Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Carte Gastroenterologie
Carte Gastroenterologie
CIJEVSCHI PRELIPCEAN
CĂTĂLINA
MIHAI
NOŢIUNI DE
GASTROENTEROLOGIE
ŞI HEPATOLOGIE
PENTRU STUDENŢI
Referenţi ştiinţifici:
Prof. Univ. Dr. Mircea DICULESCU, Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie
„Carol Davila” București
Prof. Univ. Dr. Dan DUMITRAȘCU, Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie „Iuliu
Hațieganu” Cluj Napoca
Toate drepturile asupra acestei lucrări aparţin autorului şi Editurii „Gr.T. Popa"
Iaşi. Nici o
parte din acest volum nu poate fi copiată sau transmisă prin nici un mijloc,
electronic sau
mecanic, inclusiv fotocopiere, fără permisiunea scrisă din partea autorului sau a
editurii.
Ac: anticorpi
AFP: alfafetoproteină
Ag: antigen
ALT: alaninaminotransferaza
EEG: electroencefalogramă
AST: aspartataminotransferaza
AZT: azatioprină
GGTP: gamaglutamiltranspeptidaza
HCC: hepatocarcinom
COX: ciclooxigenază
PMN: polimorfonucleare
Ps: prednison
RBV: ribavirină
IFN: interferon
Il: interleukină
LDH: lacticdehidrogenaza
MTS: metastaze
Introducere
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• În ultimii ani – progrese în acurateţea diagnosticului prin
cromoendoscopie, magnificaţie, “narrow band imaging”
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1
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Indicaţii:
– simptomatologie dispeptică la persoane în vârstă sau cu
“simptome de alarmă” (hemoragie gastrointestinală,
scădere ponderală, vărsături sugerând insuficienţă
evacuatorie gastrică, anemie etc. ) sau rebelă la
tratament
– disfagie
– ingestie de corpi străini, substanţe caustice
– hemoragie digestivă superioară (acută şi cronică)
– durere abdominală cronică
– boală inflamatorie intestinală (boală Crohn)
– suspiciune de neoplazie
– confirmare examen radiologic
– supraveghere leziuni preneoplazice
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Contraindicaţii:
– refuzul pacientului
– pacient necooperant, agitat
– suspiciune de perforaţie intestinală
– pacient în stare de şoc (EDS se va efectua după
echilibrare volemică)
– afecţiuni severe asociate (infarct de miocard
recent, accident vascular cerebral)
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! Consimţământ informat
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Pregătirea pacientului:
– repaus alimentar de cel puţin 6 ore
– în urgenţă (HDS) – spălături gastrice anterior
explorării
– anestezie topică faringiană – xilină
– decubit lateral stâng
– ±sedare iv – midazolam 2-5 mg
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Endoscopia digestivă superioară terapeutică
- HDS variceală: sclerozare endoscopică prin injectare de
substanţe sclerozante (moruat de sodiu, alcool absolut etc)
sau ligatură variceală cu benzi elastice
– HDS non – variceală: hemostază prin injectare de
epinefrină sau soluţie salină hipertonă, fotocoagulare laser,
electrocoagulare, termocoagulare, clipare
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– proteze
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– polipectomii
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– mucosectomie endoscopică
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Complicaţii:
– majore la 1/1000 - 1/3000 de endoscopii
• perforaţii ale esofagului, stomacului
• hemoragie
• aspiraţie pulmonară (mai frecvent la EDS cu sedare)
• aritmii cardiace severe
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– sedarea cu midazolam → reacţii alergice, hipotensiune,
depresie respiratorie
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Indicaţii:
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Contraindicaţii:
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– aceleaşi ca la endoscopie +
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– megacolon toxic
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Pregătire:
- Evacuarea colonului (fortrans, picoprep, clisme
evacuatorii)
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Complicaţii
– Complicaţii majore
• Perforaţia
• Hemoragia
• < 1% din colonoscopii, mai frecvent în cele terapeutice
(polipectomii)
– Alte complicaţii
• Aritmii cardiace
• Reacţii vasovagale
• Hipotensiune, insuficienţă cardiacă (pregătire
colonoscopie)
• Reacţii la medicamentele folosite pentru sedare
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Colangiopancreatografia endoscopică
retrogradă - ERCP
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- stentare endoscopică
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Enteroscopia
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CAPSULA ENDOSCOPICĂ
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Metodă
– Pacient a jéun de cel puţin 8 ore
– Ingerare capsulă cu un pahar cu apă
• interzis fumatul → modifică culoarea mucoasei
gastrice
• nu se administreză:
– antiacide → aderă la mucoasă → împiedică
vizualizarea
– antispastice → încetinesc tranzitul intestinal
– sucralfat
– preparate de fier
– narcotice
– La 2 ore de la ingestie sunt permise lichidele, la 4 ore
o gustare
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Indicaţii
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- boala Crohn
- hemoragia gastrointestinală de cauză obscură
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Indicaţii relative
- boala celiacă
- suspiciunea unei tumori maligne de intestin subţire
- polipoza intestinală ereditară (sindromul PeutzJeghers, polipoză juvenilă
familială)
- leziunile vasculare intestinale
- enteropatia indusă de AINS
- diareea cronică
- durerea abdominală (suspiciune de boală
organică)
- transplantul de intestin subţire (diagnosticul
rejetului de grefă)
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Contraindicaţii
– Stenoză, obstrucţie, fistulă (orice segment al tractului
gastrointestinal)
– Intervenţii chirurgicale majore anterioare
abdominale/pelvine
– Tulburări de deglutiţie
– Pseudo-obstrucţie intestinală
– Pacemaker cardiac sau alt dispozitiv electromedical
implantat
– Contraindicaţii relative: sarcină, diverticul Zenker,
gastropareză, diverticuloză intestinală (diverticuli
numeroşi şi voluminoşi)
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Complicaţii
1. Impactarea capsulei la nivelul unei stenoze
intestinale nediagnosticate anterior
2. Aspiraţia traheală a capsulei
3. Impactarea capsulei la nivel cricofaringian
4. Retenţia capsulei în diverticul Zenker
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Concluzii
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EXAMENUL RADIOLOGIC
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Ecografia abdominală
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Accesibilă
Ieftină
Neinvazivă
Repetabilă
Diagnostic pozitiv, diagnostic diferenţial, supraveghere,
puncţii ecoghidate – diagnostice şi terapeutice
Ficat, colecist, pancreas, splină, rinichi, pelvis, tub
digestiv, cavitate peritoneală, vase
Ecografie Doppler – vascularizaţie, flux vascular
Ecografie cu substanţă de contrast – caracterizarea
vasculară a formaţiunilor expansive, traumatismelor etc
Ecoendoscopia – profunzimea invaziei tumorale a
tubului digestiv, diagnosticul etiologic al icterului
obstructiv, permite manevre terapeutice (drenare
pseudochisturi pancreas etc)
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Computer tomografia
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Rezonanţa magnetică
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• Avantaje (comparativ cu CT): nu utilizează radiaţii
ionizante, nu necesită substanţă de contrast, înlătură
artefactele osoase
• Explorare hepatică (formaţiuni expansive hepatice,
supraâncărcare cu fier, tromboză portală)
• Colangiografia – RMN (MRCP) a înlocuit ERCP-ul
diagnostic
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Indicaţii:
– Evaluarea inflamaţiei, steatozei şi fibrozei în hepatitele cronice
virale, cu implicaţii terapeutice şi prognostice
– Formaţiuni expansive hepatice (ecoghidat)
– Diagnosticul bolilor colestatice, granulomatozelor hepatice
– Post-transplant hepatic în cazul rejetului de grefă
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Contraindicaţii:
– Timp de protrombină crescut, INR > 1.6
– Trombocitopenie < 60.000/mmc
– Ascită (se preferă calea transjugulară)
– Hemangioame hepatice
– Suspiciune de chist hidatic
– Pacient necooperant
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Complicaţii
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• includ:
- elastografia în timp real – HiRTE sau ARFI
- elastografia tranzitorie – Fibroscan-ul
- elastografia prin rezonanţă magnetică
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• Poate fi efectuată:
- aparat Hitachi – Hitachi Real – Time Tissue
Elastography (Hi RTE) – evaluează relativ elasticitatea
hepatică printr-o scală de culori: cu cât ţesutul hepatic
este mai dur – va predomina culoarea albastră
- aparat Siemens – Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse
(ARFI) – elasticitatea tisulară este cuantificată într-o arie
predefinită fiind exprimată în m/s
• Aceste două metode au avantajul determinării elasticităţii
tisulare în continuarea unei ecografii standard
• Necesită în continuare studii pentru validare în practica
clinică curentă
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Elastografia RMN
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Metode serologice de apreciere a
fibrozei hepatice
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Fibrotest/Actitest
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FibroMax
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FibroMax
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FibroMax
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Manometria
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• Indicaţii:
- tulburări motorii esofagiene
- durere toracică non-cardiacă
- BRGE sever, pentru evaluarea peristalticii şi a SEI
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• Bilitech
- aprecierea refluxului alcalin
- colecistectomizaţi, stomac operat
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Alte explorări
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DISPEPSIA
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Definiţie
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Epidemiologie
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Clasificare şi etiologie
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A.
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B. Dispepsia funcţională
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• Roma I şi Roma II: dispepsia – durere şi discomfort în
abdomenul superior
• Roma III – păstrează definiţia şi adaugă simptomele
cardinale ale dispepsiei:
• durere epigastrică
• arsură epigastrică
• plenitudine postprandială
• saţietate precoce
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Fiziopatologie
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Diagnostic pozitiv ( 1- 4)
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+
- examen baritat cu
suspiciuni de diagnostic
- masă abdominală
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Diagnostic diferenţial
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2) colonul iritabil
- asociază în ≈ 50 % din cazuri simptomatologie
dispeptică
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Principii de tratament
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• Regimul igienodietetic
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Tratamentul medicamentos (1 – 5)
–
–
–
–
–
eradicarea Hp
tratament antisecretor
medicamente cu efecte asupra activităţii motorii şi reflexe
medicamente cu efect antinociceptiv
terapii alternative
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1. Eradicarea Hp
- eradicarea Hp are, comparativ cu tratamentul
antisecretor, efect benefic mic
- singurul argument (cercetători japonezi ) pentru care se
indică eradicarea Hp este legat de profilaxia ulcerului
peptic şi a cancerului gastric noncardial
2. Medicaţia antisecretoare
- este superioară tratamentului de eradicare Hp în
dispepsie
- durata tratamentului este de 2-8 săptămâni
- acţiunea benefică se bazează pe diminuarea acidităţii
şi sensibilităţii duodenale
- IPP > inhibitorii H2 > placebo
- beneficii > ca primă linie de tratament în “epigastric
pain syndrome “ comparativ cu “postprandial dystress
syndrome”
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3. Medicamente cu efect asupra activităţii motorii şi reflexe
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– Eritromicina
• macrolid, agonist al receptorilor motilinici
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– Tegaserod
• agonist al receptorului 5 hidroxitriptaminic
• administrat 6 mg x 2/zi accelerează evacuare gastrică
pe voluntarii sănătoşi şi la pacienţii cu dispepsie
– Levosulpiride
• antagonist dopaminergic cu efecte favorabile în special
în dispepsia prin dismotilitate
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HELICOBACTER PYLORI –
DUPĂ MASTRICHT IV
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Helicobacter pylori
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•
•
•
•
•
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Istoric
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Testarea Helicobacter pylori
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Teste noninvazive:
- confirmă primo-infecţia
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• Ag în scaun
- de primă intenţie la persoane < 45 ani, cu sindrom dispeptic,
dar fără semne de alarmă sau istoric de cancer familial
- reduce numărul de endoscopii
- specificitate 98%
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• Serologia
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Teste invazive:
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- metodă laborioasă
- incubare în medii speciale 3-5 zile
- indicată în: - cazurile în care rezistenţa la antibiotic este peste 15 –
20% în aria geografică respectivă
- după eşecul a 2 cure de eradicare
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Diagnosticul eficienţţei tratamentului
infecţţiei Hp
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• Ag în scaun
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Indicaţţii
• UD/UG (activ sau complicat)
• Limfom tip MALT
• Gastrita atrofică
- pangastrită → atrofie şi metaplazie intestinală→
adenocarcinom
- reversibilitatea leziunilor după eradicare → subiect
controversat
• Gastrita de bont (stomac operat pentru cancer gastric)
• Pacienţii cu rude de gradul I cu istoric de cancer gastric
• La cererea pacientului (consultarea prealabilă a medicului
curant)
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_____________________________________
•
•
•
•
•
Dispepsia functională
Boala de reflux gastroesofagian (BRGE)
Antiinflamatorii nesteroidiene (AINS)
Pediatrie
Alte afecţiuni (trombocitopenie idiopatică, anemia prin deficit
de fier, deficitul de vitamină B12)
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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23
_____________________________________
Dispepsia funcţională
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
BRGE
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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24
_____________________________________
Populaţia pediatrică
• Ulcerul peptic
• Copiii cu antecedente heredocolaterale de ulcer peptic
sau cancer gastric - testaţi şi trataţi
• Anemia neexplicată şi colica abdominală recurentă testare Hp
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Alte afecţiuni
• Trombocitopenia idiopatică (TIP)
- > 50% din cei cu TIP au infecţie Hp
- eradicarea infecţiei Hp se însoţeşte de remisiunea
parţială sau totală a trombocitopeniei (explicată prin
reactivitatea încrucişată ale Ag de suprafaţă ale plachetei
şi Hp)
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
generală.
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
• OMS clasifică Hp: “carcinogen de grup I”
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
CLARITROMICINA
METRONIDAZOL
AMOXICILINA
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
1.
IPP
500mg x 2/zi
2.
IPP
500mg x 2/zi
1000 mg x 2/zi
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
500 mg x 2/zi
_____________________________________
Qvadrupla terapie: SUBCITRAT DE BISMUT COLOIDAL 140mg x4/zi +
METRONIDAZOL 125 mg x4/zi+
TETRACICLINA 125 mg x4/zi+
IPP (20mgx2/zi) (pastilă unică!)
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
25
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
• Efecte secundare:
- dispepsie, diaree
- diareea este de obicei tranzitorie şi autolimitată (cazuri rare cu
Clostridium difficile); se recomandă folosirea probioticelor
- sunt mai frecvente în combinaţia Claritromicină - Amoxicilină
(20%) comparativ cu Claritromicina şi Metronidazol, motiv
pentru care se recomandă Metronidazolul în zonele în care
rezistenţa la acesta este <15-20%
- unele probiotice şi prebiotice îmbunătăţesc rezultatele
tratamentului prin ↓ efectelor secundare
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
• Complianţă redusă
• Rezistenţă primară la antibiotice
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Bismut
Subcitrat de
bismut 120
mg x 4/zi
sau
Amoxicilină
1g x 2 / zi
Tetraciclină
Metronidazol
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
500 mg x 3/zi
500 mg x 3/zi
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
26
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
• Rezistenţa secundară:
- metronidazol 60-70%
- claritromicină 30 %
• Cea de-a doua linie de tratament determină eradicarea
infecţiei Hp în 75% din cazuri
• În zonele cu rezistenţă la claritromicină după eşecul
qvadruplei terapii se recomandă tripla terapie cu
levofloxacina
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Terapia secvenţială
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
93%
94%
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
• Terapia secvenţială - eradicare semnificativ mai mare
comparativ cu terapia convenţională 10 zile.
