Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
SUPORT DE CURS
SEMINAR MATERIAL
ENGLEZA JURIDICA
LEGAL ENGLISH
DREPT
AN II
SEMESTRUL I + II
Titular: As. drd. CATALIN DRACSINEANU Lecturer: CATALIN DRACSINEANU, Univ.as. PhD. candidate
Cuprins
Contents
1. Introducere
1. Introduction
1. INTRODUCERE
1. INTRODUCTION
2. Principalele caracteristici ale englezei juridice (cunoscut de 2. General Features of Legal English (also casually referred to
asemenea ca legalez)
as legalese or lawspeak):
Chiar i cei mai avansai vorbitori de limba englez pot
ntmpina dificulti atunci cnd trebuie s traduc documente
juridice, deoarece acestea se dovedesc adesea foarte nclcite i cu
neles neclar. Este adevrat c textele juridice ar trebui s fie pe
nelesul tuturor dar, deoarece sistemul de drept motenit de rile
vorbitoare de limb englez dreptul cutumiar se bazeaz pe
tradiie i, deoarece pn nu demult nu a fost scris niciodat ci
transmis prin practic, acestea conin un numr de caracteristici
neobinuite legate n mare msur de terminologie, convenii
lingvistice sau tehnice. Traductorul trebuie prin urmare s fie
foarte atent atunci cnd utilizeaz unele cuvinte care au o anumit
semnificaie n engleza de zi cu zi i o cu totul alt semnificaie n
engleza juridic. Mai mult, numrul cuvintelor similare (aa
numitele false friends) pare s creasc atunci cnd folosim o
terminologie juridic. O traducere n englez a verbului a
respecta poate fi alegerea corect atunci cnd traducem respect
toi profesorii mei/ I respect all of my teachers dar poate trda
slabe cunotine n domeniul juridic atunci cnd traducem
cumprtorul nu respect clauzele contractului prin the buyer
doesnt respect the contractual provisions, care ar trebui tradus
prin the buyer fails to obseve/comply with the contractual
provisions. n mod similar, cumprtorul este obligat s poate
fi tradus cu the buyer is obligated to, dar versiunile preferate ar
fi the buyer is bound to sau formele active the buyer binds
to/undertakes to.
the use of technical words. Just like any other field, legal
English has its own specific vocabulary made up of purely
technical terms. Some of these terms are only applicable
in the legal sphere and nowhere else: mortgage, lease,
waiver, promissory estoppel, decree, while others have
developed a particular meaning in a legal context (see
consideration or title above).
ntre:
Between:
i
SC ________ cu sediul n ________, nregistrat la Oficiul
Registrului Comerului sub nr. ____, tel. __________, fax:
__________cont _______ , numr de TVA _________
reprezentat prin ________ n calitate de administrator; denumita
n continuare Vnztor/Furnizor.
2. ________________ persoan juridic, nregistrat n
conformitate cu legile din / existnd i funcionnd potrivit
legislaiei statului _______, cu sediul la _____________ (numit
n continuare "Vnztor"), reprezentat de _________ pe baza
__________, pe de o parte
i
And
SC _____ with the social address in ________, registered at the
Trade Register under no. ____, phone _____, fax _______, bank
account _______, sales tax number (U.S.)/ VAT registration
number (U.K.), ______represented by ____________ as
administrator, hereinafter referred to as Vendor/Seller/Supplier.
2. ________ legal entity/ legal person /juristic person,
registered/incorporated under the laws of/a company organized
and existing under the laws of _______, with the
headquarters/registered office in/at _______ (hereinafter referred
to as Seller), legally represented by _________ on the basis of
_______, on the one hand
Cod SWIFT
Cunoscut i sub numele de SWIFT-BIC sau BIC - este un
format standard al codurilor de identificare bancar aprobate de
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) i
reprezint un cod unic de identificare al unei anumite bnci.
Acest cod este folosit la transferul de bani ntre bnci, n special
la transferul internaional, precum i la schimbul de mesaje
ntre bnci.
SWIFT code
Also known as SWIFT-BIC or BIC code is a standard format
of Bank Identifier Codes approved by the International
Organization Standardization (ISO) and it represents the
unique identification code of a particular bank. These codes are
used when transferring money between banks, particularly for
international wire transfers as well as for the exchange of other
messages between banks.
Clauze posibile:
Possible provisions:
1. Obiectul prezentului contract l constituie trecerea din 1. The object of the hereby contract is the transfer from the
proprietatea vnztorului n proprietatea cumprtorului, dup ce Sellers property to the Buyers property, upon payment by the
acesta din urm va plti preul cuvenit, a produsului _______
latter of the due price, of the product _______
2. Obiectul prezentului contract l reprezint vnzarea bunurilor la 2. The object of the hereby contract is the sale of the goods in the
calitatea i cantitatea prevzute n anexe.
quality and in the amount stipulated in the annexes.
