p

ARGUMENTARE,
C OMUNI CARE,
SI
SOFISME

o perspectivà pragmadiaIectica

Frans H. van Eemeren

Rob Grootendorst

niversitatea din Amsterdai

Tia ice di ii fri eig1eza de ( orina ndoie ca

( 919t1 1Jnver9Ity I ics’,

2010
 CUPRIN

Prefatà Ia editia originalâ

i’tJulumiri
üI{ L ivt h I I tu lue hi ru,
refata I z edqi n hmba rornana
, p’ J sa
n n It iro, oc l re ogr re, bean &au Nota radi atoa elor
‘i’ Fu nor rin urneH ur Icr dotmatoare ale drepturilor

Aboida pragna dialectica

tudi to asp ira a guni r tárii
aIatî I. niesih Press Componeutole programulni de cercetare
d ( \( “I
Postulate pragma-dialectice
t Ti (1 ‘1 HflU T’i C
Priviro de ansamblu asupra strueturii lneràrii
ma 1 IS aid
2 Punt e dc edere i diferente do opinie
Rex Ivarea diftr nelor do opinie
Puncte de vedere pozitive i negative 14
Dispute simple i dispute complexe 13
Ex niple d diput3 ocR patru tipun standard
[ j to ‘i le S ir’pute multiple
LI 1 1 i to a nix VS d mute mixlo
rgurn utei, muni are i sofisrne o perspectivà Pre7entarea lingvisticà a pnnctelor do vedore i a indoielii
T) agina—dialc’ctic FicHe I van l’c’nic’ren, Rob (irootendorst Exprimare’i punctolo! de edere
I Ji ii \ d n ‘\H( ( ala (a1 iti 0 ilati Fxi ruasri inIoi I i
3 Argumer area a act do vu bire complex
Aspeetul c nnuni ativ i aspectul interaclional
Ido ntificorc a aspoc*elor eomumcativ i interactinnal
cte de vorbire elementare i coniplexe
(Ion in d ‘dent tate i d core ‘titudine ale argum nta c
1 Ac e ie o bi r drseua ritica
Eta pole roiolvrn and dispute
Ditributia actelor de vorbire In cadrul etapelor dialectice
rt ii

Est resivelo
l)’ci OrativClf
I) iscursu 1 argument ati’ cc diseu ie critied
 lc de Iirtha rnp1u tie ii rrtdrretc
h’ti
16 12. Sofi.q,ne lit alegerea mijiocicelor de
apãrare 1
In iinhaj nnphc iCe tti d keurul a go mentatil 46 Alegerea mijloacelor do apàrare a unni punet
1% it’ I a ‘a
de vedere I ‘I
in a e c r it iO ii c 51 Apelul Ia erno’i1e auditoriului
nc ‘it ‘cit ci’ cc ‘a et in d c nil ‘e nd r te 1
58 Etalarea propriilor ealitài
C ( if Probi”in cli privire in mijloaele de aparare 138
Ci (‘X it in tC Ci I U 51 ( g rn t 68 pnn”tviui e r
< ci itt Ia i ‘ i arrnai in ‘i Ia n1 ci in tie 13, Sofime In tratareupremiselor implic
6’i ite
i’’ IC C’P p fl mt 8 P tii j i d’ cc 111
tttIC Explicitarea p emiselor neexprimate
r tim in ‘t t’ nate ice optCmuIul pragmatic’ 1
67 Exagerarea prenilsel neexprimate
I t I In ‘1 ‘n pi< ititit in’ Negarea premiei neexprimate
C 4,)
‘
‘ epii<n’tf 70
14’
7 Problem v plivixe la pemiele neexprimt
ii
CC CV <PC ‘Ci I C<C CIT UI f It 3)1 mul ttfltitt CC 70 14. Sofisrne In utilizarea pun cteior de
I plecare is
1 i t CI I Despre puneftie cc p1cca.r
Ut in I’ I ic cx iii ‘it r’r p it
‘it i%plor IcC xprinmatc. 71 Falsa prezentare a unci premise drept puiiet
de plecare eomun 15-7
I, 7 r a ni a’ I Ii ton nl c Refuzarea unet premise ca punc’t de pkcare
7 eoirvn
itc ita4ia ntult ipia Probleme cu privue Ia punctele do pleca.re
76 1 Sc
IC O9 1taCtm ‘itt tpu’n pta i t’oitrdo at 7 15. ‘ofisme In utilizareo schemeloi argum
It e mc
entati ,e 11’
tin it tpi %á itt tin rdona Sc Despre schctnele argumentative
H H Ca nit m mkcle ICI
‘ PC C’cprHrCaCC’ 89 Utilizarea unci scheme argumentative nepotrivite
I6
TjtiIj area ii, o ictii a un’i ‘cheme argum
P4RTE\aIJa:(iininca’ei”ofiszne entati adec at Ii
93 Probleme Cu privire la schemele arumentativc
I fit,
16. Sof sir e ‘r tilizarea formelor logue ale argum
<1 t’t rtl 41 Cl altiai et, rhaerir’,qr,lui argutnentutli ’ t ‘i 7
Despre formele logice ale argunientrii
C C pC Cit it at tt tt ria1ice 7 ‘C
Confuzia di tm eondiii necesare i sufi ‘it ate
1< CC’ ‘I g Tic. it CV C iitLi it ii ii
C ‘t e 7
Confuzia intro propnietIrilc pArii i ale intregu
iH Ce t, It C’S e71 C a e C gelik C r ‘a Cti i lui
Prohieme cu pnivire Ia utillzarea formelor
logice ale argumcntitr I 11
1C’
(I 7. Sf’cmc n etapa lnchidc,,i dtsculc’t
lit Ut C’ pi CitC r tit’ V ‘C-’ C Cit ml lii 8<
108 Stahilirea rezultatului discuiei
I C Ct tiC pr ‘a HI a’ pc o tr ‘it ul 110 I soIutzarea reu,itc. argUflientaiei
15 “i nc 1 it
cit ‘a <it ‘4Cc FHIUPCC Cl
C-
112 Absolutizares eecului argumentaiei
‘UI t p ta cc a claps enniruntar it
114 I I
Probleuw cci privire Ia eonciuzia discujici ‘ritice
C< (it
a a it fs Cl uF a a! ii or in di et 71a cc ta’à 1(8 18. Sofnie de uza)
C I Call Cl a miCa in ii i P CIII 8 i ‘ale a- 118 Prezentarea i interpretarea diceursului argumentativ
‘C ‘C <1 i ii p it It it in it 112
11
Ne In itnlil
itt ‘CC hl pa let dc t in c t n-v ‘xi 122 01
C’ il,I AmhiguitãiIe
‘CCC’ C-’ p IV C’ C mit ru 8 8 at’ IC CT It ‘t 205
Prohl tie p v’ . I w aj
P r ai ‘a- ‘n area nit ii puuirt de rodere 127 19 Con cluzie
CC- I <iICtp CC CCC C C Cit VC’CIC’C 21 1
127 Regui Ic dIsc utici ‘mitt a.
‘4 ttt P 11 0 CC 7th tIc C CC I V oponentul n 128 Inclilcarile regulilor discuiei entice
C itt p in ICC iii C C’ C’dC me a! pnnentulia 130
I qofismele tradiiona1e en incltleãni alt. regulil
U CI C C C’ C i p c flt CC p 1 0 r or discuiei e ‘11’’
‘ 8 C 31 ‘Ivantajele rhordS ii nragma—diah’etice
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VI e V ii a I a, 1 Vi dlai 1 pentru deosehita atenie
d m ci ci ii ci d ii An hr iy Bla’r n cit ci r utiil In uneVI linfre
-ii r natn Prefatá ía editia in limba românã
I L I i i’ t it I ci In f ‘i t ft. Ii iant xi ofuit Argumentarea oslo un element de bazb. in rozolvare
o do a diferentelor de opinic
ici nftiikci P con ‘tiirr m dotneniul tiintp In mod constructiv, Dc nc cc, cultura argumen
Inr r mane i sociate t in’ ext i id s c r I
a i f ii ci it xi 1. / cc P ccci Regale )I indoze once s cietate civthrnti, Acesta este i motivul pent
pontru ru care in universithtile
“i int’i ci it cord it spriinu1 in mopul inRint moderne din intrc age urne studiul argumentiru catig
dru grupulut do u tot a a mu! r
a Ice x Ic r in ilca i aVI regul VIe diecursului nrgu In Judiul de fda am expus, alituri de regre
monta v I’ t.atul meu r iii g I ii
r i i I t i V ‘aui i P ‘i p n tc ci il ii Vi re Grootendoret, propnia noastri abordare teoreticii
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r xi P V P r. a i ipul at In ci ahzarr n notr’1 xc xi e bibliog traducere a monografiei noastre in Iimba rominP a fot
rafiei realirnto xi
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 tibord rca piagma’dialeetk
S
sit ( . I itt “1 to 1 if ift pa tr to du s
5r a i tat
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5 no isc P tntru
1 it’ t i tti ass sn I ‘a
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nr pt
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ft or ‘a om mt tar on
no noroaso azitari pentru 0
PARTEA 1: ARGUMENTARE I (‘OMUNI( A U
a, 5 (‘i 0 at i t 1 U I p i iii gut ton ativit
(
a
5 terbola eted. hnga isticit.
Pd ar it tat 55 00 a :p
4bordareapragma ”
‘
<s
a or tu tit fo 111
a a a t a
is it t, ii “ t P ,ia it ‘doss si “to Ia oat nfl at lit a at atonu]ui dacft am or ar
i a
5
t
diale ct,u
hi’s list ti nt ttt P t tat “u’ tiaduciti ira itl’twi in limbs francozit an
.1 5* I I” a a
P tb a o m p t’i pt pa a am at to a is a bind tart, tudiPe a’,uI,ra gu’na5nLãrii
‘5 it a i’ lit
. itt n ul pet rat
5 1 to in au at am
iminoco r an
Pt i tin It nOtr a is no a a Pp “a .ttt att tnt on pi d ill” p te cv lot a tn ultimii zoos’ ani, studiul argumentàrii sri con’tit
uit intrun dana na
tl ‘‘It o p gsa t’dtals Ii dir itli St a it it lit tiflUt (“011001 t 11011 notmit utor ii 1 baza aa”stei evolutii stan eforturi]e 5
engi. interdisciphn a.
at t a’ .0 1 a tat i sp d deiva tat a pragm i.dialocticti. Iilctsofilor. ale specialitior din domeniul logicii forinale
5. tt t is P 1 ti 0 it a in .a t a” en t’ a” (P a a 1 te i non4ormalt’, oh
-‘a Is -‘I at ida I ltad na.litilor di ct sului i conversatiet, ale ercettori r
t ‘
i ft’t*sC’E’sist pro “rtaa’tu l utlomortt ,stiutstgtque, V. d n 11 It a
so I ‘ns II sott ts’ar l’”t”’t O( 41 1 ma tan at liqtto tie tapproche
tomunicaru procum pi ale reprezentantior multor alter diecipi
,7 -P ‘t
titi [at
St
P ‘
ii 1 i-ti a
P1 i” iJ Si h hnct dc liverti Ic p rspectivc. asupri d scu ‘suits erg i sat nt ft
( ft itt a arpurtcn.t
5 /5 a is!’ ‘it (at p. (1 7 Ps is: Pa “ce & art )000 elaborate mai mulle paradigme. Este varha In princip
al dcsprm’touot
Ja etoricli on’e uta de Chaini Perelman pi I ucic’
i il 1 s oP t’s in 1 l no r Ito a alt it roumar sat slid (don Olhrceht Pyle . a
it 1 0 ii analitie dezvolt.at de Stephen Toulmin.
problematologia lut Michel Plot
.

at a’ s’ sp.s it at ‘‘ Ia” srt I” a fP rt a”hira.]at

-is s -si 5 colt a & t t tti it iii to tnt iii 5
a sa epioternicn oeia1d propued dc Charles Willard logica ron for
( at pi it pit r I a” oat na P l’s’
0’ ‘ti. 35” itt 1” slop r
nO i tnt ft dora it putam to ida to titlul acestet de cdtrs’ Aisihont Blair i Ralph Johnson. abordarea sosrne
ii 5 iii ‘t It its stt 017 17 pa on or mu ta”” t Jo/iso), on stat Ior do ‘ala
‘-5
1 1 ‘t I t’t John Woods pi Douglas Walton, logica naturald a liii JeainB
‘5 SI t a st P p at t I t t ( I/i o t icc a” lai t’ Ga i
.o in J ;1 lt dialeclaca f,rmal psopusa dc Else Barth i Erik Kiabbe, ptc’cus
lii U 0 (5 1
-‘ is ‘t I salts at), it in to it Iictionqrele as pi as sits
(‘ t 5 5 (1 a tat not nit mat Ph t am ft propur ca alte contributia t€’oretic’e care propun perspective mai malt ‘mu mci
5 sl at a ii P
t
5
put
,
it r itt a it di a r utaaem elal orals asupsa studiulul argumentfsrii,
I’ & lt Ii I ‘Ii at’] hilt pvc ( p a” ro not it) alt at i ho no.
In America de Nord, precuin pi In Europa, studiul argum
0 ,Ilt is ‘Ils. I I I i I r t I tin “at lot rat ft /ns ( nbc to tat t Ion enad ‘ii a
• t’ (0 5” 31 it’s 0 10 1 i to I j’ iti ‘ot ma no I pam at
a u at mu I tim do 1 icrir Ic elaborat di Tulmin a e a Ii’
at tetmon t ,

at is’ -
ii t 1 i i’s’ to do i ott itfitrait leotur i Toulmin cdt pi Perolman au lncercat till gllseasdd o aiternativd
a rn ‘“at,’ a nttl”t’ is I “1 in f a
Ia lnCi’a
s
‘ 0 I ‘a no sofi&m a tr a , a 1 vi potrivitd pentru anahza ii ‘curr Ia a p s t a
S 5-( 5 5 ‘ st sttt at’ Into a ttsrtt’it, ,t l
f
0lpitto o”c a anticipt p’
ii 5 a s tO 41(0 ohipnuit Ptxnb’i an avut ca model tie hard rationament.ul juridic flsojs’t
i /sS, i ‘it to Os am rcpuli anlot tat ci ittodelul .
5 it ii Ii 5
t S ‘it to 5 5’ rs Is a s di’ “ri a naastr’i t tup ertiltati 1 nit e ‘to. ii’ i u sail 1 ti I
a in’
,
‘it ii
‘0 lii t 1. 01’s itt t t.l t fi’( Pal I Ut Itt dint ‘i’ tot’vpI satisfacdlor. At’easia so datoreazd, ccl putin in parts’. preud.
ca,a(ii
sos

to is it I vssI so at t Pita t hail it fl I it It lab i 007 nrc neintemeinte a air cI r uteri, care ‘or
rider’ c°a lopia n a are umic 1 ii ii
analizei nrgumantaict, Idra a so avea in rerlere dezroltarile
ma koran
iii Is logica formald este flit asimiIatll logicii dance do’ tip nilogistic
-s I I t 1 0 1 a ash
I’ pa ‘or
t “1 ‘ It I s Ps us ft ‘/. ‘5l lNa,ti slialat’tts’tI, ampl do hira a a i eaphc al in ‘azul disc ursului argutnc’nta
11 ‘s, 5)
ot r
v t.Iii a”. P
‘
a is a to’t an ssi Issaa!o p r (P. 1 larttitt
-

S 55-5
tu’I u 5 ni dispunt’ ist iz di
go itt t ropraa rnfr tstruc furs a Ii
res’istc tiintauice (Argumentation, Arpumentation and Advocacy, lit formal [apis

da”(i (S U 05 a irgu i’ OT ‘a Pragma ‘s or d Dto u tic Ia” /

tat itt
l!ublscsatsons / Mouton tie tdruvtor), soeietitt.i IA,nerican Fnren,c’,’ ,4sses at
r
a’-,
Astot’/ahon for Itt forn at logic and Critical Thinking,’ International
d’o, a
‘

it’ 11 4, of Argtt, to itatan) p conferir fat (APA S 1A Ia Al a. ST TA, I a at

Logic, Ia Windsor, Canadal ISSA Ia Amsterdam, Olandn),
Cf Perelm a ( lhr ‘Pta P
4 vi (1958 I 963 Poulmin 98 P y
Willard I 1989), Blair pi Johnson (1980), Woods ci Walton (1982a, 1980), (
,
t

PItrOli at
frahh (198°),
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 Capitoltil I
Abordarea pragma-dialectica
ii i - . i’ c - - ‘m a’ 1 nm i 1 ot ‘u-vaIn pu
to -I -- n nodiata
to nI m nut tá, dat considerã argumentarec en find a pt bi
i i ira ut to ii c y caP P so x mci in m p e’cperientm.
-mm mti determma adeziunea auditoriului. Dacà idealul do
ito not aic ii maO’ eat mlii Iliad necocarh a inti epItrunder c rational itate so refera La
lot tin grup eflai into-un anumit bc i intr-un
- i’ rr ii or Pt 11 p gr cm r “ - tar i it e ton anumit m me it it ii
u a Ii-’ -c abordare retorica poate fi caraeterizatb drept antrojn
- me ‘ nit mi’ - . I ml intro h-tuna . relatzv ala
Pontru cercetátorii din domeniul dialecticii care
C .0 i C au o pozitie crita’m,
ratipqljtte T m c’tp detorminatà numii d’ no’mo a— rd tin tnt
t n n it
ii at rebui ca at ii in n r’ c
‘p ci lop rid’ p do norma ,,externfr” care mre
ii di’ legdtur intro abordarea oc unto ant’ sà so ajunga i t c-s air rd
fiolosindu-se o procedurd validã, Deoaroce
OLit U C i 0 dtnn xp i Prblorueip mpk’xe oist vito pet P rezolvate aceti cercetãtori contert
argumeutare— en file Ind parte dmtro liseuti” criticd
ii o u it cc a ro cu n zater In intro c u r
to pi o ca n a cot uroor UC CU rmde tirinatonroic tomponente: au ca seep rczolvarca unet cliferente do oprnle, uiriteriul
suplimantar di’
ii n’’ini rn hi rationalitato propun tine do adeevarea procedurii
uij rio ci ra ici argumentative Ia
atmgcroa aeeatu a op Datoritd Iegturir stahiite
ci ii It hi oo 1 ritior alt ate, porninduse mtr a e 4 u t
a I a ttm. d zv It at ur mode to trot P do artiumentare rationalitate i dosf7ilurarea metodiciu a unei diseutii
iii entice, aberdarpa
P P It p to Li Pt
dialc’cttcà poate ft caractorizatã en fund crutic-rationuui.std.
vi iit tt cc it r ehtate
ed no
I a r vol toc roti eercetatorri din domoniul argumen
it, to it i iv air t do apar p oblemc Ii practivil. Apor In p .0 t rc i P
P a on in i ted Patomaft P dtrnc nsiunie riormatrv. ci deseriptivã idealunle de rationalitate propunánd un model specific
a cei’a cc
prmupune a ft o conduità rational in discursul orgu
I it C 1( F it ‘ i it a v v u ii o d iron no ito v P ct 1
:u oeii oat. it dcal i ropun od furmrezc o imagine adecvatI
din r’pactva idealulut do rat tonahtatc’ adoptat.. as .mpr ccci ic—i iii
I tilendi argumentativ prin punerea In evidentà a modurilor
ma
prohIma importance a raportulut dintre di’ argumertam
a it Ii
I a ri ci c P Ic t di at nr litate
acceptrbil pontru un judecàtor rational, In functft d
ii o at in t c ‘i’
to rr p ‘c’ oF’ ‘lindainentolo ale ‘itudiul n arzunientrii, In fdoaofi a a rationc htd ii. Se iroeazI astfel un cadru teoroti
in 1” ii C. c cart’ arc ate mir
a tatcn tori dt i ii an. aul at mc ‘ru cii nu eon c’ptii d cInd totul so desfilsoard normal functii euristice. analiti
ee -ri riticc in
C C i 1 Ii P 1 a
horda ‘a disc ir°i Ku argume itativ
P. p ii di’ in to su )ra r Intr-un model coterie. pornindu-so de Ia cunotinteie
?ii lii ( I; ii mu too me cc utebmta ci Jplniit€’ ham
a mm P anurnit auditoniu. cc prezinth tehnicie do argnm
in icr t it t a’ mv 17 oP -a ccc re d t entare c ni Ito t -
,1 I ‘ficient Doe- r acceptabilitatca unem argumentatut
, ,., , ,
- - ti’ - i ‘d (11 -‘ P m ‘pc -‘rc
- 1” mn,., ‘stc a’ I p
each-ui do referinta epistemic specific unui anumit public.
areasth aberdrtrt
i-ste numitã op stern ico-retoried,
I I’ i I I it I
r ml I 1 —

I) I I in e, ‘ci ‘t on di i domcniul dinlocticu cot

..r-ml.tilI- di.. cnpttvo. cmmnctderPnd e a c m’mz 1 -ide a i gu in ‘m a
P I, 11,-i a P a’ ca o compenentl a unci discutii orifice implicite san
I am ‘ti r
-
r r’ lt ivmsmiuhum etmistemnolaPa
.

- . explicite, modem] lot

I 1 Itt 4 it roiint’ niguli ca e specifiefu micIrilevim care contrib
I u ii d’ u ‘rtnide u p n di or ft
‘I’ I to P P Pi ( 151 II lit su umo rr ah’rdmrrmm par ale dis ut ci cimtic’, In rozolvaroa difercnto di
i
opmnic Daeii ict I ‘a Firm ii’
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 ( apitolul 2 Piinetedevedereiidi(erudeop;
uw
a (d) r o’ a’ in in d lar ca Maria en nu o chpu 15
lr (3), Ma ‘is i .
asIa a berm lepdsitl)
i ii a v e I i a U a c d 1( or xprirnat m Un punct Is vedere poate fi formulat in
i rinto i’Sl voica pa Jon (it’ atcopt ib litatea puiictu diverse inoduri, do ii o formula o
[u.i ci de explicit/i ri olara, precum. Panda! man
1 1 1 v’ n i it I a u ni in’ atat de probabil, da vedere esfr par I srnpl u
structuraltsrnul esk o teorie depdfitci, pPnP
P - -, Pa nip! i i U liUltatla Mai s’i, part’ cà c’xiqto eel Ia formul/iri nai pr id ii a i ii i
-

putin 0 putun agresive, precurn: Cred cP

I I, ‘ 1114 - n foal. xprirn ala, dar can’ ote do fapt absolut structuralisrnul pc/c o teorsa thpiiatrr
Propoz4ia do care so leagP punctul
‘‘II 01 ‘ it i’ I I ‘hi Iii it ii’ a iia(’(a iiit’uriiincare
d vaPors s° t it xtir d
‘
perspectiva globald, cain Punetul rn-eu
—_

I ‘ I fiini’i de i’edere este cP sfrudurrzlirmu/ ‘sb

o (cone depditci, sau poate avea un dsni
eniu do aplic ifie mai reatranc, is i
I ii a edeni pozit i’ e i negative cairn est cazul enuntului Punctul nu
c/c t’edere este cci onumite 085’ 1 0
structuralrsrnuluu aunt depd?ite.
a ii i it. a i Pi I, an tnt, p ii md pe
vcirbitor
•‘
Reprezentam cole troi tipuri do panels Pc
i V 1011 a ii’tuia is Uti ‘ate I tel ri’ Ie aita. e peale
I Ii vaPor po’abiIa ‘stit 1
I” 1. /p: panel de iederepozitlt’ iii
1 t
‘not in(ia ai trti a fit’ di’ asord cu a aa’iti paici
e, at dmlea aP
1egturP en propositi’up
I UI I iiIat 2. / a: iund P. odor” negahrv ‘n legPturP
-

i’t’ ii cnd.A epzilstp)t en propoiitia p

ii.’ ‘05 U 5nOlt’lr lupturs 3 0/ps panel do v’dere zero in 1egtura en
‘ “
propoaitia
in rn (Pal care avanseazii un punc’t do vodere
U P as d sis’t I pozitiv asIc actfel arcgajatp
oziti f It--i
do propozitia Ia ‘are so round punctul
S ‘1 a I r I - i i do vc’deue. asa dupa turn 5 1 111
avansoazit an purict do vedere nega
1 ‘i a Ut a U talilam L e 0 to r 1 tiv eats angajat negc if ‘i P P
prepnr1a Is care so roford punctul do
vedere. (/nnsecinla pragmaticii coreP i
iii faptul ed, in oricar’ haIrs
t’ It, ‘islitip itIif idatmemh c cazuni, protagonistul este c P
I1l&/1i
petit idoptate punctul de vedere (pozitiv ran negativ 1
a pi .I( 1:1 ‘(1 ‘icUiral’,m 111 oati’ a leant’ P ‘pPitii a lrd’àtura ) dacTi eat-c at scat, aPP P daoa
a ceptab litatea punctului Pc v’dere este
1 1 ( 1 Ii i I ‘i i I ‘1 U ii it p 0 it’
pus la indoimV \c a’ t t P
‘
, I 01 111 existit at Pt limp cdt nu so renuntP Ia punc
in” iLma aV tai a- ii p 1; tIlts ib ar a dopta puncte do
tul do vedere, Ccl care aIop P ì
punct d edere zn’s an se anga/eaza na-i poatu’. ‘

ruier ragatr fat’, us

prsporut
m
0 e Denaroce nu oxistit niciun punc
oP
tI”mti! “t( S U out’ doppitP so ecpriina un0 iiit’( III’ t de vedere, n m ‘x alP a
obligatie Pt’ a-I sustrno. Evident. eel c-are
a
I i a or Iii u, pr poiitmonal In () ‘a’ noagP
j! t p .v r nu adoptP mama punet. do aedar
Ut U a -I- i(i ‘ant a i poato ii ala ‘at tocrmai dir a ‘eat noun Ian
‘ii a P ‘j e ‘xpritr P iii purn t do
acerati ‘ste o r II p a 1 i
a p a a 1.1 aci ‘a,i propozit-ic tn rfarpt in dl, Dispute simple i dispute com
I a fr h I P plexe
‘1 i I n at r Ut a gal a i a ‘
Pontrl ca 0 disputd sit existo, Urebute
‘‘‘I-C 1111 1l’ili( l 4’r’ oath 0101 US tI fl(gotbr sit exhale 0 indoiald cu ‘hair-’ 11 11
piuuit I Pc a’ clere, adic it
I I II 11 1 aeceptahilitat.oa acestuis an name do In sine. Un
II. t84 I ‘a T1C1UI unit do edate
.

Pc vadere oslo pus is indolalit atunci uint I

i ‘tn’ n’ a rain aPt ‘1 a cuspId Un punc.t d ’ “odors tars Aca”t
1 cdnd r u este ir it a c ml
1 n 1111, 1 iridiach cu pta-ire ia acceptabilitatea an.
1’ lU it lot cuiet ‘I ‘al trOd a-ri ‘maniac Un anurnit A no exprima indoiata mnseamnP a 1
ovoca a ccl at propur a Un punet (Ic veda
C’ ‘1 1 U II 11 5 11)1 1 1 ) P ‘‘ri it’ ‘it ITS
‘
U UT anurnit
“ re ad î an atma II
u’•a riar’a poato’aniai I’rnd 15 T U ‘ate iitaiept ad iri’ueair oP un anajauwnt do acceptare punc ‘ ‘

ihd Prera n a tului do vedere opu’c.

t i Ni e I. n ‘ap a’ I necesar sa existe doua
I I 1 ‘
.11 1 1. II a I t il () fl fli am 11 ‘
puncto do a’ dare spun’ pan
at Pica a disputa, deii in practicit so mtPmpld ades -

ii ai’’ 1 -
5u’t’i €‘, Par am it gatu.rP. c u a/Id
.

ea aatfol Col fl ii ‘i p
tip no disputit cUe ci-’] in ease cmeva avarise
1 5 1 . bfl a (5 in ii i ,t Oi In aism a! azd an punct do vt-dora i-mr api
as eonfruntd cu o I mdoialn’v Nu cab
relevant aPt do puturi lea I I I
a c -‘ni j n ‘P p a- huh i to (Ti ,, ft ‘s a Ic -Prat nu a’ a Diati IC uk, du natura em in logic i f/ic ito in r’Ipilo
‘at’ Ib’drrI,ia(,’oj-TIu Ut’ P 7 runt u loapl ii P
pent U inlelegari’s corel-ta a Pitrtii a doua
a cart-u Notatiiie p ‘rmit 0 ile’r
Pita ciii mc m dir u ‘ala ariuuns ‘ntativ a
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1 t I
 Punctedevedereidifredeopinie —
1 pi o iii S
n i tc t a ii n xa j I c o a tfcl L
I ii ontiio a’
—

maP N o propemtw ae fo1osote punet si viroulà

Li 2 / ( ip). 4
a [mu ia Ia culi a iinei dto sop zitii, In timp
rp
a n a N S ac r o i to i 1 ai a at /1 19 separ de ur t I uu s in ipirir a cu 1ap
110 U La Ba nu

L2 - ‘P P

4 Disr fr no tij 11 iixtu

Li N or frrbui so tot opun -

I N u to rd utire
.
1
L Si or trehut 1i so lose in pace unii pe
La Nc ci at r de icad

l.a - Si orinurn no ‘.trve5t Ia nimic dacã tot pro toctear

La br namenii serini au luoruri mai hune do Stout

L C vaicrifri t.
La !pi + lpr
¶/( —

Ijt) Ip
Li /p ?/( -I ? !p41
to an puat - /pic /(_.