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
27
_____________________________________
Reinfecţţia
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Vaccinarea pentru Hp
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Concluzii
_____________________________________
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28
BOALA DE REFLUX
GASTROESOFAGIAN
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Definiţie:
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Alţi termeni:
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Epidemiologie
_____________________________________
- extrem de frecventă
- în ţările dezvoltate
-25% din populaţie pirozis - o dată / săptămână
-7% pirozis - o dată / zi
- prevalenţa în creştere - dublarea în ultimele 2 decade
- distribuţia - egală pe sexe
_____________________________________
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29
_____________________________________
Etiopatogenie
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
Patogenie
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Tablou clinic
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
I. Manifestări digestive
• Pirozis (arsură retrosternală, accentuată de alcool, alimente
iritante, fierbinţi, clinostatism)
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
30
II . Manifestări extradigestive
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Explorări paraclinice
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
I. Endoscopia
- indicată la toţi pacienţii cu simptome de alarmă pentru
BRGE cât şi la cei care nu răspund la tratament
- specificitate foarte bună (90-95%), diagnostic etiologic şi
al complicaţiilor BRGE
- exclude afecţiuni asociate (ulcere gastrice, duodenale)
- permite tratamentul în unele complicaţii ale BRGE
(stenoze, esofag Barrett)
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
•
Simptomele de alarmă în BRGE: disfagia, odinofagia,
scăderea în greutate, anemia, HDS, istoric de cancer de
tract digestiv superior
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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31
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_____________________________________
V. Scintigrafia
_____________________________________
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32
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
VI. BILITECH
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Diagnosticul complicaţiilor
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
•
•
•
•
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
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33
III. Hemoragia digestivă superioară (2-6%)
• este relativ rară, legată de BRGE complicată (ulcere, EB)
• pierderi de sânge cronice, evidenţiate prin anemie
hipocromă, feriprivă în BRGE complicată
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
• complicaţie a EB
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Diagnostic diferenţial
_____________________________________
I. Afecţiuni esofagiene
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
34
_____________________________________
Tratament
_____________________________________
BRGE necomplicatăă
_____________________________________
Obiective:
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
•
•
•
•
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Regimul igieno-dietetic
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
• Interzicerea fumatului
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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35
_____________________________________
Tratamentul medicamentos
_____________________________________
1. Medicatia antiacidăă
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Avantaje: - ieftine
- acţiune favorabilă imediată
- perioade scurte de timp, remisie de moment a
simptomatologiei
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
2 . Medicaţţia antisecretorie
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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36
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Efectele secundare
• Minore: cefalee, diaree
• Severe: - precipită osteoporoza ± fracturi osoase
- nefrite interstiţiale
- hepatite
- atrofie gastrică, polipi
- precipită evoluţia colitei cu Clostridium difficile
Noi agenţţi terapeutici
Dexlansoprazolul (SUA) (tb 30mg) cu eliberare lentă.
- tratamentul simptomelor de reflux → vindecare esofagită
indiferent de severitate după 8 săptămâni de tratament
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Medicaţia prokinetică
_____________________________________
• Determină acentuarea golirii gastrice, creşterea presiunii
SEI,creşterea clearance-ului esofagian
Metoclorpramida (10 mgx 3/zi)
- ameliorează acuzele
- cu 30 min înainte de mese
subiective
- utilizare limitată – efecte de tip
- nu ameliorează
Extrapiramidal şi psihotrop (vârstnic)
aspectul
Domperidonul (10mgx3/zi)
endoscopic şi
- efecte secundare mai puţine
histopatologic
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Sucralfatul 1000 mg x 4 / zi
• cu 30 minute înainte de mese şi la culcare (peliculă
protectoare)
• esofagita de grad III sau IV
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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37
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Tratament chirurgical
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Indicaţii:
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
NB. complicaţii - 20-50% din cazuri
- deces postoperator 0,4-1,5% (laparoscopic < chirurgie
clasică)
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Tratamentul endoscopic
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
38
_____________________________________
Tratamentul complicaţţiilor
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Stenoze esofagiene:
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Esofagul Barrett
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Esofagita alcalină
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
39
40
TULBURĂRI MOTORII
ESOFAGIENE
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Etiologie
_____________________________________
I. Primare
II. Secundare
– Afecţiuni metabolice (diabet zaharat)
– Intoxicaţii (alcoolism)
– Afecţiuni endocrine(hipo şi hipertiroidie)
– Afecţiuni neurologice (accidente vasculare cerebrale,
pseudobulbarism, Parkinson)
– Afecţiuni musculare (miastenia gravis)
– Colagenoze (lupus eritematos sistemic, sclerodermie)
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Cu afectarea relaxării
joncţiunii eso-gastrice
- Absenţa peristalticii
- Peristaltică hipotensivă
(intermitentă, frecventă)
- Peristaltică hipertensivă
- Esofagul “spărgător de nuci”
- Spasmul esofagian
(segmentar sau difuz)
41
_____________________________________
ACALAZIA CARDIEI
_____________________________________
• Definiţie:
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
• Epidemiologie
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
- 20-60 de ani
-F B
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Etiopatogenie
_____________________________________
Teorii :
- virală (varicela zoster, rujeolă)
- toxică
- genetică (mai frecvent la pacienţii cu sindrom Down,
sindrom AAA: acalazie, alacrimie, Adisson)
- autoimună (cea mai acceptată teorie – infiltrarea
plexului mienteric cu limfocite CD3 – CD8 pozitive, Ac
IgM, activarea complementului)
Modificăări la nivelul sistemului nervos:
- afectarea selectivă a neuronilor inhibitori de la nivelul
plexului mienteric, cu producerea de VIP, NO şi infiltrat
inflamator - disfuncţia SEI
- modificări degenerative la nivelul nucleului dorsal al
vagului şi a ramurilor vagale
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Tablou clinic
_____________________________________
1.
Disfagia
- localizare la nivelul esofagului inferior, retroxifoidian
- debut insidios, sau brusc după stress
- poziţii care cresc presiunea intratoracică (Valsalva,
ridicarea braţelor, îndreptarea spatelui)
- 50% disfagie paradoxală
2. Durerea toracică anterioară
- de obicei la început, înainte de dilatarea esofagului
- iradiază la nivel cervical şi omoplaţi
- acalazia “viguroasă”
3. Regurgitaţia
- alimente nedigerate, amestecate cu salivă (NU cu acid
sau bilă)
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
42
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
4. Pirozisul
- produs de acidul lactic ce rezultă din fermentaţia
alimentelor şi nu de RGE
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Diagnostic paraclinic
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
• EDS
• Manometria
• Examenul radiologic
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
EDS
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
de
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
43
_____________________________________
Manometrie
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
44
_____________________________________
Examenul radiologic
_____________________________________
• Rx.torace
- nivel hidro-aeric mediastinal
- ± dispariţia camerei cu aer a stomacului
- complicaţii pulmonare
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Diagnostic diferenţial
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Complicaţii
_____________________________________
• Esofagiene
- esofagită
- HDS
- cancer esofagian (risc de 7x ! comparativ cu populaţia
generală, atât pentru carcinom scuamos, cât şi
adenocarcinom, în special la sexul masculin); nu există
ghiduri pentru screening!
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
• Pulmonare
- bronşite, bronşiectazii
- infiltrate pulmonare
- abces pulmonar
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
45
_____________________________________
Tratament
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
MEDICAL
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
ENDOSCOPIC
CHIRURGICAL
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Tratament medical
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Tratament endoscopic
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
46
Tratament endoscopic
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Tratament chirurgical
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
• EDS:
– inele etajate
– exclude alte cauze de disfagie
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
47
SPASMUL DIFUZ ESOFAGIAN
• Manometria esofagianăă
- contracţii aperistaltice ca răspuns la mai mult de 30% din
deglutiţii
- creşterea amplitudinii şi duratei undelor peristaltice
- presiunea SEI şi relaxare la deglutiţie normale
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
• Diagnostic diferenţial:
- achalazia cardiei( manometrie, EDS, examen radiologic)
- cancer esofagian
- stenoza esofagiană peptică
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
• Tratament
- relaxante musculare (nitraţi, nifedipin)
- IPP (legătură RGE – SDE?)
- anxiolitice, antidepresive
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
48
CANCERUL ESOFAGIAN
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Epidemiologie
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
•
•
•
•
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Cancer esofagian
1. Adenocarcinom
2. Scuamos
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Factori de risc
•
Adenocarcinom
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Barett segment lung), hernia hiatală voluminoasă
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
- obezitatea
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
49
Factori de risc
_____________________________________
• Carcinom scuamos
- fumat, alcool
- marii fumători-risc de 5x> comparativ cu nefumătorii
- alcoolici risc de 20-50X >
- tutunul+ alcoolul (efect sinergic) x100 >
- statusul socio-economic precar
- dietă săracă în legume, fructe, vitamine (B,C), Mg, Zn,
proteine
- afecţiuni esofagiene: acalazia cardiei, stenozele esofagiene,
sindrom Plummer Vinson
- cancer căi aero-digestive superioare
- tyloza (keratodermie plantară şi palmară, papiloame
esofagiene şi cancer esofagian) – se transmite autosomal
dominant
- factori posibili implicaţi: concentraţia de molibden din sol,
petrol, solvenţi, virusul papilomatos uman, boala celiacă
- radiaţiile toracice pentru cancer de sân cresc de 10x riscul de
cancer esofagian
Tablou clinic
_____________________________________
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• de la instalarea semnelor de alarmă până la momentul
diagnosticului 1-2 luni
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
Explorări paraclinice
_____________________________________
EDS
CE precoce (limitat la mucoasă şi submucoasă fără
metastaze ganglionare): zonă supradenivelată minim,
ulceraţie superficială, polip
- cromoscopia, magnificaţia, „narrow band imaging”
(NBI) cresc calitatea diagnosticului endoscopic
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50
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
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Explorăările biologice
• nu aduc date suplimentare pentru diagnostic
• anemie
• teste hepatice alterate în cazul metastazelor
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Evoluţie, prognostic
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Tratament
•
•
•
•
_____________________________________
Chirurgical
Endoscopic
Radioterapie
Chimioterapie
_____________________________________
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51
_____________________________________
Tratament chirurgical
_____________________________________
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Tratament endoscopic
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Radioterapia, chimioterapia
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52
ULCERUL GASTRIC
ŞI DUODENAL
_____________________________________
Definiţie
_____________________________________
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Epidemiologie
_____________________________________
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Etiopatogenie (1 – 9)
_____________________________________
1.
_____________________________________
2.
_____________________________________
3.
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
4. Alimentatia
- anumite alimente pot favoriza dispepsia dar nu există
relaţie directă dietă – ulcer, inclusiv pentru alcool şi cafea
53
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
5. Stress - ul
- relatie între peptidele cerebrale şi tubul digestiv prin
influenţarea secreţiei şi motilităţii gastrice
- stress - ul acut - ulcere de stress
- gastrita hemoragică acută
- stress - ul cronic – factor ulcerogen
6. Boli asociate
- asociere certă: mastocitoza sistemică, boli pulmonare
cronice, IRC, CH, litiaza renală, deficitul de alfa-1 antitripsină
- asociere probabilă: hiperparatiroidismul, bolile coronariene,
policitemia vera, pancreatita cronică
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_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
7. Factorul genetic
- Rudele de grd I ale pacienţilor cu UD – risc de 3 x >
- grupul sanguin O(I) , nesecretor - risc 1,5 x >
_____________________________________
Rol HP?
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
8.
_____________________________________
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9. Cauze rare
- infecţii: citomegalovirus, herpes simplex
- medicamente: bisfosfonaţii, chimioterapia, clopidogrel,
glucocorticoizii, clorura de potasiu
- alte afecţiuni: boli mieloproliferative, obstrucţie duodenală
(ex. pancreas inelar), ischemie, radioterapie, sarcoidoză,
boală Crohn
_____________________________________
Fiziopatologie
_____________________________________
Factori de agresiune
Factori de apărare
Acidul clorhidric
Preepitelial
- masa celulelor parietale
- mucus
- tonusul vagal
- bicarbonat
- hipersecreţia şi sensibilitatea la gastrină
- eliberare crescută de histamină
Epitelial
Pepsina
- refacerea ţesuturilor
- pepsinogenul I
- celule epiteliale
Refluxul duodeno – gastric
- prostaglandine
- factor epidermal de
creştere
- săruri biliare
- secreţia pancreatică
Subepitelial
- secreţia intestinală
- flux sanguin
(microcirculatie)
- aport nutritiv
- oxigenare
54
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Morfopatologie
_____________________________________
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Macroscopic
- majoritatea – unice; 5% - 10% - ulcere duble/multiple
- localizarea – UD - peretele anterior sau posterior duodenal
- UG - mica curbură verticală (cel mai frecvent)
- forma - rotundă / ovalară; pot fi - triunghiulare, în “halteră”,
în “rachetă de tenis”
- dimensiuni – minime – gigante (3-4 cm)
- pliuri – convergente spre craterul ulceros
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Microscopic
_____________________________________
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Tablou clinic
- Durerea epigastrică
- ritmicitatea - UD - tardiv post alimentar (90 min – 3 h)
- trezeşte pacientul noaptea (0 – 3 am)
- UG – la 30 min – 1h postprandial
- periodicitate – primăvara , toamna
- calmată de alimente în UD, poate fi accentuată în UG
- Greţuri , vărsături acide
- Scăderea în greutate şi anorexia – UG
- Nu există corelaţie clinico – lezională
- Pot debuta printr-o complicaţie
Examen obiectiv
- facies “ulceros” – “supt”, cu pomeţi proeminenţi
- complicaţii – paloare, tahicardie, abdomen de lemn, clapotaj
- palpare – sensibilitate epigastrică sau paraombilical drept
_____________________________________
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Diagnostic
_____________________________________
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• EDS
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55
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Nişa
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Diagnostic diferenţial
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56
_____________________________________
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• Dispepsia de tip ulceros
- simptome identice
- diagnostic - endoscopic - absenţa leziunilor ulceroase
_____________________________________
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• Esofagita de reflux
- formele cu pirozis
- accentuarea simptomelor în clinostatism
- cedarea rapidă la antiacide
- endoscopie - prezenţa esofagitei
- absenţa ulcerului
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• Duodenita
- poate avea simptomatologie ulceroasă
- endoscopic - modificări de duodenită (edem, congestie,
eroziuni)
- tratament antiulceros – eficient
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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• Colonul iritabil
- în formele cu predominenţa durerilor epigastrice
- asociază tulburări de tranzit
- lipsa modificărilor endoscopice
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• Cancerul gastric
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57
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Evoluţie. Complicaţii
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Complicaţii
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Evaluarea preendoscopică
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58
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•
Putere discriminatorie
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• Factorii clinici:
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59
Evaluarea endoscopică
(recurenţa şi prognosticul – Forrest, Laine, Peterson)
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Frecvenţa
resângerării
55%-90%
IA
IB
IIA
Prelingere continuă,
nepulsatilă a sângelui dintro leziune
Vase vizibile nesângerânde
40%-55%
IIB
Cheag aderent
10%-33%
IIC
7%-10%
3%-5%
III
_____________________________________
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55%-90%
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Tratamentul HDS
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
• Medicamentos
• Endoscopic
• Chirurgical
_____________________________________
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Tratament medicamentos
(antisecretorii şi substanţe vasoactive)
_____________________________________
Antisecretorii
• Agregabilitatea plachetară, stabilitate cheag pH>6
• Inhibitorii H2 → nu reduc statistic semnificativ şi susţinut
aciditatea
• IPP: bolus 80mg
+
perfuzie 8mg/oră 72 ore
↓
↓
Menţinerea constantă
Inhibare rapidă şi
completă a pompei
a concentraţiei IPP în
de protoni
sânge, pH>6
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60
Tratamentul endoscopic
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Tratament chirurgical
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Perforaţia
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
• perforatia
Factori favorizanţi:
• persoane în vârstă
• consumul de AINS
• fumatul
• localizarea - faţa anterioară a bulbului în UD
- mica curbură UG
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61
• Tablou clinic
durere
- intensitate mare (“lovitură de pumnal”), difuză,
iradiază în abdomenul inferior
- însoţită de stare de şoc
- poate apărea în plină sănătate sau în cursul
unei perioade de activitate
- acompaniată de greaţă, vărsături
• Examen obiectiv
- pacient anxios, ghemuit de durere, polipneic, tahicardic,
eventual subfebril
- apărare musculară ; abdomen “de lemn”
- dispariţia matităţii hepatice
- dispariţia zgomotelor hidroaerice
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Examene de laborator
- VSH ↑
- leucocitoză
- penetraţie - pancreas - ↑ amilaze serice şi urinare
- căi biliare – ↑ bilirubinei
- hepatică - ↑ transaminazelor
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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Rx abdominală simplă
- aer în cavitatea peritoneală (subdiafragmatic):
pneumoperitoneu
- examen baritat, gastroscopie - contraindicate
_____________________________________
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62
_____________________________________
Examen obiectiv
- diminuarea ţesutului adipos (uneori emaciere)
- deshidratare – tegumente uscate, elasticitate redusă
- sensibilitate epigastrică
- evidenţierea peristalticii gastrice
- clapotaj a jeune
Examene de laborator
- anemie
- hipoproteinemie cu hipoalbuminemie
- sindrom Darrow: tulburări ale echilibrului acido – bazic –
alcaloză, hipopotasemie, hiponatremie, retenţie azotată
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EDS
- metoda de elecţie
- de preferat să se efectueze după golirea stomacului
- se poate aprecia
- gradului stenozei
- posibilităţile terapeutice: dilatarea
endoscopică a stenozei
- se pot evidenţia ulcerele gastrice/pilorice
Examen radiologic
- Rx simplă - nivel hidroaeric gastric
- Rx cu bariu – dilatarea stomacului (stomac în chiuvetă)
- reziduu important (fulgi de zăpadă)
- lipsa de pasaj duodenal
- stagnarea substanţei de contrast în stomac
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PRINCIPII DE TRATAMENT
ÎN ULCERUL PEPTIC NECOMPLICAT
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_____________________________________
Are în vedere :
• ameliorarea simptomatologiei
• vindecarea ulcerului peptic: eradicare Hp, neutralizarea şi
inhibarea secreţiei clorhidropeptice
• prevenirea complicaţiilor
• scăderea frecvenţei recăderilor
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63
_____________________________________
Regimul igienodietetic
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• evitarea fumatului!