3. Obiectul prezentului contract l constituie cumprarea de la 3. The object of the hereby contract is the purchase from the
Vnztor de ctre Cumprtor a ______, avnd descrierea tehnic Seller by the Buyer of _______, having the technical description
menionat n Anexa ___ la contract.
mentioned in Annex ____
3.3.
VALOAREA
CONTRACTULUI/PREUL 3.3 VALUE OF THE CONTRACT/PRICE OF THE
CONTRACTULUI/CONDIII DE PLAT
CONTRACT/PAYMENT TERMS
Clauze posibile:
Possible provisions:
1. n absena unui acord special, preurile vor fi considerate ca 1. In the absence of any special arrangement, prices shall be taken
fiind Ex Works. Preurile nu includ rata taxei pe valoare as being Ex Works. Prices shall not include the prevailing
adugat curent.
statutory value added tax.
2. Cambiile i cecurile sunt acceptate doar pentru a uura plata; 2. The acceptance of bills of exchange and checks shall only be to
costurile de ncasare aferente vor fi suportate de partea care face facilitate payment; the costs of any discounting and collection
comanda bunurilor.
shall be borne by the party ordering the goods.
3. Dac partea care face comanda bunurilor ntrzie la plat, 3. If the party ordering the goods falls into arrears with payment,
Vnztorul are dreptul s perceap penaliti de ntrziere de the supplier is entitled to charge default interest of _____ %. The
___%. Vnztorul are dreptul de a furniza probe ale unor daune supplier is entitled to provide evidence of higher damage in the
mai extinse n funcie de caz. Obligaia de a plti penalitile de
Vnztorului se aplic gamei de performan i livrare agreat de accepted by Seller. Sellers prices apply for the scope of
ctre pri. Performanele suplimentare sau speciale vor fi taxate performance and delivery that has been agreed. Additional or
special performances will be charged separately.
separate.
9. Plile vor fi efectuate n termen de _____ zile de la data
facturrii, n cazul n care nu se specific diferit n oferta
Vnztorului i/sau acceptarea comenzii. n cazul livrrilor
pariale Vnztorul are dreptul de a factura separat.
11. Preul total de vnzare (inclusiv valoarea oricror obligaii sau 11. The total purchase price (including the value of any liabilities
Grammar
Simple Present
Grammar
Present Tense in Legal English
21. Cumprtorul se oblig s plteasc preurile aa cum sunt 21. The Buyer binds to pay the prices as negotiated, agreed upon
negociate, convenite i prevzute n anexa numrul _________ la and stipulated in Annex no. _________ annexed hereto.
contract.
22. The payment is made on the basis of the invoices issued by
22. Plata se va face pe baza facturilor emise de vnztor i the Seller and signed by the Buyer. The corresponding value
semnate de cumprtor. n preul mrfurilor a fost inclus i taxa added tax has been included in the price of the merchandise.
pe valoarea adugat aferent.
Pentru a traduce avans, sau plat n avans n limba englez
este bine s reinei urmtoarele aspecte:
23. Dac cumprtorul nu pltete la scaden, va suporta 23. Should the Buyer fall into arrears with the payment, the Buyer
penaliti de ntrziere n decontare de __________ % pe zi de shall be bound to pay default interest of ______% for each day of
ntrziere, calculat la suma datorat.
delay, calculated at the outstanding amount.
24. Instrumentul de plat agreat
_____________________________.
de
vnztor
25. Vnztorul poate majora preul mrfurilor n raport de 25. The Seller may increase the price of the merchandise
____________________
depending on _____________
26. Preul utilajelor este cel nscris n oferta confirmat; oferta
confirmat este parte integrant a prezentului contract.
Scadenarul ce precizeaz termenele de plata i sumele ce
urmeaz a fi achitate face parte din prezenta convenie.
27. n absena unui acord special, condiia de livrare este ____ 27. In the absence of a special agreement, the delivery condition
(conform INCOTERMS 2000), la adresa indicat n comanda is _____ (according to INCOTERMS 2000) at the address
ferm. Preurile nu includ TVA i nici taxe vamale.
indicated in the firm order. The prices do not include VAT or
customs duties.
28. n absena unui acord special, plile se vor face prin virament
n contul furnizorului
28. In the absence of a special agreement, the payments will be
made by bank transfer to the Suppliers account.
