Cluj-Napoca

claudiopolis klausenburg kolozsvr

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Na]ionale a Romniei TUDOR, OCTAVIAN Pictori romni uita]i / Tudor Octavian. Bucure[ti: NOI Media Print, 2003 ISBN 973-7959-02-7 75(498)

Cluj-Napoca
claudiopolis klausenburg kolozsvr

Clujul, n a doua jum`tate a secolului al XIX-lea Vedere general`, dup` o gravur` de M. Kolb, K. Gungen, L. Rohbock [i multiplicat` la Darmstadt n 1864. Cluj in the second half of the 19th century General view after an engraving by M. Kolb, K. Gungen, L. Rohbock, printed in Darmstadt, in 1864.

Cuprins

Contents

Scurt istoric
8

Short history

Via]a cultural`
36

The cultural life

Peisaj citadin
54

Cityscape

Parcuri, gr`dini
92

Parks, gardens

Scurt istoric

A short history

Ora[ul Cluj-Napoca este situat n nordvestul Romniei, la hotarul dintre Mun]ii Apuseni, Podi[ul Some[an [i Cmpia Transilvaniei. Cu o popula]ie de 334 543 locuitori n anul 2000, ora[ul se num`r` printre cele mai mari localit`]i din ]ar`. Se poate spune c` ora[ul de pe Some[ul Mic atrage printr-un specific aparte, izvort din amestecul pitoresc de culturi [i confesiuni sedimentate de secole n aceste locuri. Cum afirma [i Mircea Zaciu, acest ora[ este o realitate istoric` format` pe trei trunchiuri distincte: romnesc, unguresc [i germanic, ceea ce-i d` individualitatea [i n acela[i timp reprezint` un fenomen de dou` ori interesant prin paralelismul valorilor [i prin interac]iunea lor Cele mai vechi urme de locuire de pe teritoriul municipiului Cluj-Napoca apar]in paleoliticului mijlociu (120 000-35 000 a.Chr.) [i se g`sesc la Calvaria (Cluj-M`n`[tur), T`ietura Turcului [i n cartierul Cordo[. Descoperirile arheologice atest` o populare dens` [i o via]` nentrerupt` ncepnd din neolitic (6 500-2 700 a. Chr.), continund cu epoca bronzului [i cu prima vrst` a fierului. Bogatele vestigii descoperite n vatra

The city of Cluj-Napoca is situated in north-western Romania on the border separating the Apuseni Mountains, the Somesan Plateau and the Transylvanian Plain. One can say that the city lying on the banks of the Some[ul Mic River attracts visitors by its peculiar features that come from the picturesque blend of cultures and religious faiths having existed in this place for centuries. As Mircea Zaciu put it too, this city is a historical reality made up of three distinct ethnic groups: Romanian, Hungarian and Germanic, a fact that gives it its individuality and, at the same time, is a phenomenon which is interesting from two points of view: the parallelism of values and their interaction. The oldest proofs testifying to the fact that people lived in the territory of the city of ClujNapoca can be traced back to the Middle Palaeolithic (120.000-35.000 B.C.) and are to be found in the Calvaria fortification (in the district of Manastur), in the street called Taietura Turcului and in the Cordos district. Archaeological discoveries attest to the fact that this territory had a numerous population that uninterruptedly lived here, starting in the Neolithic Age (6.500-2.700 B.C.) and going on

Harta Transilvaniei (Abraham Ortelius, 1566) Map of Transylvania (Abraham Ortelius, 1566)

ora[ului

(zona

central`,

cartierele

into the Bronze Age and the First Iron Age. The numerous vestiges discovered in the precincts of the city (the central area, the Grigorescu and Manastur districts) as well as those discovered in the surroundings (Gura Baciului) are now to be found at the National Museum of Transylvanias History in Cluj-Napoca. In the Dacian age an important indigenous settlement developed in the territory of the present-day city and the Dacian name of this place, Napoca (or Napuca), will be preserved at the time of the Roman rule too. The first

Grigorescu [i M`n`[tur), ca [i cele din mprejurimi (Gura Baciului) se afl` n patrimoniul Muzeului Na]ional de Istorie a Transilvaniei din Cluj-Napoca. n epoca dacic`, pe teritoriul municipiului s-a dezvoltat o important` a[ezare autohton`, iar numele dacic al acestei localit`]i, Napoca (sau Napuca) va fi p`strat [i n timpul st`pnirii romane. Prima men]ionare a a[ez`rii romane Napoca se g`se[te pe un milliarium (born` kilometric`

10

Clujul la 1617 Gravur` de Georg Houfnagel dup` pictura lui Egidius Van der Rhye. Cluj in 1617 An engraving by Georg Houfnagel after a painting by Egidius Van der Rhye.

roman` din anii 107-108 a. Chr.). Localitatea va fi un important centru civil, me[te[ug`resc [i administrativ primind n 124 p. Chr. titlul de municipium [i apoi, la sfr[itul secolului al II-lea p. Chr., va fi ridicat` la rangul de colonia. S`p`turile arheologice au dezvelit chiar n centrul ora[ului urme ale vechiului ora[ roman: edificii publice, construc]ii din piatr` cu sisteme de nc`lzire, inscrip]ii, un atelier pentru turnarea fibulelor, tezaure monetare, ceramic`, arme etc. n mprejurimi au fost

mention of the Roman settlement of Napoca is to be found on a milliarium (a Roman milestone dating back to 108-107 B.C.). The abovementioned settlement will be an important civil, handicraft and administrative centre which was given the title of a municipium in A.D. 124 and then, in the late second century, it will be raised to the rank of a colonia. Archaeological excavations revealed traces of the old Roman city in the very centre of ClujNapoca: public buildings, stone houses equipped with heating systems, inscriptions, a

11

workshop for moulding fibulae, coin treasures, ceramics, weapons etc. In the surrounding area research work was carried out, and rural settlements and villae rusticae (agricultural farms) were discovered at Dezmir, Apahida, Floresti and Chinteni. After the Romans left the province of Dacia at the time of Emperor Aurelian (A.D. 271), Napoca visibly turned rural. Roman traditions can especially be seen in the funerary rites. The vestiges of the Dacian-Roman population were found at Manastur-Gradini and at Floresti. The time of the migrations (the 4th-9th centuries AD), which was characterized by deepgoing turmoil, left traces consisting in treasures of precious metals (at Apahida and Someseni they found Ostrogothic vestiges and at Cordos, vestiges left behind by the Gepidae). The tombs in the necropolis at Someseni belong to a Slavic population that lived together with the native Dacian-Roman one. The fortifications at ClujManastur and Dabaca date back to the final period of the Romanians ethno-genesis. They are attributed to the Romanian population organized in cnezats and voivodats such as Gelus voivodat, who is supposed to have ruled over the aforementioned fortifications too. The beginnings of the mediaeval Cluj are connected to the fortification in the Manastur district (Calvaria, the 9th century) and the civil settlement in the centre of the city, which partially covered the ruins of the Roman city. The first documentary mentions are to be found in 1173, when Thomas Comes Clusiensis,

12

Pagina anterioar`:

cercetate [i identificate a[ez`ri rurale [i villae rusticae (ferme agricole) la Dezmir, Apahida, Flore[ti [i Chinteni. Dup` abandonarea provinciei Dacia, n timpul mp`ratului Aurelian (271 p. Chr.), Napoca a suferit un proces vizibil de ruralizare, persisten]a tradi]iilor romane putnd fi urm`rit` mai ales n ritul funerar. Vestigiile popula]iei daco-romane s-au g`sit la M`n`[tur-Gr`dini [i n localitatea Flore[ti. Fr`mntata perioad` a migra]iilor (secolele IV-IX p. Chr.) a l`sat urme constnd n tezaure din metal pre]ios (la Apahida [i Some[eni, vestigii ostrogote, iar la Cordo[, gepide). Mormintele din necropola de la Some[eni apar]in unei popula]ii slave care a convie]uit cu cea autohton`, daco-roman`. Din perioada final` a etnogenezei romnilor dateaz` fortifica]iile de la Cluj-M`n`[tur [i D`bca. Ele sunt atribuite popula]iei romne[ti organizat` n cnezate [i voievodate, cum a fost [i voievodatul lui Gelu, despre care se presupune c` avea n st`pnire [i fortifica]iile men]ionate. nceputurile Clujului medieval sunt legate de fortifica]ia de la Cluj-M`n`[tur (Calvaria, secolul al IX-lea) [i a[ezarea civil` din centrul ora[ului, suprapus` par]ial peste ruinele ora[ului roman. Primele men]iuni documentare le avem ncepnd cu 1173, cnd este atestat Thomas

Biserica Calvaria, detaliu

Previous page:

Calvaria Church, detail

Vitraliu de la biserica Sfntul Mihail Stained glass in the St. Michael Church

Comes Clusiensis, comite de Cluj, iar n 1213 este men]ionat` documentar [i cetatea

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Cluj (castrum Cluj). Numele a[ez`rii deriv` din latinescul clausa-clusa (loc nchis). Dup` n`v`lirea t`tarilor n 1241, n aceste locuri s-au a[ezat oaspe]ii sa[i, primind o serie de privilegii. Ca r`splat` a credin]ei lor, la 19 august 1316, a[ezarea rural` a fost ridicat` la rangul de ora[ civitas prin privilegiul acordat de regele Carol Robert de Anjou. Popula]ia ora[ului a fost la nceput preponderent german` [i toate dreg`toriile erau ocupate de sa[i, pn` la sfr[itul secolului al XV-lea. Al`turi de ei tr`iau
Clujul n secolul al XVII-lea Vedere general`. Cluj in the 17 century General view.
th

Count of Cluj, is attested, and in 1213 the citadel of Cluj is mentioned in a document under the name of castrum Cluj. The name of this settlement derives from the Latin word clausa-clusa meaning an enclosed place. After the Tartar invasion in 1241 the Saxon guests settled here and were given a number of privileges. As a reward for their loyalty, on August 19, 1316 the rural settlement was raised to the rank of civitas through the privilege granted by King Charles Robert of Anjou. In the beginning the population of the city was mostly German and all the high offices were held by the Saxons till the end of the 16th century. Hungarians and Romanians used to live side by side with them. According to some contemporaries testimony, Cluj was regarded

maghiari

[i

romni.

