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Managementul Echipei de Cart - Partea 1
Managementul Echipei de Cart - Partea 1
MANAGEMENTUL ECHIPEI DE
CART
(note de curs)
Capitolul I
Conceptul de management al
resurselor echipei de cart
Instruirea i antrenarea
Abilitatea de a desfura o activitate bine depinde, cu unele excepii, de
calitatea instruirii primite. Un instructor puin motivat va produce adesea un instruit
puin motivat. Orice persoan petrece o mare parte din via acumulnd diverse
cunotine sau mprind cunotine cu alte persoane. Acest proces pornete de la o
vrst fraged i continu, indiferent de profesia aleas, pe durata ntregii viei.
Proporional, o parte din aceste cunotine se acumuleaz pe perioada colii, alte pe
durate exercitrii profesiei alese. n acest context nu trebuie ezitat niciodat n a
transmite cunotinele deinute altor persoane cnd acestea solicit acest lucru.
Metodele de transmitere a cunotinelor sunt multe i variate. Acestea pot fi
mprite n dou mari categorii, metode de transmitere prin instruire i metode de
transmitere prin antrenare. Cele dou metode difer prin modul de concepere.
Instruirea unei persoane const n pregtirea sa n vederea executrii de diverse
activiti sau proceduri cerute de un anumit standard. Antrenarea implic dezvoltarea
unor abiliti existente prin delegare i monitorizare. Exist o delimitare foarte fin
ntre delegarea n scopul antrenrii i abrogarea unor responsabiliti!
Trebuie avut grij a se evita delegarea ntr-o etap primar a dezvoltrii
abilitilor. Dac instruitul nu este pregtit pentru executarea sarcinilor, efectele pot fi
devastatoare cu un enorm impact demoralizator i a pierderii ncrederii n puterile
proprii.
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Moralul
O echip demoralizat, sau chiar prezena numai a unui membru al echipei
cu moral slbit, nu va putea atinge cerinele maximale de performan conform
standardelor impuse pentru asigurarea unei continue sigurane a navei. Moralul
depinde de un mare numr de factori, dar un lucru n echip i o activitate bine
fcute pot fi realizate dac membrii echipei cunosc clar rolul lor n echip, pot vedea
rezultatele efortului depus, i corecteaz propriile deficiene i au ncrederea n
activitatea pe care o desfoar.
Capitolul II
Incidentele maritime sau dezastrele sunt foarte rar rezultatul unui singur
eveniment, ele sunt de cele mai multe ori n mod invariabil rezultatul unei serii de
incidente minore, reprezentnd astfel finalul unui ntreg ir de erori comise.
Formarea unui lan al erorilor poate fi prevenit dac persoana ce desfoar
activitatea pe comanda de navigaie, ofierul de cart, cunoate situaia navei, are
informaii despre situaia navigaiei n zona n care se deplaseaz nava i astfel
putnd evita comiterea de erori, ce prin nsumarea lor ar genera un lan al erorilor.
Ambiguitatea
Ambiguitatea poate fi uor definit ca fiind situaia n care lucrurile nu se
desfoar aa cum ar trebui, aa cum au fost ele planificate iniial. n cazul n care
dou sisteme independente i separate de determinare a poziiei navei, cum ar fi
radarul i GPS-ul, nu indic aceeai poziie a navei, aproape sigur exist o eroare la
unul dintre echipamente i aciunea imediat ce trebuie ntreprins este de
determinare a poziiei corecte a navei, n acest scop utilizndu-se un procedeu
independent de cele dou sisteme electronice de navigaie.
O situaie de o mai mare ambiguitate apare atunci cnd adncimea artat
de sonda ultrason nu corespunde cu adncimea apei trecute n harta de navigaie.
Un ofier de cart mai puin contiincios ar accepta acest fapt aa cum se prezint, n
timp ce un ofier de cart contient de misiunea sa ar ncerca s determine ct de
mare este diferena dintre adncimea real i cea indicat de sond, dac
adncimea trecut n hart a suferit modificrii ulterior editrii hrii, precum i care
este adncimea necesar pentru asigurarea siguranei navei i a navigaiei n situaia
dat.
