Cristina MUSCALU Radu MUSCALU

BIOLOGIA I CRETEREA STURIONILOR

Copyright 2009

Toate drepturile rezervate. Nici o parte din aceast lucrare nu poate fi reprodus sub nici o form, prin nici un mijloc mecanic sau electronic, sau stocat ntr-o baz de date, fr acordul prealabil scris al autorilor

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Dr. ing. CRISTINA MUSCALU

SC STERLET SRL, Timioara E-mail: contact@sterlet.ro

Dr. ing. RADU MUSCALU

Consultant de specialitate, SC STERLET SRL, Timioara E-mail: muscalu@sterlet.ro www.sterlet.ro

Refereni tiinifici: Prof. Univ. dr. tefan DIACONESCU

Universitatea de tiine Agronomice i Medicin Veterinar Bucureti

Prof. Univ. dr. Marian BURA

Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar a Banatului, Timioara

Coperta: pictor Flora RDUCAN Tehnoredactare i ilustraii: Radu Muscalu, Cristina Muscalu

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naionale a Romniei MUSCALU, CRISTINA Biologia i creterea sturionilor / Cristina Muscalu, Radu Muscalu. - Cluj-Napoca : Bioflux, 2009 Bibliogr. Index ISBN 978-606-92028-6-9 I. Muscalu, Radu
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639.311

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Cristina MUSCALU Radu MUSCALU

BIOLOGIA I CRETEREA STURIONILOR

Editura BIOFLUX Cluj-Napoca

2009
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Prefa
Este binecunoscut faptul c produsele valoroase ale sturionilor au dus spre situaia de a situa aceste specii piscicole pe lista roie a animalelor ameninate cu dispariia. n prezent se fac eforturi pentru conservarea tuturor specilor sturionicole, iar principala metod de salvare a acestora este acvacultura. Pe de o parte prin creterea n ferme a sturionilor se produce puiet pentru popularea apelor naturale, iar pe de alt parte prin creterea pn la atingerea maturitii i recoltarea icrelor (caviarului) se reduce presiunea asupra populaiilor slbatice. Prim autorul Dr. Cristina Muscalu i-a prezentat n 2008 teza de doctorat intitulat Cercetri privind creterea i dezvoltarea cegi (Acipenser ruthenus) n sistem cu ap recirculat, tez ce st la baza compunerii prezentei cri. Am avut plcerea s i fiu referent tiinific n Comisia de Doctorat, drept pentru care i cunosc foarte bine munca i eforturile depuse pentru studierea i nelegerea acestor peti cu totul deosebii. De asemenea, coautorul Dr. Radu Muscalu, cruia la fel am avut plcerea de a-i fi referent n Comisa de Doctorat, mi este cunoscut ca un perseverent promotor al sistemelor recirculate, fiind implicat n diferite activiti de promovare a acvaculturii moderne prin activitatea sa publicistic i de consultan. Deoarece, literatura de specialitate din prezent, are nevoie de mai multe informaii cu privire la creterea sturionilor, autorii, fcnd dovad de sim practic au descris foarte amnunit metodele de cultur a acestor peti. Mai mult, se fac descrieri exacte ale metodelor de reproducere, anesteziere i hrnire a sturionilor. De asemenea, se aduc informaii noi n ceea ce privete biologia sturionilor prin studiile histologice executate cu mare profesionalism dar i pentru observaiile asupra dezvoltrii embrionare a cegi. Informaiile oferite vor fi cu siguran considerate de acum de referin pentru histologia sturionilor, mai ales c autoarea a descoperit funcii noi la unele organe precum valvula spiral, creia i-a atribuit i un rol de organ limfoid. n plus, acest studiu, are i o parte aplicativ, i anume aceea de a demonstra c sistemele recirculate de acvacultur nu aduc nici un prejudiciu dezvoltrii normale i armonioase a populaiilor de sturioni. Prezenta lucrare are o cert valoare tiinific, autorii fcnd dovad de un profesionalism desvrit. Cel mai important lucru este faptul c cercetrile efectuate au un mare grad de originalitate, fiind n premier naional, pn n prezent, cega ne-fiind studiat sub aspectul creterii n sistem cu ap recirculat. Se deschid astfel porile continurii cercetrilor n sturionicultur. Cartea prezint o ilustraie bogat prin numeroasele fotografii originale, sugestive, grupate pe anexe la finele unor capitole. USAMV Bucureti Prof. univ. dr. TEFAN DIACONESCU VI

