Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
filor-
wrd,
Pre-
wtic
5 3.2.1. Teoria seriei de tura{ii 91
i ati- Frefa!d'
3.2.2. Cinematica cutiilor de viteze ' . ' . vJ
htea 1. Premizele proiectirii maqinilor 3.2.3. Teori a retel el or de turafi i . . .. '. 1 16
unelte rr C uti i de vi teze combi nate '. . ' . . 129
3.2.4.
1.1. Considerafii generale privind ma- 3.2.5. Determinarea numerelor de dinfi
miul gina-unealt5 :: ale anqrenaielor din cutiile de vi-
rlosi, I . 1. 1. Def inirea ma inii-unelte ll teze 139
casta 1.1.2. Clasificarea 9i simbolizarea maqi- 3.2.6. Transmisii prin conuri intrepte 153
nilor-unelte rz 156
ditt 3.3. Variatorii continui de turalii . . . .
1.1.3. Ciclul de lucru gi programul ma- 3.3.1. Caracteristicilevariatiei,continr:e
(mru- ginii-unelte 15 156
1.2. Consideralii generale Privind 3.3.2. V ari atori i conti nui mecani ci ...' 156
Piesa :y 3.3.3. Variatorii hidraulici de turalii 151
1 . 2 . 1 . P i e s a q isu p r a fe le le e i .......... :y 3.3.4. Variatorii electrici de turalii . . . . 161
1.2.2. Teoia gener6rii suprafelelor . . . . /" 166
3.4. MiscareaprincipalS.rectilinie .. . .
{o 3.4. l.I-anfuri cinematice principale
2. Teoria lanturilor cinematice .. . ' pentru realizarea migchrii Pe
2. 1. Lanlurile cinernatice ale maqini- traiectorii rectilinii 166
lor-ugelte !o
;" 3.{.2. Caracteristicile cinenatice ale
2.1.1. Definirea lanlului cinematic . . . . mi;chrii principale rectilinii al-
2. 1.2. Clasificarea tranlurilor cinematice ternative 168
ale maPinilor unelte 5n
3.5. Lanfuri cinematice principale me-
2. 1.3. Reprezentarea lanfurilor cinema- canice pentru miFclrea rectilinie 169
D.Ce J<2
J
3.5.1. Mecani i me cu atoi nversare .... 169
2.2. I\{ecanisrnul ;i earacteristicile autoinversare I73
sale si 3.5.2. Mecanisme Jdri
;; 3.6. Lanluri cinematice principale, hi-
2.2.L.Definbe .... .'"i.;i;
t5 draulice pentru migcar",
2.2.2. Raportul ;i ecuafia de trans{er fis
2.2.3. Capacitatea de reglare a mecanis-
mului 5e 3.6.1. C aracteri sti ci speci {i ce .....'.' Y5
3.6.2. S tructur5...... 1'76
2.3. Lantul cinernatic pi caracteristi-
cile sale io 3.6.3. C i nemati ca pompei or Fi motoare-
lor hidraulice {olosite in lanfurile
2.3.1. Raportul de trans{er al.lan}ului cinematice PrinciPale L76
clnematlc 59
3.6.4. Reglarea 9i stabilitatea vitezei de
2.3.2. C.apacitatea de reglare a.lanfului .g"lhi"t" pe traiectorii rectilinii 183
clnemallc 60
cinematice 6i 3.7. Lanfuri cinematice principale hi-
2.3.3. Asocierea lanlurilor dro qi electromecanice 185
2,3.4. Lanluri cinematice lnchise . . . . . . 7L
3.7.1. Lanfuri cinematice principale hi-
.. '. 75 dromecanice Pentru mi;carea
3. Lanful cinematic principal
rectilinie 185
3.1. Caracteristicile gi structura lan- principale
3.7.2, I-anlvi cinematice
?5
fului cinematic PrinciPal electromecanice 186
3.1.1. Yiteza de aEchiere 7j
3.1.2. Definirea lanlului cinematic prin- 4, cinematice de avans . . . .
Lanfuri 187
clpar 77
lanlului cinematic
4. 1. Caracteristicile
3. 1.3. Structura lanluIui cinematic prin- de avans 187
crpal 77
80 4.1.1. Avansul ;i procesul de aqchiere t87
3. 1.4. Caracteristicile cinematice
4.1.2. Delinirea lanlului cinematic de
3.1.5. Mecanismul de reglare a lanlului avans I q')
cinematic PrinciPal 83
3.2. Mecanisrne pentru reglarea dis- 4.1.3. Structura ian{urilor cinematice
84 de avans t97
continr:d a turaliei
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Cuprins
1.1..CONSIDERATIIGENERALEPRIVIND
MA$INA-UNEALTA
1.L.1.Definireamaginii-unelte
Magiga-unealti face _partedin marea grupr a maginilor de lucrw, al clror
scop fundamental este de a modifica forma materiilului, printr-un p;;;;
tehnologic oarecare, ln condilii economice optime.
Astfel, rrzboiul de lesut transformi firete de bumbac in plnzi prin oro-
cesuJtehnolo-gic de lesut, ln ge calitate superioari 9i pt"'1 a" tort
m!ni4. Similar, magina-uneaJti -condilii
transformi bari^de o1el,' piin'pto..i"i
tehnologic de agchiere, ln guruburi de anumite -o
dimensiuni gi d" o ilfiiit
preci"ie,- ln coadifii economice mult mai avantajoase decit daci aceleagi
guruburi ar fi confecfionate manual.
Transformarea barei de ofel, de formd hexagonali, ln guruburi cu cap
hexagonal, p:in strunjire,- impune maginii-unette condilia de a putea reaJizi
suprafafa cilindrici a tijei gurubului,ca pi suprafafa elicoidde a liletului siu,
deci condifia ca magina si poati genera suprafelete rn cauz6., prin procesui
tehnol,ogicd'eagckiere.Pe de alti paite, gurubul trebuie si aibi o Jnumiti
precizie dimensionali (a diametrului, pasului stc.), o anumitl calitate a
suprafefelor prelucrate gi, desigur, si aibi un.pref de cost cit mai red.us.
Ca urmare, magina-unealtl poate fi definitn dupl cum urmeazd.:
JVragina-uneal,td.este o masind. de l,ucru destinatd. generd.rii suprafelehr
pieselor prin proceswl tehnol,ogicile a;chiere in anumite cond,ilii d,i precizie
dimensionald.,cal,itatea suprafelei,si prod.uctiaitate.
condiliile de precizie dimensionali gi calitate a suprafetei conduc la magini-
unelte constructiv diferite, generlnd suprafele identice, ca de exemplu,
pentru suprafelele cilindrice: strungul gi magina de rectificat rotund, iar
pentru suprafefe plane: raboteza, magina de frezat, magina de rectificat
plan etc.
condifiil,e de productivitate, determinate de cantitatea de piese produse
.