Ambiguitatea poate exista i atunci cnd doi membrii ai echipei de cart nu
sunt de acord asupra corectitudinii efecturii unei aciuni. Ambiguitatea existent, n
esena ei poate s nu fie periculoas, dar arat c exist o diferen de opinii i
Distragerea ateniei
Distrarea complet a ateniei unei persoane de la un eveniment n
desfurare i concentrarea asupra unui eveniment adesea irelevant poate
reprezenta apariia unei situaii de pericol, chiar dac numai pentru o perioad
limitat de timp. Neatenia poate fi cauzat de munca excesiv, stres, oboseal,
apariia situaiilor urgente, dar cel mai frecvent este cauz de lipsa concentrrii
asupra unor detalii. Poate fi, de asemenea, cauzat de un eveniment neateptat, nu
din categoria evenimentelor cu grad mrit de necesitate, cum ar fi o conversaie radio
VHF cu o alt nav sau cu o autoritate, lucru ce poate solicita ntreaga atenie a unei
persoane, astfel neglijndu-se alte activiti necesare n situaia dat.
Confuzia
Un indiciu mai puin definit al unei situaii periculoase apare n momentul n
care o persoan desemnat pierde controlul asupra unei situaii n desfurare. n
cazul n care apare impresia c poziia navei nu este cea real, sau nu este aa cum
ar trebui s fie, persoana responsabil pe comanda de navigaie nu mai este
capabil s determine ce anume trebuie fcut pentru corectarea erorii, dac exist i
astfel se pierde controlul asupra aciunilor ce trebuie desfurate n continuare. Acest
lucru este cel mai adesea rezultatul unei lipse de experien.
Lipsa comunicrii
Slaba comunicare, att la bord ct i cu factori externi, poate fi un indiciu
asupra unei situaii de pericol ce poate aprea. Comunicarea la bord poate fi alterat
de diferii factori fizici, cum ar fi nivelul de zgomot, sau poate fi generat de absena
unui limbaj comun de exprimare, n special n cazul echipajelor multiculturale sau
chiar de diferenele majore n aplicarea diverselor proceduri. Comunicarea cu
exteriorul poate fi de asemenea influenat de lipsa unui limbaj comun, de
necunoaterea unui limbaj standard utilizat sau datorit imperfeciunilor de ordin
tehnic ce pot aprea pe parcursul comunicrii. Toate aceste elemente pot duce la
apariia de situaii periculoase pentru echipa de pe comanda de navigaie i implicit
pentru sigurana navei i a navigaiei.
nclcarea procedurilor
Abaterea nejustificat de la proceduri clare i nelese trebuie s fie
consemnat ca o pierdere a controlului i n acelai timp ca o trecere ctre zona de
risc. De exemplu, un ofier de cart pe comanda de navigaie care navig pe sensul
greit al unei scheme de separare a traficului ar trebui s-i ridice singur ntrebarea
de ce anume a procedat aa. Aceast situaie reprezint o poziionare a navei total
n afara rutei trasate i n acelai timp este o nclcare direct a Regulamentului
Internaional de Prevenire a Abordajelor pe Mare (COLREG); dac nava este n afara
rutei trasate i ofierul de cart ignor regulile privind navigaia prin scheme de
separare a traficului, nseamn c acesta nu numai c nu cunoate poziia navei, dar
nici nu contientizeaz rolul su n asigurarea siguranei navei i a navigaiei.
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Relaia dintre echipajul navei i pilotul maritim, portuar sau fluvial este una
dificil de definit.
Comandantul navei este responsabil de sigurana navei, piloii sunt angajai
pentru a acorda asisten n vederea executrii navigaiei n zone cu caracteristici
speciale de navigaie i de a facilita intrarea navei n port, acostarea acesteia,
precum i efectuarea manevrelor necesare la plecarea navei din port. Comandantul
are responsabilitatea deplin a navei i are de asemenea dreptul de a suspenda
asistena Pilotului n cazuri extreme n care se constant lipsa de experien a
acestuia sau luarea unor decizii eronate. n practic, Comandantul se poate gsi
chiar el n postura, nefericita de altfel, de a nu putea suspenda activitatea Pilotului,
cu toate c nu este mulumit de activitatea acestuia, dar fiind i n imposibilitatea de a
efectua manevra fr ajutorul Pilotului.
