Disciplina:

Dezvoltarea durabila a mediului

Curs: 2 - 3
Factori de impact asupra mediului

Titular Curs: Maria PARASCHIV

maria.paraschiv1504@upb.ro
Factori de impact asupra mediului

= Mediile naturale de buna calitate satisfac nevoile de baza: aer si apa – curate; pamant - fertil pentru productia de alimente
si furaje; energie – disponibilitate, emisii reduse/zero; materii prime – disponibilitate pentru industria producatore de bunuri.
= Schimbarile de mediu: cunostintele sunt esentiale pentru atenuarea impactului asupra oamenilor si a naturii
= Elaborarea politicii de mediu

UE are unele dintre cele mai ridicate standarde de mediu din lume, abordand aceasta complexitate a mediului printr-un set
extins de legi - directive specifice care vizeaza calitatea aerului, tratarea apelor reziduale urbane și protejarea naturii, precum și
pachete de politică transversale privind clima și energia și economia circulară.

In centrul politicilor de mediu ale Uniunii Europene se afla „principiul poluatorul plateste”.
1972 – recomandarea Consiliului Organizatiei pentru Cooperare si Dezvoltare Economica (OCDE)
2000 - Integrat in mod official in legislatie - pus în aplicare prin numeroase măsuri, inclusiv prin instrumente fiscale,
precum taxe de drum pentru anumite vehicule sau taxe ecologice pentru a stimula utilizatorii să facă alegeri mai ecologice.
Cine suportă costurile?
Poluantii emisi in natura isi pot schimba forma și compozitia, se pot deplasa, se pot acumula in natura, pot intra in lantul trofic
si pot afecta sanatatea umana.

Ex. Mercurul :
- emis în atmosfera sub forma de gaz poate fi transportat de vant si ulterior depozitat in apa/sol/plante…...
- absorbit de plantele acvatice/terestre si ingerat de animale - se acumuleaza pe masura ce avanseaza in lantul trofic

Atentie!! In functie de durata de viata - sute de ani pentru ca anumiți poluanti sa „dispara” sau sa fie depozitati in locuri unde
sa nu mai existe expunere pentru oameni.

Atentie! Costurile degradării mediului, inclusiv impactul asupra schimbărilor climatice, se platesc la final in
vieti pierdute

Ex. particulele fine (PM2.5), provoacă moartea prematură a aproximativ 400 000 de europeni în fiecare an.
Romania: Legea protecţiei mediului nr. 137/1995 (numita în continuare LPM) - Metodologia de elaborare a studiului de impact
asupra mediului din 19.03.1996
• Acordul de mediu – reglementari speciale
• Avizul de mediu

Europa : al 7-lea program de acțiune

pentru mediu (EU Environment Action
Programme to 2020)

Solutii care rezolva relatia:

Provocari / Calitate viata

[Primul plan de actiune: 1972 pentru

perioada 1973-1977]

Sursa:
https://ec.europa.eu/environment/action-
programme/objectives.htm
Nivel national: Integrarea factorilor / indicatorilor de impact in dezvoltarea noilor
produse / tehnologii / constructii ….

1. Impactul produs asupra apelor

• Dispersia poluanților în ape, aria de extindere și modificările calitative ale receptorilor naturali, inclusiv ale apelor
subterane.
• Ex. Industria extractiva (petrol): hidrocarburi, apa sarata
• Afectarea ecosistemelor acvatice și a utilizarii surselor de apă.
• Efectele pozitive asupra calității apelor.

2. Impactul produs asupra aerului

• Dispersia poluanților în aer, în zona maximă de influență, modificările calitative intervenite sau care se vor înregistra în
calitatea aerului, efectele de sinergism.
• Factorii de mediu care sunt sau pot fi afectați de emisia poluanților în atmosferă și modul de manifestare.
• Efectele pozitive asupra calității aerului.
3. Impactul asupra vegetației și faunei terestre
• Emisiile de poluanți care pot afecta vegetația și fauna terestră.
• Modul de manifestare a impactului asupra vegetației și faunei terestre.
• Reducerea sau diminuarea impactului produs de poluarea existentă asupra acestor factori de mediu.

