is kept. The chain travels below through a hawsepipe.

When a ship is anchored, the chain is held with one to three stoppers consisting of a pelican hook and a turnbuckle in a short length of chain. The stopper helps the chain to hold. A pelican hook is a hinged hook held in place by a ring. The turnbuckle can be set to make the stopper tight or loose.

Among the deck fittings (tools and machinery found on the deck) are capstans and winches. The capstan is a powered item of equipment used for handling mooring lines (ropes and chains) and for other functions requiring strong power. Winches are pulling machines, mainly used to handle cargo which consists of supplies and materials being transported. 2. Vocabulary Ground tackle = instalatie de ancorare Mooring = ancorare, legare la cheu, acostare To make fast = a volta, a lega o nava la cheu, a amara Mooring buoy = geamandura de legare Chain = lant de ancora, a lega cu lant Shackle = cheie de lant (unitate de lungime pentru lantul de ancora); cheie de impreunare/tachelaj Stopper = stopa; a bloca, a zavori Windlass = vinci de ancora Wildcat = barbotin Chain grab = barbotin Chain locker = put al lantului de ancora; magazie de lanturi Windlass room = compartiment al vinciului de ancora Hawsepipe = manson al narii de ancora Pelican hook = cirlig cu cioc de papagal Turnbuckle = intinzator metalic/cu filet Deck fittings = instalatii/mecanisme de punte Winch = vinci Capstan = cabestan Mooring lines = parime de acostare/legare, legatura Cargo = marfa 3. Deck fittings Deck fittings include a number of devices that lines or wires can be belayed (attached or secured) to. Deck fittings are attached to ships decks and bulkheads, or to piers (landing places), depending on their functions.

Figure

1.

Cleat

Figure

2.

Bitts

Figure 1 shows a cleat. Cleats are found throughout ships on decks and bulkheads, and on piers. On modern ships, they are made of metal, usually steel. Wires and lines used for many purposes are belayed to them. Figure 2 shows a pair of bitts. These are cylindrical fittings made of iron or steel. Each pair is mounted on a footing (base). The footing is attached to the deck by bolts, or by welding (united metals by heat). The shipboard (on the ship) ends of mooring lines are attached to the bitts.

Figures 3, 4, and 5 show a series of chocks. Chocks are heavy fittings with smooth surfaces through which mooring lines are led. Mooring lines are run from bitts on deck through chocks to the pier. There are three types. Figure 3 shows an open chock, which is open at the top. Figure 4 is of a closed chock .It is closed by metal at the top. Figure 5 is a roller chock. Roller chocks contain round cylinders to reduce friction.

Figure 3 Open chock Figure 4 Closed chock Figure 5 Roller chock Figure 6 is of a bollard. This is a strong fitting which is found on piers. This mooring line from the ship is attached to it. Figure 7 shows a padeye. Padeyes are metal fittings welded to decks and bulkheads. They are used for attachments which will require great strength such as towing (ship pulling) operations. They are also used with chain stoppers, and cargo blocks and tackles. A seaman needs to be able to recognise and know the functions of all of these fittings. Much of his work will involve them.

4. Vocabulary deck fittings = instalatii/mecanisme de punte to belay = a lua volta (la tachet sau cavila); a amara pier = mol, dig spargeval cleat = tachet, pan bitt = bint, baba de lemn; binta de lan footing = suport welding = sudur shipboard = la bordul navei Figure 6. Bollard Figure 7. Padeye

chock = ureche de ghidare; nar de parm; cavalet de barc; prai ( de fixare a ncrcturii);tac; pan;colar scurt de stringher open chock = ureche de ghidare deschis closed chock ureche de ghidare nchis roller chock = ureche de ghidare cu turnichet/ omar (la barc) bollard = baba de cheu, bolard padeye = plac cu ochi towing = remorcare block = macara ( scriprte ) tackle = greement; palanc; tachelaj

Vocabulary Practice
I. Answer the following questions. 1. What is ground tackle? 2. What is mooring?