Dup`

m`rturiile

contemporanilor, Clujul a fost considerat un ora[ s`sesc pn` n secolul al XVI-lea. n veacurile urm`toare, componen]a etnic` a

14

ora[ului se va schimba, preponderen]i fiind maghiarii. Localitatea se extinde; noii veni]i, n special romni [i maghiari, se vor a[eza mai ales n suburbii. Ora[ul se va dezvolta economic, n 1367 fiind men]ionat` prima breasl`, cea a bl`narilor, iar n secolul al XVI-lea num`rul lor ajunge la peste 30. n a doua jum`tate a secolului al XVI-lea, Clujul a atins apogeul dezvolt`rii sale sub toate aspectele, comoar`. Schimb`ri importante n via]a ora[ului a adus [i reforma religioas`. Primele idei
Clujul n secolul al XVII-lea Dup` o gravur` de J. Peeters din Anvers. Cluj in the 17 century After an engraving by J. Peeters of Anvers.
th

as a Saxon city till the 16th century. In the centuries to come the ethnic structure of the city will change and the Hungarians would become the most numerous ones. The settlement expands; the newcomers, especially Romanians and Hungarians, will settle especially on the outskirts. The city will develop economically. The first guild, the one of the furriers, is mentioned in 1367 and their number will exceed 30 in the 16th century. In the second half of the 16th century Cluj reached the acme of its development under all aspects and was dubbed the treasure city. The Reformation too brought about important changes in the citys life. The first reforming ideas of Lutheranism appeared here in 1530-1540 and the year 1556 is considered

fiind

supranumit

ora[ul

reformatoare ale luteranismului au p`truns ncepnd cu 1530-1540, iar anul 1556 este considerat anul victoriei luteranismului. R`spndirea calvinismului [i apoi a

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Deschiderea Dietei Transilvaniei din 1841 la Cluj Dup` litografia lui Carol Pop de Szatmary. Sala se afl` n Palatul Reduta. Opening of the 1841 Transylvanian Diet in Cluj After a lithograph by Carol Pop de Szatmary. The hall is part of the Reduta Palace.

unitarianismului va antrena popula]ia n noi dispute religioase. Dieta de la Turda accept` noile religii: luteranismul [i calvinismul n 1563, iar unitarianismul n 1571. Un alt moment nsemnat din istoria ora[ului este legat de intrarea domnitorului Mihai Viteazul n Transilvania. Acesta a manifestat fa]` de Cluj mult` simpatie, poate [i pentru faptul c` fiul s`u, P`tra[cu, a studiat la Colegiul Iezuit de aici. A rennoit cteva privilegii pentru ora[ [i i-a d`ruit cteva sate. Dup` biruin]a de la Gurusl`u,

the year when Lutheranism got the upper hand. The spread of Calvinism and Unitarianism will make the population get involved in religious disputes. The Diet in Turda accepts the new religions: Lutheranism and Calvinism in 1563 and Unitarianism in 1571. Another important moment in the history of this city refers to Prince Michael the Brave entering Transylvania. He was very fond of Cluj and this may also be accounted for by the fact that his son, Patrascu, attended the Jesuit College here. He renewed a few privileges for

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Strada Regele Ferdinand la \nceputul secolului al XX-lea King Ferdinand Street at the beginning of 20th century

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Intersec]ia dintre strada Regele Fredinand [i bulevardul 21 Decembrie, foto 1904 Biserica Evanghelic` este opera arhitectului Georg Winkler [i a fost ridicat` ntre 1816 [i 1829. Edificiul mbin` armonios elementele barocului cu cele neoclasice. Intersection between King Ferdinand Street and 21 December Boulevard, photo 1904 The Evangelical Church was designed by architect Georg Winkler and was erected between 1816 and 1829. The building combines Baroque and Neo-Classical elements.

Palatul de Justi]ie Edificiu ridicat n anul 1902. Prezint` un bogat decor eclectic, realizat din teracot`, cu figuri alegorice [i frize cu motive vegetale. The Palace of Justice This building erected in 1902 features rich eclectic decorations, in terracotta, with allegorical figures and friezes with vegetal motifs.

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Bulevardul Eroilor, cu Biserica Minori]ilor, foto 1914 Biserica ini]ial`, ridicat` dup` 1724, a fost ref`cut` n stil baroc ncepnd cu 1779, de c`re arhitectul Johann Eberhardt Blaumann. n prezent, Catedrala Greco-Catolic` din Cluj. The Boulevard of the Heroes and the Minorite Church, photo 1914 Starting in 1779, architect Johann Eberhardt Blaumann retouched, in Baroque style, the initial church erected after 1724. Now the abode is the GreekCatholic Cathedral of Cluj.

Mihai Viteazul va vizita Clujul la 3 august 1601, aducnd un pios omagiu fostului s`u c`pitan, Baba Novac. Dup` transformarea Transilvaniei n provincie austriac` pe baza diplomei mp`ratului Leopold I n 1691, Clujului i-a revenit un rol de frunte, aici func]ionnd guberniul, Tabla Regal` [i ]inndu-se mai multe diete. n 1786 a devenit centrul districtului ce ngloba patru comitate. Romnii se afirm` mai hot`rt n secolul al XVIII-lea, n lupta pentru ob]inerea drepturilor lor legitime. Politica de toleran]` religioas` [i na]ional` promovat` de mp`ratul Iosif al II-lea a creat un cadru favorabil pentru comunitatea romneasc` din

the city and gave it a few villages as a gift. After the victory at Guruslau Michael the Brave will visit Cluj on August 3, 1601, when he paid a pious homage to his former captain Baba Novac. After Transylvania turned into an Austrian province on the basis of the Leopoldine Diploma in 1691, Cluj came to play a most important part as the headquarters of the government was here and several diets were held here too. In 1786 it became the centre of the district including four counties. The Romanians assert themselves with more firmness in the 18th century in the struggle for their legitimate rights. The policy of religious and national tolerance promoted by

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Bastionul Croitorilor singurul p`strat integral din vechea cetate [i o parte din zidul medieval The Tailors Bastion the only fully preserved bastion of the former citadel and part of the medieval wall

Cluj. ntre 1795 [i 1796 s-a ridicat prima biseric` ortodox`, iar cea greco-catolic` ntre anii 1800-1803. Secolul al XIX-lea a adus schimb`ri profunde n via]a economic`, socio-politic` [i cultural` a Clujului. nfiin]area n 1851 a Camerei de Comer] [i Industrie a dus la stimularea economiei, astfel nct n anul 1910 Clujul avea 42 de ntreprinderi, iar crearea unor institu]ii financiare [i de credit a contribuit la dezvoltarea lor. Prima banc`

Emperor

Joseph

II

created

favourable

circumstances for the Romanian community in Cluj. The first Orthodox church was built between 1795 and 1796 and the first Greek Catholic one in 1800-1803. The 19th century brought about deep-going changes in the economic, socio-political and cultural life of Cluj. The setting up of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry in 1851 stimulated economy so that in 1910 there were 42 companies in Cluj and the creation of some

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Bastionul Croitorilor, foto 1890 In fundal se poate observa Biserica Reformat`. The Tailors Bastion, photo 1890 In the background, the Reformed Church.

romneasc`, Economul, a fost nfiin]at` n 1886. n 1868 ncepe construirea c`ilor ferate n jurul Clujului, iar la 7 septembrie 1870 are loc inaugurarea g`rii ora[ului, prin intrarea primului tren ce venea de la Oradea. Clujul era integrat n sistemul de po[talion, sta]ia de diligen]e Biasini fiind pe Calea Turzii, o dat` cu amenajarea drumului Feleacului ntre anii 1823 [i 1827. n toamna anului 1893 s-a introdus n ora[ un tren care

financial and credit granting institutions contributed to their development. The first Romanian bank, Economul, was founded in 1886. In 1868 they start building railways around Cluj and on September 7, 1870, the railway station of the city is opened by the first train coming from Oradea. Cluj was integrated into the mail coach system (the Biasini stagecoach stand was on Calea Turzii) when the Feleac road was built between 1823 and 1827. In autumn

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Pia]a central` a ora[ului cu Catedrala Sfntul Mihail n prima jum`tate a secolului al XIX-lea (sus) [i dup` ad`ugarea, pe latura de nord, a turnului n stil neogotic, terminat n 1860 (jos). The central city plaza with the Saint Michael Cathedral In the first half of the 19th century (top); with a neo-Gothic style addition to the northern side of the tower, finished in 1860 (bottom).

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Pia]a Unirii cu Catedrala Sfntul Mihail n perioada interbelic`, dup` amplasarea statuii ecvestre a lui Matei Corvin (n 1902) [i a monumentului Lupa Capitolina (n 1921) . Unirii Square The Saint Michael Cathedral From the inter-war period, after the erection of the Matthias Corvinus statue (1902,) and of the Lupa capitolina Monument (1921).

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Podul peste Some[ construit n 1834 n dreapta, Palatul Babo[. Cl`dire de col], ridicat` la sfr[itul secolului al XIX-lea. Decor bogat, n stil eclectic. The bridge across the Somes, built in 1834 On the right, the Babos Palace, a corner edifice in eclectic style with rich decorations, erected in the late 19th century.

Zi de trg n Pia]a Central`, 1887 n fundal, Hotel Pannonia, devenit Central [i apoi Melody. Fair day in the Central Plaza, 1887 In the background, Hotel Pannonia, later Central, and today Melody.

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Fntna artezian` [i chio[cul din parc, 1905 The artesian fountain and the kiosk in the park, 1905

circula de la gar` pn` la Prim`rie, apoi la M`n`[tur [i pe Bulevardul 21 Decembrie 1989 pn` la biserica Sfntul Petru. n 1890 au ap`rut n Cluj primele biciclete. Clujul secolului al XIX-lea a fost un remarcant centru politic [i cultural n care mi[carea romneasc` a avut un rol deosebit, manifestndu-se pregnant n epoca liberal`, instituit` dup` 1860. Momentul culminant la atins n anul 1894 cnd, la 7 mai, n sala Reduta a avut loc procesul frunta[ilor memorandi[ti. Dezbaterile procesului, la

1893 a train started to run from the railway station to the City Hall and from there, crossing Manastur and going along the 21 Decembrie 1989 Boulevard, it reached the St. Peters Church. In 1890 the first bicycles appeared in Cluj. Nineteenth-century Cluj was a remarkable political and cultural centre in which the Romanian movement played a special part and was particularly active in the liberal period that was instituted after 1860. The peak moment was in 1894 when, on May 7, they heard the trial of

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Parcul ora[ului, 1906 The city park, 1906

Fntna artezian` [i chio[cul din parcul ora[ului, 1914 Fntna a fost proiectat` de Mtray Lajos. The artesian fountain and the kiosk in the city park, 1914 The foundation was designed by Matray Lajos.