Cazul ideal ar fi ca att Comandantul ct i echipa de pe comanda de
navigaie s cunoasc inteniile de manevr ale Pilotului i s aib posibilitatea
prelurii atribuiilor acestuia n orice moment. Aceast situaie este posibil dac:
- echipa de cart cunoate dificultile i constrngerile zonei de pilotaj;
- Pilotul cunoate caracteristicile i particularitile navei;
- Pilotul este familiarizat cu echipamentul aflat la dispoziie i
contientizeaz gradul de susinere pe care l poate primi din partea
echipajului navei.
Din nefericire, nu acesta este modul n care se desfoar lucrurile n
realitate. Urcnd la bordul unei nave strine, adesea piloii simt c nu sunt susinui
de echipaj, realiznd c urmtoarea etap a voiajului este n ntregime n
responsabilitatea lor i n consecin ncearc s execute operaiunile ct mai bine.
n mod egal, ofierul de cart se poate considera exclus de la desfurarea
evenimentelor. El nu particip la planificarea rutei ce va fi urmat, nu cunoate locul
unde va ajunge nava i ce anume se ateapt de la el. n consecin, este foarte
probabil ca acesta s-i piard interesul.
Acest gen de ndoieli i dezinteresri pot fi uor depite de ctre echipa de
pe comanda de navigaie dac activitatea se organizeaz ca ntr-un sistem unitar.
Planificarea
O rut a navei bine planificat nu va impune oprirea n zona de mbarcare a
Pilotului. Ruta navei va fi continu de la mare deschis pn n dana de acostare,
sau n sens opus, mbarcarea Pilotului fiind parte din aceasta. Zonele unde Pilotul
are controlul asupra modului de conducere al navei vor fi de asemenea incluse n
planificarea rutei de ctre ofierul responsabil cu navigaia. Acest lucru va permite
Comandantului i ofierului de cart s compare modul de evoluie al navei n raport cu
ruta trasat i posibilitatea de a lua la cunotin despre dificultile i detaliile
caracteristice ale zonei tranzitate. Trebuie luat n calcul i situaia n care
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Monitorizarea
Deplasarea navei trebuie monitorizat cnd Pilotul se afl pe comand la fel
ca n oricare alt situaie. Aceast monitorizare se afl n sarcina ofierului de cart i
abaterile de la ruta planificat sau modificrile de vitez constatate trebuie aduse la
cunotin Comandantului chiar dac acesta nu se afl pe comanda de navigaie.
Deinnd aceste informaii Comandantul va putea ntreba Pilotul despre aciunile
ntreprinse de acesta, lucru ce trebuie fcut cu diplomaie i ncredere.
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cart
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Situaiile de criz
n general se poate spune c prevenirea accidentelor maritime are astzi
dou pri ce folosesc, ca baz de date de lucru, datele din rapoartele accidentelor i
incidentelor maritime:
munca pro activ, numit adesea evaluarea riscului, n timp ce riscurile
sunt evaluate nainte i msurile sunt introduse pentru a reduce apariia lor, i
munca reactiv, cnd accidentele sunt investigate i analizate pentru a
gsi cauzele i pentru a preveni reapariia lor. Consiliul European responsabil cu
sigurana n transport indic n Investigarea accidentelor i incidentelor n transport
din Uniunea European c multe state recunosc c aceast abordare are o
contribuie major la mbuntirea siguranei.
Evaluarea riscului
Aplicarea tehnicilor de evaluare a riscului a fost identificat drept o unealt
pentru managementul riscului de ctre Organizaia Maritim Internaional.