4. Impactul produs asupra solului și subsolului

• Poluanții ce pot afecta solul și subsolul zonei.
• Modificările intervenite în calitatea și în structura solului și a subsolului.

5. Impactul produs asupra așezărilor umane și altor obiective

• Poluanții ce pot afecta așezările umane și obiectivele zonei de interes național și public, efecte sinergice cu alte emisii,
manifestarea impactului.
• Efectele asupra stării de sănătate a populației și eventualul risc pentru siguranța locuitorilor.

6. Evaluarea riscului declanșării unor accidente sau avarii cu impact major asupra sănătății populației și mediului
înconjurător
• Evaluare, măsuri și programe de prevenire.
Nivel european: Catalog indicatori de impact asupra mediului

Environmental indicator catalogue (as of 05 August 2021)

Indicator name (producer_indicator code)
Theme Sub-theme
[EEA: European Environment Agency]
Agriculture Agri-environmental indicators Common farmland bird index (Eurostat_env_bio2)
Final energy consumption by agriculture/forestry per hectare of utilised agricultural area (Eurostat_tai04)
Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture (Eurostat_tai08)
Sales of pesticides by type of pesticide (Eurostat_tai02)
Share of irrigable and irrigated areas in utilised agricultural area (UAA) by NUTS 2 regions (Eurostat_tai03)
Share of main land types in utilised agricultural area (UAA) by NUTS 2 regions (Eurostat_tai05)
Share of main livestock types in total livestock units (LSU) by NUTS 2 regions (Eurostat_tai06)
Environmental impact of
Area under organic farming (Eurostat_sdg_02_40)
agriculture
Food and crop production Agrophenology (EEA_CLIM031)
Daily calories supply per capita by source (Eurostat_t2020_rk100, source: FAO)
Growing season for agricultural crops (EEA_CLIM030)
Livestock density index (Eurostat_tai09)
Harmonised risk indicator for pesticides (HRI1), by groups of active substances (Eurostat_sdg_02_51,
Pesticide source: EC services)
Water for agricultural use Crop water demand (EEA_CLIM033)
Drought impact on ecosystems in Europe (EEA_LSI011)
Water intensity of crop production in Europe (EEA_WAT006)
Water-limited crop yield (EEA_CLIM032)
Air Air quality Atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations (EEA_CSI013/CLIM052)
Exceedance of air quality standards in Europe (EEA_CSI004/AIR003)
Exposure of Europe's ecosystems to acidification, eutrophication and ozone (EEA_CSI005/AIR004)
Exposure to air pollution by particulate matter (Eurostat_sdg_11_50; source: EEA)
Urban population exposed to PM10 concentrations exceeding the daily limit value (50 µg/m3 on more than
35 days in a year) (Eurostat_t2020_rn200, source: EEA)
Atmospheric emission Air emission intensity from industry (Eurostat_sdg_09_70)
Air pollution due to ozone: health impacts and effects of climate change (EEA_CLIM006)
Ammonia emissions from agriculture (Eurostat_sdg_02_60, source: EEA)
Ammonia emissions from agriculture - % of total emissions (Eurostat_tai07, source: EEA)
Average CO2 emissions per km from new passenger cars (Eurostat_sdg_12_30, source: EEA and EC
services)
CO2 performance of new passenger cars in Europe (EEA_TERM017)
Emissions and energy use in large combustion plants in Europe (EEA_INDP002)
Emissions of air pollutants from transport (EEA_TERM003)
Emissions of the main air pollutants in Europe (EEA_CSI040/AIR005)
Greenhouse gas emission intensity of energy consumption (Eurostat_sdg_13_20, source: EEA and Eurostat)
Greenhouse gas emission intensity of fuels and biofuels for road transport in Europe (EEA_CLIM055)
Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector (Eurostat_sdg_13_10, source: EEA)
Greenhouse gas emissions from transport in Europe (EEA_TERM002)
Heavy metal emissions (EEA_ AIR001)
Hydrofluorocarbon phase-down in Europe (EEA_CSI044/CLIM048)