I(+/pi)

Dispute simple VS dispute multiple

In onuntul F aderdrat cd o at/iodine pozi tiua fatd do folosirea dialcctclor eric
adesoa con-cornitentci cu competenfrloi’ do utzlizarc
a unui anumit di /ce
pu ictul d dire cfcr9 lo o propciz1ie c e orb mar omple i
propozitja din enuntul Saul Beloit este rcriitor.
Pc lângi o asemerma
co npk xit to rc nor tio isle ,calitativa” exist I i o formá do on
N to
care punctul do vedoro ac rotc rã la mar mu Ito propozitu dilente
. ira arC
complexitato ,,oant.itativa apare, do exernpl’t, in punctul
do vedoro SNar/c
4(4 a ot nor sira ia pi u rrea reOte In aiul xprImdri flu 1
vedere pot aprea combinaii i mai complexe do propoz
iii, aa corn s°
intimplà când, 1 r cadrul unei dispute, este pusá in discuti
e c cm itat lit to
ureiteori. it anarn lu
In cazurilo do complexit.ate eantitativil disputa multip]â poat
fi
to oaun rngrnnt S in usa multo disputo rimjle Ap 1 1
c n d
propozitir poate fi vorificatS roparat pentru a se vdea
dacS punctu d
vedere so poate sustino. Intro disputS en privire
)
Ia pUnctu l do vi’ or
/0 P p/ ao/ cc spre pt in,tefr politic i, dv iu 1 d9S e / cc
 ____

(‘apitolul 2
in i i, H r i Punct
i a ott inorn wt foarte uor do dmon3trat Ca
en
nt atia uiae diiitn. d r flu ‘a ti i rn to de’pre ntiintele existd puncte do vedere opuse’, spre deosebire
reclamantul i apartoru1 adoptll adesea punete r
do rocesul ci 1 P i.
do vedere ojus. air
ii en ‘ut iP’
nipk’xit ate iop itionnia no onto rnt( tdeauna
‘
clar judedlltorul rllmâne pasiv.
dl a hun. irw’ iii o to pu
t4 s e indiu’idua]4 wiu inu1tip1 Do fapt.
aen Foote aft] sll ii reamintim. in lc’gaturll cu disputn
‘4 td t”’ v’r i ie mixte i nonnnx a.
o o uph xitnto proponiDonal4 cimtita
tiv%, Cl expresta .a adopta punctul de vedere opus”
h C ‘1 a
poate d naPe a
11 a 411. Ii told Ic in anurnit 1 uutn I do vedere daeà neuutc”legeri, dcoareco relatific centradictoru i
u P a a i it contratu au,,t a n. a
< P at a il 1w or siderata rn ill pLi. 1)ac4 i mi mult do o confundate, Do exemplu, so considerl adosea el
!l’iJ wit ‘I dun. ii tnd in 4 sn
punctul do vi dere Fe ute’Ii
i opt. zitie, auto i dinputa este po/eaza nat 1’ no dacdt harhaii (+
lpu) so opune punctulu de acdore Fe 111’ 4’
I a is pi ‘iii tnt 5 or P. (11 a. erneuwti, en doar Ut a thntre iofeazd rnai prost dc”cdt
propoziii 4
bdrbaii ( + /p), edud, de fapt. punctul dii’ voda
‘.1 H ‘.1 in t Ill ‘0 fit, fii ac t Cs / di put 11 opus estl No onto aderdrat cd femeile ofeao6 mai a
‘
rhuu eonsideratd bine ‘brat xi ‘In P ( Ip I
(I 11 10 t fl ‘s 0 411‘
H dn. 1u(it Punetul do vedore Fitnreiie nofeazd mob prost decdt hdrbatii +
cc sit ilitatca on Jo all ofeze Ia fol do btno, tar No ( /pd ma lu II
st ado 4 it j I1
pofeazd mai binc decd.t bdrhaii (— !pu) nu o exclude.
In punctul do in lore Mu osto adevdrat ca ferneil
11 C 1 1 1i’) tw’ut 4 tuta in ni re nxprrn’rel lid(nel
‘n.t ch
ll i e t foam n i- ir a I
H ‘it ‘a. a 5
pun I
Itorl rwgatin 4 owhura diii ‘e Impute rni o i barhatu (.‘ /pp onto neent punctul de vedere 1 ’emnerle ofeazd awl hull’ dm41
r a ‘1 ‘tt ii pr hi ‘n’ 4. in pu an. 4 diii niotron do polàotz’ sau do hdrbatii 1 Pu) Ii pr netul d vedert Prneil fofraz ira j i
bdrbcqz.i , + /pi) conpnutul propozi.ional al pttnctului a
,tr 1 1 Ia di
5
. i uloth in mIami 14 en tinevn tam r u onto do do vedore Fn.d’
ofem’d in, hmo ckedt hdrbaçit
1 in. ‘in. ‘1 4 at” [‘a a ‘nina ‘iozo ojIlnIa ii gativ4 prin exprtmaroa ( /pu) onto, ntr un tel P turn I h ti
19 ,1’ I Ii ii’ (.ua P
cc no opunern punctului do vedere Femncuie ofeazd mai
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I i. Ifl II i I in c in o disput enrnpiet. noua poate Iua ‘3au cxt dIrgoffentatIc’. In editia enginalii,
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Ii i te men nh 0 t du’ 1111 1
III 1T1 inultp motive
1) Termerul text due ra 3 spare in limba
romlina in ci p ii I a
mstilutionaià pubhcat ‘n Republica Moldova: ‘
I I
Cadrul europcan eom’Jn c1’ rcft’rii’
ho hi I ba fore predare “rlaIUarC, document elaborat de
‘
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‘i tili’mr > r ‘tilt It ‘is (london lie
ii 01
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1. F credo cii punctul dci vedere .41 Ii rn<n l’rni’ c’i
‘it in! (‘‘in it In rasponsabilita to “1 sO n’ a
-xprimiir”a uni convingeri pentru care re to orducer cole a ceptahil
1 Ii ito it it I to p nit n Ic Into’. irir’ot do nosmcera 2. F credo cii propozitille erprimato in (ii (3)
<lint accept ,if’il’’
ill 1k 0 ‘i ,i ii 1 crc-do 11 coca ci am nuod cc into at i
110 ( n -
,

F core <oiii Oi’rn a toC ‘nnd’i ni- do justi0car’ acceptahiii r flrClpozitmOm ,A’
ft ui-u bin’: ‘,i ea -0 F lit
c’nsnonanhc1it’it a trpi ioctii di’ conducon
1 1 1 1
F -o ‘ci On! ai no enada cuad
111(1 ri tl evitr at cit VP IiXl’I IlL ( OMUNT( ATP’ A intilego ‘ii (1)43) cin’itmtui” rg tat’ ta<0a
‘{ gull’ok’ tat ‘ou lid (IN’i El 1101 RI -, u’oclorc’ 4r /1 m u bin <-( (‘a ,iO tin 101 I<’c!tt 1 Ci- 1 1 1
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ii 0
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o

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I c -ovii-iaa iaterioi utoiul, dei t-ie i so (A 4 Ill TAREA)
acciphit
ibn,0001t101 ,,‘cr ii niai l”’ ‘ -(
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lit ml a Ii ‘it pro’s IT’ll’ it e’c’n’tit just ifinire Aced ( ondiiile do responsahilitate este impo
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mod to a proceda nu rtant sit admits iii c -a ii r
.-

ip r, t 10 oii ito chIll,, ul at di, a oO.tnc. nu imp)ica fapti I cit vorhitorul trebuie sa Pc ‘

on elect adeziunen moron smror: poalo mint1 i

ii it i ( 1 11 poati gitndi ceva dectul do difer
1 1 1 1 1 . 1 f t ( 1 0 21 1 mIt roqul
it do coca o spuno. dir chia r cli
< 3 :1 , 0 it ‘i asumit o r sponsabilitate fate do coca cc spun -
1 ‘ <‘‘(‘(ul i0f
C
1 1 l avilisaru t U a’
urguniontu It e. i prin urn are a c 11 1 C
ii poate concidora r’sponsahil pentru cuvintolo
sale. 27 1)e oxomplu ! i’ it

Dacit ml radr- oar conthtiile do rcsponoahilii ala

1
( 7
I itik r itu i”, “ r tiltIl,, 111 .0 is “ii non retnr at P conditu dosmceni a ‘-. are
110,, jri, tor in at ere o ariumita 5t rc, of beanIe (1969) Ohm
i1(] i, hi c(f t utile, pro ‘urn net oaamtntul ipotetic i redu
iii’ to irgi m ii a r i ci
I it I-I n F lir e trot etio ad absurdum cit fi eacluor din
Kr-i 0- - t911 Pci-n i-v 7 macopt w i-n tint ‘u(ie. Princip ii i cm, e date a cond
‘a larit asupr’r
I I II 11 ituir r do i-cap n”ahi it t c’. I
1 ‘ 1) v)rhi urulu pentru en ire responsahilitat
ca acupra a coca cc RU1 ci it I
cere sit actionoze i’ci p inn or ft cinco ‘

r chiar date r-’Ste ol000r $1111 flu, Pfl i-i’

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ci c ccc to
do el Insusi
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c r, i Ic c cc L ccc r
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lii (1 (‘0 fluniec lrc,
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1 1 11 1 2
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t ‘ cc -
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cncloiaia sau critici.
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c.orrespund celor patru faze diferjlse dintno dcscutw ci’itcci
i. Pentru o ‘licc oth
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it a -c
form a.
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1
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i ci
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rozolvare a disputci printn-o discutie argumentativd supusi am cc’ rcg

ii,
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-

pregatita ‘cii isi seiatcna punetul de vedere pram argumentare cealall ‘I

art
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-
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ci ccli P II a cc cc vorbjtcjr-uI poate ft 21
ii ‘‘c Ic-c
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1’
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ac’tn 9iiSi sustinà punctul de
nr 1 1 1 a iii It C multe etape son pàrd ale acestora rarnan implicite. Cu bate
I tla r icfiien, on protagorntnu nec sPan. 11
rE 1111 rdaaI •o ad ni ut Pu iii ndr diecurs argumenti tiv plirl care se rezolva o disputà poat
upaitca e f’ r c r stir
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t pe acea do a ritica a, moclt’Iiit
a i ii i P r H t ic ii ofera Un instrument euristic util anahzei dialectw
1 fain a P neceas s a diauaulut
a niiot. ‘k n rpriu in ae ada etnpf n Polo argumentativ
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ad i p a ii’ a pniu lpnle Si .regubIe dlrou in li cirac
twI.
iitiei ecwn Cu privire In funefia comumeativa a aetel
7 719 fl I tap9 alculneIltafli,
or do a. rbir’ itu
protaomntul ii sustine ecind aceasta nu este irnediat evidentà. Modolul iugeraZ’ 0)1
I.
a UTlilo (‘14 ii I
p a (7 (1 1 1 1 relovante pentru rezolvarea disputei in etapa l.a care a ajun
it.
I aolicit i fbi ,
s disculin, natO]
I p
“lot siu Ic arta a portant u rezo
lvarea disputiP, moat inalistul are rel palm Un element dupd on e is o ghidc ma
it t a an i a ,adet am a poate credita pe cci caro discutli
‘

diacutie 1ntro cx fund rationali \l ci ‘lii Ic ii

i i i X r r r ( ap n ,t a c avanw izi Indep1ineto do as’meflea. o func[ie criticd El ofer un stand
ap’ a’ a i a dan’ i ‘x inal ‘a dl ur itag iiti trebu
ard duj.di (ia’’
.

ic in avansoro judecdtorul alional so poate orienta dac. vrea sP determm

‘1 i r
an eant ion do discurs argumentativ se Inde
parteaza do mc 41111 ab ‘1 ‘1
I M xlelul specificci actele de vorbire care contribuie Ia rezolvore disp
p H cm
aabulest daca (lisputa a fost
Ii’ a. in a ctoi :
d rI I i c etapele ix are acstea apar. Aetfel, moaelu
1 P 1 1
1 I I I d 1 1
dere fib ii i EYiflhTk 1.
a ii i”’rc j ii ‘In ved’nn avan stabiloasca o note de vorbire llp500c din diacurs ci e° note de vorh
sat lflhl i<rl, D’ e menunt4
Ia ir lint
C i , a a tIn it avoatea antagoniitului, cole care exist4 sunt inutie sau au chiar efect pert urhator.
lail’l;fluliii daca In practica, discursul argumentativ nu ode totdeauna an 114
Ill tai tritlati if’ a rugnostulu ‘I
a ‘natnl rnnuntCi in punctol scu ste punt ca avarid drept unic SCO pe acela do a remolva dusputa
do r edi’mn, ol poate FxiaPa di.
1 r I d I obicei o alt-a dimensiune a discursului argumentativ legat do ohtia
i a a a xprimat initial; dar nu o s’rc,t
v’p Pat ‘at Pa npoti’Ii 1 p ate d i aderiunii an litoriului u privire in pozitia vorhitcirulu Pen r t a
i n i’ at nun say
I i, i i it l’s’ t aici ina nil son peale acest aspect persuasiv. cole mat potrivitd analiza ret.oricli.
adopto on piinrt do vedero zero.
I 4 I a a. I I a i a in traditia clasied, retori a cole t-c.oria care se referd in vorb
a i bun ii Ida
1 ,‘I- r u ac epIc
ia ci’ unur auditoriu, o teor c a discursului jul lie mci nuna
t do ‘a i’ 1 ii
-

I m,. I it ozoP at a. partwlpantu in dalel

.

itin pot rncep o

a: 1 & ii I I U <1 IC Reconstrul47ia norm
-

ip t f V I it ( 1 (7 veran no ativa necesard In anoliza diacursulsu 1

tar
iin0fl1’c1
c Iti,
a ‘l1IIni,at’ 1 nc1c’ati daputo In vnnut d& vi’lore p agma dialt die corist’tuie n-i insdsi o ‘obk i P1 1 I
areasta nou p
1.1 i’ a a 4 ci a t an ,ra On ‘iini, Iici tP at ‘i p ebb me v°s van Ecmcrcn. Grootond
oist. Jacknn & -11,
In macare dmtre i-”,

t 1 1 1393),
i
1 Fxi’ta ncem’in.dri importante intro abcirdai’ca neastrd normativc
a p I i Tn ‘in”ii ‘t
& 1 4 1 1
Ilul I il ci n it r Ii a
ducursu]ui atidian i analiza deecriptivd a lxii Edmondson (1981) 1,1 fli ci’ 1 U, .L
‘niirnr’ niaaon diatiyui arpitnantot Edmondsor. oven rn a tels’ discursive unt privo ‘i nl’ir ii de ate ci
7
obirtuit deinaz totdeauna bi’
7’ 1 1 I I I’ I! r1 7 ciati (l.iija In a dxci c arent dopit ci’ do structura
interactlonala 11 evenimentulut diu-llr1s
thrcutwi entice in
Mic’iriIc, a sc at exit Idil xltpraelIonal& Is 179/i, so ml inli i i r
unitati inn irnab’ d 1 lIt ractiune cociald; q&himburile insole so coin
1 1
h’nn in ii
1 1 1 s i 4
son eape sare ormnzd un eveniment disuilsis ot Ic nat In I
i
a cia 19911 evonimentaim cliscursiv i’i’l care nu o conversatie mation
ala inn ‘it ‘a
i’i flit ci uiatrurnc ‘fi ‘airistiC “flt i en standard
is Ii I i ci I I C iii 0)
ann mitt ‘ft etc intlractiona]e realiP1 ad anumite note comunical,ivc doentiorc
1 na r’’c’i I (111101 Unel djeutti H Tcrmenul ,re eric” u
I niml uii it rI 11 irs’ ii t In ntr n eat fol sit ala i i sensul siu Ian i at
nmp in 4 itru a use 4w i Ira litiet clasice reterice. vezi Kennedy (1963 1u172, I 977(fl bi
isa.I Ii”ti
-

ii a a ‘.
(1 puhlii’ut incr&’dul care scurtd introduocre in rotorica elasied ci modernb ‘ g”sc t’ a sai o
(ix ide idorst si Kin gs r (1987. of i Meyer, 198(Th)
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 Cat to1 1 4
Acte de vorbire In discutia criticá

r u ii hi 1c C m rezoivarea dioputei Ce flu joac’ft fliciUn r 1 In disc ii’ crltrm B’ i ft

ii ordin Ic,
am nl rFcnp eoniumcative pm
upf a P ds ac’easta nu rnroainna cit ole nu pot afecta In majun fcC procesul lie c’zc it a
care vorbitomul
p ma cmn m amulttomui s a disputei. Tin oftat al ant.agonistului care nu este multumit de argumentaic
fhc c n a c’ te Pxprimat in
C Pt p i 1 ii vo ii arotagonistului reprezintd un comentariu motiona1 car
at cpjtn C cc
n a a et luirt). i t’ 1 4
mhititafc nqiderii cat vorbitorut dorete atentia de is argumentr iii do in faptul oft protagonistul me supune Ca faj
en I
11 1 lI Cl 1 1)1 1 tuturor regulilor atabilite in comun. “ Pe do altft parte. expresiveir’ pcC ci’
a ace ane r x cui aj’ an aPt nula un schi b de idei in r I a n
Pt ml a vi am ii
at tiigen
Ia veilere tetapa eonfruntârii)
si aper punt tul comunn
are.

ar p fevarc i punctutui
rpnmU

Ia xed me etapa
pu

atu

1 1 fl 1 a l I i I adam v
g i it ft on I ci facft
I n c.’ Ia Crt. II CUUP’fltp in spilJInui
punctuiir u Ca vodere, \cteie Ce vorbiro declarative, precum desehiderea unei edrnte, dpr’ISIUi r’m
cc cc n aunt par
j flu i
ainiph I pun 1111 Ca ed me unni euplu sot si rotie concedierea uuui angajat s nit act C vi 011
11 1
a acnaat initirl
1 1 U t it ‘ c ii imu ucativc
cc ma 1
t i itiu a caima in care iocut,orul orceazll dam ap d I mu i ‘puT a t
U
C
1 p cp:ate dcmagraahIc
pentru al mu altii, contmnutui propozitional.
Do ohicci, deelarat’vele sunt realizate In cmtexte ma’ mult a i 1111 i’l
insuitut’
1 ma ,aut it sftlie do iribunai ititfthi
Punt
ri ‘P‘ In a

mac
an pr pnic,lllnea, meeptul, acordul, aunt rehgioaso. In toate cazurile ffind clan cine are autontatea do a oft-clan an
P1cc ‘Ii 111 i it it ii
‘inumit ict do vorbire declarativ 0 exccptie inportanta. itt 1. UI
‘

am’ wa cc
I 1 11 nI
I a ad thai Ia orbirt (can d nu tin .uI nc id in lcclarat oak & uzaj, curn ar ft explicatiilo. clarificc r Jo it i hIm i
I U U

lc’ II. “c I ri i cc ndctwi Ia deftnitiile, ca in enuntul Termenul refonic este folosit nici In
epoiisa biljt.ite s’ considerh ed It
Utencc,,’

‘C’ UTI r’
U

cm ii ‘p1 di 1 c ‘a ii ft I ii con vingdtor” Scopul icr este de a facili a san de a cieitt gr di 4

‘ci c it iCc Pit m i nAtIt moluri
r n in, inteic gin a altor nate d’ vorbira indiClnd cum trehuja into ‘prc ‘it In ii.
mtr-o dieutie
‘tar normal, realizarea unui declarativ de uzaj nii implied a anumitt autoritatc’.
U

tntt 111 )fl a mchdemn pot ft fo1oite U

p pentru a
cii a ‘Pt n’ at a C Ia at a e Cc ii a ri Tocma’ pa itru cii deelarativele, cu excepma cleclamativolor do ma di at
I 1 V < It iii 1 1 1 t eila e.
r
d autonita a vcrbitmruiui Intt’un inunut contex is Cut t at a
lap Pc’”i l( ‘‘ci decide pafitru
a

declaratule care nu apartin categoniei declarativelor cia uzaj nit contnibiut’ in

Ii lId iaa ii’ ian in privuita ciist.ributieipm’
UI

i Ii’ at li iti at icC ii

rolurilor
a is Ii ‘I
mod dirmt is mzuivarea disputei In ccl mai hum car, it on it I
m g nei ftr
it

P a 1

“1 ipla mar m d p it C u is rezolvarea cu U ac ma It m iii

P Ii folosite i.
p1 1(1
U
pa in .aturle
U.
discutis critic ft U

Doc,lar flu Ic Ce ansi j ot nm in ol important ii to Ito tapc le itt cc

a
rita t ii at pa conS untdria pot sconte in iveala lispu .eic in e, i
U

• c P l ii c ‘p rapi,
deschiderii, pot clarifies confuziile pnivitoare In punctele de piecare man
‘‘( ‘ U

f1
icitirilp npndo elintoic’ ex rim ire
1 1
7 1
gulik’ die uti’i, in atapa irgumentlirft. pot impiedica at ml ‘ii’
p U Ut It remat i i
• II, I’ cr11. •i’c ‘acccap Cl
vc
Pu ‘ pi iCC do w done man neacceptarea a estuia; r
ict
c p
P cm II
centimentde fats da
I1 axprnha

Irichidenii, pot impiedica rezolvftrile ambigui. Do accea, intno discutia cni1 nit.
fl1fl1a111 tat Ic’
un

api UI
at Ca 1w tup Cnfo m Oflditi
in’

1 11 1 ii I U UT h t id
1 In U
Ia It Ill tap. ( onlorm canditiej
Sc I I

vP P It
dut responsahiljtate, ire
cairn directivele aCe acte de vorbmnci carp
,Unepermlse’
fcic
r
pP in “iii huh ex iCm ito
nu pra’
mcci, UUPUI1

a actul 1ev rhi integrante Cm chscutia critieft, exprasivele pot ft uneoni acti ‘oihiri’ ada a Ta
‘1 c Ce

e a
iC ili
xp
a

oat iter tin

a
an care ‘ pm red cte de vorbua ,,prim
c.
ire” chtarj ad Ui
tare
ir i
1 ( U

I I’ P 0 (iinpi ni’sponsabjJitftt emitted. In astfei de cazuri actele expresive mthrecte ar

care at aihñ m’po ftmctie In mod
trebui, nucc rrna,

ftc luato In considcrarc In analiza dialecticd Ipf spIt-la do torture ir’{ir 1

pit Iul a)
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 C pitoIvl4 Actedevorbirein discutia eritieã
In tea itatc cal ai pama [a n ira lude mai multe
1w ii
discutii care se Presupusul antagonist poate rtici di flu existe, ea in cazuril
i-it itt in cii
ni iduwe in aw laa I tap
Qhn r dae r nfl a lisputi este e in care
,-iri i’
vorbitorui Ii imagineazà cum poate fi primit punctul din de a ‘dir
‘I in at d a at at dt de multe
subdispute pe haza t
r -‘II un auditorni sceptic. Atunci. protagomstul anticipnazP poteniaIe1e
t’( 1 -
tis t p attn res
inn i din
1 alto inittale indoicli,
cestea, la In mate acest-e cazuni se poate considera di discursui sPu at gamer
H 1. ii a Ii e d ti ci In I a it at a in to irnur [ala ‘I
( (( ia P
iente 0 porte a met d,sutii implicate reale snu imaginare.
I’
a .i t in ( flit luca t 00. lii ‘) ( 1S
ii not
ut rhLXta sea 1ntr-o astfel Pc diseutie impiicit nia von ft de fapt efectuate t.oat.e actal
ii i in d pula sir p1 r a di’
m u is nite sau vcrbu (a c, ortih ‘in modeiul u, so reah7eazà Intr o
act I ipl itu face lucrar in W tin ic ani simple ‘scud ‘I I
P cdnd este lPngd acestea, In discursul monologic argumentativ. in citre
nra i a a n I in In t bi w ni vi it mean
at a n olvarn a antagonist flu jan P un mol acttv, protagoniatul antkip
i di tpHc eazd (son a t i
hi ado (Ic vorbire care, conform modelu1u. sutit efectuate
a 0 IFC l01i tu tin inn ito in ‘apt sPIn r nvtngP pe 4
de entagnotsl.
Det Ia urma urmel vorhit.orul poate vorhi desigur dot I CU 9 tiC
a ci c r ul I a P t C a in fit Pt On 1 1 mis pt Ii. a di 1 -[
I a up ic I it i a dij at fl i tpr ‘zi- itate in anahza dialeelied sub fot ma Pa citani san a Ic-i
us I tr
> d nI a1 in pePto a, grtipiil n’t
tinta poate lit un alt. discuns.
Pt is d n I olcrr dii c
a
a o g u ul mtP
i ant n iiar a in, At in i ‘ni. td di fapt di I axitago a
niti; Studiui Ia (arc ac face trimitere In tweet contoxt in notelo ,iutoriior (x’an Ecnti a
P Ii I in a Ph 1 c it ri It ir iii ii id v a I (irootendcrst Jackson & ,Ja ‘ob 1993) n-a in cuts de ditare Ia momentul apt
v I I a P in op rt Sin Li t T1tngonist.ui ofwiai grup argint is p ‘p,pn11’, I icrari Drat in biblingrafia din oditic nriginnla stujin tat ti ii1 Ii
, scopul irrnárit
,

In a p’ end in r ert i a grupul tmt’ seep find in cm’s de publicara (in press), am considerat oportun sit operim
w
ii ion in nt rate o mnclificar
pacar’i alOt ir ate, ‘t(iir hibliog’afia finahit arul ipantie 19.)’t
i
in I “1 in 51 Ii! Ptptt I rat multn Pta irstiri crisp
a l u
in i a a r H In n rgr m at tit
0 Pt in’ i tiP Ic ‘ii ci Pt a in in p ax oPt rste, de
a a t a p n t i a c a ito di a n ii it it r I sp
a oIl a c-I ira tea, v’ iininlcIeerPe nntittantiortânrj sP
a 1 11
nexoke
‘ to tot in ma an at at I apon at MP C 11 an 9
ii a a, ii op i I H I .1 iCC 111(10 conclusit expbtita, este greu
is n’ a it a di a cnn tat Pit it 151 istitd di pnerentñri aatfel
a in to r a I ii
at a a it d Is t t in at itt
a in ipi P a at p in at dv no a Ii intotdeauna analizat
ant P a e <‘ / 1 n t I r in a at e mc ant a P p m
ii 1 inVfl( I p \icttioii gutn
ccl putin artial n t -son ‘ti an
tIP i- p mlii ot’pun ‘a at an at I
i lentifi at c a art’nnd
‘t a in nile rtt etap
a .tpart.’naitd tape1oi end untru,
i. di ma 1) cIesah ideii
rnp a’ i at atP reeonctruCtie
flu pune in bieme
ii I. ul 01 (iT ( H 1H[ 1 Ii iU it Ta. It nbui di annIe elan
I-’’ to en 0 a ii xis a il an at i d opm a, di antenti
d tic in ‘ii a oneaza di
at n P n i f a t’ it ic u i nean
i-i ii’ t in In at mn’ pin titi ‘t cdi d veil
n a in di anihileac crier
t P it. lea itt ci -a- nu in a Pt Iii
in itt P 0 iii
a I- fit a an iptantldnfia di n a
a a difc’raijtd dn opinie va aver in
I’ Pr loi hi unp ice en pits inc Is
pr in ni di d v cdere ed
It ‘y i it n n ii I- a ‘t idotela Un imaginare
 CapitoIi1 r Artek th iimbaj impilcite i indirecte
1.
In act ‘as, yrntann punctinium d clam
A I I ct K rig sa
e i:n j rq ii z indireefp exprecia deo ireec face referire in amontc’ in punc
tul de vedure pa cac
vizc a h argument ar ?0, in anuntul Toni a iostr
r. I’trr h ii impi cite i atprapp ii ito
n dicui sul argurnentativ em igia cit Australia e ci dcci2ic’ inteleaptd, praz
entarea punctuiui el v
I cste ,progre,nva’ Din pàcate, cuvintele i exprec
a a a ii it a Iiicut ie ( ntica, apare lili care pat e”ii
o indicatori ‘ii argumentarn sau ai punctul ii
cnwut at ivñ ati”r de Iirriba rmam deeo
a
ri implicitâ. dc vadero ‘a it r Ii i I
aremenca, sii In alte functii cornunicative: expres
r ii’ i t (it acm (t K a hmha ‘lte ma eurnd ia ded, de exemplu jo”aO• Ii
foloqit Ia umplutura’, fárh c 1 Silâ o i flu nA a In U ci
Li isprim r a expi cita ir bc mai ik 1 1
a
âA S argumantativà,
, •au a at aatu (Ku in IIC, recam i a aceln ituat
ui a 1 n lad 4) a
jL In cir (‘u at indica ecu ingv Aid unt mat p it cia
s d i. it r re a ci r i r anunului Jr i, ci. att ci it i a
anauia wta a limb a nwi i U a t i 0 fornzuli Si avem In vi dare alti indicatori din contextul verb
x liut: al ci nonvarh’il fle (hi
sun rnpo.tmn,e cunotiniele ontextuali’ can
gin vale a cI mnt ‘ Ii
cunotinte, ar 11 grau nil spunem Si prm enunu1 lr
trehur ‘el C ‘7i[’1
Rolls: mu i xi, tel alto mai,rna mar hand, cc efiatueaz
a dana asertiv’ ‘jut 0
,
care primul reprezinth punctul do vedere i xi
doulex rgumc itul n
atrIbuie a parafraSi standard xctelor de vorbire
at a uia pr ntr a chror functie eomunnarr, a
nit este clar i tel’ ‘atã ‘ntro actfel In pa ‘ararC
t im a I I r I
comurncattvh so expriinh fbrh ambiguitilti: Punc
tul de c’c’th’rc I lzz P’u a
o ‘p eel at trebui ma cmi iou r a Rolls
i t i i a IC a
i intcka d hmba) ste da
ai Structura discursului joach adasea an ml in
a: xp 1w Ia i determinarea t tira tart
icc. m’tului (P KaCtr
t dc a iCre pa nice ii
aa’a eom mini. itir a a a ,t lc r do c orbire, Do regulel
i’m custinci , p ii ig a ‘cu elm v in I a
c a i i c cIa ia ar’-ata (t aseulla argurnentatir, do exemplu, constituie a unitate in
‘UK;, w “cb tdi ,daiii a it ate ‘P,ese uzr
Cu ute te care argum. at mc a
aid 1’d’re punetul do vcdcm apar Intro ordmne mat mult ciau
1, r.’ p’ mai puiic love,a ii
‘‘
I in’ mi pnri n’’ct a a’). mai prohabil ca punctul do vedere sâ cc aft it inecpu
i ‘1
tc 1 mu I pf’ii’ i ii i
1’ 1! Jr in i. t t I v (I r ), U ii I ata mali tc Iniruiri cIa enunturi i mat putin probahil sã se
‘
nile In rnplot’ul anal ancuet
a’ u al un i mneir ii ‘i di.
ulunburi: ‘irgun r ta 1 d 1 a ,

ii”m4”va pun”t a! di’

I ‘a ada a t cc a >u d mduca a’ ii, i uor decat hr ri dii. ii
UI LUC mat putine acUdente. Sefeazii rnai bine dee’iet hiirbA
, Cl ifl aflSl Ia i a tat a a p ire m inte dci a rt
i 1 i 7’ 1 a i
i-cr cc n feane liar hui h’ct hrhatcc liiu mai ecce’r 51’cma’l a
‘ 1 i ii a a ii i cm alectucze ‘