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Palatul Reduta n secolul al XVII-lea, ad`postea hanul or`[enesc Calul B`lan. n secolul al XVIII-lea edificiul a fost supraetajat, primind o fa]ad` n stil neoclasic [i devenind Palatul Reduta. Ast`zi este sediul Muzeului Etnografic al Transilvaniei. The Reduta Palace In the 17th century it housed the Towhead Horse City Inn. In the 18th century another floor and a Neo-Classic facade were added to what became the Reduta Palace. Today, it shelters the Ethnographic Museum of Transylvania.

care

au

asistat

romni

din

ntreaga

the leaders of the memorandum petitioners in the Reduta room. The debates during the trial, which was attended by Romanians coming from all over Transylvania, and especially the pleas revealing high national dignity made by Ion Ratiu, Iuliu Coroianu and Vasile Lucaciu pointed to the justness of the steps taken by the Romanians and the entire nation supporting this cause. In autumn 1918 Cluj was the centre of some firm actions organized by the Romanian National Senate in Transylvania. The Romanian

Transilvanie, [i n special pledoariile de nalt` ]inut` [i demnitate na]ional` ale lui Ioan Ra]iu, Iuliu Coroianu, Vasile Lucaciu, au eviden]iat juste]ea demersului romnilor [i adeziunea ntregii na]iuni la aceast` cauz`. n toamna anului 1918, Clujul a devenit centrul unor ac]iuni hot`rte organizate de c`tre Senatul Na]ional Romn din Ardeal, participnd al`turi de Consiliul Na]ional Romn Central [i g`rzile na]ionale

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Biserica reformat` S-a construit ntre 1821 [i 1859 de c`tre arhitectul Georg Winkler. Fa]ada neoclasic` este flancat` de dou` turnuri. n planul al doilea se vede una din por]ile ora[ului. Gravura a fost realizat` de A. Rottmann, L. Rohbock [i multiplicat` la Darmstadt n 1864. The Reformed Church It was built between 1821 and 1859 by architect Georg Winkler. The NeoClassical facade is flanked by two towers. In the background, one of the city gates. The engraving was made by A. Rottmann and L. Rohbock, and printed in Darmstadt in 1864.

romne[ti la organizarea Marii Adun`ri Na]ionale de la Alba-Iulia. Delega]ii din Cluj au votat al`turi de ceilal]i participan]i unirea Transilvaniei cu Romnia. n 21 decembrie 1918, trupele romne au intrat n ora[, iar n ianuarie 1919 au fost numi]i primii reprezentan]i ai administra]iei romne. Marea Unire [i integrarea Transilvaniei n cadrul Romniei a dat o nou` dimensiune vie]ii ora[ului, acesta devenind un simbol al prefacerilor societ`]ii transilv`nene. Se ncheia o epoc`, cea a

national guards took part in the organization of the Great National Assembly in Alba-Iulia together with the Central Romanian National Council. The delegates from Cluj voted for the union of Transylvania with Romania together with the other participants. On December 21, 1918 the Romanian troops entered the city and in January 1919 the first representatives of the Romanian administration were appointed. The Great Union and Transylvanias integration into Romania gave a new dimension to the citys life

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Hotelul Continental Hotelul Na]ional, o cl`dire n stil clasicist aflat pe acest loc, a fost demolat n anul 1894, ridicndu-se n locul s`u hotelul New York, azi Continental, un edificiu de col] n stil eclectic. The Continental Hotel The National Hotel. The building in classical style, which was situated on this spot, was demolished in 1894, and the New York Hotel, today Continental, a corner building in eclectic style, was built instead.

domina]iei maghiare [i ncepea alta nou`, de romnizare [i de dezvoltare a regiunii ca parte integrant` a Romniei. Crearea institu]iilor romne[ti (universitate, teatru, oper` etc.) a constituit o prioritate pentru noile autorit`]i ale ora[ului. Clujul interbelic a devenit un important municipiu, re[edin]` administrativ` n care tr`iau romni, maghiari, germani [i evrei, dar [i centru economic [i, mai ales, cultural al Transilvaniei.

as Cluj became a symbol of the changes in the Transylvanian society. An age, the one of the Hungarian rule, came to an end and another new one began, the age of giving a Romanian character to and developing the abovementioned region as an integrant part of Romania. The setting up of the Romanian institutions (university, theatre, opera house, etc) was a priority for the citys new authorities. Interwar Cluj became an important city, an administrative seat where Romanians,

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Sinagoga neolog` Edificiu construit dup` proiectul inginerului Izidor Hegner [i inaugurat la 4 septembrie 1887. n tratarea fa]adei se folosesc, pe lng` elementele tradi]ionale, [i cele de inspira]ie oriental`. The synagogue This building erected according to the designs of engineer Izidor Hegner was inaugurated on September 4, 1887. The ornamental work of the facade exhibits both traditional and oriental elements.

Rupt vremelnic din trupul ]`rii prin Dictatul de la Viena din august 1940, ora[ul va cunoa[te timp de patru ani ororile ocupa]iei str`ine, ntreaga via]` romneasc` fiind zdruncinat` din temelii. A fost eliberat la 11 octombrie 1944 de sub domina]ia horthyst`, iar la 13 martie 1945 a revenit oficial la patria mam`. Perioada postbelic` [i noul regim comunist instaurat [i-au pus amprenta [i asupra dezvolt`rii ora[ului. Au fost

Hungarians, Germans and Jews lived together, but also an economic and especially cultural centre of Transylvania. Snatched away for a time from the native country by the Vienna Diktat in August 1940, this city will experience the horrors of the foreign occupation for four years, and the entire Romanian life was badly shaken. It was freed from under the Horthyist domination on October 11, 1944 and on March 13, 1945 it officially came back to the mother country.

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construite

noi

cartiere

de

locuinte:

The post-war time and the newly set up communist regime left their imprint on the citys development too. New residential districts were built: Manastur, Marasti, Grigorescu, and they practically doubled the number of the citys population. In 1974, the name of Napoca was added to the name of Cluj. In December 1989 Cluj witnessed the repression of the anticommunist demonstrations. There were heroes, there were human sacrifices.

M`n`[tur, M`r`[ti, Grigorescu, care practic au dublat popula]ia ora[ului. n 1974 Clujului i s-a ad`ugat numele de Napoca. n decembrie 1989, Clujul a avut parte de represiunea manifesta]iilor anticomuniste. Au fost eroi, au fost jertfe umane. n prezent ora[ul manifest` o mare deschidere c`tre
Palatul Bnffy Fotografie din perioada interbelic`. The Banffy Palace Inter-bella photo.

Europa, c`tre ntreaga lume, ntre]innd rela]ii cu alte ora[e de pe toate continentele.

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Colegiul Academic, azi Casa Universitarilor Cl`direa a fost construit` ntre 1935 [i 1937, pe baza planurilor arhitectului George Cristinel. Edificiu compus din pavilioane diverse [i are dou` cur]i cu arcade. Fa]ada este simpl`. Gr`dina a fost acoperit` n anul 2002 cu o structur` din metal [i sticl`, n form` de piramid`. The Academic College, today the Academe House The building was erected between 1935 and 1937 according to the designs of architect George Cristinel. It is composed of various pavilions and it has two yards with arcades. The facade is simple. In 2002, the garden was covered with a metal-and-glass pyramidal structure.

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Dreapta, sus:

Catedrala Ortodox` Vedere din perioada interbelic`.

Right, up:

The Orthodox Cathedral Inter-bella photograph.

Stnga [i dreapta, jos:

Teatrul Na]ional [i Opera Romn` Vedere din perioada interbelic`.

Left and right, down:

The National Theater and the Romanian Opera House Inter-bella photograph.

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Via]a cultural`

The cultural life

Clujul a fost [i este un ora[ prin excelen]` cultural, fiind considerat capitala spiritual` a Transilvaniei. n Cluj, cultura este reprezentat` de un num`r mare de institu]ii, care desf`[oar` o prestigioas` activitate. Institu]ia care a conferit ora[ului o dimensiune important` [i a avut o importan]` deosebit` n definirea caracterului s`u a fost Universitatea. ntorcndu-ne n timp, nc` din 1557 s-au pus bazele unui colegiu, iar n 1579 c`lug`rii iezui]i au nfiin]at un colegiu universitar cu trei facult`]i: Teologie, Filosofie [i Drept. n 1701, colegiul a fost ridicat la rangul de Academie, iar n 1753 devine Colegiu Academic Universitar. La Colegiul Piarist au studiat mul]i tineri romni, care au jucat un rol important n via]a cultural` [i politic` a vremii. n 1872 se va nfiin]a Universitatea Franz Joseph, cu o catedr` de limba romn`. La 3 noiembrie 1919 [i-a deschis por]ile noua universitate romneasc`, avndu-l ca prim rector pe Sextil Pu[cariu. Universitatea Daciei Superioare, cum era numit` n epoc`, avea patru facult`]i: Litere [i Filosofie, Medicin`, tiin]` [i Drept, cu un str`lucit corp profesoral. Universitatea s-a dezvoltat de-a

Cluj has been and still is a preeminently cultural city and is considered the spiritual capital of Transylvania. In Cluj cultural life is represented by a large number of institutions carrying on a prestigious activity. The institution that conferred an important dimension on the city and had a special importance in defining the character of the city was the university. Going back in time, one can learn that, as early as 1557, they laid the foundations of a college and in 1579 the Jesuit monks set up a university college with three faculties: theology, philosophy and law. In 1701 the college was raised to the rank of an academy and in 1753 it became the University Academic College. The Piarist College was attended by many Romanian young men, who played an important part in the cultural and political life of that time. In 1872 they founded the Franz Joseph University, which would include a Romanian language chair. On November 3, 1919 the new Romanian university came into being, with Sextil Pu[cariu as its first chancellor. The University of Upper Dacia, as it was called at

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Liceul Brassai [i Biserica Unitarian` Liceul Brassai a fost ridicat dup` planurile arhitectului Ludovic Pkei. Cl`direa a fost inaugurat` n anul 1901. Edificiu realizat cu elemente neorenascentiste [i neoclasice. Fa]ada are o compozi]ie eclectic`. Biserica a fost ridicat` ntre anii 1792 [i 1796, dup` proiectul lui Anton Trk n stil baroc trziu. Fa]ada este dominat` de un turn cu dou` etaje, pila[trii au capiteluri, iar stucaturile sunt decorate n stil neoclasic. The Brassai High School and The Unitarian Church The Brassai High School was built on the designs of architect Ludovic Pakei. The building, with Neo-Renaissance and Neo-Classic elements, was inaugurated in 1901. The facade is eclectic. The church was erected between 1792 and 1796, on the designs of Anton Turk, in late Baroque style. A two-storied tower dominates the facade, the pilasters have capitals, and the stucco is decorated in Neo-Classic style.