Persistent organic pollutant emissions (EEA_AIR002)
Pollutant emissions from transport (Eurostat_t2020_rk300, source: EEA)
Total greenhouse gas (GHG) emission trends and projections in Europe (EEA_CSI010/CLIM050)
Ozone layer depletion Global and European consumption of ozone-depleting substances (EEA_CSI006/CLIM049)
Water Coastal water Oxygen concentrations in European coastal and marine waters (EEA_MAR012)
Eutrophication Marine waters affected by eutrophication (Source: CMEMS) (Eurostat_sdg_14_60)
Freshwater pollution and physical
properties Bathing sites with excellent water quality by locality (Eurostat_sdg_14_40, source: EEA)
Biochemical oxygen demand in rivers (Eurostat_sdg_06_30, source: EEA)
Meteorological and hydrological droughts in Europe (EEA_CLIM018)
Nitrate in groundwater (Eurostat_sdg_06_40, source: EEA)
Nutrients in freshwater in Europe (EEA_CSI020/WAT003)
Oxygen consuming substances in European rivers (EEA_CSI019/WAT002)
Phosphate in rivers (Eurostat_sdg_06_50, source: EEA)
Marine pollution and salt water River flow (EEA_CLIM016)
physical properties Chlorophyll in transitional, coastal and marine waters (EEA_CSI023/MAR006)
European sea surface temperature (EEA_CSI046/CLIM013)
Global and European sea-level rise (EEA_CSI047/CLIM012)
Global mean ocean surface acidity (Eurostat_sdg_14_50, source: CMEMS)
Hazardous substances in marine organisms (EEA_CSI049/MAR001)
Nutrients in transitional, coastal and marine waters (EEA_CSI021/MAR005)
Water temperature (EEA_CLIM019)
Water- and food-borne diseases (EEA_CLIM038)
Ocean Ocean acidification (EEA_CLIM043)
Oxygen concentrations in European coastal and marine waters (EEA_CLIM054)
Ocean temperature Ocean heat content (EEA_CLIM044)
Waste water treatment Population connected to at least secondary wastewater treatment (Eurostat_sdg_06_20)
Urban waste water treatment in Europe (EEA_CSI024/WAT005)
Water damage Floods and health (EEA_CLIM046)
River floods (EEA_CLIM017)
Water resources Population connected to public water supply (Eurostat_env_wat_pop)
Use of freshwater resources in Europe (EEA_CSI018/WAT001)
Water exploitation index, plus (WEI+) (Eurostat_sdg_06_60, source: EEA)
Water productivity (Eurostat_t2020_rd210)
Water resources: long-term annual average (Eurostat_ten00001)
Waste e-Waste Recycling rate of e-waste (Eurostat_cei_wm050)
Recycling rate of e-waste (Eurostat_t2020_rt130)
Landfill waste Diversion of waste from landfill in Europe (EEA_WST006)
Municipal waste Generation of municipal waste per capita (Eurostat_cei_pc031)
Recycling of biowaste (Eurostat_cei_wm030)
Recycling rate of municipal waste (Eurostat_cei_wm011)
Recycling rate of municipal waste (Eurostat_sdg_11_60)
Recycling rate of municipal waste (Eurostat_t2020_rt120)
Packaging waste Recovery rates for packaging waste (Eurostat_ten00062)
Recycling rates for packaging waste (Eurostat_ten00063)
Recycling rate of packaging waste by type of packaging (Eurostat_cei_wm020)
Waste excluding major mineral Generation of waste excluding major mineral wastes per domestic material consumption
waste (Eurostat_cei_pc033)
Generation of waste excluding major mineral wastes per GDP unit (Eurostat_cei_pc032)
Generation of waste excluding major mineral wastes by hazardousness (Eurostat_sdg_12_50)
Landfill rate of waste excluding major mineral waste (Eurostat_t2020_rt110)
Recycling rate of all waste excluding major mineral waste (Eurostat_cei_wm010)
Waste generation and management Contribution of recycled materials to raw materials demand - end-of-life recycling input rates (EOL-RIR)
(Eurostat_cei_srm010)
Generation of waste by economic activity (Eurostat_ten00106)
Generation of waste by waste category (Eurostat_ten00108)
Management of waste excluding major mineral waste, by waste operations (Eurostat_env_wasoper)