I” a ‘f( •I bunt it conducere ‘h provo’icl mat patina aecidontc

Sc aflrnu I frmvont Si argumentatia contirie totdaauna infhrm
atiile ealc ‘,“ee
specifi a ccla nat o f ‘it a ‘ci raalitatea. dat icist cm
H a C K I I
Atat enuntul Feniie ofeard mar hna de’ccit bdrhitii, i
iii mi enuntul El, a” ‘I’
ic’ r jern Si 1 u u r deat ha ‘h itil reprennt afirmu
t it it i Kc i v tti Ut at fttneticu comun
C,
ttu a a eli i m I it i
cative cu ramlit-aton, pot reprarenta an punet de vedere Totupi
L aunr’l’mm’ ‘I (1I’x’(• i
argunu’ntatwi t mt. cIa exeroplu’ dot
at
unoor c te elfi tt
d stat,tht are emait ertc c, 1 iaa specific aau cal mat unnfb”
V 7 1 ,‘( 0 K1 Till II (f4,( t, d ci’ci
n ca tea it d’ a
I
uita th’ a ‘ecu, Aca onto carat tie mat joe:
K 11’ 1 m c aunt 11 t in if ir A ritrili
Ill),, 1’
o dejzze .Fva a rapt mitral din porn. Ii era fonme,
‘7 itiIJcIiKi C Ut )tiipopLKIuta
spresic den irci irdi h
b t ii “ a r U r Fara alto informatii nu no poatc intl dried mnterpretaren
a i ii a it fip U C Oi t a corectil “ate ic a a
c7, ‘ rapt a’ iruI dii rica dooaro o i cilia c s u Fun
a ‘apt n r 7 P
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 (apitolul 5
Actele de lhnbaj implicite i indirect’e
ii
Ri mar darc’ r’ apIic” do Ixemplu rm”torul ii pas’ C t 7
pentru pant.aloni:
Foarte c nfortahili t. mercu Ia modc Mste.riolul un jor
U Ii
ur ) % (IC fl / pc liesttr, este c1as t pt lun im i 1’ u
pantalonn Iii mentin forma perfect.
Do asemen.cci finicaiul an laid nimic do dec11. Este In ful do
mr Vc,ibli
UO ih I a i phi cit sup is urni i I
r tr I n I
Aici, argumentele aduse pentru a face Ca cititorul sã cumpere produsui itoI
insotite do mphificcni care, dupã câte se pare, an tot functi a pus Vat t.tv
ipa neat o mterpretare argumentativii maxirnala
eat p€ Of) fl it a
Acelafi Ilicri] at’ aplicà pi In cazul comentariulus rnalitios din exeniplul di’
ma jns rofe itor Ia propniul punet de V ilerv al vu
bit rul in t
nO ii’ dire

Joe Ma Intreb cum poate 11 considerat prieten de farnilie un iPirb-

‘1 fl 1 ill Ii ‘1170 110 1 11 71mb i c ‘di. s’ di C 1 i. 1 1 t
i it insotete soti i 1, cumpiirdturi
Presupundnd cii vorhitorul este sineer In doninta do a ajungo ho roc
dis i tat, n rj dot 1*
argumentativr niax maid s i C S
Th U Ui
deoaroe ahtfel eIemente1ri importante din argumentatia an ar utcci Ira
I I -5I ouvani. (ui’rtuu
neobservato Mai mult., cite i in int.eresul unei analize adecvate, p ‘i’l i
1ff no I’ I d n argumontafir a putt a r i
Daeii vorhitorul care vrea sà convingii auditoriul nu reuseste 1 di oft so
1 cii gumorl Cut w tr’ unu d nt re reelaIe fundarnent suficiente indicii pent.ru functia comunieativii a color mai important’ a 0 1
ale care
11 it I Z i r U r ii C I vorbi’ aui il otunc sc poate I tui ‘or’ dera i t tarts
! u
r I
u.t trt.j
discursul poate contme totui dialectice, cii cite rispunziitor do rezultatele unei mCi-up t’ta,
10 g at coo nctVW atfeJ Pe de alto porte or trebui i argumentative in aximale,
0 i a t 7 1
P ni guni utat oo itocutie rihcii cete
t at Rgu1i dn inwnicare i acto do vorbire indiyecte
recornandahil
) fl 1 1 u u I arguinenta Civ i oturw cdnd uctul do Pc lint’ acte do vorhire implicite, discursul argumVntatlv punt cc lit
f n d a i
n
a e t is dcc it istmc. CO r’t e aht e rdirectc prrn crre vrlito i v i ii
v nt i UI itia dr care pot ava pi mult san alteeva deciit ceea Ce SUflO do fapt. Pent.ru a analiza acto]o
it 1 on uP a put P tlf rnterprntate a cdnd inc (.1’
U
p dir vorbire rndirecte cart’ deacon stint .,i implicite, cite neccsar s5 io 10 ii P
1 .70 p a It I ceca, e uhk It o
i it ti a ax rota h (V
supu 1 1 1 P o r a
ac. ilIIeeta npresivn snu declarative dan ascultiitorb
171 10 ‘a tIP Ill lflOtOUCt tiuna’, laca stint anahzate
c drti contitutive Cci care comunicd intre ci incearcà in g-’nc’ril 01 SC asigu! ici I P
I t J a a r d i C it at i ‘1 III 1 C. .1 U ea 01 Id )stac oh Pi H UI Jfl’ IC’ ‘at i
1
o 1/
-. .tt’.. Jtspu p’’ t unlaorad an fund o strategic de 1 1
de vorbirc’, &i it’ aupun anumiton reguli care ii ajuti ad atingi a 00511 (V’d

ceste reguli se hazear pe ni$te stondardo ration le, e C Us tin In ‘alt’

vi 0 post i’ I 1 r tiut ci P P do i orbjre Pf Jackson In c’ele cc unmeazã. facem o prosontaru a vrntlnii noastro sntegrnte ii t rot
S 170 si
1’
actelor Pc umPire ir,cliret to (Scarlc, 1979) 51 a teorici moninwlor conv( clot t ,i
C .17
 pitolu1 5 Ac I d 1 ribaj ip1i ite i rndirecte

‘I a I neipiul verb t r 1 a tar a de spin presupusk de m-tul do vwir

ahzeais r an i n’enupune cii ci credo sinet r r
eortii u iii y pozitional exprilnat diem reali cakl
r up no r° dorinta since en ascultatorul su ‘x
imite I i A I ii ag ilk do comunicare sp n N im 1’
(aikati ‘ I ( cipmi
UI
.

fos( dia € care ar

ru ‘a’ r ‘p In i t dicier ti so refenii in con ii ii. u ati
i cadrul It ip attn inc reIn a conditilor do cor tituth
I 1. 1
iurc a. Lu r (1 It tori pol
a c arbitorul i e”p r 1 e lie util in i do prices. mci lip i 0 111 1
IC 001 i U $1111 Ic in Dc x”rnplu r eaW area aetului complex de a pun’ r I
I f r rnarcatd d a v mPb to ii t a asculhbtorul este (lola COlfl 1 1 (1
‘n a OCUit toi i ‘a’c’ y
TmpJicahi1 punc ulu I v lero sustinut (Incilcarc’a primes i lii I
i i m i aim a Ic ‘I eu d j U fost indeplinite
in c trio’ d on ire in I C. U I ‘wtului te argumentare osto lipsitfi do ohiec I Is v
i
din unte .ri asculiatorul nii vs fi cenvins. in nine c Ic
i :ati ul Hii don e n
act do itao a own
aigumentr lie (mckicaroa color de a doua pi a treja cond9ii re i a In
ihia iw ohm ‘i for n i vothire natfel inct
oh oricaro dintre cazuri. realizarea actului do argument are ni 1’ o pi n Ic Ic
nlc oifi”o km ‘a cn-’i Iicativk i dontinuhil
zi’ a1 xnio \ rUt ]ucr nu 1 • timp i de aceea ar II inelicientd.
n tcamna ‘a vorbit.orul trehuie c so
inpiet i rplj( Se efectueazk un asertiv do prisoc dack cmeva spune cii ion ri Man sunt
no trtrbuir d fOlk’ impocihilk 550 aproape
(99 ctdcdtri
din non impreuna urea perseane care tie deja acest liucru. Sc dc 1 ur ‘ad tm
ir’ 1
ttor. Când coneljtjjip d
•
c no air I Lep1jnp. octul do vorbiro m ponte
acertiv lipsit tie sons cind cineva care nu are cunof into tchmm -vim sun
inte]es Do aceca. du-i-se unci persoane neinterecate do functionarea unni aparat ii spoon
ui l mu’ airl’ t punc Vn r’fcctuot rict dr’ rorbire core no pot
fi acestesa Cd presupune cii aparatul porne.te clack apesi P° hutenul thu
mi i u Fiti eiicIi’ r’k r in conditia do rerponsahibtate cOre
stinca. Se realizpazii un directiv de prisos dack est•e clar cii amuitrttoruJ
a lit a’ d” ror Utuduic a aetuluj le vorbjme: cc ntentioii oricum sii roalizeze actiunc’a ceruti san dacft a fost dej realiratii,
considpr c so realizc zii un directiv lipsit do eons dack aetiunea nu poato Ii depilitit ii ‘

Promisivele de prices sau lipsite do sens pet Li descriso in mod similar, dorm
ow n mm urn ar on rot similar CU Cci iii in acest. caz actiunea este atribuitii vorhitorului si no ascoitdtcruhu. ‘it
99 t
are Unrtntut p1CtPmolojc nsemãn5tor cu
t nrr’ tO expresiv onto do prisos dack este deja clar cc simte vorbitorul: ex-prcsivtil isst
900mm ‘9’ri Ii 1re’ jut JKtsher 1992) • Lipsit do interes dock ascultiitorul nu oslo interecat de coca cc witOc
r’foritoare in faptul c
I’ tow’ ‘no epiwfw no x mn r Jut Grim dnv5 vorbitorul, Doed o edintd cc desfdoari do ceva timp. deciarativul Id Iqr
P ci’
dinir-un
urn ipiul cflc
it9tij. Pricipiui IecJinIa deschisd oste do prisos; dack protedintele unui club do fotb’ 1. in
.i70j7’t
0
I C 1 Pt U 1
si cons ra nile V rhttirului to tonti xtul
aceastA cahtate, declanii. deschisd o edinti ii Parlamontului tim t
0 / do r nmph i ‘n a ci ut aim rtu cu condina
0 ci] 1 oslo lipsit do eons,
ci: in P t I tilt taul ) ‘)
a ‘a um mcdli r con itoi cu privire is eficacitato peale sii nu aibf a
t i dPcni tIc a ibit ni cii reguuih fbcd rid
“
n mp it it’ I it ibm
‘
r it Ia Principuul am mpl c tim pe ntru diverse tipuri do acto do vorbire d
‘

t iii in I imfc r iv mud In once caz pentru vorbitor incc a’ r

C U stf di
it 0 ‘(Ui iii ‘] POT rtt
ales
iti, Toni
1 ‘ii rat e ic do prison i hpsite do sons Dec 1
9 1 1 ot ‘in C in vodoro it atitomy nduce totdeauna In o form
“ I
ito .1 Gilt imP
C I ( p( t o marc’ sub n at ‘ (lapitolul 3, pentr ur I

olv iriw mu in sines sa; conteara enjo

or sit ri
11 Pn ru a imphfioa lucrur 1 1 in
o it c i ‘hivalenti.
 imp dcl to do timhaj imphe t i ndirecte

ni a t I prisos sin bpit IE SOIL a a de Inti 0 conversatie en privire la magazinul rio la car, s pc it cumplr in
0 a r a a i tht i I inicarr Spun Vu real z p mjitor do paine, enuntul Prd,jrtoareie do pdine Phil ja mat role ma a
ado do
I ui ry n i V i aliiutl acP dc , birc in O/W a thscu tiel, poate II an exemplu do act do vorbire indirect.. Prin realizarea unui a 1. .IE
1 an a u1 Spa noti eenhahi1 n i e reterã Ia rnnditHp vorbire cu functia comunicativa do asertiune (asertiv), vorhitoru] ran [izeash
pentru actele do
a lividuala’ e r f-r In Iogura dintre act olo do indirect un act do vorbire en functia comunicativà do slat (directivl, RoacSi
fl aq(
vorh’e ntr-un
s I plini aastã cnnditie. roalizarea precum M’ultmimear pentru. su.gestie i Am cd tin cc’rirnrr do ado arid ci
i arhiii trahun SI roprerin C n
aiugre portrnent la actrie do ascuitcitorul a Intoles act.ul do vorbire indirect In mod corect.”
SI IMi iPOI!i<1O VieOJ15\tuj verbal SI nonverbal, Acteic’ do vorhire indirecte pot. surprinde In mai multe privinte. Tn prmnmill
Cerjjita este
a I r’ iI d’a m]:SIfuirea S note do rbiro ode adecvat in rand, on art do vorbire indirect are simultan douâ fiinctii cornunjc.ltivE’
0 reI10 di i lnJc’nrp Spafle. \u roulizni oxemplul precedent esto attit o aseriune, cat i Un slat. In uncle azuri
ode do
a 1 goh. ro ‘a a a dole do vi hire preceden r n irhitorul nu exprimb clar in mod intentionat faptul dl o imtui can ii
J .‘i ‘poalS t a rE pr inloire adei’vat fun 1w mdirerth.
a 0 r a Si
p 1 a p or Ia alizaro ; orbjro oç’ Inc ii a doSes SInci, ada do vorbire realizat literal 1am r
)btInenp Imp 10 111(1’
d 01 LftL’e do c nIT I pe chnd octal do vorbiro realizat indire. t cat I mmcl( di
cultatt i i
ii S vorbir o t t x I aca amertiunc a despro prdjitoarele do phine j r
i Iei n i Ispun ii
dlii
I an d vofti 1 r Sib in Do m nd pot cm mpdra yr prdjito do pair o i (I ni

in ir 1’ £ ml I o I t a slat dar intr un alt mntext p ate

i im’ ii nit co nparativ. In alto cazuri, in car’ vom I. > u S II
rint I I r ta riunicativi mci mterpretarea nu pmt Ii ‘5’ 1
lola a )1flI Ii di. or IT a situatu, natura functioi eomurmmcative i “ I i mm 0 ‘1
‘ii.I a ‘rEfinE cat di t tIn a ii’titato anir 0 nogooivro Intro vorhitor weultit
n .

ntimi i’i Ii: iT i(Pltifl(’flt’ ii ii treilea rend, arti I do vorbire realizat literal t I r gala ut i I
1
(I’ ‘1 . “,U’i’ ( I ne (1 i’ole anti optirj I) c bmcei, sonsul indirect oats’ II redat, tuemsi dad ml’ fiptu Ito ci I’’ IC
‘

ma ‘ i(”ti5 ‘1 1, ron ‘ii nfl] hc’ltlri etr Ia 111 (10 implicit. Dach In exomplu.l dat, vorbitorul ar sublinia ..4fmrn. Ca pralit 1 /
pedLfloflth ‘ ,

do pd/n.e Philips mint cole nmi bun.e, nu ar mai Ii bc do o tflt.i’piri’t’r

a ‘dot ‘1’ anna uar ht’ia’t h so Incaich 0 reguiâ do mdirecth privind. faptul cà enuntul reprezinth Un sfat cia a cumphri in.
I. aela ‘air’ a’ gnliI- ti bar: SI tie aphoare
ii”
pràjitor do paine Philips. Insutil faptul ch vorbitorul subliniazh el r t ‘S ‘01
“
mat strict decât
iii a I) “a maIn, nanle diTcutil aunt bin’ or do vorbire t’ste o atirrnatie poate Ii considorat an indieiu mdl no
in ate,si supuse
•nh ‘“I ‘a’ a in ‘t mm usor do ohearvat co ode cc rc’comande ccvii ascultãtorului.
SI nu edo
..

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asupr t premicelox neexprimiote la utthzaraa instrumet P 1cr t at silt

bit to tnt. a lij it dc u ne in ifara
bine puce in punet ale logicii propozitionale i ale iogiait prt’da’ateloi Ia “Pt’
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ii irm l’hiiipa ‘a” 7’ tIe f t fiit I mai ‘ump, intâi ‘r’pt ‘I mitt
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t actcc g Ta t n ahd astfol Inc it acesta sà devma ab
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I 11113’l p pozi r care I ar uute valida, so remediazä ir cilc is I ‘

ta P uy un md a factormi ‘ontextuab i alfi tact ii m a i r

Si cgulilr do
4 di I n ulti 1 n’ derare premisa car so adruga >atc I’
xpnuty is ii lisa i eexprir icts ha argumentatie lata u Si xcii p r
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ii g ii

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ii is i ar d p rcnt Regula a 4 a, v rbut ii.
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an
C rntint turi propor tonalt asumate euplimc ntar flu po Ii i i oda va
a rm \nIupIul urn fttoi
ca premise neexprimate in argumentatia avansatft. Cu alte cuvinte, daft an
context Pine definit nu indicft aitceva, (2b) este singurul enunt denin In 1’ ‘tt
n seamft en repreze itftnd optimul pragma u.
Dir nacate ont x iii ii i este totdeauna uficient d ala pt r I u
lan a lucia. in .egfttu.A cu opiimul piagma to. nit lucia r in- I,
I, urmfttorul fragment dintr-o eonferintft intitulatft .,Distrugerea fruniut’’ttat
- 4 a -pi I pr n- a -Ia ‘I uitarea trecutului”
ft nit if i a 1 -tate tel It oust r a a a ii t Ala it
pelt nra a ghio Pt, tIr asem moo derners duel at r mat a t cc
amintirii trccutului in mintea tuturor, ci ‘I Ia a stiraitare iremedinitla
frumueti natut-sie a pel-tajulul rural.
r at a cat tu ‘t delo’ inforinati oft so adiuge inn In i
amin r i trecvtul erie i n dernerc neghiob i SIiaci en an hi
u n• ‘a a Hr a a aft niat i1ftrtn 1thn1ft, de’d ore
ante
fru,nusc’tii ,-taturale o peiscijelor rurale nile o nigh iobie n-i pi itt
nptrit

au at pvi I neexprimat.n Totui, In acest eaz. este dicil sit se gftseascft a]tc ertitaturl
raurnentili avant in austinerea
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ntmic
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I n 1. p cu in ex°inp ul precedent poati ft c nar novn s ‘or crc at

at hi de n rft I
P m in logic ( i n p agm tic Daca din on at a r apart ii i
i at. at a Ia it runt ifira
I 1w rc eon$uuturila proponitvttiale asumate In vorbitor: kgfttura cu coca en este neexprimat. or trebut adoptata a ‘t’att’at .z
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at cli pa do a ninenea. sa -

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P PH a ant iii i-nt atnale (lwp) 1’iIt itt eti alar Inca icnt nienient nou nenapri mat ft -

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a 91 itt inst It ‘a
a, It itt c it in (A a i ( yin t f ar men en
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-

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It -‘a in
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I I ‘
1 1 r I at c ii idrntft ci fii’and p ‘t dmtrt r cuozii
A in ) i utu ‘at v tat a ttnra pont dc, von itor -

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c Cl
t
iii i i rhi i ii no to bil a ra tr ode ra e c tr at P ton
P, ra lid
 pit U Premi ci D( apr mate in discurcuiargumentativ
i r isa e xp imat din arumentat a it m
R ilu 1( gicii in txplicitarea preiniselor
unctu dx p1 CM C pcntru explicitarca punt it 1 r 1 xpr
C irstr (t i stionar entului aflat la bars argumentatic
L cir C aaJu r a
p tn F It su t adcvarst Des ‘on estc m& t o Ic sdm s
e9te v lid in fit iii n care este pr’zentat dec%t si rc h rmulez
‘ai r i 1 c premise c’sr sàl vaiideze Msi muft m ct tc
drci rgunicn ul iiar tubume vahdat La unit un
r pr maim v hi ul ca f rndu’ o irgumtnt’itie mvahdh
hi mi al th a unui argument mMmpkt iC tt
y ‘supu ma d c I fiecsre argument, fie ‘a f cc ‘au flu pent I r
( I C istd d n doud prc misc c conci n c. i n h
ri. ‘ta ncaparat stfel da nue mate problem a’3 9
its rconstnr ctia a
p rn entru m se rcaiize m 1 i
)i. 1 np rt tã 1 i aigumentc scpanate fl’ at t
in n c i luzi DC obice In i r’zentir act ft
ngu atft u dintr’ ci douàprcmisc mmnc 1 cxiii ii
U. 1. m m j simpliflcàri Aft 1t cia cm a malistui o91
n m ad i c th C I in impu1at Urmârd logica clauc s C t. i ‘

91 u t o Pt up it cii ficarc unita ‘ontine t n

Ii t r ‘ I rajom) ç p emi a minor i mrc conti 1’
n im i nti 111)1 cute subiectul coneiuim’i, iam t mrn
p Ii atu I o e p cmislc majorc. i ninorc an a C
C x ‘t p tr i nrolalitati cit distr b itu
I Acstc M t M sft
1
M’stiB 2Meto
3 t A B it

i ii i (s it I su p e I it) 1 1 i1 C 1
I i W Usc i i ist’t am m Iintrt r ‘misc astf I C I
i. t t r si it x irmnd d’ h c mcli t s t
i I Y 1 1 po’ihihtat lo C ‘Itt ‘
uti I
t r ra d ‘1 ihi rt una cu rn ienul it I i.
a b di I id t te ate hpsi premist niajor’ ‘r ‘it
an i
a t if, fictorn pragmat c i m cci g
1 ten m r e n e ml cxdus dt vorbito (sic inc pea ii’
Ic ib a i pot larifica ‘I”r us i sib t
c v
1 Is i tu nirt Ii itt ‘i

2b I i intli ‘Ii di ii’ ri i Ii I

d drp I ‘Iikraiiiiri t
 ( iitolul6 ia nsele ieexprimat r dIseursul argurnentativ
3 0 1 n a itofi n ‘gñ de dam,
It asu r c ir imluzn (3 cc dovedetr falsa Si
i Id Iii pr r ian 1) fi premisa (2) caft falsd cao ami do
o I at
o c u irluti’ preiae aunt false, at inc no £ ‘ad
s3nd ad r toe ic1uz.
iine cii r

a
0 din (ia to run so 3 )‘ ro iro I s cll’r)
I da rai amm ‘at v It XC1J)U
ii 0 It 0’ mi ‘iliP netS uncle
1 1 n al caP mmmi, zapada cc topc5e.
III “tOt ao m ou do onoitmuite ca
‘at at Icct I
3 D in rue inincaiziro.

a “] .od In ace t’ argumentatie. propozitia referitoare In incdlz n

- f) a a to uadq iunataIsc’i fPri5prit artistic
reopmsa. Dacd aceastà respingere a propoziiei. Cu form da ar a
din punct de vedere logic, este Insoitã 5 do premise adevàrate, atju’i
-aPr- -1 not] - -, pi]rr,t-I 1 at c -Ic ccl fS a sp1t
propozitia Vremoa se Incà1zc?te’ a fost fiirà indoial respmsa. Darn rciuit3
.

cumva d (3) este o concluzie falsà, atunci iarâi, ccl putin o premii-a iP
i-u a k itii JiarO proput- functi )flciIz.a numai In cazul
i-”t
necesar fais(i. sau chiar ambele sunt false. Dacil Intr-adeudr a’ mcalmatt
a iPa otoc tout- “arO po apartlflc unuin dantro urniatoarele patru
vremea. zàpada, conform premisei (1). ar trebui Sn sc topeasca Ponirm
P scat P. ‘ut cia P cc 05(1’ P. iit S scat P i (dali S nu sunt P.
premisei (2), exact acest lucru flu se Intâmphi. In acest caz, premisa tl( -p
P u-’c -ircumant 0111 (11 (cute promisele cuflt tie acesto tipuri, desi
-

premisa (2) flu pot fi ambele adevirat.e, astfel incât fie (I). lie (2) este fiSi.
‘1 ra’t it raform cHit ii
Cunotrnteio logice care trebuie folosite in reconstructia arumtn5ru
Si i--i f u-moor tic a i ahdii dii lotc sliOg]StICa, existã, o duhid
includ. p mtre aitele, faptul câ, In logica propozifionalà clasP
-‘a’ Si P-s. tOt ulI :uito ti’rlr’c do armimento valida in alto sistemo legice.
negare a propozifiei echivaleazã tocmai Cu acea propozitic. ‘\tunt-i a
a t-Piu -1 ‘p 71 rtoH 5 logica prt’dicatelor. pe care 1eani ales argumentatie care initial pare fhrã seas poate II ilneorl reroristruil
a cm S -Ic pica too. nd’i pon eas 5 modes tol i’rts, do exemplu, sunt
t
argumentare do tipu) mothis toliens, Do exemplu:
‘-

dO tI SuOlOni atm a Pid3 htnecunaccute Pu sutorul acestor forine

‘

ttonnut.t(- p01St’ (1 5 a d mcto 15 juctifirat sau Ion nu merae sã danseze. pentru ci atunci mind se duce ci ii dan— S -c
nu so cluc” Icr scum Mihai cc dam!

Textul poate fi abreviat astfel:

1 nonA

101 a it Pt: at (prp 1 1 1 ropozitia) q” ci i i I. itunci non B

a tat : —is ids’var
‘ a -
‘ “‘cnt’tI de bazfi oste:

1 (1 i otto & 11 tt 50k

- I I 11)1 - Intro UI 0 e ro o ovalid Ia pm Is
si-i I’ u -3, i uric itrlest-e do faptvolil I ( i I
 _________

Capitolul 6 Pramiele neexprimate in discursul argumentativ

Va 11 neces ad apeldrn Ia unotintd de ordm pragtn ii. d mpl

ptntr i a interpreta ) argumentaie pr&um D C 1 ( a iw
1dvzrd morse a C vcctr 1 Ic aldtur,, tocma ti-i a is, og 1
h pri n
i: u tea I tcc i raLl a gurnei aIioi, Eduard va merge la dons Argumentul v lid nile la haz aeon!
o putinr anrtwntc cinpiote ni dinursuI argumntativ, cu att rnai
d
argumentatii poate fi reconstruit Cu ajutorul cunostintelor ant or cat c
v]r n dicirauj aiamrnn n di
-
ob.wei. nu exiid deud enuriturj referitoare la faptul cd Dora este vecina vorbitorulut.
on iid lout iç, S p Copi ‘i tInt on piina pt care pnate P Pantru a atabili dacd Este deja trecut de JO i trenul trehuia ca p1-’ ltc
wah c-tic
ma onduc concluzia (neexprimatd) Am pierdvt ti-en au 1 iclai
Fr nul ntdr”r analistul are nevoie & mel multe mforr at It at it
(° a in veder contextul nonverbal) Loc.utotul acteapta l pa
mmuto san cohoard in gard din taxi? In cazul de Iad, anti! abselu cc —at
-nccna ii an fi Porin d mat multa informat.ii contextuale i cunotinte generalo specifice.
Ii ccio -a la
i P tnt i a. tnt r I d’ i in H t at di cigsir.
cc I’ugar€ i or astfe do cm. nt ii eric’ rea rr
Ii in ur to’ i tnt

c-c! I

‘an’ tnt --at rcanalto a -uut -‘nunt nu apare mat mult de o singurd
1 ant cr1 ima in ‘are apare. ci- Ii dificil de i-pus daed
ito at nrc it d lucy nchitr bd, lotu end i tine eon e
lint rIP i K en i ad li-er, ) r i
I t it U
It FT Pta i -a pa a t n a a( e t
ifPr t
p in ccitt m icik an c unul in olanderd pot avea
° a ‘aPaict ‘rc[o ittt jtc..ilc. I)ac P toato acestea te inn in considerare in
a ac tt’ipr---t - atop! log ajungeria Ia urrnd!oarea inldntuire
‘a I a iT

I- !i
 pt)i 1!
Struetun argunirntative omp cxc
In diferitc p Ix
irgumei, tati
Argum ntatia uitiplà onto ft fo1ooit
in acopuni retorice
argumentel i n mar puterrnca Von it
apanalen xii p IL I
impresia oft : I t ii co ixidi rare lie a e posihild obwctie adusd pur
t n jstiiio urn i pun t I I I
san do vedere x’b u to ui sa nu ui.te cft aceastft ohundor
i m ii putn nrnoxd, Rineir e iplexitatea argumente poato ax u atcre unor suspiciuni: de Ce Un asemenea ezn
I I RI dcp Lildo flu tutn I le conipi xi all I ito po do aitft parte, vorbitorui ii poate da seama cft este posibil cx ascul do ii -

ii ul ou ca
o ezolvi dur i do modul Ir c it rr do à nu considere bate eIeinenteie argumentatiei multiple in ft I
rrni puni tului do vedore avAnat In convingfttnare. Din punct de vedere psihologic. acceptarex unuin nuni
J nun-ar arurnontaliod ret-i esie Ix iniàturarea unei
-
arguments’ peals’ dram in acceptarea altora. nefiind nevoie neapftrat -0 “xis 1
i ft: p oar ;rni ilnirlul n poifle rn-ca en pivire Ia punctul dx o Iogfttunii intro xix. Deoarece gradu] de acceptare a f3eciirui argument u
Jr T nxi riipIu cot. orte rficint o argumentatie care confine II diferit, atunci rand ‘e adiuc mar muite argumente, vorhitorul r
urn ml dvdn’I, do obioci, rr rc’mird expliritã i una nceprimat. indep5rta treptal. si ultima urmft de Indoiald din partea ascult?itorului
I --at-in. nirHal po:to ananco e combinatie do argurnente Dc asemenea. cc poate put i simplu cii. dupâ cx a avansat no argunu -

vorbitorul sft avanseze un altul destul de diferit In speranta cft urrnfttcvLI :-, -

Dun-,’. n H” cHore -irirlit i; inwntarea complexã poate ft desompus

ic area mai mult succes:
U It xci rirrntHir: onuplo. \i3a (urn o dirputli multipid pont-c fi Total: Nu vrei r-ia mergi rn inc lx rot Cu nec xi i-eta, dx fapt” l’ot china! -

no I -eliati’ do doua xou ncr multo dirpute rimple. tot astfel trezitul cu noaptea-n cap Votul flu c prinfi in urmd n autiunr Pr
..

