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ROBER T L' HERM I TE

DESSINS D! PIERRE LEFOL

PNIFACI D

A NORE I lI E UNI E R

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C ON F E C T ION A R E A
l, Moteriile prime

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l l . D o zo j u;i l l e g i l esolepr incipole

lll. Lucrobilitoteq lV. Punereoln operd: Vibrqreo PROCEDEE SPECIALE DE BETONARE l. E liminoreoopei in e x c e s ll. Injectoreomortorului. Includereo de oer lll. Betonoreo pe timp friguros gi trotoreo termacd

13
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33 35 43 47 49 53 57
ol

DEFORMAREA BETONULUI l. ControcJ io

ll. Deformoreosub incdrcoregi curgereo lentd

lll. Rupereo AGR E S IU N IL C E H IMIC E PE CON T R OL U L 'A N T TERE 1) CONSTRUCTilLOR AUSCULTAREA

73 79 89

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u'-l'l'."x rDURrSr PERETT

CARAMIZIDEARgItA ARSASIZIDAR,IE DECARAMIDA

NOTA EDITURII TEHNICE

5-a ftcut cu respectareastrictS a orjginalului, ferS a se introduce ln text modificaai in vederea adaptarii lui la prevederilestandardelor in vigoare li normativelorrepublicane ' ln consecinl: lucrarea prezenlate ln limba romina sub denumiria ,,Eetonul in imaginiu nu poate fi considerate declt cu titlu didactic. documentar; ea poate folosi ca indrumetor practic, numaisub acele aspecte care nu contravin prevederilorcondiliilor tehnice, instructiunilor cercetdrri. proiectSriiti executirii conslrucliilor, Prescripliiloretc. romlne$ti,din domeniul
r) Metode nedestructive de control dl const.uctiilor (.oto E. T.)

Editarea in limba romlnaa lucr6rii ,,Au pied du mur,, a prof. Robert L'Hermite (Franta)

bvrry ulruruuuuuff

!tBl"loTECA Cnt de Ctdturia Slhdteattlof

E
IN LIMBA ROMINA LA EDITIA

Betonuluiin imagini>> Robert L'Hermite, autorul << este bine cunoscutla noi intr-un cerc larg de constructori, prin activitatea sa ftiinfific: in domeniulcercet;riiproprietdgilor de construclii si in special fizico-mecanice ale materialelor ale betonului. generalal RILEM-ului (Reuniunea internalionalia laboratoarelor de incerclri Secretar gi cercetiri de materialeli construclii) R. L'Hermire este in acelasitimp ti director gi lucrlri publice>>. de studii li cercetariin construc-tii al << Centrului experimental sale,apirute in volum,in cei peste25 de ani de acrivitate Dintre publicagiile ftiinlifici, trebuie amintite: << Lecgiileasupraincercdrilorde materiale> (1938-40), <<Experienga (1945),< ale rezistengei materialelor>) Rezistenqa materialelor, teoretici li teoriilemoderne tehnologiei (1954), << ldei actuale asupra (1956). experimentale> betonului>> ;i << Be tonulin imagini>> (origina lu lp o a rt i t it lu l < < A u p ie d d u mu r> > ) a a p iru t in a n u l pe qare L'Hermite 1955,avind ca punct de plecareo serie de articolede popularizare, le-a redactatsuccesiv Bitir>. Dentru revista<< prezinte, princiintr-o forml strins5, Publicindu-le, autorula urmirit si dar accesibili, piile gtiingifice ale tehnologiei betonuluisi zidiriilor. In cele 100de paginiau fost cuprinse fabricareagi punereain lucrare a betonului, deformagia,ruperea ;i durabilitatea sa, de beton, proprietigilede rezistengd controlul construcliilor $i izolare ale zidSriilor. de concis. Citili de descrierea procesului ruperii Textul estein general extrem exemplu betonului,la o. 57: << ln beton, rupereapropriu zisl este precedati de o prerupere, caracterizatlprin conducla formareade cripituri formareaunui marenumir de fisurifine care,reunindu-se, gi la separare. care pot acestor fisuri esteinsolitede mici pocnituricaracteristice Formarea prin preruperea acustici a betonului arate ci fi detectatecu un microfon. Examinarea de rupere.Aceastlsarcini pare si corespundi compresiune aparela 50-75% din sarcina )). limitei de obosealisub eforturi repetate I Cigi dintre cititori ar fi dispugisi parcurgi 50-60 pagini redactateatit de concis gtiintificsub forma unui albumamuzant textul acesta Probabil ci nu prea mulgi.Prezencind care ilustrat,L'Hermite ne pune in fagi o lucrareplicuti, curgitoare,de loc obositoare, fixeaz; aten!ia,firi si o oboseasc6. urmiregte evident Procedeele de ilustrare a textului sint diverse.Uneori, imaginea din josul p.25: o broasci care sare in balti. numai amuzarea cititorului. Privigidesenul Este redareadirecti a ultimei fraze din text, care compari efectul vibririi betonului unei la p. 51, apa de mare este evocati prin peisajul cu saltul unei broa;te.De asemenea faleze. In tehnologia textul, sugerind explicagii suplimentare. Alteori insi, desenul completeazi betonuluise utilizeazi pentru limurirea rolului aerului oclus,comparaliaspumeicu un ; a r p e ma r g i n e r u lm e n t cu bile. ln textul de la p.41 n u s e re c u rg ela a c e a s t da n a lo g ie d unui rulment. ao a r ede senul Deseori ilustragiareprezinti o simpli schemi didacticl a unei faze tehnologice: gi turnareabetonuIui, gi malaxoare. Alteori la p. 18,schema de betoniere la p. 15,amestecul ' prezentat simbolul unui fenomen complex. insi, sub forma unui rebus amuzant, este --stoarcerii La p. 37 omulelii care evacueazi apa cu gileqile, reprezinti mecanismul contrac!ia prin intrarea iar lap.49 betonului estesugeratA apeidin beton prin vacuumare, l a ap i a u nei cimigi. R. L'Hermite merturiselteci a alcituit acest album distrindu-se. In prezentarea.sa, lucrarea de fatl. Si daci, in acelagi Sintconvins ci gi cititorul nostruse va amuzaparcurgind gi hieroglifici, cititorul i;i va puneintrebiri suplimentare timp descifrind acegti determinangi putea prima publispuneci lucrarea de fagi, va dori si adinceasci notiunile intilnite,se va calie de acestfel la noi, 9i-aatinsscopul. Prof. ing. V. NICOLAU

