Tema - Limba engleza Studenta : FETCU ANA - MARIA FACULTATEA DE DREPT ANUL 2, ID CENTRUL DE STUDII BOTOSANI

Scrieti un eseu de 1 pagina despre terorism i revoluie, n care ar trebui s se refere la mediul politic global i evenimentele care au avut loc n ultimii 10 de ani. Notiunea de terorism este cunoscuta omenirii de la inceputul istoriei, dar in istorie acest termen a aparut dupa revolutia franceza din 1789. In secolul XX terorismul international savarsit in timp de pace a luat o amploare deosebita. Principala caracteristica a terorismului este intimidarea prin violenta, mijloacele folosite fiind extrem de variate, incluzand rapirea de persoane, luarea de ostatici, asasinatul, executiile sumare, producerea de explozii, distrugerea unor edificii publice, sabotarea cailor ferate sau a unor instalatii industriale ori a mijloacelor de telecomunicatii, ruperea unor diguri, otravirea apei potabile (a raurilor, fantanilor sau rezervoarelor de apa), producerea unor boli contaginoase, executarea de bombardamente etc. La metodele traditionale s-au mai adaugat si noi forme, cum ar fi atentatele contra sefilor de state, atacurile misiunilor diplomatice si a diplomatilor, atentate impotriva personalitatilor politice sau a unor persoane particulare cunoscute pentru opiniile lor, atacarea unor institutii publice sau intreprinderi comerciale, a avioanelor, a fortelor de ordine s.a. In raport cu scopurile pe care si le propun autorii actelor de terorism, precum si de obiectul sau urmarile unor asemenea acte, terorismul poate sa constituie o infractiune de drept comun cand prin aceasta se urmareste realizarea unui avantaj material ori cu titlu personal, cum ar fi executarea de fonduri sau razbunarea, dar poate lua si forma unei crime politice, cand urmareste sa complice sau sa determine ruperea relatiilor dintre state, sa inlature anumiti lideri politici, inclusiv sefi de state, deveniti indezirabili unor cercuri politice, sa influenteze prin intimidare politica generala a unor state sau pozitia pe care acestea urmeaza sa o adopte in solutionarea unor probleme concrete, sa impuna o doctrina politica ori o anumita forma de organizare a statului, in aceasta ultima categorie incadrandu-se si terorismul de stat, constand in acte de violenta si agresiune exercitata de un guvern sau de o forta politica conducatoare intr-un stat impotriva membrilor propriei societati, dar si, in anumite cazuri, impotriva miscarilor de eliberare nationala a unor popoare subjugate. Necesitatea elaborarii unei Conventii internationale pentru universalizarea reprimarii terorismului a fost abordata, in 1926, la initiativa Romaniei in cadrul Societatii Natiunilor. Iar un proiect al Conventiei pentru instituirea unei Curti penale internationale impotriva terorismului a fost elaborat de eminentul jurist roman Vespasian V. Pella in 1935 si prezentat Societatii Natiunilor. Statele parti la Conventia pentru prevenirea si reprimarea terorismului din 1937 se angajau sa previna si sa reprime activitatile de acest gen, sa-si dea reciproc concursul in acest sens, astfel, se reafirma principiul de drept international dupa care este de datoria oricarui stat sa se abtina el insusi de la orice fapt destinat a favoriza activitatile teroriste indreptate impotriva altui stat si sa impiedice actele prin care acesta se manifesta. 1