3 What is anchoring? 4. What does make fast mean? 5. What is a mooring buoy? 6. What does hoist mean? 7. What is a windlass? 8. What is a chain grab? 9. What is a windlass room? 10. What is a wildcat? 11. What is a chain locker? 12. What is a hawsepipe? 13. What are deck fittings? 14. What is a capstan? 15. What are mooring lines? 16. What are winches? II. Complete the following sentences by filling in the blank spaces with the appropriate term(s): 1. The equipment known as _______ _______is used for mooring and anchoring ships. 2. Tying a ship to the land or a buoy is known as_________________________ 3. Keeping a ship in place at aea with a weight and chain is_________________ 4. Another word for tying is to________________________________________ 5. A heavy weight at the end of a chain to keep a ship in place is called an______ 6. A series of metal rings joined together form a __________________________ 7. A U-shaped metal ring for connecting tackle is a________________________ 8. A short length of rope or chain used for holding a line or chain is a_________9. To raise or lift is to_______________________________________________ 10. A motor that pulls in an anchor is a __________________________________ 11. A wheel on the windlass that takes the anchor chain up is the______________ 12. Another word for wildcat is_________________________________________ 13. The compartment in which the windlass is located is the__________________ 14. The anchor chain is kept in the______________________________________ 15. The part of a stopper consisting of a hinged hook held in place by a ring is called a________________________________________________________ 16. The opening through which the anchor chain moves is the________________ 17. The metal device used to make a stopper tight or loose is the______________ 18. Tools and machinery found on the deck are known as____________________ 19. The powered equipment used to handle mooring lines is the_______________ 20. Ropes and chains used to moor a ship are called_______________________ 21. Pulling machines used to handle cargo are_____________________________ III. Answer the following questions: 1. What are deck fittings? 2. What does belay mean? 3. What does shipboard mean? 4. What is welding? 5. What is towing? 6. What devices do deck fittings include? 7. How would you say that the sailor attached a line to a cleat?

8. What would you call the end of mooring line that is on a ship?

IV. Identify the following objects.

A is a____________________________________________________________ B is an___________________________________________________________ C is a____________________________________________________________ D is a ___________________________________________________________ E is a____________________________________________________________ F is a____________________________________________________________ G is a____________________________________________________________

Unit 5 NAVAL EQUIPMENT: SIGNAL LIGHTS, FLAGS, AND BELLS Objectives: After studying the topic in the course book the learner should be able to: identify the equipment on the signal bridge and explain the functions of the items identified; discriminate between the signal flags and pennants and their functions within the International Code of Signals. 1. Most of the equipment for signalling short distances is located on or near the signal bridge on the superstructure of the ship. Lines called halyards extend from the yardarm. On them are found signal flags. These are flags representing letters of the alphabet, numbers, or complete meanings. If they are not square they are called pennants. They are read from top to bottom. They are bent on (attached) to the halyards and hoisted to the yard. On or near the signal bridge are signal searchlights. These are hand-operated blinking lights which send code messages. On the outboard end of the yard are two small lights called yardarm blinkers used for sending messages over short distances. These are operated by a special switch called a key similar to a telegraph key.

1.1. Another signalling device is the ships bell. This is mainly used to notify personnel on the
ship of the time. Using the bell is an old navy custom. Time is, to this day, expressed in bells on a ship. Traditionally time at sea is divided into 4-hour periods called watches. There are six watches: Midnight 0400 0400-0800 0800-noon Middle Watch Morning Watch Forenoon Watch Noon-1600 1600-2000 2000-midnight Afternoon watch Evening Watch First Watch

The evening Watch can be divided into two short watches. 1600-1800 First dog watch 1800-2000 Second Dog Watch Each watch is in the charge of an officer. The traditional pattern is as follows: a.m. p.m. Deck Engine 12-4 Middle Watch Afternoon Watch Second Officer Third Engineer 4-8 Morning Watch Evening Watch Chief Officer Second Engineer 8-12 Forenoon Watch First Watch Third Officer Fourth Engineer

Traditionally the passage of time at sea is marked by bells. Bells are struck throughout each watch as follows: After hour 1 bell After 2 hours 4 bells After 3 hours 7 bells After 1 hour 2 bells After 2 hours 5 bells After 4 hours 8 bells After 1 hours 3.bells After 3 hours 6 bells During the Second Dog Watch the bells strike 1 2 3 8, 1 bell is struck 15 minutes before each watch is due to change.