29. Dac partea care face comanda bunurilor nu face plata la
termenul convenit, va fi obligat s achite penaliti de ntrziere 29. If the party ordering the goods fails to make the payment on
n cuantum de _______ pe zi calculate asupra sumelor scadente. due time, the party at fault will be bound to pay late payment
Penalitile curg de drept, fr a fi necesara punerea n interest in the amount of __________ per day, calculated on the
ntrziere. Cuantumul penalitilor poate depi cuantumul outstanding amounts. The penalties are rightful, no legal action
being required. The amount of the penalties may exceed the debt
debitului asupra crora au fost calculate.
used as basis for calculation.
30. Dac prile nu au convenit altfel, pentru a garanta plata
preului, beneficiarul va deschide in favoarea furnizorului un 30. Unless the parties agree differently, the beneficiary will open
acreditiv documentar irevocabil, netransferabil. Acreditivul for the Supplier a non-transferable, irrevocable letter of credit.
documentar nu privete plata avansului.
The documentary letter of credit should not be mistaken with the
payment of the advance payment.
31. The Seller preserves the property right on the goods until the
31. Vnztorul pstreaz dreptul de proprietate asupra bunurilor full payment of the price as well as of the potential interests.
pn n momentul ncasrii integrale a preului precum i a
eventualelor penaliti.
32. The Buyer binds to take all necessary and legal steps to make
the payment of the merchandise in agreement with the provisions
32. Cumprtorul se oblig s ntreprind tot ce este necesar i of the hereby contract.
legal pentru a se efectua plata mrfii n conformitate cu
33. The payment shall be made on _____, in____________. The
prevederile prezentului contract.
documents used to make the payments are: ________.
33. Plata se va efectua la data de _______,
n ______Documentele prin care se vor efectua plile sunt: ___.
34. The consideration shall be paid within ___ days from the
moment the Company effectively cashes in any amounts under
34. Comisionul se va plti (plata se va face) n termen de ___ zile the present Agreement.
de la momentul n care Compania ncaseaz oricare din sumele
stipulate n prezentul Contract.
Clauze posibile
Possible Provisions
1. Condiia de livrare este EXW/CIP/DDU etc. (vezi mai jos), 1. The delivery conditions is EXW/CIP/DDU etc. (see below),
(conform INCOTERMS 2000), la adresa _______.
(according to INCOTERMS 2000), at the address ________.
2. Dup efectuarea formalitilor vamale de ctre Cumprtor,
bunurile se vor transporta pe cheltuiala Vnztorului la adresa de
destinaie indicat de Cumprtor la data semnrii prezentului
contract.
3. Bunurile se vor livra la destinaia indicata la pct. ____ al 3. The goods will be delivered at the destination indicated at pct.
prezentului contract, n termen de ______ zile de la data achitrii __________ of the hereby contract, within ____ days from the
avansului.
date of the advance payment/down payment.
4. Livrarea se va efectua cu respectarea condiiilor specificate de 4. The delivery will be carried out with the observance of the
art. ______ al prezentului contract.
specific conditions mentioned by art. _____ of the hereby contract
5. La livrare bunurile /utilajul /marfa va fi nsoit() de 5. Upon delivery, the goods/machine/merchandise will be
urmtoarele documente n original:
accompanied by the following documents in original:
- factura comercial definitiv;
- specificaia mrfii pentru fiecare colet;
- scrisoarea de transport internaional (CMR);
- certificatele de calitate i conformitate.
CMR
CMR
6. Livrarea utilajului se face intr-o singura tran/n mai multe 6. The delivery of the machine is to take place at once/partial
trane.
deliveries are allowed.
7. Termenele de livrare artate n ofert au caracter orientativ,
fr a crea obligaii i fr a atrage rspunderea furnizorului.
Vnztorul nu va rspunde pentru nerespectarea acestor termene.
Termenul de livrare nu va ncepe sa curg mai nainte de
confirmarea scris a comenzii. Termenul de livrare nu va ncepe
s curg nainte ca partea care face comanda bunurilor s fi
obinut toate documentele, orice autorizaie sau aviz, i nainte de
primirea unei pli n avans stabilite anterior de comun acord.
7. The delivery terms indicated in the offer are merely for the
Buyers reference and are not binding for the Seller. Seller will
not be liable for failure to observe these terms. The delivery term
shall not begin to run prior to the written confirmation of the
order. The delivery term shall not start to run before the party
ordering the goods has obtained all necessary documents, license
or permit and after Seller has received a down-payment as
mutually agreed upon by the parties.
13. With the written consent of both contracting parties, under the
13. Cu acordul scris al ambelor pri contractante, n condiiile conditions of the hereby contract, anticipated delivery is allowed.
prezentului contract, se vor putea efectua i livrri cu anticipaie.
