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ionilor Pb(II) din solutii apoase sintetice si ape uzate reale folosind
hidroxiapatita de sinteza
Cea mai cunoscut metod de obinere a HAP este metoda de precipitare, cnd
hidroxiapatita precipit din soluii suprasaturate. n prima etap se formeaz rapid o
faz metastabil de fosfat de calciu amorf, care n timp se transform n
hidroxiapatit. Timpul de inducie si viteza de transformare a fosfatului de calciu
amorf n hidroxiapatit este influenat de: gradul de suprasaturare, compoziia
soluiei, tria ionic, pH, temperatura si eventual, substanele superficial active care
modific tensiunea superficial. Avantajul principal al tehnicilor umede consta in
faptul ca principalul subprodus este apa, iar probabilitatea de contaminare in timpul
procesrii este relativ mica. Pe de alta parte, costurile de producie sunt relativ mici.
Dezavantajul major consta in sensibilitatea la micile variaii ale parametrilor de
proces, care pot schimba caracteristicile produsului final. In schimb, procedeul
uscat prezint o reproductibilitate ridicata in pofida riscului ridicat de contaminare
in timpul etapelor prelungite de mcinare si sinterizare
foaie
gantera - hidrotermal
- metode combinate
Toate aceste metode de elaborare pot fi impartite in cinci grupe mari, fiecare
cuprinznd subgrupe, astfel: metode uscate (cu 2 subgrupe), metode umede (cu 6
subgrupe), procese la temperaturi inalte (cu 2 subgrupe), sinteze din surse biogene,
si metode combinate. In tabelul 2 sunt prezentate aceste grupe de metode cu
partile slabe pentru fiecare, dar si avantajele oferite.
Performanta de a retine metalele grele din soluiile apoase sintetice este influenat
de caracteristicile de material precum, compoziia mineralogica, forma si
dimensiunea particulelor, gradul de cristalinitate, astfel:
- cristalinitatea:compuii ceramici in stare amorfa vor fi mai puin stabili dect cei
cu un grad ridicat de cristalinitate si astfel, in mediul apos se vor dizolva mai rapid;
pulberea ceramica HAP devine mai reactiva mrindu-si astfel capacitatea de sorbie.
Pe de alta parte, un anumit grad de cristalinitate este de dorit pentru a iniia
procesul de sorbie si ulterior nucleerea fazei precipitate la suprafaa reactiva
pentru nano-adsorbanii pe baza de HAP.
raportul molar Ca/Pb pentru aceste soluii solide scade continuu pana ce va atinge,
in mod teoretic,compoziia/structura piromorfitului Pb 10(PO4)6(OH)2, cu structura
asemntoare cu hidroxiapatita [figura 33].
Unde, M reprezint ionul metalic din soluia apoas (M(aq.) 2+), ce va nlocui ionul de
Ca2+ din materialul ceramic adsorbant, Ca(HAP) 2+.
Figure 33. Structura cristalina a compusului Pb-piromorfit, Pb10(PO4)6Cl2, [59]
Performanta de a retine metalele grele din soluiile apoase sintetice este influenat
de caracteristicile de material precum, compoziia mineralogica, forma si
dimensiunea particulelor, gradul de cristalinitate, astfel:
- cristalinitatea:compuii ceramici in stare amorfa vor fi mai puin stabili dect cei
cu un grad ridicat de cristalinitate si astfel, in mediul apos se vor dizolva mai rapid;
pulberea ceramica HAP devine mai reactiva mrindu-si astfel capacitatea de sorbie.
Pe de alta parte, un anumit grad de cristalinitate este de dorit pentru a iniia
procesul de sorbie si ulterior nucleerea fazei precipitate la suprafaa reactiva
pentru nano-adsorbanii pe baza de HAP.
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