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SPECTRUL ELECTROMAGNETIC
Frecvena ( )
nalt
nalt
RAZE-X
Ultraviolet
Energie
INFRAROU MICROUNDE
ULTRAVIOLET
Infrarou
vibraional
Vizibil
2.5 m
200 nm
400 nm
Albastru
scurt
joas
joas
15 m
RADIO
FRECVENA
Rezonana
Magnetic
nuclear
1m
5m
800 nm
Rou
Lungime de und ( )
lung
3
Spectrometru RMN
Spectrometru de mas
Spectrofotometru IR
Spectrofotometru UV-VIS
77
106
7 .8 8
7 .5 2
3
4
7 .5 4
7 .8 6
1 0 .0 1
7 .6 5
7 .4 9
7 .6 2
1.03
6.00
10.0
9.5
9.0
8.5
8.0
1 2 9 .6 8
1 2 8 .9 6
Spectrul H-RMN al
benzaldehidei
7.5
1 3 6 .4 7
1 9 2 .1 9
1 3 4 .3 7
Spectrul C-RMN al
benzaldehidei
7
195
190
185
180
175
170
165
160
155
150
145
140
135
130
125
120
115
110
Spectru IR
Spectru UV
8
Spectru 1H-RMN
C O P Y R IG H T 1 9 9 8
0 .9 4
A L L R IG H T S R E S E R V E D
3
1
H3C
Cl
5
2.00
4.0
3.5
2.07
3.0
2.5
2.0
0 .0 0
1 .4 8
1 .4 5
1 .7 8
1 .7 6
1 .7 3
3 .5 6
3 .5 1
0 .9 1
0 .9 6
3 .5 4
S ig m a -A ld r ic h C o .
2.17
1.5
2.93
1.0
0.5
0.0
11
Spectru 13C-RMN
C O P Y R IG H T 1 9 9 8
34.70
A L L R IG H T S R E S E R V E D
3
1
H3C
Cl
5
0.00
44.79
13.31
20.09
S ig m a -A ld r ic h C o .
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
12
SPINUL NUCLEAR
Nucleele anumitor atomi au proprietatea numit SPIN.
Datorita rotatiei in jurul axei, asemenea nuclee se
comporta ca si cum ar fi magneti minusculi ce
circula liber in solutie.
13
NMR=NuclearMagneticResonance
Principiifizice:
Nucleeprecum1H,13C,19F,31Pposedspinnuclear.
Osarcinnmicaregenereazunmomentmagnetic,astfelnctastfeldenuclee
potficonsideratecaimagneinminiatur.Laplasarealorntruncmp
magnetic,acesteasevororientaparalelcucmpul(favorabildpdvenergetic)sau
antiparalelcucmpul(nefavorabil).
N
N
N
spinstate,
favorable,
lowerenergy
Aspinningnucleuswithit'smagneticfield
alignedwiththemagneticfieldofamagnet
S
N
spinstate,
unfavorable,
higherenergy
Aspinningnucleuswithit'smagneticfield
alignedagainstthemagneticfieldofamagnet
Aliniereaparalel(numitspin)areoenergiemaijoasdectceaantiparalel
(numitspin).
Nucleelefrspin(cumarfi12C)nusealiniazncmpmagneticdeoarecenuse
comportcaimagnei.Astfel,nusepotfaceexperimenteRMNla 12C.
14
Element
Numr cuantic
de spin
1/2
12
13
1/2
14
16
17
19
5/2
1/2
(I)
Nr. de stari
de spin
RMN:Principiidebaza
La introducerea unui compus intr-un camp magnetic se poate masura
diferenta energetica dintre starile - si - prin iradierea moleculelor cu
radiatii electromagnetice de energia potrivita.
La un magnet de 7,05 Tesla este necesara o energie de circa 300 MHz
(unde radio).
Astfel, la bombardarea moleculelor cu unde radio de 300 MHz, protonii vor
absorbi energie si se poate masura cantitatea respectiv. La un magnet
de 11,75 Tesla, este necesara o energie de 500 MHz (cu cat magnetul este
mai puternic, cu atat este mai mare diferena de energie dintre starile si
).
at no magnetic field,
proton spin state
(higher energy)
Graphicalrelationshipbetween
magneticfield(B o) andfrequency(
E = h x 300 MHz
E = h x 500 MHz
for1 HNMRabsorptions
7.05 T
11.75 T
Bo
16
REZONANA MAGNETIC
NUCLEAR A PROTONULUI
1
H-RMN
Dei exist un interes crescnd pentru alte nuclee,
n special C-13, rezonana nucear a nucleului de hidrogen (protonul)
este studiat n mod frecvent i, de obicei, aduce cele mai multe
informaii structurale.
17
moment magnetic,
+ 1/2
- 1/2
DOU STRI DE SPIN
n absena unui
cmp magnetic
sau electric, cele
dou stri
sunt echivalente
dpdv energetic.
18
FENOMENUL DE REZONAN
19
+1/2
Bo
aliniat
20
Absorbia de energie
cuantificare
Opus
-1/2
-1/2
E
E = h
Radiofrecvena
+1/2
Cmp
aplicat
Bo
+1/2
Aliniat
21
= kBo = h
degenerat
la Bo = 0
+ 1/2
Bo
23
Nucleul are o
micare
de precesie la
frecvena cnd
este plasat ntr-un
cmp magnetic
puternic.
REZONAN
MAGNETIC
NUCLEAR
RADIOFRECVENA
40 - 600 MHz
h
Dac = atunci
energia va fi
absorbit i
spinul se va
inversa.
RMN
S
25
Bo (Tesla)
Frecvena (MHz)
99.98%
1.00
1.41
2.35
7.05
0.0156%
1.00
7.05
6.5
45.8
41.14:1
1.108%
1.00
2.35
7.05
10.7
25.0
75.0
67.28
1.00
40.0
13
19
100.0%
42.6
60.0
100.0
300.0
(radian/Tesla)
267.53
251.7
26
rezonana
emisia
indus
excesul de
populaie
27
APARATURA
28
29
Transmitor
semnal
de absorbie
Detector
RF
Aparat
nregistrare
Receptor
MAGNET
MAGNET
Proba
30
N
EXEMPLU:
59,999995 MHz
59,999700 MHz
O
CH2 C CH3
h
60 MHz
59,999820 MHz
S
Diferenele sunt foarte mici,
n pri pe milion.