in unitatea de timp, influenfeazi foarte mult automatica maginii-unelte,
r'+ap are+r|.Plol
p 'eluauodrrros 'puoticun{
mps p{ocs ap 'pukt gnw?,tQug ,plnuow,ta?ap a$? ,oasac{aut,to{ gr',ir gli""ri
Fr{'eserd ulp Er ]ueprle alsa ,a;eur_rnBJ .Inuo nJ +re+uocuJ nes .iqa azeB ,aplq?I
pfaprdn5 elrJeJrpn3 lf,eluof, u; 'asard elIB nr ]JeluoJ uI erelseseea.reuoricunye:ns,se
e n:1uad a:eolezundseJo3EurJoI o pqie gs emqa:j esard.ap.rnzeJe+"o+uJ
' 'aperFqel
Fq 3p tIItrI 00I Inuolnq.elreuos
-pdn-ra.r1ur epInuolnq.epped,u"r*
p 1' snJ mun
";l"r;:'tl+#:::#l
'ela^ruBru '1n:auilu nlduraxe ep 'elJerqo nes eleJede .lur6eur Joun e el€nueru
a-reuoriceep BalelrTrqlsode-rnFrsee ap leuoriouny ne eserd
}Icmlns uif lndbc's
"16ig
*TJ:1uepl else
Fo'-trrirnJ errlroJ
aun,ire.rlapln€4;gc'"!31:.-;iiHHe":1",#""tt1if'ff,5?'3i.';f
l"r"ifr$rt;
o crpe:ods e:n-Brsee ep nes eurisns e ep '('c1a pie
t:eum1) ariee 1e rnqr .r" rolaurqrnl Inr
ffir_e 'laulqor -olor.'rrrlrale mlnro+ou Inrolor 'rnlnroJour puolsrd .esnpuocp+diuip eleb_r)
pI '=-!JuI
ea-reosrrurrur.rd e ep
lapliryi-r1uao l"s (o1a r-ro1rodsue,r1 gclarir .uorrr.eap ?ies ibaei ap
-rdiadurot ltrroloi elarq 'gleiurp e1eo,r).rle sol,.uer8 .1ua1
Fre;p mnricas "af,Ila rnun n's asard iaiie raun"a.rer$ru o alrursu€rl e ep
f,:eiu.l4r aunli :Hiliq ttJ,t"j"S;
'('r1a plJu-gpu "10,.*a1aa:1ugasarde1p eulq..'I e ap pdocs
ea.te'a1eodgsarab
Feirds nr adac
''py1s1- 'Iel}sv 'a1red erBJ erer urp rnple8aise plquresue
i o _u; Bre+sere p puZofiun!
' \n{ocs ap 'puJr pur'd u; 'pleurur-ra1ap'ai6araserd "rarirby
t SIieruqe} ap ea}€}arre^
p ap nlduraxa 'elel1e rS ellaun-ropurSeurrolrtnrl€q e .glro; ap aii-r1eur
e 'ezEq
ap rolunrolq e ec alecrldruor reur afec il pu;a .iiI<i e'.nldruaxa
iseJB ]:r1^:.'rolotu
ep 'aldurrs 1eur aler e1 ap .aurroJ elErJeAreru elel eaie
brs gceg^ ioa'elesqJA
un rrru ap guulldns r; pu;1ndeu ,rnlnuro pln .lrurJep aurq
;ry]:t:_: 1l:y"1"
clof,sun nrlurd gllru+suo3 rs elndacuor alse eg .uerun rnlnruaS .ii irieeii
o elsa ec plde; ur:d.g_rnleu.urp +uerualaacr_roip alSeqeioapep eserA
_ 'asa!.1alrurnuap .aleualetu
ec alerrlduro: urind'reur'nes }[nu reru nes
:]_lj:{ry^ulg lteuotira}uor'eur.roy
'aldrurs elrl-f,nJlsuof, elueruale Joun E eseororpnl a-reurqui;o-J]urp nelsrioc docs
arrro nrluad 161e;acuo ap aprieplsur 'aleluarunrlsur .ap1e-redd,"g"1*1a
pue:so:d}rod16ersoleue .p1eur:*"p
li:l-{:: _1.:?!1?:
"1
lil:l1y_:lt_-T:9ryirpa: _uJ-rd
aleod.eutlyI ,16urind ;i5i'"t# l::
reurnesdru4'1piureruerieur
-Jolur eurleJ aIBOCI'neJ,6\rerunes _rosnreur polu un-J]ur ,arieurro;ur ap p3rru
reru nes ereur reru ale+4ueJ o eurze8eruugaleod rereJJ un unc pdirf ,dc^ '
o
a
"'; _';1"1J:':'_ih:;li:
"'
I
de Dacd scopul funclion-alaI piesei determini forma
r bazd',a acestbia,f9rrya finald i-"i-"rt" i"fl"""pta -;T fundamentald,de
exemplu de dimensiunilepiesei,de rezistenla,cerirti ai".t"I", .il arli factori, de
de fab-ricafie,de.economiiit.t"; p;;;;Irer erc. de tehnorogia
Asttel, o roati
9iT,t"tamicd se facep-lind,in timp ce una mare, se con-
cgpecu spifei un cirlig plntru- sarcini r"ii.i i.j ;;;.it..J;in sirmi cu sec_
liune circuldrd,spre.deosebite de ciriigui supusunor soricitrri mari, ale cdrui
secfiunidiferite ta formi rr"tAi;;i""te-pe criterii de rezistenfd.
In fie. 1.2sint reprezentatedoui roli de mini pentru
robinet, Jciror formi finait;; manewareaunui
il;;". infruenfati-de tehnorogiade fabri-
calie (turnatd,fis. 1.2,a qi pr"t",i"ia prin
fo1ma.{un9!ionali-, fi;. i:t; b), cu toate ci
-agchitire,
adicngduraptt*tt 9ft;riuiriiJ"la.".oplirra.r" manuald,
este identici.
un suport de lagir (fig-.-1.3),
avind scopurfuncfional
unui fus cu diametrirt de io -io;ili, de a asigurarotirea
{i,l;gi,ir"" a" o distanfi de
bazd,poate ".i.Tr
aveadiferiL-i;H; fi";[,-i"ffi't" t.d;i;si; a;
,,"T',HT.:"
Suprafelele piesei gi caracterul funcfional al acestora
Piesa, fiind un corp solid, este limitat[ de
una sau mai multe suprafefe
componente, distincte prin dimensiuni, forme
totalitate determind suprafala piesei-' 9i pozilii reciproce, i cnror
eEurseur ug eluauoduioc eie;erdns aleun earre aleod glrur; gsard _o +IcuI 1a;1se'aps
'aleraua8 4igrcnp:d e e^zeliuiqp ulp plellnzer Eere+sug glurze:d os 'E+IUIJerels uI
;bsard iaun ep aluauoduroc elaie;erdns 'cr8o1ouqe1eropel ep lcund ulq
wr.peJ rI
?ai3rpnls 'o+eounlseJdqns 1eu:nl ep nes 1e[:o; ep eir:1eur -rounefe;
ieru prol recrle reled eie;e.rdns
-e.rdns 'rr6n mlnreugur eie;e:dns 'uolle 3p 1"s '-rode.L_ep
n4uI nldruaxS- ep tcrlrpue leurudxa ap lrqrsodurr_'axaldtuoc 'a,tolztbo efa{a'tQns
tra4i'p afa{
$ lod 'uniet el1nru u1 'a1atfn{s e1act'6 eux1Qact,4ewoaBa1aut,to{er+ul 'JoIu
me J -nzet ee+e+r.rofeuru; {zea.rpeoul es 'e}ueuoduroc .rolaiale.rdns eleruJod
peluo3 ep
pqnmS e
: NJ IIfEJA
-rsre^m +Ir€nr 'eur:o;
rsin:purnu ", ur"ffiJi[J$ri?:3:i'itTlJ"]"t
P}s gPund pie;e.rdns
p3ruof, aie;e-"rd;1"ffil?:;"i#tJ'itllsrti"{
o ?-eels v ep1ercd'aueid
1wo{rrm; auisud iaun a1eaial gllplo3lle giele.rdns o
einds;p 'g eueld aia;e.rdnsase6'7
pdel 't p'rlrpulllc gie;e;dns o gpasod (p 'V't'Fr;) leuoFexaq dec.3L;"ltc5;t;r.",
pnr-re '(6E
lg ri pieye:dns o_ere (t 'V'l jFIt cFpu$?
gnop $ erruor efa;e.rdnspnop 'err.rpu-111c
4 ug '1ce1 IrrrnJ'ecrraJselolef, eia;e-rdnspnop 16pcluoc Piele:dns o ppasod'(4 'p'l'8lJ)
hs ap nes rruo3 InmO 'ErrreJsEurroJ ap 'ectun eie;e,rdns o an (a 'P'I '3lI)
4sa a]€+rz "11g
13.\IO 'lBpns - p icolq ulp lercnlord *, :l"urnl - q |?e[to] - o
eppaa 2p ::g8e1 rnun eI€ elr+lnrlsuoJ o+u"TrPA 't'I '5Id
vnsuaMxt,
a{ng
['afeuruq
g zluaza-rd
rrauoduror
iluq eJels
i ellntll lera
e't'I'crd
t
:_
-1
=:y-
I
ag7awn -,to72w.ti ocu r't,r,p 7ca1'o,r'QaP zlwa,t d 66
Consideralii generale priaind fiesa 23
I
I
I
@'
,'.I{i
FIG. 1.4. Piese posedind una sau FIG. i.-<. $uruburi identice,
i MIO
cu capete diferite.
mai multe suprafefe distincte.