-n rft’ nr sr-- r7, araunientotra nultipld en o combinatie dreapta?... Mar hue to duci Ix on miting do protest ‘Inca nu-ti cc-nv: (1’
1
do una
no ito c ci. Iinornat.u rimpie. In nrgurnent.atia mu.1tip1, (ova Ce-i mat iians C cii stat acasii, biiete.
rirnpo rostltuli-ic ropr”zmt, in principru, mijioxce Fui: Bunii mutrirx, tatii
aIr’ ocr lulas: punot do noderi [n exemplu int”resant do argumentatie multipla apare iii (op’r I ‘i’’
I C’) hr 91 (U 111t1 plc (‘SI C urni atorirl.
-‘
literat.urii olandeze 1fax Hareiaut, al cftrei autor este Multatuli:
0 -an-- rirr pi ifn pnti ft Agentiil do politic: Onorata inetanta, accta ccli hiirhatul ccci 0 urn- 0—
-
\n a soar
I -i 0 0 1
trim - I r ijrtngr’ la odr recta ci Barhetie
I cm)’ P Jucleccitoi-ul: Trebi ii spin 1 Li in a ucic’oC
0tH 10 -fl ii I odepern Ic’ ci e austir
dgerttel depol:mc- \ t’iiat o tuciitelc a rurnat snrc- deusupnr.
Judeu-c’itorul: F’oarte gray Itoh in splounrat
o p I ale -ind ‘e ian xrn
Lothario- (din r I natant i i ii an in mo pe Barthetje Am hriinii c I
Ii a -i urn c-cr on mull I am umhrici c in nyu ii do t Fxi’tii martor idTO Pu( (IC
a in i Ia i P n (:orr ctP rnfrrturic -i 1 m i U n nag uc
ii rio dinuneat i in pu Judccator uk r hmo or lii ooii r urn I)upii re oh oti curmtn 1
(‘Iti ci Ix 1 ‘- -‘ i t Ii vu d ii -t r imni pox!’- (-ons)de 1
lrgunwntctii 01ff hon.
in d vedor Loth on ntrit d-r i II - T re- pot Hi-punt
I I miii .\ec a Ta I -r 110 Ii ci i -

rbit orul p h niimzun I hii r n l3arbs-tio

to r p 5t1 ) c) S Ii Ia 1 1 utalc!

n 3i eji

1 lena pu ii on a -a incnnnti
Peale 11 e u - numsiti ompcie 1 it Ii pUSO ‘

ink lOll
 141 SI I V
St no ii i argu ntntit ye complexe
i at net i a a mt .0a. ‘

I’. ‘i OC’O a 1mm a. a u1i I hr “uni rmnant na scram’?

.

a ial’ nnor ‘tO instant-i cam aim” am “e, Din antra a fact foarte bun Pved reprezmtd punctul de vedere, jar A reprezintâ ci argumentain simpid
‘n IS .a 11’ Arg mentati multaplà consta din eel uin doua arg men Pd ‘api
1, a a m, r ‘ii I ‘a ‘x crdine Ai A2 a a’au maa departe P ntrii a
ii n iota .‘ c r
1 . P i’ tin i t ci ma ifllU c,, ‘Ia u lamnu, luau i, liecare argumontatie ‘nmplà este. in prmeipiu, tin miiloc independ’ at
‘

“ ‘a iii’,, Ia 3 vin,n at lo ‘lreol]lA, (retlpr cc precedent

I Patio m’huI suatiiwre a punclului dii vedere Pved, flecare argumentatin sinipbi
‘a at a “a ii 1cnm’ “cie cc p mc t ate Leasing
legatà individual do Pved printr a sägeati
iii [lesant, II ran asta ot tie ‘e p ‘ate indian ozit a pr ‘a I fi a ci a
4111 ‘a. I a r’ami ii a In a’ do ic’io Invado it ‘araumnentatiei multiple. Do exemplu
‘a ‘a an an “rca In ci item” p”' rue,
h ‘psi no rot Inn’m i Ii tel do ride a a argum”'ntok ‘an an Iegitunii
‘

t 1” a 1 r a’ c I 0 u] Amateidim an in’ a ‘ate er tat

i i l isimexict
.1 1 i uai ill c’nt 1 ci tar an olii viiz ci a
uIa”ulmc’naaba’ nnItipia P’noa c’ con eazn “ci 11151 mult pate ca
1 1.1 1.2
13 i IL dm ‘ii “ I a 0’ i ‘depo rh’nt’ tie sualinere a
4
mm In eafenele eeru’iciui la,tO Transpartul public flu
m it d lorit finetu ‘ann rain nib
a ‘ ‘ii a t at ‘ad mt )los i ‘a Jn( ‘iu1
‘a a’ mt’ a’ md 5
a .at
rm a argulnC’n iiem multiple. na dmtre 1.1] 12,1
d ant ‘1 k itn ‘a in altn moduri Eemp1c do To poti eonidera norocas Trarnvainlc ml em S murlari
ir’ d a tr it u a s m lac’’ ‘a ricioda a Ia t nip ca• 0
rand anti i a in
In acest exemplu niem do a face cu 0 argumentaie mult.ipla esi Or t:i sli I

“ trei argurnentat.ii simple: ii, 1.2. 1,3 (i trei subargumentatai smnipla I.

I re “‘mi I’ itt ‘an in at t a in di a 1,2 1311,
‘a a 1 sor
a ‘a “i ‘a tiOn tar 1 c a 111 7101 flnt;Oa ‘147 Argurn n
5t m(ia ompus pun or lout e
Argumentatia compusã constii dintr.o i’omhinata-’ do arguipontitH
“‘a ‘a Pd ‘a a face apel Is a ‘a a mu ‘aiph it ‘a aa
ok ‘nentare en spie do sebiri. do argur ‘nta is an ltipk, ama pro it
,

1, i it 7 0 .0 it I I e r cc c i ipa a’ ficiertaapunatulu I a t e 1 nail a

a cit c’’ aat (‘nO (‘Sf (“lii corn p0 abil a ‘a so mliiture toate indoielile antagonist alum prum ‘alert mc Ii
.,,

mm
an ‘ ‘ ‘a en ugumontarla fill nate multipia. Do exemplu.
daai ci ri.ngur argument. Când isi sust.ine punctul do vedere. protaoniatul tmnhua’
It i 1Utt1t ‘P ‘ata’ arm itb it nspmpna (inca to d 1ac1cte ci an vanaeze douà rau mci multe arguinante legalo intro In do pa are
,

t Ii I i’11
‘
m n a It am ci pa supur ci do 1 a c ‘mpraulum cot at I C 0 ‘1 ci
1 1 ii n 5
at ni in ti urr it 1 in ‘atc
‘

Inc hogat a.
‘3 “1” , tOil 1 Oh1 It a’ I” p0n ‘a P i’pr’zontrutii anhomatin dup ruin ‘

Existli doua ciii diibrite prin care argumentaiile sample pot fi ran bin ita
intro argumentatie complexii: prin coardonaro sau prin suh mdciii i”
pamiul az ml am I or mmcm tatie map mci p ir air on it u It
lit ii a c ta. a orbian (I.e argumentatie cci rpusc prirt mb orz. a
argumentatiei compuse prin coordonaro. bate argumentele an maca diract’
Jr de punctul do vedore in cazul argumentaiei compuso pran auborc’onai”
p imul a ,un at i. ta 3 Itrect depunc a hi” vede il I a o go at
pa a ul ugun i.nt, ‘a servc st astfel ci sub un le lea i t
 ct 7 uri aigun C utaüv o iipl ‘n

rap usc’ 1)111 cOt

fl.t ucet’s ur pi ‘ilk p )taic ciii d vat perfectt
—t a
gumr’nf -it ul’ —mrplu C C i% lu
lo,’ -‘ant p if r ii I) tii f or v
don r ‘I lunar ‘it -

r a
Poti Ii rugur (‘l ‘a -‘
ti if sagur en o Poti fi rigur cl a er a
I c I rain ii c-un ant at ‘i rc usiur pi ‘a C vadora acrusoare rd ujungi Ia a r aosre vr ‘ijunga. In vri ajurige a d stm
t f 01111- 1 i- It El ) potaIc niandeze aunt destinatia a dana 71 adrtsa corec-thi di mineat a In rune
nd - nimai %cc e’a Sidle ilnf retina so poatc considera c-a
Când su analizeazã o structurà argiimentativà complexã, apara ‘a pi LIr
I 10 met i-i a pent ru oceeptarea puact clvi do r adore Dac
importantà care constà in faptul c-a adesea riu este clar dacà avem tie a I it
a tr- ii c-urn’ ntat jilt alt’ meIltare so dovedete a Ii inacceptabiià,
Cu 0 arguinentatie multipiâ sati c-u o ar ument ic compusã. Dacà sc du
itit i-’ ‘i, oi ann distrus,
antatic- corni-usd pain coerdonare ‘asic
argumente i &ecare argument poate fi privit in mod neindoieinic ci
it’ -ii gamoni atie i
enordonare, fec-are argument individual este
haITi
sustinere independentà i convingãtoare a punctului do vedere in discut.ie,
‘rc-’’’’’ a find on apniun partial til punctulur do vedere,
dar nurnai In ainc{ exista motive temeinice pentru a privi struetura argumentatiet c
‘u celalalti- argumente eats prezentat c-a o sustinere
find mu1tip1. Dimpotrivfl. daca este clar c argurnentele avansats sunt
cnavinc-i1 icc’ 1k to enpresin pi in eoctrdonari-’ poole angora faptul cli
concepute c-a o susiiee convingàtoare numai dacli stint luate ImpreunTt. si
nwi’ -at tin conr4n duiti’ ‘a warn do arguments importanCe in egalâ
-‘a nsapli’-te ateta-]. lists
c-u siguranã flu itiate individual, atunci argumentaia In cauzà or trahut
‘Is exeinplu, destul de probabil c-a Astfel de ‘nczu i
mai degrabâ consideratã drept compusà prin coordonaro.
Oo1i •1Iit’ a.rgumerilc furnrzi’vc’ aâ nc-em. 60% din puterea do
sunt destul de rare. totui pot. fI intâlnite:
-

-‘rc-rrnieittarn, lurralitorut I0SI icr 01 treilea 20%.

\rc a- a ‘at-in ncrdnnrrc’ pntn ii mprezentatk -hernatic Ma Inialli. A zis c oete hotnav. dar icri era In cnfcnea in 1>i-tt
Rembrandt A promis c7i i a spune Qntiei sale despre nor 1mm tr-eut. it’
ri-a f7ic’ut-o Spune c ma iuhste, dar pa Ia epatn ma vorbote de ru
-\.cesta eats un c-az de argumentatie multipid, lii nxc’mplu Iii
argument otis pam coordonare eate urrndtorul:
FlIrrtia Rizia pintru ti
.
1 1 te cci mci buna. Sc riuIaia mci hun e
hpt.-te mu Lane te a Ic ri bir c dc cat alt.P hdrtrc pent.ru tigiri
In primul exem in to in c-a fucar dintre argumente reprezhita i ii
lnsupi ‘a argo n t- nvingiitoare. pc ntru punctul do vedere ci
.

to 101 tin c. aiguni’ Este adevir nu d ii arciumente poal f mci puterme decat a]
,

a punct.uiut Ic unl t infbrmatic p r ag a. r futorul mu unit dec-lit alto, dar aipu.

in gulp do princ-t a avansat I tate ili dual (drc at nt dvarate) aunt antic-ion
1 mull, in u V “1 sustir p c-tv m I as ii v ri it u ulut in n cd -onvingdtor,
agunic-rit.

in u t u in 0 cniarc ,‘tier
t c gu I a a u ic-atm s diatinge intre ra tup i k a
i r It 1 C ov r i xsidc a C prc misel int’ rdepc.n I
-

pr r i i di udual in poate fer fan id te nrc t

coat lv’ t ‘a r neat u Fin chin motit ale r
indira I r iS rite r ii i ‘i indep
‘ r Ic teat limp ct Ii
depind c- i c p t t a ‘prji i i -
 _____

iitrek si h omie bud a sidhi argumentata Structu I argnmentat ye compirie

Ii t’I tI’ il Liflhlivi dacd unul din cele trei elemente carp sprijind Lothario trebuie spânzurat Ai tdiato pe Barbetje bucdteie, ci pus deasu pro
1 1 vt ‘P ii 1’ P 1 i iii tea pun tului ear i eti ,rpolios) pare a P. realizatb pri 1 coorthr alE In it a
I I’ .S( ita ‘t P r I rt it n pa implul fapt ca at nta so dovedcte di argumentaia ste n ultipifi in o hii idi to i
I di-’ i UI/lu 1t ill” Jg< ii ii hpi to Inu i(p au (‘a ardi’ mai Pine si fle orgoliul este deja tin delict sul3cient pentru a-i spPnzuca pe Lotharup ft
Pt ‘,E iii i a a in vi ai I in’ N ia ‘n nib nat cole tr 1 aetfel de situaie avertizeasi ‘inalistu] Cu privire Ia riccul um i bit rpr t ‘ii’i
I p1 II 1 II ti ii t.( p ft ur tului ea a t re nein’ grCLP
Când decide nsupra existentei unel anuinite structuri argument ‘i 111
HI ipli te P a a p ‘ an ot nor dand ‘irpurnentatia este analistul trebuie di so bazoze pe bun sim i pe indiciile din prezeilftl’a’i
lingvieticà a ‘irgumentie1 Sà 1um urmdtorul ox nip t

ii ‘f fl’HIi, aT Ii( l1fli1t Pt ma Acoastà carte flu tue mcii calitate din punnt It’ ledete Iiterai’: ,inr C I Cvi
.‘ ‘
P (‘ iP flr’ NI lihU’1( vi “Ufl Ii luviUcI proc putm oricinal)i, povestea este Prea simpiP, dialogurile UiT
artifinal jar tdu1 vit’ oinngaci,
I ‘ r it p i v a i
nprioo’ ale puia’tid ii de v lere al vorbitoruftu
it i Daca Ic petru nrgumcnte din acest exemplu ru sunt lilt i ‘It
U i I dt piadd i k’ ‘P Pc convingdtoare dna r mate improunP.
‘
pretentia Ca fiecare argumentaie sirnplà eonstitui° 0 sift hurt
r in it’ to a’ at n convrngatoare a punetului de vedere argumentat’ 1 cc c vimp ad
UI i ui ir I ftp’ 1 t inc 1 vii
I (‘I i it ii I St 1101 ap en in ien n vi perttri ‘
vi rd i-a cc p c’ntopul in in vi,naiderar, fapt A ,
a
a’ iii r icipi ma n ,timr dect rele T ,binwtc aeelai lucru se aplica povestea di aibP 0 oarecare profunzime psihologicd i di maninft”
u vi i i 1t (lIt’itl UI Ii (mat ‘
i) (P Ctru(tura argumentatwi est anurnith finete a strueturli narative, dar cit stilul est.e stitngaci, aatfc’l (tiT’111
1 1 ‘i r a r r I c gu a Ii idiv lual, alcultatoru nu tate i, nuns do meritul lute a al irt I a ci di i I
lOT 11 IL natar 1 1 i-hiP, 1(11 imiterea unuia thntre pc “uhil ‘a dialogurile di e selipitoare, dar rntriga lipitit tie or pa Ii ii
I PUPI lii ill C blilid 11 1 iItjV in rcaga trgTuuf”nt’Itvi
t lipsa unor indicatori verbali clan. judecând dupd bunul simt cc ni’rm nI
ft 1 in ri p1 ti ic U rg CI ft 1, fly ‘
ea1’titi htcrarc ecte do preferat pa in urm u a mail’ i rn icr
i i n t vi vi a a, vi an ii ut lii, nvirte ar°’ur cnt 1 o c ru s decida iit argunvi tatia e’t ci I
ia ‘p uric Itilui di “ids ft (vi acesti’ argumente luata InIpreun compusà prm coordonare,
I’ I ‘II ‘liel 4 V fl ‘itiT 10 ii I1InOIUIU Ii v’di in ‘i th obftei iv Ariumite cuvinte ii exprosii pot P. considerate indicatori ai argum°n iI”l
P 11 , I I I d 1 1
o i o n or lot are cornl rar a ci ‘ester doe isjec Ii I
01, dl inunta
1 ‘v ‘•‘‘z in .,a uvigtab, a (inuniet ‘itoa punctelor sub ibrmd de cenclu ci cci, tic i’d cc Qrcinti ii vii ‘p aftc Ic, ha P nm vi c a m i “-I
I’ rtn’I ‘i p i Itoll r altela viemenea) pot reprezenta motive corneritariu ed ftc na!:
it Ii ‘i a e ill 1 Ii i P
vi a a ni a fut numit a ropr’vi ita I a! in oft U P
1 1 ,l I 1 dii (11 ft Ill ‘if’ 11,1 1) 1 al rct,imuliu q tug iris al khm urilc i’o’p vi dna 1’ ci I I ill
r teat ( Ui S( ‘( (U (.1 ifl’ fli Pr nrlgnrea oxtermindru unci man parti din populatia tdrii, t)1U
1 ‘I
b rt,i 1111 1 1 1 1
1 lIt it to’’ tori
I a ibig tint’ ut wi it repunnattere a aeestui regim care a pr’wtiral. geriot’idul ‘ih,’,urd (‘It’ i
C 1 F cct c’ n 1) ct
‘
ii’ j
•‘ ‘
di’ r C nt I ftul I khri vii p u o 1 i
3! r a’ rye .a ‘vi” valojit Pr obi tiP di Phn in ‘uP in 1 )79 vi daca rn amintit i ci ci t ml lgi tcI u
fa,a o alegere Pine
ii dint I a, putere a foci xcrcitatt in rca mci mare pare’ do inivcrnu. lui I-P nz
‘it , 1’ t’’,nsidt’rir€ prmt.r aHab, tipril tortual ‘p intontii[e
Samrin pint Ia ‘onducore do hanoi
4 it it Ii I ii’ 11 in CL e 1 It
it a ‘4 iP vat rep d mt Ii I tint rului. lit ii di at i ni aigume itch i pun cc rdon irt ,‘un a u atc at
C vi’ 33’, arginra it ii in I ‘ebruic stahuit a in lopendent do di ‘p (precurn) ‘p faptul có, Uncle euvrnt.e ‘p expresii aunt earn pretontlear
IN’’ a i ihst In r En ira’ c’i us suv a ‘ud dtii pentru a concluriona sau pentru a incheia ci argurnentaie sirnplit vi tIei-’gnl
a J ri e u d I t mate urvi
i e r I ii t’ g’i in ntat a nultipla, far s no ft F e I
1 ‘ U ?tlii il’PtIrIlIP’itJ,l acanarutft d jirdrPtor pentni a sustino di compusa, lie pm coordonare, fie prin suherdonnre in conduit, di ii
rezultd pci, crest lucre rezultd din, deed learn totul in consideran’, “p o
 opitolul 7 Strunturt argut . atitive co’nplexe
ii In. ti ye pri i d semnea, i de argun’ entat v maximala nu pare favorabilà mini car a ‘gun ito.
a ati 1r Ui flU fa. r in innr’ aLit In argumentatia prin coordonare, In concluzie. anahza structurii argumentative en multiplà poate Ii totodat i
aa inn fripli consideratf mai mult- sau mai puin ,,favorabilf” decât ditch ax Ii anahn-itã
I’ n nr urn ite r pi ii rind in a? doilea rand, in a? treilea cii reahzhnd 1 50 prin coordonare. Ests miii favorahilh pentru il
‘
II 7 C 0 ip u ializä ai argumentat a r in ipil st. presupune en flee’ ri. arp mien idiv
p ] 174 00 t OS C )114 USO r ropnn sa rta a cu tient itiva independenth at In oh a, r i i. u In
7 0. Ufl .17 7. iU7 I’ argument- inacceptabil nu compromite automat- intreaga argumentatie La
fl777’ .‘ ‘n-.r’ 11Pm ‘a .‘t. Ia aL a ari i face reclam miii putin favorahilh, deoarece In argurnnntaia multipla, in prmupiu,
te fiecaro argument mdl\rldual trebuie sh fk ci iflsui
i convingt r. Totu
4 i 111
7 -
7 - t 7 1 ti V 711 U 17 1 doi I ra rid
11 1 rape tivft n loch ‘a mat important decaL eanactort 1 liv )l 11 11

ah 4 argum ‘ntr t e .11 eel care argumenteara nate faptul c e, ir

1 1 7 177 1 Li t to 70 7 flO Nfl hI
‘-Ii 112” ‘(‘IU 117171 Li T\ dOlly pOntru Cit Ii pfliite echimba. aroatf in mod critic calitatea flecitrui argument individual, in cazurdi In car’ xi 1 -

fi pot formula decizii pe baze pragmahce, alegerea unei analize argument atii’e
‘flfl2’j( rota tniiitip]f. in ci ida erpi eqje in a? dozlca
maximale este coo miii buna cole de a tie asiguna cit amP lucru ‘‘:

nthir pit in r do ii
n I 41 , 7 7 at €
pla .4 1 oh’XiS ott
040 1 ìtr tatih ‘iompusá prin s”tboxdona, a
rg vinei-
1
I .1117.,l fl 1. ‘CI1( nr’, In .eear fel. anita, eel putin, ganantia Ca
i ,iri rn-alt --‘t 1 imL I oe daplin iii eoneidcrare, Dat find cã. Argumentaia compush prin subordonare apare atunci cdnd ici ar
U I t un max anni 4 fort I trgumentatv4
argumenlearh presupune ch 0 argumentatie simplit flu an Ii a’(0]”lflt
ned in am e irgunini liii fun-final are r cv In In suat P
Ii il t l C I anc ix
urn n-pu n r at i mdi. Ia o in-ni rnai lunge sin r a
it r 7i rn a C
argumentatu simple 7 iegate pe verticalh’. Fiecarn argtum i din aria
a P4 U, ird% irodir maxun liecarci argumeritahj
Ur
17 i n Inn.it in a niplã an dovednte prin cit Insâi
ai’iunieiita7
inIhnuire contrihuie Ia austinerca punctului de vedere ii numai ml rn axza
snrio pooLe constitui o sustinere convinghioare. Spre dc’osebtr 1 :Ia
5

Ui ‘ e In a I a’urs a] it u mentatjv contine doua u

rgui ientat’a compush prin coordonari. logah’ pa or’ nir taP’ rgu mta
17 ‘7.7 77 a p to I) e ha a x’
mpua ‘x subordonare legaif pe vent ,ih no C( at 7 (1 41 1
7 a a I n i i jc a ,

aimpi care e refer watt wrect 1 tt acelai )t1!1Ul. lie it, lure
Ii’ i tIn nip on’ tin i U 1117 ma are alto efecte
,lUnv’r7tOn I I 2’ iaitr’ a’ 711171 flI tii nniplc’ a’ mentnr, In In cazul argirnentatiei compuse prin subordoname, punctul de ‘.edpra ‘—“I
‘‘
acest
aI ix,rn’ to :oifn fairt
‘‘
fivnrihil4 mini care sustinut in med crjnvmghtor ditch ascultht-orui considerh ultini
cuba g man tin cli ii inlh ituira’ drept ‘ustiner accen ahiih cub en U
177 It
I’ d v e 1 ‘m ii lId i i i mod n n-n a to , at harp i r t r
lId 17 C .14 01
pam intr irguri itaha pr1mi i&lit p ultirno tuba gumet tie 4 tim
-17 1 7 7 ‘4 17712’ 7 77 inlet ra a. corn divni e
‘7’ 7 0 ‘11’1fl77fl oil’ nUntOl luate impi nuna ni nate dezavantajat
fib i ole acceptabilo pnnt;ru asculthtor, In cazul argumeutaf 101 711
7’ 1 r- tt ax tntiil Inc.: -inafira at gltrnentat LII 1710 imnl4 i’i camil subordonare suat-inerea punctului de vedere principal so face totdaenn’i
I 0 Ia em on crime mni xi itor tape intrmo I are.
nir tati nip ant dtv dr ii a
n a n I err
1 17 1 4 ‘
‘t’fti El .1714)7 fll a barr’ iat Cit 11 pUt .i dl’ 7 77’ 4 • fi n1t
1, daLi n H’ I’’
‘at U, I r i’7 pC.ii ii ‘iflOitlO(
. •

1777 nina dintro argumnnt.atifle dear printr-o arg-umentatie compuaà prin cuhordoriare iiumai
Ci a 1’ ifl:ii’nduni in’ a’ 1ovndmte P cm in4t nine pLo no neexprimata’ i ale occeptabile L cã acest lucru se [Iplicit
5
antI ‘C
Inái, pe rtapcbr care cntun un singur argument caption 1) Apolador 4oord a ‘U ‘

Il 117)7 t 797 7( fl inal ‘

j’i 7
I oLd at di I care 0 (1 1 A for
an I nt gu ntati a mta1Ià I’ in-ac Li a taP
(1,11 pare a iut7ficn (ii. pa’ citnd admit. iron premi 111’ , ICC
 a itolul 7
Strut turi aigumeutative complexe
mp 4 ar aT d arrLr anNtae prin dordonare apare atunci
uoam natatia pootru on nunet d vodore ennstà dintrnan argument, jar pentru aseuIttor. atunci ci poate pune capát subordonàrii,
aai CrCumont aara u’urn aorvoStP ca-a ubpunet de vedere Dacii un anumit subpunct do vedere dintr-o argumentaie suhordonatia no
esto sustinut
a-a uEotrtnnan alto ca1 est a oa sirnplii Subordonarea repetatil este sustinut in mod convingátor, atunci toate punctele do vedern aba
lat bnalaaa an tentot e. dasubsubargum natie si nsa mat departe. deasupra’ iui nu vor fi nici ele sustinute convingbtor, astfel meat in cole dia-
a Har at a a TflCnattwa ann on- pun na-hoc I wara poato fi roprezont.at
urmâ punctul do vedere principal an este nici ci sust-inut contangiat a-a
C 1
Arga-imentatbi pain subordonare constã dintr sustinere pa ja-a at
punctul edere principal care poate S varuta ca o inlbntt a-naP
lfl Ca flat qlabb logàtu a determinb aol data intreg a- nat
cat dc palo a a- tnt ccllalte legaturi
cub p tot t t a na-ra- suta too argun it attn aim il
sort a-a bop argumentatie pruicipa ii ) ml con r
arguncnat b a-rnplà, da poatto Li, do aseinene” iltiplã sat rara
coordoi La fbi ate poate mtbmpla i dacb sustanorea pran 1 onat
intro arumentatie compusà prrn coordonare a-au o argumentatic muki1 °
Unul dintre argurnentele constitutive din argurnentatia rompuad pa a a
coordonare petite. de exemplu. sã fie sustinut de trei subargumatnlaa tat
multiple. at’ una din pãrtile constitutive ale argumentatiei multiple’ pa ala
douà subarguinentatii compuse prin coordonare. Acest.e subarguanonta Ii’ at’
putea ole insole a-a Sc sustinute de alto subsubargumentatii i “an” Ca- U
departe t praictica argumontativa apar tonIc tipurile do con ad at
structa. x aig atmentative
a I (‘ora
‘all t ua- a at depus an a u a- tam p
) I
a at’ p ‘a- tat
t 1. man d ‘va’irulvi D a- a- I unto a.
I in a a M na-la car d at dta-t a I ala- 1 d a-aa lIe In a
t a-
at \a at rgur i a- ta-a- a d
at a-’ a-turii de atat. (P rfaar apt ‘@1 solo rt
an I ubpu Pa d ma- i a- frunt’atii. ‘a-I a 0 ba-agat ta p” t a d larati I-

at a ohpa- ta I PvodPve a-. a’ a-ni ‘à niP ‘a acolo penru 1 ann rat’ tat
at I a p oct 1 a at I atia pan a a- prima] nab net do no x a- spatiu intre pat ,m cover.”
IPt I pumontatia atubcuhpum tul do vedoro (The Gaac’a-cIira 12 februanie, 1991)
a at -,a an () alth iluatrare a comhinhrii de argumentatie multipih CU argument t1aa
atca- raaa- a-a at ra-unta-nInej pa-in subordonarn osto eã aceasta
subordonatP i cnorrlonath caIn’ urmát.orul:
a (a-aa-a]tI attain do ara-a-umentatjj simple Punctul do voduarc
COla t -al or Laaart dat at uatin oat (a ivnatearo numni data oargumentatje Nui face grail pcntru examen. E sigurP oP-i iii. Nu a panat niciodar 1 a-
a natta at a-ia atm at a- lada T)oc atorbitorul prosupuno ca examen c-a proPtit bins. no c’cte nervaasP a-i it place ca- studiaizh In ala-”
a a a-aoaa no p a-nP aIa-ac’ii in san flu cxatmenul,
a a a. it I atrgU[floflt troce ca-a-to a ptahllhi

a-ia-a- a ,urP pa a t a a-inca ‘umcrtatii

I a-- ta’-’ raanat 1 a-a-a-ia tui I a-a titian
a- a- a-a-a a a a- a ana tnt a-.i aI an
 Capitoliil 7
Structuri argumentative_eomplexc
I n l cur ta pot I f losite pentru toat- st vat nih, a ma
x n ii 0 it ista z La prima v darn argumentat a
pare k- on a ft ea1izat prin coordonain Totu ap’i
iS
Boultbee, de exenaplu. atunci când or trebw insoamna ,,si de
trebuft, i este folosit. pentru argumentatia prim subordenore
DacTi opusul unci afrrmatii este absurd, afirmatia initiala cst iii
111 Inni ix igentei r trebm ‘i mu f ft ‘t ihcut nicinda ‘r
l)i I ricir , ‘xi’t a i indd ato a ar structurli nrgumer at aa
a avom 1Pa Ia ‘e nit o aigumentatie irin suhordo mr rntt i afar
plun mci muTt si ram ales deoarece.