LA ED|TTA lN LTMBA FRANCEZA

Numerogi scriilori au suslinul ideea ci arla- {olosind mijloace pin5 ;i in minlilecele simple-poates5 inlroduciordinea gi armonia mai refraclare la gindirea abslraclS.DimpotrivS,unii savanfi au pretins, vreme preaindelungafS, pisnu pol sE-5i ci faplelegtiinlifice lreze caraclerul lor minunaf,daci nu rimin inconjurale de un oarecare mister.inlr-o epoc5,in care {ranceziiduc lipsi de locuinfe, Roberl L'Her.mife, aulorulaceslui volum,a aprecial ci {olosind arla expresivS la cunoagfereaapro{undalS a subiecfelor pe care le expune,va pufea{ace ca unele problemede bazi ale conslrucliilor si {ie asimilatede oricine. Prezenlaculegerede plan;e in culori apare, asf{el, ca o slrilua cunosculului cilE demonslrafie dicfon ,,Ceeace se concepebine, se enunf6 cu clarifafe". Prin {orma sa afrigitoare el va stimula alenlia ciliforului care va avea posibililalea si se inslruiasci{iri elorturi deosebite.Di{erite spirile crilice vor a{irma, desigur,ci meloda ulilizal5 se bazeazi pe arfi{iciile bine cunoscuteale filmelor animafe. Dar tocmai aceaslaplace {izicianului R. L'Hermife, fiindci el esle convinsci ,,decil mullS vorb5, mai bine o schif; bun5" ci desenulesle mijlocul de expresienafural gi permanent afil al mecanicului cil 9i al arhifecluluigi ci sprijinulartei lrebuie loldeaunaciutat, penlru a da gfiinleiun caracler plicuf 5i accesibil. imi {ace deci pldcere si subliniez aceasfi initiativi, pe cil de fericilS, pe atit de rodnici, gi de a salula in aceaslS pre{af5, prelioasa conlribulie a aulorului la dezvollarea cunogfiinlelor in gi al lucrSrilorpublice. domeniulconslrucfiilor

DR AN E MEUN IER il-Ti'.,P. l,l,:.[" I i I I i;f i i, : lJ-? ""