BIOLOGIA I CRETEREA STURIONILOR

CUPRINS Capitolul 1. MORFOFIZIOLOGIA STURIONILOR...........................1 1.1. Tegumentul..................................................................................1 Capitolul 2. SISTEMATICA STURIONILOR....................................51 Capitolul 3. ECOLOGIA STURIONILOR..........................................87 3.1. Migraia sturionilor..................................................................87 Capitolul 4. IMPORTANA ECONOMIC A STURIONILOR......113 Capitolul 5. CONDIII DE CRETERE ALE STURIONILOR.....121 Capitolul 6. TEHNICI DE REPRODUCERE ALE STURIONILOR .............................................................................................................127 6.1. Etapele reproducerii artificiale a sturionilor........................127 Capitolul 7. NUTRIIA I ALIMENTAIA STURIONILOR........155 7.1. Componentele din hrana petilor i rolul lor........................155 Capitolul 8. SISTEME DE CRETERE ALE STURIONILOR.......183 Bibliografie.....................................................................................233 Index de termeni............................................................................243

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MORFOFIZIOLOGIA STURIONILOR

Capitolul 1.

MORFOFIZIOLOGIA STURIONILOR

Cele mai complexe descrieri i n multe cazuri singurele din literatura romneasc consultat, n ceea ce privete organizarea intern a petilor le gsim n tratatul de ihtiologie semnat de CRUU (1952), dar i n tratatele de zoologie ale lui FEIDER (1964) i CEUCA (1983). Mai recent, au fost publicate studii histologice efectuate asupra organelor interne la nisetru de ctre DANGUY i GENTEN (2005) i descrieri ale unor organe de BURA i GROZEA (1997).

n ceea ce urmeaz vom realiza o descriere a organizrii interne a petilor cu particularitile sturionilor.

1.1. Tegumentul
Tegumentul petilor este alctuit dintr-o ptur superioar, de origine ectodermic denumit epiderm i care este format din mai multe straturi de celule fr a prezenta un strat cornean; dintr-o ptur profund, de origine mezodermic, numit derm sau chorium, care este format din esut conjunctiv. Epiderma este pluristratificat, acoperit cu o cuticul subire. Din punct de vedere structural, epiderma este alctuit din dou zone: o zon generatoare, format dintr-un strat generator de celule cilindrice sau
1

SISTEMATICA STURIONILOR

Capitolul 2.

SISTEMATICA STURIONILOR

Sturionii sunt printre cei mai vechi peti care populeaz n prezent apele globului pmntesc; ariile lor de rspndire sunt apele emisferei nordice. n acelai timp, se tie c dintre toate speciile de peti, sturionii sunt cei mai valoroi, renumii mai ales prin calitile nutritive i gustative ale crnii i icrelor, dar i prin mrimea lor neobinuit fa de speciile care triesc n apele noastre i ale ntregii lumi (MANEA, 1980). Dup BUD (2001), reiese c sturionii sunt peti cu o mare putere de adaptabilitate la variaiile de temperatur i salinitate, cu migraii pentru reproducere din apele marine n apele dulci ale fluviilor. Examinnd sturionii de pe poziii ecologice, de exemplu speciile genului Acipenser se constat n primul rnd adaptarea lor ecologic multilateral. Chiar n limitele speciilor nrudite ale acestui gen, se gsesc att forme amfibionte, ct i forme holobionte, ca i forme anadrome care migreaz n vederea reproducerii, din mri n fluvii, ct i formele potamodrome, migratoare n ape dulci. Chiar n cadrul unei singure specii, la sturioni sunt deosebit de pregnante fenomenele de difereniere biologic (grupuri biologice, rase sezionere, subpopulaii). O astfel de adaptabilitate ecologic multilateral permite speciei i diferitelor sale populaii s foloseasc mai complet posibilitile oferite de areal att din punct de vedere al produciei trofice a bazinului, ct i din punct de vedere al folosirii locurilor de reproducere (MANEA, 1980).