ipflJiflu utmia dmt rn araumanteI i1nro argimientate rnultiplá Argumentaia complexà i prernisele neexprimate
aiwn it -i 2rin rdon tc LrlrNi a te1e r pmgerii nina dv tr cviii am explicat in Capitolul a16—lea, fiecare argumea taic in
via iv dm a a feri( cole ci In. guá preinisa eexprimath. indoichle antagoni ‘I cc
i vp, ifj u d premsa neexprmate Ir ii a a
a ii uplul t, In mm ii a de & ii argume itare ca so refexa in o pier si in
p r. p
ft v dan’ ant a dintro argunionf.atie
li
!WH a ia ia’i part I i1.. St C suhargumentnte eompuaã prin Gabriel este rPslat penru cii ete smgur Ia parmtl. In psrfI de citu,fl’
pPrintii se simt vinovati cii mu i-au putut oferi un pnieten dr juc: P
1a
- n’ ‘a prima argumentapo p ‘inmpala Dac an ft
macareS s5 scope de sentimentele do vinoviitie dindu-i tot cc vrr’i
1 a
p ii ii t ni at a I a d ma a nent t prinai I an treb ii
uP ii aa p in 1) p u n
S In gumu attn pr’n coordonare d’n doua xoponit c vu
V I It ‘( V p ato
emi°a x h atl ‘Iab i I este singu la pdrinta a I r t n
) I U at’a rdo flu in at v rh N al coyxu srngu I pdrxr ft aunt ranfdta(x i astf ‘as
,-
ln.dae Ni ii ‘

I ai ,n lcrxl ft falond. i pc niani arirumentatia suhordonata: nnnxplicitii an trebux explicitati pentru a ajunge Ia t anahan inc ‘t i
(C.”I’P, pa:.: inoau’e (1st/el de aceea pcrtrzi
acest motiv, din moment structurii argumentative. Structura argumentativh a exompluln
7 1 (7 -i aftalo ii azul rozentiini progresive, directia poate if reprezentatil schematic duph cum urmeari:
ii Ni in dvi entar re rug ivà. Sta t I,
I Iii Ni liii the re C b lest r Site
ul i

ati u a ib n.atc e dubi tul

ensid’ rat a conatructie eieganth, iatft (jabniel p’te sxngur in pdrlni [( opiim smuri lii puinanti sunt cfdt it

1
.11 t ‘ to ‘ ul ‘j1.ij ia’ ci . Pntuiui 11 I’a.,.,, --- ii I
‘p tan u-cc ad lent I Ian t
a’ I t nut a’
a a
-

in VIti(a ii -

putut. ole un
ii nhi to IC
P
-
1’, 1 (1 1 ‘C C’ I aol n
‘

-( P ci ni in,utl .‘ fimp. - P as : di It vu unite .auzaie ni no prieten do joaci vinovatw Ia i

a oa-u i’il’ ii a tot cc a rca
In diagrama do miii sun, premisa neexprimati (If) note indicatP i-’ in
semnui (pf n, push intro paranteze ptrate i lx gath d remi api 1 it -

pa nrnr 1&
 p lut
Structuri argumentative complexe
ua xem 1111 d- s b9rlum ntatu in ii eompFicata din punet di’ vftre 9
n ‘11 , er ri 1
‘ ?ob ha 1
C 19 P \i 1 1) ]flL1 ,cu, In r rnai e’ci9ta aftta
CO U 191 UT 1<1 9 1111 t9flUiat 9 lUOli uiOllin d fnanw, Do aeo”a
Maria eate progresist

& Li
.‘ .“ r IJUI ut nr aipa cur Maria este hberaiit jLiberalii sent pronresftnij

[(‘ei interoiati do Lihuralu SOUl

pohtica unt mteriati de ( Ii U
piresisti]

iviaggie to j rep 9i Li

Li & IL
C’ -t 17 rn I SOUO huia pr Li ‘\Iappie e to tibor Id [Iitberalii unt ‘ogn
‘ C in ia ‘ii 1
1 ii P 1 (1. ii (dl 7 lID Opt]iflU
9. 7 ( it ‘

iCi p .“i’ Ii 1991 ‘i olin at s t Lrrnulezo prilisa wexprirnatà & LII’

ICC S U flI 1 1 1 t an irpi me tat i UI (UHf. 1ex I [Toute femoie unt progreaiete] [Liheralii aunt ft ni
V a I I 0 1 1 l iii S iita mu
[ Lnu iful Liberain aur progresltl in ripeta ito in nilu a cat i n
107’ 1 11111 1 mi rlabd iinent pentru optimul pragmatic esto
oo 2. Do fapt, or Ii mai corect s nu considerbm enunuriie Ce! intl’rcsot’ ‘1
0’ ‘if in ui \ I a ‘c n’Ctru tu ilo remei neexprirnate or fi oiit’cd ‘mt proresiti i Toate femeil aunt progreatstc en ‘in tit ‘01
Pr t 0 1 i 7 17 1 11 it (‘ le it optir rul ragm tk Liberal i aunt prgresitl 1.1),
1) 9 7111’ 191 UI P 011 (ITItFIZU pentru I9117I1il sent progrPsif..ti. p 71 Ii
supii men Ic Ia 1, 1’. care pot. reprezent.a adbugiri adecvate hit a-un ennt1’fl
tI i ‘I’ UI Cf’Util ‘nt9tiu nil nile alectata. ariuimentatia riimdiw
bine-definit
A h iplu 1 id c prun 1 1 fept Li Ci oc. ns u(
neexprimate intnun context nedefinit iiecesità totdoauna formulai PU
rninimu1uf’ care fare part.e (un argunientatia siniplh 1 eagã refill”
I it do t no I Ic V dere Once reunstru he cIte a P 1 C
do niest minimum presupune 0 structuna argumenlal..iva cornpu’
[1 ab’ an it aunt progre9iti] subnndonaro i, priri urmare, una sau mai multe alto premise neoxpriumato
ft I I ‘r ii tr ur on xI rn defl ut nu indi(d in nod dn ltaa va t u CI
111 U 1 1 ‘U 11 79 .U (CL 10.71 dol 91 (Lii (1 II f I CCniISC, otructura 1111 in ted de reconst uci a premis ion ieexpriniate cat in ‘

11 7tI fl1l (1 aruloubnrdCCn100 presupunerea Ca argumentafia este simpid i s pastram prernisI 0171’ “I
pot-rI eit€. eel ma bin’ act stei structuni Cu alto cuv nt par it Di Ill P
o a p to hse va altceva, minimni pro .,matic nift f’S If. .

pragmatic. Dear dacâ contextul nu ajimgo sit te nun hine deflnit. 1coat
ptm pragm tic mnimal poate ft auphme it-at en alto rein so sit I in P
1 tlmul prP u fi’ r lot pnir Ira sIr ida it p in at. i II
eamplexit.
Reconstruetia punctalor do vedere ritninse neexprimole peat fi n i
 Capitolul 7
Analiza i evaluarea diseursului argumentativ SO
jt ita Ic roxtcI verhal cau nonverbal al) arqumentàrii. tn
urn onu Jnnc de xoniplu faptul cà itim e ruclamele aunt create
wvinn y acm umpera ceva face pnaihilá identificarea
PARTEA a II.a: Comunicare i sofisme
i ic d inul, a ‘i a prtiIor I rtu import r to ale
8. .Ana a i evaluarea diseursuiui argumentat
-

ui-n ‘i luCia’ u hoi d iii pn

i
lonaro c r ford
I our
ii o nt 1 precntàrii ana1itit
P t .u a o Ii s o maginc. d ansamblu asupra asfc
c ci
1 trip Jr
ii eursului rou-ncntativ in soopul rezolvdrii unet dif renfe di
trebuie reah7ate urmdtoarele operatii anahtice:
i vnt mnyw ama, fapte •i d@tiiij o-n pen-ire Ia
q oh --‘i in nor in bun oim Dcci: The Telecraph 1. determinarea punctelor rlisputei:
o’- ‘“n in-Oo i ‘ornpi uIP- Teli ranh 2. recunuaterea poritiiior adoptate do pdrti:
3. identificarea argurnentelor explicito si implicite i
ruitd dupd citm
I uxah7a at i urii argumc itative
€ tare r i ft indied lift renta do opinie roluiiie dn
j i iat 1 xpnm-lte tare formeaia argu r out I
IC

irgu cut’ liva &trdm tc ate icestea rintr-o SC IS)

lit r mit-i a a a olandez, c ire presupunr p ezentta n
I --Cc
Porrioercfia cafe o t’ieakare a tnfcgrifati umane
(‘urn poate fi pornografla a incrtieare a int.egrithtii urnane7 Fnrnc’ile
1’ lb & I I lta-h austin asta aunt nehune. A vrea sà it’ cud curn si-ar argumenf a
r dei’
.

i.-uI h- Lie Colegraph [Ziarul in carp gìtsesti do vedere. Dacu pentru ele regulila nm-male ale lotneninseamna cci -i 1
l1 OlIte t rfr I 1
a cOin 1111 zinc colitate i bun stint eate Un pot expiica oft pornografla an are nimic dc-a face cu incalerea ir1teEr11. C
I :Ln 1 11 1 —1! - I /iar urn’ine. Porr grafia nu inteizice nimic nnnanui. ned nu une pr’CId I
a ía v impoSt va propriei voirtc, I oareco
ianu r ‘t’ par d at r ft ciar D a a cred ir pi’tt
i in i on u ole fm€i adoptd un ounet do v it ii
h’nt a tl r p nitia fe ‘e in faptul c poruogra ii ste 0 a ak a it
1 1114 (H
t a -inc. La ii C t, autoarea ndic5. in nod lar ed ni i s’ptd put I
‘

I’ L’ll ‘C. I 1’ i “CC’ 0- 1a -

vedore. Duph cnn so poate observa din titlu, atttuarca adoptu Ufi pu
vedere negativ fatd do acoastd propozitie. Dcci eiistd doi protage uiaP
femeilo care epriiind punctul tie vedere reforitor là faptui ed pornngrafin c -u-c
o medicare a intogritdtii umaiae i autoarea. care II contestft, In acHt
diputa este aimpid si niixtd.
inetul de v ‘d re al fend care cred a pornografe e o nc’
i gritiIfii t at i non cept
4 rca acest n un t de vu ‘c
itt I d iii oats tao oarte dn etapa c ifruntari
‘ I u I
etul I ire e e opus al autoare i ide a fin
i learn a ‘nt gn ,dtii umatie punet di err i-c en Ic’ at
ciclalte femo Pentru ed nu so indiod t i mc legat dr zitia ultir a a
celorlalte femej, once contributie pe care acestea ar fi putut-n ni-i a p a1
rezolvarea disputei flu cole cuprinsd In prezentarea annltica.
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 Analiza a al ar a diseursului argumentati
r sn or ich ziei do a it to op iii I a ‘mi
Vito (li ncen’4 tioc’I 0 asc,,italoritl ‘P accept” punctul
‘Pu de vcdere, A.rgumentatia este prezentata Ca si cum or ft o expresie. un fenomon, in
‘1’ 41 1T%’Hr “3 a ‘c/c ,ir74imPflfe asPi’] in ‘Pi ‘P-i convingb pe
‘ ‘
sernn san once alt tip de simptorn a coca cc so exprimb in nunctul (ic vs Pr’’
1 t ‘1 ‘
/1 1 (1 9 C” ‘C I (‘C I h “
rum e c ii iii )eoc rece Daniel st’ ame, con try arr ‘ic i P
j c mall I pro 1cm i rn lot), cste sign cc 7 inte so i cc I
—
ii rn rn:lrnV ‘)Or pr(000pot do cofiiri so
I’ ,ffV In cam] ccliii de al doilea tip de argurnentare vorhitorul inrean ii
‘‘‘ ;i4 (4 ‘ ii 14 l’ F4’ ipic 4fl
4?i amcricani s
t (.onvmga ascultatonul cu priore Ia punutul de vedere arPtPnd so WI 11
(4 1 P to I) 7 fr ft can (br si Ian u aituL A ‘est tip de argu nor t in’ ha ‘•i o r
6 11 1 f it I 17 10 (1 c at I ar imen ati cs a ptabihtatea p emin’h s f
1’ 1 IVO 1 11 1 1’(6, (a c ((1 4 4 ti tam cu aceeo.i couciuzici IPsand sa so inteioagP ct i’xisto o relatie (if’ unologi rntc -•

/ 1 “ iii r&toinnt.a 1P’ todu po ori’ (I propu.n U cc afirin in argument +i coea cc so ofrmP in pum-tui di’
0! ‘(1 1 44 41 7 Izirc ii t (14 inn! A ‘°Urn utah es oiezcntata en ,i run ‘ii’ Xista 1144 ma iii i 4 0
I jfV j4V
it litud it par ida C C )!C4 in icr I s’ U 371 alt I y
VI to
iiV(4.
// 41 (14 41w 014 1)1 ((1(5 Torn a Pout a intre coca cc tot aflimk rn argumout i cesa cc ac aftrmP in purto 4 fV

P or ,OVIO
i 0111 ‘1 Pi iJ’i orc (Irlpt (OflVsPtofltfl precum in M€’tuda pe care a propun a functional (177111 tieciit (lot (II” (141(1

PP P 1 iP 1 a ( u/f iP’ to’. probierna cste simil intl cm coo de anul trocut), dm1 vu fun Pi ma fin n
tr t,vl cplui d€ a r ilet tin de rgurien arc ‘hi C I
P 1 P ii i iitm oni entrnu alizat dc i incb asi uItPt ml u prntire in pun sil dc vedcre arotai I oP P
+ V (41,1 4 1 ‘ol to 5(’tf I ‘ifiunP pioi argument i ecea Ce SC
1 este znstrumentul fatb (P altul. eesi tip do areomentare to’ i’47.C4,’-i
, it to’s 1) n ir’ r i r otr fP care churnP argumenlatizP in rare acccptabthtateo prernirvi i st 1-rar P’r 1+
4 ‘

I I I - it i 4 t fk’P Pu 1 1 ‘idu P so intelcagi (‘a xist 1’ Ii P

‘a ‘ I pi 4 sri, e tre U r ontative tart ar ‘urn’ I i p inc ul ds v’dere, Ai g mu ntti i l.e ton 4 11,1 Ti (11 4
,
p
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P i i’d’ Ti’ r to”i+itcr’d Ia TilT 9
‘ 001 align san once alt ft lie factor cauzator pentru punctul de vodcresau i it ‘ n -‘

1 1 ( , 1. / p (0 1 1)e an c 7h a a bout o cc at Itt I r apa U’ 7 y 1

I Ii - ‘‘ i+’fl IlL 179 1’ lv sky nrc o durcr d cop roaniccr probahil ii lo (‘(l[ 41
(I ‘Vi C001 co pn mto(’loI esto ransfcratP tore.
V
tot low, (“a I br
‘ 6 tfltfl1i Intro ‘
Bineinteles, oxistP suhcategorn ale srhemelor- argurnentotive P’j’
i ‘I ( 1 11 p ul V C ( It’ ru c urgum ‘nt +t hmnt ha c rclat d ‘o ri P
to m o mit .ar rorm P U i lucru dnt o inn to hi
to op1to (IS pr’-”.V’uplr(I(’ l.a r”fritoare In drept. o cararteristicP a c°va rnai general. (Sub)tipuriie riIgUril’-’flt’IIi- --

‘H,---., ‘‘V ii iorrn P a’ VV4

t’sI-if olo ‘on’c’1c dintre hazatc pe ‘Vi relat.ie de analogis sunt, do oxemplu. realizarea unei ron parntii
VVf
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1 i’ iv., ri i i ‘ P rn’ i r n’imi w a a hum, in prezentarea a ceva Ca reprezentPnd mijiocul do a ol tiTc I.
I ‘ ‘1 1 ,iJ(’iU. “p’i I ‘Hf! 40.
-

anumit efect P la sublinierea unui coop nobil pentru a justiflea miiloacoi”

-- , ,
- ‘0 i rn ‘urno’ oriatorul C (lid be ;tzn
vi P n Precu m fo mdc do a gum nt logic e tipul nodu pon s, u Ii
‘i I Pc ‘ ‘i ir il d o it’ i
r I i sri 41 1’ in pi 155
ii to r “z’p°i ui ad”a “bpr, .1 a d , s
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do vodore logic. urmbnd traditia stabilitP Pc a ha In ronPd” art’

p urn o idio talul ipotetic C’ ninimul logic, ca implicPnd infcr ‘nle Ic Ii ten
‘11 1 I it lusi d’ tip modus ponens, forma logi ‘a a I i t “i
sme nicio osibili. ate de a distmge mtre (liVE ‘elo lipuul (I” Pc ‘ (I
 Capitcilul 8
Analiza 4 evaluarea discursulni argumentativ
e a. fo 1( i a ntului d le tintu unt prn nitura Jr i ilpit i
tie a ion i ‘ i( CCV S aT 1 net u.
inrapPnarta estt tipicil alolesce ,tilor
a’nm rosu, n.lìen r It atgumentat.tv€ cant categorizate coiorm
incPpiatPnarea este o caracteristicP t.ipicP a adolescentilot
‘du
i
t n in arc ar rebus o siuat die uel tipuri dr arliumentare. Fiecare
nc to pund one tot t tern ci a I i ‘ care ze refer
• a fi inciipPtânat face parte din a fi adoiecent
it ir it Cl a ci toti s lea stii an it potential inePpAtPn i
p Ui itt J( un I ad t, I tide so a i Jo cent un in apar ir i
a tn toni a art, i neat ‘4 v toloteta Schema Printre expresule folosite pentru a scoate in evidentP o relatic do antcaa,o
trani cnt ntis i Ii i tramni di cotia Cd carp us anseazá argumentatia so nurnàrP Xeste compare 14/ cit Y, X corespunde lid I’4 X c’ste in ‘t
• tj(’ iii b tic n anun it tip do arpume.nlare, foIoind Reforit i eclucationaiP thu Olanci din and ‘70 era irt ito sect
Ia a. lo mi ii U 1 i at ci de a Ito s ira din i isnala dir M six a Br tsr e
4 I ci
a ii lu r or c ar, itt n ‘du s one a din Olenda
0 a t I at ‘ii in ma ia ant us eon In eealalta pane. • iste cninparabila en reforma duietionala din i area Britani
p ati P ‘noiJerot apt di a face foiP introbrilor onitice
corospunde reformei educationale din Mares l3ritame
• ii’ u di oP ma a irmmntt ttvd increntd ergumexitatmos avanate • no at inte
te do reforma educationalP din Mitten Bnitant
5
am as P ar nit tat e[ e a i. net
fel rcfo n edunstiont] din M’ ‘i I r t ii
r t,r vi lit n a e
a t est c nian7t virc ti reformi oP ci tional din M rca
an pert m nh r $1 Ic at F’im e sob mP ott
•

• rt aimi itriOt depi me prepriul cs i’ eacti cr.itice. (‘ombmate • care isgatti de reforma educationalti din Mares Britanie
a ‘a ‘ mi ml i ‘sonotituto an cci Pine inchegat pnntru a • corespunde in mod fundamental en refdrma educatienala °
ft i liii art & Ic ,tnv I 14 Manc a Bnitanie
I 1 1 pitt e d fnieti’ r liii it art (dup a a 1’ J’ it
I p a. i i am at a t,t to tao I t de stair ste
edu mala fin Marea Bntanii
Io irt a s rt’i chcrne, \ at Puorul ma p ate precupune oP • este t tel en reforma edueati naiti Pm Maren Britntut at
cart it eecului
pt s aput t’ SI. Pm icculta titru] die cia vorbitorul este
sit atm ‘nit tI Pa L)e i test tics tact ant rtm Rolatia do tauzaliti e poate Ii nasa In evil rita ii cx spin
‘ ci end ci YX rjlx iii eY Y
•,t p a at a’ a’ ‘arwplii. Iii nsa tsmeumentatmvP toloatta Vjt’tinja a consumat probabil a cantitato smportani P Pc >slconl doar
c tn pros a • in
nc dt Io;ns ‘4 ear so cxprmia chintesenta
“ pit roil mahmur tar
I s’’ tile tat p
‘ pro met I it so mat p tin * malt ices1 tcU’ ci anita cit cotta it nil e civ d lead
I ‘ ii I us ttv rout V i nix cs t c ttt,14 nix tIe ass ii
II ( , t7J F ‘It if i Pelt pemi a • con, mut exe’siv do alcool duet ii nahm caPt
• in ujmta (undumulu] excesus do alcool at o stare do mahmuron iii
• consumul exiesiv Pc alcool e aftirseste Cu a ,tare do malmu.mnli
• toni umul dc alooo oste s a ii p a’ ci
i r nrc I
• Colic xml d aicool p ‘ovoacl state do mi nun I
Dacti schema ergumentotivil flu este indicatia intrun fel san aJiul ‘4 dat
vorbitor. ascultPtorul trehuie Ca 0 identifice singur El trebuic ad a
p a flea ca impi eitP p ar a mural. atunci cPa I ma vs a ‘I
s gi mit i p jmu ur Ut anurnit it sot & veden d x at 1
 (‘apitolni S Analiza i evaluarea discursutut argumentativ Hi
,- I I ‘hi’ ai’gt tint lola’ In c t sco ci a Ut ( In np c c mumcd £ i Joe Charlie atle I ‘I p Jot b
ann it miaa r idsura s 11 poath urmarl, I’ daci 1 i Joe r i c.
r at tIe at irei misi
i eer i r iate r sa a
a ;ra’
tipul do argurnenta este corect, Charlie nu cc poate atepta it -no
a tat 1 ii iii ii ire a prnusei lipsã p carp chiar a avut.-o
raional ca argumentatia an in sprijinul punctulul de vedere eP
‘P ‘1-’ a reahz at arciumeni at ta, Cñci p )ate Ii cazul unci
a fl
acceptabila pentru Joe,
-
a r itaral glind ndiase a nina stahibre a Peni ii a paa de*nanna cit este Ji putcroied a gumert a ha In
j 1’ at ‘a Ii na ia ‘eta
in’h
‘ipr lid’ a ctc ii n-car o analiad a achemei argument at ye t °1’
i a I Ic. lngd nrc
I Ic
aspu ado cu r acii en-tin- potrivite Aunt cdnd s fol n c ii
di a. a lola, ir ‘i tie at Ic aflit cu achemI, in ann-alto situatii. pentru a intelege schema argumentati 1’
‘o noire. iii 1-ar putea Intreba pe Charlie care est.e premisa neexprirnatd is
‘il ‘a ala ro alac’ticp no e netaw se cunoasn aetfel ‘ nra a

gdndit, dar ehiar ci aa nu existd garantia ca Charlie indind is cc pa,atit

‘a’ •i’ a i’ a ted Ii ies onoahil tatea vrhitorrlui: s-a

intr-adevdr, r pub i indica a promiad neoxprima

11-li
tr in lila it as tile a ru a can parl

retro c iv ma’ otrivitl pontru ci i a a 1 1 ,a

1 7 )n in xpli a a
if
‘pun- once coin-in c, vorbind astfd i-a
pntru i nat
in’ titi a at iiira vart it u at i ne IC CO inn

responsabthtdti care nu pot fi negate ulterior, Esentialmente, Clii ‘Ii t I

sun-’ a at ‘-‘an a a na-i tin-p “a fsc’t ass “eva si niri nu este
‘at ‘ori’itoru itt 1 propris “xperientd. multe lucruri
trebuic do fapt ad indite premisa. cdt. mai ales sã o reconstiuiascd. 10 p Pa
sau once alt analist, pornind do la contextul converatienal.
ia at a aSort tOnI S 1 Ci In tn-liP privinti’ ‘iint
“
Cd d tacoistruiepte argumentarca lui Charlie, at hstc cii it
p i ill iii iii p (at
ace a trebuic a stabieascd n factori dir c liii
1 1 a cit mu irilt role ai I per tru determinarea prcmrsei expri Ii e pi re on

Charlie din punet do n-dare pragmatic, J)acd an existd dnvezi nontrai a

it 5
rr •‘
a (‘I Ia’ donrc’ 5
Fi’ar
n isca c’dreia i s--a trebui ad so pornoased do la presupunerea cd Charlie chair iiitcntionntii
elimine indoiehie Iui Joe cu privire ha punctu] can do n-dare. -itunni 1’ d rn-i

Lone ni or z tel A r sterda a sunt obinu cJ fu net

‘,c

jr en-i I a r iii-’a renp ‘in-aId ‘lorlalte pc aililita cx a it

cc p ete I mai bine u cars e ti din 0 se n-ic 5
e a a
xtu -

a ‘.-,
‘pia to 1t’i,. ‘a on- no ha ba’a’Ieia karat i a Fi’ancisdi ‘ii putea despre locuitorn din Amsterdam. despre hinicietele icr i deepre an ud”a’
U’ ‘api a ii a at ‘i. a -ai pit ii- a pi’i”j ii arc aId In prii’inta ,irdia
Icr. Conform anectei premise neexprimate, a locui In Amsterdam a mns”ani’td

I coin ‘o hn I, art’ an ii suparat ndnd H so furd bininleta, astfel incdt iblo’ita ‘a

arguinentar ‘a

1 1 Pete I i a nceartd en pun tilde v’leii a Ia

Iii di id ip aim torn tic
‘it
1 it di’ ii’
nit In cc a d nb faptul ii exiath o relAte di
c i a a
1,1 1 it n 5 1 arga rncnt i ea cc it
-nprim t In ii ttil ‘dl I
i Inn 1101 t P i ira. p urn I nriina iii exprim p

— I j.’,j ‘ I-tCi art’ air ‘Iii, faith torn

r Dupd cc cc stabilete caracterul simptornatic iii argumentdnii Ia harP-
nrullilltt -

- ‘ - - ‘I ‘: tppa, I ‘ 1, ‘a- fur I inn’ Lnu.itortlor

c
iii i
argumentaaa ‘a posH’ fi veriflcatd prin rnetoda dialeeticd ‘Ic tc’-’t’ra’
orau
1, 0 itt It i I ‘/i’ r ci 1 n’uifr era lit-i potnivitd t-ipului rb argumentare Set-ui do a 1’ 1
reactii ‘to’’c’nit’i

I I’ In it pi It v gin I a orgu il-dr p has a nei acheme irgun entativ b sat it

iii ‘tic ii, inc air ii d
n I r it 11 i ci u ‘at ebr ta
a’ dtoire e ii (
a, ist i’ ‘ii ad t ill “ I I t in it putt co urn- itt” — —

-‘

in alt-c asnuri. in ‘are schema argumentativd ‘ate niar indicati Ic cñtr I ‘n

Piaup ziita a niplI a
argamenteazP. aceactli schemd sate deja parte din contexiul loire pnate Id ash a
li 1’’Cl ‘
a pra’naUci ‘tint sin-pit rlu’trri ale UflflT
lid d SpOli 1itdt )e es )1i, atari ii ciba cdnc ti
pentru a identific’ti pa’emisa neexprmmaHi Pentru ainpu plaid C ‘, an

P1 it
‘rio Ieai ad j asi, di is c ‘e i lar a in ap
It a
‘
 Capitolul S
na1ia i evaluarea discursuluj argumentati
i T C it ! Cl 1 11 11 If J1 C 1 U toY I I /
f( I pdifi coh t i eta cii’ br au est’ indiferenta tudm1 sofismelor dm rnanualele do logic. La eea]alt
oxtrema, ‘a’
i it, 1 , I ii a’l , mr i I ci te i as iii A nr ‘r ar i alt autorii favorabih unCi perapecttve pozitive asupra sofPm
ci
HJFP ttt 1 ictàrik 1w Jot n Woods gi Douglac Walton ofera i
rcact i ‘t
1115 lIiil’iI ‘11’. ii d UI 1 1 t In c aro o
exitd o i/c in evvtenta cc on5tructiva la eritica mi Hamblin en privire Ia Ahordarea
Standard ‘

‘Il 1< 1 1 Li I I oeinth -at ii I 101 a S P d Ia ‘d”ea a Abordarea Standard flu u’eg i IL ‘
1” 11 ilL Lit t”i otat t i ‘latie to an I1o?iP urn1toareIe deoarace foIosetc’ Soar logica clasicP silogistieP, logaca
propozitiarni”
a P ‘ 1 i1I 1< F iii i an it it c c e € a 5 arl cicu I gi a prodieaiekr. DtapP pPrerea lot o rerolvare an it raft’
ro’ I’ I a
I ‘
lbs C H ‘biict strLiifld u cnzub dl /atd? Iau exist ci Se I gica care an tonI clasi e. Woods gi Walton Sorese
so nra/a eP cs, p’ a
S ‘ p ‘f(
5 a C stu’i larc’ icamana mat so facP a analizbi satisfhcPtoare a sofismelor
tl (/ /1 F’x ii ma cc sic m, hoP a sistemek r logice a anaa
a at t Li C 10
i I ut, in ‘u i’l IC iii ii ii I (iii ir C 1fl SPIlL ma sofismele esta’ caracterirtieP abordPrii propuso do Woods
ii Wanon I,t
, 111 it ‘V I I ii h it 1 ul Ic ii I’ if f ii ins f lo ‘cc dt ox ‘mplu logica rndueti P pt ntru a analiza
of n P e i
I ‘ I” CS’ 1,1’ 1 1 ‘\ ILUsI t J S
dat i/ c/Ui? 1 anon tat a! quid gi post hoc t’vgo prop/er hoc. Pentru analiza aoflsrnului
1
ad t’ciccitni’ 1,1
ii 11(11 ,>‘ a j.r- di € tccst s’/cct’ iao a, j.wtnz /i ‘alizitt ci foloseac logica rationamentului plauzibil pontru
analiza oft ‘n It
IF Ii IC 1710 (1 U rt lt fertc r ‘far Ioi malt plc gi pc/itio pr nc folosesc teoria j xulu di let .a ii
pentru analiza sofismului ignoratio elenchi folosese logica
conexiuml(” in
i’ fat J Ic am at tipuri dt logic P. ci discuta latprt S t
r ala ‘t e al i a In a u i Ion €1 iscittle I I
epictemie”, doxastic’p gi module pentru a ci an flea Un nurnPr
tie aim 50115115 1
IV J 15(1 10 iai Ut Intl to <it p VUI UI U ‘€t, U ntelor AeeastP abordare face referirc’ Ia aplicarea sietc’mului
log it i i ‘

i.i I.t a hi a a dtut 5u1ui ar&nimt a tat ic so face in naIizaroa unut caut lit souisin, Fiocare sofisrn ric’cositP, Ia
a so p(’il< F 0 1
it H lIt 101 /151111 <‘dutia IINCU1IP1 Ifi i’it.regul en Din ago. propria sa iogicP. Din motive practice, aceastb
abordaro nit ct/a Ia rt
U • I C ii U S 1 P F’ I) CO Sr ‘sza alstP ‘
Ptntr t iso attica realiza waltz scfismel ui a c I i
10 it 1 fl lit ii’. Oil otst’ oI in riajosi cunogtinte do logicP, BazPndu-se pe siateine iogice dierita afiatitt
‘atea ’. lil htti’
dour dI cr at Ic t°m nt ira all diverseior fism no , it i a A
1’ nttj’ C5 o.i i .,uI,na as aon ai uneit Far pare a ft
ft I I S
(FRn’biin 1l (P II ton, multI’ < azuri dt’ cosrnE v
A ‘as i xi’l tdi a ‘ithcal a sofrtmelo d’ i tar to €
i an ii t 1 1 a n it d in n Ii an le ar in S n I ci ‘ I
1 38/) aix a tic tP oxagorat is 000junturilt Abord’iiri
r lanai altt d,iid J/, ‘1
y ‘a LU ttt nls 1 I’ g s( fismul
1 111 F at trni flt( P(’nUiuI s’Cb, Id urma tirma i, studiul tc’ftsinelor ‘5 tap”
d ill ori 1 isl I ‘
C Pt it Iii (1
It ci a v b iS lii
<II Ii i ‘ii I ttrratcc
‘