Deseorise aduc crilici oamenilorde gliinli penlru {olosireaunei limbi greu inleleasi de public 5i penlruc5 nu se exprimi infr-un mod ugor accesibilcelor ce au o meseriededicafi realizirilor pracfice. Alleori se a{irmi ci oamenii de meserieneglijeazi si-gi per{ectioneze gi si se menfini la nivelulprogresului. cunoglinfele Poafe nici unii nici alfii n-au incercats5 se inleleagS. Oamenii de gliinfi {olosesco limbi incircalS de formule care sinl ideale mijloace de exprimare, {iregfe penlru ei, dar care rimin slriine in mod curenf. de cei care nu le {olosesc Ceilalfi, avindalle griji, renunli si le adinceasci sensul ascuns gi inclini si nu le mai Oamenii de gfiinfi, pe cil se acorde imporlanlS. Cine gregegle? pare, care n-au gliul si.gi exprimeideile ?ntr-o{ormi mai simpli sau caren-au vrul s5-5iinchipuieo lume {icufi gi penlru alfii, nu penfru numai ei. Cind revisfa,, B6lir" mi-a cerul s5 redaclezo serie de arlicole pe infelesulfuluror, am acceplal, gindind ci voi reugi si gisesc un mijloc de exprimare, capabilsi apropiecele doui lumi, care sl5ruie si nu se cunoasc;.Acesl mod de exprimare l-am gisil in imagini. Am crezul ci o schifi insoliti de un lexf este capabili si se inlipireasci in memorie cu alil mai frainic,cu cil schila esle mai alrigitoare. $i alunci, am incercaf, am alciluil cileva fexfe, am schilat cileva desene,dar cum sint lipsil de talenlul am incredinlal perfecfarealor unui arfistic 5i ribdarea necesarS, linir desenalorlalenfat, Pierre Le{ol. succesiv in aceslalbum care reunelleo serie de plan;epublicale limp de doi ani, cililorul va observadesigur o lipsi de unitale. Aceasla se dafore;le faptului cJ a lrebuil si cercelim, si modificim meloda, s5 linem seamade crilici gi s{afuri.Penlru deseprocedeului de exprimarearlislici, nalor, a fosl necesarischimbarea penlru a se putea adapla procedeelorfipografice.Toale acestea n-au {osl de loc utoare gi apelez la bunivoinfacililoruluipenlru primS incercare.Doresc, in lol cazul, acelora care-l vor aceaslS pl5cere pe care am avul.o celi, ca albumulsi le faci aceeagi eu scriindu-1.

R. L.

Primo griie o conslructorului esle olegereo compozilieicorecteo betonului. Pornind de lo moteriileprime (ciment, ogregote, opd) ole c6ror colitdli trebuiesc verificole,moi este necesor studiul dozqiului 9i ol compozifiei gronulometrice. Acesteosint descrisein poginile urm6IOOr e.

Vom vorbi opoi desprepunereoin operd o betonului si de mijloocele qdecuote pentru oceosfo,cum sint vibroreo, vocuumoreo 9i opoi despreonumitebetoone 9i lrotomenfespeciole. Vom vorbi, in sfirgit, despre betonoreo pe iimp friguros 9i pe timp cold.

B ETONUL
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hoo!

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vnoi cir.-6 drdt M;il coni,9a]lirah lrntft c unLUiILL^6-'$ tn'htl cr^d calaouani . r'jlAtL tvl./|lttJtutrt ' BtIrill. 'dr oir,ot t*t' sJno<^ilre ftra; <

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F4i4t!t abrvrqi' oll.rly't; ala diw alu,.oln i* dlA'$U hw r$bwev

- LUCR ARI DEARTA...cT;

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BITOF|UL ESrE SJIISIF_IL LA CALDURA:

i'lico u.r ;all.,t.r :.nua ifl]4tifia
iniil CillrrarfiiL(. oLwtiNt'

.ure[e/00fr"?! ] ol,..L .iin 6ef.ro

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(n.w*nu. fil$^tn .cX0^.t6

t'l4n, ar fam4.ul, aaa,qL 1tA;iulo, ilajuu.l.