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ECOLOGIA S T U R I O N I L O R

Capitolul 3.

ECOLOGIA STURIONILOR

3.1. Migraia sturionilor

Problema migraiei petilor a constituit o preocupare a oamenilor nc din cele mai vechi timpuri. O dat cu aprofundarea studiilor asupra migraiilor n ultimii 50 de ani, cercetrile au cutat s dea explicaiile cele mai judicioase, abordnd i cutnd s aduc mai mult lumin i n discutata problem a cauzelor lor. Instinctul migrator stabilit n organism este condiionat de existena periodic a unor stri vitale transmise prin ereditate (NICULESCU DUVZ, 1959). Migraia are un rol primordial n sistemul integrat al interadaptailor, sistem ce a determinat succesul vieuirii n decursul a milioane de ani a acestor peti. Migraia sturionilor din apele noastre, ca i din celelalte bazine ale lumii, se efectueaz de unele specii pe distane foarte mari, pe fundul bazinului. De exemplu pstruga se deplaseaz de ordinul zecilor de km, nisetrul de ordinul sutelor de km iar morunul care depete mia de km de la Marea Neagr urcnd pe Dunre pn la zonele de reproducere natural (REBREANU, 1984). i BACALBAA DOBROVICI (1995) este de acord c sturionii efectueaz migraii de lungimi diferite: morunul ajunge n prezent pn la barajul Porile de Fier II, nisetrul ajunge mai rar n aceast zon, pe cnd pstruga migreaz, de regul, pn n zona nisipurilor de la Clrai. Majoritatea speciilor se caracterizeaz prin via migratoare, i toate migreaz n ape curgtoare pentru a se reproduce (AUER NANCY, 1996). Sau realizat numeroase experimente cu privire la migraai sturionilor, n urma crora s-a tras concluzia cert c, trei specii de sturioni se rentorc de fiecare
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IMPORTANA ECONOMIC A S T U R I O N I L O R

Capitolul 4.

IMPORTANA ECONOMIC A STURIONILOR

Triburile indienilor din vestul slbatic venerau aceti peti imeni, admirndu-i pentru dimensiunile lor impresionante i pentru fora lor. De asemenea se bazau pe carnea i pe pielea lor n fiecare an. n schimb n timpul coloniilor mare parte a oamenilor considerau sturionii ca fiind nite peti cu valoare economic redus, o adevrat pacoste. Multe surse ale vremii spun c petii blocau rurile datorit micrilor de migrare efectuate n timpul reproducerii. Exemplarele mari care erau prinse din greeal, au fost capturate i folosite ca hran pentru porci, ca i combustibil pentru vase de mic dimensiune sau erau folosii ca i fertilizani. Sturionul din rul Hudson era aa de comun nct caviarul era aruncat. Mult mai trziu americanii au devenit contieni de valoarea sturionilor, atunci cnd europenii considerau caviarul o delicates. Astfel c, cererea pentru sturioni a explodat. Pe lng caviar sturionii au fost exploatai pentru diferite scopuri: carnea lor era delicioas, n special afumat, pielea era argsit i folosit apoi n industria pielriei, iar vezicile nottoare erau transformate n gelatin apoi n clei de pete folosit n olrit i pentru limpezirea vinului i a berii (WWW.DEC.STATE.NY.US.COM). Arcaii popoarelor nomade din evul mediu timpuriu foloseau ca material cleiul obinut prin dizolvarea n ap fierbinte a vezicii de sturion, cu care asamblau arcurile din plci de lemn de diferite esene. Mai mult, vezica de morun se mai folosea pe atunci, ca termometru: o bucat de vezic aezat n palma bolnavului se curba n funcie de temperatur. Acest produs piscicol
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CONDIIILE DE CRETERE ALE S T U R I O N I L O R

