Unit 8: BRIDGES 1.

VOCABULARY

Lectia 8: PODURI 1. DICTIONAR

Bridge- (n) -a structure that is build over a river, road or railway to allow people and vehicles to cross from one side to the other. railroad bridge. We drave across/over the bridge. to travel across or to pass over. The Brooklyn Bridge. to bridge - to build a bridge over or across something.he river had been bridged at its narrowest point. POD- o structur care este construit peste un ru, rutier sau feroviar, pentru a permite oamenilor
i vehicule pentru a trece dintr-o parte n cealalt. cale ferat pod. Noi am condus peste / peste pod. pentru a cltori n ntreaga sau de a trece peste. Podul Brooklyn la pod - pentru a construi un pod peste sau peste ceva. Rului au fost remediate (depasita) la punctul sa cel mai ngust.

The elements of bridges

Elemente de poduri

Span- the distance a bridge extends between two supports. to traverse a specific distance. Deschidere, anvergura- distanta de un pod se ntinde ntre dou suporturi. pentru a parcurge o anumit distan. Pier- a vertical supporting structure, such as a pillar. Stilp - o structur vertical de sprijin, cum ar fi un pilon. Beam - a long thick piece of wood, metal or concrete, especially used to support weight in a building or other structure. Grinda - o bucat lung groasa de lemn, metal sau beton, n special folosite pentru a sprijini greutatea ntr-o cldire sau alt structur. Cantilever - a long bar or beam which is fixed at only one end to a vertical support and is used to hold a structure such as an arch, bridge or shelf in position. It's a projecting structure supported only at one end, like a shelf bracket. Consola, bratara, suport in consola - un bar lung sau fascicul, care este fixat la doar un capt la un suport vertical i este folosit pentru a organiza o structur, cum ar fi un arc, un pod sau un raft n poziie.Este o structura de proiectare susinut doar de la un capt, ca o parantez raft. Truss - a support for a roof or bridge that is usually made of stone or brick. Grinda cu zabrele - un suport pentru un acoperi sau de pod, care este, de obicei, din piatra sau caramida. Log -a thick piece of tree trunk or a main branch of a tree. Birna - o bucat groas de trunchi de copac sau de o ramur principal a unui copac. Abutment - a construction that supports the end of a bridge.

Pila de pod, fundatie - o construcie care accept ncheierea unui pod. Cable - a strong thick rope, usually of twisted hemp or steel wire. Fringhie, cablu - o funie groas puternic, de obicei, de cnep rsucite sau srm de oel. Chain - rings usually made of metal which are connected together and used for fastening, pulling, supporting. Lant - inele, de obicei, realizate din metal, care sunt conectate mpreun i utilizate pentru fixarea, tragere, de sprijin. Handrail - rail alongside a bridge to provide support. Balustrada - calea ferata alturi de un pod pentru a oferi sprijin. Desk - a flat raised area or structure. Platforma - o zon plan ridicata sau structur. Types of bridges Tipuri de poduri

Rope bridge - a bridge made of long pieces of rope tied together with knots, and wooden boards for people to walk on, used especially in the past or for children's games. Pod cu funii - un pod din buci lungi de frnghie legate mpreun cu noduri, si placi din lemn pentru oameni s mearg pe, utilizat n special n trecut sau pentru jocuri de copii. Log / beam bridge - a bridge consisting of a horizontal log. beam supported at each end by piers. Grinda / fascicul de pod - un pod format dintr-un butuc orizontal. fascicul de susinut la fiecare capt de piloni. Suspension Bridge - a bridge which is supported by strong steel ropes hung from a tower at each end of the bridge. Pod suspendat - un pod, care este susinut de cabluri de oel puternice atrna de la un turn la fiecare capt al podului. Cable-stayed bridge - like suspension bridge, is held up by cables. However, in a cable-stayed bridge, less cable is required and the towers holding the cables are proportionately shorter. Pod din cablu - podul suspendat, este susinut de cabluri. Cu toate acestea, ntr-un cablu de-pod, este mai puin cablu necesar i turnuri care dein cabluri sunt proporional mai scurte. Drawbridge - a bridge that can be raise or brought down in order to protect a castle from attack or to allow big boats to go under it. Pod mobil - un pod care poate fi ridicat sau n scopul de a proteja un castel de atac sau pentru a permite navelor mari s mearg sub el.

Swing bridge - a bridge that can be turned to a position that is a 90 to its usual position, so that ships can go through. Pod turnat - un pod care poate fi transformat ntr-o poziie care este de 90 grade de poziia sa obinuit, astfel nct navele s poat trece prin el. Arch bridges have abutments at each end. Poduri arc au contraforturile ( bonturi) de la fiecare capt. Cantilever bridges are built using cantilevers -horizontal beams that are supported on only one end. Most cantilever bridges use a pair of continuous spans extending from opposite sides of the supporting piers, meeting at the center of the obstacle to be crossed. Poduri consol sunt construite cu ajutorul consolelor-grinzi orizontale, care sunt sprijinite pe un singur capt. Cele mai multe poduri consola folosi o pereche de deschideri continue extinderea din laturile opuse ale digurilor de sprijin, reunii la centrul de obstacol n calea fi traversat. Truss bridge - a bridge that is commonly made from a series of straight, steel bars. Pod din grinzi cu zabrele - un pod, care este de obicei facut dintr-o serie de bare de oel, drepte. Footbridge- a narrow bridge that is only used by people who are walking. Punte - un pod ngust, care este utilizat doar de ctre persoane care sunt de mers pe jos. Pontoon - a small flat boat or a metal structure of a similar shape used especially to form or support a temporary floating bridge. Military engineers hurriedly constructed a pontoon bridge across the river. Pod de vase - Ponton - o barca mica apartament sau o structura de metal de forma similar utilizat n special pentru a forma sau a susine un pod plutitor temporar. Inginerii militari construiesc n grab un pod de pontoane peste ru. Flyover -a bridge that carries a road or railway over another road. Pasajul-un pod, care poart un drum sau de cale ferat pe un alt drum. Viaduct -a long high bridge, usually held up by many arches, which carries a railway or a road over a valley. A railway viaduct. Viaduct-un pod lung de mare, de obicei, a avut loc de mai multe arce, care poart o cale ferat sau a unui drum de peste o vale. O cale ferat viaduct.

II. BRIDGES BASICS There are millions of bridges in the world, and you rely on some of them every day to cross obstacles like streams, valleys, and railroad tracks. But do you know how they work? Or why some bridges are curved while others are straight? Engineers must consider many things - like the distance to be spanned and the types of materials available - before determining the size, shape, and overall look of a bridge. Since ancient times, enineers have designed three major types of bridges to withstand all forces of nature. There are three major types of bridges: 1) The beam bridge; 2) The arch bridge; 3) The suspension bridge. The biggest difference between the three is the distances they can cross in a single span. A span is the distance between two bridge supports, whether they are columns, towers or the wall of a canyon. A modern beam bridge, for instance, is likely to span a distance of up to 60 meters, while a modern arch can safely span up to 240 to 300m. A suspension bridge, the pinnacle of bridge technology, is capable of spanning up to 2.100m. What allows an arch bridge to span greater distances than a beam bridge, or a suspension bridge to span a distance seven times that of an arch bridge? The answer lies in how each bridge type deals with two important forces called compression and tension: Compression is a force that acts to compress or shorten the thing it is acting on. Tension is a force that acts to expand or lengthen the thing it is acting on. PODURI DE BAZA Exist milioane de poduri din lume, i s v bazai pe unele dintre ele n fiecare zi pentru a trece obstacole, cum ar fi fluxurile de, vai, i de cale ferata. Dar nu tii cum funcioneaz acestea? Sau de ce unele poduri sunt curbate n timp ce altele sunt drepte? Inginerii trebuie s ia n considerare multe lucruri - cum ar fi distana care urmeaz s fie calibrat i tipurile de materiale disponibile nainte de a determina marimea, forma, i aspectul general al unui pod. Din cele mai vechi timpuri, enineers au proiectat trei tipuri majore de poduri pentru a rezista la toate forele naturii. Exist trei tipuri majore de poduri: 1) de pod grinda; 2) podul de arc; 3) pod suspendat. Cea mai mare diferen dintre cele trei este distantele care pot trece ntr-un interval de singur. Un interval este distana dintre dou suporturi de pod, indiferent dac acestea sunt coloane, turnuri de perete sau de un canion. Un fascicul de pod modern, de exemplu, este probabil de a ntinde o distan de pn la 60 de metri, n timp ce un arc de modern, se poate ntinde n condiii de siguran pn la 240 la 300. Un pod suspendat, apogeul tehnologiei de pod, este capabil de a se ntinde pn la 2.100m. Ceea ce permite un pod pentru a ntinde arc distane mai mari dect un pod fascicul, sau un pod suspendat la ntinde pe o distan de apte ori mai mare decat a unui pod arc?Rspunsul se afl n modul n care fiecare tip de pod se ocup cu dou fore importante, numite de compresie i de tensiune: De compresie este o for care acioneaz pentru a comprima sau scurta lucru se acioneaz pe. Tensiunea este o for care acioneaz pentru a o extinde.

The Beam Bridge A beam bridge is basically a rigid horizontal structure that is resting on two piers, one at each end. The weight of the bridge and any traffic on it is directly supported by the piers. The weight is traveling directly downward. Many beam bridges that you find on highway overpasses use concrete or steel beams to handle the load. The size of the beam, and in particular the height of the beam, controls the distance that the beam can span. By increasing the height of the beam, the beam has more material to dissipate the tension. To create very tall beams, bridge designers add supporting lattice work, or a truss, to the bridge's beam. This support truss adds rigidity to the existing beam, greatly increasing its ability to dissipate the compression and tension. Despite the ingenious addition of a truss, the beam bridge is still limited in the distance it can span. Poduri din grinzi Un fascicul de pod este de fapt o structur rigid orizontal care se reazem pe dou chei, una de la fiecare capt.Greutatea de pod i orice trafic pe ea este direct susinut de piloni.Greutatea este de cltorie direct n jos. Poduri multe fascicule pe care le gsii pe trectori autostrada folosi grinzi de beton sau de oel s se ocupe de sarcina.Dimensiunea fasciculului, i n special nlimea de fascicul, controleaz distana pe care se poate ntinde pe grinda. Prin creterea nlimii de fascicul, fascicul are mai mult material pentru a disipa tensiunea. Pentru a crea fascicule foarte inalte, designerii de poduri adauga lucru Lattice de sprijin, sau de o grind cu zbrele, la fascicul de pod. Aceasta contrafisa sprijin adaug rigiditate la faza existente, crescnd foarte mult capacitatea sa de a disipa de compresie i de tensiune. n ciuda adugarea ingenioasa de schelete, capriori, podul grinda este nc limitat n distanta se poate ntinde. The truss bridge The truss bridge consists of an assembly of triangles. Truss bridges are commonly made from a series of straight, steel bars. The Firth of forth bridge in Scotland is a cantilever bridge, a complex version of the truss bridge. Rigid arms extend from both sides of two piers. Diagonal steel tubes, projecting from the top and botton of each pier, hold the arms in place. The arms that project toward the middle are only supported on one side, like really strong diving boards. These "diving boards", called cantilever arms, support a third, central span. Pod schelet din grinzi cu zabrele Podul Contrafisa const dintr-un ansamblu de triunghiuri. Poduri schelete sunt de obicei realizate dintr-o serie de bare de oel, drepte.The Firth (liman) of Forth pod n Scoia este o punte de console, o versiune complex de pod schela. Brate rigide extinde de la ambele pri ale dou piloni. Tuburi de oel Diagonal, proiectandu-se din partea de sus i de jos de fiecare debarcader, inei braele n loc. Braele c proiectul spre mijloc sunt acceptate numai pe o parte, ca placi cu adevarat puternice de scufundare. Aceste "trambuline", numite arme de tip consola, susine un interval de al treilea, central. The arch bridge The arch bridge has great natural strength. Thousands of years ago, Romans built arches out of stone. Today, most arch bridges are made of steel or concrete, and they can span up to 800 feet. Podul are arc de mare putere natural. Mii de ani n urm, romanii au construit arcade din piatr. Astzi, cele mai multe poduri arc sunt realizate din oel sau beton, i se pot ntinde pn la 800 de metri.

How are arch bridges built? Building an arch bridge isn't easy, since the structure is completely unstable until the two spans meet in the middle. For years, engineers used a technigue called centering, in which a wooden form supported both spans until they locked toghether at the top. A newer method supports the spans using cables anchored to the gound on either side of the bridge. Cum sunt construite podurile arc? Construirea unui pod arc nu este uor, deoarece structura este complet instabil pn cnd cele dou se ntinde ntlni n mijloc. De ani de zile, inginerii au folosit o tehnica numita de centrare, n care o form de lemn sprijinit ambele deschideri de pn la blocat impreuna la partea de sus. O metoda mai noua sprijin deschiderile folosind cablurile ancorate la teren pe fiecare parte a podului. The suspension bridge can span up to 2.100m way farther than any other type of bridge! Most suspension bridges have a truss system beneath and twisting. In all suspension bridges, the roadway hands from massive steel cables, which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks, called anchorages, on both ends of the bridge. The cars push down on the roadway, but because the roadway is suspended, the cables transfer the load into compression in the two towers. The two towers support most of the bridge's weight. Pod suspendat se poate ntinde pn la 2.100m mod mai departe decat orice alt tip de pod! Cele mai multe poduri suspendate au un sistem de sub grind cu zbrele i rsucire. n toate poduri suspendate, minile pe carosabil din cabluri de oel masive, care sunt mpodobite de peste dou turnuri i a asigurat n blocuri solide de beton, numite puncte de ancorare, la ambele capete ale podului. Masinile mpinge n jos pe pist, ci pentru c pista este suspendat, cablurile transfera n sarcina de comprimare n cele dou turnuri. Cele dou turnuri suporta cea mai mare din greutatea podului. Cable-Stayed Bridge The cable-Stayed Bridge, like the suspension bridge, supports the roadway with massive steel cables, but in a different way. The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower, forming a unique "A" shape. Cable-stayed bridges, like the Sunshine Skyway in Florida, require less cable and can be built much faster than suspension bridges. Cable-stayed bridges are becoming the most popular bridges for medium-length spans between 500 and 3000 feet. Pod-cablu Podul cablu rmas, cum ar fi podul suspendat, susine carosabilului cu cabluri masive de otel, dar ntr-un mod diferit. Cablurile rula direct de pe pista de pn la un turn, formnd un unic "A" forma. Cablu de-a rmas poduri, cum ar fi Sunshine Skyway n Florida, necesit cablu mai puin i poate fi construit mult mai repede dect poduri suspendate. Cablu de-au rmas poduri devin cele mai populare pentru poduri de mrime medie se ntinde ntre 500 i 3000 de metri.

1. Evaluation Speak on the following issues 1. Give the main types of bridges. The longest bridge in the world Wanting people to cross the planet in long and wide in no time, were born bridges. But architects have proposed to impose girl in nature and have raised some of the most important building in the world - bridges with lengths impressive, thoroughly developed world over the seas and oceans. 1. Evaluare Vorbete cu privire la urmtoarele aspecte 1. Spune principalele tipuri de poduri. Cele mai lungi poduri din lume Din dorinta oamenilor de a strabate Planeta in lung si in lat in cel mai scurt timp, au luat nastere podurile. Insa arhitectii si-au propus sa se impuna in fata naturii si au ridicat cateva dintre cele mai importante constructii din lume poduri cu lungimi impresionante, create cu minutiozitate deasupra marilor si oceanelor lumii. Lake Pontchartrain Bridge The most imposing bridge in the world is built in southern Louisiana in the U.S.. The project has the title of "the longest bridge in the world" and measures about 40 km. This bridge connects the southern shore of Lake Pontchartrain and the north. A special detail is that it actually consists of two parallel bridges. Lake Pontchartrain Bridge Cel mai impunator pod din lume este construit in sudul statului Louisiana din SUA. Proiectul detine titlul de cel mai lung pod din lume si masoara aproximativ 40 km. Acest pod face legatura intre malul sudic si cel nordic al lacului Pontchartrain. Un detaliu special il constituie faptul ca este format de fapt din doua poduri paralele. Donghai Bridge It is in Asia and is the longest sea bridge ever created. 32.3 km long bridge connects Shanghai and the industrial area of town. The bridge has portions that can be crossed and heavy ships or cruise ships very high. Maximum height of the bridge is 420 m Donghai Bridge Se afla in Asia si este cel mai lung pod creat vreodata pe mare. Cu lungimea de 32,3 km podul face legatura intre Shanghai si zona industriala a orasului. Podul are portiuni prin care poate fi traversat si de nave de tonaj mare sau de vapoare de croaziera foarte inalte. Inaltimea maxima a podului este de 420 m. King Fahd Causeway The building consists of three parts, and the longest of the bridges is 5194 m King Fahd Causeway connects Saudi Arabia and Bahreim. The bridge was started in 1982, but the project was abandoned and continued as late as 1986. Funds allocated to it were transferred to Sheikh Fahd of Saudi Arabia.

King Fahd Causeway Constructia se compune din trei parti, iar cel mai lung dintre poduri are 5,194 m. King Fahd Causeway face legatura intre Arabia Saudita si Bahreim. Constructia podului a fost inceputa in anul 1982, dar proiectul a fost abandonat si continuat abia in anul 1986. Fondurile alocate pentru acesta au fost virate de seicul Fahd al Arabiei Saudite. Chesapeake Bay Bridge Also called "Bay Bridge" and is a dual bridge design in Maryland, which connects the state and regions of East and West coast. Odd shape resembling the letter "L", makes an important attraction in the area. The total length of the bridge is 6946 m Chesapeake Bay Bridge Se mai numeste Bay Bridge si este un pod cu design dual din Maryland, care face legatura intre stat si regiunile din coasta de Est si Vest. Forma sa ciudata, asemanatoare literei L, il face o atractie importanta in zona. Lungimea totala a podului este de 6,946 m. Vasco da Gama Bridge Bridge is based on cable technology and is Portugal. It is the longest bridge in Europe, with a total length of 17.8 kilometers, which connects the capital of Portugal, Lisbon, and the rest of Europe. For building the bridge was and easing other bridges near the capital of Portugal. Vasco da Gama Bridge Podul se bazeaza pe tehnologia cablurilor si se afla Portugalia. Este cel mai lung pod din Europa, cu o lungime totala de 17,8 km, care face legatura intre capitala Portugaliei, Lisabona, si restul Europei. Scopul construirii podului a fost si descongestionarea altor poduri de langa capitala Portugaliei. Penang Bridge Another remarkable bridge is Penang Bridge, built in Malaysia. It has been opened on September 14, 1985. 13.5 km long, the bridge connecting North and South highway. Penang Bridge Un alt pod remarcabil este Penang Bridge, construit in Malaezia. Acesta a fost dat in folosinta pe 14 septembrie 1985. Lung de 13,5 km, podul face legatura intre autostrazile din nordul si sudul tarii. Rio-Niteroi Bridge Niteroi Bridge in Rio de Janeiro was symbolically constructed in 1968 at the Queen's first visit in Brazil Eisabeta II of England and Prince Philip of Edinburgh. The official name of the bridge is "President Costa e Silva Bridge". Has a length of 8.25 miles and a height of 72 m RioNiteroi Bridge Niteroi Bridge din Rio de Janeiro a fost construit in mod simbolic in anul 1968, cu ocazia primei vizite din Brazilia a reginei Eisabeta a IIa a Angliei si a printului Philip de Edinburgh. Denumirea oficiala a podului este President Costa e Silva Bridge. Are lungimea de 8.25 mile si inaltimea de 72 m. Union Bridge Union Bridge is in Canada and is called the Chain Bridge. Construction costs amounted to $ 1.3 billion. The project was completed in 1997 and has a length of 12.7 km. Union Bridge Union Bridge se afla in Canada si se mai numeste Chain Bridge. Costurile constructiei s-au ridicat la 1,3 miliarde de dolari. Proiectul a fost finalizat in anul 1997 si are o lungime de 12,7 km.