14. The Seller binds to pack the goods in proper packaging to
14. Vnztorul se oblig s ambaleze mrfurile n ambalaje allow the transportation of the goods in such a manner as not to
adecvate care s permit transportarea mrfurilor de o asemenea cause damage for the Buyer. The merchandise is sold with the
manier nct s nu-l pgubeasc pe cumprtor. Mrfurile se packaging which thus is transferred to the Buyers property. The
vnd mpreun cu ambalajele care trec n proprietatea price of the packaging is included in the price of the merchandise.
cumprtorului. n preul mrfurilor a fost inclus i
contravaloarea ambalajelor.
15. The Seller binds to deliver clearly marked, labeled and
15. Vnztorul se oblig s predea mrfurile marcate, etichetate i stamped goods according to legal requirements and safety
timbrate potrivit cerinelor legale i msurilor de siguran care measures related to the security of the goods, etc.
se impun referitoare la securitatea mrfurilor, etc.
16. Unless otherwise agreed in writing, the delivery period shall
begin to run on the latest of the following dates: (i) date on which
the order is confirmed; (ii) date on which Buyer has complied
with all technical, commercial and other requirements that fall to
Buyer's responsibility; (iii) date on which Seller receives a downpayment or a security payable before delivery of the goods.
17. The delivery period shall have been deemed as complied with
17. Perioada de livrare se presupune a fi respectat dac, nainte if, prior to its expiry, the goods ordered have left the works or
de data expirrii sale, bunurile comandate au prsit fabrica sau readiness for dispatch has been notified.
dac disponibilitatea de expediere a fost notificat
Cumprtorului.
18. The party ordering the goods is entitled to withdraw from the
agreement in case of delayed delivery or demand compensation if
18. Partea care comand bunurile are dreptul de a se retrage din the supplier is in default and if a reasonable deadline set by the
contract n cazul unei livrri ntrziate sau s cear despgubiri party ordering the goods, combined with threat of refusal, has
dac ntrzierea s-a produs din vina Vnztorului i dac o expired without results.
perioad de graie rezonabil stabilit de Cumprtor, dublat de
ameninarea unui refuz, a expirat fr niciun rezultat.
19. Unless expressly stated otherwise in Sellers Confirmation, all
deliveries of Goods shall be Ex Works Sellers production facility
19. Dac nu se specific n mod diferit n Confirmarea or supplier production facility. The term Ex Works shall have the
Vnztorului, toate livrrile bunurilor vor fi Ex Works de la meaning set forth in the latest version of INCOTERMS published
fabrica Vnztorului sau locul de producie al furnizorului. by the International Chamber of Commerce at Paris, France, at
Termenul Ex Works va avea semnificaia stabilit n ultima the time of Sellers Confirmation. Customer shall accept the
versiune INCOTERMS publicat de Camera Internaional de Goods upon delivery.
Comer, Paris, Frana, la momentul Confirmrii Vnztorului.
Toate contractele comerciale trebuie s conin indicaii clare n
ceea ce privete livrarea: locul de livrare, momentul livrrii,
efectele ntrzierilor la livrare, regulile privind cantitile
livrate, livrarea n trane precum i acceptarea bunurilor.
20. Dac nu se specific diferit n Confirmarea Vnztorului, 20. Unless expressly stated otherwise in Sellers Confirmation,
datele de livrare ale Vnztorului sunt doar estimative i nu any times or dates for delivery by Seller are estimates and shall
creeaz obligaii. Vnztorul are dreptul de a livra bunurile, dup not be of the essence. Seller is entitled to deliver the Goods as
27. Acceptarea va fi considerat ca final dup 30 zile de la 27. Acceptance shall be presumed conclusively to have occurred
livrarea produsului ctre Cumprtor, dac Cumprtorul nu a thirty (30) days following delivery of product to Buyer, unless
Buyer has accepted the product prior to that date.
acceptat produsul anterior acestei date.
28. Ne rezervm dreptul de a modifica designul sau forma, cu
condiia ca obiectul livrrii s nu fie schimbat de o manier
inacceptabil pentru Cumprtor i cu condiia ca modificarea s
aib la baz mbuntiri tehnice.
28. We reserve the right to modify the design and shape, provided
that the subject matter of the delivery is not altered in a manner
unreasonable for the buyer and that the modification is based on
technical improvements.
The whole chapter, as well as other valuable information generically referred to as Business English (including, among
others, information related to the set-up of a company in Romania/U.S./U.K, commercial correspondence, accounting or
banking) can be found in A Comprehensive Business English Usage for Romanian Professionals, to be published in 2012.