I’ pit’ a I ittic, arCh float ii in UU7a nil CAP dt’Ioc invalid ipre’um Aces/i a i/on siastin, Pa axarnpiu, Ca Ic qhioqhJa (Canitai’, 19 4t
in I
oIzin€casd [1ippery sIope ((Patter, 1982) san cornpa
‘,‘:

II I l 11Ff a ii t n
1 n i ‘ai mi Itt’ attc casun q rocun in arimcn
Ciir ncre p in
il ilL TU 1 1 L ‘I C/ C i I I F,lCer,l d
mu ‘at tr a d i isior] Broil’s, l97) tin rot ui< Ii
If tO1)V ft 5 ‘ii im cauta it tot i a
C CV ill u,i e 111 tin ‘ntuiui
practici gresite, ci pot fi argurnente perfect 1egitme. Dupi phireri’il 0095155
.1
referi Ia circumotantt atenu mnt’
I) I. I
lit d ‘ ii 1 if a F 1<
Sit ta a ur it 1 7 care fcc ca an sofism i i r ii fit
a (1 ‘1 Ia pr PP tat ra e Decarme 11cc to ‘ii trebut
‘
an 1’ i I ‘plan niperfeciuni tooretiec i
to a e ten on e lit iii Pup..
“
ii r
spectlice, idc’ntil3cnrca
/1 1 ii. / i titiet ii’ ‘a’ at ir i 1w IJ iii lin
gi reeunoateroa coflsmt br davine in ceo miii marl Pa’t’
a a n fi Psi ru ra pe a tiv at’ a In a ‘s finir Sifted d cli r t. ‘in (C Sd 11
P. .ani i al ‘.iapivoc at raai’tn putetnice i divergonto din i 1 “
gcneraià c-a ‘a Cl ruiicnona/t p”ntru a disiings arguin( Ott Ia
a gr”on’ 11
coroete,
‘

1 ‘1 i’°C, “i’ 1”Pt< (‘C

10 ‘F’ “YL
1 I’m” von an interrieit
F 1,
W itor (1)89 51 W Ito ( 988) 4 r ‘a i a, t r t
ofc’rit’ do Finocchiaro 1981, 1987a) i llintikka (39871,
In oh din ur nli spro d’ost hit’ 5’ tmri’
ci tnt lot It. ii cofsm ‘it a -

a at i apP it j ‘t o art Ci Pc. ‘u a ninnt ethic

> C, icc aj 5’ a Ii
i’fltflU hi,
 (apitolul 8 Analiza i evaluarea thscursnlui argument ativ
I (iii
111 a’ i Iu n,fi’ or ‘Ti- 111opal do Ii mod idool ni dorert.e a mono
nih
an permite participantilor sà lndeplinenscâ 0 anumti ml ‘ax an
a .i ri Ii 1 Ii
e I at
i ii xi me ir mdoial m bligati a faca acest lucru Ei trebuie s so si. pun tu urn a aT
arcponc’ aropnnà, dar acoast a no Inseamna in mail r ii
ajutã in rezo]varea disputei, Once Incâlcare a rogulilor diseutiei. i 1
ru p h a uah ‘abc’ lam prm atonin hut divi i solar in rumente patton rcänci pàrti si n oricare etapa a disc itxei ri. re xii
0 C V
anieni lInac C1i to zol area disputer pi do m en’ ix hi.
p treren noon in anahan osfisinolor otto how s nu exagerm i iv
micarn mcorecta in cadrul discuiei. Sofismele aunt. analirate drept
acrifica neriitudimni abqolutil pe care mm ‘ir
greiite In earn aa Incãtcat ann cbntrc. rogulile discuti
i it ii i i T Cl I e i gr aT 1 r 1 igic. “ ‘xi aborla en noastrà, termenul so/Tarn oslo a
t( tk dto fl’t r ornato pontc Ii n aiunta errant numni dana nate a a’s In in it 1 11
sistematic de regulile discutiet entice. Consideràm cli toato
01 1 10 10i’1(Cit mc’ it in a a’ alt ni act do v rbre in
eat°L*’ruI(’
traditonale no i n ion cancel. itt sistemul nostru ,i oluat dos u i
ri pi it a’ I I ii
i o bi c e tin r rite clmtrn sofisnu in tmaditionale nu ax pate m Ii naUza
r1P Iuintwnn.I in cii cbarile ‘erbalo dintre i orbit orii obinuiti. Numai d (I
vodere pragma-dialoctic, acest lueru nu ar insemna in mod
1 Cl fl0 Ic iii oxtu1 a)n an ativ i nta ractional devinc oP r automat Vt a
nova in noregulã cu aparaiul teorotic Ar 11 o greec’a i
a t a a p ar an t ità it P
iid urarca idoiel.ilo ‘
traditionale a. Ii 1 dar slant venit din cer, 2
u- cbntro -oroitnn a Ipilal c Ia punctul do vodere aT oltui vorbitor. Fhrli
In abordaroa noastnà. comiterea unui sosm no otto considerate
a nt fo ot IT I I i a opt ito oragma at nu c’ pint utifin m anah a In and
a it on at chivakI Ia cu 0 condi.utà noetied: erie c rnipcane
t a i a ti
‘ 1 1 ii
c’ at’ in cal a o onturilor do rezolvarn a disputer.
1 CItO at hi ‘Pi dup pin ron noostri, c mndoplineaseã a teorio C nor fat at I
roprazintà componente indispeusabile ale unui cod de conduutli
I a in In’ Ui ff11 uI Tnc a trnbtii i ofhrc noimo per Ira a 101,1 l’,1 S
ni zolva 0 lifi. route do opinie nate inotivatia mtrodii cr1
C 0 5 I 0 fl p a iii ‘t tt nu u
ci ii rn 1 1
to roe ntat V. sea, ni pa air k pr zoxitam in Capitolela ii
S r n a, tri-hui ã ifirc’ niteru pnru a docido cand at’ incaicii
‘I en i oP
a capacitate br do a rezoiva problerne. ole an trebui sà flu accuptabiic’
Ii in In It ‘iii i ni ret no a of no ro di. i dc jut apt tar peal
o rbit ru sri do an all rezolve difonentele do )prno
a a In it it i‘ ii ‘a it i Ii dim is ion tad a piw to Ia sofismo es e mimi largi pi n 1’
,m ‘d r a i to ‘ruui1p, arahza aofrimolcra fbctrioanli I.r trei mao specified decdt ahordaroa traditionabd c”ntratli pi’ lagica. Eto noai
1,1

i tot ti”t it’ pie tt icioun a hcolirniast Ida lace

p ntr Vt am t mat tat ci jar do ii o ‘eput a’
,
dl ni it r
U a i i i ti iii lit tniiiI d am tim xii rio mi err rile .Jogice’ to len oar
-‘‘F ‘‘I’ll’ t’ I an-’ ‘oh do oci aatã norni. Ta r audit Ii IV. c’ . a’
“-‘
specified pentru Vt sofismele aunt 1rgate in mod aistpnxc’Ixi’ di
1 r i- i oar C r in d r tn rta -‘r r hot a] ntr u wi life nt tic or rain, C nsecinta cc m ir imi 1 mop rta là at a
1 1 ‘1 1 Il I at it in U .c r a no rn ‘I em t I ii ir I rc >fer,m a intel gc to
‘1
5 mc I ivuhti i on ii i or ira 10.
o’-’p’’ a a. ‘aNita’ cc ii cn1n-in’ i mesh r norma. nici cu
‘
coficme.
Vt r i’ i a ‘Ii ‘ It)’ 111 ire ‘on ira c’s 131’ ci let an

No 31 0 rc tie en ad ‘t iii irna nor Ixtulor arc ho It’ oa1

P ‘i -l cm 1
Inc rc ‘1-flfl i icrmetn so e iteroila soot rim lecorl confundato, roopoctarl’s “egulilor poate i’onstitui px ‘a
-

a conditic ‘ufiic niP

-

1(11’ Crn, ‘“10’

‘ii’ V ri I ‘pi ta to it hoc o I no P nil ictt
iii ‘air pcntru a nlzolva disputa In e pnuvetn a rdit’ilc’ de ordinal I
do -i in
ro I a ii ‘a r o .11 tt Ia at privit r ii t lii ii p di’j wit P lox an di out p n e iti
in d 1 11
- I a itIt’ 01 (0 11111 t’l
’
t in in fiamolor Noghjs:rea probiemolrr di’ treilca refcrtc’are In circumatantele iii care cc IetIi
i n
Eamoren p Grootendonat (I 9881
”.rP dimnta
1 ‘-‘ a 0’
I) 11 1 iF’ 101 1 no I i( Sn tar dl I to ode ‘j
i ir ii ‘p no nato ri ‘of i i t i - I‘. 1 1 1
nictemul xiostxu id,Capitoleic 1-181. dat tr”hrun ‘oP avem In vedain p uh’1’
O’ °tll a 1 iii fbi l’r mi nrc’ nn’msirs’ Noi prozoritam t n modal ca uncle sofisnie traditionaic’ Vt no tie astfal inregi’-brato
I ‘r( Y III In ‘57 unnir’
ii 111 lie i’S gi 101 ‘it 1” i 1 it wc Pc’ to e intact cm a exox ab nd ‘c Vt ho’ prenun mu S c xc
n Ab r cc 1 z
o ml it ‘1 d a in r a icc tic ml a i cc piil be ‘In c go so d fipt a or. into simplifu at a t c’uliloi nat
,

‘a ‘C
C d cm
- ‘
-
“at a’ a ‘n “tspci a di cnntic’i, nimble irate dad ii mci hone motivate din punct dc vedere tcoreti.e diacutato do nni in van Een’o-’
C (‘10 toot io (1C84)
 10 uff!t hitS
kne we ft value eadiceursuim argument it (V
I In t ii privirc ft
Pie 0 °Ofl
m, i a normelor 3M 0 teorie a ritz rulor
i cc ‘ti r’ t
in cb an 9 ii isti totil anna justthcatà
ijJ In prinerpiu. teoria pragm.a-dialeetmcâ oferd proeedurile cia mterp’ i-n
--
‘-
a, nsa! ,r sin 11 ii gi.iiiin dinentiet critna Acastea se aplic
necesare pentru a determina deed un enunt satisface un annmmt crjtai ii
i a i in i a ad •t - I a’s c fapt cnp I da a rczsilaa a dnputa. Dei
1 -ti -

nu I) r a casta U ItiSt anna cci a nate proreduri su i neff flirt IsIs ii

a I ‘1 ii P 1 a itii ct
ci- P item if li smgmiri mtcrpmeta a’
iCE LI ) 5 4) lIt I sit am I? C rczolva a
1 cx r a i ir a
baa c aim c nsidc rare ir mod siatematir- nato triislit anile iri’nt anti
I

S 5)’ ii walt site ‘sinai ,-ete ii Eel de evidant ad rezoivarea at

diseursuhu cotidian. niai ales implicitul i indirectiviiatc,a, Ta ala-IOn
1
cia pim r• “. is ymca vt’npul principal. Existd si alto roaqp
ceatmate pe logiad, acete fenomene aunt fin complet ignarae, Iii Ii it
‘41’) 31 1 1 ‘‘5 It I I p1 i nil diectirsulni “
tic neur ale limb pului natuial care t ebui in a i. ra it i
I I Ui I I r I lIEU Uflt’i
ii I tin ur is. P an mdci a atent superfic 4 c di
ci tii n’ suP st hi a U itin a I incite cci a
.
ii
ebservath ad hoc
a ‘ill U iii

I at U a near- mi tat ‘a a’’ span rr’rolv’iraa disputer. P titru peat adapta uniil
‘varra,’t “ diem,’ art ivclanti ja-ai air’, a jr5j /
1St ‘ii ii a 1w
t iii tel
a I’ is a I ‘ii P d ci dick tea
ii an a i mrs du’ i iani ‘saii are parti a acc’ctuia)
an a ii’ parlO a iiii’a I Ii 11111 c’aillC(
II p a u 4” n— i-a c
4 in r cc rnie a ir jaa unIn”
1 a Ii 1 ucitutr
t i ca i i I as i lid e ma intr in cc san lid
1) ‘-a p’ aam.’,-’nchatw’ whni ara ni ill norm lifanre. Ele an se
c naai’ il di lt’ cli—fiiaetn a]” dicnmnlui

I C I a I ‘ i’ n a I
a hi i I - 1 a it U I I (‘ 1 a ‘etc narme est nacesar ad
-I,jai,’ cisc taaltc t paw an sPErm, Ti aim pmagaia-djalearic.a an dead
S Ia 5 i 4 -ida asa a pci Ira a Paid dacci Un
I ii •it ‘ ii 1 1 4 sit ii

I) a, -r i-’ i In im a at wteac omit

I I ii r —

I -r .1’ ‘ 1111 ste cc’i Ian an mai

1,- ‘rdinai 2-ha al ‘tileci an pnvira ii
ar’ ‘5 a—’- a ‘1 ‘-t a is, ma’mti-i ni’s a
1 aS atr sintilaric an ac-a a liii
a ,i(, inn , 41 Sam air-, lOad Get di [C tics]
‘I S ‘ 1 2 if i ii m
xi, 1w ‘ill i ii An re nat
a Pr.

4 aar. ma’aal an E nilr i fiance I a naumu tc-rI talc

--

Iii’ 4 uar’r rat,’ sin sass g.tndio a it hi’ iii SIc panir- -war’ se regac-ese ache de Pc-alan a deyvalta criterii precise 4 neechivoce in sccpnl ad’ a hsinw
ad diversele ripuri de incfmicOri ale acc1eeai narme ci ripun similar- 4 in
ii Ri- saftim, Pa Ii ida tin a’ a a ab slarr no ted pate
a a div Jar rm ‘c-h ii cesar a n I Is S a Ra lii un’
a n it r a is a
it al i -dl tm iccistiir’tarejaatc. umfn j
raaln’ata d Woo 5 i W iltan If. War s in XV Itan 1810
 apa coufrurtarmi
Pentru a putea folosi cat mcii bme dreptul fundamental Pa api axtei-nmmam-m
P %
tj emt-’ In eta pa COflht’lZfl tiit’ii
0 punc’t1e de aedere, part.icipantii Ia discutie trebuie sã nu fin impiaPt-’nmm
s’ xpr e a it ‘tale & edere ad p nd Ii Pta ciitic pi c it V
o iCfl 1 r ntardicli di tim tare a posibilitalib an ii ) cia
a i ut I 11 atiil (9WV I ai innS ia an puin de vedere. iar rezolva disputa prm reetrictionarea dreptului sñu Pc a verdi 1Pim
U lo to I a tr in ar IX pi ru i ontrhu forniulata in Regula 1 a diacutici critice: Pdrtile no trcbi - a’ a’ Ii i m
1 -u ci at m a fcr€ itelo d in p ‘alal P a i- xp cm pufl(t ( a i e ci I
p arO ilJtJ.c’ a roz Ii a dsp it a do in uoib1le nurnal en i ‘trio dr’ eciere,
9 -.i rnpJet iI n mUl ideal. 1iputa ar trebui sá Regula I poate fi Ine1catd in diverse modu.ni. Participantul in ‘P -P a -

r c i it ii ii U 11 a t d poiPm i pane an mit restrictii asupra pun(tcIor Ic v mu i

u imi mitt pu ii discutie, pond’, Ic ‘nec flea ml c it t

a -rP fliiiIZilV 0 -H. ii seamni a aina diept ScrIp ireni ea

ut-dor
oponent dropt ul de a avansa punctul Pc ; edere pe care amc’sta ibm . -

I I r o
Ii eisiiihtatea d ai expcirna once
Ii
avanseze can droptul di’ a cnitica punctul dl” vedern pa cane ace”ta j, ’,
4
I
ci a aL c ci ir uz rt dc ad 1 cci in In primul ens aunt impuse restrict c pr ire m -

U P i UI Hr I U 0 1 an ii a 1 i icipl 1. dieptul -
pu ‘tulu P cdi in, in cazul cii d ale’ ad Inc ii at 4 he to ii t -

p ir dr d’so ti arc- saluat si (I a adam in dis utip caleuiaite pdrtL

.11 01 aid rn ar fr am st-a Den’ rec \orbim despre restrictii asupra contmnutului atunci c-an I cxdn’I r
1
9 i r I €1 ci mu mid in ictc d edcr din duseutic Act lasi ucru i ii
I I idic i Pit a st t Pc p ecare esti
mm tie I, rat a u icr unumite puncte th vi dere to afir a islf r
aL rana ira ma oP 1mm, mc In P P oxprin1rmi indnielP oponentului nu i se perinite ad In pund Ia indojald, ale blind 011111 Imlil”
crituci: $poi iiui iou exempiarul celui rna.i recent numdu din Tar 101 p -

n P i it ‘a ilcntuficthud elernontele principale at a cid’ c

I P i St’ ‘

UP, P .1 I U P 1411 19u ml alHlTieTOPIor PXl1SC san

‘-
pod pun in discutie cc sent in Bibhe’ (\ iv Nicimoleoru in nr-ic ‘it’ im
.1 mpc. -an r a n ant face AcI ale Pc verhire prm mare Sun-day Times, 25 noiembrie. 1D90). Exciuderea unni punct cia “P a” Ply’
a 1 1 nu ci fin pi nt disc ui ue tie ml n’est Jun ru se fact print un proces di ‘mu ‘car 01 ‘
i
1 1 iii Ii 1 14 a t v cart si ii ‘P 14 flfl 0 pune ob tacok in alea desfbu r i u
-
-U- 1 1 a I i i -r ‘raoZmtiGflimi 1
mit van do in facirte simplu ‘
Rnatraiugc tea hhartdtiu personale a op’nentului Jun nag-un’ Pm
amc’stuin Pa a avansa an punct Pc vedare reprezintit n incr’rm-ar ‘U
I c m rt a r ulik dir no c u ct-er mu 01014 u tr ci Jisti tie Ace t In u p I
CM ‘

ii: 1 no TIE Cd au iie pri e I

11 1000
“V it a pr viunu usup a iii pe t 0 1 1t 1 Iflii a si
i Ia’ I’
- ‘d ‘UI( l’Cfi”il J 111). tIll do c’cclmnc. \bsanta oricárci
avansarca uflui anumit punet Pc vedere sau.i de al puna Ia mdnmatP Pa p ‘-

realiziu, cd’ asemenea prm discreditarra m’onipeten{et lmpai’lIaI’ ‘1’

api i c mm’ m rc p rap luau ‘iU icm a Pd’ attic un punct
‘

a m tnt ritd i u u icdib’Iitdtu cal” s”fa Ia u ‘it v-c in

Ir r b £ tr r I c i m
cxi uta mu it an d dir et, ci prir proc ira o istu cut s up aic a ]
41 1 0 0 trip pui l ito f ama c iii ca C prnetc - I

oa Pm a m’ai°i ado 1ntr- disr alum irilca i ricina ore droptul s fin expuaze in mod direct, ale sunt adesea directjonat-r catre liii ,iUdItflI IU “

I P r’i tlcrc I a a U an putra conrtitui int.r-o a trein porte

011 ‘Cr t rntle Pc npmrn din

1’
I - ‘In ‘it’ll u -:‘im Ia ic fr 1 P Imicipahil smap mu
‘07 Ui [1
iii u i 1- lU Cl ‘Cli ( ri 1
a 1 ‘ cc isv i’s icr a I’ll utcm’ liltilt ii’ist nm’rqti’rnl, (‘iii’ ii clap I P Pr o liidi-
- -- I ‘- i- 1- mci 1-1 1111 ‘fl’’ ‘1, “rd an iota r1 prIce
-
lroi
cloo ‘dct 0 111.1 11 PUpas P1 zucepte minim sin ask necoopi rOflt 114 0 razor i!I I’
 (apitolul 9
Sofisme in tapa confruntàrii
3 tat e C-’ j 1U Sit t o en UI
i Ioi’hi’ ile
“
3 i3} pOt In a pi I i ati m nintart’ opon tInt 1 inseomna exerutara i pr in °
7 031 ‘1lot 1 a Ia iloial un pun do vodere pentr i a ii impieclica sh adopte o pozitie. Dc obicei. anienhritaroa vu in
k7 17 a’ IUr(3 do obstacolo in onion dezvo1trii unei discutii coast-a In proa niulte cuvinte: vor exista in eel mai
fericit car undo iaiin-’tui
t fi
0 ‘tco In cli ‘liscutia nu dopiiet.e stadiul en privire in consecinfr neplhcute pentru oponent dach acesta din irti’’
3 0 iF u1i Oflkl Ha-st iiict ‘ aCt’ as. impi’ lies v ‘I ‘torn’ r -i mentinh uu’ictul d€ ede \ces’ a
C ntau i i ic itt In iltfei ar pica cvidi nI c b torci ti I
I S d in’ riop is epru ntd Ic, ffturare i p’ oct a ilui de rezolvaro -ì disputei i ire In’s old (-III -

-a - p’i d joe’a ronsilerat ii un salism. In

Ti He critice. Aparontelo rationaht.atu trpbuie pastrate in permanent ii.
11 ‘7I33’ dntr, olo boil pdrti so poate face vinovatil do neest flatorith modului indirect in care so fac de object amemntanle. in p1-30-13:-a
13’ 111i’L I ‘a n1ic-i 9’1ar1aro9 unui punct do vedore, este de obicer d died do ident.ufIca! on argo rnontu in ad hacti 133 in - 1, iii ‘331
,iur rInt -ar r Ii j t rc lu do aphr mar i tile determir ate de refugiul vorbi orului orm -

I Ii e I ci ml in nod ‘sInai, asculthtorul u flu so cx r i. pi in

I” tC iti tuI Dos g r, ib ip inc ir ntreg lie deeiziu asun i pu tot aiui d edt’ to
-‘

I n dn & ponent F a a’ezt un puncf do In e(i aeon’ cart’ ?Irr Ce crei sd occepti san no, i tot nsa. Astfel do on’iji u’
t
---I inn-il i.i Un unet do v’dc’re ranstã n a-I impiedica inourajatoare aunt adesea urmate do no da / in,sà care Ic anuica,
L Mi iaI,t at-’ i is a m & oficientd do a fncc acost Jueru este ti-churn sd ntclcgel ed nou asigurcvn coo row rrnpo’-tonfd publIc-itaic rn’ I
isn’t i’ iati ufi In an itarei cu Ins t slaIn hilt ii articol Li despro rolol noctr i 1 A/I-i S a Ii ‘

3 r i t i Aceat ip Ia I C 31 uP t rca actr referitoar pu in it

1 1 3 I Cd,‘ ifl ( CU unt umi 0 in dInt i oompPcath dei 1 noobisnuitli e a ‘cit 30 ‘

a nliLil U0 in’ r’ in ad bosnian asupra oponentiulni cafe apelul Ia ernotivitatea an. in tazul in in I -

L ii ç iso insnamnh hbf. so rofc’rb In acn’st caz,

-‘ exemplu. un punct do vedore Incepe sh lie pus Ia indoialh do opoii’ -iii- d -‘

L Inntaro 1 prin ace to! do vi iontb argutnentul

S ‘iili poate fi lilsat In untoleaga oh va ft considerat. ‘,anoaat oh a rb - 1
I) loot a opt a n nat don ± en a dezati agit per ‘oan’i are i avon it nc’tul d a d I in
C ii itc ii t lea r intar ‘ to 11 it st anta mo al II fact s’i ‘C’
trnutli
1
1’ 3 1 1 13 iisi in d dis in or tic F or n ft lihor si punli in indoualh pun Jul dc vedert
to -‘1 ‘in p. >n 13TH! pro metod— preonm arrienint.area cu Deoareco tehnica Ingrhdirii iiberthtii celeilalte pàrtu do a critica un p in’- 1
0113 nat i a utn 01333 3IS953 lip ‘a utIbsusU mijloaoelor i’erbale do a-edere san do a i 5 avansa unul propriu foce ape! In serif imc’ntole °‘ .1”
‘.37 iolani ot i-i a il cu ol idi \ tIne directive compasune, aceat tip special do inchlcare a Roguhi I infi 311131133
1 ‘3 it 1 3 ‘3 p do t i i ci org r ‘n/un i mrsor’cordiam. stfei I Inc c’ i d fat
I I t )IIf] t u “no ila ft a oponentului patutru a lucc a ta
-ii I -Pb it AiR if’fli Ill It b1e vor tot luciu le In ft in hi earea o ‘bitoruiuu opal wl un U freca- II 0, 11 -

ii P1011119 -I “insect’ priui actul do v rturn realizat prin care una dintre pàrti doreto on ceaiaith part-c sh faIn (‘ova apr35 bonoin iI
liii’ 3 1nl”fllrltii 3’l ‘a’ ntnnt inn”a In objinerea u on dod. shu, Sanctiunie folosite pentru a face fhth amenrntaru pot vain’ it
ii’ - -
‘-p Iii pIn 9311’ ‘Sf1 -‘ 131)31 33 annie o ci idontierea consecintelor n’plhcute earn vot aparea dach ‘elui
o -

3 C’ ta ip e icr 111/ ‘gr pci r nuih u so to unoatc punctul do vIne e Dac in 1 in P

IC 3 a 1 1l y u rub pita’ manifectari
‘ ‘- in
a fit-nd a or un a do v ero

i uP’’ 3
k
53- 11005 -toaliz 1 >n- iInrnu UI oi/ hooulurn, inIn
iValtan. crsclc i in nodal ear c od p-iir€’i’jcoi-djarn flu k-ste Ufl ‘nfism in tin
I’ 3 ‘ 37 ‘UT ‘Qpt( 1 Ui 0 3 ‘ides pt nt discu r ‘a
Pigucãci irnph’h mm n rhnd cit stiunu do ordin p OglilS C San i a 1 oh’pi tSa
‘oaf rx liii I uibli i 1970 lot 1 lkop 1 801 toLl Lit
3 1 353 it it’
 Capitolul 9 Sofisine in etapa eonfruntárii
qu que. Tn quaque, In form a sa do bazh
, apare ttur ci eir I ci vi (U 1 1
ti 3f11tiit t d €linnaa Indoiall un punot do vedere Ia care anter
ior a aderat, 3I
rio din I at
de a avansa j uiii qubmirarea ptului s&u It on’ ul unui atao personal direct s pr supi
LnE ni in s yin 1 ir a
9 t vedere ( nd
1 punt Ii a dcoaa an punrt it in rut flu pccate avea nicuiodath nici opin
c o ii coreete, rum indoicli 313sf Ii I
I it V IiCilq putt Intil in joe omul an mingea. Aces
( ‘
t lucru so petreco do ohait tO
0 no op ,nortul sto rui Ia tarere ctoarece confruntárie birecte odnd incep Sd 50 incin
d spintek. it i t n i a, I
J 91(1 U ( I 9 11 C 17 1 itt do 3 ii t uet . D fapt, ii in pokimicil comae, dup curn
so ob’cerva in postseniptummt 11119 cite
l iElt’ io vt’’ tu vduiiui rttn€n thntra revitd p rofesionista do pubbcil ate: n

I ( (11 11 0J017t priwtl( rhiur ir too 11 once incorcat p II c.tuc cc pe Omnotten cii pe un rat ut
t (I 1 1 cc z at o n u o 1 or at domeniul puhlicitatu. ii
t a it g hi 1 u I robuic conomiut tie pan do un exeepfional egoi 01 111
13 11 1 \ I I 1 u uti I I sm a j tIc o t In’ 1
i tot i 11 ‘0 tt face en bami detat cu oinienu in mtd.lul can do
o nc’or’ Diro 13 ur hi a poroaIia au lucru si Pc piai. m m no no In
afi-irt do fupti I ‘d citetc prost coca C
scrii on I r in i t c p ci I
a V t to 3 a ielo bite parti, q iiscultc’ ureodoOfil, biata
iui tezd scheleti’h ajunco UI ‘piina
n vi U I a publi itatea esf doar 13 pc rIo’ dir t 3 u1ttute
1
a nunulut Ic it nih ft a. .r I
to i’unaui 34 lou ul cta in mi era neeunoseutt, filtiunul
iqu etc n / orflcn rn pontru
turn ad cnd aI r in ‘j o’ 1
7
r t t
I In Care a tratat en neglijenâ oamenui .