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to, cal4ahl, o, txl'cn S ora,$,,1i'hbo" lU", pnr*

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T RA T A RE A T E R M IC A A BET O I I ULUI Uu,AILi,,|l/",tx,l,/r'rJ&i, tt,(l/rilt 'mr* e.li,^.il;,tatl;Ai"

Papulral o/'t" ,t&Uftrt ta, c4wVtvttstud $t^drv Wlcttirr&.. flenrl at wcilant ^ctl vtraL Hdt t$t tncoJdtttt a* ahsu" t*

fao

WL ctat,..oinluoitii;l"rtt - o ltuu,tn ^il:unbd' a, cunbd' o &t*u'tlbv drtttu'tlbv ttonil. tnalalt . Chau'wn C&ndtnoo|tr, ol, ir/rorrrcoutt\lawil. flu;,rWfa' ilwL 4 etz dt o&l,lt'tti-

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o4,u4oIL rv cot^ta, dine o,c$lra: Rlnit VLtdL

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D EF O RM AREA B E T O UL N UI

Betonul molorol, pur in operd, sd intd. regte, devine rolid. El posedi otunci proprietdlicqre lrebuiccunoscule penlrv q i re do o bund utilizore. Ceo noi proprielqlr cu.ioqs6 srl conlroclio. l6tonul te conlrqcldprin urcorc re umfl6 in op6. 'i Co oricc corp rolid, bclonul rc deformeozdrub rorcind,intd qccortd defor|t|olic poo?erd re producdlinp dr nulli oni: occqsloeste curgeroo lcnl6. In line, cind rorcino oplicol6 dcpdplte g onumil6volocre,corerpunzdloore compoziliei 9i virslei, betonul re rupe. Vom exornino ccerle fenomene precunr penlruconfrolul ;i mijlooceleodecuote pc colitilii betonului ;onticre ti in conslrucli.

r. G0ITIRACIIA
B ET O NUL
ca..b WAII JtLf.,

seCONTRACTA USCARL prin

orfL gu$brdAl'

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trr.*ll

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I

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COMP RE S IUTIE

afu & $ola^+. ^L 'Rg*^e*ut di*hc dtlou'atb hamtuoll *'atkv. 'v$,6ii:.tsvaiUu!;r^dli l^fi Ul' co&Atfii't"l* msawtlul
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Detor*"{." blatd iru iarr c.l d;oy\k6 vnurtlr,tn,. e+,^,[rtitri.\t, ee o- {,\Lrfi&{q^i ,ti, bitrwnr^&i.
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DUPA

blutit, coht- cttui\t 'r* Yd."\ani Atc^.ttr;.,,',tYtryv.lnu.lu ch;.a; doa \ncdttttar,ts aiiwtir,l.;- c.otrtfadi'.

^ Le Mdl.,MAiJ

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* li

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50 k9

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19 100

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J&ii

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itatu l,;bil Ww $u\au t' Utweuotiln' $ t4Jlulutxt.

ITAR E D IS P OZITIVOE S OLIC LA C Ot4P FE S !i Tl i E

III. RUPEREA
Rl+t&e
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beLor+'"i.
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PRERUPERE

RUP E RE

lulst^L

tiw;'

wnoto(o*.

Lxo*r,imana, aausli.6 a, btlau,.1lui', 4sI44rA i* asr| r^d4 dda,eL $tr.ttxt r.M-^ ltu ca pir/tutt/tt/ a. irt,.d,rbL l,t 5075% di,/w tatLa ,a, dL UMt L,

qnlftrt^

Aua$L udni,

roat a,
04

aWAL u4.utIt ( a, u u.ato naltt+arfL ) .

AL V'L',^;UL dL o[roieil;;

ri
215 kg/cm

Rwole,nto Cr, tum,r.r

o ['cLo1ru.{er.! t'ri4 lan -

;.ffiff1$]f ilffi
. ,o(hr
*nt*A b cany*t't*.t 260 kglcnz &1J./|'Ju- dunomrnu ae uo&.,,nurgd!nolrr 'at c4r't4ttt'4rli" 26O kg/cmz

230 kg/cn2

"

,"- j

i.ro---frj

j.-t--

?tiks/cnz

*ntr

WJ (m 10
230 k g / c n z

-' Fa

1L...-

r-=iz

..f

1*.y a^qio ryq'

WL

'^";x\.d.u1t

u;a'

WJ ) < .15cm

T_J ( zoch )
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190 kg/cmz

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PEREII

PBINCIPALA FUNC?IUNE A ZIDULUI ESTE APARAREA IN?ERIORULUI CASEI IMPOTRIVA PEBTURBA. TIILOR EXTERIOARE: VABIATII DE TEMPERATURA, PLOI, UMIDITATE, ZCOMO1, SOCURI. ETC.

-_--l
Coefictbnl PROPR]ETATILE d. tnosoriterc ZlDURILOR e cdldurii
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lncovoen stdpangcn loceli

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t=-|-^..
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