Exist, de fapt, un numr considerabil de metodologii i tehnici menite s
identifice i s analizeze eroarea uman, ct i despre prevenirea ei i diminuarea
producerii acesteia. Acestea pot fi evideniate printre altele:
evaluarea formal a siguranei dezvoltat de Organizaia Maritim
Internaional.
Metoda factorilor ce influeneaz performana aplicat grupului SINTEF.
Metoda TRIPOD: a fost dezvoltat de SHELL.
THERP (tehnica de prezicere a ratei erorilor umane): dezvoltat de
laboratoarele naionale Sandia.
n orice caz, evaluarea riscului nseamn:
1. Identificarea ntmplrilor din sistem
2. Evaluarea frecvenei fiecrui tip de accident
3. Estimarea consecinelor accidentului
4. Calcularea diferitelor riscuri, cum ar fi moartea sau accidentrile din sistem ntr-un
an, riscurile individuale sau frecvena accidentelor de un anumit tip.
Rezultatele obinute din evaluarea riscului pot fi folosite ca baz a
implementrii de noi msuri de siguran sau pentru schimbarea celor existente:
evaluarea riscului contribuie la strategiile eficiente pentru reducerea accidentelor,
indicnd unde trebuie aplicate msurile de siguran.
Analiza accidentelor
Pe de alt parte avem munca reactiv ce const, aa cum am mai artat, din
investigarea accidentelor cu scopul de a ilustra cauzele originale i pe baza lor s
stabilim msurile de a nfrunta situaiile similare: investigarea eficient a accidentelor
i incidentelor au o contribuie pozitiv i de durat la mbuntirea siguranei
transportului. n cazul particular al investigrii factorilor umani, Marine Accident
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6.
n al doilea rnd, o predare formal a carturilor ar fi trebuit s aib loc la
ora 16:00. Trebuia realizat o apreciere a situaiei navei la acel moment iar aceast
predare formal trebuia folosit pentru a revedea fiecare responsabilitate a membrilor
echipajului n timpul cartului ce urma, i eliberarea formal a ofierilor ce ieeau din
cart.
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n al treilea rnd, comandantul, ca ofier de cart, ar fi trebuit s se
implice n supravegherea corespunztoare n timpul cartului su. El ar fi trebuit s
comunice cu echipajul punte pentru a asigura un feedback, pentru a stabili nite inte
i prioriti, i pentru a se asigura c toi membrii echipei neleseser corespunztor
situaia lor i a navei, i alte roluri legate de managementul su. Dac ar fi fcut
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mare.
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nregistrarea AIS de pe Royal Danish Administration of Navigation and Hydrographys display system.
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ANEXE
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Call
sign
Flag
Ship's
agent
Year
built
IMO No.
Cargo type
Ship type
Last port
Telex
Other
PILOT BOARDING
Date/ETA
Freeboard
SHIP PARTICULARS
Draught fwd
Draught aft
Air draught
Displacement
Draught amidships
Lenght
(salt water)
Beam
DWT
GRT
NRT
ANCHORS
Port anchor
Starboard
anchor
Half
speed
Min. steering speed
Controllable
pitch
Number of fwd thrusters
50
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Channel 70
2187.5 kHz
4207.5 kHz
6312.0 kHz
8414.5 kHz
12577.0 kHz
16804.5 kHz
The frequencies that should be used for the follow-up distress message:
Radio Telex
2174.5 kHz
4177.5 kHz
6268.0 kHz
8376.5 kHz
12520.0 kHz
16695.0 kHz
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Changeover procedures
All officers concerned with the operation or maintenance of the steering gear should
acquaint themselves with changeover procedures.
Emergency steering drills
Emergency steering drills should take place at least three months and must include
direct control from within the steering gear compartment, the communication
procedure with the bridge and, where applicable, the operation of alternative power
supplies.
Records
The dates on which these checks and tests are conducted and the date and details
of emergency steering drills carried out must be recorded in the logbook.
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Other checks:
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_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Has a passage plan for the intended voyage been prepared? (see section 2)
Has the following equipment been checked and found ready for use?
anchors
bridge movement book / course and engine movement recorder
echo sounder
electronic navigational position fixing system
gyro / magnetic compass and repeaters
radar(s)
speed / distance recorder
clocks
Has the following equipment been tested, synchronised and found ready for use?