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Terapia medicamentoasă
_____________________________________
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Eradicarea Hp
_____________________________________
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Inhibitori ai acidităţii
Antiacide
Antagonişti receptori H2
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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Protectori ai mucoasei
_____________________________________
Sucralfat
_____________________________________
Prostaglandine
_____________________________________
Preparate de bismut
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64
_____________________________________
Antiacidele
_____________________________________
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Antiacidele
_____________________________________
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Antisecretoriile
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65
_____________________________________
Antagoniştii H2
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Medicament
Doză
Cimetidina
Ranitidina
Famotidina
40 mg sau 20 mg x 2/zi
Nizatidina
Observaţii
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Nu interferă cu
metabolismul
citocromului P450
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
• reduse
• inhibă receptorii H2 şi din alte organe (de exemplu inimă →
tulburări de ritm - bradicardie şi tulburări de conducere)
• efect antiandrogenic → ginecomastie, impotenţă
• central, în special la vârstnici: ameţeli, somnolenţă
• sindrom moderat de citoliză
• legat de citocromul P450 interferă cu unele medicamente:
teofilina, fenitoina, lidocaina
• leucopenie
• rash
• constipaţie sau diaree
• cimetidina şi ranitidina interferă cu alcool dehidrogenaza
(scade toleranţa la alcool)
_____________________________________
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66
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Efecte secundare :
• Pneumonii (atenţie la vârstnici!)
• Infecţii intestinale (Clostridium difficile!)
• Malabsorbţie: vitamina B12, Fe, magneziu, calciu (cresc riscul
de osteoporoză!)
• Nefrită acută interstiţială – foarte rară
• Interferă cu alte medicamente metabolizate prin citocromului
P450 (morfina, fenitoina, clopidogrel)
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Omeprazolul → 40 mg /zi
Lansoprazolul → 30 mg/zi
Pantoprazolul → 40 mg/zi
Esomeprazolul → 40 mg/zi
_____________________________________
Forme de prezentare:
- Granule sau tablete cu înveliş enteric
- Lansoprazolul – comprimate cu dezintegrare în cavitatea orală (utile în
disfagie!)
- Pantoprazolul, Omeprazolul, Esomeprazolul – forme injectabile
- Omeprazolul – granule fără înveliş enteric cu bicarbonat de sodiu sub
formă de pulbere – poate fi administrat pe sondă naso-gastrică
_____________________________________
Viitor:
• Tenatoprazol: înlocuirea inelului benzimidazolic cu unul
imidazopiridinic → inhibarea ireversibilă a pompei de protoni
• Compuşi potasici care vor neutraliza pompa (H, K, ATP-aza) prin
legare competitivă
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67
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
• Sucralfatul
_____________________________________
• Prostaglandinele
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Sucralfatul
_____________________________________
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68
_____________________________________
Sucralfatul
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Important!
• este la fel de eficient ca şi inhibitorii H2 în tratamentul ulcerului
peptic
• efecte foarte bune în :
- gastrita indusă prin consum de AINS
- esofagita erozivă
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Prostaglandinele
•
_____________________________________
Misoprostol (Cytotec R)
- se administrează în 2 sau 4 prize (tb 200 mg), 800
mg/24 ore
- în special în ulcerele şi eroziunile gastrice legate de
tratamentul cu AINS
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69
Forme clinice de ulcere şi atitudinea
terapeutică
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_____________________________________
Tratament chirurgical
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
• Indicaţii:
- electiv: ulcerul refractar
- în urgenţă: HDS, perforaţia, insuficienţa
evacuatorie gastrică
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Complicaţii postoperatorii
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ulcerul recurent
Sindromul de ansă aferentă
Sindromul Dumping
Diareea postvagotomie
Gastropatia de reflux biliar
Maldigestia, malabsorbţia
Cancerul de bont gastric
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70
CANCERUL GASTRIC
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Date generale
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Epidemiologie
• extrem de frecvent în Japonia (40 de decese/100.000
locuitori/an), Europa de Est
• frecvenţă scăzută în America de Nord şi Europa de Vest
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• bărbaţi:femei – 2:1
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71
Factori de risc şi afecţiuni cu risc
crescut în CG
1. Infecţia cu H. pylori
2. Dieta
3. Leziunile precanceroase
• anemia Biermer
• gastrita atrofică cu metaplazie intestinală
• polipii gastrici adenomatoşi
• ulcerul gastric
• stomacul operat pentru ulcer
• gastrita Menetrier
4. Factorii ereditari
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1.
•
•
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•
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2. Dieta
– factori de risc
• alimentele sărate, conservate, afumate (conţin
hidrocarburi policiclice)
• nitraţii - sub acţiunea nitrat-reductazelor sunt
transformaţi în nitriţi (această transformare este blocată
prin congelarea produselor alimentare ceea ce explică
parţial scăderea incidenţei CG în ultimii 50 de ani)
• fumatul
– efect protector
• dieta bogată în legume, fructe, lapte, fibre, vitamine din
grupul B şi în special vitamina C ( inhibă transformarea
nitraţilor în nitriţi )
• posibil: βcarotenul , alfatocoferolul şi seleniul
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72
3. Leziunile precanceroase
– Anemia Biermer
• atrofia gastrică - factor favorizant pentru CG
• puţini bolnavi cu anemie Biermer fac CG
(supravegherea endoscopică la aceşti pacienţi este
controversată)
– Gastrita cronică atrofică cu metaplazie intestinală
• cascada precanceroasă Pelayo Correa
• factorii dietetici (exces de sare, nitrosamine, deficitul
de fructe, etc) şi infecţia cronică cu Hp determină
inflamaţie locală → gastrită superficială → atrofie
gastrică (pierderea glandelor) → metaplazie de tip
intestinal → displazie → cancer
– Ulcerul gastric
• UG se poate transforma în CG, procesul de
malignizare începe în marginile ulcerului
• rol important revine infecţiei Hp
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4. Factorii ereditari
– componenta genetică
• rudele de gradul I ale pacienţilor cu CG dezvoltă mai
frecvent gastrită atrofică (34%) şi CG
– pacienţii cu polipoză adenomatoasă familială ( FAP)
• adenoame gastrice în proporţie de 35-100%
• CG este de 10 ori mai frecvent comparativ cu
populaţia generală
– polipoza juvenilă se însoţeşte de CG într-o proporţie
de12-20%
– pacienţii cu cancer colorectal nonpolipozic (HNPCC)
• pot avea în 10% din cazuri şi CG de tip intestinal
– grupa sanguină A mai frecvent afectată
– mutaţie CDH1 în CG ereditar difuz
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Clasificare
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Stadializare
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Tablou clinic
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75
- Simptome datorate complicaţiilor
– HDS → melenă, mai rar hematemeză (10%)
– abdomen acut (perforaţie tumorală)
– vărsături fecaloide (fistulă gastrocolică)
– durere epigastrică iradiată interscapulovertebral ( penetrare
în pancreas)
– metastaze
• hepatice (40%) → icter şi hepatomegalie
• peritoneale – ascită carcinomatoasă
• invazia axului splenoportal → splenomegalie
• pleuropulmonare → tuse rebelă, hemoptizii sau pleurezie
• ovariene → tumoră Krukenberg
• meningeale cu sindrom meningian
• ganglionare – adenopatie supraclaviculară stângă
(Virchow Troisier), axilară (Irish) sau infiltraţie ombilicală
(“Sister Mary Joseph”), fund de sac Douglas (Blumer)
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Examen obiectiv
–
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inspecţie
• tegumente palide sau icterice la un pacient
emaciat, cu facies suferind
• semne de iritaţie meningeală (în metastazele
meningeale)
• formaţiune care bombează în epigastru
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palpare
• formaţiune palpabilă epigastrică
• hepatomegalie tumorală (metastaze hepatice)
• ascită (carcinomatoză peritoneală)
• splenomegalie (HTP segmentară)
• prezenţa adenopatiilor supraclaviculare stângi
sau axilare
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Diagnostic paraclinic
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I)
–
–
–
–
II)
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•
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V. Echoendoscopia (EUS)
identifică profunzimea invaziei CG
decelează ganglionii limfatici perigastrici cu
acurateţe comparabilă cu CT
delimitează CG precoce de cel avansat:
- în CG precoce invazia este limitată la
mucoasă şi submucoasă
- în CG avansat procesul tumoral penetrează
toate straturile peretelui gastric
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VI.
Echografia abdominală
- poate evidenţia îngroşarea peretelui gastric (peste 8 mm)
- neoplasmul antral în secţiune sagitală – imagine în
„cocardă”, de dimensiuni mari, cu zonă hipoechogenă
periferică groasă care înconjoară o alta centrală
hiperreflectogenă (aer gastric)
- metastaze ganglionare, hepatice, ascită carcinomatoasă
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Diagnostic pozitiv
• Circumstanţe de diagnostic
- simptomatologie clinică trenantă de tip dispeptic,
rebelă la tratament, asociată cu semne de alarmă
(scădere ponderală, inapetenţă, etc) la pacienţi peste
45 de ani
- antecedente de ulcer gastric, polipi gastrici, gastrită
Menetrier, FAP etc
- examen radiologic cu suspiciune de CG
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• Bilanţul extensiei: radiografie toracică, echografie
abdominală standard, echoendoscopie şi/sau CT
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Diagnostic diferenţial
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78
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Evoluţie. Prognostic
– diseminare prin : contiguitate, limfatic, hematogen
– prognostic sever: vârsta tânără, localizarea înaltă, tipul
histologic infiltrativ difuz
– în Japonia la 5 ani supravieţuirea este de
• 89% în cancerul precoce
• 46% în cancerele gastrice avansate
– CG cu metastaze hepatice, fără tratament →
supravieţuire de 4-6 luni
– carcinomatoza peritoneală → supravieţuire de 4-6
săptămâni
– rezecţie gastrică - supravieţuire la 5 ani:
• 90% în stadiul I
• 50% în stadiul II
• 10% în stadiul III
• 1% în stadiul IV
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Complicaţii
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–
–
–
–
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–
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Screeening şi supraveghere
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Tratament
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•
•
-
CG precoce
mucosectomia endoscopică are viză curativă
indicaţii: tipul I < 10 mm, IIa < 20 mm, IIb
pentru CG precoce ulcerat se preferă intervenţia
chirurgială
CG avansat
tratament chirurgical
radioterapie
chimioterapie
tratament suportiv
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Tratamentul chirurgical
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Radioterapia
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Chimioterapia
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Tratamentul suportiv
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• Tratamentul durerii
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LIMFOMUL GASTRIC
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Tablou clinic
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Explorări paraclinice
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82
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Tratament
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Principii :
• abordare complexă, multidisciplinară: gastroenterolog,
hematolog şi chirurg
• tratament diferenţiat, întrucât acest grup de neoplasme este
extrem de heterogen
• iniţierea tratamentului se face după:
– stabilirea tipului de limfom şi a gradului de malignitate
– stadializarea bolii
– stabilirea particularităţilor ( formă localizată, difuză)
– evaluarea complicaţiilor
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83
84
PATOLOGIA
INTESTINULUI SUBŢIRE
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Simptomatologie
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• Durerea abdominală
• Greţurile, vărsăturile (ocluzie)
• Hemoragia digestivă (melenă, rar hematemeză, sângerări
oculte, anemie)
• Tulburările de tranzit (diaree, constipaţie)
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Examen obiectiv
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General
• faciesul peritoneal
• atitudini antalgice uneori caracteristice
• paloarea tegumentelor
• emaciere
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85
• Inspecţia abdomenului :
- modificări de volum: bombare - simetrică (meteorism),
- asimetrică (tumori)
- imobilitatea peretelui (peritonită)
- mişcări antiperistaltice (ocluzie)
• Palparea – superficială: abdomen flasc (malabsorţie); apărare
sau contractură abdominală (iritaţie peritoneală)
- profundă – identificare formaţiuni tumorale
• Percuţia
- hipersonoritate (meteorism)
- matitate - fixă (tumori); deplasabilă (ascita)
• Ascultaţia
- zgomote hidroaerice (ocluzii)
- linişte (ileus dinamic, peritonite)
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Tuşşeul rectal
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Examene paraclinice
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Explorarea imagistică
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Videocapsula – de elecţie
Enteroscopia – permite prelevarea de biopsii + terapie
EDS (duoden), colonoscopie (ileon terminal)
Examenul radiologic abdominal pe gol
Examenul radiologic baritat (tranzit, clismă baritată)
Examenul echografic
CT şi/ sau RMN (enterografie – CT, RMN)
Scintigrafia
Arteriografia
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86
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MALABSORBŢIA
Definiţţie: perturbarea absorbţiei substanţelor nutritive
necesare vieţii
1. Anomalii ale mucoasei intestinului subţire: carenţa
dizaharidică, deficitul de vitamină B12 şi folaţi, sprue
nontropical, ileojejunitele nongranulomatoase,
amiloidoză, boala Crohn localizată intestinal, enterita de
iradiere, abetalipoproteinemie
2. Suprafaţă de absorbţie improprie: sindrom de intestin
scurt, by pass-ul jejunoileal
3. Infecţii: sprue tropical, boala Whipple , enteritele
infecţioase acute, parazitozele intestinului subţire
4. Obstrucţii limfatice: limfoamele, tuberculoza,
limfangectazie
5. Boli cardiovasclare: ischemie mezenterică
6. Drog indusă (colestiramina, colchicina, laxativele iritante)
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Tablou clinic
• Manifestări digestive: diareea ± steatoree, greţuri, vărsături,
meteorism, flatulenţă, dureri abdominale (de tip ocluziv,
pancreatic sau vascular)
• Manifestări extradigestive (sindrom carenţial):
-deficit ponderal
-semne de carenţă vitaminică (anemie, glosită, stomatită,
nevrite, osteomalacie, sindrom hemoragipar, hemeralopie,
xeroftalmie)
-edeme carenţiale
-deficienţe hormonale (tulburări de creştere, hipogonadism,
insuficienţă corticosuprarenală)
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87
Explorarea sindromului de malabsorbţţie (teste
mai frecvent utilizate în practică)
• Teste specifice
- fier seric (N = 80 –150 Pg/dl)
- folaţi (N = 5 -21 ng/ml)
- vitamina B 12 (N = 200 –900 ng/ml); excreţia urinară
de vitamina B 12 (< 8%/24h)
- dozarea în urină de acid 5-OH oxalacetic (>1,7 - 8
mg/24h)
- cultura din IS (d 105 bacterii/ml secreţie jejunală)
- examen histopatologic
• Teste nespecifice: calciul (N = 9 -10,5 mg/dl), albumina (N
= 4 – 5,2mg/dl), colesterolul (N = 150 – 250 mg/dl),
prezenţa grăsimilor în scaun (normal inexistente), testul de
absorbţie cu D-xiloză, teste respiratorii
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Principii de tratament
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_____________________________________
BOALA CELIACĂ
• Definiţţie: enteropatie autoimună indusă de ingestia de
gluten la persoane predispuse genetic
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• Epidemiologie
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Etiopatogenie
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• Predispoziţie genetică:
- HLA DQ2 fixează preferenţial o peptidă din gliandină şi o
prezintă prin celule prezentatoare (limfocite B, macrofage,
celule dendritice) drept antigen către limfocitele T.