Pentru a determina o
absorbie la 60 MHz,
tria cmpului magnetic
Bo, trebuie s fie crescut
la o valoare diferit pentru
fiecare tip de proton.
31
CMP
NALT
RMN
o
B
re
e
t
cre
Scdere
Cretere
scanare
32
2.12
3.62
3.78
7.09
6.87
7
9
H3C
12
10
CH3
4
7.26
11
1
3
1.98 2.00
7.5
7.0
3.13
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.00
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
APARATURA MODERN
TRANSFORMARE n IMPULSURI FOURIER
FT-NMR
necesit un calculator
34
EXCITARE PULSATORIE??
N
1
BANDA LARG
de IMPULS RF
conine o multitudine
de frecvene
1 ..... n
2
O
CH2 C CH3
S
Sunt excitate simultan toate tipurile
de protoni cu un singur impuls RF.35
1
O
CH2 C CH3
3
1, 2, 3 au durata de njumtire
diferit
36
FID COMPUS
1 + 2 + 3 + ......
timp
37
TRANSFORMATA FOURIER
Tehnic matematic prin care un semnal FID complex
se obine din compunerea frecvenelor individuale.
TIMP
convertire
FID
SEMNAL
COMPLEX
FRECVENA
TERMENI
MATEMATICI
SPECTRU RMN
FT-NMR
computer
Transformata
Fourier
amestec de frecvene
scindate (funcie de timp)
1 + 2 + 3 + ......
frecvene
individuale
convertire la spectru
38
O
CH2 C CH3
39
COMPARAIE NTRE
TEHNICILE CW I FT
40
41
METODA CU TRANSFORMATA
FOURIER (FT)
RAPID
METODA NOU PE BAZ DE COMPUTER
ZGOMOT REDUS
zgomot
semnal
semnal
mbuntit
impuls 1
impuls 2
compunere
impulsuri
zgomot anulat
impuls n
etc.
43
Pregtirea probelor
Spectrele se nregistreaz n soluie,
utiliznd solveni deuterai !
Se dizolv 1 25 mg compus n 0,4 0,7
ml solvent. Soluiile sunt filtrate nainte
de introducerea n tub.
44
7.26
TMS
Cl
D
0.00
Cl
Cl
Cloroform-d3
12
10
-2
-4
-6
0.00
4.85
14
Metanol-d4
O
2
D
3.31
3.29 3.30
3.30
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
-0.5
-1.0
45
3.31
10
3.4
3.3
2.51
2.49
2.50
S
1
D
5
2.49
H2 O
2.51
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
DMSO-d6
46
47
48
O
CH2 C CH3
INTEGRAREA SEMNALELOR
Spectrul red nu numai picuri distincte pentru fiecare tip
diferit de proton, ci i numrul relativ al fiecrui tip de
proton prin procesul numit integrare.
50
Acetat de Benzil
METODA 1
Integrala
integral
55 : 22 : 33
5:2
raport simplu
:3
a nlimilor51
58.117 / 11.3
= 5.14
2
21.215 / 11.3
= 1.90
3
33.929 / 11.3
= 3.00
O
CH2 O C CH3
METODA 2
integrare
digital
CH3
33.929 / 3 = 11.3
Integralele au
o acuratee de
10%.
52
Instrumentele moderne redau integrala ca un numr.
2.08
7.34
O
5.09
6
10
CH3
11
0.00
4.90
7.5
2.02
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
3.00
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
53
DEPLASAREA CHIMIC
54
Anizotropie Diamagnetic
Cmpul aplicat
induce deplasarea
electronilor ceea ce
genereaz un cmp
magnetic local care se
opune cmpului exterior
aplicat.
electronii de valen
ecraneaz nucleele
Bo aplicat
B indus
(opus lui Bo)
55
SPECTRU
CMP NALT
Protoni puternic
ecranai.
Este necesar un cmp
crescut pentru a induce
56
rezonana.
CH3
CH3 Si CH3
CH3
Protonii puternic
ecranai apar
cmpuri nalte.
TMS
deplasare n Hz
cmp sczut
h =
2
intensitate
cmp
Bo
constante
= ( K) Bo
Trie cmp
RMN
Frecvena 1H de
operare
1.41 T
2.35 T
7.05 T
60 Mhz
100 MHz
300 MHz
58
Frecvena nalt
= deplasri (Hz) mai mari
TMS
deplasare in Hz
cmp sczut
0
59
DEPLASARE CHIMIC
deplasare
=
chimic
deplasare (Hz)
frecvena in MHz
pri pe
milion
= ppm
1 pri pe milion
a n MHz este n Hz
Hz Echivalent
la 1 ppm
n MHz
60 Hz
100 Hz
300 Hz
1
106
= n Hz
ppm
Diagrama RMN
-OH -NH
CMP JOS
DEZECRANARE
CMP NALT
ECRANARE
CHCl3 , H
TMS
12
RCOOH
11
10
RCHO
H
C=C
CH2F
CH2Cl
CH2Br
CH2I
CH2O
CH2NO2
(ppm)
CH2Ar
C-CH-C
CH2NR2
C
CH2S
C-CH2-C
C C-H
C=C-CH2 C-CH3
CH2-CO
62
R-CH3
R-CH2-R
R3CH
0.7 - 1.3
1.2 - 1.4
1.4 - 1.7
R-C=C-C-H
O
1.6 - 2.6
R-C-C-H
O
2.1 - 2.4
RO-C-C-H
O
2.1 - 2.5
HO-C-C-H
2.1 - 2.5
N C-C-H
2.1 - 3.0
R-C C-C-H
2.1 - 3.0
C-H
R-C C-H
R-N-C-H
2.2 - 2.9
R-S-C-H
2.0 - 3.0
I-C-H
2.0 - 4.0
Br-C-H
2.7 - 4.1
Cl-C-H
3.1 - 4.1
RO-C-H
3.2 - 3.8
HO-C-H
O
3.2 - 3.8
R-C=C-H
4.5 - 6.5
H
6.5 - 8.0
O
R-C-N-H
5.0 - 9.0
O
R-C-H
9.0 - 10.0
O
R-C-O-C-H
3.5 - 4.8
O2N-C-H
4.1 - 4.3
F-C-H
4.2 - 4.8
R-C-O-H
11.0 - 12.0
Ar-N-H
Ar-O-H
X-C-H
12
10
CH la un
C vecin
implicat
n
legturi
pi
X=C-C-H
alifatic
C-H
64
1.03
4.36
1.00
1.05
CH3
6
2.00
5.5
5.0
4.5
0.00
2.06
4.0
0.90
3.5
3.0
1.95
2.5
Spectrul real
2.01
2.08
2.06
2.03
4.39
4.34
2.0
2.95
1.5
1.0
0.5
-0.5
Spectrul simulat
O
N+
4.41
O-
PPM
65
DEZECRANARE I ANIZOTROPIE
Poziiile de rezonan ale majoritii protonilor depind
de trei factori majori (pe scala ppm).