Terorismul a fost una din problemele aflate frecvent pe ordinea de zi a Adunarii Generale a ONU care a adoptat in acest sens Rezolutia 303 (XXVII) din 18 decembrie 1972 prin care se recomanda adoptarea de urgenta a unor masuri de combatere a terorismului, intensificarea cooperarii internationale in acest domeniu. Cu regret, pana in prezent, nu s-a reusit sa se realizeze o reglementare internationala multilaterala care sa se refere si sa incrimineze in mod pericolul se mentine o perioada de timp mai mica sau mai mare, care poate sa se transforme, in urma unor masuri speciale sau de caz, el totusi a existat o durata de timp, adica s-a atentat la drepturile fundamentale ale persoanei. In cazul comiterii unui act de terorism, pericolul se realizeaza prin survenirea unor consecinte materiale (dauna fizica, patrimoniala, ecologica) si nemateriala (dauna politica, ideologica, morala).Daca e sa ne referim la consecintele nemateriale, ele nu se reflecta in obiectele reale ale lumii inconjuratoare si de facto nu pot fi inregistrate sau masurate. Conform normelor juridico-penale, urmarile nemateriale fie ca se includ in semnele obligatorii ale laturii obiective (componenta materiala), fie ca nu se amintesc deloc, raminind in afara componentei infractiunii (componenta formala). Analizind latura obiectiva a terorismului, constatam ca componenta in cauza nu poate fi atribuita nici la prima categorie, nici la a doua, macar ca unii dintre juristi considera terorismul componenta materiala, in acelasi timp altii determinind-o drept o componenta formala. Astfel, terorismul se atribuie la infractiunile de categorie speciala care pun in pericol viata si sanatatea oamenilor.Legislatorul, in asemenea cazuri, straduindu-se sa protejeze mai eficient obiectul la care se atenteaza de consecintele posibile si pentru prevenirea acestora, leaga momentul consumarii faptei de doua elemente obligatorii ale laturii obiective: fapta si aparitia pericolului real, pericolul care in art.278 CP al RM apare ca o consecinta specifica iminenta. De aici si alta consecinta: trebuie stabilita legatura cauzala dintre fapta criminala, realizata prin diferite modalitati, si momentul crearii pericolului pentru viata unui numar nedeterminat de persoane, deteriorarea cladirilor, instalatiilor, transportului etc. Se mplinesc 10 ani de la atacurile teroriste de la 11 septembrie 2001 care au marcat nceputul unui deceniu plin de atentate peste tot n lume. Atentatele din Bali de la 12 octombrie 2002 sunt considerate ca fiind cel mai mare atac terorist din istoria Indoneziei. n urma atacurilor au fost ucise 202 persoane i alte 240 au fost rnite. Atentatul a fost pus la punct de un grup de islamiti fundamentaliti, Jemaah Islamiyah. Atacul a fost ndreptat mpotriva cetenilor australieni - 88 de persoane aveau cetenia australian - i este condsiderat de autoritile de la Canbera 11 septembrie al Australiei. La 23 octombrie 2002, un grup de teroriti ceceni au luat ca ostatici aproape 1000 de spectatori de la Teatrul Dubrovka din Moscova. Incidentul s-a soldat n final cu 130 de mori. Cei mai muli prizonieri i-au pierdut viaa n timpul atacului trupelor ruseti care au intervenit n for i au folosit un gaz anestezic extrem de puternic. n dimineaa zilei de 11 martie 2004, zece rucsacuri ncrcate cu explozibil au fost detonate n patru trenuri din Madrid. Exploziile au avut loc n staiile madrilene Atocha (3 bombe), El pozo del Tio Raimundo (2 bombe), Santa Eugenia (o bomb) i n calea Tellez spre Atocha (4 bombe). 199 de persoane au fost ucise, iar 1467 au fost rnite. Au fost ucii 41 de ceteni strini, dintre care 15 erau romni. La 1 septembrie 2004, un grup de teroriti ceceni narmai au sechestat aproximativ 1200 de persoane, dintre care 777 erao copii, la o coal din oraul Beslan din Osetia de Nord. Dup trei zile, forele ruse au ptruns n cldire, iar focul a fost deschis de ambele pri. Peste 300 de persoane au fost rnite (printre care 180 de copii), iar alte 700 de persoane au fost rnite. n 2004, n Rusia au avut loc alte trei atentate soldate cu peste 200 de mori. 2