2. Identify the factors considered in deciding the type of bridge to be built. The superstructure is the bridge that takes direct loads exterior during the operation (dead loads, mobile, etc..) and their forward infrastructure components. Which type of superstructure for a bridge phase design depends on many factors, most important are: - Size and nature of the obstacle being crossed; - Type of traffic to be taken backbone of the bridge and evolution of the load; - Shape and size to be provided for spaces (sized) on the bridge and the bridge; - Topography of the site, nature of the subsoil; - Aesthetic aspects related to the environment. The choice of material that will be executed superstructure (concrete, steel or steel-concrete composite structure) must be based on studies the behavior of these materials under the conditions required for static scheme adopted for the bridge. In common terminology bridges are usually talking about composition of the bridge superstructure in the longitudinal direction (elevation) and bridge in the transverse direction (cross section). In terms of composition bridge superstructure in respect longitudinally following types of structural systems: a) Bridges Dalat b) beam bridges c) Bridges with trusses d) Bridges frames s) arcs Bridges f) Bridges with cables (Hoban and suspended). 2. Identifica factorii luai n considerare n stabilirea tipului de pod care urmeaz s fie construit. Suprastructura este partea podului care preia direct ncrcrile exterioare de pe durata de exploatare (ncrcri permanente, mobile etc.) i le transmite elementelor infrastructurii. Alegerea unui anumit tip de suprastructur pentru un pod n faza de proiectare, depinde de mai muli factori, ntre care cei mai importani sunt: mrimea i natura obstacolului traversat; tipul traficului ce trebuie preluat de structura de rezisten a podului i evoluia n timp a ncrcrilor; forma i dimensiunile ce trebuie asigurate pentru spaiile libere (gabarite) pe pod i sub pod; topografia amplasamentului, natura terenului de fundare; aspecte estetice i legate de mediul nconjurtor. Alegerea tipului de material din care va fi executat suprastructura (beton, oel sau structur compus oel-beton) trebuie s se bazeze pe studii privind comportarea acestor materiale n condiiile cerute de schema static adoptat pentru pod. n terminologia comun podurilor se vorbete de regul despre alctuirea suprastructurii n sens longitudinal podului (n elevaie) i respectiv n sens transversal podului (n seciune transversal). Din punct de vedere al alctuirii suprastructurii podurilor n sens longitudinal se disting urmtoarele categorii de sisteme structurale: a) Poduri dalate b) Poduri cu grinzi c) Poduri cu grinzi cu zbrele d) Poduri pe cadre e) Poduri pe arce f) Poduri cu cabluri (hobanate i suspendate). 1.- Use Dalat bridges lead to a number of advantages, includingmost important are: - Low construction height of the superstructure; - Possibilities for prefabrication of concrete elements that make cross section;

- The work of producing reinforcement for superstructure are simple; - Casings are easy to execute, use the material for formwork being less than for bridge beam; - Superstructure concrete works shall be carried easily, spaces are higher; The main disadvantages of Dalat bridges are determined by high consumption of concrete and high value permanent weight superstructure. 1.- Utilizarea podurilor dalate conduce la o serie de avantaje, dintre care cele mai importante sunt urmtoarele: nlime de construcie redus a suprastructurii; posibiliti de prefabricare a elementelor de beton ce compun seciunea transversal; lucrrile legate de realizarea armturii pentru suprastructur sunt simple; cofrajele sunt simplu de executat, consumul de material pentru cofraje fiind mai sczut dect n cazul podurilor cu grinzi; lucrrile de betonare a suprastructurii se execut mai uor, spaiile fiind mai mari; Principalele dezavantaje al podurilor dalate sunt determinate de consumul mare de beton i de valoarea ridicat a greutii permanente a suprastructurii. 2.- Beam bridges are the most common and simplest form of body, being made so concrete (reinforced, prestressed or both) and metal, but can also have steel-concrete composite section. Continuous beam bridge superstructures advantages statically indeterminate structures characteristic disadvantages. advantages are mainly related to possible changes in height and shape beams based reports values of negative bending moments on supports open and positive. The main disadvantage of bridges with continuous beams is that the statically indeterminate structures are sensitive to dispose of supports (subsidence, that spins). 2.- Podurile cu grinzi reprezint cea mai rspndit i simpl form de suprastructur, fiind realizate att din beton (armat, precomprimat sau ambele) i din metal, dar pot avea i seciune compus oel-beton. Suprastructurile de poduri cu grinzi continue prezint avantaje i dezavantaje caracteristice structurilor static nedeterminate. Avantajele sunt legate n special de posibilitatea variaiei nlimii si formei grinzilor n funcie de valorile rapoartelor dintre momentele ncovoietoare negative de pe reazeme i cele pozitive din deschidere. Principalul dezavantaj al podurilor cu grinzi continue este acela c, fiind structuri static nedeterminate sunt sensibile la cedri de reazeme (tasri, respectiv rotiri). 3.- Superstructure bridges heart full metal beam consists a network of steel beams composed of beams path (path flooring) that path and the main support beams. Bridges heart full metal beams used to opening of 30-50 m from the railway bridge, until the opening of 80-90 m from road bridges with steel-concrete mixed structure. The main element resistance is the metal beams whose section is organized as a double T, feet being interconnected by a full wall called heart. They can be executed in the form of rolled or can be made up as sections composed, flats making up the combined section with rivets or welding. The metal railway bridge beams heart full track down as and the beam path with heart filled up are provided with sidewalk service for maintenance personnel. These pavements can be executed outside the main beams are supported by brackets, but can be made between main beams. The sidewalks are made of boards metal screwed or welded longitudinal elements generally Urolled profiles, called longrine and the side railing safety. Many of the railway bridge structures and road beams made with full heart, the path is disposed at the top and supported by a concrete slab, that is prestressed in the intermediate bearings in continuous beams. To increase the bearing capacity of structural strength, the sole higher heart full of metal beams are welded connectors, rigid or flexible, with different forms, to ensure cooperation between the beam and plate concrete. Thus, relative movements between concrete slab and main beams

metal is prevented, the bridge section will have geometric characteristics increased and behave optimally, especially in simple beams leaning, concrete area being compressed in the field beams and steel in large area. Using these solutions, significant savings are made of steel. Bridges with steel beams embedded in concrete offers many advantages important among which are mentioned: ensure heights reduced building a quick and easy installation, increased protection beams due to their inclusion in metallic corrosion in concrete and use judicious materials, because of the layout of the section cross. The main disadvantage of these structures is determined, as for bridges Dalat own great weight, the presence of concrete slab. 3.- Suprastructura podurilor metalice cu grinzi cu inim plin se compune dintr-o reea de grinzi metalice format din grinzile cii (platelajul cii) care susin calea i din grinzile principale. Podurile metalice cu grinzi cu inim plin se utilizeaz pn la deschideri de 30-50 m la poduri de cale ferat, respectiv pn la deschideri de 80-90 m la podurile de osea cu structur mixt oel-beton. Elementul principal de rezisten l constituie grinzile metalice a cror seciune este realizat sub forma unui dublu T, tlpile fiind unite ntre ele printr-un perete plin numit inim. Ele pot fi executate sub forma unor profile laminate sau pot fi alctuite ca seciuni compuse, platbandele ce compun seciunea fiind mbinate cu nituri sau prin sudare. Att podurile metalice de cale ferat cu grinzi cu inim plin cale jos, ct i cele cu grinzi cu inim plin cale sus sunt prevzute cu trotuare de serviciu, destinate personalului de ntreinere. Aceste trotuare pot fi executate n exteriorul grinzilor principale fiind susinute de console , dar pot fi executate i ntre grinzile principale. Trotuarele sunt alctuite din dulapi metalici fixai cu uruburi sau prin sudur de elemente longitudinale, n general profile U laminate, numite longrine i au la margine parapetede siguran. La multe dintre structurile de poduri att feroviare, ct i rutiere, realizate cu grinzi cu inim plin, calea este dispus la partea superioar i susinut de o plac din beton armat, respectiv precomprimat n zona reazemelor intermediare la grinzile continue. Pentru sporirea capacitii portante a structurii de rezisten, pe talpa superioar a grinzilor metalice cu inim plin se sudeaz conectori, rigizi sau flexibili, cu diferite forme, care asigur conlucrarea ntre grinzi i placa de beton. Astfel, deplasrile relative ntre placa de beton si grinzile principale metalice sunt mpiedicate, seciunea podului va avea caracteristici geometrice sporite i se va comporta optim, mai ales la grinzile simplu rezemate, betonul fiind n zon comprimat, n cmpul grinzilor, iar oelul n zon ntins. Utiliznd aceste soluii, se realizeaz economii importante de oel. Podurile cu grinzi metalice nglobate n beton ofer o serie de avantaje importante ntre care sunt menionate urmtoarele: asigurarea unei nlimi de construcie reduse, un montaj uor i rapid, o protecie sporit a grinzilor metalice mpotriva coroziunii datorit nglobrii acestora n beton i o utilizare judicioas a materialelor, datorit modului de dispunere pe seciunea transversal. Principalul dezavantaj al acestor structuri este determinat, ca i n cazul podurilor dalate de greutatea proprie mare, prin prezena dalei de beton. 4.- Concrete beam bridges Concrete beam bridge superstructure has shapes and sizes but different from bridges heart full metal beams, because characteristics of the material and its behavior. By using high class concrete and high strength reinforcement by adopting economic sectors, the appropriate static schemes and technologies modern construction, concrete beam bridges can be competitive in compared with metal or mixed bridges. Backbone of the concrete bridge beam is formed, as for steel bridges, a network of beams, composed of beams arranged main longitudinal, transverse antretoaze over which Pour a concrete slab that supports the way and console, sidewalks. Spacers and concrete slab flooring formed along the path. Using precast prestressed concrete beams for bridges provide

a higher running speed and conducive to openings higher compared with older bridges, made of reinforced concrete. Compared with metal bridges but openings are covered more smaller structural strength and weight is much higher. 4.- Poduri cu grinzi din beton Suprastructura podurilor cu grinzi din beton are ns forme i dimensiuni diferite fa de podurile metalice cu grinzi cu inim plin, datorit caracteristicilor materialului i comportrii acestuia. Prin utilizarea unor betoane de clase ridicate i a armturilor de nalt rezisten, prin adoptarea unor seciuni economice, a unor scheme static adecvate i a unor tehnologii moderne de execuie, podurile cu grinzi din beton pot deveni competitive n raport cu podurile metalice sau mixte. Structura de rezisten a podurilor cu grinzi din beton este format, ca i n cazul podurilor metalice, dintr-o reea de grinzi, compus din grinzile principale dispuse longitudinal, antretoaze dispuse transversal, peste care se toarn o plac de beton care susine calea i n consol, trotuarele. Antretoazele i placa de beton formeaz mpreun platelajul cii. Utilizarea grinzilor prefabricate din beton precomprimat la poduri asigur o rapiditate mai mare n execuie i conduce la realizarea unor deschideri superioare n comparaie cu podurile mai vechi, realizate din beton armat. n comparaie cu podurile metalice ns, deschiderile acoperite sunt mult mai mici, iar greutatea structurii de rezisten este mult mai mare. 5.- Bridges with lattice beams are widely used both for railway bridges, road bridges and if, as can be achieved large openings compared to those with heart filled with steel beams or concrete beams. Openings can vary between 40 m and 300 m, can be even higher when the beams are adopted special forms. for superstructure these bridges are used as construction material steel, whereas the elements structures can be stretched, and the concrete can not take requests for extension. The elevation of trusses are made of interconnected elements the nodes. Feet horizontally arranged bars forming the top, respectively bottom of the beam, called the vertical uprights, and the inclined diagonal. Fixings bars at nodes with rivets were made in the past, but now used as means for combining high strength bolts, respectively welding. The bar is often triangular. At large openings (90 m) to keep the length reasonable strut panel, enter additional lattice system as in Figure 5.35h. systems still used are the same as those of the heart full beam bridges: beam simple flat and continuous beams, beams with brackets and joints respectively (Gerber). Height of main beams resulting from economic and structural criteria, if simple beam resting with the feet parallel between L/10 and L / 6, L is opening of the bridge, and for continuous beams, between Lmax/18 and Lmax/15, Lmax the maximum opening of the bridge. Appropriate height of the main beams results and the angle of inclination of the diagonals, the optimal values between 50 and 60 . 5.- Podurile cu grinzi cu zbrele se utilizeaz pe scar larg att n cazul podurilor de cale ferat, ct i n cazul podurilor rutiere, deoarece se pot realiza deschideri mari n comparaie cu cele realizate cu grinzi metalice cu inim plin sau cu grinzi din beton. Deschiderile pot varia ntre 40 m i 300 m, putnd fi chiar mai mari atunci cnd pentru grinzi se adopt forme speciale. Pentru suprastructura acestor poduri se utilizeaz ca material de construcie oelul, ntruct elementele structurale pot fi ntinse, iar betonul nu poate prelua solicitri de ntindere. n elevaie grinzile cu zbrele sunt realizate din elemente conectate ntre ele la noduri. Barele dispuse pe orizontal formeaz tlpile superioar, respectiv inferioar ale grinzii, cele verticale se numesc montani, iar cele nclinate diagonale. Prinderile barelor la noduri se realizau n trecut cu nituri, dar n prezent se utilizeaz ca mijloace de mbinare uruburile de nalt rezisten, respectiv sudura. Sistemul de bare este de cele mai multe ori triunghiular. La deschideri mari (peste 90 m), pentru a menine lungimea panoului de lonjeroni n limite rezonabile, se introduce un sistem suplimentar de zbrele ca cel din figura 5.35h. Sistemele statice utilizate sunt aceleai cu cele de la podurile cu grinzi cu inim plin: grinzi simplu rezemate, grinzi continue, respectiv grinzi cu console i articulaii (Gerber).

nlimea grinzilor principale rezult din criterii economice i constructive, n cazul grinzilor simplu rezemate cu tlpi paralele fiind cuprins ntre L/10 i L/6, L fiind deschiderea podului, iar n cazul grinzilor continue, ntre Lmax/18 i Lmax/15, Lmax fiind deschiderea maxim a podului. Corespunztor nlimii grinzilor principale rezult i valoarea unghiului de nclinare al diagonalelor, valorile optime fiind cuprinse ntre 50 i 60. 6.- Bridges on the frame is an alternative to bridges with continuous beams. Usually used where barrier crossing is large both longitudial sense, but also in depth and would require the development of large infrastructure both in height and in section cross. Usually bridges the frames are statically indeterminate structures, which makes them sensitive to temperature variations, and displacement of bearings (subsidence and rotation of the foundation), may occur in the structure of resistance efforts more. For these reasons the adoption of solutions bridges the frames involves careful analysis of the foundation soil at the site. It recommended in areas where these structures incompressible layers good foundation is at shallow depths or where land is stratification as uniform, so if there is danger of settlements in foundations, they have value as close. Use bridges the frames is required if to be observed a value for the height of construction, such as for railway passages or passages in the cities, the change profiles passageways crisscrossing is difficult. 6.- Podurile pe cadre reprezint o alternativ la podurile cu grinzi continue. Se utilizeaz de regul acolo unde obstacolul traversat are dimensiuni mari att n sens longitudial, dar i pe adncime i ar necesita realizarea unor infrastructuri de dimensiuni mari att ca nlime, ct i n seciune transversal. De regul podurile pe cadre sunt structuri static nedeterminate, ceea ce le face sensibile la variaii de temperatur, dar i la deplasri ale reazemelor (tasri i rotiri ale fundaiilor), putnd aprea n structura de rezisten eforturi suplimentare. Din aceste motive adoptarea unor soluii cu poduri pe cadre implic analiza foarte atent a terenului de fundare n amplasament. Se recomand utilizarea acestor structuri n zone unde straturile incompresibile bune de fundare se afl la adncimi mici sau unde stratificaia terenului este ct mai uniform, astfel nct dac exist pericolul apariiei tasrilor la fundaii, acestea s aib valori ct mai apropiate. Utilizarea podurilor pe cadre devine necesar n cazul n care trebuie respectat o anumit valoare pentru nlimea de construcie, ca de exemplu n cazul pasajelor denivelate sau pasajelor din orae, cnd modificarea profilelor cilor de comunicaie ce se intersecteaz este dificil. 7. - Bridges the arches prominently in the history of bridges. Over time remarkable bridges were built that had the main structure of canopy resistance, from the arches of stone bridges of the Romans made aqueducts to modern bridges with arches made today, with a variety of shapes and sizes . Depending on the position of the arc path bridges can be classified as: - Bridges on the way up arcs generally made of concrete way of being supported by columns or walls; - Bridges on the way down arches made of concrete or steel, the path is supported by a system of concrete ties or metal in general these types of bridges are made entirely steel, the arches, deck (beam system that supports the way) as and tie. - Bridges the arches of the middle way. To support the way in this is used as poles or concrete walls and ties. The main advantages of the arch bridges are: - Allow large openings, thereby reducing cell number and achieving material savings; - Also, there are no cells in the bed, they are not endangered afuierilor danger and collisions with boats; - Arcs are mainly compressive elements required. Of bridges with concrete arches that have durability, in situations cracks occurring in concrete arches are rare; - Have an aesthetically pleasing.