lungul anilor, ajungnd n prezent la peste 40.000 de studen]i, care nva]` n cele 20 de facult`]i, cu 125 specialit`]i. Centrul universitar clujean cuprinde ast`zi patru universit`]i mari: Universitatea Babe[-Bolyai, Universitatea de Medicin` [i Farmacie Iuliu Ha]ieganu, Universitatea Tehnic` [i Universitatea de tiin]e Agricole [i Medicin` Veterinar`. Acestora li se adaug` [i dou` academii: Academia de Muzic` Gheorghe Dima [i Academia de Arte Vizuale Ion Andreescu, precum [i universit`]ile

that time, included four faculties: letters and philosophy, medicine, science and law. It had a remarkable teaching staff. The university developed in years and came now to offer tuition to more than 40.000 students who learn in the 20 faculties with 125 specialties. Present-day Cluj has four important universities: the Babes-Bolyai University, the Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, the Technical University and the University of Farming Sciences and Veterinary Medicine. To all these one could

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Teatrul Maghiar de Stat Prima companie maghiar` de teatru a fost nfiin]at` n urm` cu mai bine de 200 de ani. Actualul sediu a fost construit ntre 1909 [i 1910 dup` planurile lui Markus Gza [i ale lui Spiegel Frigyes. ntreaga cl`dire v`de[te influen]a Secession-ului vienez, mbinat cu elemente baroce. n 1960, fa]ada a fost transformat` complet, iar interiorul par]ial. The Hungarian State Theater The first Hungarian theater company was established more than 200 years ago. Markus Gza and Spiegel Frigyes designed the present building between 1909 and 1910. The whole construction evinces Viennese Sezession and Baroque influences. In 1960 the faade was completely remodeled and the interior was partly refurbished.

particulare: Dimitrie Cantemir, Avram Iancu, Bogdan Vod` [i Sapien]a, cea din urm` cu predare n limba maghiar`. Procesul de reform` se manifest` tot mai pregnant n cadrul universitar, ducnd la un nv`]`mnt performant, cu largi deschideri spre valorile europene. Un factor important de cultur` sunt teatrul [i opera. Primul teatru a func]ionat n limba maghiar` nc` din secolul al XVIII-lea, n nc`perile Palatului Rhdey, apoi ntr-o cl`dire din strada Kog`lniceanu, pe locul actualei Case

add two academies (the Gheorghe Dima Academy of Music and the Ion Andreescu Academy of Visual Arts) as well as the following private universities: Dimitrie Cantemir, Avram Iancu, Bogdan Voda and Sapienta, this last one with tuition in Hungarian. The reform process is more and more obvious in universities and leads to a first-class education with a wide opening to European values. The theatre and the opera house make up an important cultural factor. The first

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theatre gave performances in Hungarian as early as the 18th century in the rooms of the Rhedey Palace, and later in a building in the Kogalniceanu Street, on the site of the present-day Academics House. The Romanian audience had the opportunity to see performances in Romanian given by various troupes. The inauguration in 1906 of the new building (of the present-day theatre) opened up new prospects to theatrical life. On May 14, 1919 the building was taken over by the Romanian State, with the well-known actor Zaharia Barsan as its managing director. The first performance was given on December 1, 1919. They played Zaharia Barsans The Day Is Breaking and The Poem of the Union. The solemn inauguration took place on the occasion of the great national festivals on February 1, 1920. Being managed by great actors, the theatre staged a remarkable national and international repertoire along the years. The Romanian Opera House was founded by Tiberiu
Liceul teoretic tefan Bathory Edificiu construit n stil neoclasic ntre anii 1817-1821, de Friederich Thallinger. The Stefan Bathory High School This is edifice erected in Neo-Classical style between 1817 and 1821 by Friederich Thallinger.

a Universitarilor. Publicul romnesc avea posibilitatea s` asiste la spectacolele n limba romn`, sus]inute de c`tre diferite trupe. Inaugurarea, n 1906, a noii cl`diri (a teatrului de azi) a deschis noi perspective n via]a teatral`. n 14 mai 1919 cl`direa a fost preluat` de c`tre statul romn, avndu-l ca director pe cunoscutul actor Zaharia Brsan. Prima reprezenta]ie a avut loc la 1 decembrie 1919 cu piesele: Se face ziu` [i Poemul Unirii de Zaharia Brsan, iar inaugurarea solemn` a

Brediceanu and Constantin Pavel, the latter was its first managing director. It was inaugurated on May 21, 1920, with Giuseppe Verdis Aida being performed on that occasion. The Hungarian Theatre and Opera House continued their activity in a new building that was made between 1909 and 1910 on the site of an open-air theatre. Both institutions carry on a remarkable activity, which is appreciated by the spectators.

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Universitatea Babe[-Bolyai Construit` ntre anii 1893-1902, dup` planurile arhitectului Carol Meixner. Edificiu de form` rectangular`, grupat n jurul a dou` cur]i dreptunghiulare. Pere]ii din c`r`mid` aparent` prezint` deschiz`turi pentru ferestre [i portaluri. Fa]ada principal` e dominat` de un fronton sus]inut de pila[tri. The Babes-Bolyai University The edifice was built between 1893 and 1902, on the designs of architect Carol Meixner. It is rectangular, grouped around two rectangular yards. Its walls in exposed bricks feature window and portal openings. The principal facade is dominated by a fronton supported by pillars.

avut loc cu ocazia marilor serb`ri na]ionale din 1 februarie 1920. Sub conducerea unor mari arti[ti, teatrul a pus n scen` de-a lungul anilor un str`lucit pe repertoriu Tiberiu na]ional Brediceanu [i [i interna]ional. Opera Romn` i-a avut ca ntemeietori Constantin Pavel, acesta din urm` fiind primul director. La 21 mai 1920 a avut loc inaugurarea cu opera Aida de G. Verdi. Teatrul [i Opera Maghiar` [i-au continuat activitatea n cadrul unei noi cl`diri construit`

Besides these institutions other ones asserted themselves: the Transilvania State Philharmonic, which was founded in 1955, the Puppet Theatre, with sections in Romanian and Hungarian, and the Puck Puppet Theatre. Besides universities and research institutes, as far back as the interwar years there were big libraries, which developed and turned into genuine cultural centres: the Central University Library, the Academy

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Teatrul Na]ional [i Opera Romn`. Edificiu construit ntre anii 1904-1906 de c`tre firma austriac` Fellner [i Helmer, pe locul fostei pie]e de lemne a ora[ului. Este unul dintre cele mai reprezentative monumente ale stilului Secession. Fa]ada principal` este flancat` de dou` turnuri ncununate de cte o cvadrig` tras` de lei [i purtnd personaje simbolice. Elementele decorative ale s`lii [i mobilierul sunt specifice anului 1900. The National Theatre and the Romanian Opera House This building was erected between 1904 and 1906 by the Austrian firm Fellner and Helmer, on the site of the former timber market of the city. It is one of the most representative monuments in Sezession style. The facade is flanked by two towers, each crowned by a quadriga pulled by lions carrying symbolic characters. The decorative elements of the hall and the furniture are characteristic of the year 1900.

ntre anii 1909-1910, pe locul unui teatru de var`. Ambele institu]ii desf`[oar` o activitate prodigioas`, apreciat` de c`tre publicul spectator. Al`turi de aceste institu]ii s-au impus Filarmonica de Stat Transilvania, nfiin]at` n anul 1955, Teatrul de P`pu[i cu sec]ii n limba romn` [i maghiar` [i Teatrul de P`pu[i Puck.

Library, the Octavian Goga County Library and a few other libraries of the research institutes. In this city too, especially within the cultural centres or the ones guided by the Babe[-Bolyai University, there are several libraries (American, British, German, French, Italian, Jewish, Finnish, Portuguese, Spanish).

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Palatul Bnffy Construirea cl`dirii a avut loc ntre anii 1774 [i 1785, dup` planul lui Johann Eberhardt Blaumann. Este o construc]ie n stil baroc, n jurul unei cur]i patrulatere, cu foi[oare [i cu arcade la parter, coloane [i arhitrave la etaj. Fa]ada principal` are o loggie la etaj, cu coloane ionice, decor sculptural al ancadramentelor ferestrelor, iar balustrada de la baza acoperi[ului are statui [i urne. Statuile au fost realizate de A. Schuchbauer. Edificiul a fost re[edin]a guvernatorului Transilvaniei. Ast`zi este sediul Muzeului Na]ional de Art`.

Banffy Palace The building was put up between 1774 and 1785, according to the designs of Johann Eberhardt Blaumann. This Baroque construction is grouped around a square yard, and features turrets, arcades on the ground floor, columns and architraves on the first floor. On the main facade, there is a loggia on the first floor, with Ionic columns, and sculpted decoration of the window frames, while the roof parapet is adorned with statues and urns. A. Schuchbauer was the author of the sculptures. The building was the residence of the Governor of Transylvania, and today is houses the National Art Museum.

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Palatul Bnffy, detaliu Banffy Palace, detail

Pe lng` universit`]i [i institute de cercetare, nc` din perioada interbelic` au func]ionat dezvoltat biblioteci devenind mari, care s-au centre adev`rate

The older museum collections developed into big museums coming today to be real centres preserving and turning to account the national patrimony and the one of scientific research. The collections of the Transylvanian Museum as well as those of the old Antique Museum made up the patrimony of the National Museum of Transylvanias History, which has over 200.000 exhibits today. The Virgil Cioflec art collection was the basis of the future National Museum of Art, which was founded in 1952.

culturale: Biblioteca Central` Universitar`, Biblioteca Academiei, Biblioteca Jude]ean` Octavian Goga [i alte cteva biblioteci ale institutelor de cercetare [tiin]ific`. Tot n ora[, mai ales n cadrul centrelor culturale sau patronate de Universitatea Babe[-Bolyai func]ioneaz` mai multe biblioteci: american`, britanic`, german`, francez`,

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Palatul Bnffy, detaliu Balustrada de la baza acoperi[ului mpodobit` cu statui [i urne. Banffy Palace, detail The roof parapet adorned with statues and urns.

italian`, iudaic`, finlandez`, portughez` [i spaniol`. Colec]iile muzeale mai vechi s-au dezvoltat constituindu-se cu timpul n mari muzee [i ajungnd ast`zi adev`rate centre de p`strare [i valorificare a patrimoniului na]ional [i de cercetare [tiin]ific`. Colec]iile Muzeului Ardelean, ca [i cele ale vechiului Muzeu de Antichit`]i, au constituit patrimoniul Muzeului Na]ional de Istorie a Transilvaniei avnd ast`zi peste 200 000 de piese. Colec]ia de art` Virgil Cioflec a stat la

In 1922, under the management of Romulus Vuia, they laid the foundations of Transylvanias Ethnographic Museum in a building in the Central Park and the open-air museum in the Hoia forest was arranged. Now the Ethnographic Museum is located in the well-known building Reduta on the Memorandum Street. The medical scientific collections formed the basis of the Museum of the History of Pharmacy (today it is a section of the History Museum) and the zoological and