‘ 1 4 ! (I I out hna ac it e
i i
Lstrnpai d’n oun I. dc vederc cOiflU Ilit
gi en Itangiiclo puhtceit u
t V 11 vi 01 ‘1 01 Ii i 1119 ‘1 ‘1 ol no i It be v d r a i pe ci le ale aft ‘a ml le *“

on tnt at blimp ft ivi, tie cc urivestc lain iunule sfruntate: Na, Ever
o 14 vinoana peu’oaula m eotu a Exust trot l. nicliudatil. fir’ir UI fit ii
pufut eta tr a/eli otul langa tift ii.
1, 1’ 31 ili I ‘13 nova ‘n I 111 1 II r
t i ‘r P In cazul umci atac personal indirect, pirli
a op a ntuiu prin punerea Ia a unc’ po a a a. 1 1 i I
(oI g ala.
1
r orrn torulut orni hunet cncdinte a Cu propriibe sik’ interest’ jar argumc’n
1 II tele ii sunt ,,dernaeaIc’’ Itt (In’ 1
profleute. Cani a fRont propunerea cc
1 I OO1 13 t iiit Incaci ro lactarea do esouni sa fit *140* 1,11
I 9 (‘Ulu CtYLlg 011 nPim ‘id (3l1fl9fl
curriculumu1 colar, Prefedintek (3
I misie di Fda ‘ati t I ‘1. ii
ui cc oliu oh punttcului do vi darn °au ale Mater ìá din Olauda dl. BoRe, a avut do
rndoielu infruntat urmalcirI1 stIll’ in*tirc’ ‘1
‘a 31 i 1501 no tip ir it intr
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‘7 10” legitim do a argument u Pr ti’ cit mi Walt 1*

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glund (19821. Johnstone Jr. (1952
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martori cite situatie scuzd, Dc area-i, rat at’
at P Iii tat a in astc alti rnodahtrte di’ a descop drrptui s’t ju lets, din acest unct Ii’ vedere
eri care a fort ca-delta i ar e (‘din las i t
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avea ncredere entul este un solism di’ lipid
‘at t a mir’ura ‘I” Ps ii ‘port’inta majara, La urrn’t uriurn q tops ac ste ranidno totus nn sollsm, Dc
misura In care nice cab Pint sa I n at ‘at
a a a ci I Th a P pin Ic a mi d dir tel di’ utisut cdnd cealaltii parte dintr-o discutie cafe acuzat
a in car’ ne putem ti in mod implicit ‘an °M lit’
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aCete’
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lpY in discu)aeriticã
(‘apitoiul 10 --

Totu.ii, ci pane problema. conform unor crit

erci do raion’citatc P-ic
II S s , ( ,ctr lb it a rohirilor in disc uti panica are ivanacazI Un punct do vedere are
totleauna obligatia c,’ a
a criticã rIcpundo in provocare Credem el eista ci Jun
cazuri importantc in or-’
aceastI regull nu se apliel
Pnirnul caz c-c referl in situatia In care, fall do
I 1
cia act lail ,mt,ccior i
t uiajilitj u priViri t JUT L d iecc, eel ce trebur austmut acela’p punct Ic vedere care a nai
ci P at us ii c ‘it i
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ic lie pregatit s ‘p asume ralul de inclusiv in etapa mchiderii Mad ccc in punctu’
p r Ic pernir’
‘ I j a In i ml ci d v derc’, iar (an rlimac valabilc aceicni raguli. pre7urnfl, puu
-‘ci -at ti ii a ft r a eel care La cte do plee’ua) in rn -c
c’ i a’r m cii le p oLigoniet a ohhgafia do a sustmo un pimrt Ic vedere
cc tu ‘It’’-c dc r i a-st apere Ii pierde motnat a
at c tcctrrbu cc a a dun ci in diccu pragmatiel In urma urmei, ii cc pea
‘a ac t.ie are Inc in etapa le core participantclor in dicetiti” Pc
‘an ac cpiieata dete ninni dana axccta cuf repett’ aceleapi lucruri ad infinitum. Situatia cafe
cc P 1cr Pc I c,omun ccirI, ren n ien te Laze alta atunci t ‘cad air ci,
,

I ‘p alIt puncte de plecare) ascultItor provoael vorbitorui aai su’$inI pun

ctul do c edt re c iii .‘u ci
P “i’ a .1 ma”r,nra In rcrcivI r schunbI reguliie discufiei, prezumfiii€ can alto -

a cin clip, Dcc t u ti. accate punch I’ l’c,rn

t i a cc c 1 p1 cute c cci cc arc coat cc a’ tnc ac presupune ed susfinerea punctului It’ ‘edare
Ii I etapa c ‘rt dt e -i P a i Ii a I
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in I’) t’,lc tIc’ ilpr’cJc an
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it a it P náI nm od n -‘pre’ entat do nitric t
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mccc regula In diseu’c
icicle pnzumtie meiun punet do plecarc’ Daca l-’vi
ne evident di i c’taictc
an P Trial cc privcr” Ia ‘ncbut deaehidenii el nu exictI bazI pragmatic1 pentru
Ia
ia rokinilor in disci4ia cc plrtile cc cc ii tel. ci,.’
-a a] cci’) COi ccc ccl
s ‘pin ‘ir I agon stului, La urm ann pe alta est evident i cI ansa do rc zolvare disp
cc Ii a a utni C ‘P ‘oc cci ii cc
cc a cncical debina talc ‘cc cltp intr-un astifel do eaz nu are mat ad cc pra1ungea
‘I it
i pun dnd i- Ia sc diaci i
t din aced mcliv in prea are
Li droph I al Sutragerea de Ia oh1igaia de a adu
I I it c L a Astti’i incit ce dovezi
pro hien wic care sar
p icr I ‘P iii t ‘i c >li a it r n di tuh C bhga Ia a ahd In n eadrul Reguhi a 2-a
a no pniveac eel mai do a susfine an pun’P It- vol n
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Iii cin I apn’d’i ala’ cci o dccputP ccl care trebuic d itional sub Icnicn ci”-”
carp r I nact punctul do vedere, El de obligatie d a cdt cc doter’i (onu.c- ,roband
P I, ‘ad i ]an pam tel c-i” phe d: pantea cii cPrci paint cli’
cic’ ii I aTtn agajarn entul trita vcdere a Lost pus In mndoiald trebuie
na dovedeaccd cI pcmcia! Ic cecicic nt’
I a ‘int ‘Ic i ci car i a I fat’ acceptabil TJ Dc fapt. ete evident ciii
v imtf p ‘-‘gIl I p catru
“
ii revme obligatca do a actu -c I a
ci I a ci P 1 a, a Ira p metal dc a den
i
fat d din aplicarea Regulir a 2-a, denarece partea care e’te
ci ci ii r I it ‘P cciapun’Puldc’vcd
pr Vi ‘P i’m i
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I’ cc Pt nil I c p finerca punt In! r ‘I a
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o tc it i’sf.e droptul de a 0 r od ill a c videntl dc. suatragere do in obhgatia da calur
-ar” c t ce”’r ccc ‘nv’t Pa -cdt ri iii aus a e doveri ccc
tini, Un atfeI de drept pr°cc llama ounctului Ic at demo astfol cncat câ
I. a.i cai- I’ arc ic -ii nrc existe obligalca Ic i I
Iculac Icc-cc a in mod nh t an cI sutine dcc Ia bun inceput. Sc poate face ace
p IL ,,c-’ a lint ala I a ciccop e san no 0 st lucin daral nnpic’aca cc
hcct tier cc’ ‘P I ear-i antagonistul nu art cireptate clnd pune in ind
a 1 c, I oiail punc ul Ic cc dent. au c
‘
aa p mc ci Ic t cderc Pt dc I cc are mat ad ii conteste. In oricare chntre caz
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a adu e a en
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t ci ccc p -obandi pi are orinea
1
in domeniul juridic trctr c a p-’ ccc
at ‘P cc ii i ii h 1’ 1’ ‘c K cp.c ci (‘oman carP i regu eel are afimP c ‘an tr’Iu’e nI aducI dovezi pentru -

n’r,’i --rr ‘1iK

t
lile a spulbema once uriiici at
‘K I’ u-tc I indojail atlatI in ismitele mation
‘
-‘p teL I ci i-ic. S an ntampla astfel darl alitltti in argumentafia cotithanil, cPic,, tic
.

1 aciuce dovezi est.e adesea mci putifl stri

cc- ‘‘c wi ccc p in’ I It’ cc I cc In ci cc ccg tat ctI. aunt suficicnt’ I’ - I
In (diving (ci Hambhn 1970 Walt
; on, 1988a).
 Capitolul
Soflme in dktributia rolunilor in diccutia en jemi
0
r inn rn Liitt de
trere rio in obligitin di a adue d greu all furnizeze o suatinere
von ronstà In a punctului dc. vedar nun a a ( mn I
ii rentar a taint ulu
d ‘edere en rvident do in sine. In prac 0 altll modalitate do eustragere do In obligaia do a minc
pi t F nd t r c mo a ite dupa tom ticà, atfel do e do ‘ciii m ‘am
mnular. care snot in evidentã fcrmulcrec punetului do ‘adore astfel incdt sll fib
pP a. in ama It F I a P r
proteIat di ira
s s ml m. I 1 1 posibifitate do evaluate, Exomple do feimuidri ,,crmet
ice’ aunt,
France sat eats’ eserthalmonte intolerant.
Tdr irui din nik’lc noastre e idea pr’n dcmfmnit
Bisenmea oslo conservatoane pain nalura P
is a is ‘i t sin fniultatnnr ii mlninla flu an putca iuat r ml dis’ tendinte anarIuste,n
Pm mci aunt aupuse eriticilor punctc de vodore on coin do
mci ens9 Dad nit
s-ar rofoni Ia franeezui, in tdnlirul do amP pi apa mam
departo am’ Ii 01 ii
uaor de imaginat c,um ar ardtn atacui potrail i an mo a
1 a a d I
tr nulini
o ugereazft a ccl care an reute sá purictului do vedere, Deed in lorul articoiuiui hot
-

a a juaa as ama In um do vede oboerve lil a P dm1 m

ro ot probabil mncrodibil do nmantilcatoni mourn toti, unii, majoritotea, media,
aft It in pros t, in at fi foct clar mdc’ m
111 i ‘pitt &amunpuav
anc ‘d. pentru a aj sustine punctul do vedere iii
in ul-mrn’m Ppio J frrrrm ar’a rad rep tsco p mod sat m’-{acdtm
t it I i dm dun protagonistului ar if trehuit ad i so cearn nitc’ oxam
air ade pra ld p e
‘it a tot n r a ta’rn ii po mit’ ahandono Tocmai pentru Cd nu mmxistll asemenea cuantificatori
indoichie, In once caz intr o i a m F ‘dl> ito
a tiel d im a -a pi’ dot rmnmr dii i itangibile care vizeazh esen
)uit ii Ip dii oste chair
acet menu ta, puec’urn esen(malnmnnte pan
a a a F r m il,i m tr br m El i auto iliiipo nvm I a te mnth definitie, pram nature ci, an ante clar ‘mum an pute
en ni a Fm susmut in ii.
a a a Ui a i ut a a ri i t it m j Li i a ii ft
canvinglltnr punctul do vedere In diacume gnu cur
II a t m P a rim in arc I scap d a p 1 1 icr p
1 ul Pr vndnrn ‘\proapc la fel ataim tocmnm tim animal motiv. ( llte exemple contrar sunt non ‘mm m I)m I
1
aP aiim
IucrurIe i Ir
‘alan pm i a pr agonisiul incearcd ad incline cd fo cam cuvint preclirn t (i snu un-li, at if foarte clan, :ftfinmna
‘-i ci Fiilo care vjzoaam
,l, iti, a ir i1tm’at’c esena in care s foloseam. aceste articole hotdrdt.e (sau chas m ccli’
m iii marm’ cc
f’olommeac articolele nehotmirate), so sustrag oriedrum
I mm p m
reapinso. Do aceoa, ole nu p0t if folosite lntr-o discuie critie
d
F urn ilaram rum purist do vederc In mod non falamficabmi poato ft
mm c’ consideratd cm tentativa do a-I face irnun Ia critici, Acen
ii a iiii nih i mla cc ata ,,‘amatogmr’ ml
i,rnunizare” rate cm mod ihiate aoficticntd tie sustrage e no I
bli m u ,

aduec devon, m’> F fontul do irnuninare rate ademma inthr

P ‘aim mc a u anal
it ml mdn 3m
a a as one et itudmi t pa in hi lam do edor omriulir i nai guwrale ii ‘arose ihIosoto pluralul.
u”tul I e,
r t i r t i r a aem F mit’ Ic a nit poem Si’7 10 1 naturt
Iii ml’ I a rmcn tina
isaac ci mm a c ancatmo i ‘r no ditiile dit
a n en i . F’r’unm’ermm sut omuentialnicato mtolemantm,
is m iii ena” ft mm 3 lmn’ct comm patonta ecu rhia
mm it ma’ al
r mlegnitatea ‘ Sqmu’mttcr-ii no tcndmnte anarhist
a ma m non I mmthmnm pot.
utilis ate pentru a
ii’ m or it i i a so inmarch respingeroa punctu!ui de v demc a t oh ii,
it a p an I a v 1€ ro i an 1 i i
0 ft is mu a ‘dora in proP aunt- posesixe do In naturd prrn cmtaroa unuia cnn a i mi mult
g niat (‘ca I mui stun i r r t via ph P
mm r mm m lift a r r ii acumir pubis cm a prota femU marc nu am n’mP posesiv, oponentul va coim
eonistului. jar antatmiuictul, in sidema acestm’ m’xaniplm
1 m a I m m r a. ad ura nuhi aPis, nopertiriente Sn dovedepta en aemenea afirmatmi trobm
an nod, purma pe’ protagonist e t train
• ‘a mm I a ti j r I I i i F m mm Ii ii mm zeazI
pe
a mm cm p ,‘ir avon to ito a t’v do ad
i
Centre utilisnirilc, logoforico ale articolulum hr tam’ it in ft u
i irma
a Ii ‘
sn’m Forinuldr’lo do ammo I Eel. Ian antag Barth (19741.
t ‘ it mm
oniotui poate erode
t as I P ama P pmrciam Ii mint Mb r a r Pu trmrnc’nul strategic d mrnunmzm’e c md dmnutS
tinbum mm-i ho prea ‘
pcjtrlliT ‘mimIc’ :1
mesire din interns Mbnm’hh,-musen’ (1975),
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a ft a u arm L at a nra
t 1 w n ft a it ,,proatici ure
nat it j am luniana an hicrurtit rut stau Intr ii Sofisme In. rep rezentarea unui punet de
ur am ir it fel riecandu-re ved’,
c i a I i i r r a i a a tftl taau conat In.
an Jutona ct u ta i’ m intr-ur a
Atacul asupra puiictelor de veder
t anurnit N diii faptul cã nit a-a dove
dt
C TI a t p t tic 1 r (.bhgatla de
‘ant’ rat unp rtnnt fl a aduce dovezi Disputa cu privire In un punct de vedere tie
‘wet ofiani tata vorba drupre cu lattu] re7o1v dna ii ci c r 1 1 Ii
u a a aitneva. indoialii observà cà mndoiala este nejustific
P in Tm rart a dc’ maft tarmenul argue’ atã p1 acceptii in reIn thu ‘tarn a
iran a ti fi a
antu rn ad ‘i unctul I vedere. En at, rezolva, de a-emew’a, dcci tl
it a p ft r a n d r it t 1 1
It at dilarantala aca’ tnai importa t dir lade acmasta nu tie poate sustine pi 0 retracteazii.
Ira sofisinul inversr1i () n odalit tc eficientuii di. a determina pa cineva
i r I F F It I siT pi abandonei’t pun In
tav a r r it a itt r ad rgnorantutrn 1
‘ala a dwttut de vedere eate reprezentati de crearea unei
prezititá miii ‘area neat regub ale
discutie in etapa dispute macte pi iT v iT’ r i
I I
ii it punctului do vedere opus. Este probabil ca ccl
a a i in ii arc a ragitlu de thacutie care poate Ii cons ins ala fapt
‘ia Lcrit P ala iatica d culota a F’ pttthi I in atapa cii. fumatul este nociv sit ineeteze sit mai sustini
ii cafe n -
ft i a (
‘

nu este neapitrat nacesar sii se Intimple ape),

Deoareco tin ate’ rausil
a; a a
a n ant a 0 asupr’ unui pr nat de vedere trebuic sit fia urina
I
itt at p d ‘aPP r d a I i
rti ci l d o erg un n a t 1 1
a r° 1 p a nal rae’ cuipa U tare’ art ott In favoarea punctului ale vedera opus, se poat
a at a a 1 a inline e spune deocamdstT a’
1 Ii d mar a ‘a ‘n it a p t (httflC dr pt in th d ‘eptata’ cii epnrarei asto cea rnai huni rnod
P p die’ it a p p bi one’ ragternaatàrt alitate do atoc.
a ‘au
ada ‘a’a a’d rnit a c ttL’raa guvornamant tie lntr-o astfol de situatie antagomtui punctu]ui
raa’ri incuintain tociate ptrteit ale v d n i I dii v’n
a pot 0 ‘upatt’ protagonistul p unctului de vedere contrar, tar
a ‘am
r di i iut ut i ut toads r
isdepluifrea unor protagonistul initial tlasina
ia
d a aupa riapectiva I cuints antagonist In cazt 1 inui acemenea eta- aq iprn
pa o unur r 1
arni elm pirti trebuic sit joace atit rol do protagonicit.
ciit i rol de<intagonP-t
Dad at natu ala wdere contiar tie raferi là
una us a can t p ii r I
vorba dcspre o disputi mixtit simpli
In iiisputa mixti simpla exista intotdeau
na pericolul an autaga minI
mitral sit atace un punct de vadere upor
d’farit ale a 1 as i a I I
protagonistul initial Are bc atunci o rnodfficara
a pozifiet pirtilnr faIn da
continutul prop a’ftior ii Ir en cc prrvept idopta a at i I v i
pozitiv p rmpeetiv riegativ (astfel incit dispute devine
intr-adevir nuiltip lit’
A’ t dali rn ‘aifi di I pot apitrea cluar Ia incep
utul iisu is In pita a I i/itt
Dc cxernplu, se poate ca un vorbitor sit afirm
e ci fumatul nra ‘alt ‘it i 1
daunittor is rum spune irunea, tar ascultato
rul siT reactianeze tat -a tel
oponentul situ ar ft apt. a cit fumatul iu a’ In noci
‘ ‘a it’nui id ) Ti ‘a
sit dovedeaac-a cat nic’i pe departe nu poate ft vorba
ale epa rena
i’ a” pit iii’ rnti mit it discuta in contrathalortu
.. it it I v I ii
sit rarolve d sputa initiali. Dc accea este eserit.i
al an scale continut a
p oposit or ab I i gaturt tu are tic adopta punc
te da vcdarc a fie it P at
pantru amhele pitafi pi an acostea sit nu cc schiinb
e pe nesimtita ‘ii Ii t
thacitier, Argnmi-atele a ansate in s mjinul unut punct ala vedare cTt Taut
1
se refere Ia aceeapi sa apoz’tie la are a-a refar
’t pi inc otol c
‘irgurnctntaia sit lie avansatit. let daci la
sfirpitul discutici. partea opucii
ada In a elapa ir et d vedere, aces r unct alt vedere trebi
a a I a P
acelepi continut propozifional aa pi punaf ul de vedere
Initial alt.fcl daput
-
 Soflaine a r “p a entarea end punet di a “dare
Capitou1 U
r a sti rza1i ita m aui itoriu chruia nu ii asia foarte clar cia a “ifirma
t ciealalth part” tic-cit n
a 1 mIT fit ponent ilui mnsui tn cazul unel p ilemwi d prasa.
a air 1 i fis avaisatpunctulde - a ar “mp ii
Mrma mi ir h a in - cmtitorii suet rareori capabili sh intre in posasi
a in ui i s a is in ri d ut a po a artic-oft lur r ci a- ii
te duca. pentru a putca s “anita drich an an unit puni.t
a Ii (7] its 7111 dci vedare a fan a an a
ri apir unadintrepärti
t a 1-ia i ‘oi I a rE”prezentat.
h ndh a ta7a u iti ii pa cara a laialtã parte a
h r a
In ciazurile hmita, oponent-ului i se pnat.e atrihun un punT
a ala a -a wa pC P una uin’re prti he i aoc”ra a-31 - -

ac iE\ (St dif ii* cia (ui uIilini, nu se-ut hn/i ‘n mciun fr’ 1 cc ceea cc a spits Si ni II
pi ar ealaltà parte a - -

a a ul ii a apune tush stratagema poate fi mai deheath. In once

in in ist ma Regula a Ta a dis aitier car, atribuirea ama
rim 41a UT 1 -ha s adri irmpan puncit de vadere fictiv oponentului c-ste Un car de iofls
ann punci da i’dare trehuie su ii 1 in 1 i c
.i d a a a c ‘a a it fe c ca/nile partc. se In sofismul omului de pair’, oponentul ii punit-t
ul siu do vu”dc’re anal
a R. ul ‘i i 1w in ak sin asta tot-deauna ci sri -atm zaw -sstfei Incht “iii poati fi atacati m i ioi
prezent pe durata
a a iii j ii in 1 Ia a Ira
Due/i lair adevhr air exiath nicio asemhnare mire
atag ni at in c-tri a conhiuutrjj at puncitul cia vadara ala --P
1a Ti-cia- 1 a un ntinut p oj ositional puPa puncitul ci velsre inifial, discutia apita are
d frit dr c I vi7at do din ma r n i i
-
i J w a di’ pi -tagonisI In eta a daschiderü, fantasrnagorii. (ihiar i aa, atacantul asia anal autenti
apr mat c i hi fat C’ -in
ci ti 1 it u
alât ala ini -Ihu: dosapunctul de vedere nim eat-” c 1 auttntn
ni igc i is a p 1 kc a d ii I U cii nITi t rcpr zitiona
i l Un mod intcligent de a sugara ch oponentul a aduptat
a Is d1err at a de o un anumit l1Tl r d
mw in ti Ii rgumentc le i
r b a iii tip 1 rt a a it ii v dam c”nd r fapt mu I i adapteC cansta in a nvai
I if n i a a er at det una In sa p irctul a Vt P
in Ia. i anti in praju aihar at ir c-ont.rar subtiniinduT In mod special Intao diccufi
-
in elapa hi hi Ic- ii can I a e. dat-h una dintir’ lint
p sti’ Ii I -(it jilt S nh cit ctabiletci a ibinuazi faptul cia sustinc- an anurnit punct de
a ii aorisuipt in retarirela ncder - ret ara md a
-nat pr ‘poaltw’i ii an i cur 11f”rr un impresia ci cc-haiti se opun acestuia Dc aici flu man
c e a1 ir s arer it discutia. Se i”ate riecit in a a
1 1 1 U IT Ii
Ia a cionnmge auditoriului c-h oponentul vorbitorulun
I i Xii I (‘1 (11 121 cc a doua phi-ti ca apaniprie aauhuai ant
I nt-an- hp
-

Dc exemplu. dacii vorbitorul spurn” cii

t ici- 111 iu a ii a at 51 ‘- im wmfti pantru Ca esta virulant.i I’erco nil a s it -
V I a a a apararea dcmocratwm noastrc eatc de ccc mel mare priorit
i-i ii- ii a p ate. augarc’aza p1 ii
‘Et iiI 5 a’ ft aeesteu ci exist/i ultii care ghndesc aitfel. Dach
.

in i atat da pact igonciet. cat i de

incij in inc-i cam op men nil sm u a p il
>1 1 1 1 i a n a as deciiaie i i c-i c-ste un mare sustmhter a! democ
- I
inta-a liscutir’ mixth, meare U ii it ratirn. Sc parnanc--irn i
a ii p’ at i-u ii lb i ntaganit. a” atnac air punt-I Ia vedr
-
mdati uspeetai i nu dh dci bani pe d mocratie
ii
re derit de mecanini pare s/i functioneze cii efec-te ci rnai briar’
a i a i-c a is, rnir I rnw
tilw at it ik coniplexa,
and cand punat I
11 p1 -‘c’( ip -it. aar organmac-ac pfirarea. v d”ra p erentat conhn” c n”gatic: N rcd d c Ii n
muth multe -
a i
I c 1 1 1 a q In a at
.

tru’bui cc ii se parmith ad practice discrimi.narca,

a acm Chat” crede ci ar
P r”’a a a rsT’
t I I I I S 1 1(1 It Este pertinent si se prezinte a opinie subliniind-o
‘its I rt I cliv opoticntului numcii thicii nu ni
Imp a i.nth i de a lii. Dc sec-en avansara n unui VU
a i r a al a ci “1 a Ic w d let ci v d at p a
h a rc a in flu efectiul prr’zantPrii opiniei contrare, atnihuite
-Ia ‘ - hipt k aponient Act t as i a p it pirtii adverse. Dc-care-c tam
atr hr i t a punc de ci at w in pulik mm icaru spune cia nu trehuic mac cat m di. si mc
“,- 1--t & ) it 11 a a
-

U & iii ci c-Ic a. Ta am are supc-rfluu. audiioriui va linde /i inteleagh cia punctu
ii l — a i i& a h/
in l he vc”derc a; a ia-st
at f ta t nui trehuir as Re pertinent p ci pertinenta an trebuic an
°e dalorcin fapt ilu tat
flu aparine D altoma Dach partea advcrsã din diacuti
- tai-IL -ti - -- a-a -a i w r” nu prhbe it “ii
‘-“
‘ i - p navl 11
[incipiulur Comunicam ntgc. a c-st ucru a” a pamem de masts ac-uzath cia inc”pta
- I P 1 a r i i a. a iesc j-ii ai ci.”
1
1 7-’iu 1
a a a i ic au &aia -ansidanri eu vedere opus
- VI UI I1
C It rn i a a act-i char spun literal Iii mud
I ci 1 a p Un alt mccl he a atribui oponentului Un panel. dci vedt”re
1 i a ii- a a t daridi r-i Plitifi mai depsrtc’ Iicitiv asIc- t-’ -
-
- -p ar-li Pt tu i-a r - in pa--i pa-tel. rain tinnând la cc a cc aced
-- U V - -‘ 1 -1 1 1 A a ii a P Ia t or5tlcn” dc 1)0
V’’ a ‘ --‘ -
-
(if Naurn (1966) i
5 Walton (1984 198Th)
 Sofisme in reprezentarea unui punet tie vedere
Capitoiul Ii
a r a a r I r t rt a ps er ii r”s it ‘r as fel meat din cart. ie icr aturea,b 1’
ure ce”t aruu i ps
taL iii ida se legàtura
as tnt d v da a r mdnuiascb, jar unei torte persoane sb-i fib greu sit spunf-t bard
a’ raspa’tli
punctul de vadere initial.
toliti rat Cunostere, manevrelor care so pot fat. in cc opal Ic laturli it a us
p is
a
do vedere peale ajuta In identfficarea sofismutui omului do paia. Prmtr
up I
vi hr u taint 1’ s sit a
v p 1u err sid rindu it “hnicie fotocit at. nuirtird simplificaren xagerar’
a a tu d vt I it I rut trIm poat ft atribuit i
u is r a
vu ml it fiecarur membru genoralizarea i omiterea nuantelor sau deterrn
inarilor Aclosea, acsta,,
rut 1
u a I u rca da uacat.w a acatui mod
r
de prezentaie est aunt folosite in con’tbinatie, an In urmittoarea situatie
I a 5s’ a ‘I evocatd de sir pain sa
(3 p r r a ad ic a pun tul de ‘r se ph ige do -riticile aduse unei am di. doctoral a via
a a a
indrumare
a ‘d i 1 .1 h
in h r a a p i a sIr lit K a nitatul ‘it loarte descurajator in ‘eon cc p 1 e’
Sr (i33
I V
p
i i i i
s-a a’
35VV Pñ Ce an Iachpu al eiteazii dilate fraze sseotându-Ic complet din context, Ic dii intc’krpri
it
rare nu Ia ‘Ia, jar in ache din urm adaugä cãtcva exager r
s’s r
itri (U S ji ii ‘I at
‘s n g di r a d di ru sIt fosrte ciar crap r i satIn in air t’xtulri real in l’icc ni a sir Cr it a
Is ii! ptristsi’ar d e a a’ I. I -

omaa’nri fdidndu-i astfel prada mar usoadi. tIred cli acc.sta aitcu,,
pa ran al lay ire astfel imainar cart n’aI
a lipS F’ an superfirial be a discuta ala ‘rare scads mit/i,
5 in r Ii i a “ii I Ii a r
1 si, at ‘u’ dat d
5 ci ‘ ii a a sla a d r axut ii tn lets arcele urrndtoa p constau in scoaterea in ear lent/i
a cisc
seaIit.a te can aunt nit.e as taut’ sit
i Ic rn’s ‘Is a ta’rn Ia prohabri an ‘rceast sdstdlrnbcite. a precizitrilor on’iise, a exagerhrior.
isa it d tehniei ad fia
‘I a a ii i/s ii lit ci r vii ftecvc nte repIouri ale calor ar m r d
i -I it it p a a at ufwctu1 In r ii u
be varIer-c criticat in diverse pub.licath este probabil acela ad afirmatale Is’
atuvua usi Ira ad ra ii ‘t Ha aunt acoase din sa ntexl Chiar ai alum i citnd so prc linde d it iii
ito t ‘aa lb thnic: de f as
1) Iit 3 1’ a UI t SU r ,pfl ,Ii C its lilt re] c tic etc mplu In rriterviuii sp relatari irnab ta
a t ms t 1 r tIc. Ia vedere es pa j , at sst a
aatfoi da distorsiuni. Leaderul Partidului Olandaz al Munei Wim
i, Keic
1 yr ire di in x npul evident de omitere nuan los “ I r
r I
acuzatsa en anumiti ziariti .,l-au tratat cit sea credintri’:
attn a at its tilt e ti In a’ sc ha Ik ‘nvtat aS ia mvlintul in deachid’re oft/a a a ins in’
5 a
si at’ I , ci a
5 1 15 5 1’ r Ic I 5 1 pu a It ‘so reta en nonittli axistS o tip tim at
at en ii
tsr nil ra evmt.uLc- a ron .‘rstilot rat fiat tan dupd psntru care devine din cc inca mci grain cii gSseti sspeeiahsti Os a’
‘in tipar genra1izat i “S tin
U it it I t hf U 15 a a
‘v’s s a ii’ igi c strait iii sa sonal al fortal r a’ a m
+ a r i art a bpsir & ‘

a utrt F aleat en vi iu no on ii d hunsistar’ a cia a a pr-opus Knit,

a’ faa refriri In aituati an i Ia d Is at P
ii a’ as irs ar is’rnusp It s’za alto ides’ a, spune Kok, ss insb a doua zi ziarul The Telegraph a pal/jail Ia
Xrata i ii ‘at. H Ia ii icr ar i put at da
a ss s t r gir a 3 in rI cal a r ph’ a bane care Irs lt/ k hhg 1 1 ui
it an Ia me antru a at reapinge ideen
sr -a is )s a run’ it. me cr1 Am vazut cam imi runt rSstilmScmtc’ t ar it’ ta’. a
aa 1 515 amply as a prima sandia eritiab fact’
,