Disadvantages bridges the arcs are determined mainly by difficulty of designing and building. In general, the implementation of concrete arches Cintra or scaffolding needed for suinerea formwork during concreting arches. 7. - Podurile pe arce ocup un loc important n istoria podurilor. De-a lungul timpului au fost construite poduri remarcabile ce aveau ca structur principal de rezisten bolta, ncepnd cu podurile pe boli din piatr realizate de romani pentru apeducte, pn la podurile moderne cu arce realizate n prezent, avnd o mare diversitate de forme i dimensiuni. n funcie de poziia cii podurile pe arce pot fi clasificate astfel: poduri pe arce cu calea sus, n general realizate din beton, calea fiind susinut prin intermediul unor stlpi sau perei; poduri pe arce cu calea jos , realizate din beton sau oel, la care calea este susinut printr-un sistem de tirani din beton sau metalici n general aceste tipuri de poduri sunt realizate integral din oel, att arcele, tablierul (sistemul de grinzi ce susine calea) ct i tiranii. poduri pe arce cu calea la mijloc . Pentru susinerea cii n aceast situaie se utilizeaz att stlpi sau perei din beton, ct i tirani. Principalele avantaje ale podurilor pe arce sunt: permit realizarea unor deschideri mari, prin aceasta reducndu-se numarul pilelor i obinnduse economii de material; de asemenea, neexistnd pile n albie, ele nu sunt periclitate de pericolul afuierilor i de coliziuni cu ambarcaiuni; arcele sunt elemente solicitate preponderent la compresiune. De aceea podurile cu arce din beton au o durabilitate sporit, situaiile n care apar fisuri n betonul arcelor fiind rare; au un aspect estetic plcut. Dezavantajele podurilor pe arce sunt determinate n principal de dificultatea proiectrii i execuiei. n general, pentru execuia arcelor din beton sunt necesare cintre sau eafodaje pentru suinerea cofrajelor pe durata betonrii arcelor. 8. - Cable bridges arose from the need to cover the costs minimum opening high. They are characterized by having a weight of the structure of low resistance compared to all other the structures above. Characteristic cable bridges isthat are very flexible, therefore special studies are needed the stability of these bridges to dynamic action (especially in wind action). Bridges with cables can be divided into two categories: bridges and Hoban suspension bridges. Structural elements are subject to suspension bridges complex applications. Pillars are required both in compression and the flexural tensile cables are Seek and deck is required to force axial, bending and shear forces. Due to space cooperation between all components of these bridges and especially their sensitivity to dynamic loads, especially wind action, the calculation of these structures is very difficult to perform. Currently, due to more rapid development numerical methods and computer programs automatically, you can perform calculations depth, leading to the slender structures, aesthetic, but can be operated safely. 8. - Podurile cu cabluri au aprut din necesitatea de a acoperi cu costuri minime deschideri foarte mari. Ele se caracterizeaz prin faptul c au o greutate a structurii de rezisten redus n comparaie cu toate celelalte tipuri de structuri prezentate anterior. Caracteristic pentru podurile cu cabluri este i faptul c sunt foarte flexibile, din acest motiv studii speciale fiind necesare pentru asigurarea stabilitii acestor poduri la aciuni dinamice (n special la aciunea vntului). Podurile cu cabluri pot fi mprite n dou categorii: poduri cu hobane i poduri suspendate. Elementele structurale ale podurilor suspendate sunt supuse unor solicitri complexe. Pilonii sunt solicitai att la compresiune ct i la ncovoiere, cablurile sunt soliciate la ntindere, iar tablierul este solicitat la fore axiale, la ncovoiere i fore tietoare. Datorit conlucrrii spaiale ntre toate elementele componente ale acestor poduri i mai ales sensibilitii acestora la solicitri dinamice, n special la aciunea vntului, calculul acestor structuri este foarte dificil de efectuat. n prezent, datorit dezvoltrii tot mai rapide a metodelor numerice i programelor de calcul

automat, se pot realiza calcule amnunite, care conduc la adoptarea unor structuri zvelte, estetice, dar care pot fi exploatate n deplin siguran. 2. Translate the following sentences from Romanian into English. 2. Traducei urmtoarele propoziii din romn n englez. 1. Podurile sunt structuri construite pentru a permite oamenilor, animalelor sau vehiculelor sa traverseze riuri, cai ferate sau drumuri. 2. Majoritatea podurilor sunt fixe, insa unele sunt mobile- toate trebuie proiectate pentru a rezista efectelor traficului, inundatiilor, vinturilor puternice, cutremurilor si schimbarilor de temperatura. 3. Principalele tipuri de poduri sunt: poduri cu arc, poduri suspendate, basculante, de pontoane si cele de console. 4. Podurile cu arcade de otel pot avea o deschidere de pina la 500 metri. 5. Pentru deschiderea mai mare de 800 metri se construiesc poduri suspedate. 6. Podurile suspendate au doi piloni inalti da care sunt atasate doua cabluri de sustinere orizontale si un drum de beton prins cu ajutorul unor cabluri verticale numite traverse laterale. 7. Podurile suspendate pot fi deteriorate de vibratiile provocate de vinturile puternice. 8. Golden Gate are o deschidere de 1.6km deasupra golfului San Francisco si este un pod suspendat. 9. Podurile cu arc pot fi construite pe o structura de otel pentru a suporta presiuni enorme. 10. Podurile cu arc dirctioneaza presiunea catre piloni. 11. Apeductul roman Pont du Gard a fost construit pe trei niveluri de arcade, stratul superior fiind de 275 metri. 1. Bridges are structures built to allow people, animals or vehicles to cross rivers, railways and roads. 2. Most bridges are fixed, but some are mobile-all be designed to withstand the effects of traffic, flooding, strong winds, earthquakes and changes in temperature. 3. The main types of bridges are arch bridges, suspension bridges, locks, pontoon and the console. 4. Bridges with steel arches may have an opening of up to 500 meters. 5. To open more than 800 meters to build bridges suspedate. 6. Suspension bridges have two tall pillars so that two cables are attached to horizontal support and a concrete road caught using vertical wires called side sleepers. 7. Suspended bridges can be damaged by vibrations caused by strong winds. 8. Golden Gate has a frontage of 1.6km above the bay of San Francisco and is a suspension bridge. 9. Arc bridges can be built on a steel structure to withstand enormous pressure. 10. Bridges arc pressure directs the pillars. 11. Roman aqueduct Pont du Gard was built on three levels of arcades, the upper layer of 275 meters.

Unit 5.

URBAN PLANNING

Lectia 5. 1. Dictionar

PLANIFICARE URBANA

1. Vocabulary

Urban planners may have different degrees: Civil engineering Architecture Geodesy and cadastre Botany Landscape design Electrical engineering Business administration Developing, and so on. Key urban needs Housing Comercial and industrial uses Railways and roadways Water, sewerage and energy supply Open space and recreational areas Successful urban planning considers: Urban character Local identity Respects heritage, pedestrians, traffic, utilities Natural hazards. Modern city facilities Public transportation Road infrastructure Water and sanitation systems Beautiful parks and historic sights Sports and leisure facilities Cultural and educational centers Shopping and business centers Health care service Catering, accommodation and night-life. Typical problems of large cities Trafic jams Vandalism Pollution Overcrowding Crime Slums

Urbaniti pot avea grade diferite: Inginerie civila Arhitectura Geodezie si cadastru Botanica Design de landsaft Inginerie electrica Administrarea afacerilor Dezvoltare etc. Necesitati urbane Case de locuit Utilizri comerciale i industriale Cilor ferate i a drumurilor Ap, canalizare i furnizarea de energie Spaiu deschis i a zonelor de agrement Planificare urban de succes consider c: Caracter urban Identitate locala Puncte de patrimoniu, pietoni, trafic, utiliti Pericolelor naturale. Faciliti moderne de ora Transport public Infrastructuri rutiere Sistemelor de apa si canalizare Frumoase parcuri si monumente istorice Sport i faciliti de petrecere a timpului liber Centre culturale i educaionale Comerciale i centre de afaceri Serviciu de protectia sanatatii Servicii de cazare i de noapte de via. Problemele tipice ale oraelor mari Ambutiaje Vandalizm Poluarea mediului Supraaglomerat Criminalitate Darimituri, mahalale

1. Read the text A to find out the difference between an unplanned, organic town and a planned one. Citii textul A pentru a afla diferena ntre un ora neplanificat, ecologic i una planificat. A. TOWN PLANNING The practice of town planning is rather old and its desired effects have grown.The aims of planning have varied - to create grandeur, to promote empire and to instill civic pride. Humans have built towns and cities for thousands of years. A cluster of huts, a camp by a river, a citadel on a commanding height - numerous places like these have grown organically into permanent settlements. With streets and housing following the contours of the land, many of these organic cities were charming. Others were overcrowded and unsanitary, failing to provide enough sunlight or fresh air. Alongside organic communities, planned cities and towns have also existed from ancient times. Often, they followed a simple grid laid over the landscape, with houses placed side by side along straight streets. In the Renaissance (15th century), rulers of city-states aimed to achieve grand effects, with bold geometry and large public areas. In the Baouque era (17th century), this tendency grew and monumental arhitectural and landscape ensembles were designed and built. Examples include Louis XIV's Palace of Versallies (17th century) and Pierre L'Enfant's plan for Washington DC (18th century). Creating beauty in towns and cities to inspire civic pride was also a feature of 19th century park and city plans. Parks and recreational spaces were set aside for citizens leisure. An example is New York's Central Park, designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux. Practica de urbanism este destul de vechi, iar efectele sale au crescut dorite.Obiectivele de planificare au variat - pentru a crea grandoare, de a promova imperiul i de a insufla mndrie civic. Oamenii s-au construit orae i orae de mii de ani. Un grup de cabane, o tabr de ctre un ru, o cetate pe o inaltime de comanda - numeroase locuri ca acestea au crescut organic n aezri permanente. Cu strzi i locuine n urma contururile de teren, multe din aceste orae organice au fost fermectoare. Alii au fost suprapopulate i insalubre, lipsa de a furniza suficient de lumina soarelui sau de aer proaspt. Alturi de comuniti organice, planificate orae i localiti au existat, de asemenea, din cele mai vechi timpuri. Adesea, ei au urmat-o reea simpl prevzut n peisaj, cu partea de case plasate de ctre partea de-a lungul strzi drepte. n Renatere (secolul 15), conductori ai oraelor-state scopul de a obine efecte mari, cu geometrie aldine i zone publice mari. n epoca Baouque (secolul 17), aceast tendin a crescut i arhitectura monumental i ansambluri de peisaj au fost proiectate i construite. Exemplele includ Palatul lui Ludovic al XIV-lea de Versallies (secolul 17), i planul de Pierre L'Enfant's pentru Washington DC (secolul 18). Crearea de frumusee n orae i orae pentru a inspira mndrie civic a fost, de asemenea, o caracteristic de parc secolului 19 i a planurilor de ora. Parcuri i spaii de agrement au fost retrase din circuitul agricol pentru petrecerea timpului liber ceteni. Un exemplu este din New York Central Park, proiectat de Frederick Law Olmsted i Calvert Vaux. Town plans also took on broader social ideals in the 1800s in response to the industrial revolution. Workers in factory towns lived in crowded slums with poor drainage and litlle access to light and air. Social reformers in England proposed solutions ranging from public health improvements to utopian communities. Some factory owners built model towns for their workers, to improve their wellbeing and productivity. Today town planners could either design entirely new urban areas ( such as suburbs and garden cities) , or develop ways to reform and reorder existing ones to provide plenty of space and light, clean water and adequate drainage ( through urban renewal). Planurile de asemenea, oraul a avut pe idealuri sociale mai largi n 1800 ca rspuns la revoluia industrial. Lucrtorii din oraele din fabric a trit n mahalale aglomerate, cu drenaj

slab i accesul Micul la lumina si aer. Reformatorii sociali din Anglia a propus soluii, de la mbuntirea sntii publice pentru comunitile utopice. Unii proprietari de fabrici construite orae model pentru lucrtorii lor, pentru a mbunti bunstarea lor i a productivitii. Urbanitilor astzi ar putea crea zone complet noi, fie urbane (cum ar fi suburbii i orae gradina), sau de a dezvolta metode de a reforma i reorganiza pe cele existente pentru a oferi o mulime de spaiu i de ap uoar, curat i drenaj adecvat (prin rennoire urban). Places of Interest in Chisinau Locuri interesante in Chisinau Muzeul Naional de Istorie Muzeul Naional de Istorie i Etnografie Muzeul de Arte Frumoase Catedrala Park Gradina zoologica Parcul Stefan cel Mare Aleea Clasicilor Gradina Botanica Portile orasului Artisan de centru Piata Agricola Centrala Sala cu Orga Teatre Naional "M.Eminescu" Teatre "Satiricus" I.L.Caragiale Teatrul dramatic rus de A.P.Chekhov Teatrul Republican "Luceafarul" Teatrul cu papusi Guguta Arcul de Triumf Teatrul Naional de Oper i Balet Piaa Marii Adunari Nationale.

The National Museum of History The National Museum of History and Ethnography The Museum of Fine Arts The Cathedral Park Zoo The Stefan cel Mare Park The Alley of Classics The Botanical Garden The City's Gates Artisan's Center The Central Agricultural Market The Organ Hall The National Teatre "m.Eminescu" The Teatre "Satiricus" I.L.Caragiale Russian Dramatic Theater of A.P.Chekhov The Republican Theater "Luceafarul" The Puppet-show "Guguta" Triumphal Arch The National Theatre of Opera and Ballet The Great National Meeting Square. Discussion "How well you know Chisinau" Discuii "Ct de bine tii Chiinul"

1. What street is considered to be the oldest in Chisinau? Where was the medieval town center placed? 1. Ce starada se considera cea mai veche in Chisinau? 1. Albisoara is the oldest street in Chisinau. Here on the banks occurred early Bac sec. XV houses first. 1. Albisoara este cea mai veche strada din Chisinau. Anume aici pe malul rauletului Bac au aparut la inceputul sec. XV primele casute. 2. When was Chisinau first mentioned in papers, in a master's charter? 2. Atunci cnd a fost menionat pentru prima dat la Chiinu n documentele, n Carta de master? 2. Historical Analysis. Chisinau toponym is attested for the first time on 17 July 1436 document mentioned among the natural landmarks of the border Oancea estate steward, "... near Bic ... the right of Acba Chisinau, the Fountain, where Selistea Tartar, pduricii law ". then concluded that the document concerned the word" Chisinau ", which was popular idiom meaning" flowing water ", indicate only the source, and the city that took over from the source mentioned toponym had appeared later, being first attested in the document from October 8, 1466. The document stated: "... I strengthened ... pre [a Silitea] in Chisinau, the bleak Well, what have c (umpra) t from Toader ". 2. Analiza istoric. Toponimul Chiinu este atestat pentru prima dat n documentul de la 17 iulie 1436, menionat printre reperele naturale ale hotarului moiei lui Oancea

Logoftul, ...lng Bc, ... n dreptul Chiinului lui Acba, la Fntn, unde este selitea ttreasc, n dreptul pduricii". Ulterior s-a ajuns la concluzia c n documentul vizat cuvntul chiinu", care n graiul popular avea sensul de "curgere de ap", indica doar izvorul, iar localitatea care a preluat toponimul de la izvorul menionat i-ar fi fcut apariia mai trziu, fiind atestat pentru prima dat n documentul de la 8 octombrie 1466. n acest document se preciza: ... am ntrit... pre [o silite] la Chiinu, la Fntna Albioar, ce s-au c(umpra)t de la Toader". 3. Who is the current City Mayor of Chisinau? What was the name of the Ist city Mayor? What was the contribution of Mayor Karl Shmidt to city development? 3. Cine este primarul oraului actual de la Chiinu? Care a fost numele I primar al oraului ? Care a fost contribuia primarului Karl Shmidt la dezvoltarea oraului? 3. - Dorin Chirtoaca (born August 9, 1978, Chisinau) is a politician from the Republic of Moldova, Vice President (2005) Liberal Party and mayor of Chisinau. - Chisinau City Hall (Duma town) was founded in 1817. The first mayor of Chisinau Moldovan Anghel was captain Nour, who was in this position until 1821. Carol Schmidt (German Karl Ferdinand Schmidt, Russian , Karl Smidt Aleksandrovich) (b. June 25, 1846, Balti - d March 9, 1928, Chisinau) was mayor of Chisinau in 1877 to 1903, with a special contribution to modernizing city. It is considered as the best mayor he had ever Chisinau. He helped build the chapel and several district Riscani nursing homes (1877-1881). With the help of its streets were paved, was opened a shelter for wanderers (1899), a popular amphitheater was built auditorium (1900), Pushkin's bust was unveiled, the first lines were drawn tram (from 1881 to 1895 ), was built the city sewer system, street lighting was introduced, many buildings were built (Real School (1886), Secondary School for Girls of Princess Natalia Dadiani (1900), history Museum of land (1889), based current City Hall (1901), etc..). He was member of the Bessarabian the tutelage of orphanages, president of the Relief Society Chisinau Youth Studies, trustee of the High School of Commerce and Real School. He was a pioneer in opening a museum of schools, Harmony and Musical Socetii municipal school of Fine Arts (1894, today - College of Arts Plamadeala). 3. - Dorin Chirtoac (n. 9 august 1978, Chiinu) este un politician din Republica Moldova, vicepreedinte (din 2005) al Partidului Liberal i primar general al municipiului Chiinu. Primria municipiului Chiinu (Duma oreneasc) a fost fondat n 1817. Cel dinti primar al Chiinului a fost cpitanul moldovean Anghel Nour, care s-a aflat pe acest post pn n 1821. Carol Schmidt (n german Karl Ferdinand Schmidt, n rus , Karl Alexandrovici midt) (n. 25 iunie 1846, Bli - d. 9 martie 1928, Chiinu) a fost primarul Chiinului n 1877-1903, cu o contribu ie deosebit la modernizarea oraului. Este considerat drept cel mai bun primar pe care l-a avut Chiinul vreodat. A contribuit la construirea capelei din cartierul R cani i a ctorva case pentru invalizi (187781). Cu concursul su au fost pavate strzi, a fost deschis un azil pentru pribegi (1899), s-a construit Amfiteatrul popular cu o sal de spectacole (1900), a fost dezvelit bustul lui Puskin, au fost trase primele linii de tramvai (1881-95), a fost construit re eaua de canalizare a oraului, sa introdus iluminatul stradal, s-au construit numeroase edificii ( coala Real (1886), Gimnaziul de Fete al Principesei Natalia Dadiani (1900), Muzeul de istorie a inutului (1889), sediul actual al Primariei (1901) etc.). A fost membru al Comitetului Basarabean de Tutelare a Orfelinatelor, preedinte al Direciei Chiinu a Societii de Ajutorare a Tinerilor Studio i, epitrop al Liceului de Comer i al colii Reale.

A fost iniiatorul deschiderii unui muzeu al colilor, a Socetii Muzicale Armonia i a colii oreneti de Arte Plastice (1894, azi - Colegiul de arte plastice Alexandru Plmdeal). 4.Give the names of architects that designed important buildings, monuments in Chisinau. 4. Da numele de arhitecti care a proiectat cladiri importante, monumente din Chiinu. 4. - G. Solominov - monument of Hristo BotevAuthors M. Orlov Decembrists monument, erected in 1975 on a quiet lane of Chisinau - is sculptor and architect F. Naumov I. Canain. Ciubotaru Alexander (editor, Chisinau), editorial board members: Acad. ... Botanical Garden founder of A..M, and architect active in green building. Information and Documentation Center "Chisinau" was built in 1967 by architect V.Zaharov project with a capacity of 500 seats. Memorial complex "country boys - sacred memory" was chosen design creative group: Boris Dubrovin sculptor and architect Vasily Eremciuc. "Triumphal Arch" Arch has a height of 13 meters and was built in 1840, becoming one of the jewels of the city. The project was designed by architect Luca Zauschevici, which took as the triumphal arch in Rome. Bell was set at August 3, 1839. Cathedral - the main church of the city The cathedral was built in 1830 -36 the Bessarabian Metropolitan Gavriil initiative BanulescuBodoni, after A. Melinicov project (1784-1854). Memorial of the heroes of World War II Complex project was created by A. Maiko, I Poneatovschi and architect A. Minaev. His opening took place on May 9, 1975, the day celebrating the 30th anniversary of Victory. Monument of Stefan cel Mare The main entrance to the park Stefan cel Mare voivode monument, cast in bronze by sculptor Chisinau, A. Plamadeala project in 1928. Monument A.. Puskin In 1880 Chisinau residents have asked the sculptor ragamintea A.Opecusin to build a monument for the city. On May 26, 1885 the monument was inaugurated one of the park alleys. The oldest church is the Virgin Birth, known as Mazarakievscaia, which was built in 1757, probably by Vasilii Mazarakii - clerk and treasurer. St. Panteleimon is located downtown at the intersection of 31 August and Vlaicu Parcalab. It was built by architect A. Bernardazzi in 1891, in Byzantine style. In 1892 the church building is one of the few architectural noticed by the Russian elite. 4. - G. Solominov monumentul Hristo-Botev Autorii monumentului decembristului M. Orlov, ridicat n 1975 pe o stradel linitit a Chiinului este sculptorul I. Canain i arhitectorul F. Naumov. Alexandru Ciubotaru (redactor-ef, Chiinu); membrii colegiului de redacie: acad. ... fondatorul Grdinii Botanice a A..M, i arhitect activ n construcia verde. Centrul de Informare si Documentare "Chisinau"A fost construit in 1967 dupa proiectul arhitectorului V.Zaharov cu o capacitate de 500 de locuri. Complexul memorial Feciorilor patriei - sfnt amintire A fost aleas concepia grupului creativ: sculptorul Boris Dubrovin i arhitectorul Vasilii Eremciuc . Arcul de triumf Arcul are inaltimea de 13 metri si a fost inaltat in 1840, devenind una din podoabele orasului. Proiectul a fost elaborat de arhitectorul Luca Zauschevici, care a luat ca baza arca de triumf din Roma. Clopotul a fost fixat la 3 august 1839. Catedrala - principala biserica a orasului Catedrala a fost construita in 1830 36 din initiativa mitropolitului Basarabiei Gavriil BanulescuBodoni, dupa proiectul lui A. Melinicov (1784 1854). Complexul Memorial al eroilor cazuti in al doilea razboi mondial Complexul a fost creat dupa proiectul lui A. Maico, I. Poneatovschi si arhitectul A. Minaev. Deschiderea lui a luat loc la 9 mai 1975, in ziua celebrarii a 30 de ani de la Victorie.

