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Figura 3. The tricuspid valve complex. The tricuspid valve consists of three leaflets:
anterior (A), posterior (P), and septal (S). There are 2 main papillary muscles, anterior (a)
and posterior (p). The septal papillary muscle (s) is rudimentary, and chordae tendinae
arise directly from the ventricular septum. Relevant adjacent structures include the
atrioventricular node (AVN), coronary sinus ostium (CS), and the tendon of Todaro,
which form the triangle of Koch. Ao indicates aorta; FO, foramen ovale; IVC, inferior
vena cava; SVC, superior vena cava; RAA, right atrial appendage; and RV, right
ventricle(6).
INSUFICIENA TRICUSPIDIAN
Etiologie
Cea mai comun cauza de insuficien tricuspidian o reprezint
dilatarea ventriculului drept i a inelului valvular determinnd regurgitare
secundar(functional). Poate apare ca o complicaie a decompensrii
ventriculare drepte de orice cauz.
Astfel, poate insoi hipertensiunea pulmonar secundar oricrei forme de
boal cardiac sau pulmonar,dar cel mai frecvent n afectrile valvei
mitrale(7). n general , o presiune sistolic ventricular dreapt mai mare de
55 mmHg va cauza insuficiena tricuspidian funcional.
Alte cauze de regurgitare mitral pot fi reprezentate de bolile cardiace
congenitale(ex: stenoza pulmonar, hipertensiunea pulmonar din sindromul
Eisenmenger), hipertensiunea pulmonara primitiv i mai rar cordul
pulmonar cronic.
Infarctul ventricului drept poate determina fie ruptur de muchi
papilari sau tulburri severe de kinetic regional care mpiedic nchiderea
corect a valvelor cu un efect de `tethering` asupra acestora determinnd
regurgitare.
La copii regurgitarea tricuspidiana complic insuficiena ventricular
dreapt secundar bolilor pulmonare neonatale i hipertensiunea pulmonar
cu persistena circulaiei fetale. n sindromul Marfan i degenerarea
mixomatoas
care
nsoete
pe
cea
mitral,
apare
elongarea
sau
nepenetrante,
cardiomiopatia
dilatativ,
endocardita
ntr-un
incidena regurgitrii
tardive(11).
Patogenez
Patogeneza
insuficienei
tricuspidiene(IT)
este
complex
multifactorial(Figura 5).
Cel mai adesea IT este funcional, secundar dilatrii i disfunciei
ventriculare drepte precum i dilatrii inelului tricuspid. Bolile valvulare
mitrale determin creterea presiunii atriale drepte , i dac aceasta este
suficient de important determin hipertensiune pulmonar. Aceasta duce la
disfuncia i remodelarea ventriculului drept , dilatarea inelului tricuspidian,
deplasarea muchilor papilari i tethering a valvelor tricuspide, cu apariia
regurgitrii(12-16). Insuficiena tricuspidian la rndul ei accentueaz
dilatarea i disfuncia ventricular dreapt, dilatarea inelului , tetheringul,
crescnd regurgitarea. Ventriculul drept se dilat i se decompenseaz
determinnd creterea presiunii diastolice i shift al septului interventricular
10
cardiac
dreapt
duce
la
apariia
ascitei,
11
inspir.
Diagnostic paraclinic
Radiografia
toracic
arat
prezena cardiomegaliei,
creterea
permite
identificarea
prezenei
regurgitrii,
bLarge flow convergence defined as flow convergence radius _0.9 cm for central jets, with a
baseline shift at a Nyquist of 40 cm/s; cut-offs for eccentric
12
13
determin
insuficien tricuspidian
secundar(27).
Indicaii operatorii
sever,
la
pacienii
care
necesit
chirurgia
valvei
14
repararea
15
16
17
Tratamentul chirurgical
18
Figura 8: Operative setup for standard right atriotomy parallel to the atrioventricular
groove. (B) Operative setup for trans-septal approach to the mitral valve for operations
involving both atrioventricular valves(30).
19
posibile
leziuni
ale
sistemul
de
conducere).
20
de geant
coaptare a cuspelor(Figura10)(26,30).
21
22
Protezarea tricuspidian
Protezarea valvular tricuspidian este indicat n caz de endocardit
infecioas, insuccesul unei tehnici de reparare utilizat anterior, sindrom
carcinoid cu afectare valvular, sau boala reumatismal.