Other checks:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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In preparing the passage for arrival in port, has a pre-pilotage information exchange taken
place ? (see annexes A1 and A2)
Has the passage plan been updated following receipt of the Shore to Ship Pilot / Master
Exchange form and all latest navigational warnings?
Has a ETA been sent with all relevant information, required by local regulations (e.g. details of
dangerous/hazardous goods carried, etc)?
Has the steering gear been tested, and has manual steering been engaged in sufficient time
for the helmsman to become accustomed before manoeuvring?
Has the Pilot Card (see annex A3) been completed and are the pilot embarkation
arrangements (see annex A5) in hand?
Have VHF channels for the various services (e.g. VTS, pilot, tugs, berthing instructions) been
noted and a radio check carried out?
Has the port been made fullt aware of any special berthing requirements that the ship may
have?
Other checks:
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_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Pilotage
Immediately on arrival on the bridge, has the pilot been informed of the ship's heading, speed,
engine setting and draught?
Has the pilot been informed of the location of lifesaving appliances provided on board for his
use?
Have details of the proposed passage plan been discussed with the pilot and agreed with the master,
including
Has a completed Pilot Card (see annex A3) been handed to the pilot and has the pilot referred
to the Wheelhouse Poster? (see annex A4)
Has the responsibilities within the bridge team for the pilotage been defined and are they
clearly understood?
Has the language to be used on the bridge between the ship, the pilot and the shore been
agreed?
Are the progress of the ship and the execution of orders being monitored by the master and
officer of the watch?
Are the engine room and ship's crew being regularly briefed on the progress of the ship during
the pilotage?
Other checks:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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Have all navigation charts and publications have been corrected up to date, including
planning charts and publications for advice and recommendations on route to be taken
climatological information for weather characteristics of the sea
navigation charts and publications for landfall features
navigation charts and publications for Ship's Routeing Schemes, Ship Reporting Systems and
Vessel Traffic Services (VTS)
Other checks:
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_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Is the OOW prepared to use the engines and call a look-out or a helmsman to the bridge?
Has meassures been taken to protect the enviroment from pollution by the ship and to comply
with applicable pollution regulation?
Other checks:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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Are NAVAREA, HYDROLAND and HYDROPAC navigational warning broadcastts and other
long - range weather reports being closely monitored?
Are the changes to the local weather being monitored and is the barometer regularly
observed?
Are gyro / magnetic compass errors and radar performance being regularly checked?
Have measures been taken to protect type enviroment from pollution by the ship and to
comply with applicable pollution regulations?
Other checks:
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_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Have the engine room and anchor party been informed of the time of "stand-by" for
anchoring?
Are the anchors, lights / shapes and sound signalling apparatus ready for use?
Has the anchor position of the ship been reported to the port authority?
determine and plot the ship's position on the appropiate chart as soon as practicable
when circumstances permit, check at sufficient frequent intervals whether the ship is
remaining securely at anchor by taking bearings of fixed navigation marks or readily
identifiable shore objects
ensure that proper look-out is maintained
ensure that inspection rounds of the ship are made periodically
observe meteorological and tidal conditions and the state of the sea
notify the master and undertake all necessary measures if the ship drags anchor
ensure that the state of the readiness of the main engines and other machinery is in
accordance with the master's instructions
if visibility deteriorates, notify the master
ensure that the ship exhibits the appropiate lights and shapes and the appropiate sound
signals are made in accordance with all applicable regulations
take measures to protect the enviroment from pollution by the ship and comply with applicable
pollution regulations
Other checks:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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Have the master and engine room been informed, and the engines put on standby?
Are the COLREGS being complied with, particularly with regard to rule 19 and proceeding at a
safe speed?
Is the ship ready to reduce speed, stop or turn away from danger?
If the ship's position is in doubt, has the possibility of anchoring been considered?
Other checks:
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_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Have the master, engine room and crew been informed of the conditions?