Recovery rate of construction and demolition waste (Eurostat_cei_wm040)
Trade in recyclable raw materials (Eurostat_cei_srm020)
Waste generation and decoupling in Europe (EEA_CSI041/WST004)
Waste recycling (EEA_CSI052/WST005)
Noise Neighbourhood noise Exposure of Europe's population to environmental noise (EEA_CSI051/TERM005)
Population living in households considering that they suffer from noise, by poverty status
Noise disturbance (Eurostat_sdg_11_20)
Pollution Pollution type Industrial pollutant releases to air in Europe (EEA_CSI055/INDP003)
Resources Material flows Circular material use rate (Eurostat_cei_srm030)
Circular material use rate (Eurostat_sdg_12_41)
Domestic material consumption per capita (Eurostat_t2020_rl110)
Resource productivity and domestic material consumption (DMC) (Eurostat_sdg_12_20)
Soil Soil water Imperviousness and imperviousness change in Europe (LSI002)
Soil moisture (EEA_LSI007)
Contaminated area Progress in management of contaminated sites (EEA_CSI015/LSI003)
Erosion Estimated soil erosion by water - area affected by severe erosion rate (source: JRC) (Eurostat_sdg_15_50)
Nutrient content Agriculture: nitrogen balance (EEA_SEBI019)
Gross nutrient balance in agricultural land (Eurostat_t2020_rn310)
Organic matter Soil organic carbon (EEA_LSI005)
Transport Freight transport Modal split of freight transport (Eurostat_t2020_rk320)
Share of rail and inland waterways in total freight transport (Eurostat_sdg_09_60)
Passenger transport Share of buses and trains in total passenger transport (Eurostat_sdg_09_50)
Volume of passenger transport relative to GDP (Eurostat_ttr00001)
Transportation infrastructure New registrations of electric vehicles in Europe (EEA_TERM034)
Natural areas, Habitat destruction and ecosystem Conservation status of habitats under the EU Habitats Directive (EEA_CSI057/SEBI005)
landscape, degradation
ecosystems
Ecological Footprint of European countries (EEA_SEBI023)
Ecosystem coverage (EEA_SEBI004)
Land restauration Land recycling and densification (EEA_LSI008)
Land use Built-up areas (Eurostat_t2020_rd110)
Land take in Europe (EEA_CSI014/LSI001)
Landscape fragmentation (Eurostat_t2020_rn110, source: EEA)
Landscape fragmentation pressure and trends in Europe (EEA_CSI054/LSI004)
Productivity of artificial land (Eurostat_t2020_rd100)
Settlement area per capita (Eurostat_sdg_11_31)
Vegetation productivity (EEA_LSI009)
Protected area Nationally designated terrestrial protected areas in Europe (EEA_CSI008/SEBI007)
Natura 2000 sites designated under the EU Habitats and Birds Directives (EEA_SEBI008)
Marine protected areas in Europe's seas (EEA_MAR004)
Surface of marine sites designated under Natura 2000 (Eurostat_sdg_14_10, source: EC services, EEA)
Surface of terrestrial sites designated under Natura 2000 (Eurostat_sdg_15_20, source: EC services and EEA)
Species distribution Distribution shifts of marine species (EEA_CLIM015)
Distribution shifts of plant and animal species (EEA_CLIM022)
Trends in marine non-indigenous species (EEA_MAR002)
Vector-borne diseases (EEA_CLIM037)
Species diversity Abundance and distribution of selected European species (EEA_CSI050/SEBI001)
Common bird index by type of species - EU aggregate (Eurostat_sdg_15_60, source: EBCC)
Conservation status of species under the EU Habitats Directive (EEA_CSI007/SEBI003)
Grassland butterfly index - EU aggregate (Eurostat_sdg_15_61, source: EEA, BCE)
Species phenology Phenology of plant and animal species (EEA_CLIM023)
Environmental
Environmental goods and services Eco-innovation index (Eurostat_t2020_rt200)
economics
Patents related to recycling and secondary raw materials (Eurostat_cei_cie020)
Private investment, jobs and gross value added related to circular economy sectors (Eurostat_cei_cie010)