Capitolul 5.

CONDIII DE CRETERE ALE STURIONILOR

Pentru ca dezvoltarea i creterea sturionilor s se desfoare normal, iar acvacultorul s poat exploata la maxim potenialul biologic al speciilor cultivate, trebuie ndeplinite anumite condiii de mediu. Apa, substratul, bazinul, hrana i ngrijirea sunt toi factori care mpreun concur la bunstarea petilor. Toi aceti factori trebuie s aib proprietile optime pentru ca sturionii s poat crete normal. Optim nseamn anumite limite preferate i/sau acceptate de anumite specii. Se poate evidenia o limit inferioar i una superioar, ce delimiteaz amplitudinea de toleran a speciei fa de un anumit factor. n funcie de amplitudinea de toleran pe care o manifest speciile fa de unul sau mai muli factori fizico-chimici, putem ntlni: specii cu tolerane largi euribionte (grec. eurys = larg); specii cu tolerane reduse stenobionte (grec. steno = ngust).

n intervalul amplitudinii de toleran fa de un factor fizico-chimic se gsete valoarea optim, care este caracteristic pentru fiecare specie i categorie de vrst n parte. De multe ori, valoarea optim a factorului pentru o anumit specie se ncadreaz ntr-un interval destul de restrns, valorile din cadrul intervalului fiind la rndul lor cte un optim pentru o anumit categorie de vrst.
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TE H N O L O G I I D E R E P R O D U C E R E A L E S T U R I O N I L O R

Capitolul 6.

TEHNICI DE REPRODUCERE ALE STURIONILOR

ntruct sturionii nu se pot reproduce natural n captivitate, numeroase au fost ncercrile prin care s-au elaborat tehnici de reproducere artificial la aceti peti. Primul care a realizat fecundarea artificial la ceg a fost Ovseanikov, n anul 1869. Mai trziu Borodin, n 1889, a trecut la fecundarea artificial a icrelor nisetrului i pstrugii, iar Petropavlovskaia pune la punct fecundarea artificial a icrelor de morun. ns un aport deosebit l-a avut Derjavin prin elaborarea i experimentarea metodei de descleiere a icrelor (MANEA, 1980).

6.1. Etapele reproducerii artificiale a sturionilor

Pentru a fi considerat o reuit, reproducerea artificial a sturionilor trebuie s ndeplineasc mai multe cerine de baz cum ar fi: Selecia corect a reproductorilor Crearea de condiii asemntoare cu cele din mediul natural pentru reproductori i icrele fecundate Aplicarea corect a tehnologiilor de reproducie

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NUTRIIA I ALIMENTAIA S T U R I O N I L O R

Capitolul 7.

NUTRIIA I ALIMENTAIA STURIONILOR

Ca i n cazul altor vertebrate, substanele nutritive necesare petilor rmn aceleai. Proporiile dintre proteine, lipide , glucide, vitamine i minerale trebuie s fie atent verificate, mai cu seam n cazul sturionilor. Dieta sturionilor, fie c provine din mediul natural sau administrat ca furaj, trebuie s fie n aa fel conceput nct corpul s asimileze ct mai mult hran iar aceasta s fie ct mai bine prelucrat de ctre organism. n sistemul intensiv de cretere a sturionilor, se pot obine performane economice doar atunci cnd alimentaia puietului cu hran vie este urmat de hrnire cu reete care asigur nutrieni necesari dezvoltrii petilor, uor asimilabile i au o form accesibil fiecrei categorii. ncepnd din stadiul larvar, alevin i puiet al sturionilor, se poate administra hran granulat echilibrat calitativ i cantitativ, n caz contrar se vor nregistra dereglri metabolice grave cu urmri nefaste asupra strii de sntate i implicit asupra nivelului produciei (BURA i colab., 2008).