Monumentul lui Stefan cel Mare La intrarea principala in parcul Stefan cel Mare se afla monumentul voievodului, turnat din bronza dupa proiectul sculptorului chisinauean A. Plamadeala, in 1928. Monumentul lui A.S. Puschin In 1880 chisinauenii s-au adresat la sculptorul A.Opecusin cu ragamintea de a construi un monument pentru oras. La 26 mai 1885 monumentul a fost inaugurat pe una dintre aleele parcului. Cea mai veche biserica este cea a Nasterii Maicii Domnului, cunoscuta sub numele de Mazarakievscaia, care a fost construita in 1757, probabil de Vasilii Mazarachi functionar si vistiernic. Biserica Sf. Panteleimon se afla in centrul orasului la intersectia strazilor 31 august si Vlaicu Parcalab. Ea a fost construita dupa proiectul arhitectului A. Bernardazzi in 1891, in stil neobizantin. In 1892 biserica devine una dintre putinele constructii remarcate de catre elita arhitecturala din Rusia. 5. When was the horse-drawn tram launched in Chisinau and what was the route of that tram? 5. Cnd a fost lansat tramvaiul n Chiinu i care a fost traseul de tramvai? 5. Tram, in the true sense, was launched in Chisinau in 1913, when there is already electricity. In the same year, Belgian limited company began to build a permanent Nikolaevskaia Street (today, Column), where previously had been tram depot and stabling for horses. The construction lasted three years. They have operated on four routes in the city. After the Second World War, the new Soviet administration has begun to move more and more buses, so that, on May 17, 1961, trams were removed from circulation. 5. Tramvaiul, n adevratul sens al cuvntului, a fost lansat la Chiinu n 1913, atunci cnd exista deja curent electric. n acelai an, societatea pe aciuni belgian a nceput s-i construiasc un sediu pe strada Nikolaevskaia (astzi, Columna), acolo unde anterior fuseser depoul de tramvaie i grajdurile pentru cai. Construcia cldirii a durat trei ani. Acestea au circulat pe patru rute n ora. Dup cel de-al II-lea rzboi mondial, noua administraie sovietic a nceput s pun n circulaie tot mai multe troleibuze, astfel nct, pe 17 mai 1961, tramvaiele au fost scoase din circulaie. 6. How many arches were there in our city at the beginning of the XXth century? 6. Ct de multe arcuri au fost acolo, n oraul nostru, la nceputul secolului XX? 6. - "Holy Gates", previously called "Triumphal Arch" were built between 1840-1841 as chief architect of Chisinau Luke Zaukevici to commemorate the Russian victory over the Turkish army. The bell has been installed within the arc weighed 6.4 tons and was cast from Turkish cannons captured as trophies. From architectural plan "Holy Doors" presents a square. The building height is 2 stories and a height of 13 m On the front attic "Holy Doors" oriented central square was mounted a clock. "Holy Gates" comprised in the center of Chisinau architectural symmetry axis formed by connecting the Nativity Cathedral, Bell Tower, the Great National Assembly and the Government Building. 6. - "Porile Sfinte", numite anterior "Arcul de triumf" au fost construite n perioada 18401841 dup proiectul arhitectului-ef al Chiinului Luca Zaukevici, pentru a comemora victoria armatelor ruseti asupra turcilor. Clopotul ce a fost instalat n interiorul arcului cntrea 6,4 tone i a fost turnat din tunurile turceti capturate ca trofee. Din punct de vedere arhitectural, planul "Porilor Sfinte" prezint un ptrat. n altitudine construcia are 2 niveluri i o nlime de 13 m. Pe aticul faadei "Porilor Sfinte" orientate spre Piaa Marii Adunri Naionale a fost montat un orologiu.

"Porile Sfinte" fac parte din ansamblul arhitectural din centrul Chiinului format de axa de simetrie ce unete Catedrala Naterii Domnului, Clopotnia, Piaa Marii Adunri Naionale i Cldirea Guvernului Republicii Moldova.

7. What is the population of this city today, and how rapidly is it growing? 7. Care este populaia acestui ora de astzi, i ct de rapid este el n cretere? 7. Currently, Chisinau hosts 794 800 inhabitants (2012). 7. n prezent, Chiinul gzduiete 794 800 locuitori (2012). II. Read the text B to find out some fascinating things about Chisinau II. Citii textul B, pentru a afla unele lucruri fascinante despre Chiinu B. Chisinau: from the old face to the new one B. Chiinu: vechi infatisare cu noua fata de azi Significant are the achievements of Chisinau people in the area of urban planning and architecture. The capital of Moldova is indebted for its status of the historical city, received in 1986, to its centre. Semnificative sunt realizrile de oameni la Chiinu, n zona de planificare urban i de arhitectur. Capitala Moldovei este ndatorat pentru statutul de oras istoric, a primit n 1986, la centrul su. On the hills of old Chisinau there are Mazarache (1752), St.Constantin and Elena (1777) and Annunciation (1807) churches. They have typical for Moldovan middle - age architecture threefold plan and the so-called "Moldovan arch" - two circles of vaults, supporting the drum with the dome. Pe dealurile din Chiinu vechi sunt Mazarache (1752), St.Constantin i Elena (1777) i (1807) Buna Vestire biserici. Ei au tipic pentru Moldova de mijloc - arhitectura vrsta de trei ori i planul de aa-numita "moldoveneasc arc" - dou cercuri de casele, sprijinirea tambur cu dom. Those years Chisinau was hardly looking like a town. It was consisting of separated badly organized districts, crooked streets and lanes without definite centre and public buildings. In 1817 the centre of the town was clarified, new districts and quarters were planned. The buildings were conducted on the slope to the west of the old town. The new district got the name of the "upper town". In the city centre, the building of large houses was launched. There were some steps on the city improvement: street lamps appeared, the swamps of the lower part of the city were drained and the first city park was laid out ( currently, the park of Stephen the great). The general plan of Chisinau, made on the basis of its topographical survey and approved in 1834, planned its further development. The centre of the city, its main square, central park ( currently, the Cathedral park) were determined. The rectangular and accurate net of wide streets corresponded to the town planning of the southern cities of Russia. In the old town, the attempts to plan the streets and blocks were made. Aceste ani din Chiinu a fost greu sa arate ca un oras. Acesta a fost format din cartiere separate prost organizate, strzi ntortocheate i benzi fr centru definit i cldiri publice. n 1817 centrul orasului a fost clarificate, cartiere noi i sferturi au fost planificate. Cldirile au fost efectuate pe versantul de vest al oraului vechi.Noul cartier a primit numele de "orasul de sus". n centrul oraului, construirea de case mari a fost lansat. Au fost unele msuri privind

mbuntirea ora: lmpi de strad au aprut, n mlatinile din partea de jos a orasului au fost drenate i parcul primul ora a fost stabilit din (n prezent, parcul tefan cel Mare).Planul general de Chiinu, pe baza de sondaj topografice i aprobat n 1834, planificat dezvoltarea ulterioar a acestuia.Centrul oraului, piaa sa principal, Central Park (n prezent, Parcul Catedralei) au fost determinate.Net dreptunghiular i exacte de strazi largi corespundea urbanism din oraele sudice ale Rusiei. n oraul vechi, ncercrile de a planifica pe strzi i blocuri au fost fcute. The considerable architectural ensemble was created in the city centre. On the project of architect Avraam Melnikov, in the style of late Russian classicism, the largest buildings of that time, the Cathedral "Nasterea Domnului" and the magnificed Bell Tower (1831-1835) were erected. Then the Triumphal Arch (1840, Luca Zaushkevich) was built. These buildings are remarcable for its calm grandeur and austerity of composition. Following this the construction of numerous further buildings and landmarks began. Ansamblul arhitectural considerabil a fost creat n centrul oraului. La proiectul arhitectului Avraam Melnikov, n stilul clasicismului rus trziu, cele mai mari cladiri din acea vreme, Catedrala "Naterea Domnului" i Turnul magnificed Bell (1831-1835) au fost ridicate. Apoi, Arcul de Triumf (1840, Luca Zaushkevich) a fost construit. Aceste cldiri sunt remarcabil de grandoare sa calm i austeritate de compoziie. n urma acestei construcia de cldiri noi i numeroase puncte de reper a nceput. In the second half of the XIX century the growth of Chisinau was going on. 93000 people dwelled Chisinau in 1862. The official and educational buildings were being built. The older forms were dominating but the elements of Byzantine, Roman and Gothic architecture were also applied as the elements of Moldovan architecrute. The houses were mainly single - storied and in the centre there were blocks of flats with shops on the ground floor. The characteristic feature of apartment houses was the glass - covered verandah, the yard side and the front entrance with columns and pilasters. The houses were decorated with pediments, various arnaments of windows. However, the city improvement was conducted slowly. Streets paving was only begun in 1862. In 1892 the city water pipe was set up: before this, the city had been supplied with water from the wells and it was provided in barrels by carriers. n a doua jumtate a secolului al XIX cretere a merge la Chiinu a fost. 93000 de oameni locuit la Chiinu n 1862. Cldirile oficiale i de nvmnt au fost construite. Formularele au fost mai mari domina, dar elementele de arhitectura bizantine, romane i gotice au fost aplicate, de asemenea, ca elemente ale Republicii Moldova architecrute. Casele au fost n principal un singur - etaje i n centru erau blocuri de locuinte cu magazine la parter.Caracteristica de case, locuinte a fost de sticl - verand acoperit, partea de curte i intrarea din fa, cu coloane i pilatri. Casele au fost decorate cu frontoane, arnaments diferite de ferestre. Cu toate acestea, mbuntirea oraul a fost realizat lent. Strzi de pavaj a fost nceput doar n 1862. In 1892, conducta de ap oraul a fost stabilit la: inainte de aceasta, oraul a fost alimentat cu ap din fntni i a fost prevzut n butoaie de ctre operatorii de transport. At the beginning of the XX century, the buildings of the City Duma - (currently, the City Hall), Circuit Court (Railway Administration), City Bank (the Organ Hall), Museum of Local Lore appeared. In 1910, Chisinau numbered 127000 inhabitants, about 10000 houses, 142 streets and lanes, 12 squares, 5 gardens and parks. This was the Golden Age in Chisinau formation. La nceputul secolului XX, cldirile oraului - Duma de Stat (n prezent, Primria), Circuit Curtea de cale ferat (Administraie), City Bank (Sala cu Org), Muzeul de Lore local a aprut. n 1910, Chiinu, numerotate de la 127000 de locuitori, circa 10000 de case, 142 strzi i alei, 12 patrate, 5 gradini si parcuri. Aceasta a fost epoca de aur n formarea Chiinu. The high quality of the building and the beginning of the true improvement of the city, Chisinau is indebted to the outstanding architect - Alexander Bernardazzi. He was the chief city architect

for 22 years. The young architect set himself a difficult goal of rebuilding and renewing the town.He is the author of many end - of - XIX - century considerable buildings: the Dadiani Gymnasium (today one of the blocks of G. Asachi lyceum), the City Duma, the Church of St. Panteleimon, the Chapel of the School number 2 for Women ( today, St. Teodora from Sihla Church), the New Armenian Church, the Water Tower, children's hospital, regional courthouse (nowadays the Railway Department), and Katakazi estate house. Bernardazzi expended much energy on the improvement of Pushkin Park ( now the park after Stephen the Great). The buildings, made on the Bernardazzi's projects are remarcable for their elegancy, rich decor and some eclecticness, peculiar to the architectural manner of that time. They embellish the city being the islands of beauty. They marvellousjy supplement the architectural appearance of our city. Calitatea nalt a cldirii i nceputul mbuntire real a oraului, la Chiinu este dator s arhitect restante - Alexandru Bernardazzi. El a fost arhitect-ef al oraului de 22 de ani.Tanar arhitect stabilit el nsui un obiectiv dificil de reconstrucie i rennoire town.He este autorul sfritul multe - a - XIX - cladiri din secolul considerabile: Gimnaziul Dadiani (astazi unul din blocurile de G. Asachi liceu), Duma oraului , Biserica Sf. Pantelimon, Capela a numrului School 2 pentru femei (de astzi, Sf. Teodora de la Sihla Biserica), Biserica armean nou, turnul de ap, Spitalul de Copii, tribunalul regional (n prezent Departamentul de ci ferate), i Katakazi Estate cas. Bernardazzi consumat mult energie pe mbuntirea Puskin Park (parcul de acum, dup tefan cel Mare). Cldirile, efectuate pe proiecte Bernardazzi sunt remarcabile pentru elegana lor, decor bogat i unele eclecticness, specific modul de arhitectura din acea vreme. Ei nfrumusea oraul fiind insule de frumusete. Ei completeaz marvellousjy aspectul arhitectural al oraului nostru. During World War II Chisinau lost 78 0 0 of its housing. The general plan of the city reconstruction and building was elaborated in 1947-1948 under the direction of A. Schusev. The beginning of the 1950s saw a rapid population growth, to which the Soviet administration responded by constructing large-scale housing and palaces in the style of Stalinist architecture. This process continued under Nikita Khrushchev, who called for construction under the slogan "good, cheaper and built faster". The new architectural style brought about dramatic change and generated the style that dominates today, with large blocks of flats arranged in considerable settlements. The historic center of Chisinau was encircled with the massive row of soviet buildings. Fortunately, the industrial buildings did not affect the beauty of the old city. In the middle-80-ies people got tired with the strait lines and rediscovered the dignity of the scales, proportionate to man and even fascination of the architectural extravagances. n timpul al doilea rzboi mondial Chiinu a pierdut 78 0 0 din carcas.Planul general de reconstrucie a oraului i cldirea a fost elaborat n 1947-1948 sub conducerea lui A. Schusev.La nceputul anilor 1950 a nregistrat o cretere rapid a populaiei, la care administraia sovietic a rspuns prin construirea pe scar larg de locuine i palate n stil de arhitectur stalinist. Acest proces a continuat n conformitate cu Nikita Hruciov, care a cerut pentru construcia sub sloganul "mai ieftin bun, i a construit mai repede".Nou stil arhitectural a adus schimbri dramatice i a generat un stil care domin astzi, cu blocuri mari de apartamente dispuse n aezri considerabile.Centrul istoric al Chiinului a fost nconjurat cu rnd masiv a cldirilor sovietice. Din fericire, cldirile industriale, nu au afectat frumusetea orasului vechi. In oamenii de mijloc-80-IES-am saturat cu linii drepte i redescoperit demnitatea de scale, proporionale cu omul si chiar fascinatia a extravagane arhitecturale. Last years the building of fashionable houses of the financial and business alite of the city has chiefly been conducted. The splendid modern buildings appeared. The reconstruction of Cathedral and the Bell Tower has been completed.

The pieces of our antiquity - Chisinau churches- are the parts of our ancestry's souls, the architectural pearls of our capital. These edifices are remarcable for their simplicity, constructionmaturity and reflect the essence of historic and ethnographic originality of Moldova. The stone architecture of Moldova is notable for its extraordinary wealth and diversity of plan, construction and style architectural treatments. Having survived the centuries, it keeps its brilliant originality. Ultimii ani, construirea de case de mod alite financiar i de afaceri al oraului a fost realizat n principal. Cldirile splendide moderne a aprut.Reconstrucia Catedrala i clopotnia a fost finalizat. Piesele din antichitate noastre - Chiinu-biserici sunt parti ale sufletelor noastre strmoii lui, perle de arhitectura ale capitalei noastre. Aceste edificii sunt remarcabil pentru simplitatea lor, constructionmaturity i reflect esena de originalitate istoric i etnografic din Moldova. Arhitectura de piatra din Moldova este notabil pentru bogia i diversitatea extraordinar a planului de tratamente, de construcie i de stil arhitectural. Dup ce a supravieuit secole, ea pastreaza originalitatea sa genial. Post-reading exercises 1.Say if these statements are true of false: 1. In the middle - 80 - ies, XXth century, Chisinau dwellers enjoyed all changes in the centre of the city. (false) 2. A.Bernardazzi gave the city a civilized and modern look. (true) 3. In 1917 the centre of the town was clarified, new districts and quarters were planned. (false). 4. There were taken some steps on the city improvement: street lamps appeared and the 1st park was laid out. (true). 5. On the project of achitect A.Schusev the largest building of that time (1831) was erected. (false). 6. The large-scale city improvement was conducted quickly in 1860s. (false). 7. Today the population of Chisinau is about 127000 inhabitants.(false). 8. Our heritage preservation must become every citizen's concern. (true). Post-lectur exerciii 1. Spune dac aceste afirmaii sunt adevrate de false: 1. La mijlocul anilor - 80 - e, secolul al XX-lea, locuitorii din Chiinu sau bucurat de toate modificrile n centrul oraului. (fals) 2. A.Bernardazzi a dat oraului un aspect civilizat i modern. (adevrat) 3. n 1917, centrul orasului a fost clarificate, cartiere noi i sferturi au fost planificate. (fals). 4. Au fost luate unele msuri privind mbuntirea ora: lmpi stradale a aparut si primul parc a fost expus. (adevrat). 5. La proiectul de achitect A.Schusev cea mai mare cldire din acea vreme (1831) a fost ridicat. (fals). 6.mbuntire pe scar larg oraul a fost efectuat n mod rapid n anii 1860. (fals). 7. Astzi, populaia din Chiinu este de aproximativ 127000 de locuitori. (Fals). 8. Conservarea patrimoniului nostru trebuie s devin preocuparea fiecrui cetean. (adevrat). 2. Fill in the missing years and events on the timeline with information from the text. 2. Completai n anii lips i evenimente de pe calendarul cu informaii din text.

1986 - The capital of Moldova is indebted for its status of the historical city, received in 1986, to its centre. Capitala Moldovei este ndatorat pentru statutul de oras istoric, a primit n 1986, la centrul su. 1960.1980 - City industrialization. Industrializarea orasului. 1947- 1948 - The general plan of the city reconstruction and building was elaborated in 19471948 under the direction of A. Schusev. Planul general de reconstrucie a oraului i cldirea a fost elaborat n 1947-1948 sub conducerea lui A. Schusev. 1950s - The beginning of the 1950s saw a rapid population growth, to which the Soviet administration responded by constructing large-scale housing and palaces in the style of Stalinist architecture. La nceputul anilor 1950 a nregistrat o cretere rapid a populaiei, la care administraia sovietic a rspuns prin construirea pe scar larg de locuine i palate n stil de arhitectur stalinist. 1941-1944 - During World War II Chisinau lost 78 0 0 of its housing. n timpul al doilea
0 0

rzboi mondial Chiinu a pierdut 78

din carcas.