1.2. For safety during peacetime, all ships that go to sea are required by international law to have running lights. These consist of a white masthead light usually on the upper part of the bridge superstructure or on an area forward of the foremast. Abaft and above the masthead light is a white range light located either on the foremast or mainmast. To either side side lights are found. There is a green one on the starboard side, and a red one on the port side. Often a searchlight used to view nearby objects is found in the signal bridge area. It should not be confused with signalling equipment. Its important for the seaman to become familiar with all of these items. 2. Vocabulary Signal bridge = punte de semnalizare Halyard = funga, saula de pavilion Yardarm = capat de verga Signal flags = pavilion de semnalizare Pennant = flamura To bend on = a fixa, a atasa Yard = verga Running lights = lumini de mars/navigatie Masthead light = lumina de catarg(la navele cu propulsie mecanica) Foremast = catarg prova, arborele trinchet Range light = lumina de aliniament, lumina de catarg pupa Sidelights = lumini distinctive din borduri (rosie sau verde) Searchlight = proiector cu fascicul dirijat Mainmast = arbore mare, catarg principal

Vocabulary Practice
I. Answer the following questions. 1. Where is most of the equipment for signalling short distances located? 2. What are the lines extending from the yardarm called? 3. What are the square flags called which are used to send messages? 4. What are the flags that are not square? 5. Whats another word for bend on? 6. What are the signal lights located on the signal bridge called? 7. What are the signal lights located on the end of the yard called 8. What are the switches used to operate yardarm blinkers? 9. What is the signalling device used to sound out the time? 10. What is the general term for safety lights found around the signal bridge? 11. What is the running light called which is usually found on the upper part of the bridge superstructure? 12. What running light is found above and abaft the masthead light? 13. What are the red and green lights found on the starboard and port sides called? 14. What is a searchlight? II. Identify all numbered equipment on the signal bridge and explain the functions of the items you list. Write your answers in the lettered spaces:

a.___________________________________________________________________ b.___________________________________________________________________ c.___________________________________________________________________ d.___________________________________________________________________ e.___________________________________________________________________ f.___________________________________________________________________ g.___________________________________________________________________ III. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate term(s 1. Most of the equipment for signalling short distances is located on the___ ___ 2.Lines called _____ extend from the yardarm. 3. Signal flags represent____,____,or_________ 4.On or near the signal bridge are ________ _____________ 5.On the outboard end of the yard are two small lights called______ _________ 6._____ ______is mainly used to notify personnel on the ship of the time. 7.All ships that go to sea are required by international law to have____ _______ 8. Running lights consist of a white____ ____ usually on the upper part of the bridge superstructure. 9.Abaft and above the masthead light is a white ____ ____ located either on the foremast or mainmast. 10. There is a green light on the starboard side, and a red one on the port side. They are called_______________________________________________

Unit 5
MANNING The Traditional Organization of a Ships Crew Objectives: After studying the topic in the course book the learners should be able to: enumerate the crew members of a traditional cargo vessel; formulate correctly the functions of the crew members; use correctly the patterns expressing the functions of a person as well as of an object. 1. The man in charge of a ship is the Master. He is responsible for the ship, her cargo and the safety of the crew. He must be well qualified and an experienced navigator. Although his correct title is the Master, he is addressed as Captain. The Master is the person who is in absolute charge of the vessel. His duties and responsibilities are many, varied and extensive. He is the owners personal representative, and bears the ultimate responsibility for the safe navigation of his vessel and for the efficient loading, stowage and discharge of cargo. Furthermore, he has the power to act as lawyer, a doctor and even to bury people. The Master may arrest members of the crew or passengers, if they constitute a nuisance during the voyage. In certain circumstances, particularly if the person is dangerous to other members of the ship, the master may place the individual under restraint. In the event of any mutiny, any act of the master is regarded as one entirely of self-defence, and he has the power to call on persons on board to render assistance. Similarly, if the ship is imperilled in any way, the Master may call upon all persons on board to give assistance. To hold the position of a Master, especially on a large passenger liner, is the culmination of years of sea experience. The Master is required to hold a Masters Certificate, which is obtained by examination, and issued by the Department of Transport. Furthermore, in common with the deck officers from which department he is promoted, he must be thoroughly competent in navigation matters including the use of such navigational aids as the gyrocompass, radar, direction finder, echo-sounding device, and position-fixing device. 2. The traditional organisation of a ships crew. The organization of the crew of a cargo ship is changing, but it is still customary to find Deck, Engine, Catering and Radio Departments in ships of a reasonable size. Each department is made up of a varied number of officers, petty officers and ratings. 2.1. The Chief Officer, or First Mate as he is often called, is the Masters chief officer and head of the Deck Department. He is assisted by a Second Officer (Mate), a Third Officer (Mate), and sometimes a Fourth Officer (Mate). Several companies employ a First Officer as well as a Chief Officer. The Deck Department includes a Boatswain (Bosun), and a Carpenter, both petty officers, and a number of ratings. These are made up of Able Seaman (AB), Ordinary Seaman (OS) and a middle grade known as Efficient Deck Hand (EDH). There are other grades of seamen. On some ships Navigating Cadets are carried for training purposes. 2.2. The Engine Department is the charge of the Chief Engineer, who is responsible to the Master both for the main propulsion machinery and for auxiliaries comprising electrical plant, cargo winches, refrigerating machinery, steering gear, ventilating system, etc. He is also responsible for fuel, maintenance and repairs. He is assisted by a Second, Third, Fourth and sometimes Fifth Engineer. An Electrical Officer may also be carried. The engine room petty officers are the Storekeeper and Donkeyman. On tankers there is also a Pumpman. He is also a petty officer. The engine room ratings are Firemen and Greasers. There may also be Engineer Cadets.

