Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
NOȚIUNI DE FONETICĂ
GRUPURI DE LITERE
Grupurile de litere ale limbii române sunt: ce, ci, ge, gi, che, chi, ghe, ghi. Acestea, în transcrierea fonetică, în
funcție de literele ce le înconjoară, se restrâng la 2 sunete sau la un sunet.
Pentru a nu greşi, trebuie să despărţim cuvântul care conţine aceste grupuri în silabe şi să observăm următoarele:
- dacă silaba în care se găseşte grupul de litere mai are o vocală, atunci literele e şi i din ce, ci, ge, gi, che, chi, ghe, ghi
sunt numai litere ajutătoare (č, ğ, k’, g’), deci formează un singur sunet.
- dacă silaba în care se găseşte grupul de litere nu mai are o altă vocală, atunci e şi i din ce, ci, ge, gi, che, chi, ghe, ghi
sunt atât litere ajutătoare, cât şi vocale (če, či, ğe, ği, k’e, k’i, g’e, g’i), deci formează 2 sunete.
1.Precizaţi câte litere şi câte sunete sunt în cuvintele de mai jos, după ce le-aţi transcris fonetic:
Ceai________________________________________________margine___________________________________________________________
Chinar______________________________________________extern_____________________________________________________________
Exemplu____________________________________________chibrituri___________________________________________________________
Centru______________________________________________gherghină_________________________________________________________
Exerciţiu____________________________________________ deci_____________________________________________________________
Chiuvetă_____________________________________________exil______________________________________________________________
Fragi________________________________________________ghiveci___________________________________________________________
Axă_________________________________________________explozie__________________________________________________________
Choir________________________________________________fix_______________________________________________________________
Examen______________________________________________cireșe___________________________________________________________
Cimpoi_______________________________________________cimbru___________________________________________________________
Ciorap_______________________________________________ciocan___________________________________________________________
Citatie_______________________________________________circ______________________________________________________________
Ciclon_______________________________________________citire_____________________________________________________________
Cireada______________________________________________cercel____________________________________________________________
Cerc_________________________________________________cec______________________________________________________________
Cer__________________________________________________certitudine________________________________________________________
Cearta_______________________________________________acceptare_________________________________________________________
Acces_______________________________________________ceremonie_________________________________________________________
Rece________________________________________________cercel____________________________________________________________
Ceremonie___________________________________________celebră___________________________________________________________
Cerință_______________________________________________cineva___________________________________________________________
Cinematecă___________________________________________cirezi____________________________________________________________
Cipriot_______________________________________________ciripit____________________________________________________________
Gem_________________________________________________general___________________________________________________________
Gentil________________________________________________geniu____________________________________________________________
Chef_________________________________________________chelner___________________________________________________________
Chelie________________________________________________chelfăneală_______________________________________________________
Chin_________________________________________________chip_____________________________________________________________
Chiot________________________________________________chibrit____________________________________________________________
Ghem________________________________________________ghemotoc________________________________________________________
Ghepard______________________________________________gheb____________________________________________________________
Ghid_________________________________________________ghindă___________________________________________________________
Ghimpe______________________________________________ghiveci___________________________________________________________
TRIFTONG
Grupul de sunete alcătuit dintr-o vocală şi două semivocale, pronunţate într-o silabă, se numeşte triftong.
Amintim cei mai cunoscuţi triftongi: /ĕaŭ/-bĕaŭ, şlĕaŭ, vrĕaŭ; /ĕaĭ/- dorĕaĭ, citĕaĭ; /ĕŏa/-lĕŏarcă, plĕŏapă; /ĭaŭ/-
suĭaŭ, tăĭaŭ; /ŏaĭ/-lupŏaĭcă, tigrŏaĭcă; /ĭaĭ/-tăĭaĭ; /ĭeĭ/ -pĭeĭ, mĭeĭ; /ĭŏa/-inimĭŏară, aripĭŏară, creĭŏane.
Observaţie. În cuvintele care conţin consoanele: č (ce,ci), ğ (ge,gi), k’ (che, chi), g’ (ghe,ghi) nu există
triftongi care să înceapă cu literele e sau i.
Triftongul se poate alcătui şi din trei sunele alăturate aparţinând unor cuvinte diferite, dar pronunţate într-o
silabă: mĭ-aŭ zis.