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Casa Hintz Nucleul ini]ial al edificiului dateaz` din secolul al XV-lea. Transform`rile de la mijlocul secolului al XVIII-lea i-au schimbat nf`]i[area, devenind un monument caracteristic barocului. Aici a func]ionat prima farmacie din ora[. Ast`zi ad`poste[te Colec]ia de Istorie a Farmaciei din cadrul Muzeului Na]ional de Istorie a Transilvaniei. The Hintz House The original nucleus of the house dates to the 15th century. In the mid 18th century its looks were altered to become a characteristic Baroque building. It once housed the first chemists shop in the city, and now it hosts the History of Pharmacy Collection within the National Museum of Transylvania.

baza viitorului Muzeu Na]ional de Art` fondat n 1952. n anul 1922, sub conducerea lui Romulus Vuia, s-au pus bazele Muzeului Etnografic al Transilvaniei, ntr-o cl`dire din Parcul Central al ora[ului [i a fost amenajat muzeul n aer liber de la Hoia. Ast`zi, Muzeul Etnografic func]ioneaz` n cunoscuta cl`dire Reduta de pe strada Memorandumului. Colec]iile [tiin]ifice medicale au stat la baza Muzeului de Istorie a Farmaciei (azi o sec]ie a Muzeului de Istorie), iar cele de zoologie [i

speleological ones gave birth, in time, to the Zoology Museum that is located in the Emil Racovita Speleological Institute. Besides all these museums mention should also be made of the Museum of Romanian Literature, the Museum of the University, the Mineralogical Museum, the Emil Isac Memorial Museum, the Firemens Museum and the Waters Museum. Quite famous have always been the Botanical Gardens and Museum, which were founded by Professor Alexandru Borza in

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Cl`direa libr`riei universit`]ii

speologie au dat na[tere n timp Muzeului de Zoologie aflat n incinta Institutului de Speologie Emil Racovi]`. Al`turi de acestea, se g`sesc Muzeul Limbii Romne, Muzeul Universit`]ii, Muzeul Mineralogic, Muzeul Memorial Emil Isac, Muzeul Pompierilor [i Muzeul Apelor. De o mare faim` s-au bucurat Gr`dina [i Muzeul Botanic, fondate de profesorul Alexandru Borza n anul 1920. ntins` pe 14 hectare n sere [i n aer liber, gr`dina cuprinde mii de variet`]i de plante de pe ntreaga planet`.

1920. Covering 14 ha in greenhouses and in the open, the gardens include thousands of varieties of plants coming from all over the world. In Cluj there are also societies of writers, fine artists, composers and several foundations of the civil society: the Vatra Romaneasca Cultural and Patriotic Society, the Avram Iancu Cultural and Patriotic Society, the Lucian Blaga Cultural Society, the Dragos Voda Pro Maramures Society, ASTRA, the Society of the Transylvanian

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Biblioteca Central` Universitar` Lucian Blaga Edificiu ridicat ntre anii 1906-1908 de c`tre Gergely Klmn [i Korb Flavis Nndor. Construc]ie inspirat` de Secession-ul austriac. Decorul fa]adei red` n c`r`mid` motive geometrice de inspira]ie popular`. The Lucian Blaga Central University Library An edifice built between 1906 and 1908 by Gergely Kalman and Korb Flavis Nandor, the Library evinces Austrian Sezession influences. The decorative brick work on the facade uses geometrical motifs of folk inspiration.

n Cluj [i mai desf`[oar` activitatea societ`]i de crea]ie ale scriitorilor, arti[tilor plastici [i compozitorilor [i mai multe funda]ii ale societ`]ii civile: Societatea CulturalPatriotic` Cultural` Vatra Lucian Romneasc`, Blaga, Societatea Pro cultural-patriotic` Avram Iancu, Societatea Societatea Maramure[ Drago[-Vod`, ASTRA, Societatea Muzeului Ardelean, Societatea cultural` Heltai Gspar, Asocia]ia cultural` Pro Basarabia [.a.m.d. Manifest`ri culturale na]ionale [i

Museum, the Heltai Gaspar Cultural Society, the Pro Basarabia Cultural Society and so on. National and international cultural events took place here, and some of them turned traditional: the Golden Peacock International Folklore Festival, the Festivals of the Latin World, the Gala of National Theatres, the Lucian Blaga Literary Festival, the Gheorghe Dima International Creation and Performance Competition, the Nicolae Bretan International Singing Competition,

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Biserica Piari[tilor Construit` ntre 1718 [i 1724 de c`tre ordinul iezuit. Este prima cl`dire de cult ridicat` dup` victoria Reformei n Transilvavia. Cl`direa introduce tipul nou, specific barocului: o fa]ad` cu dou` turnuri [i un interior cu capele. n 1776 este preluat` de piari[ti. Portalul [i interiorul prezint` decora]ii de influen]` baroc austriac`. The Piarist Church Built between 1718 and 1724 by the Jesuit Order, it was the first religious abode erected in Transylvania after the triumph of the Reformation. It introduced the Baroque in the two-tower facade and the interior separated into chapels. In 1776, it was taken over by the Piarists. The portal and the interior evince Austrian Baroque influences.

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Biserica Ortodox` din Deal L`ca[ul, numit [i Biserica Sfnta Treime din Deal, a fost ridicat ntre 1795 [i 1796, cu sprijinul negustorilor romni din Bra[ov. Patrimoniul bisericii cuprinde manuscrise [i c`r]i religioase, icoane [i obiecte de cult, tip`rituri de mare valoare (unul dintre acestea este Liturghierul tip`rit n 1797 la Bucure[ti). n perioada 1919-1932 edificiul a devenit catedrala Episcopiei renfiin]ate a Vadului [i Feleacului. The Orthodox Church on the Hill Erected between 1795 and 1796 with the help of the Romanian merchants of Brasov, the abode is also called the Holy Trinity of the Hill. The church heritage includes religious manuscripts and books, icons and religious items, highly valuable printings (one of them is the Missal issued in 1797, in Bucharest. Between 1919-1932 the edifice became the cathedral of the reinstated bishopric of Vad and Feleac.

Biserica Bob A fost ridicat` datorit` episcopului Ioan Bob, f`r` aprobarea autorit`]ilor habsburgice, ntre 1800 [i 1803. Construit` n stil baroc dup` planurile arhitectului Joseph Leder, prezint` o structur` asem`n`toare cu cea a Bisericii Ortodoxe din Deal. The Bob Church The building was erected thanks to bishop Ioan Bob, without the approval of the authorities, between 1800-1803. Built in baroque style on the designs of architect Joseph Leder, the church has a structure similar to that of the Romanian Orthodox Church on the Hill.

interna]ionale s-au desf`[urat n ora[, unele devenind tradi]ionale: Festivalul Interna]ional de Folclor P`unul de Aur, Serb`rile Latinit`]ii, Gala Teatrelor Na]ionale, Festivalul Literar Lucian Blaga, Concursul Interna]ional de Crea]ie [i Interpretare Gheorghe Dima, Concursul Interna]ional de Interpretare Vocal` Nicolae Bretan, Festivalul Interna]ional de Film Transilvania etc. n Cluj [i desf`[oar` activitatea mai multe edituri [i apar numeroase publica]ii cotidiene [i periodice.

the Contemporary Music Festival, etc. In Cluj there are several publishing houses and numerous daily and periodical publications are issued.

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Peisaj citadin

Cityscape

Trec`torul ce-[i plimb` pa[ii pe str`zile ora[ului, observ` imediat arhitectura eclectic` [i patina vechilor cl`diri, mai ales a celor baroce. Ici [i colo au ap`rut [i noile edificii din beton [i sticl`, amprente ale modernit`]ii imediate. Ora[ul antic, dezv`luit n bun` parte de c`tre arheologi, avea un perimetru de cca. 32 ha, fiind nconjurat de un zid de incint` [i cuprindea Pia]a Unirii, Pia]a Muzeului, strada Regele Ferdinand, parcul I.L. Caragiale, strada Emil Zola, strada Victor Deleu, iar n afara zidurilor se aflau necropolele ora[ului. n vatra vechiului ora[ antic s-a ridicat n parte ora[ul medieval, avnd pentru nceput centrul n Pia]a Muzeului de ast`zi. Prima incint` fortificat` a Clujului a fost construit`, probabil, la sfr[itul secolului al XIV-lea, iar cea de-a doua s-a ridicat n 1405. Centrul a[ez`rii s-a mutat n actuala pia]` central`: Pia]a Unirii. Casele s-au aliniat dup` principiul stradal occidental. Str`zile au fost podite cu grinzi [i scnduri. n secolul al XVI-lea s-au construit poduri de piatr` peste Some[ [i conducte de lemn pentru ap` potabil`. Din perioada

The passer-by walking in the streets of this city is sure to notice immediately the eclectic architecture and the patina of the old buildings, especially of the baroque ones. Here and there one can see the new edifices made of concrete and glass, imprints of the present-day reality. The ancient city, which was largely discovered by archaeologists, covered an area of 32 ha, was surrounded by a ring wall and included the Unirii Square, the Muzeului Square, the Regele Ferdinand Street, the I.L. Caragiale Park, the Emil Zola Street, the Victor Deleu Street. Outside the walls there were the citys necropolises. The mediaeval city partly appeared on the precincts of the old ancient city. Initially its centre was in the present-day Muzeului Square. The first fortified precincts of Cluj were probably built in the late 14th century and the second ones, in 1405. The centre of the settlement moved to the present-day central square, the Unirii Square. The houses were aligned according to the western street principle. The streets were paved with beams and planks. In the 16th century they built stone bridges across the Somes River and wooden pipes for drinking water. The Gothic times gave us a few

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Casa Matei Corvin, portal Matthias Corvinus House, the portal

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Pl`cu]` comemorativ` pe Casa Matei Corvin Commemorative plaque on the Matthias Corvinus House

Casa Matei Corvin n aceast` cl`dire, datnd din veacul al XV-lea, s-a n`scut Matei Corvin, viitorul rege al Ungariei. Se mai p`streaz` n interior cteva cadre de u[i n stil gotic. Azi este sediul Academiei de Arte Vizuale Ion Andreescu.

The Matthias Corvinus House Matthias Corvinus, the future king of Hungary, was born in this 15th-century house. Some Gothic doorways can still be seen inside. Today the house is the seat of the Ion Andreescu Academy of Visual Arts.