2.3. The Catering Department is under the control of the Chief Steward, or Catering Officer, who is responsible for catering and galley, for galley stores and for the ships linen. He is assisted by cooks, bakers and assistant stewards. In deep sea passenger ships and those engaged in multi purpose passenger tonnage in the short sea trades, this is a very large and important department. As such it is usually in charge of the Purser. Many passenger vessels are now manned as floating hotels. 2.4. The Radio Department often consists of only one man: the Radio officer. On ships where continuous radio watches are kept there may be three radio officers: a Chief, Second and Third. Statutory provisions stipulate under SOLAS 1974 that all cargo vessels of 300 tons gross and upwards must be fitted with a radio station. For keels laid before February 1995 the radio station should be either a radio telephone station ( only applicable for ships of 300 to 1599 gross tonnage), a radio telegraph station or a Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) for operation in specific sea areas. For keels laid after 31 January 1995 a GMDSS must be fitted. The radio officer requirements are contained in the Merchant Shipping (Radio Installations) Regulations 1992.This outlines the need for a valid certificate of competency. Overall the role of the radio officer has changed significantly following the emergence of GMDSS. 3. The Deck Department. The running of this department is the responsibility of the First Mate who supervises the handling of the cargo and is responsible for the upkeeping of the ship and her equipment, excluding the engine room and auxiliary power gear. In addition, he also acts as a semi-chief of staff to the Master. He is assisted by two, three or more mates on larger vessels. The Deck Department is responsible for navigating the ship safely and economically from port to port. The Second Officer is responsible to the Master for keeping the ship on course and for looking after all the equipment used for navigation. It is also the job of the Deck Department to see that the cargo is stowed properly in the holds and kept in good condition during the voyage. The stowage of cargo is the responsibility of the Chief Officer. He is helped by the Second and Third Officers. In addition, when the ship is not fully loaded, the First Mate must see that the holds are cleaned and prepared for their next cargo. In a tanker the cargo tanks are washed out during ballast passages and freed of gas. At sea, much of the Deck Departments time is spent maintaining the ship and her equipment in good condition. This means constant cleaning, painting and repair work. This is done by ratings under the supervision of the Boatswain (Bosun). A programme of maintenance for each day is worked out by the Chief Officer. He also looks after the general day-to-day running of the department and deals with any problems. The Third Officer is in charge of the life-saving equipment. The different appliances must be complete and in good working order. The Boatswain and the Carpenter are directly responsible to the Chief Officer. The Bosun sees that his orders and those of other deck officers are carried out by the crew. He is a man with a lot of knowledge and practical experience in seamanship. The Carpenter is usually a qualified shipwright. He no longer works only with wood as his name suggests. His most important regular job is to sound the tanks and bilges in order to check the depths of liquid in them. He also operates the windlass, when the anchors are being raised or lowered. The Deck Department is also responsible for keeping watches. An officer is always on watch on the bridge. He is the Masters representative and answers to him for the safety of the ship during his watch. In ships where a Chief Mate and a First Mate are carried, the First Mate is the watch keeping officer.