HIAT
Două vocale alăturate aflate în silabe diferite alcătuiesc un hiat. Vocalele care se găsesc în hiat pot fi:
- de acelaşi fel: /a-a/: contraatac, /e-e/: idee, /i-i/: fiinţă, /o-o/: alcool,
- /u-u/: asiduu;
- diferite: /a-e/: aer, /a-i/: tain, /a-o/: aortă, /a-u/: cauteriza, /ă-i/: făină,
/ă-u/: păun, /e-a/: ideal, /e-i/: peisaj, /e-o/: teologie, /e-u/: muzeul etc.
1.Subliniaţi cu o linie diftongii şi cu două linii triftongii din cuvintele de mai jos:
Băiat_____________________________________________grăiau_______________________________________________________________
Geam____________________________________________croiască_____________________________________________________________
Leoarcă__________________________________________busuioc_____________________________________________________________
Gheaţă___________________________________________duios________________________________________________________________
Ceas_____________________________________________cioară_______________________________________________________________
Voios_____________________________________________iarbă_______________________________________________________________
Doreai____________________________________________piuă________________________________________________________________
Pleoapă___________________________________________ploua_______________________________________________________________
Suiau_____________________________________________îndoială_____________________________________________________________
Ghiol_____________________________________________inimioară____________________________________________________________
Creioane__________________________________________ciob________________________________________________________________
2.Subliniaţi diftongii cu o linie, vocalele în hiat cu două linii din cuvintele următoare:
Biata______________________________________________fiul________________________________________________________________
Iepure_____________________________________________fiinţă______________________________________________________________
Cereal_____________________________________________deocamdată________________________________________________________
Coagula___________________________________________roate_______________________________________________________________
Lua_______________________________________________luând______________________________________________________________
Unguent___________________________________________bacterian____________________________________________________________
Ştiucă_____________________________________________barieră______________________________________________________________
Copii______________________________________________bastion_____________________________________________________________
Treacă_____________________________________________teologie____________________________________________________________
Influenţă____________________________________________dulăpior___________________________________________________________
5.Subliniaţi cu o linie diftongii şi cu două linii triftongii din cuvintele de mai jos:
Ceas_______________________________________________două______________________________________________________________
Nouă_______________________________________________foiau______________________________________________________________
Iarnă_______________________________________________lăcrămioară________________________________________________________
Leoaică_____________________________________________poezie____________________________________________________________
Soseau_____________________________________________suiau_____________________________________________________________
Trecea______________________________________________treceau___________________________________________________________
Veghea_____________________________________________vegheau___________________________________________________________
ACCENTUL
În limba română accentul nu are loc fix, el putând să stea pe silaba:
- ultimă: ma-ca-ra, to-por, mă-sea;
- penultimă: al-bi-nă, far-fu-ri-e, mor-ma-ne, pre-ve-de-re;
- antepenultima: bu-te-li-e, di-plo-mă, ca-me-ră, mar-gi-ne;
- a patra de la final: ve-ve-ri-ţă, pre-pe-li-ţă, la-po-vi-ţă;
- a cincea de la final: no-uă-spre-ze-ce, (al)un-spre-ze-ce-lea
1.Alcătuieşte propoziţii în care să reiasă sensul diferit al următoarelor cuvinte în funcţie de accent (omografe):
imobil/imobil____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
copii/copii______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
haină/haină_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
veselă/veselă___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ochi-ochi______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
boli-boli_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
răţoi-răţoi______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
polei-polei_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
haină-haină____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
război-război___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
aburi-aburi_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
scumpi-scumpi_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
domni-domni___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
porunci-porunci________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
NOȚIUNI DE FONETICĂ
EVALUARE
1.Subliniaţi diftongii, triftongii şi hiaturile din urmǎtoarele cuvinte; numiţi fiecare formaţiune de sunete gǎsitǎ:
Aveau_________________________________________
Credeam_______________________________________
Fiinţǎ__________________________________________
Soare__________________________________________
Inimioarǎ______________________________________
2.Câte litere şi câte sunete au urmǎtoarele cuvinte:
Ceafǎ__________ geantǎ__________
Ghearǎ_________ chinar___________
Cerinţǎ_________ cheamǎ __________
Geam__________ examen__________
3.Identifică diftongii, triftongii şi vocalele în hiat din următoarele cuvinte:
Teamă________________________________Ştiinţă___________________________________________________
Neam_________________________________Nemţoaică________________________________________________
Voinţă________________________________oaie______________________________________________________
4.Precizaţi care silabă este accentuată în cuvintele:
popor, masă, pasăre, prepeliţă, viezure, lapoviţă, câmpie, felie, măsea, topor, scaun, repede, cameră, şaptesprezece, astronaut,