7.1. Componentele din hrana petilor i rolul lor

n opinia lui PENZLIN (1989), componentele din hrana petilor se mpart n dou mari grupe: productorii de energie vitamine i minerale
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TEHNOLOGII DE CRETERE ALE STURIONILOR

Capitolul 8.

SISTEME DE CRETERE ALE STURIONILOR

Creterea sturionilor se poate realiza prin mai multe tehnologii care variaz foarte mult de la extensiv pn la superintensiv. Sistemele de cretere ale sturionilor sunt: extensiv, semiintensiv, intensiv i superintensiv. n mod obinuit, nivelul intensivitii unui sistem de cretere se exprim prin densitatea la populare sau altfel spus, prin cantitatea de biomas raportat la unitatea de volum (CRISTEA i colab., 2002). Ceea ce deosebete un tip de sistem de altul este n primul rnd productivitatea, apoi modul n care este amenajat ferma. Producia anual n fermele sturionicole, variaz ntre cteva zeci de kilograme la hectar de luciu de ap pe an (sisteme extensive) la peste 100 de kg la metrul cub de ap (sistemele superintensive). Aceste producii record nu pot fi atinse dect n condiiile folosirii unor furaje performante i prin amenajarea de sisteme de cultur complexe, care exploateaz la maxim potenialul biologic al sturionilor. Un caz particular de sistem de cretere a sturionilor, este cultura n viviere, care dei se practic n volume mari de ap, petii sunt crescui n arcuri mici, densitatea lor fiind apropiat de cea ntlnit n sistemele superintensive. Pentru a ine pasul cu noile descoperiri ale tiinei, acvacultorul trebuie s se orienteze ctre unul din sistemele consacrate de acvacultur. ns, principalii factori ce decid alegerea sistemului de cultur sunt disponibilitatea

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R E F E RI N E B I B L I O G R A F I C E

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242

INDEX DE TERMENI

Index de termeni
A Acipenserid, Acipenseridae 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19, 31, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 70, 92, 118, 236 Acipenseriformes 29, 52, 53, 54, 58, 59, 60, 161 Acvacultur 100, 112, 118, 122, 123, 168, 170, 193, 186, 187, 195, 210, 211, 212, 213, 222, 223 Acvatic 16, 122, 125, 135, 184, 185, 186, 192, 194, 222, 223 Aerare 139, 166, 194, 207, 215 Aerator 199, 203, 206, 245, 220, 226 Alevin, alevinaj 17, 40, 66, 124, 150, 155, 163, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 174, 176, 178, 179, 180, 181, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 196, 197, 198, 217, 219 Alge 125, 185, 190, 198, 202, 212 Alimentar, alimentaie 17, 20, 114, 115, 123, 155, 159, 162, 165, 177, 187, 189, 190, 194, 195 Anadrom 51, 64, 69, 71, 83, 88, 91, 98 Anestezie 116, 130, 133, 134, 136, 139, 140, 141, 152 Artemia (salina) 166, 167, 168, 170, 172, 173, 174, 179, 180, 181, 189, 197, 198 B Bacterie, bacterian 162, 208, 210, 211, 214 Baie 140 Bazin 51, 61, 67, 70, 74, 77, 81, 87, 91, 92, 94, 96, 97, 98, 100, 103, 104, 109, 118, 119, 121, 125, 126, 128, 130, 132, 133, 134, 136, 139, 140, 147, 161, 167, 168, 175, 179, 184, 185, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217,