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Morfopatologie
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89
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Simptomatologie clinicăă
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90
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Diagnostic pozitiv
•
•
•
•
•
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Complicaţţii
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• Jejunoileita ulcerativă
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• Tulburări endocrine, neuropsihice, leziuni osoase
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Tratament
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91
TUMORILE INTESTINULUI
SUBŢIRE
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Simptomatologia clinicăă
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Apare tardiv
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- în stadiile
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Examenul clinic obiectiv
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Explorarea imagisticăă
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Ultrasonografia
- modificări ale lumenului intestinal, cocardă patologică
şi îngroşarea excentrică a peretelui IS > 2mm
- căile biliare dilatate
- metastaze hepatice sau limfatice
- permite puncţia cu ac fin cu prelevare de ţesut pentru
examen histopatologic
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93
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Explorarea umoral-biochimicăă
- anemie hipocromă feriprivă; teste pozitive pentru hemoragii
oculte
- sindrom de colestază (în cazul tumorilor periampulare)
- teste hepatice modificate (metastaze)
- teste de malabsorbţie
- tumori carcinoide: dozarea serotoninei şi a metabolitului urinar
5 - hidroxi indolacetic
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Forme clinice
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• Tumorile benigne
– sunt frecvente
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• Tumorile maligne
– primitive (adenocarcinom, limfom, leiomiosarcom)
– secundare (metastaze de la melanom malign)
– prognostic rezervat datorită diagnosticului tardiv
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- Adenocarcinomul
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- Sarcoamele
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94
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- Tumorile carcinoide
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Tratament
• Tratamentul chirurgical
- curativ sau paliativ
- enterectomie segmentară cu rezecţie
limfadenectomie
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mezenterică pentru
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• În tumorile carcinoide
- octreotid (analog sintetic al somatostatinei): inhibă eliberarea
de peptide endogene
- chimioterapia- rezultate modeste
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95
96
COLONUL IRITABIL
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Definiţie:
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Date generale
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Tablou clinic
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Diagnostic pozitiv
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Diagnostic diferenţial
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Diagnosticul diferenţial:
- afecţiuni inflamatorii (RCUH, BC)
- neoplazii
- infecţii (colita pseudomembranoasă, infecţiile parazitare,
bacteriene)
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Tratament
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1. Psihoterapia
y eficientă în special în sindromul dureros
y calmarea bolnavului - esenţială, cancerofobie
y evitarea stărilor conflictuale
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4. Acupunctura
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III. Tratament medicamentos
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1. Tratamentul psihotrop
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• absorbante:
– cărbune medicinal 5g/zi
– sab simplex (dimeticonă) cp = 80 mg, 1cp x 3-5 ori/zi
• fermenţi digestivi:
- amilază + tripsină + lipază (Triferment)
+ hemiceluloză, bilă bovină (Cotazim, Panzcebil,
Festal, Digestal)
± bromelină (Nutrizim)
+ derivate porcine de enzime pancreatice (Creon)
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y laxative:
- de volum (mucilaginoase, hidrofile care îsi cresc
volumul, ↑ stimularea mecanică: metilceluloza (Colagel)
2g x2/zi, tarâţe
- osmotice: - sulfat de magneziu în administrare unică
(5g = laxativ, 30 g = purgativ)
- magnezia usta 1 g la o administrare
- hidroxid de magneziu1 tb (300 mg)x4/zi
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y Tegaserolul (Zelnorm) este agonist parţial
5-hidroxitriptaminergic: stimulează peristaltica, reduce
hipersensibilitatea viscerală, diminuează durerea şi
discomfortul abdominal, normalizează funcţia intestinală
y Lubiprostonul (Amitiza): determină creşterea motilităţii
intestinale
y Rifaximina (Normix) (1 cp =200) 400mg x3/zi, 10 zile;
antibiotic non sistemic, acţionează la nivelul tubului digestiv
pe bacteriile gram pozitive şi gram negative aerobe şi
anaerobe
• Probiotice
- metanalize pe trialuri mari de pacienţi
- probiotice (în special bifidobacterii)
- combinaţii de probiotice - diminuarea persistenţei
simptomelor
Colon Health - lactobacillus gasserie (absorbţia şi digestia
lactozei)
- bifidobacterium bifidum (combatere balonare,
diaree şi constipaţie)
- bifidobacterium longum (rol în imunitate)
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BOLILE INFLAMATORII
INTESTINALE
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RECTOCOLITA ULCEROHEMORAGICĂ
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Definiţie
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• evoluţia clinică este cronică, cu exacerbări şi remisiuni
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Epidemiologie
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Etiologie
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• Factori infecţioşi: E. coli
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Fiziopatologie
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Tablou clinic
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I. Manifestări digestive:
- episoade de diaree cu sânge, mucus şi puroi asociate cu
dureri abdominale, crampe, tenesme, durere la palpare pe
traiectul colonului şi în hipogastru
- în puseu, de obicei 3-10 scaune/zi, în formele severe numai
emisii de sânge, mucus şi puroi
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Diagnostic de laborator
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• Anemie: hipocromă, feriprivă (fier, feritină ↓) sau de tip
inflamator (feritină ↑)
• Sindrom inflamator: creşterea VSH-ului, leucocitoză, creşterea
proteinei C reactive, fibrinogenului, α2 globulinelor
• Trombocitoză
• În formele severe (megacolon toxic) apar dezechilibre
electrolitice: hiponatremie, hipopotasemie, hipocloremie
• Prezenţa citolizei şi colestazei atrag atenţia asupra unei
patologii hepato-biliare asociate
• Anticorpii anti – citoplasmatici neutrofilici perinucleari (p
ANCA) - 70% din pacienţii cu RCUH
• Markeri ai inflamaţiei identificaţi în materiile fecale:
calprotectina
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Colonoscopie
• tipic: afectarea rectului, extensie proximală la nivelul colonului,
caracterul continuu al leziunilor endoscopice
• în puseu mucoasa “plânge cu sânge”, este friabilă, cu ulceraţii
superficiale, eritem difuz, pierderea desenului vascular,
prezenţa de mucus şi puroi în lumen
• în remisiune mucoasă cu desen vascular şters sau absent,
sângerândă la atingere, pseudopolipi inflamatori
• în forme cronice – pseudopolipi
• Biopsia – obligatorie pentru diagnostic
- infiltrat inflamator cu PMN limitat la nivelul mucoasei
- prezenţa abceselor criptice (caracteristice în faza acută)
- mucoasă hiperemică, edemaţiată, exulcerată
- în formele cronice pseudopolipi inflamatori
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Clisma baritată
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Forme clinice
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• Evolutive
- acută fulminantă
- cronică intermitentă
- cronică continuă (mai rar)
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Forme clinice - severitate
Factori clinico-biologici (clasificarea Truelove şi Witts)
• RCUH uşoară: 1-3 scaune/zi, prezenţa sângelui intermitent
în scaun; fără febră, tahicardie, anemie; VSH<30 mm/h
• RCUH moderată: criterii intermediare între forma uşoară şi
severă
• RCUH severă: >6 scaune/zi, prezenţa sângelui la
majoritatea emisiilor de fecale, temperatura >37.5°C,
frecvenţa cardiacă >90/min, scăderea hemoglobinei cu
>75% faţă de normal, VSH>30 mm/h
• RCUH fulminantă: >10 scaune/zi, prezenţa sângelui la toate
emisiile de fecale, temperatura >37.5°C, frecvenţa
cardiacă>90/min, scăderea hemoglobinei cu >75% faţă de
normal, VSH>30 mm/h, transfuzii de sânge
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Diagnostic pozitiv
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Clinic
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Colonoscopie
RCUH
Radiologie
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Ex. histopatologic
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Laborator
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109
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Diagnostic diferenţial
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Complicaţii
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• Megacolonul toxic
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• Perforaţia
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• Cancerul colo-rectal
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Megacolonul toxic
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110
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Megacolonul toxic
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arată
dilatarea
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• Explorarea colonoscopică
contraindicate!
sau
irigografică
sunt
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Cancerul colo-rectal
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Factori de risc:
• durata evoluţiei bolii (riscul neoplazic apare după 8 ani de
evoluţie şi creşte exponenţial după 20 de ani)
• extensia bolii (pancolitele prezintă riscul cel mai mare)
• asocierea colangitei sclerozante primitive
• antecedente familiale de CCR
• vârsta tânară la debut
Supravegherea colonoscopică
• colonoscopie + cromoendoscopie, cu biopsii multiple după 8
ani de evoluţie
• absenţa displaziei – colonoscopie la 2 ani sau anual dacă
evoluţia bolii este > 20 de ani
• displazie severă – colectomie
• displazie uşoară – tratament endoscopic (polipectomie,
mucosectomie) şi intensificarea supravegherii colonoscopice la
3-6 luni
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Tratament
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Dieta
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111
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Clase de medicamente
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•
•
•
•
•
Aminosalicilaţii
Corticosteroizii
Agenţii imunomodulatori
Terapia biologică (anti TNFα)
Alte clase de medicamente: antibiotice, probiotice
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Aminosalicilaţii
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Salazopirina
• este formată din sulfapiridină (moleculă lipsită de efecte
terapeutice) şi 5 - ASA, legate printr-o legătură azo
• tabletă de 500 mg; doza 2 – 4 g/zi
• efectele secundare ale salazopirinei:
- dependente de doză şi de rata de acetilare
(greţuri,vărsături, cefalee, malabsorbţie de folaţi)
- independente de doză (anemie hemolitică, neutropenie,
infertilitate masculină, erupţii cutanate, hepatită colestatică)
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Aminosalicilaţii
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112
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Corticosteroizii
•
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Agenţii imunomodulatori
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•
Azatioprina şi 6-mercaptopurina se folosesc în doze
de 2,5 respectiv 1,5 mg/kg/zi
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Terapia biologică
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2. Forme medii:
- Prednison p.o. 40 - 60 mg/zi, cu scăderea progresivă a dozelor
(cu 5 - 10 mg/săpt)
- se asociază mesalazină 3- 4 g/ zi care va rămâne ca tratament
de întreţinere după oprirea corticoterapiei
- în formele corticorezistente (nu răspund la corticoterapie),
corticodependente (reactivarea bolii la încercarea de reducere
sau întrerupere a corticoterapiei) sau în caz de contraindicaţii la
corticoterapie se administrează Infliximab şi/sau agenţi
imunmodulatori (azatioprină, 6-mercaptopurină)
3. Forme uşoare
- Mesalazină p.o. 1,5-2 g/zi sau Salazopirină p.o. 3-4 g/zi
3. Forme distale (rectosigmoidiene):
-microclisme sau supozitoare cu Mesalazină sau Budesonid
-preparatele topice sunt superioare tratamentului p.o, iar
tratamentul combinat topic şi p.o. este superior comparativ cu
fiecare în parte
114
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Tratamentul chirurgical
_____________________________________
Indicaţii:
x complicaţii acute: megacolon toxic, perforaţie, hemoragie
digestivă severă, complicaţii septice
x forme non-responsive la tratament medical, cronice continui
x detectarea displaziei severe, profilaxia malignizării
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BOALA CROHN
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Definiţie
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Localizare
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Epidemiologie
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Etiologie
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• Factori genetici
- agregabilitate familială
- concordanţă la gemenii monozigoţi
- mutaţiia genei NOD 2
• Factori dietetici: dulciuri rafinate, alimentaţia săracă în
legume şi fructe proaspete, oxidul de titaniu
• Factori infecţioşi: Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, virusul
rujeolic şi Lysteria monocytogenes
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Fiziopatologie
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Morfopatologie
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Macroscopic
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Morfopatologie
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Microscopic
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Tablou clinic
Simptome intestinale:
- diareea
- durerea abdominală : localizată în flancul sau fosa iliacă
dreaptă sau difuză
- rectoragiile sunt rar întâlnite
- leziuni perianale : modificări cutanate perianale, leziuni de
canal anal, abcese şi fistule
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Manifestări extraintestinale
_____________________________________
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117
Explorări biologice
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Explorarea endoscopică
_____________________________________
Colonoscopia
- leziuni aftoide, ulceraţii adânci, liniare
- aspect de piatră de pavaj
- prezenţa unor zone de stenoză inflamatorie
- fistule
- arii de mucoasă normală
- biopsie: granulom, infiltrat limfoplasmocitar
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Clisma baritată
-
_____________________________________
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118
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Ecografia
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Clasificarea Montreal
Vârsta în momentul
diagnosticului
Localizare
Forma clinico-evolutivă
(fenotip)
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Diagnostic diferenţial
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
- colita ischemică
- colita de iradiere
- RCUH
- neoplasmul de colon
- apendicita acută
- tuberculoza intestinală
- limfomul intestinal
- boala Behcet
- afecţiuni genitale
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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119
Diagnostic diferenţial RCUH - BC
_____________________________________
• Clinic
– RCUH: diaree, rectoragii
– BC: diaree, dureri abdominale, febră, mase abdominale
palpabile, fistule şi abcese perianale
• Colonoscopic
- RCUH: leziuni continui, nu există arii de mucoasă
normală în zona inflamată, mucoasă granulară, friabilă,
ulceraţii, pseudopolipi
- BC: leziuni discontinui şi asimetrice, ulcere aftoide,
aspect de „piatră de pavaj”, stenoze
• Histologic
- RCUH: inflamaţie limitată la muscularis mucosae, criptite,
abcese criptice, ramificarea şi scurtarea criptelor
- BC: inflamaţie transmurală, granulom de tip sarcoid, fisuri
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
• Radiologic
- RCUH: leziuni continui, spiculi laterali, scurtarea şi
dehaustrarea colonului
- BC: leziuni segmentare, interesare intestin subţire, „piatră
de pavaj”, stenoze, fisuri, fistule, abcese
• Serologic
- RCUH: ANCA
- BC: ASCA
• Complicaţii
- RCUH: megacolon toxic, perforaţie
- BC: stenoze, abcese, fistule
• Tratament chirurgical
- RCUH: colectomia totală are viză curativă
- BC: tendinţă la recidivă postoperatorie
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Complicaţii
_____________________________________
•
•
•
•
•
_____________________________________
Abcese
Fistule
Stenoze
Manifestări perianale
Cancer colo-rectal
_____________________________________
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120
_____________________________________
Tratament
_____________________________________
Scop
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
Tratament
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Corticosteroizii
•
•
•
•
•
_____________________________________
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121
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Agenţii imunomodulatori
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Derivaţii 5-ASA
_____________________________________
• eficacitate limitată în BC
• pot fi folosiţi în formele uşoare sau medii de BC cu afectare
colonică
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Antibioticele
• se folosesc în tratamentul formelor moderate de BC, în
cazul leziunilor perianale, abceselor şi fistulelor, pentru
profilaxia recidivelor postoperatorii
• se utilizează metronidazolul, singur sau în asociere cu
fluorochinolone (Ciprofloxacin 1g/zi)
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Agenţii biologici
•
•
•
•
•
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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122
Agenţii biologici
_____________________________________
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123
124
CANCERUL
COLORECTAL
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Epidemiologie
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Epidemiologie
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
• România - 10,1/100.000 sex M
_____________________________________
- 7,3/100.000 sex F
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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125
Factori de risc
_____________________________________
I.