N
:eJdns ezeeJeue8eJeJ
€eJeo+oeJrpAIlJedsaJ
'ea.reoleraua8 IJ +od
cI Is g eleqrnJ
'H Ii A apueld urp
eIeJ no errluepr O 16g
alaqrnf, uliqo as 37 16
/ elauelcl nr alap;ed
V rS ; _ aueld gnop
n) Bserd pUIPJ
.aasat{
lnuas
-?p gllnzer '11 leultat
InuBId ug '7 1e"re1e1 16
H leluozrro mlnueld
eaJel€qet urrd .aJef,
u^lP^Jg'I'39) to\ 1euo.3o1ror-r1 ariraro.rdap .,'rlsrs un-rluJ erBJ es rruqel
eareluaza-rda:Ec liepodur rnpldey rS ei$_a_ro1ep Jnu
::...-"p-r"l-lll-".ard
'auelc ereolrar_lprs ereole-rauaSaq:nr ap g1e-raua8 es elseerv
riun urpJ rj'a1eod -ro1e alelrrote*
.l . I . rI d eareur ':olasard :opia;e.rdns a1e a5ruqal'afeuo{cunj'-roiaiur_rac p+Iro}eg
I aze f
'ela+s
erere a-rerer€o
1,y 1tund. r:lr!rr#:E'";:&r,ifr"Jl}:Jil :i*tt
":'?:: 'ares rr-res-erdao
'IJqrnr ele a^rser3ns-rolrjrzod
!lgyl_],
eieyerdng "I 'grgseldap Ie rrr]auoe' pcol l;tfi;;$;5
1ndur1 ug uruibj .nu nes .16_npugqturqcs eqrnj .niiuds
rrl Bs earesuJdap urrd'arecireo-pqrnc 6 ap pleraui8
li.iio.i!i"l"ia". o''---
'
, "1s." raia;e-rdnse a.reraue8ep pour ep leJlse rnun eriruryag .elpun_epu
-tseur ad ;o1aia;erdnsrr-rerauasInlplls uI aurq rc.,,'p, grealaJdt, ,iL,
ur aqrnr laun eareseidapui:d is drer 5rlugrd "l"Irr
f:Y:T^illyds
ut:o glnuriqo gr ElereprsuoJ11 aleod eor15:oa1pieyeidns''3p liq+It"po* et.rraJlp
j_i}^ltj: p-u1i.redeES prEJ 'Jlrurlsip "gredes 1"y1se6
!4eas pnop al, 3..rrsor8"grpy
-Ezuro o eJ eleJJprsuoJ Jlsa eie;e:dns JrleruJletu JJapaAap lcund uIO
rolaieJ"Jdns e pcrlaJoa+€oJerauaS
JoloieJBJdnsrrJpJeuo8 .Z.Z.I
"uoel
a4aun-rcpu.tiaa c,t{, apztura t d
Vt,,tpytat ta
Cansideralii generale priuind piesa 25
FIG. 1.7. Cazul general al gene- FIG. 1.8. Generarea unei suprafele prin
rdrii unei suPrafefe. deplasarea planului generatoarei paralel
cu el insugi.
lerauag
ag elua'ue+pururreleplua'uel
inueldnr rolelnrs" ,,,*;"J;utlt?iin*3;;t "t
i$ ec lrprurn
mua8 raur.ro; (o_l.r.ss) 14. leurrou,#fi:tiJt4t*;"$t;
etivod.eznetdealndase n-r1uad
FpaTrl razalr^ pueld'o4 ro1e1nc.o_q,r"id
:apriddi ropqrncarils'e1r*ec bueldr'J-r1 ;r;;"J
) uI -rsuo3 uJ €r as Es J€s-?Jauelsa"eJeJur 'crrpurpc nes puoS0porJ+ e+euoproocap
nu"eeJ
pueld ap )Illeue eurudxa aleod es eftolratrp eqrnf, roll.mzer eetetrr
T:J11._""-IluI
lun gceg ;,"1:Y-:L?$:::^31r"c lul.s elereolrerrp eftr eI ,'51a eleuolelip apiaprdris
- 0 ere3 uJ rounrolrnluep apia;e_rdns .ajeprooqa eJartuIS
:lleol3aJrp n3 ^f^IjfrTJIj^1ry9^I-?I^"1":^t_Y9_t,Iigr
elaJeronsep'leJlsv'eueld eqrnf, luls eqrnr pnop-apc ereb ri;5ruaberard
p1 alsa auuld elepole.'' urp eun rcru urrd alereuaS r; 10d nu 5p aiap"rdns
-ro1as5ld
'(ppour qdnp eerardoc) raiap-rdns e erpreua8 ap
I ad gpurrou psacord nr" "1au[
nu erar'r
E}$o1eq lndul+ ug 'g1ue1prra1urereseldapo-rlurrd '""r 1."r" ug ,gurur4a "o1as rareole.raua8
rnpueld e areserdap-,aplarc+J eiuaniyul 'axalduror iopiipian,
[r e[EruJourg Lererauas- el
-'
rel 't'I '8lJ 'rrnze) ap lollse $ csaq;1u; as a11aun-afiurSeur ai ropi"lrirari. eare:auaF,rl
FeJe uJ
r 3J€O]€JeueB
r:!d:p op
ep
e ege-'e.r
Ieza+l^ epJnpouap161gc
apurdap.a-laerra8
raia;e-rdn's
rereorereues
,elerpn+s
r"*r:TlTiffitj;
r 3s Jolelntso Ppotn llle eiurby nrlued
rpunle ,gryse1dap1ndrull ug eurroi
FeruTep w EqIuHrs FI g""b:"iii "irmrrraleol
ia,urol Ie anpe^
,uIPc"o ap lrund urp prqe*e^ur er-arcoleiaria8lerapisuocei .ai'niee a+eo+
uJ
n ericas.ralur 'aletaua8raia;erdnseur:o; qzeaiuanlJuT nu ueld ,o1o* e a{e1o: Jp *".
,
egelsuer+ep raza+rarr:laurered''areuunel ;rs rered1ej.,i"s
m ariras-re1ur
1"p.rd1aFrJ+$;
tlTg-?--"i:-1ta:e e arierren'apea;al ',"r"b1"r",r"e'r"1n""1J
r lnuela
:ii-tj}:P ep "^"i-:i:B
etlrzoo. epurdap g mpq8un eeurrrprueoarioap ,itizet 'apqrue.ri;
lr,
r Generatoarea teoretic[
Curbele generatoare a1e suprafelelor pieselor pot avea cele mai variate
forme, de la-cea mai simpli - linia dreapti (fig. 1.11, a) - pinl la curbe
ce nu pot fi exprimate analitic (fig. 1.11',h).