218, 219, 220, 222, 223,224, 226, 227, 228, 232 Beluga 85, 109, 116, 117 Biofiltru 210, 212, 214, 220, 229 Biomas 97, 103, 104, 210, 219 Braconaj 110, 112, 120, 184 Branhie, branhial 17, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 50, 56, 62, 67, 70, 77, 80, 85, 160, 162 Bil, biliar 23, 24, 161 C Calitate (apei) 124, 160, 196, 203, 207, 208, 210 Canal (de ap) 168, 189, 201, 202, 204, 212, 213, 220 Carbohidrai 158, 159, 163 Catadrom - 88 Caviar 108, 109 110, 111, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 187, 196, 203, 212, 217, 221, 223 Cega 3, 77, 78, 79, 83, 84, 85, 99, 100, 103, 104, 106, 107, 110, 115, 122, 127, 138, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 147, 152, 153, 154, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 180, 181, 191, 203, 221, 232 Cercetare, cercettor 28, 41, 52, 57, 58, 62, 65, 69, 83, 87, 93, 95, 108, 112, 123, 124, 131, 140, 145, 159, 160, 161, 169, 170, 171 CITES 97, 98, 110, 111, 112, 118, 119 Conversie 159, 163, 177, 178 Corion, decorionat 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 34, 41, 45, 116, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150 Chondrostei 53, 54, 56, 58 Chironomus, chironomide 70, 80, 82, 168 Conducte 212, 213, 216 Cromozom 55, 82

243

INDEX DE TERMENI

D Debit 96, 125, 126, 138, 139, 142, 146, 168, 186, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 197, 198, 200, 201, 206, 209, 211, 213, 214, 219 Densitate 100, 166, 183, 185, 192, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 206, 207, 218, 219, 230 Descleiere 127, 137, 142, 145, 154, 196, 197 Digestie, digestiv 6, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 31, 57, 147, 156, 158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 165, 167, 168, 169 E Ecograf 129, 130 Embrion, embrionar, embriogenez 16, 32, 82, 119, 120, 137, 138, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150 Endoscop 128, 129, 130, 131 Energie 155, 156, 157, 158, 163, 210, 217, 219 Esofag 16, 17, 18, 19, 27, 43, 44, 57, 161 Extensiv 118, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 195, 222, 225 F Faringe 17, 27, 31 Fecundaie 35, 37, 38, 40, 41, 84, 115, 127, 137, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 150 Femel 29, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 40, 41, 65, 66, 69, 72, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 82, 93, 103, 105, 116, 128, 129, 132, 134, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 151, 207, 212, 217, 221 Fertilizare 40, 83, 113, 193 Ferm, fermier 62, 107, 116, 123, 125, 131, 143, 160, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171, 174, 183, 187, 188, 189, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 217, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 226, 229, 230, 231, 232 Filtru, filtrare 196, 207, 208, 213, 214

Furaj, furajare 118, 125, 126, 155, 158, 159, 160, 163, 165, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 182, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 206, 207, 210, 223, 224 G Ganoizi 4, 10, 14, 34, 54, 56 Gastric 18, 19, 45, 167 Gland, glandular 2, 3, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 36, 39, 45, 47, 88, 90 H Hemoglobin 29, 123, 168 Hipofiz, hipofizar 28, 29, 90, 91, 133, 134, 135, 139, 141, 144, 153 Histologic 1, 2, 10, 17, 19, 20, 28, 33, 128, 131 Hran 16, 66, 72, 80, 113, 155, 156, 158, 160, 162, 163, 165, 167, 168, 169, 175, 185, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 208, 221, 222 Hrnire 9, 57, 66, 70, 72, 77, 79, 80, 97, 99, 100, 122, 126, 147, 150, 155, 158, 162, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 177, 179, 181, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, 204, 207, 223, 224 Hormon, hormonal 24, 27, 28, 29, 36, 37, 39, 40, 90, 108, 130, 133, 134, 135, 139, 141, 144, 153, 166 Hipotalamus 26, 91 Huso 58, 61, 62, 64, 69, 83, 85, 86, 89, 92, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 109, 111, 112, 122, 169, 185, 221