Factori genetici
1. ereditari
- polipoza adenomatoasă familială (FAP)
- cancerul colorectal ereditar non-polipozic (HNPCC)
2. istoricul personal sau familial de adenoame sau CCR
II. BII
III. Factorii de mediu
IV. Alţţi factori
Interacţiunea dintre factorii genetici şi cei de mediu:
- 75% cancere sporadice (factori de mediu)
- 20% predispoziţie familială
- 5% sindroamele de polipoză (FAP, HNPCC, Peutz –
Jeghers, Cowden)
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
•
•
•
•
•
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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126
Polipoza adenomatoasăă familială (FAP)
• risc crescut de adenoame şi adenocarcinoame: duoden,
jejun, stomac, pancreas, tract biliar + cancer de tiroidă,
glioame
• se recomandă testarea mutaţiei APC (± MYH) la toţi cei
cu > 100 adenoame colonice şi la toate rudele de gradul
I ale pacienţilor cu FAP
• colectomie profilactică
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127
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BII
_____________________________________
• Risc crescut atât pentru RCUH cât şi pentru BC după 8 10 ani de evoluţie
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Factorii de mediu
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
• Factori de risc:
- obezitatea (mecanisme:sistemul insulină – factor de
creştere insuln-like, adipokine, imunomodulare)
- sedentarismul
- consumul excesiv de alcool
- fumatul (rol controversat)
- carnea roşie (în special cea prăjită), grăsimile,
carbohidraţii
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128
_____________________________________
Factorii de mediu
• Factori protectivi
- Dieta bogată în fructe, legume şi fibre alimentare
(antioxidante, antiproliferative, antiinflamatorii, diluează
carcinogenii din lumen, inhibă activitatea carcinogenetică
bacteriană)
- Calciul, vitamina D
- Vitamine A, B, C, E, acidul folic
- Seleniul
Alţţi factori de risc
• DZ
• Acromegalia
• Colecistectomia
• Anastomoza uretero-colică
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_____________________________________
Morfopatologie
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
• Histologic:
- 90 – 95% adenocarcinoame (variante: carcinomul
mucinos, cu celule în inel cu pecete)
- rar: carcinom cu celule scuamoase, limfom, sarcom,
carcinom nediferenţiat
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129
_____________________________________
Stadializarea CCR
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Clasificarea Dukes
_____________________________________
Clasificarea TNM
_____________________________________
Invazia tumorală
Afectarea ganglionară
Metastazarea la distanţă
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Clasificarea DUKES:
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Stadiul A:
_____________________________________
Stadiul B1:
_____________________________________
Stadiul B2:
_____________________________________
orice grad de invazie tumorală cu prinderea <4
ganglioni locoregionali
_____________________________________
Stadiul C2:
_____________________________________
Stadiul D:
Stadiul C1:
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Clasificarea TNM
_____________________________________
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130
_____________________________________
Stadiul
TMN
Dukes
Supravieţuirea
la 5 ani
_____________________________________
>95%
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Std 0
Tis
No
Mo
Std II
T1/T2
No
Mo
80-95%
_____________________________________
Std IIA
T3
No
Mo
72-75%
_____________________________________
Std IIB
T4
No
Mo
65-66%
_____________________________________
Std IIIA
T1/T2
N1
Mo
55-60%
_____________________________________
Std IIIB
T3/T4
N1
Mo
35-42%
Std IIIC
Oricare T N2
Mo
25-27%
Std IV
Oricare T Oricare N M1
0-7%
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Diagnostic clinic
_____________________________________
Pacienţi simptomatici:
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
- formaţiune palpabilă
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Tuşeu rectal!
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Explorări paraclinice
_____________________________________
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131
Diagnostic diferenţţial
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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Evoluţţie. Prognostic
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Tratament
_____________________________________
Tratament chirurgical
• Colectomie, cu excizia tumorii, margine de siguranţă de
2 – 5 cm, excizia mezenterului, a grăsimii pericolice şi a
ganglionilor de drenaj
• În FAP – colectomie totală cu anastomoză ileoanală/rectală
• Obstucţie, perforaţie – colostomă, cu restabilirea
continuităţii după 4 – 8 săptămâni
• Colectomia laparoscopică – scurtează spitalizarea,
necesarul medicaţiei postoperatorii – nu se practică în
mod curent
• Tratamentul MTS hepatice: rezecţie, hepatectomie,
alcoolizare, ablaţie prin radiofrecvenţă
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132
Tratament
_____________________________________
Chimioterapia
• Adjuvant (după intervenţia chirurgicală) în stadiul III,
controversată în stadiul II
• Schema standard: 5 fluorouracil asociat cu acid folinic şi
oxaliplatin, 6 luni
• Capecitabina, Irinotecan – linia a II-a
• Agenţii biologici
- Cetuximab: anticorp monoclonal care blochează receptorul
factorului epidermal de creştere asociat cu ligandul său
- Bevacizumab: anticorp monoclonal recombinat umanizat
al factorului de creştere al endoteliului vascular – blochează
angiogeneza
• În cancerul avansat: 5 fluorouracil + acid folinic + irinotecan
sau oxaliplatin + bevacizumab (supravieţuire 20 – 24 luni în
CCR metastatic)
_____________________________________
Tratament
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Profilaxia CCR
_____________________________________
• Profilaxia primarăă
- dietă echilibrată, bogată în fructe, legume, fibre,
evitarea cărnii roşii prăjite, combaterea obezităţii,
fumatului, consumului excesiv de alcool
- suplimentarea cu calciu, vitamina D, acid folic – rol
controversat
- medicamentos:
- aspirina, AINS, inhibitorii COX2
- acidul ursodeoxicolic (colangita sclerozantă
asociată BII)
- tratamentul cu derivaţi 5 ASA în RCUH
- hipolipemiante (simvastatina)
_____________________________________
• Screening şi supraveghere
_____________________________________
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133
Modalităăţi de screening în CCR
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_____________________________________
Modalităăţi de screening în CCR
_____________________________________
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134
Recomandăări de screening şi
supraveghere
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Categorie de
risc
1-2 adenoame < 1 cm
Istoric
personal
de polip
3 – 10 polipi sau polip >
1 cm sau polip vilos sau
displazie înaltă
> 10 polipi
Metodă
Colonoscopie la 5 –
10 ani
Colonoscopie la 3
ani
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Colonoscopie la < 3
ani
Polip sesil (polipectomie Colonoscopie la 3 –
piecemeal)
6 luni
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Istoric
personal de
CCR
perioperator
postoperator
Colonoscopie
înainte de operaţie
sau în primele 6 luni
după
_____________________________________
Colonoscopie la 1,
3, 5 ani de la
explorarea
anterioară
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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135
Recomandăări de screening şi supraveghere
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Colonoscopie la 5
ani începând de la
40 de ani sau cu 10
ani mai devreme
decât vârsta
diagnosticului rudei
cu CCR
Orice metodă de la
risc mediu la 5 ani
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Recomandări de screening şi
supraveghere
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
• Risc înalt
- FAP – sigmoidoscopie anuală începând de la vârsta de
10- 12 ani
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
- HNPCC – colonoscopie:
- anual sau la 2 ani începând de la vârsta de 20 – 25
ani sau cu 10 ani mai devreme decât cel mai tânăr
membru al familiei diagnosticat
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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136
HEPATITA CRONICĂ
VIRALĂ C
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Date generale
_____________________________________
•
•
•
•
•
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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137
_____________________________________
Istoria naturalăă
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Istoria naturalăă
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Evaluarea pacientului
_____________________________________
• Tablou clinic
• Umoral – biochimic – nu sunt elemente caracteristice; de
obicei prezenţa sindromului de citoliză obligă
investigarea etiologiei!
• Markerii serologici
• Evaluarea fibrozei hepatice
• Metode imagistice: ecografie, EDS – la cei cu fibroză
avansată pentru diagnosticul CH şi complicaţiilor
acesteia
_____________________________________
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138
Tablou clinic
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Markerii VHC
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
2. ARN-VHC
- cel mai bun marker al replicării virale
- detectabil în sângele periferic la 1-2 săptămâni după
infecţie
- diferenţiază hepatita acută virală C vindecată de infecţia
cronică cu VHC
3. Ac anti-VHC:
- pot fi detectaţi prin teste uzuale la 7-8 săptămâni după
infecţie
- în infecţia cronică persistă toată viaţa
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
3 modalităţi:
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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139
_____________________________________
Tratament
_____________________________________
Scopuri principale:
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Scopuri secundare:
•
•
•
•
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
RIBAVIRINĂ 13,5 mg/kgc (per os, tableta de 200 mg, 800
– 1200 mg/zi)
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
RVS ≈ 50%
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
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140
Tipuri de răăspuns în raport cu nivelul ARN-VHC
în terapia cu IFN pegylat + RBV
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
• Non-responder:
a. răspuns virusologic nul: lipsa scăderii cu 2 log a
ARN - VHC la 12 săptămâni
b. răspuns virusologic parţial: scăderea cu ≥2 log la 12
săptămâni, dar ARN - VHC rămâne detectabil
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
• Recăădere – ARN - VHC nedetectabil la sfârşitul
tratamentului, detectabil la monitorizarea posttratament
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2011
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Viitor
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•
•
•
•
•
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143
144
HEPATITA CRONICĂ
VIRALĂ B
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Epidemiologie
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• Prevalenţă:
- scăzută (<2%): Europa de Vest, SUA, Canada, Australia, Noua
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Zeelandă
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Virusul hepatic B
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Mod de transmitere:
- verticală (mame Ag HBs +)
- orizontală (în special în ariile endemice)
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145
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Tablou clinic
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Teste serologice
• Diagnosticul infecţiei VHB se bazează în general pe
detectarea AgHBs, primul marker viral detectabil în ser
• Anticorpii anti-HBc din clasa IgM apar în primele 6 luni de la
infecţia acută (pot apare ocazional şi în cursul episoadelor de
reactivare a infecţiei cronice)
• IgG anti HBc apar după 6 luni, fiind un indicator al infecţiei
cronice
• Ag HBe/Ac HBe – definesc tipul de hepatită cronică (Ag Hbe
pozitivă sau negativă)
• Replicarea virală activă este definită de prezenţa AgHBe
şi/sau a ADN VHB
• Ac anti HBs reprezintă anticorpi protectori, markeri ai
vindecării şi ai imunităţii la reinfecţie. Pot fi induşi de
vaccinarea VHB
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Istoria naturală
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Complicaţii şi mortalitate
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• Carcinomul hepatocelular
- >10 ori în infecţia B faţă de populaţia generală
- risc inclusiv la „purtătorii cronici inactivi” sau la cei cu
clearance Ag HBs!!
• Ciroza hepatică
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Mortalitatea (5 ani):
• în hepatita cronică B 0-1 %;
• în ciroza hepatică virală B compensată 14-20%;
• În ciroza decompensată 65-85%.
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Prognostic - negativ
Factori legaţi de virus:
• replicarea activă a VHB (“no virus, no disease!”)
• genotipul viral
• coinfecţia cu VHC, VHD sau HIV
Factori legaţi de gazdă
• vârsta diagnosticării (istoric lung de boală)
• sexul masculin
• episoadele recurente de reactivare a hepatitei
• severitatea bolii hepatice în momentul diagnosticării
Factori externi
• alcoolul
• fumatul
• carcinogenii din dietă (aflatoxinele)
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Evaluarea iniţţialăă
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Testarea pacienţţilor înaintea includerii în
tratament
• ALT, AST (nivelele pot fi fluctuante: se recomandă
repetare la 3 – 6 luni în cazul valorilor normale)
• Titrul Ag HBs
• Ag HBe, Ac anti-HBe
• Ac anti VHD, Ac anti VHC
• ADN VHB
• Evaluarea afectării hepatice: invaziv (PBH) sau noninvaziv (FibroMax)
• Hemogramă, funcţia hepatică
• Ecografie, EDS (criterii de HTP)
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Obiectivele tratamentului
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Indicaţţii terapeutice (1 – 3)
1. Hepatita cronică virală B – în faza de activitate imună şi
reactivare a replicării virale (NU se tratează pacienţii
aflaţi în toleranţă imună sau purtătorii cronici inactivi –
conform ghidurilor actuale)
- Ag HBe +: ADN – VHB > 20 000 UI/ml (100 000
copii/ml) şi
ALT≥ 2xN sau ALT < 2 x N şi evidenţa
prezenţei activităţii necro-inflamatorii şi fibrozei (PBH sau
FibroMax)
- Ag HBe - : ADN – VHB > 2000 UI/ml (10 000 copii/ml)
şi
ALT≥ 2xN sau ALT < 2 x N şi evidenţa
prezenţei activităţii necro-inflamatorii şi fibrozei (PBH sau
FibroMax)
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Indicaţţii terapeutice
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• INTERFERON PEGYLAT
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Interferon vs analogi
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• Interferon
- Avantaje: durată finită a tratamentului, seroconversie >
Ag HBe, Ag HBs (efectul continuă şi după întreruperea
tratamentului), lipsa rezistenţei
- Dezavantaje: administrare subcutanată, efecte
secundare multiple
• Analogi
- Avantaje: efect antiviral puternic, administrare per os,
efecte secundare minime, se pot administra şi în ciroza
hepatică decompensată
- Dezavantaje: durată nedefinită a tratamentului (toată
viaţa?), apariţia rezistenţei ce poate limita terapiile
ulterioare
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• Nu induce rezistenţă
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Ce AN alegem?
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Efecte secundare AN
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• Rezistenţţa virală
- ridicată la lamivudină (65-70% la 5 ani!)
- intermediară la telbivudină şi adefovir
- joasă pentru entecavir şi tenofovir
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Lamivudina
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Entecavir
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Transplantul hepatic
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• Pentru
prevenirea
recurenţei
infecţiei
VHB
posttransplant se administrează pre – şi perioperator
imunoglobuline specifice B (HBIG), asociat cu AN cu
barieră crescută la rezistenţă, pre – şi post - transplant
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Viitor?