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Cet`]uia Pe dealul Cet`]uia, n centrul ora[ului, s-a ridicat ntre 1700-1735 o cetate austriac` tip Vauban. Aici, n timpul Revolu]iei din 1848 a fost nchis [i apoi executat cunoscutul lupt`tor [i umanist tefan Ludwig Roth.

gotic` au r`mas cteva opere arhitecturale remarcabile: biserica Sfntul Mihail [i claustrul dominican, statuia ecvestr` a Sfntului Gheorghe. n 1486 s-a nceput construc]ia bisericii [i m`n`stirii gotice din strada Mihail Kog`lniceanu, destinate ini]ial ordinului minorit [i transferate apoi reforma]ilor. Singura cas` din secolul al XVlea r`mas` n picioare este casa n care s-a n`scut Matei Corvin. Cl`direa a fost un han construit nainte de 1440 [i care a suferit n secolele urm`toare transform`ri vizibile. Se

remarkable works of architecture: St Michaels Church and the Dominican cloistered precinct, St Georges equestrian statue. In 1486 they started building the Gothic church and monastery in the Mihail Kog`lniceanu Street, which were initially meant for the Minorite order and then transferred to the Reformed faith. The only 15th-century house that is still standing is the house in which Mathias Corvinus was born. The house was an inn built before 1440, which underwent visible changes in the centuries that followed. The entrance

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Bastionul Croitorilor [i statuia lui Baba Novac Construc]ia face parte din incinta de ap`rare a ora[ului pe latura de sud-est. Ridicarea sa a nceput n anul 1475. Statuia a fost ridicat` n memoria c`pitanului lui Mihai Viteazul, Baba Novac, care a fost executat n Pia]a Central` a ora[ului, din porunca lui Sigismund Bathory [i apoi tras n ]eap` lng` Bastionul Croitorilor. Statuia a fost executat` de c`tre sculptorul Virgil Fulicea n anul 1975. The Tailors Bastion and the Statue of Baba Novac The structure belongs to the citys southeastern defense enclosure. Its construction began in 1475. The statue was erected in memory of a captain of Michael the Braves, Baba Novac, who was executed in the central square of the city on orders from Sigismund Bathory, and then impaled near the Tailors Bastion. The statue is the creation of sculptor Virgil Fulicea, and dates to 1975.

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Biserica Romano-Catolic` Sfntul Mihail Monument de arhitectur` gotic`, ridicat ntre anii 1350 [i 1486. Biseric` tip hal`, cu bol]i n form` de stea, sprijinite de stlpi puternic reliefa]i. Partea cea mai veche o constituie altarul, terminat la cca 1390. n interior se afl` portalul de la sacristie, n stil rena[centist, datat 1528, avnd n lunet` portretul ctitorului, Johannes Clyn. Pe latura vestic`, intrarea are un portal gotic deasupra c`ruia se afl` statuia Arhanghelului Mihail, iar amvonul, n stil baroc, este opera sculptorilor Nachtigal [i Schuchbauer. Pe latura nordic` a fost adosat turnul n stil neogotic, terminat n anul 1860. The St. Michaels Roman Catholic Church A monument of Gothic architecture built between 1350 and 1486, it is a religious abode of the hall type, with star-shaped vaults supported by powerful pillars. The oldest part is the altar, finished round 1390. The entrance on the west side features a Gothic portal on top of which stands a statue of Archangel Michael and the Baroque pulpit is the work of sculptors Nachtigal and Schuchbauer. In 1860 a tower in Neo-Gothic style was attached to the northern side.

Biserica Sfntul Mihail, nava central` The Saint Michael Church, the central nave

Statuia ecvestr` a lui Matei Corvin Oper` a sculptorului clujean Inos Fadrusz, dezvelit` n anul 1902. Grupul statuar este compus din statuia ecvestr` a regelui, plasat` pe un piedestal de piatr`, n fa]a c`ruia sunt dispuse statuile lui Blasiu Magyar, conduc`tor de o[ti, Pavel Chinezu, banul Timi[oarei, tefan Zpolya, palatinul Ungariei [i tefan Bthory, voievodul Transilvaniei. The equestrian statue of Matthias Corvinus This work by the Cluj-born sculptor Janos Fadrusz was unveiled in 1902. The statuary group is composed of the equestrian statue of the king, placed on a stone pedestal, in front of which rise the statues of Blasiu Magyar, army commander, Pavel Chinezu, High Steward of Timisoara, Stefan Zapolya, Palatine of Hungary, and Stefan Bathory, Prince of Transylvania.

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Pagina anterioar`:

Cl`direa statusului RomanoCatolic Edificiile au fost construite de c`tre Alpr Ignac n 1898 n stil eclectic.
Previous page:

The building of the RomanCatholic Station Alpar Ignac designed the edifices in 1898, in eclectic style

Hotelul Continental The Continental Hotel

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Palatul Bnffy [i cl`dirile Statusului Romano-Catolic Bnffy palace and the buildings of the Roman-Catholic Station

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Biserica [i M`n`stirea Franciscanilor Constituie unul dintre cele mai vechi ansambluri arhitecturale, datnd din 1728-1745. M`n`stirea, realizat` n stil gotic cu sprijinul lui Iancu de Hunedoara, a fost ridicat` pe locul unei vechi biserici construite n 1272. The Franciscan Church and Monastery These are among the oldest architectural ensembles of the place, dating back to1728-1745. The monastery, in Gothic style, was erected with the support or Iancu of Hunedoara (Hunyadi or Huniades) on the place of an older church dating to 1272.

mai p`streaz` portalul de la intrare [i ferestrele decorate n manier` renascentist`. n secolul al XVI-lea s-au ridicat o serie de edificii n stil renascentist, dintre care pu]ine au r`mas netransformate n secolele urm`toare. Multe elemente rezultate din transform`rile ulterioare se p`streaz` n lapidarul medieval de la Muzeul Na]ional de Istorie a Transilvaniei din Cluj. n secolul al XVII-lea s-au construit n ora[ numeroase palate nobiliare [i s-au ref`cut edificii mai vechi. n veacul urm`tor

portals and the windows decorated in a Renaissance manner are still in place. In the 16th century a number of edifices were built in a Renaissance manner and only few of them went unchanged in the centuries that followed. Many elements deriving from the subsequent changes are kept in the mediaeval stone collection at the National Museum of Transylvanias History in Cluj. In the 17th century the city witnessed the building of numerous aristocratic palaces and older buildings were restored. In the next

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Biserica Calvaria Pe platoul de deasupra Some[ului Mic sau descoperit urmele unei fortifica]ii de lemn [i p`mnt, din secolul al IX-lea, apar]innd voievodului Gelu. n interiorul ei s-a ridicat ini]ial o biseric` n stil romanic [i apoi n stil gotic, la sfr[itul secolului al XV-lea. Aici, n cadrul Conventului, a avut loc n]elegerea dintre r`scula]i [i nobilime, n cursul r`scoalei de la Boblna din 1437. The Calvaria Church On the plateau above the Somesul Mic River traces of a wood and earth fortification were dug out, dating to the 9th century, and most likely belonging to voivode Gelu. Initially, a Roman-style church was erected in its stead, and then a Gothic one towards the close of the 15th century. It was here, in the Convent that the understanding between the rebels and the nobility was concluded during the Revolt of 1437.

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Biserica Reformat` Monument gotic, avnd contraforturi puternice. Construc]ia bisericii (ini]ial catolic`) a nceput n 1486 cu sprijinul regelui Matei Corvin, fiind terminat` n 1494, iar m`n`stirea a fost finalizat` n 1516. Amvonul este sculptat n lemn de c`tre Elias Nicolai, reprezentant de seam` al Rena[terii transilv`nene. Mobilierul din lemn a fost executat de c`tre me[terii bistri]eni la sfr[itul secolului al XV-lea. Pe lng` m`n`stire func]iona [i un Colegiu Universitar la care a nv`]at ntre 1595 [i 1600 Nicolae P`tra[cu, fiul lui Mihai Viteazul. The Reformed Church A Gothic monument with strong buttresses, its construction began in 1486, and was finished in 1494. The monastery was terminated in 1516. Elias Nicolai, an important representative of the Transylvanian Renaissance, carved the pulpit in wood. The wooden furniture was manufactured by Bistrita craftsmen at the end of the 15th century.

ora[ul s-a mbog`]it cu adev`rate capodopere ale stilului baroc: Biserica Piari[tilor (17181724); Biserica Unitarian` (1792-1796); Biserica Minori]ilor (1799); Casa Hintz, Casa Bolyai, Palatul Bnffy (1774-1785); Palatul Teleki (1790-1795). n arhitectura Clujului, trecerea de la stilul baroc se face treptat, vechiul stil l`sndu-[i amprenta: Palatul Rhdey (1796); Palatul Tholdalagi-Korda (1801-1807); Biserica Ortodox` (1795-1796); Biserica Greco-Catolic` Bob (1800-1803). Cl`dirile

century the city acquired genuine masterpieces of the baroque style: the Piarist church (17181724), the Unitarian church (1792-1796), the Minorite church (1799), the Hintz House, the Bolyai House, the Banffy Palace (1774-1785), the Teleki Palace (1790-1795). In the architecture of Cluj there was a gradual passage from the baroque style as the influence of the old style was to be felt for a long time to come: the Rhedey Palace (1796), the Tholdalagi-Korda Palace (1801-1807), the Orthodox Church (1795-1796), the Bob Greek

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Biserica Sfntul Petru A fost construit` ntre 1848 [i 1850, n stil neogotic. n fa]a bisericii se afl` portalul Sfntul Mihail, executat de Johann Knig ntre 1743-1747, ca ex-voto dup` valul de epidemii din anii 1738-1742 [i adus adus aici n 1957-1960, cnd a avut loc restaurarea bisericii. n spatele altarului se afl` statuia Mariei Protectoare, executat` de sculptorul Anton Schuchbauer n 1744. Ini]ial, locul statuii era n partea central` a str`zii Universit`]ii, alc`tuind mpreun` cu Biserica Piari[tilor [i celelalte cl`diri un ansamblu arhitectonic caracteristic barocului incipient.

The Saint Peter Church Built between 1848 and 1850, the church is in NeoGothic style. In front sits the Saint Michael portal, work of Johann Knig, between 1743 and 1747, an ex-voto after the epidemics of 1738-1742, brought here during the 1957-1960 restoration works. Behind the altar there is the statue of the Protective Virgin by sculptor Anton Schuchbauer, dating to 1744. Initially, the statue stood in the central part of University Street. Together with the Piarist Church and the other surrounding buildings it made up an architectural complex specific for the early Baroque.