Din punct de vedere al complexitalii formei generatoarelor, ele pot fi
grupate in:
- curbe generatoareanalitice',a c[ror formi este determinati de o
singuri curbi. planl, exprimabil[ analitic:. dreapta (fig. l-.11, a), cercul
(fig. 1.11, b), evolventa (fig. 1.11, c) 9i mai rar elipsa sau alte curbe conice
sau ciclice;
- curb e ge ne r a to are co mp use, in fgrpa cirora intervin un
numir oarecare de drepte 9i de curbe plane analitice: profilul filetului
(fig. 1.11. e), profilul canelurii ({is. t.lI,.f), profilul danturii cicliod-de
(iig.t.11, d)'protilul unui miner (fig. 1.11,g) etc.;
- c u r b e g e n e r a t o a r e n e a n a I i t i c e, - exprimabile numai
prin coordonate: profilul palelor de elice (fig. 1.11, h), al unor melci, al unor
inatrile etc. Dificultdliie-de realizare_practici conduce, in multe cantri, La
b""t lnlocuirea curbelor generatoale neanalitice, prin curbe generatoare compuse
F"tba din arce de cerc ;i din drepte, care aproximeazi mai mult sau mai pulin cur.
s
bele neanalitice.
e olelrror.p{rr areur
": iii,::fr *,X,:i*fSt?f*;rg;Uifl$#r,jffi;
nu'elaua8 ur'ralncs e a-riJo15rqc6e'rarqcnur
earur8unl ,ainet alsa3e ur6l
ezeeiuansuJ-a;ec 'a-rarq-c6e.
aprnpp"J"
l-e-lrlrnur p1p lp ""i:,1_6."ii:]fiJTa#"EHrTtirx"'ri,H#
rrurr8unlea1a11a-rc.ai_irid a4 .(ea:rinrs'ea4,J""r"rr1rr1u; r$ralnrs
a ., : q .rruqal
€Iirnrlsuor at$a,rrrd^"-r__":1,
1r,rndirlp i","1or"r ep irrrlrp
auralqo,rd-rede'breo1ii,$:,_1"_ltr_n*-";*l "pearalda;r' ,rretu
ea-rdalsa nu erelsef,€:*?"y_:i:l lrur:"u1 nc a.ra_reorp
a: -,",
'-a. yi eJtrlzer uI lgruly ppqrsodelsa ialn3s
'/1 e eJeolerqJde erqcnur ur_rdra,reoleraua8' (ea_reurei8o_rd)
.: .'
t'
l
ebrezrrerJJter^-
'tl
'.:-1
-arqcs
e^erqrnru u'd.F^{J ]:: t",li :i*:;t,f
,,3:,'{;:":r
J
-ereua'nt (q ,tr.r X1:,,
T::1" :u'd 16'(zf,:il3uilrliilir
J,reloqer i ttl:X :*:l
roun e a"re"raua8 ur:d aiase;dns
ap etarouoritnzej griopalerr;rJddiaxa.fu;. bri;i--'-
'IaInJS€ st.i
,{ tr lL v .aorqreueau_,1
--"""-" :esnduoc_ B ,!,r.p
-Se rarqcnur e "raricarord
"o 1 :- ,{ : :erdu,s_ j ,q,,
, eqrnl .r .T .3rd
€) P U I I F Z OJ' 7 WV e Je J "r"or".reua5-1---J l Lr I Jrs
A
-areo Eqrno_EruJoJ o er' _I_
J nESpueld ur g eereo+ A q i.. r As;(S
-e-raue8:O*L eJEr ur
urrlJn Inzel +eJrJrldulaxa
elsa U-I .F1y uI
'oJezap pllJeJlp.eJecereo
eJeole,t o ere J, prq8un
puI9 'Ja_reo1e_reua8
Fu
-e1d ed. a:eolarqc$erarqr
-nur ericaro_rd'i:rrd nES
'Inu elsa ,L arele8ap ap
prqFut pcep iplnis a6
al0u4o,tdotqecrpe .raJnos
e a:eolarqcSe rarqJnru
eturoJ ulrg Elezqerrel
-eur IJ aleod eJeole;aua8
eqrlr'a11aun-rurseu ad
JoIeleJeJdnse a-re_raua8
ap lnsaco-rduI .?lBzIIEJr
-alBrrr BaJEOlBJeUeS
'.pclpwaux? eler
_
acl elnuriqo r; 1od nes
\
raInJS e €Jeolerqcde erqc
-nur urJcl aruztp?leryu,
ry
lod areoleraua8 aleqrnr
'aJruqe+ rrJezrleeJ
Ie Cl
-apal ep lcund urq
Fi G. 1.12. Generatcarea
l nal eri al i rard nri n muchi r
ile- agchietoare A'l,I B' .
ce,
rct
lU-
ilei
Pe
[e-
de
lor
:ba
na-
ma
std
riul
rul,
lu-
ila-
hd
lre
ro.
ste
im
ra-
rf
re-
ca
a;-
lei.
nor
:ra-
rie-
:a
rea
me
:Fa
hiei
tza
[eya:
!3 Ur
FsJe
d"p
eJe:)
Inf e
j
i
doos I
elE+ la
gsod
ep Is
D}BP 'a11eun-rru16ew
elelusru?f,alu ep e+ez{eeJ 'arelnl:rc t6 rruqrlca-r rrJo}3arel} JollnIII reru eeJerr
-rquoJ ur-rd uriqo as alecqdu:ol rcru atuJol nJ 'acrleuraur3 aleJeo+eJauag
Fep
Dpar
pred 'rilrffilfriio":lg'Tt*n"{r';$
epa?laan-Ltndau,t,rrorrrr,i|r7"rff'Yffi
rnun B arroloereJlel 'rareoleraua8e Ecr+eueurJeeJezrleatu; .e;euun e3
l"Ptt .
'a11aun-rrurSeru
puguri-rede_erues-feprq8 eF]uetuela ad rc 'ra1nf,se ereo]erqc6e -eaqcnui
, o"n ad
gleurerSord-else retu nu erur1rlcal eeJeo+,eJaua8 gc +elJerueJ-ep arncia_ra
'rasard exe nJ glap-red aricarrp o ed ,qa pzell^ ap ,alielsue-r1'ep a_rEc$rul
eJSf,
9
nc lritolr ur-ropljrir.d pr$I'r" 'iiiplrinc Ie lr InJrl^ Ereprsuo3es .cr+eroeJ
'(o'hl'l ';lJ).rS
eJrrpurlrf,efa;erdns raunurrfun_r]sInzec u; .aruqrlra.reareojeraua8
alsa '1cund rnun e erJolsersJ+eJ eleztleeJ 'a3r1?ruaurc-a15-reo1e:aue3 erlurp
gldurrs rcru €aJ lcund- rnun ? agolcilerl Bc ?cp?uraurC eareoleJeuaS
'arues-feprq8 lnusruecaur 16 rg8el-sn;
InusrueJarrr +utrsurnc
a11aun-gu1$eqale errleureurf, elueurep roun Inlpeuralur ur.rd id;11"*
II
aleod ar a-rec6nuo gcrldur aqJnJ reun e are-raua8ap rrnzer Enop eTerurJ,T
'tK 16 t( aiaprdns pnop e e$clsr51ur'J
areole-rauas
raunBar'Zrrrln
ei a:rncere uI u*."""'1'#iff;f;'":tff"3$,i;gtio"
a77au n-,to1g,uti otu .tg,tpgcat c,r.{ ala ztx,u?,t.J
0t
Consideralii generale priviu.cl piesa 31
t:tro '
in-care aarlmea unghiului a depinde numai de forma geometrici a curbei G,
relalia fiind independenti de mirimea vitezei ar.
Din punct de vedere cinematic, pentru construcfia de magini-unelte
aceasti remarcd este foarte importantd, deoarecedatoritl ei, mS.rimeavitezei
z'esau.a,unei componentea ei, de exemplu u' poate fi impusi, ca mi.rime a
vrtezei de avans sau a vitezei de agchiere.
lei:-\
b ::r ut ,r+szrler.ro+?ur
eqf,nr reun
.e:eiod
oleuop
_ ^-:j:]:ry
€ ereo+€rnselur
]uds €c er?oJ€rauaC .gl:l .gI.{ :j_::" "P
tualsr. un-r1ur oqrnr
reun ?areJueze.rdag,l y.i .C fa
)
lEEtr,
ailr=
ED.i
!nc.
.,L::
I
PqJ
Dze:
::"::i*iiTJT"ru;'+- j*,3[*T'lJ'5t'"::,g",1.1,t'?a,ro1rarer1o-
jl"ifi;$,'3'L#:":',y"p;"::"1J;;,,-r,#,if
T;1]i1#ffi'J'.,i,'},'s
rq[- a;rrirzodplpdec c,reseldap .uX ,... ,uN lN "'. ,"J ,tJ
o e1qluaoaue]eqrnc uud a_re.r
,
,'oJ
eJalJun,
Slsairr.r"-.srfeareoiprn.gpf
,,il$"Hrr?rl3rl; rrl"
,FS?