66
DEZECRANARE DATORAT
ELEMENTELOR ELECTRONEGATIVE
67
Cl
element
electronegativ
SPECTRU RMN
dezecranare
protonii apar la
camp scazut
ecranare puternica
protonii apar la
camp inalt
CH3F
Element X
Electronegativitate X
Deplasare chimica
Cei mai
dezecranati
CH3OH
CH3Cl
CH3Br
CH3I
CH4
(CH3)4Si
Cl
Br
Si
4.0
3.5
3.1
2.8
2.5
2.1
1.8
4.26
3.40
3.05
2.68
2.16
0.23
TMS
dezecranarea creste cu
electronegativitatea lui X
1.
6969
Efectele substitutiei
asupra deplasarii chimice
Dezecranati
Dezecranati
-CH2-Br
3.30
-CH2-CH2Br
1.69
-CH2-CH2CH2Br
1.25
ppm
Efectul scade odata cu
cresterea distantei.70
CAMPURI ANIZOTROPICE
DATORITA PREZENTEI LEGATURILOR
CURENTUL
DE INEL
IN BENZEN
Ring
Current
in Benzene
Circulatia
electronilor
Circulating
electrons
Deshielded
Dezecranare
Campurile se aduna
Bo
Secondary
field
Campulmagnetic
magnetic
generated
by circulating
secundar
generat de
electrons
deshields
aromatic
circulatia
electronilor
protons
dezecraneaza
protonii aromatici
72
Campurile
se aduna
deplasare
camp scazut
C=C
H
Bo
H
H
Linii de camp
magnetice secundare
(anizotropice)
73
H
C
C
H
Bo
ecranare
Campurile se scad
Camp magnetic
secundar
(anisotropic)
Atomii de hidrogen
sunt ecranati
74
LEGATURI DE HIDROGEN
75
R
O
H
O
R
O R
ALTE EXEMPLE
O
O
C R
R C
O
H3C O
H
O
77
1 .2 8
1 .2 6
1 .2 3
4 .11
5
2
H3C
O
1
CH3
4
4 .0 8
4 .1 5
2 .0 4
4 .1 3
SCINDARE SPIN-SPIN
2.07
3.00
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
78
4.08
4.11
4.13
4.15
O
5
2.07
4.20
4.15
4.10
4.05
4.00
3.95
1.35
1.30
H3C
CH3
1.23
3.00
1.40
3
6
1.26
4.25
1.28
4.30
1.25
1.20
1.15
1.10
79
SCINDARE SPIN-SPIN
Quintet
Septet
Octet
Nonet
80
5.77
3.97
3.95
dublet
Cl
5.79
5.75
triplet
integrala = 2
integrala = 1
Cl
Cl
1.01
6.0
2.00
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
81
REGULA
1
n+
82
H
doi protoni vecini
n+1 = 3
triplet
H
un proton vecin
n+1 = 2
dublet
MULTIPLETi
singlet
dublet
triplet
quartet
quintet
sextet
septet
83
X CH CH Y
nici o scindare daca x=y
2)
H
sau
C
H
84
CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
sau
0 .9 2
Br
DA
3 .4 0
DA
4.0
3.5
2.02
3.0
2.5
2.0
0 .9 4
1 .3 8
1 .3 9
1 .8 6
1 .8 4
3 .4 3
3 .3 8
2.00
4.5
CH3
4.20
1.5
0 .0 0
0 .8 9
2.87
1.0
0.5
-0.5
85
3 .9 5
3 .9 3
5 .1 7
5 .1 3
5 .2 9
5 .3 5
Br
3
6 .0 2
CH2
4
1.05
1.03
6.0
5.5
1.02
2.00
5.0
4.5
4.0
01/22/15
CH3
CH3
NU
NU
86
TIPURI DE SCINDARI
87
CONSTANTA DE CUPLAJ
H H
J
J
C C H
H H
J
88
89
CH3 CH
(x=y)
CH2 CH
X CH2 CH2 Y
(x=y)
CH3 CH2
CH3
CH
CH3
90
EXEMPLE DE SPECTRE CU
SEMNALE SCINDATE
91
2.02
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.77
1.83
0.00
1.81
1.79
1.74
1.86
3.53
3.49
Cl
1.05
1.00
H3C
1
2.00
2.99
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
92
1.02
3.51
3.51
H3C
Cl
3.49
3.53
1.02
2.00
3.55
1.00
3.50
3.45
3.40
1.81
1.79
1.05
Triplet, 1:2:1
1.10
1.10
1.05
0.94
1.00
0.95
1.74
1.86
0.98
1.90
1.15
2.00
Triplet, 1:2:1
1.77
1.83
1.20
1.00
1.15
3.60
5.17
1.85
Sextet,
10.00
9.81
1.80
5.10
1.17
1.75
1.70
93
0.90
1.57
1.55
O
5
N
2
1
H3C
CH3
3
0.00
4.73
4.71 4.68
4.66
4.62 4.64
4.60
1.00
5.99
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
-0.5
4.66
4.64
4.68
O
6
O
5
N
2
1
4.71
4.62
H3C
CH3
3
4.73
4.60
1.00
4.75
4.70
4.65
4.60
4.55
4.50
0.00
1.57
1.55
4.80
5.99
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
-0.5
95
2.21
2.20
H
4
1
H3C
O
3
0.00
9.80
9.79
9.77
9.78
0.83
3.00
8
2.20
9.77
9.80
2.21
9.78
9.79
10.0
3.00
2.30
9.5
9.0
2.25
2.20
2.15
2.10
96
2.05
2.00
INTENSITATILE
PICURILOR DE MULTIPLET
TRIUNGHIUL LUI PASCAL
97
1
Cifrele din
dublet
1
1
interior sunt
suma celor
triplet
1
2
doua
numere
quartet
de deasupra.
