CIUPERCI COMESTIBILE I TOXICE DIN TRANSILVANIA

Autor : Iulia Maria Secar

Coordonator tiinific: Rodica VRBAN

Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar, Calea Mntur, Nr. 3-5,

400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romnia; iulia.secara@yahoo.com

Ciupercile fac parte din categoria organismelor eucariote (Regnul Fungi). Pot fi
unicelulare sau pluricelulare, microscopice sau macroscopice. Au corpul alctuit din celule cu
mai muli nuclei, numite hife, care formeaz miceliul. Prezint un perete celular de natura
chitinoas, sau (rar) celuzoic. n citoplasma exist glicogen si picaturi de ulei. Ciupercile
sunt lipsite de clorofil, din aceasta rezultnd o nutritie heterotrofa, fie saprofit, fie parazit.

Recunoasterea ciupercilor este o operaie dificil si din aceast cauz, recunoaterea

sigur se face numai innd seama n primul rnd de caracterele botanice si anume forma
corpului de fructificatie si a prilor componente: talie, aspect, plarie, picior, suprafaa
plariei, lamele sau tuburi etc., luate n complexitatea lor si nu dup celelalte caractere, care
pot duce la confuzii cu urmri grave.

Se apreciaz c, dac toate cipercile comestibile, care cresc prin pduri, parcuri, livezi
sau fnee ar fi recoltate, in ara noastr producia ar depi 300 000 tone anual. Din studiile
efectuate asupra ciupercilor superioare din Romnia, rezult c cel puin 20 % din speciile
identificate sunt comestibile.

Cele mai toxice specii de ciuperci, care provoac decesul celor care le-au consumat,
sunt n numr de aproximativ 20, din genurile Amanita, Omphalotus, Inocybe, Clitocybe,
Boletus, Tricholoma, Cortinarius, Caprinus.

Intoxicaiile sunt datorate ciclopeptidelor (amatoxine i falotoxine), giromitrinele,

alcaloizii muscarinici, micetoatropinele i altele (coprina i orelanina) .

CUVINTE CHEIE: ciuperci, eucariot, heterotrofe, toxic, Amanita, Boletus,

BIBLIOGRAFIE:

1. Elena Cristina Mincu, Razvan Tuculescu - Cipercile din Romnia, Ed.Galaxia

Gutenberg, 2010

2. Ioana Tudor- Ciupercile din flora spontan a Romniei, Ed. Gramen, 2010

3. Vasas Gizella, Locsmndi Csaba- Ghidul culegatorului de ciuperci, Ed. Casa, 2013
 EDIBLE AND TOXIC MUSHROOMS IN TRANSYLVANIA
Author: Iulia Maria Secar,

Scientific Coordinator: Rodica VRBAN

University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur St.,

400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; iulia.secara@yahoo.com

Mushrooms are part of the eukaryotic organisms cathegory ( Fungus ). They can be
unicellular or multicellular , microscopic or macroscopic . Their body is composed of several
multinucleal cells , called hyphae, that form the mycelium . They have a chitinous cell wall ,
or (rarely ) celuzoical . In the cytoplasm , there is glycogen and oil drops . Mushrooms dont
have chlorophyll, thereby , they have a heterotrophic (saprophytic or parasitic) nutrition .

Recognising mushrooms is a difficult operation and therefore , recognition is safe

only when primarily botanical characters and some form of fructification and body parts:
height, aspect , hat , standing, surface hats, blades or tubes , are taken into consideration in
their complexity ,and not by the other characters , which may lead to confusions, with serious
consequences.

It is estimated that if all edible mushrooms that grow in forests , parks , orchards and
meadows should be harvested, in our country ,production would exceed 300 000 tonnes
annually . From studies of superior mushrooms in Romania , at least 20 % of the identified
species are edible .

The most toxic species of mushrooms that cause death to those who consume them
are approximately 20 from genera Amanita , Omphalotus , Inocybe , Clitocybe , Boletus ,
Tricholoma , Cortinarius , Caprinus .

Poisonings are due to cyclopeptides ( amatoxine and falotoxine ) giromitrines ,

muscarinic alkaloids ,micetoatropins and others ( coprin and orelanin ) .

KEYWORDS : mushrooms , eukaryotic , heterotrophic , toxic, Amanita , Boletus ,

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. Elena Cristina Mincu, Razvan Tuculescu - Cipercile din Romnia, Ed.Galaxia

Gutenberg, 2010

2. Ioana Tudor- Ciupercile din flora spontan a Romniei, Ed. Gramen, 2010

3. Vasas Gizella, Locsmndi Csaba- Ghidul culegatorului de ciuperci, Ed. Casa, 2013