Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Kantons spital St Gallen, Elveia; 2Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven/KU Leuven,
Belgia; 3Royal Marsden Hospital, Londra, Marea Britanie; 4Department of Oncology, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Sant Andrea delle
Fratte, Perugia, Italia; 5Dpartement dOncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Elveia; 6Medical Oncology Service, Vall
dHebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spania
Inciden i epidemiologie
La nivel mondial, se estimeaz c sunt diagnosticate
anual aproximativ 1,6 milioane de cazuri noi de cancer
pulmonar. Cea mai mare rat a incidenei la brbai este
observat n Europa Central i de Est i n Europa de
Sud (57 i respectiv 49 la 100 000), n timp ce la femei,
cele mai mari rate sunt raportate n Europa de Nord (36
la 100 000) [1]. n cancerul pulmonar, ratele supravieuirii
la 5 ani s-au mbuntit uor n cursul ultimului deceniu,
ns rmn sczute, n jur de 10% [2]. Cancerul pulmonar
cu celule mici (SCLC, small cell lung cancer) i are
originea la nivelul precursorilor celulelor neuroendocrine
i se caracterizeaz printr-o cretere rapid, rate nalte de
rspuns la chimioterapie i radioterapie, precum i prin
apariia rezistenei la tratament n cazul pacienilor cu boal
metastatic. n lumea occidental, proporia pacienilor
cu SCLC a sczut la 13% [3]. Practic, toi pacienii au
antecedente de consum tabagic. Astfel, exist o relaie
strns ntre fumat i inciden, care variaz pentru populaii
diferite. n plus, este posibil ca descrierea recent din anii
*Adres de coresponden:
M. Frh 2013. Publicat de Oxford University Press din partea European Society for Medical Oncology.
Toate drepturile sunt rezervate. Pentru permisiuni, v rugm s trimitei email la: journals.permissions@oup.com.
Journal of Radiotheraphy & Medical Oncology, On-Line supplement Nr 1, 2014.
Acest articol este o traducere a articolului Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC): ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Publicat n Annals of
Oncology 00: 17, 2013. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt178
Frh et al.
T1
T1a
T1b
3 cm
2 cm
23 cm
T2
T2a
>35 cm
T2b
57 cm
T3
T4
N1
N2
N3
M1
M1a
M1b
Metastaze la distan
Nodul(i) pulmonar(i) separat (separai) la nivelul lobului
contralateral; noduli pleurali sau pleurezie malign sau lichid
pericardic
Metastaze la distan
Tabelul 2. Stadializare
Carcinom ocult
TX
N0
M0
Stadiul 0
Tis
N0
M0
Stadiul IA
T1a,b
N0
M0
Stadiul IB
T2a
N0
M0
Stadiul IIA
T2b
N0
M0
T1a,b
N1
M0
T2a
N1
M0
T2b
N1
M0
T3
N0
M0
T1a,b, T2a,b
N2
M0
T3
N1, N2
M0
T4
N0, N1
M0
T4
N2
M0
Oricare T
N3
M0
Oricare T
Oricare N
M1
Stadiul IIB
Stadiul IIIA
Stadiul IIIB
Stadiul IV
Cancerul pulmonar cu celule mici (SCLC): Ghidurile de practic clinic ESMO pentru diagnostic, tratament i urmrire
Curativ
Cancer pulmonar cu
celule mici
Paliativ
T1-4, N2,3 M0
Chimioradioterapie
concomitent
Chimioradioterapie
concomitent*
T1,2 N0,1 M0
Tratament chirurgical
plus chimioterapie
adjuvant**
Chimioterapie
Iradiere cranian
profilactic
n caz de rspuns***
*Dac nu se obine confirmarea metastazei solitare, radioterapia poate fi adugat dup evaluarea iniial a rspunsului i este
omis n cazul afectrii metastatice evidente
**Chimioradioterapia concomitent ca variant alternativ
*** Sau boal stabil n cazul bolii localizat
Figura 1. Algoritm terapeutic pentru cancerul pulmonar cu celule mici (SCLC)
Frh et al.
Cancerul pulmonar cu celule mici (SCLC): Ghidurile de practic clinic ESMO pentru diagnostic, tratament i urmrire
Frh et al.
Recomandri
Diagnostic
Este necesar ca diagnosticul histopatologic s fie stabilit n conformitate cu clasificarea Organizaiei Mondiale a
Sntii (OMS)
Biopsiile se obin n cele mai bune condiii prin bronhoscopie. n cazul leziunilor metastatice cu o localizare care
poate fi accesat uor i n siguran, opiunea preferat este biopsierea acestei leziuni (de exemplu metastaze
hepatice, cutanate).
n prezent nu este disponibil niciun marker molecular predictiv pentru selectarea tratamentului
Stadializare
i evaluarea
riscului
Este necesar ca evaluarea iniial s includ istoricul consumului tabagic, examenul fizic, hemograma cu formula
leucocitar, enzimele hepatice, nivelurile de sodiu, potasiu, calciu, glicemia, nivelul lactat dehidrogenazei i teste
funcionale pulmonare (n cazul bolii localizate) i renale
Se recomand explorarea imagistic cu ajutorul tomografiei computerizate cu substan de contrast (CT) la nivelul
toracelui i abdomenului.
n cazul bolii localizate sau dac datele clinice sugereaz afectarea osoas sau cerebral, se recomand efectuarea
unor explorri imagistice suplimentare de tip scintigrafie osoas i examinare CT sau explorare imagistic prin
rezonan magnetic nuclear (RMN) la nivel cerebral.