Practice
Based on the provisions above, find the right translations for the following Romanian words and phrases, commonly met in
legal documents:
numit n continuare
a respecta clauzele contractului
cumprtorul se oblig s
la data scadent
datorie restant
a intra n vigoare
a semna un contract
prin derogare de la
ataat() la prezentul contract
a nclca obligaiile contractuale
persoan fizic
penaliti de ntrziere
impozit/tax/comision
acreditiv documentar
n conformitate cu
execuia contractului
n termen de 3 zile
cu acordul anterior scris al vnztorului
nerespectarea de ctre cumprtor a termenului de plat
pe rol
Translate into English, paying attention to the use of simple or progressive present:
1. Ce se ntmpl cnd semnezi un contract fr s consuli un avocat?
2. Reducerea cheltuielilor pare o idee bun, dar nu ajut prea mult.
3. De ci bani ai nevoie? 100 euro sunt de ajuns?
4. Mi se ntmpl mereu s uit cuvinte de baz din limba englez.
5. Ascult tirile i m gndesc la viitorul firmelor mici i mijlocii din Romnia.
5. The person against whom an action is brought in a court of law is known as the .........
6. When a court states that a judgment of lower court is true, it .......... that judgment.
7. When a court changes the judgment of a lower court to its opposite, it ....... that judgment.
Use the correct prefix for the adjectives. Use any of the negative forms below
-ir, -un, -in, -im, -dis
-valid
-complete
-reasonable
-satisfactory
-correct
-foreseeable
-lawful
-satisfied
-reconciliable
-affected
-effective
-partial
-confirmed
Pay attention to the translation of the term avocat in English. Fill in the gaps with the right choice:
lawyer, attorney, attorney-at-law, solicitor, barrister
........is a general term which we use to refer to someone who has learnt the law and has a license to practice. In the U.S., lawyers are
often called ..... or ....... In England and Wales, the legal profession is not unified, so a distinction between ....., who have rights of
audience in only some courts, and ...... who specialize in advocacy (the art of presenting cases in court) and who have a right of
audience in all courts. Generally, a .... will consult with his or her client and prepare a brief. This brief is then passed on to a ..... who
will present the case in court.
Identify in the right column the legal version of the plain English words in the left column:
1. invalid
2. give back
3. in place of
4. promise
5. have the right to
6. agreement
7. holiday
8. terms
9. begin
10. length (of time)
1. surrender
2. undertake
3. be entitled to
4. provisions
5. inoperative
6. in lieu of
7. consent
8. duration
9. commence
10. leave
Fill in the gaps using the verbs below and then translate the text into Romanian:
are tried is brought is committed is fined is punished is put is resolved was caused
A crime is a wrong which ......against society. The wrongdoer .........: he or she ............... in prison or ......... a sum of money. A tort,
on the other hand, is a wrong which ........ against an individual. The injured party can sue the wrongdoer and receive damages from
the court. Criminal sanctions exist to make society safer and to keep people from committing certain acts. Tort remedies exist to
make the injured party whole again for the harm which ...... by the wrongdoer.
A key difference between the two is that a crime requires a criminal intent (mens rea), whereas a tort can result without intent to
cause harm on the wrongdoers part.
Crimes ..... in the criminal courts. An action ...... by a governmental body against the wrongdoer. A tort, conversely, ........in the civil
courts: the injured party brings an action against the wrongdoer.
Alcaraz, E. & Hughes, B. Legal Translation Explained. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing, 2002, p. 5
Vezi de exemplu: http://bogdantodoran.wordpress.com/expresii-juridice-latine/
iii
Tiersma, P. Legal Language, London, The University of Chicago Press, 1999, p. 95.
iv
Crystal D & Davy D. Investigating English Style, New York, Longman, 1986, p. 213.
v
Sabra, A. M. M. Translation of Contracts, The American University of Cairo, 1995, p. 31
ii
vi
Furmston, Michael. Principles of Commercial Law, 2nd edition, Cavendish Publishing Limited, 2001, p. 18
Alcaraz, E. & Hughes, B. Legal Translation Explained. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing, 2002, p. 5
viii
Tiersma, P. Legal Language, London, The University of Chicago Press, 1999, p. 95.
ix
Crystal D & Davy D. Investigating English Style, New York, Longman, 1986, p. 213.
x
Sabra, A. M. M. Translation of Contracts, The American University of Cairo, 1995, p. 31
xi
Furmston, Michael. Principles of Commercial Law, 2nd edition, Cavendish Publishing Limited, 2001, p. 18
vii