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HEPATITA CRONICĂ
Ă B +D
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• ARN – VHD
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Tratament
• La pacienţii Ag Hbs pozitiv, Ac HVD pozitiv - criterii de
includere: ALT> 2xN, sau ALT< 2xN cu activitate necroinflamatorie ≥4 sau fibroză ≥1
(PBH, FibroMax)
• Se determină ARN-VHD:
- pozitiv – tratament
- negativ – se determină ADN – VHB:
> 2000 UI/ml – se tratează la fel ca VHB
< 2000 UI/ml - monitorizare
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FICATUL GRAS
NONALCOOLIC
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Definiţie. Termeni
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Epidemiologie
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• Responsabil de 70% din cirozele “criptogenetice”
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• B>F, albi>negri
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155
Etiologie
• Primarăă – expresia hepatică a sindromului metabolic
(≥3 din: ↑ circumferinţei taliei, hipertrigliceridemie, HTA, ↑
glicemiei, ↓ HDL colesterolului)
- obezitatea: 40 – 100%
- hiperglicemia: 25 – 75%
- hiperlipemia: 20 – 80%
• Secundară:
- medicamente: glucocorticoizi, estrogeni, tamoxifen,
amiodaronă
- nutriţională: malnutriţie, Kwashiorkor, deficienţă de
colină, by-pas jejuno-ileal, gastroplastie, rezecţii de
intestin subţire, nutriţie parenterală totală
- afecţiuni hepatice: Wilson, hepatita cronică VHC,
glicogenoze
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Fiziopatologie
• “First hit” – insulinorezistenţa → stimulează sinteza de
trigliceride şi acumularea de acizi graşi liberi în ficat
• “Second hit” – stress oxidativ - peroxidarea lipidelor –
eliberarea de radicali liberi de oxigen – atragerea
mediatorilor inflamatori (TNFα, citokine inflamatorii) –
injurie hepatică
• Leptina (hormon citokin – like, produs de adipocite şi de
celulele stelate hepatice) - ↑ în sindromul metabolic – rol
în progresia NASH
• Adiponectina – hormon secretat de grăsimea omentalăstimulează utilizarea glucozei
şi oxidarea acizilor graşi;
se corelează invers cu sindromul metabolic, insulinorezistenţa şi NASH
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Clasificarea morfologică
(Matteoni)
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Diagnostic clinic
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Diagnostic paraclinic
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• Umoral – biochimic
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Diagnostic paraclinic
• Imagistic
- ecografia abdominala – steatoză difuză sau focală
- computer tomografia (fără substanţă de contrast)
- rezonanţa magnetica – metoda cea mai sensibilă dar
cea mai scumpă!
Limite: nu diferenţiază steatoza de steatohepatită, nu
cuantifică inflamaţia şi fibroza!
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• Metode non-invazive:
fibroscan, fibromax,
steatotest etc – nu au intrat în practica curentă
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Diagnostic pozitiv
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• hepatomegalie
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Diagnostic diferenţial
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hepatita alcoolică
Hepatite virale
Hepatita autoimună
Hepatite medicamentoase
Hemocromatoză
Afecţiuni tiroidiene
Boală Wilson
Deficitul de alfa – 1 antitripsină
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Evoluţie. Complicaţii.
Prognostic
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Tratament
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1. Scăderea în greutate
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Tratament
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Tratament
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4. Hipolipemiante
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5. Transplant hepatic
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159
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160
BOALA HEPATICĂ
ALCOOLICĂ
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Factori de risc
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Sexul şi vârsta
•
Femeile - de 2 ori mai expuse comparativ cu barbaţii;
explicaţii :
– concentraţii reduse de alcooldehidrogenază,
obezitate mai frecventă, absorbţie modificată în timpul
ciclului menstrual
• Consumul de alcool la vârste tinere (< 21 ani), cronic,
indiferent de tipul de alcool consumat, creşte riscul de
hepatită alcoolică, fibroză hepatică şi ciroză
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161
Factori rasiali şi genetici
• Frecvenţa bolilor hepatice induse de alcool este mai
mare la bărbaţii afroamericani şi hispanci, nelegată de
cantitatea de alcool consumată
• Există predispoziţie genetică pentru alcoolism şi pentru
afectare hepatică
– De exemplu : copii adoptaţi, care provin din familii
alcoolice - dependenţă de alcool mai frecventă
comparativ cu cei adoptaţi care nu provin din familii
alcoolice
• Polimorfismul genetic este implicat în metabolismul
alcoolului ( alcooldehidrogenaza,
acetaldehiddehidrogenaza şi sistemul citocrom P450)
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Obiceiuri:
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Diagnostic
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Anamneza
• consum de alcool (alcool dependenţa ) + cuantificare factori de
risc
• chestionare pentru alcool dependenţă şi abuzul de alcool :
AVAIT – Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, MAST –
Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, chestionarul CAGE
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•
•
•
•
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Umoral – biochimic
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163
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Explorăări imagistice
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• nu precizează etiologia
• evidenţiază stadiul evolutiv al afecţiunii hepatice :
decompensarea cirozei, hepatocarcinom, etc
• explorarea de primă intenţie - echografia
• ± CT, RMN - în cazuri selecţionate
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PBH
• etiologie incertă a afecţiunii hepatice
• dacă există asociat bolii hepatice alcoolice o altă afecţiune
hepatică
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Evoluţie şi prognostic
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Tratament
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• Alimentaţia
– scop: diminuarea efectelor malnutriţiei proteocalorice şi
vitaminice (thyogamma, Mg, vitamine B,C,E,A etc)
– în stări grave alimentaţie enterală şi parenterală
• Corticoterapia - boala hepatică alcoolică şi encefalopatia
(fără coafectarea altor organe sau complicaţii hepatice HDS, insuficienţă renală,
etc)
- 40 mg/zi, 4 săptămâni, cu scăderea dozei timp de alte 2 4 săptămâni sau oprirea
administrării în funcţie de evoluţie
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164
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• Transplantul hepatic
- după o perioadă de abstinenţă şi consimţământ de menţinere
a acesteia indefinit
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166
HEPATITELE AUTOIMUNE
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2. Date de laborator şi serologice
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Diagnostic diferenţial
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Tip II- caracteristici principale:
•
•
•
•
•
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Absolute:
• ALT≥ 10N
• ALT≥ 5N + gammaglobuline ≥2N
• Histopatologie - necroză în punte sau multiacinară
• Simptome (artralgii, astenie) care determină incapacitatea
calităţii normale a vieţii
Relative:
• Simptome (astenie, artralgii, icter etc.)
• Creşterea ALT, gamaglobuline < criteriile absolute
• Hepatită de interfaţă
• Nu este indicat în ciroza inactivă, comorbidităţi severe sau
intoleranţă
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Tratamentul standard
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3 scopuri principale:
• inducere şi menţinerea imunsupresiei (cu minime efecte
adverse)
• prevenirea şi tratamentul cirozei hepatice
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Monoterapie (Prednison)
Biterapie (Prednison cu Azatioprină)
- se preferă biterapia cu monitorizare întrucât efectele
secundare sunt reduse comparativ cu monoterapia
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Tratamentul standard
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1.Complet:
- clinic - absenţa simptomatologiei subiective
- biochimic: bilirubină, albumine, gamma-globuline
normale, ALT<2N
- histologic (remisiune histologică: histologie normală,
hepatită periportală minimă)
Durata tratamentului: 2 – 4 ani!
Conduita:
- se scade prednisonul treptat până se întrerupe
- se întrerupe azatioprina
- se monitorizează pentru recădere (transaminaze,
gammaglobuline, bilirubină etc.)
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2. Incomplet:
- ameliorare parţială sau lipsa ameliorării clinice
biologice, histologice
- lipsa răspunsului complet la 3 ani de la iniţierea
tratamentului
Conduita: se continuă indefinit tratamentul cu doze minime
(fără efecte adverse)
3. Eşşec:
- agravare clinică, biologică, histologică în timpul
tratamentului imunosupresiv
- creşterea transaminazelor
- apariţia icterului, ascitei sau encefalopatiei
Conduita: doze mari de prednison (60mg) sau combinaţii
(Ps 30mg+AZT 150mg); se reduc dozele lunar (10mg Ps şi
50mg AZT); doza de menţinere se stabileşte funcţie de
răspuns
• în caz de eşec se indică transplantul hepatic
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Alte posibilităăţi terapeutice
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172
CIROZA HEPATICĂ
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Definiţie
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Clasificare
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- morfologică
- etiologică
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Clasificare
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1.Morfologică
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- micronodulară (Laennec’s) - noduli <3 mm, cel mai frecvent
în etiologia alcoolică
- macronodulară - noduli > 3mm, în etiologia virală B, C
- mixtă - asociază ambele aspecte
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Clasificare
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2. Etiologică
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b. Ciroza virală B, C, D
B – Ag HBs, Ac anti HBc, viremie
C – Ac anti VHC, viremie
D – Ac anti VHD, viremie
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Examen obiectiv
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Explorări paraclinice
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Umoral biochimic:
• sindrom de citoliză ( ALT, AST, LDH, fier, vitamina B12,
ornitin carbamil transferază)
• sindrom bilioexcretor ( pigmenţi biliari, bilirubina, acizi
biliari, urobilinogen, stercobilinogen)
• sindrom de hiperactivitate mezenchimală ( electroforeza
proteinelor, imunoglobulinele serice)
• sindrom hepatopriv ( hipoproteinemie cu hipoalbuminemie,
hipocolesterolemie, scăderea indicelui de protrombină)
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Explorarea imagisticăă
_____________________________________
• Ecografia
– Ficat - pierderea structurii normale hepatice + hipertrofia
lobului caudat (N: max 35 mm). Lobul caudat > 40mm ciroza hepatică în 2/3 din
cazuri, în context clinic
cunoscut
– Splină - 80% din pacienţii cu splenomegalie > 15 cm (N:
≤ 12cm)
– Semne de hipertensiune portală ± Doppler (excludere
tromboze VP,VS) - VP > 12mm, VS > 8mm preaortic,
repermeabilizare venă ombilicală
– Colecist: dedublare perete vezicular (hipoalbuminemie,
stază limfatică, HTP) şi litiază biliară veziculară (de obicei
asimptomatică)
– monitorizare HCC: apariţie ± tratament ( alcoolizare,
radiofrecvenţă, etc.) ± recidivă
8
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• Ecografia Doppler
– permeabilitate vene suprahepatice, tromboză completă/
incompletă venă portă ±vascularizaţie formaţiuni hepatice
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175
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Tratament
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Măăsuri generale
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176
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COMPLICAŢIILE CIROZEI
HEPATICE
HEMORAGIA DIGESTIVĂ
SUPERIOARĂ PRIN HIPERTENSIUNE
PORTALĂ
În ciroza hepatică :
• procentul anual de apariţie a VE – 5 -7 %
• 1/3 pacienţi cu CH fac HDS prin efracţie variceală
• mortalitatea la fiecare sângerare este de 20%
• riscul de resângerare – 25%
• 60% din cirotici au VE în momentul apariţiei ascitei
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A. Tratamentul farmacologic
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2. Nadolol 80mg /zi, Timolol, Carvedilol
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20
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B. Tratamentul endoscopic
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178
II. Tratamentul HDS active prin efracţie
variceală
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oprirea sângerării
Scop: corectarea hipovolemiei
prevenirea complicaţiilor sângerării active
prevenirea deteriorării funcţiei hepatice
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1.Măăsuri generale
- asigurarea 2 -3 linii de abord venos
- ± intubare orotraheală – prevenirea aspiraţiei
- corectarea hipovolemiei ( soluţii coloidale, albumină)
- prevenirea infecţiei bacteriene (precipită resângerarea
imediată şi creşte mortalitatea intraspitalicească). Se
administrează cefalosporine de generaţia a-III-a
- transfuzii de sânge
Scopul transfuziei - stabilizarea Hb la 8 g/dl.