11 3 3 1
quintet
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1 sextet
septet
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
octet
1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
singlet
98
ORIGINEA SCINDRII
SPIN-SPIN
99
Opus lui Bo
-1/2
HA
HA
50 % dintre
molecule
Bo
Cmp sczut
Cmp nalt
aliniat cu vecintatea opus vecintii
In orice moment, aproximativ jumatate dintre protonii moleculelor
aflate in solutie vor avea spin +1/2 iar cealalta jumatate vor avea
100spin
-1/2.
ARANJAMENTE SPIN
o vecinatate
n+1 = 2
dublet
o vecinatate
n+1 = 2
dublet
101
ARANJAMENTE SPIN
doua vecinatati
n+1 = 3
triplet
o vecinatate
n+1 = 2
dublet
H
spini metilenici
H
spini metinici
102
ARANJAMENTE SPIN
trei vecinatati
n+1 = 4
quartet
spini metil
doua vecinatati
n+1 = 3
triplet
spini metilenici
103
CONSTANTA DE CUPLAJ
104
CONSTANTA DE CUPLAJ
H H
J
J
C C H
H H
J
105
COMPARATIE CAMP
100 MHz
100 Hz
400 Hz
Separarea
este mai mare
7.5 Hz
J = 7.5 Hz
200 MHz
Deplasarea
depinde
de camp
200 Hz
200 Hz
7.5 Hz
J = 7.5 Hz
106
ppm
100 MHz
200 Hz
100 Hz
J=
7.5 Hz
J = 7.5 Hz
200 MHz
3
Separarea
este mai mare
Observati compresia
multipletilor la 200 MHz
Comparativ cu cea de la
100 MHz, unde latimea este
aproape dubla.
1
400 Hz
200 Hz
J = 7.5 Hz
107
ppm
Multipletii
suprapusi sunt
separati.
Efectele
secundare sunt
minimizate.
60 MHz
J = 7.5 Hz
100 MHz
J = 7.5 Hz
3
200 MHz
J = 7.5 Hz
108
H H
C C
CUPLAJELE LA DISTANTA
Pot avea loc si cuplaje la distane mai mari decat
2
J sau3J, ins numai in situatii speciale.
H
Cuplajele mai mari decat 3J (ex. 4J, 5J, etc) sunt denumite
uzual cuplaje la distanta.
110
C C
6 - 8 Hz
trei legaturi
11 - 18 Hz
trei legaturi
H
C C
trans
H
H
cis
H
C C
H
Hax
0 - 5 Hz
doua legaturi
Hax,Hax = 8 - 14
Heq
Heq
trei legaturi 3J
geminal
6 - 15 Hz
Hax
Hax,Heq = 0 - 7
trei legaturi 3J
Heq,Heq = 0 - 5
111
cis
6 - 12 Hz
trans
4 - 8 Hz
trei legaturi
4 - 10 Hz
trei legaturi
0 - 3 Hz
patru legaturi 4J
0 - 3 Hz
patru legaturi 4J
H
C
C H
H
C C
C H
H C C C
H
RECAPITULARE
113
115
EXEMPLE DE SPECTRE
PART ONE
117
Etil-metil ceton
2.15
1.05
O
4
1
2
2.14
2.5
0.00
2.43
2.50
2.48
2.45
1.03
1.08
H3C
CH3
3.05
3.00
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
118
1.26
ACETAT DE ETIL
2.04
H3C
6
1.28
1.23
CH3
4.08
4.15
4.13
4.11
2.05
4.5
3.00
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
3.03
1.5
1.0
119
1.