:-?:5'lffit ,13t"l::"1:
"",l "dpleureraord .(:,:ri:".,,u,311i'"!-ttJififr*"j:
e.e:eo1i1qc$e
::::1y-.;"uiJili;T;iil*,;3il","JfifL"fiil"il,":l;i;*";:ll-
areolprnse;ur
ef,errleu""r, ,"-."otni"l.F.1nrr,."1 p, p\r;;::Triffli J3" "
qleo-r-p11in?
rsE."l*. t5j::H^"t:_,"tllffli,if,
EJgp
"Jr1,ro.o^',ttJ,11 if:iir,.i,if;
lE3J
IFE *"#.[Tj*:l#ldiri:Fif
.i1e,,f
E,l!'itff ,i{q,,Tii
iTixtiir,r,*t'ft
j'Ey:,Iift:ffiJi;l"""X.'r,S,,,*:t5*"*r1'1"""u#i,i
i,a1eJJfi
IFiIq
IFJ
ltF\ :fTX,$S"1i"T'#J.'^diiil"ilSillt":iQ.,i*':f'f.Hr::.H"i"*",i1;
; d,; ; ?' arro "ad
rlrd # .-l iH'5ffi:"'ti#i;j,.:'"-'-::Ld
"'"rl"i--1'f"l 1care.r1
."0'?#;,TJu";;:*i;';,,:i:n.i;:f_i{{nu.""",=
t ;;,"i,,,*
ljaf,
rEJl
aun
dap
uaF 'n 31>t6:+
Jnf,
B3J
ea;ers*u
n, pir,1,",[*Ll*"
" i5,"i,1::lTr:,,d%i,HoJJ*"j"fi,Til,??
-IleerrJaleodg qcrieruau'.i
I ,*li) ;;I;;;;"op_roor
""r"o1".rr.rib-i(r uJ
aqaun-.tc79wciour
77rp7",7i4ilrTiifi
zt
Consideralii gemerale privind piesa 33
#: *o'
Se constantl, ca gi in cazurile precedente, cl mlrimea, sensul gi con-
t
lra stanfa vitezei un nu influenfeazl forma generatoarei oblinute, atit timp
I cit egalitatea de mai sus este respectati, ceea ce permite, gi in acest caz, ca
r; viteza, uo, consideratl de exemplu ca vitezl. de avans, si poat5. avea orice
l
ad
a1e-ro;reda$r; r6.e1e1.rec)
ra€o1ouqel er€]r^erordap al,"rnorlq uI ary ,(aurer
IF 'alepour 'aueolqe6)rrJplnJsug al; .rbreoleraua8
" etuJol ep aricunr ,zeJ Er ,zEJpr
tJa qy]]l .eurirede
Ia"'a11aun-11ur6eu prec ug:r"i,rr,ri
nu.1uazb-rd
"l-J:",11i_:11-y^"r
-rlqns Inlurruele .erues_lepg8rS :g8e1_sn;elalue.,,ele ap a:rqasoapitdg'
eP
te ramwo,'E'rQ
'nun€s_lecrJlpoo
'oreJaserec.ad
wafio,47,to{,iffilTttXtli'#H
'uolqes ]rumuep 'a1pun-rrur6eus. io7uau,r.7{ns \uau,te\a'.t.,'"is"roioJas
lr&tr eer?zrleeJu; 'pznec elseeseu1p 1a1ec11duroJ "Jo}saf,B
r?ru aul.ro}puJ^e areolerauaS:oun
ryd earaurjqo llrurad'nu ;ralncs e ireolarqesb'"iq**
ed ele8nluor
ilol eqJns raun"uneeplo+
eareurrrSord nc, ealsacs pulurqurof, n€s alleun-nur*eur ap aluaur
st s -a1aad reruroJ eareurer8o:d pursoloy''r5reo1er"uas Jir"i1[ar ep ecr]erurur]
apoletu enop eIaJ .pleure.rto.rd "
IEE ?prrruoc nc ?Jll"ueuji aleole.rauag
'e-reo1e-rauaF
reqJnJ ap crl€.''e.''c
trrs .e "J'zrreeJ
slelnJ ap eaunriou eseJ€oep'g1r-,lcape lnsaco.:drcpsugauriuor
r€ur pleJeprsuoJslse eJrrrrnuepEls€a3tr
tgs ',?,tocaunloo.ta{ ,i,to\ni'wr,Q
rrad /rrreJ3nl _a,w1n,t.as-npu;Falaiugqns_ u,,tp,nnS ;pA;r;";;;n
lnsuudnc ul plrsoloJr1 e-Lairic 'apo16- rajsaceri-rr*r,,r"p g11y
lG)U
Eqrn?
rsp1e-raua'
errrnf,
arlulrr'luoc f#3i::Uii:*";i:3;
.lt3 -j+:ij^:I-yluap "n;TrlH""';fi
'aqua7unrwfi4 trrp,rrrr'E Dpop* 16 pii:{rirriap
? eJeol€JnsEJuJ ep purroJ.qns ef,rleruaurc-ra-reole,raui8 .a}sa aqrnf, reun
pp) rrreirrfqo ep61"6'
'alefurp rolrrnluep'eare-raua8u; piiuqel a]"+qrln areur
.
€ly?^Io^e 1qfo,r
nlduraxa^ap .ari1a:oe1e.reoleiauasiqrnc roun Ea.reu
nEd 1T:i^^:p_
elrruJecre-re'
-rlqo e-rn8urselse rJnzes aloun ur ,€elsaf,?e+"ol n3
rsu "pole.',
-uoq"I rro allnurep eln3lef,'rrurseru
ee:e18ar
ru1uedqurqos
-jetap nrluad elnrler ep "p;Jiiiitlr:1""jff
eirndurr 16 aliariri-rr.ri6r*"erfrnrlsuoc
)3p grrlduror ;e:eo1p:n69ju;
"er"nrra;a ee acrleruaurj rareole_rauaS 'n"r""rr"r,
pun is--,"_]^q".T?:lc
nJluJct 'crielsuerl ep 16alieloJ ap JolrJ€f,$lurealelrsatari .pu;-r
EelropIe uI
dp areolereua' g'r1,:errr$rusr.ug
;"ffj"i1,.ffi;"X'#rlii,t*i#it5j'"rt;"7
Bnd o-rlurp nu rsl,',
adeorde ur edeoide urp rJserct
InFrJelsrrr nJ
lf,eluoJ €r €Jol
-sef,B? ereolarqc6eerr{rnru arereoap ;Sseotejuei"_ 1"g,
mS alelnrs 'a:arqc6eap m1nuoJe p arbpa.r.air i"* 1"5"ii;;irJdri;
:"fr"k'
AVJZ 'Ialnf,s aI" elrqrsrupe erurxeru alrunrsueurrplcund'.rgp
,arlciiJlsuof, Elle ap a4
seIe (p+€+nu1 -aleSnfuoc e1 eri1ia.l, 'ep Jcund
urp elia eauqigur'.eauaruaseacl .rereo]""raua3e
laqinc.axalduroJ
alJaJrp rueue:8ord lgcap rerrr rep e:eptdrsilalncs e arinc
TT? p3rprJ
-exe ap e3rur{a}auralqord "U 'leInJS3 e-reolerqc6e-erqcn'ru'ad',r;-reolerauaS
rale8nfuor ea:eure-r8bia'ei i\beiilo, a]se rt ,e3eateu,i:io are,
ad eeace nr
Pf,rluepr slse nu re BrrrJoJ'eleztle:.Jeleur ?eJeol?JauaFap esul eJrqesoapardS
'eleururJelep eulq purroJ o ere ralnf,s e eJeolerqcse
rep eiqcirul ef,aJ?'3p.elez
-rlBrJalsrua-reoleraua-8 nc rr-rg:eue8eueureaseas'elseeceipu;: ^'
elss lnurrrd tr
mfn
arr,rr:d e^el,rundurr Tjj#ffi#' ;f"HiTJtlir#.1f;i1't
nr rrznr3uor "t
"r'
[cla nBSpnurluorr; puglndsue^€ap earer$rur
'eluersuoro", urro"ritlttHiilXl
anaun nlxuxs tttt tt,togcatc,t( apzxwa,rd
vt
Consideralii generale priainil piesa 35
3au
etc.). El se mai caracterizeazi gi prin faptul ci poate fi introdus (montat) cu
r usurinte De masina-unealte.
dre ' L; inirarea'in funcfiune a maginii-unelte, programul de pe portprogtam
este citit de un sesizoradecvat, care transformd semnalele citite in impulsuri
Ft- de comandi a lanfului cinematic de copiere.
fta.
