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ABSTRACT
ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder in early childhood
In recent years, currently, we come to grip with aflutter little child which, forth somatic disorders, present also hyperactivity,
inattention, and social interaction deficits and communication disorders.
At this age group, currently, we find symptoms which did not fit with classical clinical features of Autism (described by Leo Kanner)
neither with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). For these reasons appear a lot of differential diagnostic problems
between ADHD and ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder, expression used by Baron-Cohen for Pervasive Developmental Disorder),
disorders with an increase of incidence in the last years. All this generate a lot of questions for nosological enframe: ADHD, TSA,
ADHD co-morbid with TSA, or a new disorder?
In our paper we make a review of recent epidemiology and aetiology aspects because in the last years there is an important concern
for the increase of prevalence and incidence of these two disorders. We wish to emphasize that early identification and intervention
allows the elaboration of some targeted therapeutically strategies, psychotherapeutic and pharmacological, adapted to each child,
with increased efficiency.
Key words: ADHD; TSA; co-morbidity; outcome
I. INTRODUCERE
n ultima perioad ne confruntm frecvent cu copilul mic i agitat. Acesta prezint: marcat agitaie
psihomotorie, incapacitatea de a sta linitit, dificulti
de limbaj (limbaj verbal absent sau idiosincrazic,
limbaj nonverbal prezent dar sporadic), neatenie,
incapacitatea de a iniia i menine relaii sociale,
absena inconstant a privirii ochi n ochi, stereotipii
motorii i vocale, joc stereotip, apetit idiosincrazic,
preferin pentru ritualuri i comportamente repetitive.
Acest tablou clinic polimorf pune multiple probleme de diagnostic diferenial ntre dou entiti
nosologice a cror inciden a crescut n ultimii ani:
ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) i
TSA (Tulburarea de spectru autist, termen introdus de Baron-Cohen, echivalent al Tulburrilor
pervazive de dezvoltare).
36
Clasificarea ICD-10 (Clasificarea Tulburrilor Mentale i de Comportament), elaborat de OMS (Organizaia Mondial a Sntii) utilizat n ntreaga lume
pentru a codifica oficial maladiile, folosete denumirea
de Tulburare hiperchinetic. DSM-IV-TR (Manual de
diagnostic i statistic a tulburrilor mentale, ediia
a IV-a revizuit) elaborat de Asociaia American
de Psihiatrie, utilizeaz denumirea de Tulburare hiperchinetic cu deficit de atenie. n text vom folosi abrevierea ADHD.
Evoluia conceptului de ADHD. Date despre copii
cu simptome de ADHD gsim n unele documente
din 1800. Aceste simptome erau cosiderate a fi cauza
unor leziuni sau tulburri ale sistemului nervos central.
Este sugestiv povestea pentru copii Philip neastmpratul scris de Heinrich Hofmann n 1845. Este
posibil ca Philip s fi avut ADHD (Dobrescu, 2005).
Prezentm n continuare o retrospectiv istoric a
termenului ADHD pentru a demonstra c ADHD este
o tulburare real i nu o boal postmodern (tabelul 1).
37
Tabelul 1
Retrospectiv istoric a termenului de ADHD (dup Dobrescu, 2005)
38
Kelleher et al (2000) au raportat o cretere a identificrii ADHD de ctre pediatri: de la 1,4% n 1979, la
9,2% n 1996. Zito et al (1999) au raportat o cretere
a numrului de consultaii n ambulator pentru ADHD
de la 1,9% la 3,6%. Dales et al (2001) au raportat o
cretere cu 373% (3,7 ori) a numrului de cazuri de
TSA n perioada 1980-1994, iar Departamentul de
Servicii pentru Dezvoltare California, a anunat o
cretere adiional de 100% a ratei autismului ntre
1992-1997 (Byrd, 2003).
Psiholog Dr. Maria Grigoroiu erbnescu a publicat
parial n 1999 i apoi n 2001 rezultatele unui important
studiu epidemiologic efectuat n ara noastr (proiectul
Centaur) privind tulburrile psihice i neurologice la
copii i adolesceni. Studiul a fost efectuat n perioada
1981-1984 pe un eantion de 14.812 subieci cu vrste
cuprinse ntre 10 luni i 16 ani. Criteriile folosite au
fost DSM-III. Prevalena punct (actual) pentru ADHD,
pe grupe de vrst i sex variaz ntre 0,2-6,77% iar
pentru TSA ntre 0,03 i 0,05% (Grigoroiu-erbnescu
et al, 2001).