3
O
15
13
9
11
HO
12
16
H3C
14
10
0.90
0.86
1.68
1.65
1.63
1.61
1.58
2.00
2.16
2.5
2.0
0.00
1.30
2.34
2.32
2.37
0.88
17
23.51
1.5
2.89
1.0
0.5
0.73
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
10.0
9.5
120
1.15
O
7
CH3
H3C
H3C
2.14
CH3
3.00
2.5
8.36
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
121
1.03
4.36
1.00
1.05
CH3
6
2.00
5.5
5.0
4.5
0.00
2.06
4.0
0.90
3.5
3.0
1.95
2.5
Spectrul real
2.01
2.08
2.06
2.03
4.39
4.34
2.0
2.95
1.5
1.0
0.5
-0.5
Spectrul simulat
O
N+
4.41
O-
PPM
122
1,3-Dicloropropan
Cl CH2CH2CH2 Cl
4.00
4.0
2.18
2.16
2.24
2.22
2.20
3.73
3.69
3.71
2.01
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
123
3.57
3.70
2.15
Cl
2.28
Br
2.30
2.26
3.59
3.55
2.00
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
2.24
2.32
3.72
3.68
2.06
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
124
2.2
Br
Cl
2.08
4.43
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
4 4 .6 3
3 2 .0 1
3 1 .7 2
3.5
2.21
3 3 .2 7
2.00
2 5 .5 4
Br
1
2
Cl
125
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
EXEMPLE DE SPECTRE
PART TWO
126
0.95
1.19
1.17
O
5
2
H3C
OH
0.93
0.98
CH3
1.04
2.5
2.0
0.00
1.69
0.98
1.50
2.41
2.39
1.06
1.5
3.00
3.00
1.0
0.5
127
1.69
2.41
2.39
O
3
1.50
5
2
H3C
OH
CH3
4
0.98
2.5
2.4
1.04
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.06
1.6
1.5
1.4
128
1.51
1.51
1.48
7.30
3.73
3.70
7.31
CH3
3
OH
10
11
O
5
4.0
3.00
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
12.09
1.02
3.73
3.70
0.73
12
5.04
11
10
1.02
7
3.00
3
129
2.01
4.27
8
O
1
3
12
CH3
2.92
7.21
6
9
10
11
7.0
6.5
6.0
2.01
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
120
110
100
90
80
3.0
2.93
2.5
2.0
1.5
60
50
40
2 0 .9 1
7 7 .4 9
7 7 .0 7
7 6 .6 5
1 7 0 .8 7
1 3 7 .8 0
6 4 .8 9
7.5
2.00
3 5 .1 0
5.01
1 2 6 .5 2
1 2 8 .8 3
1 2 8 .4 6
130
170
160
150
140
130
70
30
20
6.35
6.42
Cl
Cl
1.05
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.5
6.4
6.3
6.2
6.1
6.0
5.9
5.8
5.7
Cl
6.42
6.35
7.0
0.95
Cl
Cl
4
9.0
8.5
Cis
8.0
7.5
Cl
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
6.0
131
5.5
6.25
1.31
Maleat de dietil
4.26
4.23
10
O
9
1
5
CH3
4.21
4.28
1.92
11
12
1.33
1.29
H3 C
4.00
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
5.89
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
132
1.22
Etanol
H3C
OH
3.67
1.99
4.0
3.37
1.05
3.5
3.00
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
133
12
Alcool Benzilic
CH2 OH
134
C O P Y R IG H T 1 9 9 8
S ig m a - A ld r ic h C o .
5
7
1
3
OH
7.28
A L L R IG H T S R E S E R V E D
4.78
7.5
2.00
7.0
0.00
2.85
2.87
2.83
7.25
7.22 7.24
7.22
7.33
7.30
7.26
4.55
4.54
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
0.97
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
135
0.0
0.92
Alcool n-Propilic
H3C
OH
4
3.18
3.55
1.56
0.00
2.00
4.0
3.5
1.00
1.97
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
2.92
1.0
0.5
-0.5
136
NUCLEE AROMATICE
137
138
CURENTUL
DE INEL
IN BENZEN
Ring
Current
in Benzene
Circulatia
electronilor
Circulating
electrons
Bo
Deshielded
Dezecranare
Secondary
field
Campulmagnetic
magnetic
generated
by circulating
secundar
generat de
electrons
deshields
aromatic
circulatia
electronilor
protons
dezecraneaza
protonii aromatici
139
NUCLEE MONOSUBSTITUITE
140
NUCLEE ALCHIL-SUBSTITUITE
In nucleele monosubstituite cu o grupare alchil toti
hidrogenii din nucleu apar in acelasi loc in spectrul RMN.
R = alchil
Aparent, curentul de inel
egalizeaza densitatea de electroni
a tuturor carbonilor din nucleu
si, prin urmare, a tuturor atomilor
de hidrogen.
141
CH3
3
142
2.33
CH3
1
0.00
7.16
3.24
7.0
3.00
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
143
3
5
CH3
1
2.04
7.40
7.35
7.30
7.25
3.24
7.20
7.15
7.10
7.05
7.00
6.95
144
129.01
128.22
125.29
3
5
CH3
1
136
0.00
137.81
77.45
77.01
76.59
21.43
128
120
112
104
96
88
80
72
64
56
48
40
32
24
16
145
Electroni neparticipanti
ester
..
:O
+
:O
+
:O
:-
:O R
:
.. -
146
Comparatie:
CH3
O CH3
3.77
7.27
6.90
1.99
7.5
2.87
7.0
3.00
6.5
ecranare
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
147
O
H
O