Fce
hei Directoarea teoreticd,
h"- Prin definifie, directoarea este traiectoria unui pun_ct al generatoarei,
fcte
:din ales arbitrar sau impus de anumite cerin{e. Traiectoria directoarei se reali:
lei. zeaz6.ctt ajutorul m6canismelor fusJaglr gi ghidaj-sanie, 9i, ca urmare apar-
lde line maginii-uneite.
' esen!5, de tip cinematic, dar existi 9i ex-cepfii,
trs- Directoarea este, prin
-(materializatil
F;
I
putlnd fi programatl ,pe sculi sau. programatl pe diverse
tipuri de portprograme ca gi ln cazul generatoarei.
' Spre alosefird de generaloare, care iir generarea suprafelelor pe maginil.e--
Itru unelte-este totdeauna o curbd plan6, directoarea poate fi 9i o curbi spafiale
l; r de exemplu elicea.
ler- Din punct de vedere al complexitdfii, 9i direftoarele se pot grupa ln-:
Frr- - c urb e di r e c t o ar e a nalit i c e, determinateprintr-o curbd
I matematicl plani sau spafiali: cerc, dreapti, spirali arhimedicd, elipsl,
Fti- oltrat. elice cilindricl sau conici etc.
Fe
r (detalonarea in genere, detalonarea pe elice etc.) 9i mai rar din combinare
fea iu drepte (decojirea lingourilor pitrate); ,. _.
bti- -airecioare ce, realizabileprin transpu-
-'. uif e neanaliti
Fb* nere (imprimare) sau prin programare.
Direitoarea materializafi. Construclia unor scule pentru maginile-unelte
hi, permite, pe lingi materializarea generatoarei prin muchia agchietoare a ei,
be. ia tie materialiTati gi directoarea, adicl aceste scule permit programarea
P're simultani a generatoarei gi a directoarei.
l
j O astfel de scull este'tarodul, la care directoarea, elice cilindrici, este
Pde materializatl prin elicea filetului siu. Pentru generarea suprafelei elicoidale
ts"- a filetului piuiilei cu ajutorul tarodului, este suficientl numai q migcare de
rotafie a a?estriia sau a piulifei. Datoriti formei muchiilor agchietoate ale
Fb" pirtii active a tarodului, huchii care reprezinti materializarea generatoarei,
Fea
Fea ianalul elicoidal al piulilei capitl forma corespunzitoare.
bn, Pasul filetului 9:i diametrul acestuia sint aslgurate prin forma elicoidali
vca a tarod.ului. Yiteza' de rotalie a lui este determinati de asigurarea vitezei
de agchiere, ln scopul realildrii condiliilor celgle de -procesul-de agchiere.
pli- Alte scule, avind programate prin materializare directoarele, sint: fili-
era, bro;a, alezorul, turlfriut etc. La=brog6,directoarea este rectilinie ;Ia alezor
!"1:
rate
si la burehiu. directoarele sint circulare'
' Direcioarea cinematici. Curbele directoare se oblin in majoritatea lor,
pe cale cinematicl, folosind mecanismele fus-lagir ;i ghidaj-sanie, deci ca
:i?-'i:rf"J;ii'f;";g
r{rruncrapplereue€[:1,,,1t*'1i3"J,11i'Bu'g.l"iffi
ele olua.uele ad plerue.roaord'e1ia
-[eplq8) .a11aun-rrur$eu eereolra.rrp blsa
areolgrnSg;q raJp' e eqJnJ 'acrletuaurc Jolereo]JaJrpInzec uI 'g1ncs eii preui
-e:Ford rcap 'sJ"olarqcse rerqrnlu eutoJ ap elezrleiraleur aqrne raun €eJeo?
-grnsplug urrd alezrlear 'acrleuraurJ elereole-rarie8 ep aJrqesoep a:d5
'eurJo; ec.Exalduror
eplJrrro :a'ttt .f,jl)"ifii;#3 ;H'?;:eiqfq"'#,:;
-lar'eue1d purl eareolf,arrp (oz'r '3ll), eFprolrrr eqrnc roun-e di'eoiqjiis
ipIuJ eJ ElInzeJ o EJrleuaurc eeJBolJaJrp'atezetl e1 prcads ur ,unze3 sleun
uJ 'ao4urueurc eqrnc reun e eJBol?JnS?JuI gJllerrraulc seJ?oparrg
"J
'prrpaurry:e
eprrds
:nldurexa
"n..,iilr"r*3ll'ilt"i""g;t'r:i,u,:"r:"t:*1i"";:XT;
-ruoc ugd cperueurJ uriqo as aprieds-ires aireld d-reoica_rrp'aqrnrel1nl4l
'aJerqf,seap rczelrl 3 erurJErueJ arunue r$ e:arqc6e-aprnpsaco:d a1e-atr8o1ou
-r{arjlpRllsarau _n) giueprocuoc ug gseaie lJ pieod es'aieolca-rrpdd raieole,
-aua8 e a ereseldap ap Bzolr^ ec liurrad-rr3qrJua8 e1e dqlar:doid elsdcy
ctE}
ry aleodareolf,errp
erroper€.*+
rseaace
ade_a:ec$rur
**, gaopT.ffiiliifi3T;
suas 16aurrJprrrreJEJ€ (og^, a,11cadsa-r)_4a azayt raun^eiu'alsrxa rcdp .J.reo1
-f3Jrp erJol3ereJ+ad ra-reo1e.reues
eareseldappcqdrur-laia;e:dns BeJeJeueS
[n[E 'ereoperrp ed urfr-rdsep
ear
_ ,41 jcuird e5 'laieole-raue8 aplcund
'nu; 5-rturp
lrund ilo'nu' rnun eererepisuoc5p-Sricuny ug (rJ -uruioy rs gsri; glrrljii
1y aleod ereolrer-rprerrolcer?rJe nrieds u! eiirioa 16 e"arirr:pur',a:eoleiauJb
t[Jll rseaa3€pursoloJ 'aieleJdns rSerapceeare_raua8 n:1uad .a1:ed Ell" ap ad
FSoa
q"t
ncpode-r
-1qF usrs'arepcrrr-
rareolra'*
riTJSt;1#fi:1':J?Jlffi;t;t#:Y
la.:e91e;aua3,p (a1a1euop:oor)
erirlod ap aprirdepra.reo1c".rrp ,
rep nllecs uJ erlrzoclf rs,rnplrund 'pruJoJ3J rEurnu 3^rlJ3dser eJeolcaJrpJoJruol
rI a .?eurrJptr\J
-trererl ea-rauriqogrnSrse'arues-feprq8lnusruecaq t3 lgc ,.rgSe1-sn; IntusrueJalu
Ul€ Er pp1de1 a$arolup es rareolca;rp eaie_raua8'eefa.te ap po.ri 1s"ry
'wa ezaqu nc 'apgpcer arice.rlp o ed,j,i7 rnJnlcund ea-rbseldap'ui-rdpuglpla, e,
?raprsuor aleod es (? 'tI .l .Fg) C. a1u1fp-oe_r
areoJrcrrp erioljareil ,i"{ii4g
-3IJ
{y eiue,pp e1ruopreprqsunezetr.lr ir
iq :*: "p lareote:auas r"
Eareseldep urrd pulllnzet et ?raprsuor aleod as (o ,tI.I .Fll .^)-O-piepcrrc
ereolrarrp €rrolf,arerJ .pund rnun E errolJer'rl ^iilff"i;5
Bc ?olle*aull;XT;":
I
I a.repr ur.rd^glerurrdrq -
g
I acrleruaurc aqrnc r_aune' areolgrri6ppi _
T II
:erEl'reuer,,
;il:xuujl:ffi;1?,Tj;jlla
rerunu
unerFzar
1oderorsc
eereurqruor
dTl#I1;j: ,T:lgJl#HBrJ#H
alirun-rnful|ow,cp,cp1cato,r,{ apz!ruard
98
Consideralii generale priuind piesa
37
?o : Rncor,.
cum viteza relativi z, de deprasarea axei
scurei, in raport cu supra-
fafa generatd, este egald ct
4, ;;;-: <o", egalitatea de mai sus devine
uo : RoG)",
---
I
i_
*l f
i* J
| __I
F-
FIG. 1,22. Directoarea ca infdgur6toare a unei
curbe cicloidale a"luneite.