Riscul de trombozare a unei proteze mecanice este mai mare n poziie
tricuspid dect aortic sau mitral deoarece presiunile i vitezele de curgere
sunt mai reduse n cordul drept. Din acest motiv, tipul preferat de valva
artificial pentru localizarea tricuspid este bioproteza(8). La pacienii care
necesit anticoagulare pentru fibrilaie atrial sau protez mecanic la
nivelul cordului stng, poate fi utilizat o protez mecanic i in poziie
tricuspidian(Figura 12).
23
Figura 12: Tricuspid valve excision leaving a 2-mm margin of septal leaflet tissue
adjacent to the annulus. (B) Suture placement for tricuspid valve replacement. (C)
Completed tricuspid valve replacement(30).
succes implantat la apte oi sntoase dar alte studii ulterioare nu au mai fost
fcute. Abordarea percutan a valvelor cardiace tinde s se extind.
Repararea chirurgical a regurgitrii tricuspidiene concomitent cu
chirurgia valvei mitrale constituie standardul, deoarece s-a demonstrat c
mbuntete prognosticul perioperator, clasa funcional i supravieuirea.
Corecia chirurgicala a regurgitrii tricuspidiene izolate amelioreaz
semnificativ fracia de ejecie(33).
Dificultatea tehnic n aplicarea tehnicilor percutane rezult din lipsa
unor structuri adiacente convenabile pentru plasarea dispozitivelor i
vitezele de curgere reduse n cordul drept , favoriznd formarea de trombi.
Ostiumul sinusului coronar, nodul atrioventricular i vena cav inferioar
sunt structuri adiacente care nu trebuie sa fie acoperite de dispozitivele
intracardiace(6).
25
fi obinute prin
plus
acetia
sunt
influenai
de
parametri
sistemici
1.
28
4.
Optimizarea contractilitii
crete
indexul
cardiac
volumul
btaie
meninnd
pulmonar(51).
Combinaia dobutamin i oxid nitric n hipertensiunea pulmonar sa demonstrat de asemenea a fi benefic(51).
Dopamina este utilizat n hipotensiunea sever, n timp ce
milrinona este recomadat n prezena tahiaritmiilor induse de dopamin.
Tratamentul cu digoxin n decompensarea cardiac dreapt a fost
studiat n hipertensiunea pulmonar i boal pulmonar cronic. n
hipertensiunea pulmonar, Rich and colleagues(52) au demonstrat ca
administrarea de digoxin crete debitul cardiac cu 10%. n boala pulmonar
cronica,digoxinul nu a ameliorat consumul maxim de oxigen sau fracia de
ejecie a ventriculului drept la pacienii fr disfuncie ventricular
stng(53).
Meninerea ritmului sinusal i controlul frecvenei cardiace sunt
importante n controlul decompensrii cardiace drepte.
Blocul atrio-
ventricular de grad nalt sau fibrilaia atrial pot avea efecte hemodinamice
importante n hipertensiunea pulmonar. Cardiostimularea electric sau
cardioversia tahiaritmiilor instabile trebuie aplicate dac este necesar(47).
29
tensiunii
arteriale,
by-passului cardiopulmonar,
ecocardiografie
transesofagian
pentru
30
repetate
pentru
insuficien
tricuspidian
izolat
sunt
semi-rigid
(Carpentier-Edwards)
nu
s-a
nregistrat
progresia
i aveau
32
STENOZA TRICUSPIDIAN
Definiie
Stenoza tricuspidian se caracterizeaza prin reducerea orificiului
tricuspidian, crendu-se astfel un obstacol la trecerea sngelui din atriul
drept n ventriculul drept, n timpul diastolei.
Inciden
Frecvena stenozei este perceput diferit de diveri autori. Stenoza
tricuspidian congenital este rar. Prin investigaii hemodinamice, semnele
caracteristice de stenoz tricuspidian sunt constatate la 3-5% din
valvulopatiile operate; boala are o frecven mai mare la femei.
Etiologie
Cea mai frecvent cauz de stenoz tricuspidin este boala
reumatismal.
Doar
excepional
ea
poate
fi
urmarea
fibrozei
33
endomiocardice,
sindromului
carcinoid,
fibroelastozei,
vegetaiilor
34
37
Explorri paraclinice
38
La examenul Doppler :
- creterea gradientului de presiune diastilic AD/VD
- alungirea timpului de njumtire a presiunii(T 1/2) la peste
150ms pn la 420 ms(n:90-140ms)
- reducerea suprafaei funcionale a orificiului tricuspidian
calculat dup formula empiric:
ST=190/ T1/2p
39
40
Figura 15. Top. Right ventricular and atrial pressure tracings at rest from patient (FC)
with isolated tricuspid stenosis and normal sinus rhythm. Functional diastole set-off
between vertical lines. Note amplitude of atrial contraction and obvious gradient during
diastole. Calibration at left, as in all subsequent pressure curves, in mm. Hg.