H
148
3
O
2.59
CH3
1
CH3
7.44
7.93
7.52
1.90
7.95
7.44
8.00
7.52
7.93
8.05
1.90
8.0
0.99
7.90
7.85
7.80
7.75
7.70
7.65
7.60
7.55
1.96
7.50
7.45
7.40
7.35
1.96
7.5
7.30
3.00
7.0
6.5
6.0
dezecranare
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
149
150
Disubstitutia-para
exemplu:
1-iodo-4-metoxibenzen
151
O
1
CH3
10
0 .0 0
6 .7 9
6 .7 6
3 .9 7
3 .9 5
7 .0 6
7 .0 3
1.98 2.00
7.0
1 .3 9
1 .3 5
H3C
1 .3 7
2 .2 6
Spectrul RMN al
1-metil-4-etoxibenzenului
2.08
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.00
3.5
3.0
2.5
3.00
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
152
H3C
4
CH3
10
7.2
7.1
7.03
6.76
7.06
6.79
1.98
2.00
7.0
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.5
6.4
6.3
153
X=Y
X'
X ~ X
toti H
Echivalenti
chimic
X=X
154
aceleasi grupari
Spectrul RMN al
1-amino-4-etoxibenzenului
H2N
OCH2CH3
155
(1,4-dimetilbenzenului)
H3C
8
7.04
0.00
CH3
4.00
14
12
10
6.00
6
-2
-4
-6
156
CH3
7
CH3
8
7.09
7.10
3.78
7.20
7.15
7.10
7.05
7.00
6.95
6.90
2.24
7.25
CH3
7
CH3
7.10
7.09
3.78
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.00
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
157
6.97
6.94
2.30
7.12
0.95
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.1
7.0
6.9
H3C
6.97
6.8
6.7
6.6
3
5
6.5
6.4
6.3
6.2
CH3
1
6.94
7.12
7.5
2.84
0.95 2.84
7.0
6.00
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
158
PROTONI HIDROXIL SI
AMINO
159
1.24
1.22
1.19
3.70
3.68
3.67
3.66
3.37
H3C
OH
3
3.65
3.39
3.35
1.18
1.96
1.07
3.5
3.00
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
161
1.96
3.5
1.18
3.39
3.35
3.65
3.37
3.70
3.68
3.67
3.66
H3C
3.0
OH
3
1.07
3.00
2.5
2.0
1.5
162
1.24
1.22
1.19
3.37
OH
3
3.63
3.70
3.65
1.96
3.75
3.70
3.35
H3C
3.39
3.66
3.68
3.67
3.70
1.07
3.65
3.60
3.55
3.50
3.45
3.40
3.35
3.30
3.25
163
0.91
H3C
NH2
4
1.77
0.00
1.47
1.45
0.89
2.67
2.65
2.62
0.93
2.41
2.0
3.11
1.5
1.0
0.5
1.62
1.60
NH3
H3C
2.74
2.69
8.26
2.72
2.5
2.08
0.93
0.91
0.88
2.00
Cl
3.10
9.0
8.5
8.0
2.12
7.5
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.09
2.0
1.5
3.00
1.0
164
0.5
1.47
1.45
1.77
2.41
1.90
1.85
1.80
1.75
1.70
1.65
1.60
1.55
1.50
1.45
1.40
1.35
1.30
1.25
1.20
Cl
1.67
1.62
1.60
2.12
3.0
1.55
H3C
1.57
NH3
1.65
2.74
2.69
2.72
0.93
0.91
0.88
1.95
2.08
2.09
2.5
2.0
3.00
1.5
1.0
165
R-O-Ha + R-O-Hb
R-O-Hb + R-O-Ha
Spectrul RMN al
acidului 2-cloropropanoic
COOH
1
O
CH3 CH C OH
Cl
~12 ppm
167
CUPLAJ INEGAL
DIAGRAME DE SCINDARE
DIAGRAME ARBORE
168
169
C C C
H
Ja = 3Jb
Toate cuplajele
de-a lungul catenei
au aceeasi valoare J.
170
H
3
Ja
Jb
C C C
H
3
H
Ja
H
3
Jb
C C C
H
7 Hz
H
3 Hz
172
C C C
H
Ja = 7
Fiecare nivel al
scindarii utilizeaza
regula n+1.
-CH2-CH2-CH2-
NIVEL UNU
-CH2-CH2-CH2-
C C C
C C C
Ja = 7
H
3
PRIMUL NIVEL
AL DOILEA NIVEL
Jb = 3
NIVEL DOI
triplet de tripleti
INTENSITATI
Scindare din
hidrogenii din
stanga
1:2:1
1:2:1
1:2:1
1:2:1
+
1:4:6:4:1
Scindari
suprapuse
-CH2-CH2-CH2-
n+1 = (4 + 1) = 5
NIVEL DOI
Scindare din
hidrogenii din
dreapta
175
CAND SE APLICA REGULA n+1, SE POATE SARI LA REZULTATUL FINAL
2-FENILPROPANAL
Valorile J sunt inegale.
176
Spectrul 2-Fenilpropanalului
CH3
1.44
1.42
10
4
8
7.18
0.79
9.5
3.62
3.60
7.38
7.36
7.20
9.66
2.87
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
0.95
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.00
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
177
CH3
10
4
8
J = 2 Hz
9.67
9.66
3.65
3.64
3.58
3.57
3.62
3.62
3.60
3.60
0.92
3.85
3.80
3.75
3.70
3.65
3.60
3.55
3.50
3.45
3.40
3.35
3.30
0.79
CH3
1.44
1.42
10
4
8
9.95
9.90
9.85
9.80
9.75
9.70
9.65
9.60
9.55
9.50
9.45
9.40
O
5
3.62
3.60
J = 7 Hz
0.95
4.0
3.00
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
178
7 Hz
2 Hz
CH3 CH CHO
J1 = 7 Hz
quartet
-CH3
J2 = 2 Hz dublet
ANALIZA
SCINDARII
HIDROGENILOR
METINICI
quartet de dubleti
-CHO
179
ETANOL PUR
180
ETANOL
400 MHz
Proba veche
Schimb rapid catalizat
de impuritati
hidrogenul din OH
este decuplat
HO-CH2-CH3
triplet
quartet
singlet
larg
181
marire
marire
dublet de
quarteti
triplet
ETANOL
Proba foarte pura (noua)
Nici un schimb