Fd :-.: 'cJec ep cJ? uJ ern+uep nc
eJruoc e+"+urp rolrior €el€rcnlerd e1 uoc
Fm"r::r:u: rnun ejp;erdns ed ,q- eueld rereolcerrp e .(glerurrd
rf*s e.r?rur.rdrururrd eo.raundsu"JJ .LZ.I .CI.iI
-rurj gsndsu"r+ gcr+Euraurc eruo+cerlc .rz.l .cI.f
S:'i: i.:E
"
EI : r.t:,?,u{
-J].rl
lI ?rEI I=
!s: - rin;-!
rd'n-q
@,a1auap
hI?\
[eE rsu
bs rttptu
il =I
bra-q
i|oe 3llral
mynoaarau
Ellrn aJi?3 'GZ't '3ll). uueld eleor urp eq.rncurrd eleunurelap elsa
;a-lerauaS InFluIp eruJoJeJeJ eI 'rqrnc $up no eJruoJ JolrJn+u"p ee:e_raue8e1 alezrpln
m-eut6eur
luIS ef,rlelueurcereolrarlp ep (a.recaunpg"rg;) a"repr ur.rd ap_reundsue:a'-'
uiltts'
un uq elerurou nc ecey'.n.rpri111o ep qp Eqrnr qq ul
_^__^o___- .rl -f US.t* 9d .,O
plq8un tu,q eleurrou nr ef,e; ,q,i"efieati erep
)rra3 113I":1 ?
eueld re"reolf,eJrp IoJlsV
elelroller else nJpurlrc ad ap 6' gprieds €eJeolrerrc
aqaun-rcpu.1,1out q1.tpgcatc,t
Q apz?Matd 8t
Consideralii generale priuind piesa 39
F""
hta
Generarea suprafelelor reale.
'rereopelrp
,1e1inlat .Iear
InIr}oJd
inzeruI 'arrreruaurr
,rr"or"3ffirtffi"** fii,:firT.:l'jlTffi
aref, arrleruaurJ JoIrJoJserJ 'f,rlaJoa1pp;ord e1 ap (mpuo1qe6) rnpruerSo:d
llnIS
1e
[nu nes raInJSrnlnp;o-rd Jolllaleqe ag 'ra-reo1e-raua3 pzec ug .5s-a"ro1ep
es Etrlaroel
€uuo; ap rrrleuoaH mlnp;ord ap:a1eqy .a$pod
"I 16gurrog ap IrelBqV
rne "I
.a as B'l"'rrerr$epolaur
-appu;zu1dan,,r"";f;:5""t.,'g1lii:J:rtiH:T'"tl#t:f:*
rda: -erdo-rde ea-racnpo.rdar
alsaotyn{a1nl{oq 'reserd lnpyo:d purar.rd :opunrdou ?er?zrcerd .92.I .CIC
.3JEJ
alsa ,
JEOI -nsEru urrd plnuriqo
epar rafa;e:dns e 91
-erdorde eaur8eurralsa
r'^) pagca{a oia{a.rQng
8un
'oxelecn ID >-.
/lUJaP IUOJ,J ,/
1nar. 1n1tlo,t{ Eurrure} ./lt to,t.J
-ap 'apa-r rafe;e:dns e tu/eaoeo /UoJd
alt?aoeD \.r_--l
/ /_
eunrif,esO '(SZ't '3II) e4olnPu?
elolnpul) alo/lzqqnA
alollzqbnx ' piuoralol ap dtxn
a7gaun-n1tu,piout 1.1..tp1cagc,tQ
apz?ueId 0'
Consideralii gencrale priaind. piesa
1l
e Generatoarea real5.
F
{
Generatoarea materializati. Pentru generarea profilului unor piese de
i ungime mici, se folosegteca generatoare,forma muihiei aschietoare^asculei
t-
(v. fig. l.13) care materializeazi astfel lnsdpi generatoarea.
e Forma muchiei agchietoare e.ste,ln acesi caz, identici cu forma genera-
F toarei djn planul acesteia, numai ln cazurile ln care unghiul de degijare y
este nul.
e Pentru unghiul de degajare 1 diferit de zero, muchia agchietoare a sculei
t- reprezinti.proiec_lil generatoareidin planul ei pe planul de degajare. ln fig. 1.27
a se exemplifici oblinerea proiecti.ei unei generatoare de forme foarte simpli,
a unei suprafefe de rotalie, oblinuti prin strunjire.
a GeneratoareaS de formi AYB.+:" partea de sus a figurii se afli. in pla-
lr nul I al generatoarei. Caracteristicile geometriee ale acesteia slnt dirien-
e siunile h gi b, sau una din aceste dimensiuni gi unghiul 9.
i, Directoarea D este circulari de raz6.oarecare Rr.
Muchia agchietoare a sculei,
|. se afli in planul de degajare, a
h cdrui urmi. VW f.ace cu urma
VA a plantalui generatoarei un-
ghiul y.
Proiecfia profilului AVB din
planul generatbarei de planul de
degajare se obline prin proiec-
tante circulate AA', concentrice
cercului director. in planul de
de_g-ajare,rabitut, gerieratoarea
AVB se proiecteazi sub forma
A'V'B', fa care ldfimea b ri-
rnine aceeagi, in tirirp ce indl-
{imea devine h', mai-mare declt
h'-..Ca armare, gi unghiul g' va fi
diferit de 9 gi inunie, mai mi..
s Daci se fac proiecliile gi
& pentru-alte puncte, de exemplu z
;r s ale generatoarei, se obfin
le punc.telez' gi s' pentru mucliia
a9cnletoare,puncte care nu sint
t- pe_.dreaqta VA' (respectiv pe
VB') asif.el incit iri llcul drep-
a
tei VrsA a generatoarei G, mu-
chia agchietoare a sculei trebuie
FIG. 1.27. InfluenJa unghiului y asupra formei
sl aibd o forml curbi Vr,s,A,. muchiei agchietoare.