n dimineaa zilei de 7 iulie 2005, o serie de atentate coordonate au zguduit Londra. Au fost detonate patru bombe, trei n metroul londonez i a patra ntr-un autobuz cu etaj. 56 de persoane au fost ucise i alte 700 au fost rnite. Atentatul de la 23 iulie 2005 de la Sharm El-Sheik din Egipt a provocat moartea a 90 de persoane i rnirea a peste 200. A fost cel mai violent atentat din istoria Egiptului. Atentatele de la 11 iulie 2006 din Mumbai, India, au provocat moartea a 209 de persoane i rnirea a peste 700. Atentatele au fost svrite asupra unor trenuri care circulau n zona periferic a oraului. Pe 14 august 2007, mai multe maini capcan au fost detonate n oraele Kahtania i Jazeera lng Mosul n Irak. 796 de persoane au fost ucise, iar 1562 au fost rnite. Atacul este al doilea ca magnitudine dup atacul de la 11 septembrie 2001. n Mumbay, India, peste 170 de persoane au fost ucise la 26 noiembrie 2008 n urma unor atentate concomitente n zece locuri diferite. Teroritii islamiti au revendicat atacul i au afirmat c au fost sprijinii de ctre serviciile secrete pakistaneze. Atentatele din Norvegia de pe 22 iulie 2011 s-au soldat cu 93 de mori. Autorul, Anders Behring Breivik n vrst de 32 de ani, a detonat o bomb n Oslo, dup care a atacat o tabr de var pe insula Utoya organizat de Partidul laburist norvegian. Autorul este islamofob, extremist de dreapta i oponent al multiculturalismului.

Write an essay of 1 page on Terrorism and Revolution, in which you should refer to the global political environment and the events that have taken place in the last 10 years.

The notion of terrorism is known of the early history of mankind, but this time in history occurred after the French Revolution of 1789. In the twentieth century international terrorism committed in peacetime has grown great. The main characteristic of terrorism is intimidation through violence, the means used are extremely varied, including abduction of persons, hostage taking, murder, summary executions, producing explosions, destruction of public buildings, railway sabotage or industrial equipment or means of telecommunications, dams breaking, poisoning drinking water (rivers, wells or water tanks), producing contaginoase diseases, etc. bombers execution. Methods "traditional" were added and new forms, such as attacks against heads of state, diplomats and diplomatic attacks, attacks against political personalities of individuals known for their views, attacking public institutions or enterprises commercial aircraft, the forces of order to In relation to the purposes and they propose that perpetrators of terrorism, and the subject or the consequences of such acts, terrorism may constitute a common law crime when it seeks to achieve a material advantage or personal capacity, such as execution of funds or revenge, but can also take the form of political crimes, when seeks to complicate or to break the relations between states, to remove some political leaders, including heads of state, become undesirable political circles, to influence the general political intimidation position of some countries or that they be adopted in solving concrete problems, to impose a political doctrine or some form of state 3