244

INDEX DE TERMENI

I Icr 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 51, 66, 69, 72, 74, 77, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 89, 92, 93, 94, 108, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 127, 131, 132, 134, 136, 137, 138, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 153, 154, 159, 160, 196, 197, 212, 223, 224 Iernare 88, 93, 96, 100, 138, 188, 192, 196, 199, 203, 204, 221 Igien, igienizare 125, 189, 197, 202, 203, 217 Incubator, incubaie 107, 137, 138, 142, 143, 145, 146, 154, 166, 188, 189, 196, 197, 231 Infecie 31, 128, 136, 145, 168 Inim 23, 29, 30, 54, 57, 147 Injectare 133, 134, 135, 136, 139, 141, 144, 153, 214, 216 Intensiv 107, 125, 155, 183, 187, 189, 192, 195, 196, 200, 206, 222, 227, 228 Intestin 9, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21 ,22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 31, 32, 38, 46, 47, 48, 54, 57, 70, 80, 161, 162 ngrare 88, 96, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 196, 198, 203, 204, 206, 222 not, nottoare 5, 6, 11, 12, 13, 29, 31, 38, 54, 55, 56, 57, 66, 78, 99, 113, 125, 126, 138, 140, 141, 147, 160, 204, 223 K Kiernan - 24 L Lac 60, 81, 82, 91, 96, 99, 104, 110, 166, 184, 186 Larv, larvar 28, 66, 70, 72, 74, 77, 80, 82, 88, 145, 147, 150, 155, 163, 168, 185, 188, 189, 190, 197 Lipide, lipidic 25, 155, 156, 157, 158, 161, 162

M Manipulare 133, 134, 140, 141 Mas corporal 13, 37, 71, 74, 76, 134, 144, 164, 170, 171, 174, 175, 176, 183, 193 Mascul 29, 33, 35, 40, 65, 69, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 81, 84, 88, 93, 128, 129, 132, 134, 135, 136, 139, 141, 152 Matur, maturare 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 65, 69, 78, 79, 93, 110, 128, 129, 131, 132, 143, 151, 157, 184 Maturitate (sexual) 29, 35, 65, 69, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 82, 90, 108, 128, 131, 187, 217 McDonald - 197 Migraiune 25, 38, 51, 64, 65, 66, 69, 71, 72, 74, 76, 79, 81, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 101, 108, 113 Minerale 89, 115, 116, 155, 159, 160, 161, 165 Morun 35, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 83, 85, 86, 87, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 105, 106, 108, 109, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 120, 122, 123, 127, 165, 169, 185, 190, 191, 208, 221 Mucus 2, 18, 19, 22 Mulgere 115, 132, 134, 139, 144, 153 N Natural 35, 36, 40, 82, 83, 87, 88, 91, 92, 97, 98, 100, 102, 105, 112, 118, 127, 129, 132, 155, 165, 166, 168, 169, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 195, 196, 207, 209 Nisetru 1, 2, 35, 60, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 83, 74, 85, 87, 89, 92, 94, 95, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, 109, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 122, 123, 127, 146, 174, 185, 221 Nutrieni 26, 155