frc.: 'elncs reun InIJJ^ 'grelueuela €er€o+preuec.gz.I .cI.{
E urrd lezqeue+"u pullj )1 In+
mi:? -cund 'gurro; ef, plrrunue erJ
I ts: -o+cereJ+o ad gzeaseldapas
rt' eteJ X lcund un ep orleJoal
plerauaF alsa (97'1 '3ll) qcp
!IIr.i:
-eureulJ eeJeoleJausc
Fe; ' ACxlvwA ULC a,tnO\OnWaB
gE!;
T"E
urrd'rolaia;e.rdns eare:aua8
EA: e1 'alrncolul +uJs '1nurfar1
{ur: -uI ep r$ tazrleer ap IIrIJ
s3F -1p puII .'ueru rurr8unl ep
IF: areolarqcSeelrqJntr{l .1cund
lnun e eIJopeIB4,eJ ?Clleuleurc eaJeolBJeuec .pJlleweuls Ber?olErauag
r: 'arrlaroel alaia;e:dns ap gqrsua-srrrJrp
O€
lod aftlpzbr apai alafayerdns ia;ncs
arel e areolarqrse ugd glezrprraleur ea-reoleiaua8 hc .aflaun-aIur*eiu ad
eJ?1 JoJeleJeJdns e"fiIrntu
eJeJaua;ap 1eeJInpou urrd gc ptlnzer.sns reur ep elal urq
paJ
Bqo -roJep er€rrrrn er ere e-reolarqcsererr{rnru e pwo!r.un;";:"t**,8#f;"t"*
'nlqrrIesue rnlsele ele ef,rlural :oprieurro;ap ezneJ urp n?s gurseurjgsard
re:o€ -plms 1nlnrralsrs. e aqwanc{nsug_.tip77pp77t.raun E+rro+ep .a.rerqc6eap rnpsJc
A.IEJ
-ord pdur4 uI 16aenpo-rd-a1edd'6d;'asraprs Ie / mlnJ4a'iereseiaeiq
'lareoleraua8 eI ernp a3
BeaJ 'refnJs le ,gA,V.rnpp;o4d_eareparord EI eJ"Jeplsuof,
"eJ€ruJoJep
uJ +BnI ie3 ep +r-treJ
-ip a$ ES 'elfaun-rrurSeur.plrodns uI relnrs eateza*e urrd lnurfqo ,,,t prqFuri
PAP €r aleoo es 'lJetor leuogrzod a1!e ,{ prep rerq3 .oU llcap gzer g+Ie eI nes
yud .1 mpu-e1dereJe ul lezate iy aleod eiec ) rnpyrg.t-e pclpe''ra:eblerairai8pnreld
nJ +JoceJur relnf,s e oluao,e aa,tauotitzo{ezeeurrol o gAV ra:eolereue8 e
XETIT ep Bsrnsglle o .ralncs rnpp;ord e a{ncaxe ap rolrJora ere}e uI
"reuJolep
rI€^)
I(;,gA,v mp1,;ord
e1errieur-rolep
rnporlu
r,r rin(YoJ;iilffii"""iJrr!#Xi
,sns
ep ?a4cn4suocr.n?oqoe3r-roE3 leuoriuaur emqeJ+ reur ep a1a) ef
'u3; 'esard ad lnurioo arr
ps prceurrn ar 'ra:eolerauaSp gAV rnrnfjlo:d erdnse
elau f 1c'aprs a.rerebSpa$
)II e Inuela uW ,g A,V rnFlrloJd erdnse aHugryse-rJoA es eJef,rtoJe aJeJaJeonJ lrqEt
rleru -Ileur eJeJ BA as 'ralncs eareuorfca;uoce1 ,,g7;g/tr m1n1r]oJdearaurfqg-
[@oa ' ,gA.arltadsar ,VA ap alrraJrp
'aqrnr +u!s ,gW $ ,VtrV elrrnlel ,eeueurese ,;d, 1!cep areii iiur'.a1sa l,b
md Inrrl-dun 'rselaf,e-eururpJ q af,aJeoaq .,q lllep "G
pJnu reru else eJeJ ,,q eaulttjlguy
qcSe urrd eluapaca.rd ap prelip ,gW,V 1i1ord rhlsaie ericaror4 .,AA"ed piir?.i
,rrns ,VW lnueld ug leurur:a1ap elia' arfia.rrp gtseef,E ba in1i1rinf, InlrJord
IOSoa
ropia;psunluslercnle-rd .ngsp;#4rHi'""rlT#,,ii:itlT" "n
er;esemqar+
ayaun-.to1tut{otu tttpqcapc,t( epzlu.4a/,a
zv
Consideralii generale priuinitr piesa 43
1:a1i-;-AEt i5
r"i l=:r#a*g ;
iSFrigE:t.r*aa;
|t=isieEaiie$3$;ir-
F i F*ftefc
'8,$s
FFF
xsil;i[Fai Etfr $gat16*r
!'F:
i;'rr F;
i+e;IggEq*F.le$E'FE
E F i d 3 ,H6 '..:''ts
FE E E " $ + E 6' g H,q
;i+rrEa+ei it$E'3f$E[I$fl'g H
gHE
\
r5i
lE$rEx
3i_i:8,
F;;.;
ESFE*E'$+[
$Ef
I Es I \}
@ffi#A-^
iaBs
Et
i=EF=lE*ii*u3,E,
i = == =j-==t=
FmggrFfl[F,$gf
i++i$Eils:E,$iH$s$€g$;f+f,
F
^g {.^; i'+i
iiIi r*reFEFF1r
E
gi$[H
$iF + i Es;AFfi
r; 1ii 1;EiilgF,Egp H ; sfifl€:t
3$r
n
ElfFi;gfr'
* ris$31$e$FilrF+ .li+g[
I FFfl$$$En
:ri€iFffai$
flE$'trF$g
[E$tg$rig#p
5i i=s*€:rF.EFs;sn$
35fiEi[ *Ffr;oflgE;'
EI.H'f,
o
g$flE$
o\
ri #l'flRgfijg
iiF i*[f
$*Ffl$$FH$[$F
\
\$
\
iEsEe*,,e
c
= E t iF E: rfl [E H i i F :I A I . iEF F g
rgl
+s*r*sn
=3H
un igEs;EF
r;F $*$iFIFEf
,i$g HF$Hs
; . 33se, . ". 8Ft *F
i* g: s!
\!
l: ii; f,fifl'F$i
gflgrFsF r{:=
i si$s
H
15:+;EaE* seir fFi-rFis
$3FF'.
;r;i$ €q $g $i
i i i; E EE aa E;H*[FFr iF.I lgF Erfl
'rs F$l;f$ E lg$r$
i=ii u
^ ? 1;': So
+ l? +? 7 i - l-; g i
, i 1 ,i e t; i EA T ,ri fl$*
i ,i+Ffiit l rF
l ' gt
i;! 41: ==;.-s: it+= i5
=!{ i ; r : i+=i1
E;l?'lr-+i=
i; i 5 i+t
EE.s,- +3' i[€- F,
s+g ;' $+H-sg-BFg
+ :r;€ E ;:$ *
B,s ; *[ f , . g ; s 1 :
"T F ;g. g .H E i F F F I
e
F *E- *; e *n [sr s;,) I
5 Fr .Eil Fi ,F;S ;E i i "t
s i e ,, i F H.€E i ' [ ; 3 5 ; f f g ;
f..)
H a. E= 1" nrii H F I E $ + $ a E,rg.
tag , l'. 5t F
r ; $ F g *tt$r Ta *
9 5E ;=i.Efd !" E, il,F*sE fF; ft;
*t -
dls
;i i " i F sf,fttr fl$r=*r r
H;1 Ls r e f;a i . r :e i
x* - ; fr * ; ; iEt
E"E' s,: F' FqR:l$ f lF r I
T
ofiE H
,
$i= Ei rl 3 F;$ ,E FFl l g
i;geFFni
;:= ;g
[* ;:3;t
c)H. H
Eg ;s
nc: ,r :p 3g.fiFE,
7 ,i i , _i. 1^gi
i ; =z
E _ ; F . g t B g 3 F E Hi'
!+aS:F:ll
=i, ig l b : i : ; ti. , E:Hcg;$ti[FrrsFi
i, 3q. sqq-
EuI r; [ u
i='
i: , ; i = = 5 i c E F T fF [sF $s!*fi *ag;i:??ii
i lf -!E=
=?;sir:e
= = -i. sfJ ' E g FtffifE ;f$Fiil;iRi i,:i
€==:. 1ii i s ? !a iEi[ ij fli,l"g fi-;
ile :F.x :
1:1F=ii F r *=*:=u*p;ailt3ri iE;i
s', e.E
= ==l i5r i , u i * .= i i l !;i teti s;.;Ai *q;. i
::;ESiF
i)=i ',,,"
s I"i: s= ii i;
,j.=
F:* Ifigf6!;;€ia;iiE ;l.'!*i;
- e-yS F . i* 7 l != i a a rl i -i fF l e = ;:i :i
j ;:'s5 :E D, :;d 5 [fm" [$ ;F Ei F E ?i i
?=Ei=ir: i€g5F;g[;;iS;;? iii i
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