“Overexpension” poate determina creşterea presiunii
portale şi implicit resângerarea
- menţinerea funcţiei renale (apariţia sindromului hepatorenal
→ deces în 95 % cazuri)
- tratamentul EHP - lactuloză, rifaximină
- nutriţie parenterală adaptată stării pacientului
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2.Tratament farmacologic
_____________________________________
Se instituie premergător endoscopiei dacă există suspiciune de
hemoragie variceală
Se menţine 5 zile pentru prevenirea resângerării imediate, având
efect sinergic cu terapia endoscopică
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179
3.Tratament endoscopic
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• Scleroterapia endoscopicăă
- injectarea ( intra şi/sau paravariceal) a unui agent
scerozant; în prezent nu există un agent sclerozant “ optim”
sau “ideal”
- hemostaza se produce în 80 – 90% din cazuri
- complicaţii în 10 -20 % din cazuri: stenoze, perforaţii,
hemoragii, ulcere
• Ligatura endoscopică
- eficienţă similară cu scleroterapia, efecte secundare mai
puţine
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9.Transplantul hepatic
- curativ
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29
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181
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βblocant + ligatură
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COMPLICAŢIILE CIROZEI
HEPATICE
ASCITA
34
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ASCITA
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Diagnostic clinic
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Examenul fizic:
- abdomen mărit de volum
- icter
- circulaţie colaterală abdominală
- steluţe vasculare
- eritem palmar, plantar
- hernie ombilicala
- edem scrotal sau penian
- matitate deplasabilă pe flancuri , semnul valului
- hepatosplenomegalie
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183
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36
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Explorăări paraclinice
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A . Funcţia hepatică:
Alterarea celor
4 sindroame hepatice
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sindromul de citoliză
sindromul bilioexcretor
sindromul hepatopriv
sindromul de iritaţie mezenchimală
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C. Ecografie
- evidenţierea precoce a lichidului de ascită acumulat în abdomen
(100ml) cu informaţii asupra volumului, vechimii ascitei
- semne de ciroză hepatică şi eventuale complicaţii (hepatom,
tromboză de venă portă etc)
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37
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F. Paracenteza diagnostică
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38
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Diagnostic diferenţţial
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• etiologia ascitei:
– hepatică: ciroza, insuficienţa hepatică, hepatita
alcoolică, tromboza portală, sindromul Budd –Chiari,
metastazele hepatice
– extrahepatică: insuficienţa cardiacă congestivă,
hipertensiunea pulmonară, sindromul nefrotic,
tuberculoza, carcinomatoza peritoneală, mixedemul,
pancreatita
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184
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Diagnosticul diferenţţial al ascitei în funcţie de
gradientul albumină serică / albumina în lichidul de
ascită
I. albumina sericăă /albumina ascită > 1,1 g/dl: ciroza
hepatică, hepatita alcoolică, ascita cardiacă, metastazele
hepatice, insuficienţa hepatică fulminantă,tromboza venei
porte, sindromul Budd-Chiari, mixedemul
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•
-
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- encefalopatie
- Na seric < 120 mEq/L după restricţie hidrică
Diureticele se opresc:
- creatinina > 2 mg/dl
- hiperpotasemie, acidoză metabolică( spironolactona)
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Ascita refractară
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• Factori favorizanţi
- infecţii asociate
- tromboză de vena portă sau hepatică
- hemoragie digestiva superioara
- PBS
- carcinom hepatocelular
- malnutriţie
- factori hepatotoxici: alcool, acetaminofen
- factori nefrotoxici – AINS, etc
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Tratamentul ascitei
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•
-
refractară
paracenteze + albumină 6 -8 g/litru lichid extras
dietă hiposodată, restricţie hidrică
şunt porto sistemic transjugular
Ideal : Transplant hepatic
- supraviețuirea la 12 luni la pacienții cu ascită refractară
- 25%
- supraviețuirea la 12 luni la pacienții transplantați 70 -75%
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COMPLICAŢIILE CIROZEI
HEPATICE
PERITONITA BACTERIANĂ
SPONTANĂ
45
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Definiţie. Etiologie
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• Scăderea
activităţii
fagocitare
în
sistemul
reticuloendotelial, considerat mecanism esenţial în
colonizarea şi persistenţa bacteremiei
în ciroza
hepatică
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bacteriană în
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47
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187
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• Confirmaţi:
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Diagnostic diferenţial
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•
•
•
•
•
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Tratamentul în PBS
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I. Episod acut
II. Profilactic
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Posologie : Cefotaxim – 2g (la 8h ) intravenos sau Amoxiclav 1,2
g x4/zi, timp de 5-7 zile + albumină 1,5 g/Kg c (albumina
scade riscul de apariție a sindromului hepatorenal și a
insuficienței renale la pacienții cu PBS)
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55
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Prognosticul în PBS
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COMPLICAŢIILE CIROZEI
HEPATICE
SINDROMUL HEPATO - RENAL
58
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• Factori favorizanţi:
–
–
–
–
–
_____________________________________
infecţiile bacteriene
hemoragiile digestive
paracentezele voluminoase (>5 l)
intervenţiile chirurgicale
medicamentele nefrotoxice
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59
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progresiv)
- valori ale creatininei serice > 1,5 – 2,5 mg/dl
- fără transplant hepatic supravieţuirea este de 6-812 luni, direct proporţională
cu gradul insuficienţei
hepatice
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61
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Majore:
• Afectare hepatică cronică în stadii terminale cu ascită
• Creşterea creatininei serice > 1,5 mg/dl
• Scăderea clearanceului de creatinină < 40 ml/min
• Absenţa: stării de şoc, infecţiilor bacteriene, utilizării de medicamente
nefrotoxice, pierderilor lichidiene (vărsături, diaree)
• Lipsa de îmbunătăţire a funcţiei renale la întreruperea diureticelor şi
administrarea a1500 ml de soluţie salină izotonă
• Absenţa proteinuriei şi a oricărei anomalii echografice
_____________________________________
Minore:
• Diureza în 24 ore sub 500 ml
• Natriureza sub 10 mEq/l
• Osmolaritate urinară > osmolaritate plasmatică
• Hematurie < 50 elemente/mm3
• Natremie<130 mEq/l
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• Diagnostic diferenţţial:
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• Prognostic
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• Tratament profilactic
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193
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Tratament: Sindromul hepatorenal tip 1
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194
COMPLICAŢIILE CIROZEI HEPATICE
COMPLICAŢII PORTOPULMONARE
Hipertensiunea portopulmonară
Sindromul hepatopulmonar
66
Hipertensiunea portopulmonară
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Diagnostic paraclinic:
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_____________________________________
Diagnostic
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Diagnostic diferenţţial:
•
•
•
•
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Trombembolism pulmonar
Boală pulmonară interstiţială
Boală de ţesut colagenic
Apnee de somn netratată
_____________________________________
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195
Tratament:
_____________________________________
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Sindromul hepatopulmonar
_____________________________________
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Diagnostic clinic:
_____________________________________
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70
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Diagnostic paraclinic
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71
196
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Tratament :
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197
COMPLICAŢIILE CIROZEI
HEPATICE
CARDIOMIOPATIA CIROTICĂ
73
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Definiţţie:
_____________________________________
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Elemente caracteristice:
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198
COMPLICAŢIILE CIROZEI
HEPATICE
ENCEFALOPATIA HEPATO –
PORTALĂ (EHP)
76
_____________________________________
Definiţţie: anomalii
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Clasificare
EHP minimăă
– modificari ale testelor psihometrice cu examen
neurologic standard normal la pacienţii cu ciroză
hepatică
– apare în 50- 60% din cirozele hepatice. Are impact
asupra calităţii vieţii, condusului vehiculelor,
accidentelor navale, rutiere, etc
EHP : alterări neuropsihice la un pacient cunoscut sau
suspectat de afectare hepatică severă
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78
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199
stadiul 2 - Alterarea funcţiilor psihice - somnolenţă,
dezorientare tulburări de comportament, calcul
matematic alterat, hipoprasexie
- Manifestări neurologice - flapping tremor, bradilalie,
ataxie, hiporeflexie osteotendinoasă
- EEG - încetinire simetrică a ritmului α + unde trifazice
lente frontal
stadiul 3 - Alterarea funcţiilor psihice - somnolenţă profundă cu
reacţie la stimuli, dezorientare, confuzie, amnezie,
operaţiuni mentale imposibile
- Manifestări neurologice – hiperreflexie
osteotendinoasă, rigiditate musculară, Babinski
prezent
- EEG - unde trifazice lente generalizate
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80
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200
Diagnostic pozitiv : simptome neuropsihice la un pacient
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
2. Semne de HTP:
- circulaţie colaterală
- varice esofagiene
- ascită
3. Semne neurologice si psihiatrice:
- modificări de personalitate (bizar, iritabil, vulgar)
- modificari ale stării de constienţă
- modificarea intelectului: scăderea capacităţii de concentrare,
apraxie, modificarea scrisului
- neurologice: asterix sau flapping tremor
Investigaţţii paraclinice
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
• Umoral – biochimic
– afectare hepatică
- dozarea amoniemiei sanguine; hiperamoniemia pledează
pentru EHP, dar valorile normale nu o exclud; nivelul
amoniemiei nu se coreleaza cu gradul EHP
• Modificările EEG
- sunt extrem de rar folosite în practica curentă şi au specificitate
redusă
• CT( atrofie cerebrala difuză în etiologia alcoolică)
• În cazuri selecţionate:
RMN
Spectroscopia de rezonanţă (structura metabolismului
cerebral)
Tomografia cu emisie de pozitroni
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201
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tulburări de conştienţă)
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85
Principii de tratament
_____________________________________
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c. Evacuarea colonului
- zaharuri neabsorbabile: lactuloza - dizaharid
neabsorbabil - inhibă formarea de amoniac de către flora
intestinală cu creşterea eliminării fecale de azot
- 15-45 ml la 8-12 ore, per os
- clisma: 300 ml la1 l apă (la pacienţii
aflaţi în comă)
- clisma evacuatorie intestinală - în sângerările
gastrointestinale
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202
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_____________________________________
4. Metode chirurgicale:
- şunturile chirurgicale nu se mai folosesc în prezent
- ideal transplant hepatic
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203
COMPLICAŢIILE CIROZEI
HEPATICE
HEPATOCARCINOMUL
89
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204
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Prognosticul CH
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Scor Child-Pugh
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Encefalopatie
Ascită
absentă
stadiul 1-2
stadiul 3-4
1
2
3
_____________________________________
absentă
minimă( cu răspuns la diuretice)
refractară
1
2
3
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
INR
Albumină (g/dL)
Bilirubina (mg/dL)
< 1.7
1.7-2.3
> 2.3
1
2
3
> 3.5
2.8-3.5
< 2.8
1
2
3
<2
2-3
>3
1
2
3
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205
206
CANCERUL HEPATIC
PRIMITIV
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Epidemiologie
_____________________________________
• a 3-a cauză de mortalitate prin cancer
• consecinţa afecţiunilor cronice hepatice (VHC, VHB, NASH, etc.)
• distribuţia HCC este neuniformă:
- incidenţa corelată cu vârsta, sexul: Asia S-E şi Africa > 20-28 x
comparativ cu Europa N, Australia şi America de N
explicaţiile posibile: vaccinarea hepatita B
condiţiile de igienă alimentară superioară
expunere redusă la aflatoxine
accesul crescut la tratament
_____________________________________
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Etiopatogenie
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207
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• Ciroza hepatică
– indiferent de etiologie, este cel mai important factor de
risc pentru HCC (> 80% din cazuri)
– carcinogeneza din CH este un proces multifactorial,
secvenţial, multifocal în care displazia hepatocitară şi
nodulii displazici sunt factori predictivi de risc pentru HCC
_____________________________________
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• Hemocromatoza ereditară
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6
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208
• Alte afecţţiuni hepatice
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
parasiticus)
- supraîncarcare fier (recipiente de preparat/stocat Africa)
- algae blue green (heleştee şi lacuri) → peptide
ciclice hepatotoxice – China
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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• Tutunul
• Alcoolul
• Contraceptive orale cu doze ridicate de hormoni steroizi
_____________________________________
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7
_____________________________________
Tablou clinic
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209
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Explorarea paraclinică
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3. Markeri tumorali:
_____________________________________
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4. Examenul histopatologic
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210
5. Echografia standard ± Doppler cea mai folosită metodă
neinvazivă
1. noduli solitari hipo, hiper sau izoechogeni
2. noduli multifocali
3. aspect difuz infiltrativ
Ecografia cu substanţţă de contrast: umplere rapidă în faza
arterială, “wash out” în faza parenchimatoasă
_____________________________________
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Diagnostic
_____________________________________
Ecografie (consensuri)
_____________________________________
• nodul sub 1 cm
– >50% noduli hepatici < 1cm ≠ HCC
– urmărire ecografică la 3 luni, cu două posibilităţi :
• aceleaşi dimensiuni ≠ HCC
• suspiciune HCC - monitorizare ecografica + AFP la 6
luni
• nodul ≥ 1 cm şi < 2 cm
– biopsie ecoghidată cu ac fin + citologie şi/sau examen
histopatologic
• folosită nuanţat în special în leziunile hepatice focale
cu diagnostic incert şi în care tehnicile imagistice
performante nu au reuşit să pună diagnosticul
• noduli ≥ 2 cm
– dacă tehnicile imagistice stabilesc diagnosticul – nu este
necesară biopsia
– dozarea AFP - în general > 200 ng/mL
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211
_____________________________________
Diagnostic diferenţial
_____________________________________
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Complicaţii
_____________________________________
• insuficienţă hepatică
• invazie vasculară (tromboză de venă portă)
• extensie intrahepatică sau la distanţă
• hemoperitoneu ( necroză tumorală)
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Factori
Dimensiuni
< 50% din ficat
Dimensiuni
> 50% din ficat
Ascită absentă
Scor
supravieţuire
0
1
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Ascită prezentă
_____________________________________
Albumină serică
> 30 g/l
Albumină serică
< 30 g/l
Bilirubină
< 3 mg/dl
Bilirubină
> 3 mg/dl
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
Tratament
_____________________________________
• Prevenţia primară:
_____________________________________
prevenirea hepatitei B şi C;
vaccinarea pentru hepatita B;
expunere redusă la aflatoxine;
interzicerea alcoolului, în special la persoanele infectate cu
virus B şi /sau C
- tratamentul hepatitei cronice B sau C
- supravegherea cirozei hepatice, indiferent de etiologie
_____________________________________
-
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19
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212
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- 10 - 30 % din cazuri
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22
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213
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• Chimioterapia sistemicăă
_____________________________________
• Terapii moleculare:
(HCC - hipervascularizat)
_____________________________________
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214
PATOLOGIA BILIARĂ
COLECISTITA ACUTĂ
Ă
_____________________________________
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215
_____________________________________
Clasificare şi etiologie:
• Colecistita acută litiazică: în 90% din cazuri apare prin
suprainfecţia litiazei biliare veziculare
• Colecistita acută nelitiazică: factorul patogenic cel mai
important este ischemia
– stări septicemice, şoc chirurgical
– posttraumatic (factori precipitanţi: respiraţia
asistată, hipotensiunea, administrarea de opiacee)
– postpartum ( factor precipitant: travaliul laborios)
– vasculite (lupus eritematos diseminat, sindrom
Sjögren, periarterita nodoasă)
– parazitoze (foarte rar ascaris lumbricoides)
– idiopatice sau primitive, fără cauză decelabilă
evidentă
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_____________________________________
Examenul obiectiv
– Inspecţie:
• r subicter sclerotegumentar
• stare generală influenţată
• tahipnee, tahicardie
– Palpare:
• manevra Murphy pozitivă
_____________________________________
Explorăări paraclinice
Biologice
• VSH accelerat
• leucocitoză cu neutrofilie
• sindrom moderat de citoliză
• sindrom de colestază (bilirubină, fosfatază alcalină,
gamaglutamiltranspeptidază crescute)
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
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216
Explorare imagistică
– Radiografia abdominală simplă: poate pune în evidenţă în
10% din cazuri calculi radioopaci
– Echografia :
• metoda de elecţie pentru diagnostic
• colecist cu pereşi îngroşaţi > 3,5 mm
• în interior imagini hiperechogene cu con de umbră
posterior
• semnul Murphy echografic este pozitiv
– Alte explorări:
• scintigramă hepatobiliară, tomografie computerizată
sau rezonanţă magnetică – doar în cazuri selecţionate
• MRCP, ERCP, ecoendoscopie – dacă suspectăm
litiază coledociană asociată
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Diagnostic pozitiv
– coexistenţa semnelor clinice (colica biliară şi/sau
sindromul dispeptic biliar), biologice şi imagistice
Diagnostic diferenţţial
– ulcerul gastric sau duodenal în criză dureroasă sau
ulcerul perforat
– apendicita retrocecală
– pneumonia bazală dreaptă
– pancreatita acută
– infarctul de miocard
– colica nefretică dreaptă
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Evoluţie. Complicaţii
– se poate însoţi de complicaţii grave, care necesită
recunoaştere şi atitudine terapeutică adecvată
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Pancreatita acută
• este complicaţie evolutivă în colecistita acută
litiazică
• poate coexista cu litiaza biliară veziculară
Hidropsul vezicular
• complicaţie frecventă în litiaza biliară
• apare prin inclavarea unui calcul în infundibul sau
în canalul cistic
• formaţiune ovalară, mobilă cu respiraţia, elastică,
dureroasă la palpare
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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217
Piocolecistul şi gangrena veziculară
• complicaţii grave în colecistita acută litiazică
• alterarea severă a stării generale, febră septică,
contractură abdominală
• necesită administrarea imediată de antibiotice cu
spectru larg în doze mari şi intervenţie chirurgicală
Pneumocolecistul acut
• complicaţie rară, caracterizată prin prezenţa
aerului în colecist
• factori favorizanţi :
– obstrucţia cisticului
– calculii multipli
• dacă nu se intervine în urgenţă evoluează către
necroză şi coleperitoneu
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Litiaza coledociană
• apare prin migrarea calculilor în coledoc cu
obstrucţia temporară sau permanentă a fluxului biliar
şi apariţia icterului (caractere clinice şi biologice de
icter obstructiv)
• ecografic: dilatarea căilor biliare intrahepatice şi a
coledocului; calculul coledocian poate fi vizualizat
ecografic în 50% din cazuri
• diagnosticul se precizează prin MRCP (metoda de
diagnostic preferată datorită caracterului noninvaziv), ERCP, ecoendoscopie
• tratament: ERCP cu sfincterotomie şi extracţie de
calculi
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Perforaţia
• localizată
– clinic se traduce prin plastron colecistic
– poate abceda
– abces subfrenic
• în cavitatea peritoneală
– determină coleperitoneul
– semne clinice de iritaţie peritoneală cu apărare
musculară, durere la tuşeul rectal, ileus paralitic
• în lumenul digestiv
- fistulă biliodigestivă (duoden, colon)
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
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218
_____________________________________
Tratament
_____________________________________
Medical
- repaus la pat
- interzicerea alimentaţiei orale
- corectarea dezechilibrelor hidroelectrolitice (apărute
după vărsături şi interzicerea alimentaţiei orale)
- asigurarea unui debit urinar normal
- sondă de aspiraţie gastrică
- administrarea de antibiotice (ampicilină, amoxicilină,
cefalosporine, ciprofloxacin, metronidazol)
Chirurgical – de elecţie colecistectomie laparoscopică
după remiterea puseului acut
_____________________________________
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219
SINDROMUL
POSTCOLECISTECTOMIE
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•
•
•
•
•
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220
TUMORI MALIGNE ALE
CĂ
ĂILOR BILIARE
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221
CANCERUL DE VEZICULĂ
Ă
BILIARĂ
Date generale
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Factori de risc
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222
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Tablou clinic
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Diagnostic pozitiv
_____________________________________
• Umoral-biochimic
- modificarea testelor de citoliză şi colestază
- markerii tumorali: CA19-9 şi ACE crescuţi, dar nespecifici
• Explorăări imagistice
- Ecografia: sensibilitate de peste 80% - decelează masă
intraveziculară (polipodă de cele mai multe ori), cu îngroşarea
peretelui vezicular (suferinţă veche) ± calculi ± invazie locoregională ± MTS
hepatice, ganglionare şi vasculare
- MRCP - superior CT în diagnostic şi aprecierea extensiei
tumorale
- ERCP – în prezent folosită numai terapeutic (plasare de
stent)
- EUS – utilizat pentru confirmarea diagnosticului (examen
histopatologic) şi stadializare
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Stadializare
•
•
•
•
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223
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Diagnostic diferenţţial
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•
•
•
•
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Prognostic
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
necaracteristică)!