4. FUNCTION 4.1. A persons function, or what he/she does, can be expressed in terms of his/her responsibility. Study these examples:

1. The Master is responsible for the safety of the ship. 2. The safety of the ship is the responsibility of the Master. 3. The Master is responsible to the company for the safety of the ship. Read the text on the deck department again and underline the patterns which are used to express function. There are five examples. Can you find them? When you find them try to state the kind of pattern (1,2,or 3) used. 4.2. The function of a thing, or what it is used for, can be expressed in a number of ways: 1. By using the phrase: The function ofis to. e.g. The function of a crane is to lift heavy objects. 2. By using the verb to use+for-ing e.g. A crane is used for lifting heavy objects. 3. By using a verb expressing the function. e.g. A crane lifts heavy objects. 4. By using a prepositional phrase introduced by with. e.g. We lift heavy objects with a crane. How would you express the function of a thermometer by using the patterns above? e.g. The function of a thermometer is to measure time. Now its your turn to use the other three patterns. 5. Vocabulary Captain/master = comandant de nav comercial/pasager Stowage = stivuire (a mrfii) Nuisance = comportare necuvincioas ; fapt condamnabil To place under restraint = a pune sub interdicie Mutiny = rscoal, rzvrtire To be imperilled= a pune in pericol Thoroughly competent = foarte competent Direction finder = radiogoniometru Boatswain (bosun)= nostrom/ef de echipaj Carpenter = maistru lemnar Shipwright = lemnar constructor naval, marangoz To sound the tanks = a sonda, a msura adncimea Bilge = santina Watchkeeping = serviciu de cart Ordinary seaman = marinar stagiar/necalificat Able seaman = marinar brevetat Efficient deck hand = marinar brevetat Storekeeper = magazioner Donkeyman = mecanic de auxiliare Greaser = gresor Fireman = fochist Catering Department = compartiment buctrie-deservire Purser = administrator (pasagere) Lookout = veghe

Vocabulary Practice I .Read the carefully the text on the traditional organisation of a ships crew in your course book and use the information to expand the diagram below. Your diagram should show how each department is made up. If personnel exist only on some ships, put their names in brackets ( ).

II. Answer the following questions. 1. Who is in charge of a ship? 2. What are the four departments that are still customary found in ships of reasonable size? 3. What is the structure of each of the four departments? 4. What are the responsibilities of the deck department? 5. Who is running the deck department? 6. What are the responsibilities of the Chief Officer, Second Officer and Third Officer? 7. Who sees that the orders are carried out by the crew? 8. Who sounds the tanks and bilges? 9. What are the grades of the deck ratings? 10. In ships where a Chief Mate as well as a First mate are carried, who is the watch keeping officer?
III. Link the following (do not change their order), using whichever pattern is appropriate.To do this task correctly you should turn to unit 8, section 3 in your course book. 1. Chief Officer-Master-the Deck Department. 2. Third Officer-the life-saving equipment. 3. The sounding of tanks and bilges-Carpenter. 4. Radio Officer-radio communications. 5. Chief Steward-Master-the Catering Department. 6. The preparation of food-Ships Cook. 7. Chief Engineer-the efficient running of his department. 8. The loading and unloading of oil-Pumpman. IV. Rewrite the following sentences in the three alternative ways. 1. The function of a thermometer is to measure temperature.

2. A fire extinguisher is used for putting out fires. 3. A windlass raises and lowers the anchors. 4. We measure time with a chronometer.