Figura 1
Arbore de diagnostic diferenial pentru copilul agitat de 2-4 ani
39
40
Figura 2
Comorbiditi/tulburri coexistente
41
Tabelul 2
Etiologia TSA i ADHD
Teorii neuropsihologice
Teoria Minii
(Baron-Cohen, Alan Leslie, Uta Frieth, 1985):
deficit de mentalizare
absena empatiei
nelegerea expresiei faciale afectat
(ironie, glume)
nelegerea situaiilor sociale afectat
Teoria Funciei Executive (Ozonoff, 1991)
capacitate limitat de a gndi n perspectiv
capacitate limitat de programare
flexibilitate limitat
capacitate limitat de iniiativ
Teoria Coerenei Centrale (Uta Frith, 1989)
procesarea informaiilor fragmentar
concentrare pe detalii
nelegerea contextului deteriorat
nelegerea sensului afectat
Teoria Emoional (Hobson, 1988)
capacitatea nnscut a copilului de a relaiona
cu celelalte persoane st la baza achiziiilor
emoionale
problema principal a persoanelor cu autism
este de natur emoional
Teoria Extremului Creier Masculin
(Baron-Cohen, 1997)
hipoempatizare
hipersistematizare
Teoria nvrii Implicite
(Klinger, Klinger, Pohlig, 2005)
deficit al nvrii implicite care se dezvolt n
primii ani de via
42
ADHD este o tulburare nalt motenit: 75% (Faraone, 2005). Conform datelor din literatur, 25-33%
din prinii copiilor cu ADHD sunt afectai ei nii de
aceast boal. Prinii cu ADHD au peste 50% anse
s aib un copil cu ADHD(Biederman, 1992; Faraone,
2001). Concordana la gemenii monozigoi este de
92%, iar la gemenii dizigoi 33% (Goodman, 1989).
Studiile genetice s-au axat pe genele implicate n
reglarea funciei neurotransmitorilor (mai ales dopamina i noradrenalina). S-a ajuns la concluzia c nu
exist o singur gen implicat, ci un complex de gene
susceptibile. Au fost identificate i corelate cu ADHD:
gena transportorului dopaminergic (DAT1), gena
receptorului dopaminergic D4 (DRD4), gena receptorului dopaminergic D5 (DRD5), gena SNAP25 care
controleaz transmiterea veziculelor sinaptice, gena
transportor pentru noradrenalin, dar i gene implicate
n transportul serotoninei (Fischer, 2004; Asherson,
2002; Voeller, 2004).
Factori de mediu, factori familiali i psihosociali
ADHD este asociat cu o serie de factori de risc:
suferina pre- i perinatal, greutatea mic la natere,
expunerea antenatal la alcool i nicotin, stresul matern pe perioada sarcinii, tulburrile metabolice ale mamei, leziunile cerebrale traumatice, meningite, encefalite. ADHD este corelat cu deprivarea matern precoce i instituionalizarea cu mediul haotic precum
i cu ali factori psihosociali. Calitatea relaiilor
43
Figura 3
Algoritm terapeutic (dup Taylor, 2004)
Profile neuropsihologice
VI. CONCLUZII
V. TRATAMENT
Problemele comorbiditii ADHD i TSA au, pe
lng importana stiinific, o importan practic
imediat, legat n principal de abordarea terapeutic
a acestor entiti. n figura 3 se propune un algoritm
terapeutic al acestei entiti hibrid, care ine cont de
particularitile fiecrei tulburri, precum i de grupa
de vrst la care aceast comorbiditate apare mai frecvent (Taylor, 2004).
n practic, pn la 6 ani pstrm diagnosticul de
Tulburare de dezvoltare, temporiznd diagnosticul de
Apariia la copilul mic a unei simptomatologii polimorfe cu agitaie psihomotorie, hiperactivitate, deficiene de limbaj, neatenie, interaciuni sociale deficitare ridic serioase probleme de diagnostic diferenial
ntre ADHD i TSA.
Dincolo de aspectele de ncadrare nosologic, important este intervenia precoce, adaptat fiecrui copil
n parte, psihofarmacologic i psihoterapic, cu anse
mari de succes. Experiena clinic arat c 20% dintre
aceti copii evolueaz spre TSA iar restul de 80% spre
ADHD (Gillberg, 2007).
44
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