_____________________________________
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Tratament
_____________________________________
• Profilactic
- nu se recomandă colecistectomie profilactică pentru
litiaza biliară veziculară asimptomatică (risc de cancer ↓)
- colecistectomie: vezica de porţelan, polipi > 1cm,
adenomiomatoză, litiază simptomatică
• Tratament chirurgical
- clasic – dacă diagnosticul este stabilit preoperator sau
prin convertirea laparoscopiei dacă diagnosticul a fost
stabilit intraoperator
• Radioterapie: externă, intraoperatorie sau brahiterapie,
indiferent de stadiul evolutiv, fără rezultate încurajatoare
• Chimioterapia adjuvantă foloseşte 5 fluorouracilul şi
mitomicina C, iar cea paliativă gemcitabina şi agenţi pe
bază de platinium
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224
CANCERUL CĂILOR BILIARE
Date generale
_____________________________________
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Tablou clinic
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Examenul obiectiv:
- icter ± leziuni de grataj
- hepatomegalie
- veziculă biliară palpabilă în localizarea distală a
colangiocarcinomului
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225
Diagnostic pozitiv
_____________________________________
• Umoral-biochimic
- sindrom de colestază
- sindrom de citoliză (afectare hepatică prin colangită)
- markeri tumorali: CA19-9, ACE – pot fi crescuţi fără a
avea specificitate pentru diagnostic
• Imagistic
- Ecografia abdominală
- examen de primă intenţie
- poate preciza localizarea tumorii, diseminarea
ganglionară şi în alte organe
- CT este superioară ecografiei pentru stadializare
- RMN şi MRCP - superioare CT, aduc un plus de precizie
în decizia terapeutică
- PET este folosit pentru detectarea tumorilor mici periferice
sau a MTS la distanţă pre- şi postoperator
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Stadializare
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Diagnostic diferenţţial
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•
•
•
•
•
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Prognostic
_____________________________________
- rezervat
- în tumorile nerezecabile indiferent de localizare, media
de supravieţuire este de 8 – 12 luni
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226
Tratament
_____________________________________
• Chirurgical
- curativ – cu extirpare tumorală, datorită extensiei este
rar posibil
- paliativ – funcţie de sediul tumorii (de obicei drenaj
biliar chirurgical – anastomoză bilio-digestivă)
• Endoscopic – drenaj biliar endoscopic transtumoral,
proteze tumorale plasate endoscopic sau percutan
• Radio şi chimioterapia singure sau combinate reduc
recurenţa loco-regională
• Transplantul hepatic – nu se recomandă; recidivă
tumorală în peste 50% din cazuri
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227
228
PANCREATITA ACUTĂ
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Clasificare:
Pancreatita acutăă edematoasă sau interstiţială
80%
• Inflamaţie pancreatică moderată, autolimitantă în
majoritatea cazurilor + edem interstiţial +
refacerea funcţiei pancreatice după remiterea
inflamaţiei
Pancreatita necrotico-hemoragică 20%
• Inflamaţie + necroză de coagulare (pancreas,
ţesuturi adiacente) Ö pancreatita necroticohemoragică
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Etiologie
_____________________________________
• Cauze frecvente
- litiaza biliară
_____________________________________
75 – 85% din PA
- consumul de alcool
- hipertrigliceridemia
- ERCP
- traumatisme abdominale
- postoperator (intervenţii chirurgicale abdominale şi nonabdominale, transplant
hepatic sau renal)
- medicamente (azatioprină, 6 mercaptopurină,
sulfonamide, estrogeni, tetraciclină, acid valproic,
medicamente anti – HIV)
- disfuncţia sfincterului Oddi
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229
Etiologie
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• Cauze rare
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Fiziopatologie
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• Faza de restituţie
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Fiziopatologie
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230
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•
•
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Diagnostic clinic
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Simptome :
Durerea abdominală
- localizată în epigastru, hipocondrul stâng, periombilical,
cu iradiere posterioară, toracică, în flancuri şi
abdomenul inferior
- caracter continuu, supărător, exacerbată în decubit
dorsal, ameliorată în ortostatism şi aplecat înainte
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Examenul fizic
- febră, tahicardie, hipotensiune până la hipovolemie
- icter prin colelitiază sau compresia coledocului
datorat edemului pancreatic
- semnul Cullen sau Turner (echimoze periombilical
sau pe flancuri)
- abdomen suplu
- matitate alternând cu hipersonoritate la percuţie
(tablă de şah)
- zgomote abdominale diminuate sau abolite (ileus)
- ascită, pleuerzie stângă, pneumonie, focare de
citosteatonecroză, tetanie
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231
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Explorări biologice
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• Hiperglicemie
• Hipocalcemie la 25% din pacienţi (fixarea calciului la
nivelul focarelor de steatonecroză)
• Bilirubina, fosfataza alcalină, transaminazele pot fi
crescute, cu revenire la normal în 4-7 zile în absenţa
unei obstrucţii coledociene
• LDH ↑ (prognostic sever)
• Hipoalbuminemie
• CRP ↑
• Hipoxemie arterială la 25% din pacienţi
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Extradigestive
• Sarcină extrauterină ruptă
• Anevrism/disecţie aortă
• Insuficienţă renală
• Cetoacidoză diabetică
• Arsuri
• Afecţiuni ale glandelor
salivare
• Cancer esofagian,
pulmonar, ovarian
• Macroamilazemie
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232
Explorări imagistice
Rx pe gol – excludere perforaţie intestinală
- Semne nespecifice: ileus, ansă santinelă, semnul
colonului amputat
Echografia şi CT
- Determinarea aspectului şi mărimii pancreasului,
extensia inflamaţiei şi flegmonului, aspectul
tractului biliar, confirmarea colecistitei, colelitiazei,
pseudochisturilor, ascitei
- CT - diagnostic mai exact al necrozei pancreatice;
prezenţa aerului în parenchim sugerează
suprainfecţia; permite puncţia ghidată
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Limitele CT în urgenţă:
- doar ¼ din PA evoluează cu necroză
- prezenţa necrozei nu se corelează cu insuficienţele de
organ
- necroza poate apare după 24 – 48 ore
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• ERCP – în urgenţă: PA prin obstrucţie biliară
- utilă după stabilizarea pacientului în diagnosticul
etiologic (pancreas divisum, pancreas anular, cancer
pancreatic, anomalii ductale) şi evidenţierea comunicării
ductului pancreatic cu pseudochisturile
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Diagnostic pozitiv
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Diagnostic diferenţial
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Colecictita acută
Colică biliară – coledocolitiază
Perforaţie intestinală
Ulcer peptic perforat
Ocluzie intestinală acută
Hepatită alcoolică
Hepatită virală
Ischemie/infarct mezenteric
Vasculite
Disecţie, anevrism aortă
Infarct miocardic
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Pneumonie
Colică renală
Apendicită acută
Cetoacidoză diabetică
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Criteriile Ranson în PA
_____________________________________
La internare
_____________________________________
În primele 48 de ore
Vârstă > 55 ani
Leucocite > 15000/mmc
Glicemie > 180 mg/dl (pacient nondiabetic)
Uree serică > 16 mmol/L
PaO2 < 60 mmHg
Ca seric < 8.0 mg/dl
Deficit baze > 4 mEq/L
Sechestrare fluide > 6 L
Albumina serică < 3,2 mg/dL
LDH > 600 U/L
ALT sau AST > 200 U/L
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Dificile, necesită
48 ore pentru
aprecierea
prognostică
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234
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Complicaţii
Locale
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Colecţii pancreatice
• Colecţţii lichidiene acute (conţin suc pancreatic, nu au
perete, apar după 48 h, rezoluţie spontană > 50% din
cazuri)
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235
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Complicaţii
Sistemice
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Tratament
• La 85-90% din pacienţii cu PA afecţiunea este
autolimitantă şi se rezolvă spontan; pacienţii cu PA
severă sau cu factori de risc (vârstnici, obezi, valori
crescute ale Ht şi ureei, pleurezie) – necesită internare şi
monitorizare în secţii de terapie intensivă
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Tratament
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236
Tratamentul necrozei pancreatice
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237
238
PANCREATITA CRONICĂ
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Definiţie
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Etiologie-TIGAR-O
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239
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Morfopatologie
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Fiziopatologie
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Fiziopatologie
_____________________________________
• Celulele stelate pancreatice
- stimulate de citokinele inflamatorii (TNFα, Il1, Il6),
factori oxidativi – cresc sinteza de colagen
- au capacitatea de autoactivare autocrină prin TGFβ –
ceea ce explică progresia bolii chiar după îndepărtarea
factorului declanşator
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240
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Diagnostic clinic
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1. Durere
2. Malabsorpţie
3. Diabet zaharat
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
1. Durerea
–
–
–
–
–
–
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241
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3. Diabetul zaharat
–
–
–
–
_____________________________________
Examen fizic
–
–
–
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Diagnostic paraclinic
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
1. Explorări biochimice
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
2. Explorări imagistice
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242
• Computer tomografia
- “gold standardul” metodelor imagistice non-invazive
- acurateţe superioară comparativ cu ecografia în detectarea
calcificărilor, pseudochistelor, tromboza venei splenice, masă
pancreatică sau episod de PA
4 stadii:
- Normal: dimensiuni, formă, omogenitate normală, Wirsung <
2 mm
- Echivoc/uşor : 1-2 din : Wirsung 2-4 mm, hipertrofia glandei
(> 2ori), parenchim heterogen
- Moderat: chist < 10 mm, neregularităţi ductale, pancreatită
focală, neregularităţi de contur, creşterea ecogenităţii pereţilor
ductali
- Sever :1 din criteriile precedente + : chist > 10 mm, defecte
de umplere intraductale, stenoze ductale, neregularităţi severe
de contur, calcificări, interesarea organelor adiacente
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
•
•
_____________________________________
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243
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Indirecte
• Steatoreea: peste 10 g lipide în scaun la un consum de 100
g/zi; în insuficienţa pancreatică avansată se poate ajunge la o
excreţie de 40-50 g / zi
• Elastaza 1 în materiile fecale
• Testul la Bentiromid
- administrarea unui polipeptid ataşat la PABA (acid
paraaminobenzoic); sub influenţa chemotripsinei peptidul se
desface de PABA, care se resoarbe şi se elimină prin urină
- scăderea eliminării PABA Ö semn indirect de suferinţă
pancreatică – producţie scăzută de chemotripsină
- sensibilitate de 37-90%
• Pancrealauryl test: se ingeră fluorescein dialaureat (va fi
clivat de estaraza pancreatică) şi un prânz standard
• Teste respiratorii cu trigliceride mixte sau trioleină marcate cu
C13 (utile şi în monitorizarea terapeutică a suplimentării cu
fermenţi pancreatici)
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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Diagnostic diferenţial
_____________________________________
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244
Complicaţii
Locale
• Pseudochisturi
pancreatice
• Abcese
• Stenoză coledociană
• Obstrucţie duodenală
• Tromboză de venă portă,
splenică
• HDS (ulcer peptic,
pseudochist care
erodează duodenul,
efracţie variceală prin
HTP segmentară)
• Cancer pancreas
(risc de 10 x >)
_____________________________________
Sistemice
• Secundare malabsorbţiei
• Ulcer gastric sau
duodenal
• Serozite (ascită,
pleurezie, pericardită)
• Necroze lipidice
metastatice
• Necroze aseptice de cap
femural, humeral
• Retinopatie non-diabetică
(deficit de vitamina A, Zn)
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Pancreatita autoimună
• formă de PC cu trăsături distincte clinice, serologice,
histologice şi imagistice
• Clasificare:
- tipul 1 – afecţiune sistemică (se asociază cu
colangită, sialoadenită, fibroză retroperitoneală,
nefropatie, limfadenită)
- tipul 2 – numai cu afectare pancreatică
• 2/3 din pacienţi se prezintă cu icter obstructiv sau masă
tumorală pancreatică
• lipsesc atacurile recurente de PA
• lărgirea pancreasului (“sausage – shape”)
• îngustare difuză, neregulată a canalului pancreatic +
anomalii ale ductelor biliare
• absenţa calcificărilor sau chisturilor pancreatice
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Pancreatita autoimună
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Criteriile HISORt – PC autoimună
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Categorie
Criteriu
Histologie
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Serologie
↑Ig G4
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Afectarea
altor organe
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Răspuns la
corticoterapie
Rezoluţia/ameliorarea manifestărilor
pancreatice/extrapancreatice la corticoterapie
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Imagistică
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Tratament
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Tratamentul:
A. Durererii
B. Malabsorbţiei
C. Diabetului zaharat
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A. Tratamentul durerii
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• Opţiuni terapeutice:
- analgetice
- întreruperea consumului de alcool
- ↓ inflamaţiei
- ↓ presiunii intrapancreatice (↓ secreţiei, îndepărtarea
obstrucţiei)
- modificarea transmiterii neurale
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• Analgetice
-iniţial non-narcotice, ulterior narcotice (Tramadol, Morfină)
-dependenţă!
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• Scăderea inflamaţiei:
- întreruperea fumatului
- întreruperea alimentaţiei per os, nutriţie enterală sau
parenterală totală
- antioxidanţi, inhibitori de radicali liberi de oxigen
- chirurgie în pancreatita obstructivă
- prednison în pancreatita autoimună
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B. Tratamentul malabsorbţiei
-
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Suport nutriţional
- prâzuri mici şi dese, bogate în proteine
- trigliceride cu lanţ mediu (MCTs) – 40 g/zi
- nutriţie parenterală dacă cea enterală nu este
tolerată
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C. Tratamentul DZ
-
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CANCERUL PANCREATIC
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Date generale
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Factori de risc
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• Demografici
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• Genetici
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• Condiţţii medicale
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– Alte conditii
– cancerul colorectal nonpolipozic
- sindromul Peutz Jeugherz
- ataxia telangiectazia
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Screening în CP
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Tablou clinic
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• Examenul obiectiv:
- caşexie
- icter tegumentar ( obstructie sau metastaze)
- leziuni de grataj adesea suprainfectate
- în localizările la nivelui cozii tromboflebita migratorie recidivantă
- hepatomegalie
- vezica biliară destinsă, nedureroasă, palpabilă (semn Courvoisier
Terrier)
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- scădere ponderală
- icter ( mai puţin frecvent)
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- durere intensă
- tromboflebită migratorie
- tulburări de glicoreglare
- atenţie – absenţa icterului!
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Stadializarea CP
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Investigaţii de laborator
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Investigaţii imagistice
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-
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• Rezonanţa magnetică nu oferă avantaje comparativ cu CT
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Diagnostic diferenţial
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Tratament
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Tratament chirurgical
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• cu “viză curativă”
Duodenopancreatectomia
- intervenţie cu mortalitate ridicată 25%
- supravieţuirea este sub 1 an (medie 11 luni)
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• cu “ viză paleativă ”
- coledocojejunostomie
- mortalitate operatorie 20%
- supravieţuire maximă 5 luni
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