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Statuia ecvestr` a Sfntului Gheorghe omornd balaurul n fa]a bisericii gotice se afl` copia n bronz a statuii Sfntului Gheorghe, realizat` n 1373 de c`tre Martin [i Gheorghe, fiii pictorului Nicolae. Statuia original` a fost comandat` de c`tre regele Carol al IV-lea al Cehiei [i se afl` n curtea Palatului Regal din Praga, pe Hradcin. Statuia se nscrie printre lucr`rile Rena[terii timpurii. The equestrian statue of St George killing the dragon In front of the Gothic church there is a bronze copy of St Georges statue made in 1373 by Martin and Gheorghe, the sons of painter Nicolae. King Charles IV of Bohemia commissioned the original statue, which is now to be found in the courtyard of the Royal Palace in Prague, in Hradcany. The statue is an early Renaissance work.

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Palatul Babo[ Cl`dire de col] ridicat` la sfr[itul secolului al XIX-lea. Decor bogat n stil eclectic. The Babos Palace A corner building, the palace was constructed in the late 19th century, and features eclectic decoration.

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Bulevardul Eroilor n fundal, Biserica Minori]ilor The Boulevard of the Heroes In the background, the Minorite Church

neoclasice se caracterizeaz` prin simplitatea organiz`rii [i prin folosirea unor elemente decorative de inspira]ie antic` (pila[tri [i coloane cu capiteluri, compozite, frunze de acant): Colegiul incai Reformat; (1801); azi liceul Gheorghe Evanghelic` Biserica Biserica

Catholic church (1800-1803). The neoclassical buildings are characterized by the simplicity of organization and by the use of some decorative elements inspired by the ancient times (pilasters and columns with capitals, composites, acanthus leaves): the Reformed College, nowadays the Gheorghe Sincai High School (1801), the Evangelical church (1816-1829), the Reformed church (1821-1859), the Piarist Academic High School, nowadays the Bathory Istvan High School (1817-1821), the Josika Palace, the St

(1816-1829);

Reformat` (1821-1859); Liceul Academic Piarist; azi liceul Bthory Istvn (18171821); Palatul Jsika, Cazarma Sfntul Gheorghe (1834-1837); Palatul Reduta (1810).

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Edificii ridicate la capetele podului peste Some[ n stnga, Palatul Szky n stil neogotic; n dreapta, Palatul Elian n stil eclectic, 1891 Buildings erected at both ends of the bridge over the Somes On the left, the Szeky Palace in NeoGothic style, on the right the Elian Palace in eclectic style, in 1891

Edificiul fostei B`nci Austro-Ungare, ridicat n 1890 Stil eclectic. Din 1990 este sediul B`ncii Dacia Felix, iar n prezent al B`ncii Euocom. The building of the former AustroHungarian Bank, built in 1890 Eclectic style. From 1990, it has housed for a time the Dacia Felix Bank, and today the Euocom Bank.

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Curtea de Apel Edificiu ridicat n anul 1902. Prezint` un bogat decor eclectic, realizat din teracot`, cu figuri alegorice [i frize cu motive vegetale. The Court of Appeal This building erected in 1902 features rich eclectic decorations, in terracotta, with allegorical figures and friezes with vegetal motifs.

La mijlocul secolului al XIX-lea, n arhitectura Clujului motivele antice vor fi nlocuite cu forme inspirate din tradi]iile Rena[terii la nceput [i apoi din cele gotice, stilul din urm` fiind frecvent imitat de c`tre arhitec]ii ora[ului: Palatul Prim`riei (18431846); Palatul Prefecturii, azi Prim`ria ora[ului, Biserica Sfntul Petru (1848-1850); Turnul neogotic al Bisericii Sfntul Mihail (1834-1860). Sunt nl`turate vestigiile medievale, care [i-au pierdut rostul lor strategic, constituind [i o piedic` n calea

George

Barracks (1834-1837), the Reduta

Palace (1810). In the mid 19th century the ancient motifs in the architecture of Cluj will be replaced with forms inspired by the traditions of the Renaissance in the beginning and then by the Gothic ones. This latter style was more often imitated by the architects of the city: the City Hall Palace (1843-1846), the Prefecture Palace, today the City Hall of Cluj, St Peters Church (1848-1850), the neo-Gothic tower of St Michaels Church (1834-1860). The mediaeval

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Cl`dire n stil Secession, de la nceputul secolului al XX-lea Early 20th century Sezession style building

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Fa]ad` Secession, detaliu Cariatide n stil Secession, nceputul secolului al XX-lea. Sezession facade, detail Caryatids in Sezession style from the early 20th century.

extinderii centrului. Ora[ul medieval se va p`stra doar n jurul casei Matei Corvinul [i Biserica Franciscanilor, iar din sistemul de fortifica]ii s-a p`strat integral Bastionul Croitorilor, iar Bastionul S`punarilor s-a transformat n Turnul Pompierilor. Fragmente din zidul de ap`rare se mai pot vedea [i pe strada Potaissa. O febr` a construc]iilor s-a manifestat n ultimul deceniu al secolului al XIX-lea [i n primul deceniu al veacului urm`tor. Are loc degajarea [i modernizarea Pie]ei Centrale, a

vestiges were removed as they lost their strategic justification and were an obstacle in the way of the citys expansion. The mediaeval city will be only preserved around the house of Mathias Corvinus and the Franciscan church. Only the Tailors Bastion was entirely preserved of the fortification system, and the Soap Makers Bastion turned into the Firemens Tower. Fragments of the defence wall can still be seen in the Potaissa Street too. A rush to build was quite obvious in the last decade of the 19th century and in the first

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Prim`ria municipiului Cluj-Napoca Edificiu proiectat de Igna]iu Alpr, la sfr[itul secolului al XIX-lea, cu o fa]ad` ce folose[te formele barocului [i cu un turn dezaxat, avnd un bogat decor eclectic. Toate confer` cl`dirii un aspect monumental. n interior este de remarcat sala de sticl`. The City Hall of Cluj-Napoca Municipality The building was designed by Ignatiu Alpr, at the end of the 19th century with a Baroque facade and an off-axis tower richly decorated with eclectic elements. All this endows the building with a monumental air. Inside, the glass hall is absolutely outstanding.

Prefectura jude]ului Cluj Cl`direa a fost ridicat` n 1910 de c`tre Hubert Jsef, ca sediu al Camerei de Industrie [i Comer]. Compozi]ie de mare plasticitate, cl`direa mbin` elementele de inspira]ie popular` cu cele de factur` gotic`, Rena[tere maur` [i Secession.

Prefects Office in Cluj County The building was erected by Hubert Jsef in 1910 as the headquarters of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry. A remarkable construction, it blends folk art, and Moresque elements, with Renaissance and Sezession touches.

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Palatul Regionalei C`ilor Ferate Construit la sfr[itul secolului al XIX-lea. Al`turi de celelalte palate nvecinate din Pia]a Avram Iancu, el alc`tuie[te o compozi]ie de mare plasticitate. The Palace of the Railway Regional Office Built in the late 19th century, together with the neighboring edifices, in Avram Iancu Plaza, it makes up an extremely pictorial composition.

Pie]ei Mihai Viteazul, sistematizarea Pie]ei Avram Iancu [i tefan cel Mare. Pavilioanele clinicilor se vor construi ntre 1897-1902. n prima jum`tate a secolului al XIX-lea s-a f`cut regularizarea [i modernizarea str`zilor. n 1838 se dispune alinierea str`zilor, iar n 1839 se ncepe numerotarea lor. nc` din 1791 s-a nceput pavarea str`zilor din centru cu piatr` n locul vechii podele din grinzi [i scnduri. n 1820-1822 se execut` o nou` pavare cu piatr`, iar n 1908 erau deja pavate 120 str`zi. n 1887 va fi canalizat ora[ul, n

decade of the next century. The Central Square and the Mihai Viteazul Square were cleared and refurbished; the Avram Iancu and Stefan cel Mare Squares were systematized. The pavilions of the clinics will be built between 1897 and 1902. In the first half of the 19th century streets were regularized and modernized. In 1838 they ordered the streets to be aligned and in 1839 they started numbering them. As far back as 1791 they began paving the central streets with stone instead of the old floor made of beams and planks. In 1820-1822 a new stone pavement was

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Monumentul Glorie Osta[ului Romn, dedicat memoriei celor care s-au jertfit pentru patrie, sculptor Radu Aftene (1996). Pe un soclu de piatr` se nal]` un arc de triumf suplu, nconjurat de siluetele de bronz ale unor osta[i din epoci diferite. Pe laturile scurte sunt prezentate n pandant dou` figuri: una reprezint` un osta[ c`zut la datorie, iar cealalt` o Victorie. The Monument Glory to the Romanian Soldiers dedicated to the memory of those who laid down their lives for the homeland. Sculptor Radu Aftene (1996) A supple triumphal arch rises on a stone pedestal. Bronze statues of soldiers from various epochs surround it. The short sides present two figures in pendant: a soldier fallen in line of duty and a Victory.

anul urm`tor se va construi Uzina de Ap` [i apeductul, iar n 1892 se va introduce sistemul de canalizare n centrul ora[ului. De la felinarele cu l`mpi de petrol, din 1826, se trece n 1871 la iluminatul cu gaz lampant, iar din 1901 se introduce iluminatul electric. Sfr[itul secolului al XIX-lea [i nceputul secolului al XX-lea se caracterizeaz` printr-un amestec stilistic al formelor, ob]inndu-se ansambluri pitore[ti. Se manifest` [i influen]e venite din Viena, capitala imperiului, unde

made and in 1908 a number of 120 streets were already paved. In 1887 they will supply the city with a sewerage system, in the next year they will build the Water Works and the aqueduct and in 1892 they will supply a sewerage system to the centre of the city too. From the oil burning street lamps in 1826 they pass to the kerosene lighting in 1871 and in 1901 the electric lighting is introduced. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century are characterized by a stylistic blend of forms that resulted in

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Camera de Comer] Cl`dire n stil Secession, construit` n 1910. A func]ionat ca Hotel Astoria. The Chamber of Commerce This Sezession building was erected in 1910, and it once housed the Astoria Hotel.

arta se integrase stilului Secession, toate ducnd la l`rgirea eclectismului decorului: hotelul New-York, azi Continental (1894); Institutul Societ`]ii de Asigurare (19121913); Palatele Statusului romano-catolic [i ansamblul de cl`diri de la cele patru capete ale podului de peste Some[, ridicate la sfr[itul secolului al XIX-lea: Palatul Babo[, Palatul Szky, Palatul Elian [i Palatul Berde. La hotarul dintre secole, n tratarea fa]adelor predomin` corni[ele, profilurile curbe, folosirea pl`cilor de ceramic`

picturesque ensembles. One can also notice influences coming from Vienna, the capital of the empire, where art had got integrated into the Sezession style, all of this leading to a more marked eclectic character of the environment: the New York Hotel, nowadays the Continental Hotel (1894), the Institute of the Insurance Company (1912-1913), the palaces of the Roman Catholic Status and the ensemble of buildings at the four ends of the bridge across the Somes River, which were erected in the late 19th century: the Babos

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Palatul Elian, detaliu Construc]ie n stil eclectic, 1891. The Elian Palace, detail Erected in eclectic style, 1891.