1940 - City liquidation by the retreating Red Army. Ora de lichidare de ctre Armata Roie n retragere. 1901-1910 - In 1910, Chisinau numbered 127000 inhabitants, about 10000 houses, 142 streets and lanes, 12 squares, 5 gardens and parks. n 1910, Chiinu, numerotate de la 127000 de locuitori, circa 10000 de case, 142 strzi i alei, 12 patrate, 5 gradini si parcuri. 1892 - Setting up the city water pipe. In 1892 the city water pipe was set up: before this, the city had been supplied with water from the wells and it was provided in barrels by carriers. Configurarea conducta de apa a orasului. In 1892, conducta de ap oraul a fost stabilit la: inainte de aceasta, oraul a fost alimentat cu ap din fntni i a fost prevzut n butoaie de ctre operatorii de transport. 1862 - In the second half of the XIX century the growth of Chisinau was going on. 93000 people dwelled Chisinau in 1862. Streets paving was only begun in 1862. n a doua jumtate a secolului al XIX cretere a merge la Chiinu a fost. 93000 de oameni locuit la Chiinu n 1862. Strzi de pavaj a fost nceput doar n 1862. 1834 - The general plan of Chisinau, made on the basis of its topographical survey and approved in 1834, planned its further development. Planul general de Chiinu, pe baza de sondaj topografice i aprobat n 1834, planificat dezvoltarea ulterioar a acestuia. 1831-1835 - The considerable architectural ensemble was created in the city centre. On the project of architect Avraam Melnikov, in the style of late Russian classicism, the largest buildings of that time, the Cathedral "Nasterea Domnului" and the magnificed Bell Tower (18311835) were erected. Ansamblul arhitectural considerabil a fost creat n centrul oraului. La proiectul arhitectului Avraam Melnikov, n stilul clasicismului rus trziu, cele mai mari cladiri din acea vreme, Catedrala "Naterea Domnului" i Turnul magnificed Bell (1831-1835) au fost ridicate. 1817 - In 1817 the centre of the town was clarified, new districts and quarters were planned. n 1817 centrul orasului a fost clarificate, cartiere noi i sferturi au fost planificate. 1812 Chisinau becomes a small town on G.Banulescu-Bodoni's decision.

Chiinu devine un ora mic din decizia lui G.Banulescu-Bodoni ". 1436 - First mentioned in a Master's Charter. Menionat pentru prima dat n Carta de masterat. 6-4 BC - There were discovered human settlements nearby St.Constantin and Elena Church. Au fost descoperite aezri umane n apropiere de biserica St.Constantin si Elena. 3. Pair work. Name five positive and five negative impacts that the new town planning might have had on daily life of Chisinau dwellers at the beginning of the XXth century. 3. Pereche de munc. Numeste cinci efecte pozitive i cele cinci efecte negative pe care urbanismul nou ar putea fi avut n viaa de zi cu zi a locuitorilor Chiinului la nceputul secolului XX. 4.List the typical problems of Chisinau city. Fill in the grid and analyze these problems. 4. Lista problemelor tipice ale oraului Chiinu. Completai grila i s analizeze aceste probleme. III. Evaluation 1. Speak on the following issues: 1. Give general description of the early chisinau and specify the steps taken to its further development. 2. Describe the Golden Age in Chisinau development and state the contribution of Alexandru Bernardazzi to its modernization. 3. Speak about Chisinau reconstruction after the World War II. Compare the face of the city before and after the war. 4. Give a critical appreciation of modern city building of Chisinau. Evaluare Vorbete cu privire la urmtoarele aspecte: 1. D-o descriere general din Chiinu timpurie i precizeaz msurile luate pentru dezvoltarea sa viitoare. 2. Descriei Epoca de Aur n dezvoltarea de stat Chiinu i contribuia lui Alexandru Bernardazzi, la modernizarea acestuia. 3. Chiinu vorbesc despre reconstrucie dup al doilea rzboi mondial. Comparai faa oraului, nainte i dup rzboi. 4. Da o apreciere critic a cldirii ora modern din Chiinu. 2. Using the data from the timeline on page 4 retell the text "Chisinau: from the old face to the new one". 2. Folosind datele de la cronologie la pagina 4 povesti textul "Chiinu: de la faa vechi pe cel nou". 3. Translate the following sentences from Romanian into English: 3. Traducei urmtoarele propoziii din romn n englez: a. Chisinaul si-a schimbat mult aspectul general in anii 1950-1970 ai secolului XIX, cind l-a avut ca arhitect al orasului pe Alexandru Bernardazzi. b. A.Bernardazzi a proiectat unele strazi si cartiere, a participatla proiectarea si construirea celor mai importante cladiri, precum si al apeductului din Chisinau.

c. Intre 1830-1836 a fost inaltata Catedrala cu clopotnita si a fost pusa baza primei gradini publice. d. In 1840, dupa proiectul arhitactului lui l.Zauskevici, a fost construit un turn numit Portile Sfinte. e. Arcul de Triumf este alcatuit din patru fatade identice, sustinute de patru piloni. j. In secolul al XIX-lea a fost elaborat planul general de dezvoltare a orasului. i. Organizarea apeductului orasenesc s-a inceput in 1892, cind au fost construite primele doua castele deapa. k. Conform recensamintului din anul 2004 populatia orasului este de 589445 locuitori. Chisinau has changed a lot in the years 1950-1970 the overall look of the nineteenth century, when the city had as an architect Alexander Bernardazzi. b A.Bernardazzi designed some streets and neighborhoods, the participatla design and construction of major buildings and the water supply in Chisinau. c Cathedral was built between 1830-1836 with the bell and was placed first public gardens. d In 1840, after the project's arhitactului l.Zauskevici was a tower called the Holy Gates. e Arch of Triumph is composed of four identical facades, supported by four pillars. j. In the nineteenth century was developed general development plan of the city. i aqueduct City organization began in 1892, when the construction of two castles deapa. k. According to the 2004 census the city population is 589,445 inhabitants.

UNIT 6: Skyskrapers building Skyscraper - a very tall building with many stories; building, edifice. Superstructure - a structure that is built on the main part of something such as a ship or building. Substructure - a solid base under the ground that supports a building above the ground. Footings - the foundations of a wall, usually with a course of brickwork winder than the base of the roof. Curtain wall - a wall which encloses the space within a building but does not support the roof. Lift - a platform or compartment housed in a shaft for raising and lowering people or things to different levels. AmE-elevator. Core - central region of a skyscraper. usually elevator and stairwell is placed there. Story - floor of a skyscraper. Spire - an architectural or decorative feature of a skyscraper. a roof that rises steeply to a point on top of a tower, especially on a church. Cladiri zgiriie nori Zgrie-nori - o cldire foarte nalt, cu multe povesti, cladire, edificiu. Suprastructura - o structur care este construit pe partea principal a ceva, cum ar fi o nav sau o cldire. Infrastructura - o baz solid sub motivul c sprijin o cldire deasupra solului. Fundaii - n fundaii de un perete, de obicei, cu un curs de zidrie bobinator dect baza acoperiului. Cortina de perete - un perete care nconjoar spaiul ntr-o cldire, dar nu are suport pentru acoperi. Ridicai - o platform sau compartiment adpostite ntr-un arbore pentru ridicarea si coborarea de oameni sau lucruri la diferite niveluri. AME-lift. Nucleu- regiunea central a unui zgrie-nori. de obicei, lift i scrilor este plasat acolo. Etaj - etaj al unui zgrie-nori. Flesa - o caracteristica arhitectural sau decorativ al unui zgrie-nori. un acoperis care se ridica brusc la un punct de pe partea de sus a unui turn, mai ales pe o biseric. Structural elements of a skyscraper Column - a vertical, structural element, strong in compression. Beam - a rigid, usually horizontal, structural element. Girder - a large iron or steel beam or compound structure used for building the framework of large buildings and bridges. Elementele structurale ale unui zgrie-nori Coloana - un element vertical, structural, puternic n compresie. Birna - rigid, de obicei orizontal, element structural. Grind - o mare de fier sau de oel sau fascicul structura compus utilizat pentru a construi cadrul de cldiri mari i poduri.
Materials used: Materiale folosite: Forces that act on structures. Forele care acioneaz asupra structurilor A skyscraper must be: Un zgrie-nori trebuie s fie:

Reinforced concrete-beton armat

Concrete- beton Steel- otel Aluminium-aluminiu cast iron- fonta Plastic- plastic Wood- lemn

Squeezing - stoarcere Stretching - intindere Bending - indoire Sliding - alunecare Twisting - rasucire

Safe - sigur Attractive - atractiv Resistant - rezistent Practical - practic Unique - unic Accesible - accesibil

External Loads - sarcini externe Earthquake loads push and pull horizontally on a structure. Sarcina (forta) de cutremur mpinge i trage orizontal pe o structura.

Soft soil. Structure will sink and change shape when the soil beneath a structure settles unevenly. Solului moale. Structura se va scufunda i schimba forma atunci cnd solul sub o structur stabilete inegal (neproportional).
Temperature. It causes the beams and columns to change shape and push or pull on other parts. The structure expands or shrinks with the temperature. Temperatura. Ea determin grinzi i stlpi pentru a schimba forma i mpingei sau tragei n alte pri.Structura se extinde sau se micoreaz cu temperatura. Vibration. Loads that change over time are called dynamic loads. Dynamic loads - from wind gusts to pounding objects - create vibrations that can become bigger and more dangerous over time. Vibraii. Sarcini care schimb n timp sunt numite sarcini dinamice. Sarcini dinamice - de la rafale de vant de la obiecte sfarimate - a crea vibratii, care pot deveni mai mari i mai periculoase n timp.

Measures to strengthen a structure Msurile de consolidare a unei structuri Sheer forta de forfecare. Solid walls or reinforced concrete or masonry - called "shear walls" - have great stiffness in the horizontal direction. They resist loads that push or pull horizontally on a structure. Perei solizi sau de beton armat sau zidrie - numit "peretii" - au rigiditate mare n direcie orizontal. Ei rezista la sarcini care mping sau tragei orizontal pe o structura. Heavy concrete pillars. or piles, are used to support structures on the soft soil. The piles rest deep in the earth on stable, solid soil and support the weight of the heavy structure above. Grele de piloni de beton. sau hemoroizi, sunt utilizate pentru a susine structurile de pe sol moale. Hemoroizi odihni adnc n pmnt pe sol stabil, solid i susine greutatea structurii grele de mai sus. Roller joints, are used in structures that get really hot or cold. They give the columns and beams the freedom to expand and contract as the temperature changes. Articulaiilor cu role, sunt folosite n structuri care primesc foarte fierbinte sau rece. Ele dau de coloane si grinzi libertatea de a extinde i contract ca schimbarile de temperatura.

The thicker the beam, the less likely it is to bend. Thick beams are used in structures that experience live and dynamic loads. Mai gros fasciculului, mai puin probabil este s se aplece. Grinzi groase sunt folosite n structuri care se confrunt cu sarcini vii i dinamice.
Diagonal braces, usually made of steel, are used to strengthen and stabilize all kinds of structures. Bretele diagonala, de obicei, realizate din oel, sunt utilizate pentru consolidarea i stabilizarea toate tipurile de structuri.

Wind loads push horizontally on a structure. Vntului mpinge orizontal pe o structura.

The weight of the objects on the structure is called the live load. (people, Furniture, cars.). Greutatea de obiectele de pe structura se numeste sarcina viu. (oameni, mobilier, masini.). The weight of the structure itself is called dead load. Anything permanently attached to the structure is part of its dead load - including the columns, beams, bolts. Greutatea de structura in sine este numit de ncrcare mort. Orice permanent ataat la structura este parte a ncrcturii sale mori inclusiv stlpi, grinzi, uruburi.

The thicker the beam, the less likely it is to bend. Thick beams are used in structures that experience live and dynamic loads. Mai gros fasciculului, mai puin probabil este s se aplece. Grinzi groase sunt folosite n structuri care se confrunt cu sarcini vii i dinamice.

Vocabulary and Speaking exercises 1. Match the term with the definition 1. Meci termen cu definiia

Column, curtain wall, girder, steel skeleton, spread footing, grillage, rivet Coloana, perete cortina, grind, schelet de oel, reazem de intindere, grillage, nit (cui de nibuit). 1. Curtain wall the outer walls of the steel skeleton structure: 2. Rivet a metal pin used to fasten two pieces of metal together: 3. Spread footing Skyscraper substructure on which a vertical column sits on: 4. Grillage a stack of horizontal steel beams, lined side-by-side in two or more layers: 5. Steel skeleton the central support structure of a skyscraper: 6. Girder a long strong piece of steel or iron used for building bridges, skyscrapers; connect horizontal beams: 7. Column a tall, vertical post which supports or decorates a building. 1. Perete cortina zidurile exterioare ale structurii scheletului de oel: 2. Nit un cod care prinde de metal folosit pentru a fixa dou piese de metal, mpreun: 3. Reazem de intindere- Imprastiati Zgrie-nori picior de infrastructura pe care o coloan vertical sta pe: 4. Grillage o stiv de grinzi orizontale de oel, cptuiteparte peste parte , n dou sau mai multe straturi: 5. Schelet de oel structura de sprijin central al unui zgrie-nori: 6. Grind o bucat lung puternic de oel sau fier folosite pentru a construi poduri, zgrie-nori; conecta grinzi orizontale: 7. Coloana un post inalt, vertical care susine sau decoreaza o cldire. Fill in the missing words or word combinations: Completai cuvintele care lipsesc sau combinaii de cuvinte: The central support structure of a skyscraper is its steel scheleton. Metal beams are riveted end to end form vertical columns. At each floor level, these vertical columns are connected to horizontal girder beams. Structura de sprijin central al unui zgrie-nori este scheletului de oel. Grinzi metalice sunt nituite un capt la altul coloane verticale formular. La fiecare nivel de etaj, aceste coloane verticale sunt conectate la grinzi orizontale grind. In this giant three-dimensional grid, called the skyscraper all the weight in the building gets transferred directly to the vertical columns. This concentrates the downward force caused by gravity into the relatively small areas where the columns rest at the buildings base. This concentrated force is then spread out in the substructure under the building. n acest gigant tri-dimensional de reea, numit zgarie-nori toat greutatea n cldirea este transferat direct la coloanele verticale. Aceasta se concentreaz for descendent cauzate de gravitaie n zone relativ mici, n cazul n care coloanele de odihn de la baza cldirilor. Aceast for este concentrat apoi rspndit n infrastructura sub cldire. In a typical skyscraper substructure, each vertical column sits on a spread footing. The column rests directly on a cast-iron plate, which sits on top of a grillage. The grillage is basically a stack of horizontal steel beams, lined side-by-side in two or more layers.The grillage rests on a thick concrete pad poured directly onto the hard clay under the ground, called bedrock layer. Once the steel is in place, the entire structure is coveredwith concrete.

ntr-o infrastructura zgrie-nori tipic, fiecare coloan vertical sta pe un picior de rspndire.Coloana se sprijin direct pe o plac de font, care se afla pe partea de sus a grillage.Grillage este de fapt o stiv de grinzi orizontale de oel, cptuite parte peste parte, n doua sau mai multe straturi..Cele dou sau mai multe se bazeaz pe un suport de beton gros turnat direct pe lutul greu sub pmnt, numit strat de roca de baz. Odat ce este de oel n loc, ntreaga structur este covertit cu beton. (Columns , steel skeleton, spread footing, girder beams, grillage, super structure, substructure, pad, bedrock layer.) (Coloane, schelet de oel, rspndirea picior, grinzi grind, grillage, super-structura, infrastructura, pad, stratul de roca de baz.) 3. Group work 3. Grupul de lucru

Every architect must think about how strong and sturdy a building must be so that it will be safe and not fall down. Today you will design a structure choosing the building frame, materials, innovations. You shall also pay special attention to building design in order to make it attractive, safe, practical, resistant. Fiecare arhitect trebuie s se gndeasc despre ct de puternic i robust o cldire trebuie s fie astfel nct acesta va fi n siguran i nu se ncadreaz n jos. Astzi v va proiecta o structur alegerea cadrului constructii, materiale, inovaii. Tu trebuie s plteasc, de asemenea, o atenie deosebit la proiectarea cldirii, n scopul de a face atractiv, sigur, practic, rezistent. You must think like an architect and try to make your structure beautiful and interesting, but also safe and sturdy. Trebuie s v gndii ca un arhitect i s ncerce s fac structura de frumos i interesant, dar, de asemenea, n condiii de siguran i robust. TEXT A: The Sky Is the Limit Textul A: Cerul este limita

Throughout the history of architecture, there has been a continual quest for height. Thousands of workers toiled on the pyramids of ancient Egypt and Europe and countless other towers, all striving to create something awe-inspiring. People build skyscrapers primarily because they are convenient- you can create a lot of real estate out of a relatively small ground area. But ego and grandeur do sometimes play a significant role in the scope of the construction, just as it did in earlier civilizations. De-a lungul istoriei de arhitectura, a existat o cutare continu pentru nlime. Mii de muncitori trudit pe piramide ale Egiptului Antic i Europa, i nenumrate alte turnuri, toate strduindu-se s creeze ceva uimitoare. Oamenii construi zgrie-nori n primul rnd, deoarece acestea sunt convenabile, se poate crea o mulime de bunuri imobiliare dintr-o zona de teren relativ mic. Dar ego-ul i grandoare se joac uneori un rol semnificativ n domeniul de aplicare al construciei, aa cum a fcut-o n civilizaiile anterioare. The term skyscraper was coined in the 1880s, shortly after the first tall buildings were constructed in the United States. The main technological advancement that made skyscrapers possible was the development of mass iron and steel production. New manufacturing processes made it possible to produce long beams of solid iron. Essentially, this gave architects a whole new set of building blocks to work with. Narrow, relatively lightweight metal beams could support much more weight than the solid brick walls in older buildings, while taking up a fraction of the space.