Environmental taxes Energy taxes (Eurostat_t2020_rt300)

Energy taxes by paying sector (Eurostat_t2020_rt310)
Share of environmental taxes in total tax revenues (Eurostat_sdg_17_50)
Environmental
policy Environmental awareness Public awareness of biodiversity in Europe (EEA_SEBI026)
Assessed fish stocks exceeding fishing mortality at maximum sustainable yield (FMSY) in North East Atlantic
Fisheries
Fish stocks (Eurostat_sdg_14_30, source: JRC-STECF)
Estimated trends in fish stock biomass in North East Atlantic (Eurostat_sdg_14_21, source: JRC-STECF)
Status of marine fish and shellfish stocks in European seas (EEA_CSI032/MAR007)
Forestry Forest deterioration Forest composition and distribution (EEA_CLIM034)
Forest fires in Europe (EEA_CLIM035)
Share of forest area (Eurostat_sdg_15_10)

Forest industry Roundwood production (Eurostat_tag00072)

Total paper and paperboard production (Eurostat_tag00074)
Total sawnwood production (Eurostat_tag00073)
Forestry economics Gross value added of the forestry industry, at basic prices (Eurostat_tag00058)
Wood resources Forest: deadwood (EEA_SEBI018)
Forest: growing stock, increment and fellings (EEA_SEBI017)
 Environmentally harmful or toxic
Chemicals substances Consumption of chemicals by hazardousness - EU aggregate (Eurostat_sdg_12_10)
Contribution to the international 100bn USD commitment on climate related expending
Climate
Climate change adaptation (Eurostat_sdg_13_50, source: EC services and EIONET)
Temperature Global and European temperature (EEA_CSI012/CLIM001)
Heating and cooling degree days (EEA_CLIM047)
Mean near-surface temperature deviation (Eurostat_sdg_13_30, source: EEA)
Weather and climate-related effects Arctic and Baltic Sea ice (EEA_CLIM010)
Climate related economic losses by type of event - EU aggregate (Eurostat_sdg_13_40, source: EEA)
Economic losses from climate-related extremes in Europe (EEA_CSI042/CLIM039)
Extreme temperatures and health (EEA_CLIM036)
Glaciers (EEA_CLIM007)
Greenland and Antarctic ice sheet (EEA_CLIM009)
Hail (EEA_CLIM053)
Heavy precipitations in Europe (EEA_CLIM004)
Mean precipitation (EEA_CLIM002)
Snow cover (EEA_CLIM008)
Wind storms (EEA_CLIM005)
Energy Alternative fuels Use of renewable energy for transport in Europe (EEA_CSI037/TERM031)
Energy consumption Energy import dependency by products (Eurostat_sdg_07_50)
Final energy consumption (Eurostat_sdg_07_11)
Final energy consumption in households (t2020_rk200)
Final energy consumption in households by fuel (t2020_rk210)
Primary and final energy consumption in Europe (EEA_CSI027/ENER016)
Primary energy consumption (Eurostat_sdg_07_10)
Energy efficiency Energy productivity (Eurostat_t2020_rd310)
Energy production Greenhouse gas emission intensity of electricity generation in Europe (EEA_ENER038)
Renewable resources Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption (Eurostat_t2020_31)
Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption by sector (Eurostat_sdg_07_40)