organization in this category falling and state terrorism, consisting of violence and aggression exercised by a government or a political force in a state ruling against members of their society, but in some cases, against national liberation movements of oppressed peoples. Need to develop an International Convention for the suppression of terrorism was approached universality in 1926 at the initiative of Romania in the League of Nations. And a draft Convention for the establishment of an International Criminal Court against terrorism has been prepared by eminent Roman jurist Vespasian V. Pella in 1935 and presented the League of Nations. States Parties to the Convention on the Prevention and Suppression of Terrorism in 1937 pledged to prevent and suppress such activities, to give each contest in this respect, so it "reaffirms the principle of international law then is the duty of State to himself abstain from any act intended to facilitate terrorist activities directed against another state and to prevent acts which it occurs. " Terrorism was one of the problems that are frequently on the agenda of the UN General Assembly adopted in this resolution 303 (XXVII) of December 18, 1972 recommending the adoption of emergency measures to combat terrorism, international cooperation in this field. Unfortunately, until now, has not managed to achieve a settlement that addresses international multilateral and criminalize a danger in time to maintain a smaller or larger, which can be transformed, after special measures or the case, it still existed a long time, that is to attack the fundamental human rights. For committing an act of terrorism, the danger is achieved by the occurrence of material consequences (physical damage, heritage, ecological) and non-material (damage policy, ideological, moral). If we refer to the intangible consequences, they are not reflected in objects real world around and in fact can not be recorded or measured. According to legal and criminal consequences immaterial whether mandatory signs are included in the objective side (material component), may not remember at all, remaining outside the crime component (component formal). Analyzing the objective side of terrorism, we find that component in question can not be attributed either first class or second, though some jurists consider terrorism component material, while others determined it as a formal component. Thus, terrorism is awarded special category of offenses that endanger life and health oamenilor.Legislatorul in such cases, strive to more effectively protect the article it threatening the possible consequences and prevention, linking the act of eating time two mandatory elements of the objective side: deed and appearance to the real danger, danger in art.278 Criminal Code of RM occurs as a consequence of specific imminent. Hence another consequence: it established a causal link between the criminal act through different ways, and when creating a danger to life undetermined number of persons, damage to buildings, facilities, transport etc.. Marks 10 years since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 that marked the beginning of a decade full of attacks worldwide. Bali bombings of October 12, 2002 are regarded as the greatest terrorist attack in Indonesia's history. The attacks killed 202 people and another 240 were injured. The attack was developed by a group of Islamic fundamentalists, Jemaah Islamiyah. The attack was directed against Australian citizens - 88 people had Australian citizenship and the authorities condsiderat Canbera "Australia's September 11". On October 23, 2002, a group of Chechen terrorists took hostage nearly 1,000 spectators at Dubrovka Theater in Moscow. The incident has finally ended with 130 dead. Most prisoners were killed during the attack Russian troops have intervened in force and used an extremely powerful anesthetic gas. On the morning of March 11, 2004, ten backpacks loaded with explosives was detonated in four trains in Madrid. The blasts took place in Madrid Atocha station (3 bombs), El Pozo del Tio Raimundo (2 bombs), Santa Eugenia (a bomb) and Tellez way to Atocha (4 bombs). 199 people were killed and 1,467 were injured. Were killed 41 foreigners, of whom 15 were Romanian. 4

On September 1, 2004, a group of Chechen terrorists armed sechestat about 1200 people, of which 777 erao children at a school in Beslan town in North Ossetia. After three days, Russian forces entered the building and opened fire on both sides. Over 300 people were injured (including 180 children), and another 700 people were injured. In 2004, in Russia there were three attacks resulted in over 200 dead. On the morning of July 7, 2005, a series of coordinated bombings rocked London. Were detonated four bombs, three on London Underground and the fourth in a double decker bus. 56 people were killed and 700 were injured. July 23, 2005 bombing of the Sharm El-Sheik in Egypt kills 90 people and injured over 200. It was the most violent attack of Egyptian history. July 11, 2006 attacks in Mumbai, India, have killed 209 people and injured over 700. Attacks have occurred on some trains circulating in the peripheral area of the city. On August 14, 2007, several car bombs were detonated in cities and Jazeera Kahtania near Mosul in Iraq. 796 people were killed and 1,562 were injured. The attack is the second in magnitude after the attack on September 11, 2001. In Mumbai, India, over 170 people were killed on November 26, 2008 following simultaneous attacks in ten different places. Islamist terrorists have claimed the attack and said they were supported by Pakistani intelligence. Attacks in Norway on July 22, 2011 ended with 93 dead. The author, Anders Breivik Behring 32 years old, detonated a bomb in Oslo, then attacked a summer camp organized on the island Utoya Norwegian Labour Party. The author is Islamophobia, extreme right and opponent of multiculturalism.