Bottom. Right atrial and ventricular pressure curves from FC (fig. 2) at rest and during
exercise redrawn and superimposed. Vertical linear shading defines gradient. Note
gradient is maximal during late diastole when atrium contracts and increases during
exercise(68).
41
Diagnostic diferenial
Stenoza tricuspidian trebuie difereniat de :
boli care determina insufcien cardiac dreapt: stenoza mitral,
mixomul atrial drept);
ciroza hepatic dat fiind hepato-splenomegalia, ascita i edemele
precum i alterarea adeseori sever , a probelor funcionale hepatice ca
urmare a stazei hepatice prelungite ;
amiloidoza cardiac i alte cardiomiopatii restrictive care pot avea un
tablou clinic i hemodinamic asemntor, dar aspectul ecocardiografic este
diferit de cel al stenozei tricuspidiene, iar biopsia endomiocardic, rectal
sau gingival confirm prezena depozitelor de amiloid;
pericardita constrictiv. n favoarea acestui diagnostic pledeaz
urmtoarele elemente:
1. semne fizice: - lipsa btii vrfului cordului sau retracia
sistolic a vrfului;
- clacment protodiastolic pericardic, care apare
la 0,06-0,12 secunde dup zgomotul II
cardiac;
- puls paradoxal Kussmaul
- fibrilaie atrial n 30-50% din cazuri
2. radiografia toracic: - calcificri pericardice la 5-50% dintre
pacieni;
- siluet cardiac normal(1/3 din
pacieni) sau dimensiuni crescute ale
42
identificarea
tuberculozei
sau
neoplaziilor cauzale(69).
43
44
una
la
nivelul
cuspei
posterioare
(3,5).
Figura 20: Tricuspid valve replacement is performed with a St. Jude Medical valve. The
native leaflets are left in situ, and the pledgeted 2-0 Ethibond sutures are passed through
the annulus and the edges of the leaflets. (B) The valve is seated, and the sutures are tied.
The subvalvular apparatus is visualized to ensure that there is no impingement of the
prosthetic valve leaflets. The valve can be rotated if necessary to prevent leaflet contact
with tissue(26).
n ceea ce privete tipul de protez care este cel mai adecvat pentru
protezarea tricuspidian prerile sunt mprite. Muli autori prefer
protezele biologice dat fiind rezistena lor mai bun n condiiile presiunilor sczute de la nivelul cordului drept. Cu toate acestea la
pacienii mai tineri biodegenerescena i calcifierea acestora reprezint o
problema. Riscul de tromboz a protezelor mecanice n poziie tricuspidian
46
este mai mare dect n cazul protezelor din cordul stng. Frecvent ns
tromboza se dezvolt progresiv, iar tromboliza intravenoas este foarte
eficient. Mortalitatea n cazul reinterveniilor este destul de mic (8).
Studii recente cu proteze mecanice dublu disc St. Jude au furnizat
date ncurajatoare, permind chirurgului s recomande cu ncredere o valv
mecanic pacienilor tineri fr contraindicaii pentru anticoagulare(70-76).
Aceast strategie va evita situaiile din trecut n care pacienilor li se
implanta o bioprotez pe partea dreapt i o protez mecanic pe partea
stng a inimii.
Bioprotezele, porcine sau din esut pericardic au o funcionare
corect n poziie tricuspidian(77-80). Studiile demonstreaz o durat mai
lung de via, fr disfuncie structural sau inlocuire n poziia tricuspid
comparativ cu cea mitral(81).
Nakano et al a raportat absena degenerrii structurale la 100% din
pacienii cu xenogref pericardic Carpentier- Edwards la 9 ani dar
disfuncii nonstructurale la 72.8%. Cauza disfunciei nonstructurale era
formarea de panus(material trombotic organizat) pe faa ventricular a
cuspelor.
Aceast
descoperire
este
adesea
subclinic.
Urmrirea
48
Mortalitatea operatorie
Mai multe studii au demonstrat un risc chirurgical crescut i un
prognostic
pe
termen
lung
nefavorabil
pentru
chirurgia
valvei
49
50
51
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