Zgrie-nori Termenul a fost inventat n anii 1880, la scurt timp dup primele cldiri nalte au fost construite n Statele Unite.Principalul progres tehnologic care a fcut zgrie-nori a fost posibil dezvoltarea de fier n mas i producia de oel. Noi procese de productie a fcut posibil pentru a produce grinzi lungi de fier solid. n esen, aceasta a dat arhitecii un ntreg set nou de blocuri pentru a lucra cu. Grinzi nguste, relativ uoare din metal ar putea sprijini n greutate mult mai mult dect pereii de crmid solide n cldiri vechi, n timp ce lua o fractiune de spatiu. The central support structure of a skyscraper is its steel skeleton. Metal beams are riveted end to end to form vertical columns. At each floor level, these vertical columns are connected to horizontal girder beams. Many buildings also have diagonal beams running between the girders, for extra structural support. Structura de sprijin central al unui zgrie-nori este de schelet de oel. Grinzi metalice sunt nituite un capt la altul pentru a forma coloane verticale. La fiecare nivel de etaj, aceste coloane verticale sunt conectate la grinzi orizontale grind. Multe cldiri au, de asemenea grinzi de rulare diagonale ntre grinzi, pentru sprijinul structural suplimentar. In this giant three-dimensional grid - called the super structure - all the weight in the building gets transferred directly to the vertical columns. This concentrates the downward force caused by gravity into the relatively small areas where the columns rest at the building's base. This concentrated force is then spread out in the substructure under the building. n acest gigant tri-dimensional de reea - numit structura super - toate n greutate, n cldirea este transferat direct la coloanele verticale. Aceasta se concentreaz for gravitationala cauzate de gravitaie n zone relativ mici, n cazul n care coloanele de odihn de la baza cldirii. Aceast for este concentrat apoi rspndit n infrastructura sub cldire. In a typical skyscraper substructure, each vertical column sits on a spread footing. The column rests directly on a cast-iron plate , which sits on top of a grillage. The grillage is basically a stack of horizontal steel beams, lined side-by-side in two or more layers. The grillage rests on a thick concrete pad poured directly onto the hard clay under the ground. Once the steel is in place, the entire structure is covered with concrete. ntr-o infrastructura zgrie-nori tipic, fiecare coloan vertical sta pe un picior de rspndire.Coloana se sprijin direct pe o plac de font, care se afla pe partea de sus a grillage.Grillage este de fapt o stiv de grinzi orizontale de oel, cptuite parte peste parte, n dou sau mai multe straturi.Grillage se bazeaz pe un suport de beton gros turnat direct pe lutul greu sub pmnt. Odat ce este de oel n loc, ntreaga structur este acoperit cu beton. This structure expands out lover in the ground, the same way a pyramid expands out as you go down. This distributes the concentrated weight from the columns over a wide surface. Ultimately, the entire weight of the building rests directly on the hard clay material under the earth. In very heavy buildings, the base of the spread footings rest on massive concrete piers that extend all the way down to the earth's bedrock layer. Aceast structur se extinde n iubitul pmnt, la fel o piramid se extinde ca te duci n jos. Aceasta distribuie greutatea concentrat din coloanele de pe o suprafa mare. n cele din urm, ntreaga greutate a cldirii se bazeaz direct pe materialul zgura greu sub pmnt. n cldirile foarte grele, baza de odihn rspndirii fundaii pe piloni masivi din beton care se extind tot drumul pn la stratul de roca de baz ale pmntului. One major advantage of the steel skeleton structure is that the outer walls - called the curtain wall - need only to support their own weight. This lets architects open the building up as much as they want, in stark contrast to the thick walls in traditional building construction. In many

skyscrapers the curtain walls are made almost entirely of glass, giving the occupants a spectacular view of their city. Un avantaj major al structurii scheletului de oel este faptul c pereii exteriori - numit perete cortina - trebuie doar s susin propria greutate. Aceasta permite arhitecilor deschide construirea fel de mult ca doresc, n contrast puternic cu ziduri groase din construcii tradiionale. Zgrie-nori n multe pereti cortina sunt realizate aproape in intregime din sticla, oferind pasagerilor o vedere spectaculoas a oraului lor. The "world's tallest" title passed regularly from skyscraper to skyscraper. This is one of the most competitive contests in construction. The current champ is the Burj Kalifa in Dubai, 826m. By all accounts, the skyscraper race is far from over. There are more than 50 proposed buildings that would break the current record. According to some engineering experts, the real limitation is money, not technology. Super tall buildings would reguire extremely sturdy materials and deep, fortified bases. Construction crews would need elaborate cranes and pumping systems to get materials and concrete up to the top levels. Additionally, there would be logistical problems with the elevators. To make the upper floors in a 200-story building easily accessible, you would need a large bank of elevators, which would take up a wide area in the center of the building. One easy solution to this problem is to arrange the elevators so they only go part way up the building. Passengers who want to go the top would take an elevator halfway, get off and then take another elevator the rest of the way. Cel mai inalt din lume", titlul a trecut n mod regulat de la zgarie-nori la zgarie-nori. Aceasta este una dintre cele mai importante concursuri competitive n construcii.Champ actual este Burj Kalifa, n Dubai, 826m. Prin toate conturile, cursa zgrie-nori este departe de peste. Exist mai mult de 50 de cldiri propuse, care ar doboare recordul actual. Potrivit unor experi de inginerie, limitarea real este de bani, nu de tehnologie. Super cldiri nalte ar reguire materiale extrem de robuste i baze de adnci, fortificate. Echipajelor de constructii ar avea nevoie de macarale elaborate i sisteme de pompare pentru a obine materiale i concrete de pn la nivelurile de top. n plus, nu ar fi probleme logistice cu lifturi. Pentru a face etajele superioare ntr-o cldire de 200 poveste uor accesibil, ai nevoie de o banc mare de ascensoare, care ar avea o arie larg n centrul cldirii. O soluie simpl la aceast problem este de a aranja lifturi astfel nct acestea s mearg doar o parte modul n sus a cldirii. Pasagerii care doresc s mearg n partea de sus ar avea un lift la jumtatea drumului, sa oprit i apoi s ia un alt lift restul de drum. Experts are divided about how high we can really go in the near future. Some say we could build a mile-high (1.609m) building with existing technology, while others say we would need to develop lighter, stronger materials, faster elevators and advanced sway dampers before these buildings were feasible. Speaking only hypothetically, most engineers won't impose an upper limit. Future technology advances could conceivably lead to sky-high cities, many experts say, housing a million people or more. Today, the sky is the limit. Experii sunt mprite cu privire la ct de mare se poate merge ntr-adevr, n viitorul apropiat. Unii spun c am putea construi o mil-mare (1.609m), cldiri cu tehnologie existent, n timp ce alii spun c ne-ar trebui s dezvolte materiale mai uoare, mai puternice, mai rapide lifturi i amortizoare avansate abate nainte de aceste cldiri au fost fezabil. Vorbind doar ipotetic, cele mai multe inginerii nu va impune o limit superioar. Avansuri tehnologice viitoare ar putea duce teoretic la cer-mari orae, muli experi spun, gzduind un milion de oameni sau mai mult. Astzi, cerul este limita.

I. Evaluation 1. Speak on the following issues:

I. Evaluare 1. Vorbete cu privire la urmtoarele aspecte:

1. Name the steps of building a skyscraper. Topography plays a major role in any construction project. Surveyor is involved in all stages of a project: he made the first step - measuring land, construction of building a check as to stick them in the project and at the end of the work, ensure that all comply with the original plans. As regulations and consumer needs become more demanding in construction, surveying is essential to any large project. Surveyor measures and make recommendations to engineers, architects and other professionals in all stages of a project. Before any construction can begin, the land must be identified and measured. Drawings must be a faithful representation of the terrain, topographic measurements being at the basis of any project, and to pinpoint the level, the correct position of each part of a building structure, the compliance slope or verticality designed for all items all (foundation, pipes, columns, walls) 1. Numeste etapele de construire a unui zgrie-nori. Topografia joaca un rol extrem de important in orice proiect de constructii. Inginerul topograf se implica in toate etapele unui proiect: el realizeaza prima etapa masurarea terenului; pe masura edificarii constructiilor verifica incadrarea lor in proiect, iar la finalul lucrarii, se asigura ca ansamblul respecta planurile originale. Pe masura ce reglementarile si cerintele beneficiarilor in domeniul constructiilor devin mai exigente, topograful devine indispensabil oricarui proiect de anvergura. Inginerul topograf masoara si face recomandari inginerilor, arhitectilor si altor specialisti in toate etapele unui proiect. Inainte ca orice constructie sa inceapa, terenul trebuie identificat si masurat. Desenele realizate trebuie sa fie o reprezentare fidela a terenului, masuratorile topografice aflandu-se la baza oricarui proiect, precum si la indicarea cu precizie a nivelului, a pozitiei corecte a fiecarei parti din structura unei constructii, a respectarii inclinatiei sau verticalitatii proiectate pentru toate elementele ansamblului (fundatie, conducte, coloane, ziduri) 2. Describe a famous skyscraper from the USA. Willis Tower or Sears Tower is the tallest building in Chicago, and while the highest skyscraper in the U.S. (World Trade Center was destroyed) and third in the world. This building is located on 233 S. Wacker Drive and has an overall height of 527 m Willis Tower is used as a communications and observation tower. The construction of the Skyscraper lasted three years (1970-1973). The Willis Tower (formerly named the Sears Tower) is a 108-story, 1,451-foot (442 m) skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois.[4] At the time of its completion in 1973, it was the tallest building in the world, surpassing the World Trade Center towers in New York, and it held this rank for nearly 25 years. The Willis Tower is the tallest building in the United States and the seventh-tallest freestanding structure in the world. The skyscraper is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Chicago, and over one million people visit its observation deck each year. Although Sears' naming rights expired in 2003, the building continued to be called the Sears Tower for several years. In March 2009, London-based insurance broker Willis Group Holdings agreed to lease a portion of the building, and obtained the building's naming rights.[6] On July 16, 2009, the building was officially renamed the Willis Tower. 2.Descriei un zgrie-nori celebru din Statele Unite ale Americii. Willis Tower sau Sears Tower este cea mai nalt cldire din Chicago, concomitent i cel mai nalt zgrie-nor din SUA (World Trade Center a fost distrus) i al treilea la nivel mondial. Aceast cldire este situat pe 233 S. Wacker Drive i are o nlime total de 527 m. Willis Tower este folosit ca turn de observare i de comunicare. Construcia acestui zgrie-nor a durat 3 ani (1970-1973).

Turnul Willis (numit fostul Sears Tower), este un 108-poveste, 1451-picior (442 m), zgrie-nori din Chicago, Illinois [4]. La momentul finalizrii sale n 1973, a fost cea mai nalt cldire din lume, depind turnuri World Trade Center din New York, i a avut loc acest rang de aproape 25 de ani.Turnul Willis este cea mai nalt cldire din Statele Unite i structura de saptelea cel mai inalt de sine statatoare, n lume.Zgarie-nori este unul dintre cele mai populare destinaii turistice din Chicago, i peste un milion de oameni viziteaza punte de observare n fiecare an. Dei drepturile de numire Sears ", a expirat n 2003, cldirea a continuat s fie numit Sears Tower de mai muli ani. n martie 2009, la Londra, pe baz de broker de asigurare Willis Group Holdings a fost de acord s cedeze o parte a cldirii, i a obinut drepturile de constructii de numire a lui [6] La 16 iulie 2009, cldirea a fost redenumit oficial Turnul Willis.. 3. Speak about challenges the architects and builders encounter in raising a skyscraper. 3. Vorbete despre contest arhitecii i constructorii confrunt n creterea unui zgrie-nori. 4. Comment on the measures taken by engineers to strengthen a structure ( facing differnt challenges).

4. Observaii cu privire la msurile luate de ingineri pentru a consolida o structur (se confrunt cu provocri differnt). 2. Translate the following sentences from Romanian into English. 2. Traducei urmtoarele propoziii din romn n englez. 1. Noile materiale de constructii si tehnicile avansate faciliteaza ridicarea unor cladiri monumentale. 2. Zgrie-norii trebuie s suporte o greutate foarte mare i s reziste vnturilor puternice, pentru aceasta fiind necesar un cadru robust. 3. Cldirea Burj Dubai, nalt de 824m, are scheletul fcut n ntregime din oel. 4. Cadrul unui zgrie-nori alctuit de obicei din grinzi de oel, se spijin pe o fundaie solid numit substructur. 5. ntr-o substructur tipic zgrie -nori, fiecare coloan vertical st pe un picior de fundaie alctuit din stive de grinzi orizontale de oel i o pern de beton gros turnat direct pe stratul de lut. 6. Substructura reprezint o gril tridimensional gigant alctuit din coloane orizontale unite de grinzi verticale i peretele exterior al cldirii, care are rol protector i decorativ. 7. Grinzile metalice sunt nituite un capt de altul pentru a forma coloanele verticale. 8. La fiecare nivel, coloanele verticale sunt unite prin intermediul grinzilor orizontale. 9. Multe cldiri au, de asemenea, grinzi diagonale care le intersecteaz pe cele orizontale, pentru sprijin structural suplimentar. 10. n aceast gril tridimensional gigant, numit suprastructur, toat greutatea cldirii este transferat direct la coloanele verticale. 11. Grila tridimensional concentreaz fora descendent cauzat de gravitaie n zone relativ mici de la baza cldirii, care este apoi rspndit n piciorul de fundaie de sub cldire. 1. New building materials and advanced techniques facilitates lifting monumental buildings. 2. Scratched-clouds to bear weight and withstand high winds, it is necessary for a robust framework. 3. Burj Dubai building, 824m high, is made entirely of steel skeleton.

4. In a scratched-rise usually consists of steel beams, to support its substructure called a solid foundation. 5. In a typical substructure scratched skyscrapers, each vertical column sits on a foundation footing consists of stacks of horizontal steel beams and a thick concrete pad poured directly onto the clay. 6. Substructure is a giant three-dimensional grid consisting of vertical columns and horizontal beams connected by the outer wall of the building, which is protective and decorative. 7. Metal beams are riveted one end to another to form vertical columns. 8. At each level, vertical columns are connected by horizontal beams. 9. Many buildings have also diagonal beams that intersect on the horizontal, for additional structural support. 10. In the giant three-dimensional grid, called superstructure, building all the weight is transferred directly to vertical columns. 11. Dimensional grid downward force due to gravity concentrate in relatively small areas of the building, which is then spread in the leg below the building foundation. 2. Translate the sentences from your mother tongue into English: 2. Traducei propoziii din limba matern n limba englez: 1. C . 2. , , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . 6. , , . 7. . 8. , , (.) (, , ). 9. - , , - , 828 . 1. Construction of a skyscraper and Design includes creating a safe and residential high-rise buildings. 2. Skyscrapers should be able to maintain your weight, and be resistant to earthquakes, wind and fire. 3. The more and more building, the greater must be load-bearing walls. 4. Reinforced concrete is an important material used in the skyscrapers. 5. The vertical support beams are constructed and deployed using large cranes are used to support vertical loads. 6. Elevators are a necessary condition dlyaneboskrebov, since it is impractical for people to climb the many flights of stairs. 7. Each design is unique for a skyscraper. 8. Cladding on external walls of skyscrapers made of various materials, including glass, metals (stal.alyuminy) or kaennyh materials (marble, izvestneak, granite). 9. Burj Khalifa - is a skyscraper in Dubai, which is currently the tallest structure ever made by man, the height of 828 meters. UNIT 7. TUNNELS VOCABULARY A tunnel is an underground passage such as: Lectia 7. Tunele vocabular

- Public works tunnels carry water, sewage or gas lines across great distances. - Bridge-tunnel - a combinatuion of bridges and tunnels. It may be less costly and easier to ventilate than a single very long tunnel. - Canal tunnel - artificial waterways used for travel, shipping or irrigation. - Mining tunnels are used during ore extraction, enabling laborers or equipment to access mineral and metal deposits deep inside the earth. - Pedestrian tunnel may refer to a subway or underpass. - Escape tunnels or Smuggling tunnels are secret tunnels, usually hidden underground, used for smuuggling of goods and people. - Undersea tunnel. Un tunel este un pasaj subteran, cum ar fi: - Tunelurile de lucrri publice transporta ap, canalizare sau linii de gaz pe distane mari. - Podul-tunel - o combinatie de poduri i tuneluri. Acesta poate fi mai puin costisitoare i mai uor de a aerisi mult de un singur tunel foarte mult timp. - Tunel Canal - cile navigabile artificiale utilizate pentru cltorie, de transport sau de irigare. - Tuneluri miniere sunt folosite n timpul extraciei de minereu, care s permit muncitori sau echipamente de acces la depozite de minerale i metale adanc in interiorul pamantului. - Tunel pietonal se poate referi la un metrou sau subteran. - Tunelurile de evacuare sau tuneluri contraband sunt tuneluri subterane secrete, ascunse, de obicei utilizate pentru contrabanda de mrfuri i persoane. - Tunel submarin. Purpose of building a tunnel: - To pass efficiently through an obstacle, such as a mountain, bodies of water, or other transportation routes. - To provide an attracting solution for railways, roadways in increasingly congested cities: - To carry water, sewage, power, communication lines underground. Scopul de a construi un tunel: - Pentru a trece mai eficient printr-un obstacol, cum ar fi un munte, corpurile de ap, sau alte rute de transport. - Pentru a oferi o soluie pentru atragerea de ci ferate, drumuri n orae ce n ce mai aglomerate: - Pentru a transporta apa, canalizare, energie, linii de comunicaii subterane. Verb + noun - To build / construct a tunnel - To dig / excavate / carve a tunnel - To drill a hole - To bore through mountains - To burrow beneath oceans - To investigate ground conditions - To analyze rock samples - To support unstable ground - To prevent a tunnel from collapsing - To blast through montains with dynamite. Adjectiv+ noun - A long, short tunnel - A narrow, wide tunnel - A stable tunnel - A subterranean / underground tunnel - Connecting / escape / service tunnel - A system / network / labyrinth of tunnels Verb + substantiv - Pentru a construi / construi un tunel - Pentru a sapa / excavat / sculpta un tunel - Pentru a face o gaur (a perfora) - Pentru a sapa prin muni - S se bage sub oceane - Pentru a investiga condiii de teren - Pentru a analiza probe de roci - Pentru a sprijini teren instabil - Pentru a preveni un tunel de la colaps - Pentru a distruge, munii cu dinamit. Adjectiv + substantiv - Un tunel lung, scurt - Un ngust, larg tunel - Un tunel stabil - Un tunel subteran / subteran - Conectarea / evacuare / serviciu tunel - Un sistem / reea / labirint de tuneluri

The diagram below shows the structures in a typical mountain tunnel. The opening of the tunnel is a portal. The "roof" of the tunnel, or the top half of the tube, is the crown. The bottom half is the invert. The basic geometry of the tunnel is a continuous arch. Because tunnels must withstand tremendous pressure from all sides, the arch is an ideal shape. In the case of a tunnel, the arch simply goes all the way around. Diagrama de mai jos prezint structurile ntr-un tunel tipic de munte.De deschidere a tunelului este un portal."Acoperi", a tunelului, sau partea de sus a tubului, este coroana.Jumtatea de jos este inversa.Geometria de baz a tunelului este un arc continuu. Deoarece tunelurile trebuie s reziste la o presiune extraordinara din toate prile, arcul este o form ideal. n cazul unui tunel, arcul merge pur i simplu, tot drumul din jurul. Tunnel Basics Tunnel baz

A tunnel is a horizontal passageway located underground. While erosion and other forces of nature can form tunnels, in this article we'll talk about man-made tunnels - tunnels created by the process of excavation. There are many different ways to excavate a tunnel, including manual labor, explosives, rapid heating and cooling, tunneling machinery or a combination of these methods. Un tunel este un pasaj orizontal situat n subteran. n timp ce eroziunea i alte fore ale naturii se pot forma tuneluri, n acest articol vom vorbi despre tunelurile de om - tuneluri create prin procesul de excavare. Exist multe moduri diferite de a spa un tunel, inclusiv a forei de munc manual, explozivi, de nclzire i de rcire rapid, maini de tunel sau o combinaie a acestor metode. Some structures may require excavation similar to tunnel excavation, but are not actually tunnels. Shafts, for example, are often hand-dug or dug with boring equipment. But unlike tunnels, shafts are vertical and shorter. Often, shafts are built either as part of a tunnel project to analyze the rock or soil, or in tunnel construction to provide headings, or locations, from which a tunnel can be excavated. Unele structuri pot solicita excavare similare cu sptur tunel, dar nu sunt de fapt tuneluri. Sahta, de exemplu, sunt de multe ori de mn spat sau spat cu echipamente de foraj. Dar, spre deosebire de tuneluri, puuri verticale sunt i mai scurte. Adesea, sahtele sunt construite, fie ca parte a unui proiect de tunel pentru a analiza mineralele sau solul, sau n construcie tunel pentru a oferi poziiile, sau locatii, din care un tunel poate fi excavat. Today, engineers know that there are three basic steps to building a stable tunnel. The first step is excavation: engineers dig through the earth with a reliable tool or technique. The second step is support: engineers must support any unstable ground around them while they dig.The final step is lining: engineers add the final touches, like the roadway abd lights, when the tunnel is structurally sound. Astzi, inginerii tiu c exist trei pai de baz pentru construirea unui tunel stabil.Primul pas este de sptur: ingineri spa pmntul cu un instrument de incredere sau tehnica. Al doilea pas este de sprijin: inginerii trebuie s sprijine orice motiv instabil n jurul lor n timp ce ei dig.Ultimul pas final este garnitur: ingineri aduga ultimele retuuri, la fel ca luminile de pe carosabil si, n cazul n care tunelul este structural de sunet. Read the text "The Channel Tunnel" Citii textul "Tunelul Canalului Mnecii"