triplet
400 MHz
182
doua vecinatati (n + 1=
3)
da un triplet
J= 5 Hz
doua vecinatati (n + 1=
3)
da un triplet
J= 7 Hz
J=7
J=5
J=5
triplet
quartet de dubleti
J=7
triplet
183
ACETAT DE VINIL
HIDROGENI ALCHENICI
184
CONSTANTE DE CUPLAJ
PROTONI DIN LEGATURI DUBLE C=C
3J-cis = 8-10 Hz
3J-trans = 16-18 Hz
protoni apartinand aceluiasi carbon
2J-geminal = 0-2 Hz
H
H
H
H
Pentru protonii catenelor alifatice saturate, 3J 8185Hz
2 .1 3
O
5
H2C
7.0
4 .8 5
4 .5 8
4 .5 7
4 .5 5
7 .3 0
7 .2 8
7 .2 5
7 .2 3
0.95
7.5
CH3
4 .9 0
4 .9 0
1.00 1.01
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
3.00
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
-0.5
-1.0
186
-1.5
HC
C H3 C
HB
HB
C C
HC
HA
HA
3
JBC
trans
JBC
trans
JAC
cis
JAB
gem
2
JAC
cis
JAB
gem
187
HC
C H3 C
JBC = 14 Hz (trans)
JBC
trans
JAC = 6 Hz (cis)
HB
C C
HA
HC
JAC
cis
7.23
7.28
7.25
7.30
0.95
7.65
7.60
7.55
7.50
7.45
7.40
7.35
7.30
7.25
7.20
7.15
7.10
7.05
7.00
6.95
6.90
6.85
6.80
188
HB
HA
O
C H3 C
JBC
trans
3
JAB
gem
HB
C C
JAB
gem
4 .5 8
4 .5 7
4 .5 5
4 .5 5
4 .8 5
4 .8 5
4 .9 0
4 .9 0
JBC = 14 Hz (trans)
5.05
5.00
4.95
1.00
5.10
JAC
cis
HA
HC
4.90
4.85
JAC = 6 Hz (cis)
189
1.01
4.80
4.75
4.70
4.65
4.60
4.55
4.50
4.45
4.40
4.35
2,4-DINITROANISOL
ATOMI DE HIDROGEN AROMATICI
190
8
7.09
6
O
Br
11
10
OH
7.65
7.65
7.68
7.68
+
3
10
0.93
7.06
8.24
8.24
1.01
8.2
8.1
J1 =2 Hz
J2 = 0 Hz
8.0
7.9
7.8
7.7
1.00
7.6
7.5
J1 = 8,5 Hz
J2 = 2 Hz
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.1
J1 = 8,5 Hz
J2 =1910 Hz
2,4-DINITROANISOL
8.72 ppm
8.43 ppm
7.25 ppm
192
H-NMR H ppm (DMSO): 13.18 (s, 1H, -COOH), 8.12 (d, 2H, ArH),
7.92 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.14 (d, 2H, ArH), 4.09 (t, 2H, -OCH2-), 1.75
(cv, 2H, CH2), 1.43 (cv, 2H, CH2), 1.32 (m, 4H, CH2), 0.89 (t,
3H, CH3)
H-NMR (400 MHz) ppm 8.35 (d, 4H, J=8.5Hz) ppm 4.06 (t, 4H,
J=6.5Hz)
MESTREC
193
C-RMN
13
194
C nu este RMN-activ I = 0
however.
13
13
2. Momentul magnetic al
13
C este mic
1
1.41 T
2.35 T
7.05 T
1.41 T
2.35 T
7.05 T
15.1 MHz
25.0 MHz
75.0 MHz
196
C-
13
C cuplare
NU!
C - 1H cuplare
DA!
197
198
2 protoni
H
13
0 protoni
H
H
H
n+1 = 4
carbon
metilic
1 proton
13
n+1 = 3
carbon
metilenic
13
n+1 = 2
carbon
metinic
13
n+1 = 1
carbon
cuaternar
FENILACETAT DE ETIL
C cupleaza
cu atomii de
hidrogen
13
200
SPECTRE DECUPLATE
201
Sursa RF 1
vibratie reglata la
carbon-13
H-13C
Semnal
13
C (FID) masurat202
ETIL FENILACETAT
C cuplati
la hidrogeni
13
C decuplat
de hidrogen
13
in unele cazuri
picurile
multipletilor se
vor suprapune
spectru usor de
interpretat
204
COD:
t = triplet
q = quartet
d d
q
s
205
206
8 - 30
C C
65 - 90
R2CH2 15 - 55
C=C
100 - 150
R3CH
20 - 60
C N
110 - 140
C-I
C-Br
0 - 40
25 - 65
C-Cl
35 - 80
C-N
30 - 65
C-O
40 - 80
110 - 175
O
O
R-C-OR R-C-OH
O
R-C-NH2
O
O
R-C-H R-C-R
155 - 185
155 - 185
185 -207220
200
150
100
50
8 - 30
R-CH3
Carboni saturati - sp3
Nici un efect de electronegativitate
15 - 55
R-CH2-R
20 - 60
R3CH /R4C
40 - 80
C-O
Carboni saturati - sp3
Efecte de electronegativitate
35 - 80
C-Cl
C-Br
Carboni
nesaturati
- sp2
C=O
C=O
200
C=C
25 - 65
Carboni
alchinici - sp
65 - 90
100 - 150
Carboni ai
nucleului aromatic
110 - 175
Acizi Amide
Esteri Anhidride
Aldehide
Cetone
150
100
INTERVAL
155 - 185
185 - 220
50
208
nitrili
anhidride acide
cloruri acide
amide
esteri
acizi carboxilici
aldehide
cetone , -nesaturate
cetone
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
ppm
SPECTRE
210
H3C
88
80
0.00
77.61
77.19
76.75
2
1
4
5
OH
72
64
13.89
56
48
40
32
24
16
8
0
211
18.99
34.87
62.45
1 8 .9 1
CH3
4
OH
6 9 .6 5
H3C
7 7 .5 3
7 7 .11
7 6 .6 9
3 0 .8 5
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
212
0 .0 0
7 7 .5 8
7 7 .1 5
7 6 .7 3
80
75
80
70
75
65
70
65
0 .0 0
OH
4
60
55
60
50
H3C
55
50
9 .9 8
45
40
2
1
CH3
45
40
2 2 .9 2
3 2 .1 4
6 9 .3 7
H3C
9 .9 0
6 9 .4 4
7 7 .5 4
7 7 .1 2
7 6 .7 0
CH3
35
30
35
25
30
20
25
15
20
10
15
5
10
5
-5
5
3
OH
213
2 2 .8 7
3 2 .0 4
28.94
2,2-DIMETILBUTAN
CH3
CH3
H3C
CH3
30.38
8.85
77.41
76.99
76.57
36.47
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