245

INDEX DE TERMENI

Nutritiv 30, 51, 80, 116, 155, 165, 167, 168, 169, 176, 177, 187 Nutriie 155, 156, 187 O Ornamental 85, 196 Osetra 116, 117 Ovar, ovarian 26, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 50, 128, 129, 130, 131, 136, 144, 151 Oviduct 33, 34, 40, 136 Ovocit 26, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 115, 129, 131, 132, 141, 143, 144, 221 Ovul, ovulaie 34, 35, 39, 40, 41, 115, 139, 140, 141, 144 Oxigen 30, 41, 89, 123, 132, 133, 138, 142, 163, 164, 184, 186, 192, 198, 199, 202, 203, 206, 208, 210, 211, 214, 215, 216, 219, 223, 224 P Parcare 128, 132, 133, 134, 136, 139, 140, 152, 188 Pstrug 35, 61, 70, 71, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 90, 92, 95, 98, 100, 101, 104, 109, 112, 115, 116, 119, 120, 122, 127, 185, 191 Pescuit 63, 95, 98, 100, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 118, 119, 120, 128, 138, 184, 195, 225 pH 124, 162 Piscicultor, piscicultur 160, 190, 192, 195, 224 Plancton, planctonofag 55, 96, 165 Policultur 118, 184, 194, 222, 223 Polyodon 53, 54, 55, 56, 61, 62, 194 Predezvoltare, predezvoltat 187, 188, 189, 190, 195, 196, 197, 198, 203, 231, 232 Primitiv 7, 11, 52, 107, 161 Producie, productivitate 40, 51, 96, 98, 109, 112, 118, 120, 155, 168, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 201, 212, 213, 217, 221, 222, 223, 224

Protein, proteic 22, 26, 114, 115, 116, 118, 155, 157, 158, 159, 162, 165, 171, 175, 187 Protocol 138, 165, 169, 177 R Recirculare 123, 125, 170, 171, 177, 200, 207, 208, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 218, 220, 222, 228, 230, 232 Race-way 199, 200, 201 Rme 168, 169 Recoltare 115, 116, 131, 136, 137, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 153, 168, 184, 189 Reproductor 88, 101, 102, 103, 104, 127, 128, 132, 133, 134, 138, 139, 140, 141, 151, 152, 187, 188, 232 Reproducere 25, 37, 51, 65, 66, 69, 72, 74, 77, 79, 82, 83, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 112, 127, 132, 133, 137, 138, 140, 187, 188 S Salinitate 51, 89, 96, 123, 166 Semiintensiv 125, 183, 186, 187, 188, 192, 193, 194, 195, 222, 226 Sevruga 116, 117, 118 Sex, sexual 26, 29, 34, 35, 40, 65, 69, 74, 75, 77, 79, 82, 88, 90, 93, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 152, 187, 207, 212, 217 Sexare - 128 Superintensiv 170, 183, 189, 207, 212, 217, 221, 223, 229, 230 Staie (de incubaie) 105, 107, 188, 189, 196, 197, 198, 212 Sterilizare 196, 211, 212, 215, 220

246

INDEX DE TERMENI

Stimulare 135, 139, 147, 168, 190 Stomac 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 27, 31, 45, 57, 67, 161, 162, 167, 180 Stres 26, 126, 137, 141, 204, 222, 223 Sturion nord american 29, 122, 131, 163 Sturion siberian 80, 81, 82, 84, 115, 116, 122, 123, 159, 174, 207, 217, 218, 221, 224, 230 ip 61, 73, 74, 92 T Temperatur 51, 64, 65, 66, 71, 72, 79, 82, 86, 89, 92, 93, 94, 99, 113, 122, 123, 125, 132, 133, 134, 138, 139, 142, 145, 146, 158, 164, 166, 174, 175, 192, 198, 200, 206, 207, 208, 214, 215, 221, 222, 223, 224 Tubifex 75, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 174, 181, 182, 189, 197 Turbiditate - 124 U Ultraviolet, UV 125, 138, 196, 211, 212 V Valvul spiral 21, 22, 54, 161, 162, 167, 180 Vitamine 116, 155, 159, 160, 165 Virus - 211 Viz 61, 73, 75, 76, 83, 84 Z Zooplancton 190, 191, 194 Zoug- Weiss 138, 154, 197

247

SOLUII N ACVACULTUR

248