Unit 6
PROPULSION, STEERING AND THE BRIDGE Objectives: After studying the topic in the course book the learners should be able to describe the component parts of the propulsion system and steering gear; identify and state the functions of different navigation instruments housed on the navigation bridge; formulate and understand standard wheel and engine orders. 1. Ships are pushed through the water by screws (propellers). This process is known as propulsion, which means to be driven forward. A ship with one propeller is known as a singlescrew ship. One with two propellers is known as a twin-screw ship. Some have four propellers and are known as four-screw ships. The screws are connected to the main propulsion engine by a shaft. The main propulsion engine, often called the main engine, provides a ship with power to move. A shaft is a long cylinder that transmits power by rotation. The power for a ships engine is usually from a turbine engine. This is a type of motor with blades that rotate inside and are moved by a steam, electric, diesel, diesel-electric, or nuclear source. 1.1. A ship is steered by its rudder and screws. A rudder is a flat, vertical structure at the stern of the ship that moves from side to side causing the ship to change direction. One or more screws can work separately or together with the rudder during a turn. If the rudder moves right, the ship turns right. If the rudder moves left, the ship turns left. Rudders are turned in the water by steering engines, and the combination of equipment used to turn and power them is the steering gear. The steering engines, located in the rear of the ship are controlled by the wheel. The wheel is found on the bridge and is turned by the helmsman. This is the customary name for the sailor who has the job of steering. 1.2. The bridge, mentioned in the unit on ship structure, is the main point and nerve center of any ship. All orders and commands come from there, while the ship is underway. The master and the officer of the deck have their main places of duty on the bridge, which is also called the conn. The officer of the deck is the officer on the bridge who is in charge of the ship for a special period of duty. This is also where the helm is found. Helm is another word for the wheel used to steer the ship. One of the main tasks performed on the bridge is navigation. This is finding the position, course (direction), and distance travelled. Because of this, the equipment on the bridge includes the binnacle, which holds the magnetic compass giving the magnetic direction. There is also a gyro-repeater, connected to the gyrocompass below the main deck, to give readings on true direction. The gyrocompass operates by means of gyroscopes, which are wheels free to spin, free to separately rotate about one or both of two axes. There is also a radar repeater which gives readings from the ships radar system to locate objects outside of the ship. Communications equipment on the bridge includes an engine order telegraph for transmitting engine orders to the engineers. There are also telephones, and intercommunication sets commonly called squawk boxes. These are used for communication to various parts of the ship. There is also a fathometer, which measures the depth of the water. Around the enclosed bridge there is usually an open platform from which lookouts(observers) and the officer of the deck may determine the position of other ships and objects of interest. 2. On-board communication phrases

2.1. Standard wheel orders All wheel orders given should be repeated by the helmsman and the officer of the watch should ensure that they are carried out correctly and immediately. All wheel orders should be held until countermanded. The helmsman should report immediately if the vessel does not answer the wheel.

ORDER MEANING 1. Midships Rudder to be held in the fore and aft position = mijloc carma 2. Port five 5of port rudder to be held = babord cinci 3. Port ten 10 of port rudder to be held = babord zece 4. Port fifteen 15 of port rudder to be held = babord cincisprezece 5. Port twenty 20 of port rudder to be held = babord douazeci 6. Port twenty-five 25 of port rudder to be held = babord douazeci si cinci 7. Hard-a-port Rudder to be held fully over to port= banda stinga 8. Starboard five 5 of starboard rudder to be held = tribord cinci 9. Starboard ten 10 of starboard rudder to be held = tribord zece 10.Starboard fifteen 15 of starboard rudder to be held = tribord cincisprezece 11.Starboard twenty 20 of starboard rudder to be held = tribord douazeci 12.Starboard twenty-five25of starboard rudder to be held = tribord douazeci si cinci 13.Hard-a-starboard Rudder to be held fully over to starboard= banda dreapta 14.Ease to five Reduce amount of rudder to 5and hold = redu la cinci 15.Ease to ten Reduce amount of rudder to 10and hold=redu la zece 16.Ease to fifteen Reduce amount of rudder to 15and hold=redu la cincisprezece 17.Ease to twenty Reduce amount of rudder to 20and hold=redu la douazeci 18.Steady Reduce swing as rapidly as possible. =drept asa 19.Steady as she goes Steer a steady course on the compass heading indicated at the time of the order=tine-o drept asa 20.Keep the buoy/mark/beaconon port side = tine geamandura/semnul/baliza..in babord 21.Keep the buoy/mark/beacon on starboard side=tine geamandura/semnul/baliza in tribord 22.Report if she does not answer the wheel =raporteaza daca nu raspunde la cirma When the officer of the watch requires a course to be steered by compass, the direction in which he wants the wheel turned should be stated followed by each numeral being said separately, including zero, for example: ORDER COURSE TO BE STEERED Port, steer one eight two(Babord,guverneaza un opt doi) 182 Starboard, steer zero eight two(Tribord,guverneaza zero opt doi)082 Port, steer three zero five(Babord,guverneaza trei zero cinci) 305 On receipt of an order to steer, for example, 182, the helmsman should repeat it and bring the vessel round steadily to the course ordered. When the vessel is steady on the course ordered the helmsman is to call out: Steady on one eight two(Stabil pe unu opt doi) The person giving the order should acknowledge the helmsmans reply.If it is desired to steer on a selected mark the helmsman should be ordered to: Steer on..buoy../mark/beacon.(Guverneaza pegeamandura/semnul/..baliza) 2.2. Standard engine orders Any engine order given should be repeated by the person operating the bridge telegraph and the officer of the watch should ensure the order is carried out correctly and immediately. ORDER 1. Full ahead = Toata(viteza) inainte 2. Half ahead= Jumatate (viteza) inainte 3. Slow ahead= Incet inainte