The Channel Tunnel is a 50.5-kilometre undersea rail tunnel linking Folkestone, Kent in the United Kingdom with Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais near Calais in northern France beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. The tunnel carries high-speed Eurostar passenger trains, Eurotunnel Shuttle roll-on / roll-off vehicle transport - the largest in the world - and international rail freight trains. In 1996 the American society of Civil engineers identified the tunnel as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World. Tunelul Canalului Mnecii este o 50.5-km tunel feroviar submarin care leag Folkestone, Kent, n Regatul Unit cu Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais apropiere de Calais, n nordul Franei de sub Canalul Mnecii, la Strmtoarea Dover. Tunelul de poarta de mare vitez Eurostar, trenurile de cltori Eurotunnel Transfer roll-on / roll-off vehicul de transport - cel mai mare din lume - i feroviare internaionale trenurile de marf. n 1996, societatea americana de ingineri civile identificat tunelul ca una din cele apte minuni ale lumii moderne. Construction. Eleven tunnel boring machines, working from both sides ( United Kingdom to France) of the Channel, cut through chalk marl ( marlstone is a calcium carbonate or lime-rich mud) to construct two rail tunnels and a service tunnel. Tunneling commenced in 1988, and the tunnel began operating in 1994. At the peak of construction 15000 people were employed with daily expenditure over 3 million. Ten workers, eight of them British, were killed during construction between 1987 and 1993, most in the first few months of boring. Construcii. Unsprezece tunel maini de gurit, de lucru de la ambele pri (Marea Britanie n Frana), de canal, tiate prin creta marne (marlstone este un carbonat de calciu sau var-bogat noroi), pentru a construi dou tuneluri de cale ferat i un tunel de serviciu. Tunelul a nceput n 1988, iar tunelul a nceput s funcioneze n 1994. La vrf de construcie 15000 de persoane au fost angajate cheltuieli de zi cu zi, cu peste 3 milioane de euro. Zece muncitori, opt dintre ei britanici, au fost ucii n timpul de construcie ntre 1987 i mai 1993, n primele luni de plictisitor. Engineering. Surveying undertaken in the twenty years before tunnel construction confirmed earlier speculations that a tunnel route could be bored through a chalk marl stratum. The chalk marl was conducive to tunneling, with impermeability, ease of excavation and strength. While on the English side the chalk marl ran along the entire length of the tunnel, on the French side a length of 5 kilometres had variable and difficult geology. The Channel Tunnel consists of there bores: two 7.6 - metre diameter rail tunnels, 30 metres apart, 50 kilometres in length with a 4.8metre diameter service tunnel in between. There are also cross-passages and piston relief ducts. The service tunnel was used as a pilot tunnel, boring ahead of the main tunnels to determine the conditions. The average depth is 45 metres below the seabed. At its lowest point, it is 75 metres deep. Since its construction, the tunnel has faced several problems. Fires have disrupted operation of the tunnel, illegal immigrants and asylum seekers have attempted to use the tunnel to enter Britain. Inginerie. Topografie ntreprinse n cei douzeci de ani nainte de construirea tunelului a confirmat speculaiile anterioare, ca o rut tunelul ar putea fi plictisit printr-o marn creta strat.Marn creta a fost s conduc la tunel, cu impermeabilitate, usurinta de excavare i de putere. n timp ce pe partea de limba englez marn creta a fugit de-a lungul intreaga lungime a tunelului, pe partea francez o lungime de 5 km a avut geologie variabil i greu.Tunelul Canalului Mnecii este format din nu plictiseste: dou 7.6 - diametrul tuneluri de metri de cale ferat, de 30 de metri, 50 de kilometri in lungime, cu un tunel de 4,8 metri diametru de serviciu ntre. Exist, de asemenea, calea de pasaje i conductelor de relief cu piston.Tunel de serviciu a fost folosit ca un tunel pilot, plictisitor nainte de tuneluri principale pentru a stabili condiiile.Adncimea medie este de 45 de metri sub fundul mrii. La punctul cel mai de jos, este de 75 de metri adncime.

Din construcie, tunelul sa confruntat cu mai multe probleme. Incendiile s-au ntrerupt funcionarea a tunelului, imigranii ilegali i solicitanii de azil au ncercat s foloseasc tunel pentru a introduce Marea Britanie.

Tunnel under the English Channel (site plan, cross-section profile in long) Tunelul pe sub canalul Minecii (Plan de situatie, sectiune transversala, profil in lung) Exercises: Give the definition of the following terms: Exercitii: Da definirea urmtorilor termeni:

Tunnel, The Tube, Shaft, the Channel Tunnel, Portal, Subway, Boring, Ventilation Shaft, Dynamite, Metro. Tunel, Conducta, Sahta, Tunelul Canalului Mnecii, Portal, metrou (pasaj subteran), de foraj, Sahta de ventilare, Dinamita, Metroul. - Tunnel - a long passage under or through the ground, especially one made by people. - Shaft - a long, either vertical or sloping, passage through a building or through the ground. - The channel Tunnel the three long passages under the English Channel between England and France. - Portal - something that provides acces ( to get in or get out). - Boring - the act of drilling a hole in the earth in hope of making a passage. - Ventilation shaft - a shaft in a building, tunnel, which serves as an air passage for ventilation - Dynamite - a type of explosive used in digging tunnels. - Subway - an underground passage which allows people on foot to cross a busy road. - The tube - London's underground train system. - Metro - an electric railway operating below the surface of the ground ( usually in a city). - Tunnel - un pasaj lung n cadrul sau prin sol, mai ales cea facuta de oameni. - Sahta- un lung, fie pe vertical sau n pant, trecerea printr-o cldire sau prin sol. - Tunelul Canalului Mnecii cele trei pasaje lungi sub Canalul Mnecii ntre Anglia i Frana. - Portal (intrare)- ceva care ofer acces (pentru a intra n sau iei). - Foraj- act de o gaura n pmnt, n sperana de a face un pasaj. - Sahta de ventilatie - un arbore ntr-o cldire, tunel, care servete ca un pasaj de aer pentru ventilaie - Dinamita - un tip de explozibil folosit n tuneluri sapare. - Metrou - un pasaj subteran, care permite oamenilor de mers pe jos s traverseze un drum aglomerat.

- Tub(conducta)- Sistemul de metrou din Londra. - Metro - un sistem de operare cale ferat electric sub suprafaa solului (de obicei, ntr-un ora). 2. Insert the missing preposition. 2. Introducei prepoziie lips.

Under, through, by, out, at, whether, with, over, of(2). Sub, prin intermediul, de, din, la, fie, cu, peste, de (2). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The decision has not yet been made whether to tunnel under the river or build a bridge over it. The alternative is to tunnel a route through the mountain. He was trapped in a collapsed building but managed to tunnel his way out. As the exams approached, she felt that at last she could see the light at the end of the tunnel. Let's go by metro. The tunnel was dug with the aid of heavy machinery.

1.Decizia nu a fost nc fcut dac la tunelul de sub ru sau de a construi un pod peste el. 2.Alternativa este de a tunel un traseu prin munte. 3. El a fost prins ntr-o cldire prbuit, dar a reuit s tunel drumul afar. 4. Ca examenele apropiat, ea a simit c, n ultimul ea ar putea vedea lumina de la captul tunelului. 5. S mergem cu metroul. 6.Tunelul a fost spat cu ajutorul utilajelor grele. 3.Translate the following sentences into English. 3. Traducei urmtoarele propoziii n limba englez. 1. Tunelurile sunt construite pentru a depasi un obstacol natural, cum ar fi munti, ape. 1. Tunnels are built to overcome a natural barrier such as mountains, water. 2. Constructia tunelurilor incepe prin degajarea masei de roci cu ajutorul ciocanelor, masinilor de gaurit sau al dinamitei. 2. Tunnel construction begins by releasing mass of rocks with hammers, drills or dynamite. 3. Galeriile sunt tuneluri cu sectiune mica intilnite in industria miniera. 3. Galleries are tunnels with small sections encountered in mining. 4. Ele creaza rute mai scurte pentru a economisi timp si carburanti, dar si pentru a optimiza traficul in orase din ce in ce mai congestionate. 4. They create shorter routes to save time and fuel, but also to optimize traffic in cities increasingly congested. 5. In constructia tunelurilor moderne se folosesc beton, arcuri de otel si alte materiale de constructie, care previn prabusirea cavitatilor noi create. 5. In modern tunnel construction using concrete, steel springs and other construction materials, to prevent collapse of the newly created cavities. 6. La constructia tunelurilor trebuie luate in calcul ventilarea, scurgerea apei si securitatea antiincendiara. 6. The construction of tunnels must be taken into account ventilation, water drainage and fireprevention safety. 7. Dupa locul unde se construiesc, tunelurile se impart in: tuneluri de munte, tuneluri in orase si tuneluri pe sub fundul apelor. 7. After being built where the tunnels are divided into tunnels of mountain tunnels in cities and tunnels under the mighty waters.

8. Tunelul este o constructie care permite realizarea unei cai de comunicatie subterane, strabatind masa rocilor de munte, a rocilor din orase la mica adincime sau a rocilor de sub fundul apelor. 8. The tunnel is a construction which allows a communication ways underground rock mass crossed the mountain towns of the shallow rocks or rocks in the bottom waters. 9. La constructia tunelului, pentru a fora masa de roci, sunt folosite instalatii mecanice. 9. The construction of the tunnel, to drill the rock mass are used mechanical equipment. 10. La proiectarea tunelurilor se tine cont mai intii de structura substratului geologic. 10. When designing tunnels to take into account first the geological substrate structure. 11. Daca am sectiona transversal un tunel am vedea in imagine componentele care il alcatuiesc: intrarea in tunel numita portal, partea de deasupra numita bolta sau calota si partea de jos numita stros. 11. If you have a tunnel cross section we see in the image components that compose it: the entrance tunnel called portal, called the vault or dome top and bottom called stros. 4. Group work. Discuss with your coleagues the advantages and disadvantages of tunnels. 1. Underground structures are protected from noise and vibration. In case of explosion, leakage radioactive, industrial accidents, underground structures can serve as emergency shelters, if equipped with air filtration equipment contaminated. Also, the surface must be protected from inconvenience and danger caused by facilities located underground (storing nuclear waste or other). Significantly safer underground construction and due to access points limited and easy to secure. 4. Grupul de lucru. Discutai cu colegi dumneavoastra de avantajele i dezavantajele de tuneluri. 1. Structurile subterane sunt protejate de zgomote i vibraii. n caz de explozii, scurgeri radioactive, accidente industriale, structurile subterane pot servi ca adposturi de urgen, dac sunt prevzute cu echipamente pentru filtrarea aerului contaminat. Deasemeni, suprafaa trebuie protejat de inconveniente i pericole generate de faciliti amplasate n subteran (stocarea deeuri nucleare sau de alt tip). Construciile subterane prezint mai mult siguran i datorit punctelor de acces limitate i uor de securizat. 2. Underground environment presents numerous advantages in terms of protection environment, both aesthetic and ecological. A structure wholly or partially underground has less inpact on the aesthetics of surface area than an equivalent structure. 2. Mediul subteran prezint i numeroase avantaje din punct de vedere al proteciei mediului nconjurtor, att estetice ct i ecologice. O structur integral sau parial subteran are un inpact mai mic asupra esteticii zonei dect o structur de suprafa echivalent. 3. In hilly or mountain tunnels nbuntesc or various options are feasible road transport, railways, canals, etc.. The tunnels are also an option hook for crossing rivers, straits and ports. 3. n zone de deal sau de munte, tunelele nbuntesc sau fac fezabile variate opiuni de transport pentru drumuri, ci ferate, canale, etc. Tunelele sunt deasemeni o inportant opiune pentru traversarea rurilor, strmtorilor sau porturilor. 4. Underground space plays a major role in the development-friendly

environment by reducing pollution and noise, efficient use of space, development economic, environmental conservation, housing and public health safety. Tunnels play a vital role to transport clean water and environment by removing wastewater in urban areas. Reduce urban road tunnels to the surface and hence vehicles and noise pollution, space above ground and so can be used for other purposes. Passing traffic in underground central artery in Boston is the most obvious example. Making parking lots and underground stores create recreational facilities on the surface. 4. Spaiul subteran joac un rol important n realizarea unei dezvoltri prietenoase cu mediul prin: reducerea polurii i a zgomotului, utilizarea eficient a spaiului, dezvoltarea economic, conservarea mediului de locuit a siguranei i sntii publice. Tunelele joac un rol vital pentru mediu prin transportul apei curate i eliminarea apelor uzate din zonele urbane. Tunelele rutiere urbane reduc vehiculele de la suprafa i implicit zgomotul i poluarea, spaiul suprateran putnd fi astfel utilizat pentru alte scopuri. Trecerea circulaiei n subteran pe artera central din Boston este exemplul cel mai elocvent. Realizarea parcajelor i magazinelor subterane creeaz spaii de recreere la suprafa. 5. Economic issues remain a barrier erroneously use development underground space. Since the initial cost of construction of an underground construction is generally higher than the building surface, underground constructions are somehow "Penalized" when compared to the surface. The economic benefits of an underground facility shall be calculated by estimating operating cost impact on the benefits produced by such facilities. Furthermore, evaluation of underground construction must take into account various indirect benefits it offers, especially on the environment. Consider life cycle costs. The long-term use underground construction may prove to be economic. Benefits outweigh the initial cost or operation. Saving cost of land. The most common initial cost saving related to underground facilities is reduced cost for land acquisition. In areas with extremely high land costs, land acquisition costs can dominate all decisions initial cost, especially in heart cities. One of the main advantages of locating underground facilities is that can significantly increase the usefulness and value of the land. Construction costs. Despite advances in knowledge and methods so important execution structures underground structures usually cost more than equivalent ground. It should be emphasized that both cost and construction time of underground construction continues to decrease compared with the surface construction. Saving design features. The physical characteristics of underground facilities to directly benefit cost the buildings above ground. For example, insulation reduces system requirements air conditioning, leading to a smaller and cheaper. Building exterior surface finish requires expensive to underground where such requirements are not necessary. Saving. Advantages of building underground thermal costurilo leading to reduction of energy exploitation. While the costs of lighting and ventilation may increase benefits heat to offset the harsh climates. Maintenance costs. Physical isolation of the effects of underground external environment that affect

construction of surface components, can lead to lower maintenance costs. The life of underground structures is higher. Consider the indirect benefits of underground construction. Evaluation of underground structures is closely related to assessing degradation products environment on the surface construction. Cost comparisons should cover not only the well-known costs life cycle, but to consider the many advantages offered by alternative underground, particularly related to environmental benefits. Risk analysis. If underground construction risks are greater than the construction of surface, so that evaluation has become particularly so important. Feasibility studies, projects, tenders and contracts must take account of all possible risk categories: -Financial risks, such as exceeding the cost or to achieve recovery rates lower capital; -The risk of changing conditions of land, or water infiltration in excess of expected; -Risk that public facility is not accepted or used by the public to grade anticipated; -Contractual risks, such as additional work not covered, missed time, disputes and claims; -Construction risks such as loss of equipment, crash or infiltration strong water; -Environmental risks such as damage to groundwater quality, damaging buildings surface; -Operational risks in particular on ways of communication tunnels. 5. Aspectele economice rmn n mod eronat o barier n calea dezvoltrii utilizrii spaiului subteran. ntruct costul iniial de construcie al unei construcii subterane este n general mai mare dect al construciilor de la suprafa, construciile subterane sunt ntr-un fel penalizate cnd se compar cu cele de suprafa. Beneficiile economice ale unei faciliti subterane trebuie calculate cu estimarea impactului costului de funcionare asupra beneficilor produse de astfel de faciliti. Mai mult, evaluarea unei construcii subterane trebuie s ia n considerare diversele avantaje indirecte pe care le ofer, n special cu privire la mediu. Considerarea costurilor ciclului de via. n utilizarea pe termen lung construcia subteran poate dovedi ca este economic. Beneficiile pot depi costul iniial sau pe cel de exploatare. Salvarea costului terenului. Cea mai obinuit salvare de cost iniial legat de faciliti subterane este reducerea costului pentru achiziionarea terenului. n zone cu costuri ale terenurilor extrem de mari, costul achiziionrii terenului poate domina toate deciziile de cost iniiale, n special n inima oraelor mari. Unul din principalele avantaje ale amplasrii facilitilor n subteran este c poate crete semnificativ utilitatea i valoarea terenului. Costurile de construcie. n ciuda progreselor inportante n cunoatere i n metodele de execuie, structurile subterane de regul cost mai mult dect structurile supraterane echivalente. Trebuie subliniat c att costul ct i timpul de construcie al construciilor subterane continu s descreasc comparativ cu al construciilor de suprafa. Economisirea caracteristicilor de proiectare. Caracteristicile fizice ale facilitilor subterane prezint beneficii directe de cost fa de construciile supraterane. De exemplu, izolarea termic reduce cerinele pentru sistemul de aer condiionat, conducnd la un sistem mai mic i mai ieftin.