Catedrala Ortodox` S-a n`l]at ntre 1923 [i 1933. A fost proiectat` n stil tradi]ional romnesc, de c`tre arhitec]ii Constantin Pomponiu [i George Cristinel, iar pictura interioar` este realizarea lui Catul Bogdan [i a lui Anastasie Demian.

The Orthodox Cathedral This abode was erected between 1923 and 1933. Designed in the traditional Romanian style by architects Constantin Pomponiu and George Cristinel, the Cathedral features interior paintings by Catul Bogdan and Anastanie Demian.

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Statuia lui Avram Iancu, executat` de Ilie Berindei (1993) De pe postament se nal]` o coloan` de piatr` ne[lefuit` avnd la baz` trei tulnic`rese, iar n vrf se afl` statuia de bronz a Craiului Mun]ilor, Avram Iancu. The statue of Avram Iancu, erected by Ilie Berindei (1993) A column in rough stone rises on the pedestal. At the base, it features three women sounding alpen-horns, and above the bronze statue of Avram Iancu, the Prince of the Mountains.

Stauia ecvestr` a domnitorului Mihai Viteazul A fost ridicat` de Marius Butunoiu n anul 1976, pe un soclu solid din piatr`. De jur mprejurul soclului se reliefeaz` stemele ]`rilor romne [i simbolurile unit`]ii na]ionale. The equestrian statue of Prince Michael the Brave Erected by Marius Butunoiu in 1976, its solid stone pedestal is decorated with the coat-of-arms of the Romanian Lands and the symbols of national union.

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Monumentul Lupa Capitolina A ajuns la Cluj n 1920 [i reprezint` un dar f`cut ora[ului de c`tre statul italian, ca semn de recunoa[tere a originii latine a romnilor. In prezent este amplasat` pe Bulevardul Eroilor. The Lupa Capitolina Monument The ensemble came to Cluj in 1920 as a gift of the Italian state in token of recognition of the Romanians Latin origin. At present, it has been established on the Boulevard of the Heroes, in front of the Transfiguration Church.

sm`l]uit` [i c`r`mid` aparent` (Biblioteca Central` Universitar` Lucian Blaga (19061908), Cl`direa G`rii (1870). Se manifest`, de asemenea, orientarea spre o art` cu caracter pronun]at cu utilitar ap`rnd industrial, cu sc`ri [i construc]iile sunt palate caracter

Palace, the Szky Palace, the Elian Palace and the Berde Palace. At the turn of the century in the facades they used many cornices, curved profiles, slates of glazed ceramics and face bricks as in the Lucian Blaga Central University Library (19061908) and the building of the railway station (1870). There is also a trend to resort to an art of a marked utilitarian character and this generated the buildings to be used in industry, administration and culture. These last ones are roomy palaces, with monumental staircases,

administrativ [i cultural. Acestea din urm` nc`p`toare, saloane de monumentale, [edin]e

spectacole: Palatul de Justi]ie (1902), Teatrul Na]ional (1904-1906), Palatul Direc]iei Finan]elor, Palatul Direc]iei C`ilor Ferate,

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Vedere panoramic` a Clujului de pe dealul Cet`]uia n planul al doilea, Catedrala Ortodox`. Panoramic view of Cluj from the Cetatuia Hill with the Orthodox Cathedral in the background.

Palatul Direc]iei Silvice, Teatrul Maghiar (1909-1910), Palatul Urania (1910). n perioada interbelic` s-au construit multe edificii noi: Catedrala Ortodox`, Banca Albina (azi, Cercul Casa Militar), Colegiul Academic (azi, Universitarilor),

meeting and performance halls: the Law Courts (1902), the National Theatre (1904-1906), the Palace of the Finance Department, the Palace of the Railway Department, the Palace of the Forestry Department, the Hungarian Theatre (1909-1910), the Urania Palace (1910). During the interwar years many new buildings were made: the Orthodox Cathedral, the Albina Bank (today, the Military Circle), the Academic College (today, the Academics House), the Greek Catholic Theological Academy (today, the Academy of Music), the

Academia Teologic` Greco-Catolic` (azi, Academia de Muzic`), Palatul Societ`]ii de Asigur`ri Adriatica, Palatul Societ`]ii Na]ionale de Gaz Metan, Palatul Uzinei Electrice. n Pia]a Central` (azi, Pia]a Unirii) s-a dezvelit, n 1921, Lupa Capitolina,

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Vedere panoramic` a Clujului de pe dealul Cet`]uia n planul al doilea, Catedrala Sfntul Mihail. Panoramic view of Cluj from the Cetatuia Hill with the Saint Michael Cathedral in the background.

statuie primit` n dar de la oficialii Romei. n perioada postbelic`, Clujul a cunoscut o puternic` dezvoltare edilitar`, construindu-se cartiere mari de locuin]e, complexe studen]e[ti, hoteluri, spitale: cartierul Gheorgheni (1965-1972), Grigorescu (1952-1964), M`r`[ti (1978), Zorilor (1980), M`n`[tur (1971), Complexul Studen]esc Ha[deu, Arhivele Statului (19661968), Biblioteca Academiei (1976). S-au ridicat cteva monumente: grupul statuar coala Ardelean`, n fa]a Universit`]ii

Palace of the Adriatica Insurance Company, the Palace of the National Methane Gas Company, the Palace of the Electricity Works. In 1921 they unveiled the Lupa Capitolina in the Central Square (today, the Unirii Square), a statue that was received as a present from the officials in Rome. In the post-war time Cluj witnessed a marked town planning development as big residential districts, student complexes, hotels, restaurants and hospitals were built: the districts of Gheorgheni (1965-1972), Grigorescu

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Cl`diri de pe Strada Republicii Buildings on Republicii Street

Babe[-Bolyai (sculptor Romulus Ladea), statuile lui Mihai Eminescu (sculptor Ovidiu Maitec) [i Lucian Blaga (sculptor Romulus Ladea) n fa]a Teatrului Na]ional, grupul statuar Horia, Clo[ca [i Cri[an (sculptor Ioan Vlasiu), statuia lui Baba Novac (sculptor Virgil Fulicea). Dup` 1990, municipalitatea a mbog`]it peisajul citadin cu cteva lucr`ri de art`: monumentul lui Avram Iancu (sculptor Ilie Berindei), Crucea de pe Cet`]uie (arhitect Virgil Salvanu), monumentul Glorie

(1952-1964), Marasti (1978), Zorilor (1980), Manastur (1971), the Hasdeu Student Complex, the State Archives (1966-1968), the Academy Library (1976). A few statues were erected: the Transylvanian School group of statues in front of the Babes-Bolyai University (sculptor Romulus Ladea), the statues of Mihai Eminescu (sculptor Ovidiu Maitec) and Lucian Blaga (sculptor Romulus Ladea) in front of the National Theatre, the Horia, Closca and Crisan group of statues (sculptor Ioan Vlasiu), the statue of Baba Novac (sculptor Virgil Fulicea).

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Cartierul M`n`[tur Fotografie aerian`. Manastur district Birds eye view.

Osta[ului Romn (sculptor Radu Aftene), monumentul eroilor Revolu]iei din 1989 (sculptor Aurel Terec), monumentul nchinat memorandi[tilor (sculptor Eugen Paul), memorialul din Pia]a Mihai Viteazul.

After 1990 the municipality enriched the cityscape with a few works of art: the monument to Avram Iancu (sculptor Ilie Berindei), the Cross on the Citadel (architect Virgil Salvanu), the monument titled Glory to the Romanian Soldier (sculptor Radu Arsene), the monument to the heroes of the 1989 Revolution (sculptor Aurel Paul). Terec), the monument to the Memorandum petitioners (sculptor Eugen

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Parcuri, gr`dini, locuri turistice

Parks, gardens, tourist sites

n configura]ia urbanistic` ntlnim nc` de la nceputul secolului al XIX-lea locuri de recreere [i gr`dini publice. Cea mai ntins` era gr`dina Haller situat` la sud-vest de actualul parc n zona str`zii George Co[buc. Un mic pod peste canalul Some[ului lega gr`dina de locul de promenad`. Actualul parc al ora[ului era ini]ial un loc ml`[tinos, br`zdat de mici bra]e ale Some[ului. Amenajarea lui a nceput n 1812 [i n c]iva ani a ajuns locul public cel mai agreat din ora[, cu aleile umbrite de arbori seculari [i lacul de la Cazinou, unde se pot face plimb`ri cu barca. Imediat n apropiere se afl` parcul sportiv Iuliu Ha]ieganu construit n perioada interbelic` [i dotat cu piste [i terenuri sportive, dar [i cu alei [i bazine pentru recreerea locuitorilor ora[ului. Oaze de verdea]` [i parcuri g`sim [i n cartierele noi ale ora[ului: Gheorgheni sau Grigorescu. Nu putem uita Cet`]uia, de unde se vede aproape ntreg ora[ul, Gr`dina Botanic`, cu splendoarea ei [i p`durea Hoia, unde se afl` Parcul Etnografic Romulus Vuia.

As early as the beginning of the 19th century there were recreation places and public gardens in the city. The largest one was the Haller Garden, which was situated south-west of the present-day park near the George Cosbuc Street. A small bridge across the canal of the Somes River used to connect the garden to the promenade. The present-day park of the city was initially a marshy ground crossed by small streams of the Somes River. They started arranging it in 1812 and a few years later it came to be the most popular public place in the city, with alleys covered in the shade of century-old trees and the lake at the Casino where one can go rowing. Close nearby there is the Iuliu Hatieganu sports park, which was made in the interwar years. It has sports grounds and tracks but also alleys and swimming pools for the entertainment of the city dwellers. Green spots and parks are also to be found in the new districts of the city, Gheorgheni or Grigorescu. We cannot forget the Citadel, which offers a view of almost the entire city, the Botanical Gardens with their splendour and the Hoia forest, where there is the Romulus Vuia Ethnographic Park.

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Gr`dina Botanic` The botanical gardens

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Text [i legende / Text and captions Eugenia Glodariu

Fotografii / Photos Mircea Savu tefan Petrescu Dan Ioan Dinescu NOI Media Print

Imagini de arhiv` / Archive images NOI Media Print Biblioteca Academiei Romne Muzeul Na]ional de Istorie a Transilvaniei Cluj-Napoca

Concep]ie grafic` / Graphic layout Mecena Consult Ovidiu Morar

DTP Gabriel Nicula

Versiune englez` / English version Mira Stoiculescu Alina Crc

Director de proiect / Project manager Arpad Harangozo Ovidiu Morar