214
CH3
CH3
H3C
CH3
3
2.00
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
11.54
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
215
BROMOCICLOHEXAN
216
7 0 .5 2
80
75
H3C
5
H3C
11
70
65
10
60
OH
9
55
50
45
4 0 .4 5
4 5 .0 8
0 .0 0
7 9 .8 7
4 6 .3 4
4 8 .9 6
7 7 .4 6
7 7 .0 4
7 6 .6 1
40
35
30
25
20
11.3 2
2 0 .4 9
2 0 .1 2
2 7 .2 5
3 3 .9 7
CH3
15
10
5
0
-5
217
0.90
OH
H3C
H3C
11
3
10
8
0.94
3.5
3.05
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.49
3.61
1.81
0.00
0.82
1.02
CH3
1.36
1.5
2.96 3.00
1.0
0.5
-0.5
218
136
0.00
77.45
77.03
76.61
126.29
133.57
128
120
112
104
96
88
6
4
80
72
CH3
7
64
56
48
40
32
24
25.17
21.51
21.79
30.20
31.41
16
8
0
219
0.00
210.74
77.58
77.15
76.73
200
180
160
140
35.07
7
2
5
58.42
4
1
120
19.28
Cl
100
80
60
40
20
0
220
33.50
4.13
4
7
Cl
2
6
O
5
1.00
6.41
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
221
a
a
c Cl
1 3 0 .5 0
1,2-DICLOROBENZEN
c Cl
1 2 7 .6 7
Cl
4
7
Cl
1 3 2 .5 4
7 7 .4 5
7 7 .0 3
7 6 .6 1
135
130
125
120
115
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
222
70
1,3-DICLOROBENZEN
126.88
Cl
7
Cl
3
5
128.77
6
130.40
solvent
Cl
135.11
Cl
d
b
142
140
138
136
134
132
130
128
126
124
122
120
118
223
129.77
1,4-DICLOROBENZEN
Cl
4
6
Cl
132.51
77.41
76.99
76.57
140
135
130
125
120
115
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
224
70
121.70
127.28
140.30
O
77.46
77.04
76.61
Br
11
O
3
10
OH
111.69
134.01
0.00
154.07
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
225
144
136
128
120
CH3
18
23
20
Cl
25
112
22
19
104
10
15
11
H
30
29
12
96
CH3
1
2
9
3
7
88
24
H
32
CH3
27
80
72
64
56
CH3
26
48
16
28
40
32
2 4 .2 8
2 1 .0 0
1 9 .2 5
1 8 .7 5
24
11.8 6
2 2 .5 6 2 3 .8 7
31
2 8 .2 1
4 3 .4 5
3 9 .7 6 3 9 .5 3
3 9 .1 6
3 6 .2 2
3 3 .4 2
5 0 .1 4
21
5 6 .7 3
5 6 .2 1
17
6 0 .2 2
13
2 8 .0 2
5
8
3 6 .3 9
1 2 2 .4 1
14
4 2 .3 5
7 7 .4 0
7 6 .9 8
7 6 .5 6
1 4 0 .8 0
H3C
16
226
3 1 .8 5
60
19
30
55
12
16
31
28
50
45
40
35
30
25
1 9 .2 5
1 8 .7 5
2 1 .0 0
3 1 .8 5
2 4 .2 8
27
2 8 .2 1
CH3
11.8 6
22
29
2 2 .8 1 2 3 .8 7
2 2 .5 6
25
11
H
32
2 8 .0 2
15
4
24
3 3 .4 2
20
H
2
21
3 6 .2 2
3 5 .7 8
18
1
17
3 9 .5 3
3 9 .1 6
5
13
3 9 .7 6
23
10
8
3 6 .3 9
4 2 .3 5
14
4 3 .4 5
CH3
CH3
5 0 .1 4
Cl
5 6 .7 3
5 6 .2 1
6 0 .2 2
H3C
CH3
26
20
15
10
227
H3C
14
CH3
10
20
11
15
29
25
19
22
17
24
CH3
26
H
4
32
CH3
27
H
Cl
21
13
8
18
23
CH3
30
12
31
16
28
1.00
5.5
0.98
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.66
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
-0.5
228
0.05
0.10
160
135.38
140
0.15
120
100
80
Chemical Shif t (ppm)
60
40
13.71
34.16
34.09
26.90
22.21
114.36
113.88
111.13
124.23
120.75
134.43
130.03
154.19
151.63
151.38
0.20
154.46
172.07
171.58
Intensity
77.33
77.01
76.69
O
C C4 H9
O
C C4 H 9
20
0
229
O
N
0.20
C C4 H9
N
O
111.13
114.36
113.88
120.75
124.23
134.43
135.38
154.46
0.05
151.63
151.38
154.19
0.10
172.07
171.58
Intensity
130.03
C C4 H 9
0.15
175
170
165
160
155
150
145
140
Chemical Shif t (ppm)
135
130
125
120
115
230
110
13.71
13.73
22.21
26.90
26.93
34.16
22.25
34.09
0.10
O
N
C C4 H9
Intensity
N
O
0.05
C C4 H 9
O
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
Chemical Shift (ppm)
20
18
16
14
231
26.90
0.12
26.93
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.08
Intensity
0.07
C C4 H9
0.06
0.05
O
C C4 H 9
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
-0.01
2790
2780
2770
2760
2750
2740
2730
2720
2710
Frequency (Hz)
2700
2690
2680
2670
2660
232
233
Hidrocarburi Saturate
FORMULA GENERAL
CnH2n+2
CH4
CH3CH3
CH3CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH CH C CH3
CH3
C9H20
CH3
235
C C
-2H
C C
H H
H H
C C
-4H
C C
H H
H2C
H2C
CH2
CH2
CH2 H
CH2 H
-2H
H2C
H2C
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
C5H8
C5H12
C5H8
H4
= ( CnH2n+2 )
Index = 4/2 = 2
Dou nesaturri
Legtur dubl i
ciclu n acest caz
238
O sau S --
+0
N sau P --
C-H
+1
F, Cl, Br, I --
-1
+O
C-O-H
C-H
C-NH2
+N,+H
H
N
C4H5N
C4H10 = ( CnH2n+2 )
C4H11N adaug un H pentru N
C4H5 N
H6
Index = 6/2 = 3
Dou legturi duble i
ciclu n acest exemplu
240