Construciile de suprafa necesit un finisaj exterior scump fa de cele subterane unde astfel de cerine nu sunt necesare. Economisirea energiei. Avantajele termice ale construciilor subterane conduc la reducerea costurilo de energie la exploatarea acestora. Dei costurile de iluminat i ventilare pot crete, beneficiile termice le compenseaz n climate aspre. Costuri de ntreinere. Izolarea fizic a structurilor subterane de efectele mediului extern, care afecteaz componentele construciilor de suprafa, poate conduce la costuri de ntreinere mai mici. Durata de via a structurilor subterane este mai mare. Considerarea beneficiilor indirecte ale construciilor subterane. Evaluarea structurilor subterane este strns legat de evaluarea degradrilor produse de mediu asupra construciilor de suprafa. Comparaiile de cost trebuie s se refere nu numai la bine cunoscutele costuri ale ciclului de via, dar s ia n considerare numeroasele avantaje oferite de alternativa subteran, n special beneficiile legate de mediul nconjurtor. Analiza riscului. Riscurile n cazul construciilor subterane sunt mai mari dect la construciile de suprafa, astfel c evaluarea acestora a devenit deosebit de inportant. Studiile de fezabilitate, proiectele, ofertele i contractele trebuie s in cont de toate categoriile de risc posibile: - Riscuri financiare, cum ar fi depirea costului sau obinerea unei rate de recuperare a capitalului mai mic; - Riscul schimbrii condiiilor de teren, sau infiltraii de ap mai mari dect cele ateptate; - Riscul ca facilitatea public s nu fie acceptat sau utilizat de public la gradul anticipat; - Riscuri contractuale, cum ar fi lucrri adiionale neacoperite, termene nerespectate, dispute i revendicri; - Riscuri de construcie, cum ar fi cderea unor echipamente, prbuiri sau infiltraii puternice de ap; - Riscuri de mediu, cum ar fi afectarea calitii apei subterane, periclitarea construciilor de la suprafa; - Riscuri n exploatare n special la tunelele pe ci de comunicaii. 5. Find information about the most famous tunnels in the world. 5. Gsii informaii despre tunelurile de cele mai renumite din lume. Tunnels are one of the main groups of civil engineering. Construction of underground tunnel is designed to create a connection between two points separated by a topographic obstacle (mountain, river, town, etc..), in order to establish of transportation or communication possibilities. Tunnels can be classified, according to which are built in two groups main a - way communication tunnels: - Railway tunnels; - Road tunnels; - Tunnels for pedestrians; - Tunnels for waterways;

- Underground tunnels. b - tunneling transport: - Tunnels for hydroelectric design; - Tunnels for water supply (water pipes); - Tunnels (galleries) sewer utilities, cables, pipes, etc Tunelurile constituie una din grupele principale ale constructiilor subterane. Tunelul este constructia subterana destinata crearii unei legaturi intre doua puncte despartite printr-un obstacol topografic (munte, curs de apa, oras, etc.), in scopul instaurarii unei posibilitati de transport sau comunicatie. Tunelurile se pot clasifica, dupa scopul pentru care se construiesc, in doua grupe principale: a. - Tuneluri pentru cai de comunicatie: - tuneluri feroviare; - tuneluri rutiere; - tuneluri pentru pietoni; - tuneluri pentru cai navigabile; - tuneluri pentru metrou. b. - Tuneluri sau galerii de transport: - tuneluri pentru amenajari hidroelectrice; - tuneluri pentru alimentarea cu apa (apeducte); - tuneluri (galerii) edilitare pentru canalizare, cabluri, conducte, etc. Laerdal tunnel Location: Sogn og Fjordane, Norway About 5,000 explosions were conducted during construction of this tunnel, which lies on the mountains and fjords in Norway, a distance of 25 kilometers, the longest road tunnel in the world completed. However, driving, for 20 minutes, through a pipe without windows, can become monotonous, so a team of psychologists and engineers focused on ways to stimulate the attention of drivers. Given the great length of the tunnel Lard, environment and lighting system inside and must be designed carefully. Some solutions here include bright blue Delicate and subtle curves Designed to keep drivers 'plugged in'. Most important however is the fact that the tunnel is divided into several different sections that break the rhythm and driving impression of circulation through a lot of smaller tunnels. Tunelul Laerdal Locatie: Sogn og Fjordane, Norvegia Aproximativ 5.000 de explozii au fost efectuate in timpul lucrarilor de constructie ale acestui tunel, care se intinde, pe sub muntii si fiordurile Norvegiei, pe o distanta de 25 de kilometri, fiind cel mai lung tunel rutier finalizat din lume. Totusi, sofatul, pret de 20 de minute, printr-o tubulatura fara ferestre, poate deveni monoton, asa ca o echipa de psihologi si ingineri s-a concentrat pe metode de stimulare a atentiei soferilor. Data fiind lungimea foarte mare a tunelului Lardal, mediul si sistemul luminos din interiorul sau trebuie proiectate minutios. Cateva solutii intrebuintate aici includ lumina stralucitoare albastra si curbe subtile menite sa ii pastreze pe conducatorii auto "in priza". Cel mai important insa este faptul ca tunelul se imparte in cateva sectiuni diferite, ce rup ritmul sofatului si creeaza impresia circularii printr-o multime de tunele mai mici.

Channel tunnel Location: Coquelles, France

Also known as "Channel's" colossal structure that connects England to France. Completed in 1994, the tunnel with a length of about 50 kilometers required costs over 20 billion dollars to be built. Railway link between France and England through a tunnel is an idea that has defied centuries price possibilities. Attempts have been, but were stuck in a variety of reasons, both technological and political. Finally, combining modern machines inidscutabilul economic benefits of joining the two countries contributed to fruition and completion of concept, resulting from this one of the most impressive engineering demonstrations of all time. To cope with unexpected situations and accidents - also aroused the few fires over time in the tunnel - the designers have built a third tube, lower service between the two main, to serve as a route out. Tunelul Channel Locatie: Coquelles, Franta Cunoscuta si sub denumirea de "Channel-ul", aceasta structura colosala leaga Anglia de Franta. Finalizat in 1994, tunelul cu o lungime de aproape 50 de kilometri a necesitat costuri de peste 20 de miliarde de dolari pentru a fi construit. Legatura feroviara dintre Franta si Angla printr-un tunel este o idee ce a sfidat pret de sute de ani posibilitatile. Tentative au mai existat, dar s-au impotmolit dintr-o varietate de motive, atat tehnologice cat si politice. Intr-un final, imbinarea masinariilor moderne cu inidscutabilul beneficiu economic al alaturarii celor doua tari a contribuit la fructificarea si finalizarea conceptului, rezultand de aici una dintre cele mai impresionante demonstratii ingineresti ale tuturor timpurilor. Pentru a face fata situatiilor neprevazute si accidentelor - asemenea celor cateva incendii iscate de-a lungul timpului in tunel proiectantii au construit si un al treilea tub, mai mic, de serviciu, intre cele doua principale, spre a servi ca ruta de scapare. Mount Carmel Tunnel in Zion Location: Zion Canyon, Utah Drivers will meet this imposing structure from Mount Zion National Park and Bryce Canyon National Park, both located in North Utah State. Tunnel building dates from the formative years of U.S. National Parks Service, a pageant opening it to traffic on July 4, 1930. A number of windows are carved into the sides of the tunnel angry, likely to provide stunning scenery for passengers cars that go through the tunnel. Rock formations within or created and are truly special atmosphere. Because it is carved in sandstone, a relatively soft rock, researchers had to reinforce the tunnel structure several times in the past 80 years, adding reinforced concrete and a continuous monitoring system. Tunelul Carmel din Muntele Zion Locatie: Canionul Zion, Utah Soferii se vor intalni cu aceasta structura impozanta intre Parcul National Muntele Zion si Parcul National Canionul Bryce, ambele situate in statul nord-american Utah. Construirea tunelului dateaza din anii de formare ai Serviciului pentru Parcuri Nationale al SUA, o ceremonie fastuoasa deschizandu-l pentru trafic la data de 4 iulie 1930. O serie de ferestre sunt sapate in lateralele superoare ale tunelului, de natura sa ofere peisaje uluitoare pentru pasagerii masinilor care strabat tunelul. Formatiunile stancoase din interiorul sau precum si atmosfera creata sunt cu adevarat deosebite. Deoarece este sapat in gresie, o roca relativ moale, cercetatorii a trebuit sa consolideze structura tunelului de mai multe ori in ultimii 80 de ani, adaugand intarituri de beton precum si un sistem de monitorizare continua. Smuggling tunnel Location: Tijuana, Mexico Skilled thieves have always used underground tunnels to commit various misdeeds, especially hijacking between the bank and drug trafficking. During the last decade, a number of so-called smuggling tunnels have been discovered in the U.S., coming both from Canada and from Mexico. In December 2009, U.S. and Mexican officials have discovered a tunnel 300 meters long, of which 260 are stretched in the U.S.. Tunnel, although incomplete, was equipped with

lighting, ventilation system, electricity and even an elevator. According to a statement issued by the Agency for Combating Drugs, Smuggling Tunnel was under construction for two years. Tunelul Contrabandei Locatie: Tijuana, Mexic Talharii iscusiti au folosit mereu tuneluri subterane pentru a savarsi diferite faradelegi, intre care mai ales jefuiri de banci si trafic de droguri. In perioada ultimei decade, un numar mare de asanumite tuneluri de contrabanda au fost descoperite pe teritoriul SUA, venind atat dinspre Canada cat si dinspre Mexic. In decembrie 2009, oficialii Statelor Unite si ai Mexicului au descoperit un tunel lung de peste 300 de metri, dintre care 260 se intindeau pe sub teritoriul SUA. Tunelul, desi incomplet, era dotat cu sistem de iluminare, sistem de ventilare, electricitate si chiar cu un lift. Conform unei declaratii eliberate de Agentia de Combatere a Drogurilor, Tunelul Contrabandei s-a aflat in constructie timp de doi ani. Marmaray tunnel Location: Istanbul, Turkey Intercontinental started building the tunnel in 2004, but archaeological discoveries of artifacts dating from Byzantine and other issues was delayed completion of work. Tube tunnel will host the first underground railway route linking two different continents, across the Bosporus to connect the European side to Asian side Instanbulului. Structure requires that large portions of the tunnel to be built on a dry platform to float in water and sink. Maximum depth to which water can enter the Marmaray tunnel is 55 meters, deepest in the world where water enters the tunnel tube. Tunelul Marmaray Locatie: Istanbul, Turcia Construirea acestui tunel intercontinental a inceput in 2004, dar descoperirile arheologice ale unor vestigii datand din era bizantina precum si alte probleme au amanat finalizarea lucrarilor. Tunelul tubular va gazdui prima ruta feroviara subterana care va lega doua continente diferite, traversand Stramtoarea Bosfor, pentru a conecta partea europeana a Instanbulului cu latura sa asiatica. Structura are nevoie ca mari portiuni din tunel sa fie construite pe o platforma uscata care sa pluteasca in apa si sa se scufunde. Adancimea maxima pana la care va putea intra in apa Tunelul Marmaray este de 55 de metri, cea mai mare adancime din lume la care intra in apa un tunel tubular. Thames tunnel Location: London, England At first glance, a tunnel is not particularly impressive in the length of almost 400 meters and a depth of over 20 features pale in comparison to many other tunnels. But the Thames Tunnel is an historic milestone in the engineering design of these structures. This is the first immersed tunnel in the world and in building a shield to the concept of digging tunnels to not over during work, was applied in world premiere. Protected tunnel drilling was a device developed by Sir Marc Brunel Isamabard that acts as a temporary support structure, which allows developers to install safe and permanent support systems dry underwater. Thames Tunnel construction was such an innovation in the nineteenth century, that visitors pay to enter the work area, concerts and banquets Brunel hosts even within the structure unfinished. When the tunnel's construction was completed in 1843, Queen Victoria proclaimed knight of the crown on Brunel for his engineering that would change the world. Tunelul Tamisei Locatie: Londra, Anglia La prima vedere, nu este un tunel impresionant in mod special; lungimea sa de aproape 400 de metri si adancimea de peste 20 palesc in comparatie cu trasaturile multor altor tuneluri. Insa Tunelul Tamisei este o piatra de hotar istorica in proiectarea acestor structuri ingineresti. Este vorba despre primul tunel din lume scufundat in apa, iar in construirea sa conceptul saparii cu

scut a tunelurilor, pentru a nu se supra in timpul lucrarilor, a fost aplicat in premiera mondiala. Forarea protejata a tunelurilor a reprezentat un dispozitiv dezvoltat de Sir Marc Isamabard Brunel, care se comporta ca o structura de suport provizoriu, care le permite constructorilor sa instaleze in siguranta si uscat sistemele permanente de sustinere subacvatic. Construirea Tunelului Tamisei a fost asa o inovatie la inceputul secolului al nouasprezecelea, incat vizitatorii plateau pentru a intra in zona de lucru, Brunel gazduind chiar concerte si banchete in interiorul structurii nefinalizate. Atunci cand construirea tunelului a fost terminata, in 1843, Regina Victoria l-a proclamat cavaler al coroanei pe Brunel pentru contributia sa inginereasca ce avea sa schimbe lumea. Seikan tunnel Location: Honshu, Japan The railway tunnel 54 kilometers long linking Honshu and Hokkaido islands. Construictia was completed in 1988. Located at 240 meters below sea level, Seikan Tunnel is the deepest in the world. In addition, the longest currently used. Unpredictable geology of the region and its volcanic rocks have forced engineers to avoid using drilling machines, we must realize only by controlled explosions tunnel and excavate their way under the Tsugaru Strait. Tunelul Seikan Locatie: Honshu, Japonia Acest tunel feroviar lung de 54 de kilometri leaga insulele Honshu si Hokkaido. Construictia a fost finalizata in 1988. Aflat la 240 de metri sub nivelul marii, Tunelul Seikan este cel mai adanc din lume. In plus, este si cel mai lung folosit in prezent. Geologia imprevizibila a regiunii si rocile sale vulcanice i-au fortat pe ingineri sa evite folosirea masinariilor de forat, trebuind sa realizeze tunelul doar prin explozii controlate si sa isi excaveze drumul pe sub stramtoarea Tsugaru. Yerba Buena Island Tunnel Location: Gulf of California Yerba Buena Island is a small patch of land located in San Francisco Bay between Oakland and the city of the same name. Flank a bridge tunnel console with five bands on one side, one with double suspension being on the other side of it. Diameter and 23 meters, Yerba Buena Tunnel is the largest tunnel boring unique in the world, an impressive feature, taking into account that was opened in November 1936. Many specialists are now believed that adding the tunnel in the region was the most effective solution in terms of costs we, to allow a means of passing through the island, compared with, simply build a gigantic bridge. Tunelul insular Yerba Buena Locatie: Golful Californiei Insula Yerba Buena este un mic petec de pamant aflat in Golful San Francisco, intre orasul cu acelasi nume si Oakland. Un pod in consola flancheaza acest tunel cu cinci benzi pe o parte, unul cu dubla suspensie aflandu-se pe cealalta parte a sa. Cu diametrul sau de 23 de metri, Tunelul Yerba Buena este cel mai larg tunel cu foraj unic din lume, o trasatura impresionanta, luand in considerare ca a fost deschis in noiembrie 1936. Multi specialisti sunt astazi de parere ca adaugarea tunelului in regiune a reprezentat solutia cea mai eficienta din punct de vedere a consturilor, de a permite un mijloc de trecere prin insula, comparativ cu, pur si simplu, construirea unui pod gigantic. Natural tunnel Location: Natural Tunnel State Park, Virginia, USA Building this tunnel dates back millions of years ago, when carbonic acid began corroding the rocky bed of sandstone and magnesite. An article published in a journal of geology in 1832 is the first documentation of the existence of the tunnel. Width of 60 meters of the structure is large enough to fit trains, so in 1906 the Southern Railroad established a passenger route that strcura natural tunnel. Today, that route is no longer used for passenger transport, but rail lines continue

to serve relocation of coal daily. Overwhelming nature of the structure led to William Jennings Bryan, presidential candidate in 1896 and U.S. Secretary of State of Woodrow Wilson to declare tunnel the eighth wonder of the world. Tunelul Natural Locatie: Parcul Statal Tunelul Natural, Virginia, SUA Construirea acestui tunel dateaza din urma cu milioane de ani, atunci cand acidul carbonic a inceput sa corodeze patul stancos de gresie si magnezit. Un articol publicat intr-un jurnal de geologie din 1832 este prima documentare a existentei tunelului. Largimea de 60 de metri a structurii este suficient de mare incat sa incapa trenuri, asa ca, in 1906, Caile Ferate Sudiste au stabilit o ruta pentru pasageri care se strcura prin tunelul natural. Astazi, acea ruta nu mai este folosita pentru transportul de persoane, dar liniile ferate continua sa serveasca mutarilor de carbune zilnic. Natura coplesitoare a structurii l-a determinat pe William Jennings Bryan, candidat la presedintia SUA in 1896 si secretar de stat al lui Woodrow Wilson, sa declare tunelul cea de-a opta minune a lumii. Eisenhower Memorial Tunnel - Johnson Location: Clear Creek County, Colorado Drivers will find the 2.7 km long tunnel about an hour's drive west of Denver, in the heart of the Rocky Mountains. "Tube" road opened in 1983, it exempts those who cross the road about an hour, offering an alternative route passing through formidable Loveland. Many things make the tunnel Eisnhower a special structure, especially altitude of 3,400 meters to the rise, one that makes it one of the highest in the world. It is also the longest mountain tunnel in the U.S. interstate system. Add the charm of that tunnel and passes under the Continental Americas division, separation mountain hydrology dissociate water splashed Pacific Ocean flowing river systems that lead to the Atlantic Ocean and those that go to Arctic Ocean. Tunelul Memorial Eisenhower - Johnson Locatie: Clear Creek County, Colorado Soferii vor gasi acest tunel lung de 2,7 kilometri la aproximativ o ora de condus spre vest de Denver, in inima Muntilor Stancosi. "Tubul" rutier, deschis in 1983, ii scuteste pe cei care il traverseaza de aproximativ o ora de drum, oferindu-le o ruta alternativa prin formidabila Trecatoare Loveland. Multe lucruri fac din Tunelul Eisnhower o structura speciala, indeosebi altitudinea de 3.400 de metri la care se ridica, cea care il face unul dintre cele mai inalte din lume. Este, de asemenea, si cel mai lung tunel prin munte din cadrul sistemului interstatal al SUA. Se adauga farmecului aparte al tunelului si faptul ca trece pe sub Divizarea Continentala a Americilor, separarea muntoasa si hidrologica ce disociaza varsarile de apa care se scurg spre Oceanul Pacific de sistemele de rauri care se duc spre Oceanul Atlantic, precum si de cele care merg spre Oceanul Arctic. The PATH tunnels Location: Toronto, Canada Canadian winters can be very brutal, but this huge underground complex offers comfortable and warm means pedestrians to cross the city Toronto. More than 100,000 people daily cross the system set up like a mall, home to over 1,200 stores. Several cities, including Houston, Minneapolis and Montreal have similar underground systems, but at long as 25 kilometers from Toronto is the largest of its kind. Consideration of psychological factors is an important element for these complexes, argue experts, especially when it comes to targeting areas where pedestrians live or want to go. Toronto city fathers employ a comprehensive system for this complex signaling or tunnels since the '90s, a system called PATH. Each letter in this cuvand has a different color code, which is another direction. Pedestrians who walk through the red section, P, of the tunnel, can be absolutely certain to be heading south, while orange always show them the west. Sistemul de tuneluri PATH

Locatie: Toronto, Canada Iernile canadiene pot fi foarte brutale, dar acest enorm complex subteran le ofera trecatorilor un mijloc confortabil si calduros de a traversa orasul Toronto. Mai bine de 100.000 de persoane traverseaza zilnic sistemul amenajat asemenea unui mall, camin a peste 1.200 de magazine. Mai multe orase, inclusiv Houston, Minneapolis si Montreal, au sisteme subterane asemanatoare, insa cel lung de 25 de kilometri de sub Toronto este cel mai mare de acest fel. Luarea in considerare a factorilor psihologici este un element important pentru aceste complexe, sunt de parere specialistii, mai ales atunci cand este vorba despre orientarea trecatorilor catre zonele in care locuiesc sau vor sa ajunga. Edilii din Toronto intrebuinteaza pentru acest lucru un sistem comprehensiv de semnalizare pentru complexul sau de tuneluri inca din anii '90, un sistem denumit PATH. Fiecare litera din acest cuvand are un cod de culoare diferit, ce reprezinta o alta directie. Trecatorii care merg prin sectiunea rosie, P, a tunelului, pot fi absolut siguri ca se indreapta spre sud, in timp ce portocaliul A le indica intotdeauna directia vest. Switzerland, St Moritz Glacier Express is the most famous railway in the world, providing transfer between elevetiene resorts Zermatt, Davos, St Moritz in about 7:00. It is a day trip through unexplored highlands, renowned resorts, deep gorges, enchanting valleys, 91 tunnels and 291 bridges impressive. Elvetia, St Moritz Glacier Express este cea mai renumita cale ferata din lume, asigurand transferul intre statiunile elevetiene Zermatt, Davos, St Moritz, in circa 7 ore. Este o excursie de o zi prin tinuturi muntoase neexplorate, statiuni renumite, chei adanci, vai incantatoare, 91 tuneluri si 291 poduri impresionante.