4. Dead slow ahead=Foarte incet inainte 5. Stop engine(s)=Stop masina 6. Dead slow astern=Foarte incet inapoi 7. Slow astern=incet inapoi 8. Half astern=jumate(viteza) inapoi 9. Full astern = Toata (viteza) inapoi 10. Emergency full ahead = Toata viteza inainte(de urgenta) 11. Emergency full astern = Toata viteza inapoi (de urgenta) 12. Stand-by engine = Masina pe atentiune 13. Finished with engines = Liber la masina In vessels fitted with twin propellers, the word both should be added to all orders affecting both shafts, e.g. Full ahead both, and Slow astern both, except that the words Stop all engines should be used, when appropriate. When required to manoeuvre twin propellers independently, this should be indicated, i.e. Full ahead starboard, Half astern port, etc. Where bow thrusters are used, the following orders are used: 14.Bow thrust full (half) to port = Propulsor prova, toata/jumatate (viteza)babord 15.Bow thrust full ( half) to starboard=Propulsor prova, toata/jumatate(viteza)tribord 16.Stern thrust full ( half) to port =Propulsor pupa, toata/jumatate(viteza)babord 17.Stern thrust full (half) to starboard=Propulsor pupa, toata/jumatate(viteza)tribord 18. Bow (stern) thrust stop = propulsor prova/pupa, stop.

Vocabulary Practice
I. Answer the following questions relating to propulsion and steering. 1. Ships are pushed through the water by propellers. Whats another word for propeller? 2. What is the action of being driven forward called? 3. What is a ship with one propeller called? 4. What is a ship with two propellers called? 5. What is a ship with four propellers called? 6. Which engine drives the ship? 7. What is a turbine engine? 8. How are main engines powered? 9. What is the flat, vertical structure at the stern that causes a ship to turn? 10. What is the source of power to turn rudders? 11. What are the motors and control equipment used to turn and power the rudder called? 12. What controls the steering engines? 13. Who turns the wheel? II. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate term(s) 1. Another word for propellers is. 2. The process of being driven forward is called.. 3. A ship with one propeller is a.. .ship. 4. A ship with two propellers is a .. .ship. 5. A ship with four propellers is a .ship. 6. The screws are connected to the . ..by a 7. An engine with blades that rotate inside is called aengine. 8. Modern ships are powered by ,,, 9. A ship is steered by its..and screws.

10. The power for a rudder is provided by its. 11. The combination of equipment used to turn and power a ship is called its. .. 12. The steering engines are controlled by the. Which is turned by a sailor known as the. III. Answer the following questions relating to the Bridge. 1. What do we say about a ship when its free to move in the water? 2. What is another word for the bridge of a ship? 3. What is another word for the wheel used to steer a ship? 4. What is the science of finding the position, course, and distance travelled by a ship called/ 5. What is the course of a ship? 6. What is a binnacle? 7. What is a gyrocompass? 8. What is a gyro-repeater? 9. What is the wheel within a gyrocompass called? 10. What is an engine order telegraph?

11. What are intercommunication sets? 12. What is another word for intercommunication sets? 13. What is a fathometer/ 14. What is a radar repeater? 15. What is a platform? 16. What is a lookout? IV. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate term(s) 1. The course of a ship is its.. 2. The magnetic compass is housed in the. 3. A gyrocompass is used to determine.. 4. Gyrocompasses contain.. 5. The gyrocompass reading is seen on the bridge on the.. 6. Another word for engine order telegraph is 7. Intercommunication sets are commonly called... 8. The radar reading is seen on the bridge on the 9. A fathometre measures theof the water. 10. A raised floor around the bridge used for observation is a.. 11. A seaman who observes the sea from the bridge is called the. V. Give Romanian equivalents to the following standard wheel orders. Midships; port twenty; hard-a-port; starboard ten; ease to five; steady; Steady as she goes; keep the buoy/mark/beaconon port side VI. Give English equivalents to the following standard engine orders. Toata viteza inainte; incet inainta; foarte incet inapoi; jumatate inapoi; Toata inapoi; toata viteza inapoi (de urgenta); liber la masina;propulsor prova jumatate babord