n cazul bolii localizate, tomografia cu emisie de pozitroni cu 2-fluoro-2-dezoxi-D-glucoz (FDG-PET CT) este opional. Este
necesar ca datele PET, care modific decizia terapeutic, s fie confirmate de examenul histopatologic [III, C]
n cazul unor anomalii ale hemogramei care indic o afectare la acest nivel, este indicat o biopsie medular prin
puncie-aspiraie, mai ales la pacienii cu boal localizat [V, C]
Este necesar utilizarea versiunii 7 a sistemului de stadializare TNM , elaborat de International Union Against
Cancer (UICC) (Tabelele 1 i 2) [I, A]
Strategia
terapeutic
Tratamentul
bolii localizate
O mic subcategorie de pacieni care se prezint cu tumori T1, 2 N0, 1 M0 au rezultate mai favorabile i rate
raportate ale supravieuirii la 5 ani de 50% n cazul tratamentului chirurgical. Este necesar ca aceti pacieni s
primeasc patru cicluri de chimioterapie adjuvant [III, C] i radioterapie toracic postoperatorie dac prezint pN1
sau pN2 [V, C]
Este necesar ca toi ceilali pacieni cu tumori T1-4, N0-3 M0 i care au un status de performan (PS) bun s
primeasc chimioterapie concomitent cu radioterapie toracic [I, A]
Cele mai bune rate ale OS la pacienii cu stare general bun au fost demonstrate n cazul regimului cu doz de 1,5 Gy
administrat de dou ori pe zi, n 30 fracii, concomitent cu patru cicluri de cisplatin i etopozid [I, B]
Se recomand ca pacienii care nu au un status al performanei suficient de bun pentru a permite administrarea
radioterapiei de dou ori pe zi sau nu sunt dispui s accepte toxicitatea crescut s primeasc o schem de
radioterapie cu administrare unic zilnic n asociere cu 46 cicluri de etopozidcisplatin [I, B]
Este necesar ca, n cazul pacienilor cu PS bun, radioterapia toracic s fie iniiat o dat cu primul sau al doilea
ciclu de chimioterapie (n decurs de 30 zile) [II, B]
Se recomand ca toi pacienii cu boal n stadiu T1-4, N0-3 M0 fr progresie dup tratament i cu un PS
satisfctor s urmeze ICP [I, A]
Tratamentul
de linia
nti al bolii
metastatice
Tratamentul
de linia a
doua al bolii
metastatice
n cazul pacienilor cu boal refractar i al pacienilor cu rezisten la tratament i recidive precoce (<6 sptmni), se
recomand participarea la un studiu clinic sau administrarea celui mai bun tratament de susinere [II, C]
Topotecan pe cale oral sau i.v. este recomandat pentru pacienii cu recidive rezistente sau sensibile la CAV, ca
opiune alternativ [II, B]
Pacienii cu recidiv sensibil la tratament pot obine beneficii terapeutice prin reintroducerea regimului de linia
nti (de regul sare de platinetopozid) [V, C]
Urmrire i
implicaii pe
termen lung
Apariia unor afeciuni maligne ulterioare, mai ales dac pacientul continu s fumeze, reprezint o problem real
pentru supravieuitori, iar consilierea pentru renunarea la fumat este crucial
La pacienii cu boal metastatic ce se pot califica pentru tratamente suplimentare, se recomand efectuarea unei
examinri CT o dat la dou sau trei luni [V, C]
La pacienii cu boal non-metastatic care au primit tratament cu potenial curativ se recomand efectuarea unei
examinri CT la interval de ase luni timp de 2 ani, iar ulterior la intervale mai mari [V, C]
Cancerul pulmonar cu celule mici (SCLC): Ghidurile de practic clinic ESMO pentru diagnostic, tratament i urmrire
Tabelul 4. Nivelurile de eviden i gradele de recomandare (adaptate dup Infectious Diseases Society of America US Public Health
Service Grading System)
Nivelurile de eviden
Evidene din cel puin un studiu mare, randomizat, controlat, cu calitate metodologic bun (potenial sczut de eroare
I
sistematic) sau din meta-analizele unor studii randomizate bine efectuate fr heterogenitate
Studii randomizate mici sau studii randomizate mari cu o suspiciune de eroare sistematic (calitate metodologic mai
II
redus) sau meta-analizele acestor studii sau ale unor studii cu heterogenitate demonstrat
III
Studii de cohort prospective
IV
Studii de cohort retrospective sau studii cazcontrol
V
Studii fr grup de control, cazuri clinice izolate, opiniile experilor
Rezumatul gradelor de recomandare
A
Evidene solide ale eficacitii cu un beneficiu clinic substanial, puternic recomandat
B
Evidene puternice sau moderate ale eficacitii, dar cu un beneficiu clinic limitat, n general recomandat
Evidene insuficiente ale eficacitii sau beneficiul nu depete riscul sau dezavantajele (evenimente adverse,
C
costuri), opional
D
Evidene moderate mpotriva eficacitii sau ale unor rezultate nefavorabile, n general nerecomandat
E
Evidene puternice mpotriva eficacitii sau ale unor rezultate nefavorabile, nu este niciodat recomandat
Dykewicz CA. Summary of the guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among hematopoietic stem cell transplant
recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 139-144.
Medicina personalizat
Conflicte de interese
Not
Nivelurile de eviden i gradele de recomandare au fost
utilizate n conformitate cu sistemul prezentat n Tabelul 4.
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