Have all movable objects been secured above and below decks, particularly in the engine
room, galley and in storerooms?
Has the ship's accomodation been secured and all ports and deadlights closed?
Has the crew been warned to avoid upper deck areas made dangerous by the weather?
transmitting weather reports to the appropriate authorities or, in case of tropical storms,
danger messages in accordance with SOLAS
Other checks:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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Navigation in ice
Have the master, engine room and crew been informed of the ice conditions?
Other checks:
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_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
standing orders and other special instructions of the master relating to navigation of the ship
prevalling and predicted tides, currents, weather, visibility and the effect of these factors upon
course and speed
Procedures for the use of main engines to manoeuvre when the main engines are on bridge
control and the status of the watchkeeping arrangements in the engine room
the operational condition of all navigational and safety equipment being used or likely to be
used during the watch
the errors of gyro and magnetic compasses
the presence and movements of ships in sight or known to be in vicinity
the conditions and hazards likely to be encoutered during the watch
the possible effect of keel, trim, water density and squat on underkeel clerance
Other points:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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on failure to sight land, a navigation mark or obtain soundings by the exepected time
on breakdown of the engines, propulsion machinery remote control, steering gear or any
essential navigational equipment, alarm or indicator
Other points:
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_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Inform master
Other actions:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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Collision
Action to be carried out:
Make ship's position available to radio room / GMDSS station, satellite terminal and
other automatic distress transmitters and update as necessary
Broadcast DISTRESS ALERT and MESSAGE if the ship is in grave and imminent
danger and immediate assistance is required, otherwise broadcast an URGENCY
message to ships in vicinity
Other actions:
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_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Stranding or grounding
Action to be carried out:
Stop engines
Obtain information on local currents and tides, particularly details of the rise and fall of
the tide
Make ship's position available to radio room / GMDSS station, satellite terminal and
other automatic distress transmitters and up-date as necessary
Broadcast DISTRESS ALERT and MESSAGE if the ship is in grave and imminent
danger and immediate assistance is required, otherwise broadcast an URGENCY
message to ships in vicinity
Other actions:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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Man overboard
Action to be carried out:
Release lifebuoy with light and smoke signal on the side the crew member has fallen
overboard
Take immediate avoiding action so as not to run over the man overboard
Sound three prolonged blasts of the ship's whistle and repeat as necessary
Post a lookout with binoculars and instructions to maintain a continuous watch on the
man over board
Other actions:
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_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Fire
Action to be carried out:
Muster crew
Establish communications
Close down ventilation fans, all doors including fire and watertight doors and skylights
Make ship's position available to radio room / GMDSS station, sattelite terminal or
other automatic distress transmitters and update as necessary
Broadcast DISTRESS ALERT and MESSAGE if the ship is in grave and imminent
danger and immediate assistance is required, otherwise broadcast an URGENCY
message to ships in vicinity
Other actions:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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Flooding
Action to be carried out:
Make ship's position available to radio room / GMDSS station, sattelite terminal or
other automatic distress transmitters and update as necessary
Broadcast DISTRESS ALERT and MESSAGE if the ship is in grave and imminent
danger and immediate assistance is required, otherwise broadcast an URGENCY
message to ships in vicinity
Other actions:
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_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Establish communications with all other surface units and SAR aircraft involved in the
SAR operation
Monitor X-band radar for locating survival craft transponder (SART) signal using 6 or
12 nautical mile range scales
Post extra look-outs for sighting flares and other pyrotechnic signals
Other actions:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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Abandoning ship
Action to be carried out:
Broadcast DISTRESS ALERT and MESSAGE on the authority of the master
Instruct crew members to put on lifejackets, and wear adequate and warm clothing
Instruct crew members to put on immersion suit, if carried, if water temperature is below 16 C
Order crew members to lifeboat stations
Prepare to launch lifeboats / liferafts
Ensure that lifeboat sea painters are attached to the ship
Embark all crew in the liboats / liferafts and launch
Ensure lifeboats / liferafts remain in safe proximity to the ship and in contact with each other
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