carp as c
a ip a’ its is I ir dr r a a I di a
r a at Jr mi St S Cx g° arc r nun un 1 d vederc pm
a is urea ins ran a. a eject tulsa
SI nproape toll / taate.
gene abs a at po a is a
ehmmarca unor cuantificatori precum unii / uncle, cbtiiaa / eite’u, ‘ci’
S iPirI( ‘it i dol do a Inc ii at. & impresia cd punctul do edere e r ‘ft i 1
‘e a I p r r i j
I un tul tie ye hers. care rezultd. aetfel este mutt mat usor
sIt at dir is ‘k’ Ste in nit a
I a mar pin at di’ icderc are do dc a air Is
ii s it’ a a a Ia as us a t Ii i d a us fapt exemplu dat-h aveti de argurnentat punctul tie vedert’ Irat, hirhed
ci’ i
a i / in I d ye Jo 1’ i u a ‘a i cl -aIr slut scopul d ma atm dat loan xor >1
it ‘icr Ii it a 1 1’
thraitala dintre panda! sle vedro Fupersensibili. Modalitdtile de sustj,nere a tezer Tot’ hsirbatss rsr
sIt issi id as rubs tie its iCos vent arrant ‘h
atacat i
oponent ul ii run hipersensihili a rat firs cit rnai putir In nndernitnh In ifa h I’
a’ In ‘r a
 Sofisme In repre7entarea mini punet de vedere
Capitolul 11
4 Jo o dr ot on pu wt I ci at at am Ron ito Rubi intern a norm dindva c at sufoca d’ na ii r x
asti do m edere nu so poate xc a
‘t ii a in. en op )nenti
I sa vi dci an singur exemplu do bãrbat
sustine, gindea in pantalonii mci gri i sacourile din tweed pe rare to purtan
’
Pr d i care an iii air.
ci a po cc ir e c a h to
in at t,i ant tat It vt’ctt’rc dt Vifl
mu ior d atact t deoarece crete Renate Rubinstejn sustine ci nu a sons nicoodati aa ceva
p a-a sopor at
tibtl lutes it ii tahiti i. Ni e e at-at do tare cá i s-a pus pe seanid un ,,eitat san evasi-citat’ incit a oft’
cv it. do m tp(in it I a
t S ui t 4 ‘ho rva
c spe ialita e oll o e on per sä de ‘x mie de fermi dacd poate apune do
ii. Pox ton a putea roactio an o vi a
na adecvat prili
xci ía vi ivcat ci ‘at igt’mo
eats neaear ab euiio’item mjionr citat, Dupd o sdptdmând, Poll a rdspuns citdnd un artacol
el’ bgice mat veehi ‘ii
c a it at p a’ Ret tei Rub nateir in cam aceast a spune’
at ii vi pi icc lo cit ‘v dote cat e
ott tiP ‘a ci po ca i I P contm
P itt at in xh / a cumttc, ui/i Dc fapt, in ciuda anohismului adu cultural, e no hunt foartc’ piictic
t i d a ‘ci 1 / uncle tipurie it’r
i o at in ro Ix r a at to c U it ci a a to i ‘no ‘hi non
•Jc tipur, it’ genera
.
hoariprecum ofirnui ornulux do paie, Cu acost citat, Poll credo ed a gdsit dovada hotdrdtoare pontru coca
cit c moon ii at a tint o do opociahit ate
cite ci’ a
‘t io L ‘a a
afhmat i contrnu Precic c ddptdrn’ina itoare Rubinste
r a r i at a lot at ira v P cc cc ,
b
r at ar it Jo’ pot i go or at do poato face cite wctfficare snot vi broth o scurd c-a sà scape basma curatd Duo
odc’ro eirimat initial i versiunea cafe perk ct
iris’ ‘at’ozntt cur, atdt timp cdt dispunem i de textul lxii Poll i do citat, dd citatul diii
It to too cc I Ii r t lisoibil totccit
a tt ‘a’ no
do cvi c too Si Poll In -nod considerabil,
arii i us tin iride cu
o a’ant,’ii ii pant to lu It a’ car t pr’vir’ Ii acurateten
n
T tn is to is fit Ic to re Problenie cu privire Ia reprezentarea pun t,Io c’e
c”
-

eat ore -

o is in .1 a’ deco peic. on react.ia aiim veden e

in a’ is o’ r
-

pariamentar in
‘a tic ‘to Sr ‘ra’arul t omisic
i do Sandtat pentiu Tineret
ci ft a is ci a ri l’i Pnin ii locuir vi uantifiea orilor precum unit / mete 4 a / -It
a ri burr acwiatc c i 5
do dot / dona cu tofo / toate, an anumit punct de vedero peat-c’ ft i-’xagex
,It gnu
generalizare. TJna drntro probleme so referd la faptul dd areti cx ant-Pit
I a xtcrx
i a
1 to it
ii’ u ml tul ibcr p to ap’ r f mitt a lea ‘a ci ataro in forniulart
a pm ‘‘h ‘a ía’ t’ is oi’tr g’ tie itt’ a inifoai a a p i -t ci a
do In uotiv” s r sl to referi Sc poate en protagonistul ad fi spits, de exemplu, cd hiirhat
4 taP a I tiP It tnt t ii
eta ul to’ tot e
n aunt
a
“to-
)r ‘I Iiptra’ns’bili Atari i oponentul Ii poato ataca p nxtul it vel’r
a
•‘ a t it itt a’ r i ,jlc
,‘i i a’ ci a’ t ía’ Inac’amna iii
o I I
1. ii It is ‘UI ta’ xii iii r i tot cit
ur lx spas cã totx bdrbatn aunt hipersensibili. Eat-c
acecta un car tie vif’iam it
Pr ii tar trtamt’ntu] et st-i an
.,

omumuo do pate’?
p P (P a a ‘-
i ‘a a a xc r p rt ax aunt
lx s ax 5 U. tact a’ P pxc I Tnin ha i nut a’ cuantiticotono aunt adest. o ornip l’r a ca at is o
docict an tratim. daei no x
I 1 a ii c x nntuiuuturt p ‘nixat
eheltuti’hta p’xbliec prohieme, cleoareee in majoritatea cazurior contextul on ardta chard
oar.’
P lIt 1 ri a It or ct’ in ‘pret< e ci toç / cute san uiterpr°tarea en un
r (toni a xtf I t xc ci a par’o ridicole dint-ru
‘ i ) I .

‘SI it ,tt c-s I tiet’ Is Jo cit m it us atacul pdrtii admerse so considerd valabilts interpretarea cot toti toatc
a I ic-ut en stacul all Re extrem c ac_ok’
xi No ii I do undo contextul aratd elan dll este coreetll inlerpr tarea cu
-P a a e ‘e o r
-

it a it in at otto na-I unx t. tab

I ‘ci i pa ,.x’ t itt net iv no cit a fact m mod ovide t cot
cousin i t tic lax ci p,u
iifl ‘ci xx no mi \rtfe1 tacit, dat-i find at a ‘

‘ci cc stub suoditatea ideti ootextul nu este tntdeauna foanto clar,

t ‘Ii’ ‘0’-
inbtc it a’ upunc it it pc ill
- it It t octal c to $ pc_atE hr -to pl en uncont protago total itt oh I n it x
‘
t r
I il o 1 I r ,uttc_ orxgxnxxlul, ar ft pos it P sa en to(i / toate, tar apol, cdnd punctul do vedore
i t’Ic ttV
verifiddin acunatetea Ii eat-c at acat, sà so retrag’t
ii ci ‘it’
Ii e ‘p a it t xi a i a, a’ a
re pont-u urn I interpretd ‘I cu unii / urcc’k Dat ‘it I h a
1
t cx vito u, at mpiu
I imt.r ox’ ‘U in t / an I p’ a mm’ or nxplicni, xoPte anal-in’, do oxoraplu, it xu & .pxa’ t
PSI.
bdrbal-ii aunt hipersensihiii Omiterea cuantifleatonilor noate reprezent x
istf 1 ant dirtoc tel-n cue protagonratulti cit a so rct’ia dc r c
A r
I cii iii ‘1 ‘tIc -a a e a snitfic atorilor cuoc opecifi am-em intr—adevdr do a face cu o variantd a strategiei do imunizart’,
t a I a r r’ ft a r a it it s’ ci pusibibtitio Mu]tc oxerupl do sofis-n
I S ip. a a Is ox o no a omo lu ci tic cc b e II cc’ i
vii, 1 ‘-8 i k abbe (I °8’
 Sofisme in alegerea nuijloacelor de apiirare
(apitolul ii 11.
a p i k a I I a at U 11 p ‘i I t(rr cdi 1 ia°i
st v a at u ounet de
a’ an- ‘n inn urn i cx werari contmutul prop 12. SojIsme in alegerea rnijloacelor de apàrare
ozitioaal ae refer Ia un
I I-i i a I
a aip n e a f )t 1 a a intampl i
- Ufl-’1 ti’7 n’ 3a45-de turIn nartunwahv mat Inure ds at ccc avuta Alegerea rnijloaeelor de apàrar a
in itt iii put d
ye d e re
I i
‘ an pal-i ashy! ur vagonict ii tâ i-u preaintn pune
tul do vedere cii pe In etapa argurnentaru a unei discutii critics so avanseazd u argu
a it a Ii uP P1 7J unci Inurnite infor mentatl’
matu jar antagornetul ad o
a ii’ i P a em iculald In aga fei meat ii se spuiber’ t iat indot- h c c
1 r U I C w ii ieu a n au ii ecapa ann
a a i
cat ri in uuiui iu di’ profaginict) acuceptabthtaton punctuiui di- vedere disputat. Acc-aatd argu
ta in ate aleolut weetar ca rnentatic cut’
it d f t avansatci de prottgonmtul punctuliu de vedert. Rcgu]a a
it a u i I g a etul in hal a avut I a fbrmu ci a
nut Ic. i nPcc an utet macnt mfen cerinta ca argumentatia dintn-o discufie criticd á cc r f u It r
tor lii o anurniP1 plauzihffitate aau ci r 1 P -

it u t
t 1 punetul do vt-dc-re dlQputat Fiecare dintre pdrfi Isi poate sustzri
a a at ac i.1 sau, antagonistul tea e peach ii dc
1 ZdUNt) in coat cc argainic at 11 C tc -edc-re ni maipr a a ansarea user argurnente ic-ga/c de 1
r pius fun I valid pe I are i
cle,jrc-i fortet c municahvs, prucum i ansa Regain a 4-a poate fi incdlcatd in doud moduri. Un prim mod care cccl di
mblul La a ap it m n punet de vedore prrn ake mijicace dc-cdt iii areu ie at
.i
a ic I a a it i t i i p a i I Ii n ci ‘a a iv pile te cite greu r .r
Iua cii:” c Pd ci’- prornrntcri iOri a doiiea c-its de a apdra pri.n argumentare un alt punet do ac-dc-re
ci I
i I c it it
axarsat. in stapa eonfruntdrii. tn primul car nyc-rn dc-a far’- sit mutual 5 1.1’
i a it a ii tel ii u de vc d ye atnca
-cU- far-’ t, se argumentativ’ depernuasiun hr in eel di-al doPe’
Inl’irctn non! at’ a s’ vudea cat de fidel esto repre cu a a r cr/ct
1 ii r ii
aent. at nopertinentcii.
Ic a ir uactu1 do odere sale reprezenta
1: t di’ etaca nt Sofism I c ms fri i flosirea unoi rujitac
- a arocrici irilt rwn aa9icu An all udi -are apa in an ix i i i
o a’- arc ‘I ci n di In cazitri s ndoiein.ws, persuaciunc c.onst In impiedicarea unci reale rezolvdri a duspuisi pan
cats pr di ib 1 s te fobs
i i J 1 fapt I oil punctul do vt ci u-c- disputat flu cite apdrat prix i atcrme liii
1 1 t r I a in a ri ci I ij t, cc do i
a: rnutu. Pc cc/c it cnton I arath ca argumente rationale, Dimpotrivd it- folosesc diverse -rite mijioctu
can Ant nul eats faseinai
de Dei c-ia’ a
I i a al c
—.
natisfac conditiile de identrtat.e i de corectitudinc- ale ad.u mu dc’
a it ci a i d ta a am torul in cauza nu a i-cal a
aid pa-a ci di- ‘-c-dc-i ae a in te airih complex do arguinc ntare,
uit. Pate hin d avem uncle
a a a I a i c- anal ma iza dl ci’- mdrepldtit cite Esto Inchlcatd mai alt-i- condit-ia esentiald a actului do vorbirm dc
un punet de -
it- vdicIn i-itt audi aunt icarc irgiinenae rust inc u-rd sà se justifict sat ti it i g
)erc’etae lniasfaceeu a ir 1
-
ti’ 1 i -.011 tat rational propozif.ia aflatti In disputil. Cu cite cut-late, tin as
f-icc near
I I -r u-id ‘ci ii 1 in e care de a c rnvingc, in general. eel care adoptd ac a ta an
- a I I a’ o a e act ii ii It alert 1nit a a
a :pacinentdllui i-i taiinit unui j: unet di ac-dc-re fictiv adversaru ut
lrPc
‘
crede nici ci eti mijioaeele close due in o juctificare mu is o a
s ifl to a
1 01 acceptahild a punctului do vedere. in acest car, mci
0 ti ii ii de p cit i urmatnarele ijtnatit c.oncIiti ds
- - ‘-t’-umc-iitei-ca -,IaLt Ic pain aitului in
‘—-: p mccl iltate ni e”t saUafeutd. Si —c poate cc ni’l ox diP Ph
timp cc aunt ignorit€ a -

t it an a Pit c u-il tr rat nu P focI satisfTrcutâ, deoarece auditoriului nu i cc- poate ca-re
-
utrn iinportanh in Ii n u- surit ad
dj c ci a ‘a a
am tt nultume iscd -u stratagema non-argumentativd in I a’ I.c o m -t
-
Vi- U
‘—
r t ii n ci a it ha ii a r i
1 cUlt Tli thUd Iu-ira, cit opt tinti ii nun advercar nab rcprc respingere acceptahild.
zinta Is fapt in contextul thscutiei entice, mijloacole de conu-ngerc care an ala
I - ‘- ii-
a t i a i a itt ii g dat r iinimei a
condittile actulum complex do argumentaru trebuie privite cc Ineldt u- a’ u
.

is!c uP- vtorit :cpui.ztit ssiiuuai iuiie acocie

triategu cia- chic fintese
lilt U I o o a ac 1 fl it 51 amna rapr ac- itarc a celeila in cc-I mm fericit ear, en argumeme surogat, Riscul pe core
lte pdrti ii prealata
li I -n--Iaa dc-c it cctt i’ iet It at as at ene rgui acnt -onstd In areec ti aunt pr u-cnt it
i a
-

It I
re ut-, Pc-ricoh I cs/c ampiiflcat de efeetul Principiulur Comumcdrii confPr
rn
u a rn tc o ntrihi tiiie in duscutie aunt onsiderat cc f r le hi I
urniaia a strategic-i interpretative maximale toate 4 eontriltut i’
 Liii Sofime In alegerea mijinacelor de apãrare
ap tohil 2
art ni apt I in nod in act Ia sentimentele auditoriulua.
nil titi a c e Ii it ter in tat drpt lie acor a di’ Id r 4
argumentativ aunt argurnenturn ad horninem ci de sofismul omului de pale In cazul
‘Iprr tale r at tare uniri
tire a rij1’a rd n noiaargruaatative 4€ argu nec lair ad horrinern intentia este do a ado e re tat cia
ersua aiune nu se poate r It It I
itt. iii a intr a t ‘ut itt di a oponentulut pentru ad discredita in ochii auditoriului pi
attain Id tie a n nvinve opunentul Ele at nt a-I elinuna din
a at ra a at ii ira i rat 4 at on 1 fol site discute. Sofa’rnul ornulu do pale functioneaza
a raar. dmtre mdc doud pdrti aflate in run ai In d a g
oponentultu (adosea absenl) a fast mai intai supuad
r at pr tarn a cdt.aga auciroriul Tncerc
area de a fraudutoa8e
unea modiheda i
a ii ‘at ,i’1t Ian h a ni a’ g mat tiv etc bieian mkre i copul aeiuIui La emotaile auditorium
p ii F ii a’ Ia at ra I I> iF vi tat in in on nul este de a axploata prr ludecralah
I it or na p at u ad at a ct ‘I’ ii Ft a mi rand in irethcuri auclitoriulut care an aunt strict pertinente pentru punctul de vedere apdrra
a di r t p atm In ntharizat t
a p ‘at imna a ca cad. \eaiti a icutjur at i degrabd dc dl do a apdna efectiv aceat
retonice aol fi repartizate In douá punet de vcderc p rr at at I
aa art a a op tat tuI premise acceptate do ambele pdrti: pathos-ui ia astfel locul Iogos-
iota to ap I Ia a not Ut ului “ [)in
tad P auului .raa a p ,atr “xpun pnut’il rejudecfitiilc tract mdiv a fill 1 Ic incdlcdri ale Regai ii
Ia vedere ta1andui proprdle a a cur nun a a a , ‘ a
P itt a In tin F at’ act at to ( 111 in dicciat
g
pat.etace
ie Arguri atrium ad populum rate un sofiam care ge vale b”’rv f a at
a U a n ix r a ga ra iF Fr nape Ft an a ofltta in
it Ic
aecea ra timpul demonstratialor publice. rc’uniunior politice, rntrumnLor
‘a iii p a a lair itt a’ Ic ap. rat pr1ntro teRra it oar’
argamiantatie care tan Efectul dat depinde do faetorii sociopsihologici care joaeá un anti hat
‘&‘ lit ‘t it ‘I iii tI fit C r at to a
C .1 ,( ) J I 0 it t at va a av r i unese grupuri maid Ic mmcm, (_e! ‘ova tans p a ‘1 a
a ‘pa 1” 1) 1 apt ap ant ax’ Ira ‘it at i te Un punct dr v de ‘a lifant
PP at di pa tta P ‘a’ de ccl bine ad manipulezo emotule celor prezenti are cole rnai atari ptin”
r at I a Ii nolan u ul a a ati
a 1 91: nate. ropziti a rnp and put ala dc vedere Adevdratul deanag
Itt liii att’e a modufia a nut olIn Into do core cc adoptã un og ptie at a ii a ‘a I
Ii at. aid emotiile negative, pi la cele pozitive pi corn ad impresioneze alIt
t’ nrupu! tat
F “a a Ii i i at
an amblul lui, ‘dl p1 .ndivizii care ii alcdtuiesc
a at a at’ cc car n arpumea aatwa aiepertinnt.e i eel Emotnie pezitiac care pot fi exploatate aunt, spre exemplu, vintun
a I Ia i, c ‘I a a a
ifi din urmd reaultatul modifiedrit
tat a enteh
ii ci ‘a a a it t
de sigairantI ci de loialitate- cele negative frica II ‘ox tin pi rat at
d at in at ci a at P a tar p i I cazul --

‘at aFt a a itt a ‘it ‘nF Emoluk negative cia grup m. cdesea de prejudecata coctale
Ut 1 ci” vedr at’ tie in a ci near de apdrat.
‘
pa Pa ci’ In
aalatnb’ t a a a ‘it till at aiIm in mIsura in rare se face apel la emotiile grupul
ii I Ii It it It do
ui, un aol important 11 ga ac--a
4’ Ia ma’ attor tie r Pa at, at. himbarea punctu cit dint Rca e a a tteres U de g up Cu cdt prezcnta a a’ a a at i a
euantaFcatnrului toti / toate in auditoriula.ai rate mci pregnantd, cu alIt dc pot d exploatate mai
‘ix it at a It a pitnetul do vedar’ “ticoirri
toni taper tie apirai Pofisnaul pr’n are
a ir ‘‘i a ii amen a at an tat ii iOt fir cc prntt ii a a gu tenlum ad populum Lncut r ii
an d”
ntiat un panel d.c vedete “ta U a I’
‘it p a care de obtrna restriettonarea numaruiui de strdini int.r-o zona rezidentaald
rr at Ii’ rita nit in mod tr’aelataonal rgnoratio r’1’ to.
c’Ienchi pontru a pi face auditoriul ad gdndeascd Ia dcl, poata face ap 1 at I
y nil ]a
in tnt rectal de grup ad audateriulut anvodnd prejudecata naembiak avis
nit
at ha ernotti IC nut itortu hi ad acceptarea atrdiniior in zond to amenintd propria identitate Dated poati.
a dl ir P Re a. a ap ‘in to cdi ha ‘i La xnt’yearlr. icr individ.uale pratt an a r p at It at
, I ‘a an at a I loweat a Planet cit vinvinger
t ‘itmat teta ‘a pita non ion materiale, sugerdndu-le ad Va acIdea valoarea locuintelor. disc-attn cvxtil P
‘aq lot Pu eat rat a Ia at liter a Ia run at ao cute a ii of ml care I ci biectul In cauaa devare oarecnm to
Pr at’ma en ‘at nt’i iF do ,rpi, ‘a. a nt rid pojralum. r, Fatlel de aned]cbri faa id
Pentru en on argumentum. ad populum ad aibd slaccea. nu a rur’vmc
in
ger end ala cc invoce a ‘irgumente ‘xpheite In d ‘-ci tic to to ‘a- tu
at tO- a t I Ia hr tail a •“rac.’ ‘i
trot a ripar, tori Krnnedv (1 963), dcntitatoa uuradla comunli sau valoarea propriatcita per-anIc LaP ci
P a’, 1,- 1 ‘at (P t 4k t 4 ralul amudar-dtilur
.
rat tot ajuns eá lie mentionate pentru a ii so do ,prezend” emotionald- auditor
it 19’) ui
alP a g’ racial’ ci pea,’o,atr’s at fiat acLugite la
“Paint ‘ii lii
Perth-u distixactia intro logos, pathos ci ethos, vezi Bract (1991). Wi’i’ic Cat89i
i Li liP’ I I k ‘1 ad at Ta to Wa tat ‘at airaul ad -a
i rat a xc at nit vi :r nn II li°cutr t n eptth etlr a p pc thos de i istutc i p r I’ lt c 1 °
4
‘asx.I’rP t’rIdo tattia on coFom. (of. tb rdari.le poata’rioare mi Cicero.
I ‘
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 Sotlime in tratarea premiselor implicite
CptoIul 1 I 0
ir fat i rotago ristuluc astfel meat or poatP S reformulate print
a pu n c P
13. Soitsrne in tratarea prerniseiar implicite acord Intre ambele pPrti. In multe cazuri, mai ales cSnd mite
vorh despr
lexte soviet, rca existP o asemenea posi
bilitate. Se mt.Smpla adesea c-P Opild 1
Fxplieitarea premiselor neexprimate o problemi: so poate Ca textul s continá indicafii mouSe or it
u I ci a a
reconstructia premisei neexprimate sS nu satisfoeb met cond
iatar p iia -P
ci noaià on prata”nit peat.ru a-i apro punctul validitate t inc macar conditiiie cu pr vire ba informat v’ ‘to i
I r tr a a a -
-,
, ii au C impoitanti mare in rezolvarea ci de ctre protagonist. Insui date a fort satis
urn s ci arPtat in capitolul al $4e pe ldng fbcutä Secare d.intre arol-c
ã premise conditu, so poate invoca Regula a 5—a a disc utica entice. Nm-u
a. :itc rc oh a a dci .tri p vi
a coat do ebicei ri premise neexprimate Acstea tin poate atrrbui Ia mod fa?s celeilalte
pdri a preniisd necaprivrat I a a
a rt i a a cii P1 tc r irs loex paulo nega a pram IsP pe care a ldsat-o imphcitd.
plic epuntuide edere
ztlroi1 Ic P o OlUOLS ThiLca a dircursuEui,
trbu1E si lie avute n vedere
I i a I g ii e tori i Exagerarea prernlsei neexprimate
‘c e at pl cite
P so Iose prornca. ii oxpri into flu irnplwP in mod Regula a 5 a mc. referS mat miSc de toate in faptul r< prota
necesai 80 pornutu
a a I o m a cc ul e on arc inenea promise no au fort .IJ1O
Pirate fI considerat responsabil do nimic din cccvi cc nu ii asum
c in •it j r Ii a i aT. ipula coo ‘nel p ci pur a. in plu S i i so coin
entru cP ele °e atrihui tot coca cc ii asumS. DacS antagonistul vitaeS protagoni
r1 .‘g Pc ac (a’ a a car nit c. a i avansa in intregirn ar stul prrntu--.
fi superfinu ?i reeonstrucio a pr misei neexprimate carc depbpete i-c
I a P a a i a a V p n ci 1
i r u ii ii ir t a oc idec de care protagonirtulut antagonistul lncalc Regina a 5-a i comite astfel
te
p dopli cnntient mu po care Ic pon ci Inteloge singur or an mofisni -

S fismul a. nmta In transgresarea opti.mului pragmatic juitifuc t Iii

i p 1 t
n ‘
s Li i ii verbal i nonverbal in care are icc argumentarea Este
a a otoa c”I i uneoti clornc ale care mu itt orniso . i fhrrn ci-’
din discursul suprahectara core so rpahzoama prin cragerarca rcmn’ car’
ii I itii ii a pn iv a I
-
it in nobilo n acort mod protaponistul poate
t cxprirna-td.
aaunP nit g n’4 1 c i agucrat lchsa
idubics. br cec-ace Printr-o asifel do ,exagerare” a prernisol neexprunale. antagonis
a a- a. a mna Ir;aandu- o do in sine no mite chiar intotdc tul p°
<
1
at no aa Dc macrca oP-cc u cr—re sar’ina de a alaca PP luSm ext
t a I ci a. ii mi It P
r it P ii a Ii c rsului, t ci me ca
a intel mc c-c a.phcih ore role mc mportonto prem P-cul e scamP, cleoarece mcina o in parc-are
irl necxprixnate
c i a i a it a i u a a oP in i dintre reguhie de Pirnind do la minimal logic Date ma,,sina c In parecire, 1
o mi’ a a nu c-u dcci xist P Comoubri souPe pont atone Paul a’ ace—P tO
ru a face a aremenea P iand c rnt do anumite cunotmte ‘ont xtualo confor a a i-i i it it
I) c a- hr rr 1 C P cc oncmintatia oslo ,incompletP’ p moanS u dificultSti motorii re poate determina oP optirnul prag
a i lair i. yac P rn ii P a a ii i-c in a c r , no so matic
P Ia h za argucrenti- ioi ete lou
1 no uesc in ora dcadt en maprna 0 mci nstmu fue mar 1-ag i. tic (cpu
.a-a.iic I ni a. peale rotionornontul apc red Au so lose in orao decal cu nraa.na, c-cm in cite contexte -a ply
ii valid trehu e ccl rin t a a P i
a a a i evidentP nrc or face aici dccSt oP supra]iciteze pe nodrnp
e a c r a 1 Pr inoforma in t pr—nit—a
a.t’on- moat a 1 P hi macInc on ac urumori valid n—exp jim N ar fiprea greu do gSrit at cia.mplu lo cci a
pm ‘-‘cprimu rca c i
i u i 1 c a a a p a top d tip ci daca plea te di acamP pe jam-c sau cu hicicleta.
.., atunci
ii - rerocc’P or ii am a-ic ii adavPr
cit siPsfic- loam deoarece minimal lixagorarea prernisec implicate cmlx do fapt c c in it n< i a
a Ia-i Pica a P punetol do vedera so do lace din premisa m-afismului omuluu do pale In cazui acestui sofism i cc atribuin
a. P ill Ii Pa cl—i a
- a ci or hi j Ia g ro a it r a irga turn prolagonistuluc pe nodrept un punct do vedere, mar in situatia
aim sub o do lila i S
i ‘a
Prnyai 0A111cit9t9 troPic e si fin n j nfcrm
etjv dccc t atribuic pe nedrept o premirS Ca ri atacici asupr t nui in
at di v I r
i I I u a t r a I 0 ii 0 0 p c to e in mm ul cii fictiv sau thstorsconat care mseamnS comiterea soSsmului men
‘ii tern- ala-
tionat. aiocuc
<ut rn ii 0Cc ItfiC ennaidora inc bitorul adovrat
intrain
P z I cc opt crisS ce—xprimatS dar exageratS do r ctagm t
i i 1
a 1 ) t i .1 c ap it cc cii icc c mc a acasto i onditil munt non entate Coca cc so poate usor petrece cu on public neatecit sati
-.

ccc- it ePt. ci’ mu

c-lie me citit a cr°d ii, hisS mm grim cand cole vorha ehinr do idvers r
-inc 1 i ‘mix rinita aPI mute prmn cm onsIrueic poole II nvoniti Fish- difleil Pa gSsit o regulS mfaulibilS pentru identifiea
re i pra’idc
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(apitolul 13
iavplii it rimiC or tiotprimate pottx ft. unoorl revelat od oust-inS punctul do vedere CS nu ml’ du dorit
oare i cxii r - -

I. g ri it w ip tr
1 an ii do vodere ta rivarea do libertate heterosexuale en copii pentru a so evita pericolul cit
, acetia sft d”vnS
I r it5 Ipyiret an ii tte do a cain fob Ii 6
‘terO9eXU ii
-
vmovntului C$ ear criticS
a I aiiuinant attic at ansa ideca od aicarcerarea nu Aceste douft exemple ilustreazS modalitatea in
ire drept prim stop care expheutare’m
Pi tt g a -t ii a e ip II P 0 10 e z. caunând c premisekr neexpi-im-ite poate dezvftiui pareri p ccr pin
VE to t I
nici a s U I
a a -iac- araxiata oft ajuni ta .e m si ute 5 a st urpri d ri probahil all le proclame in public Totui, In arum
n sustit Sad tin entaIia cit eN cot -a
o f [or-ito. thmpotr va ca mijloace disimulate do convingere.
C 4 i S ii cc r xi stay e wgand cS i so icon at p Irma
066iiO -tcriroi t1nE1r -t axiut priucipiu. ta 1i-a so afiS acobo in mod implicit, este ineorect aS cc nege respon
o prornisi neexprimata sab litalut
I t I a ci ar-ny ra asumarit br tar in oxemplele date oslo cluar
I p t a ot d I ipt a spas.
-

ipoct it. In asi mcmix’

razuri expiicitarca unor promise ncexprimct’
prom a i noexprimatS va ft i mat
putoriticS dacd e to tot mf P in t
a air ft a ebarita tea di.scursulru
r a c a o protagonit mi o i-onsidora macceptabilS
1166 an I Ic tOtE sot tà] ad oft dac preaipun
c cc an r nmm antagonistul Probleme cu privire Ia premisele neexprim
ot Psi at Ia tqania in -auza, ate
ha o mat ip con Ia nnS pe dt pun
tf I a at I I at zte ft a] ai if a t n tirm tcrul fragment do P ‘atm a putt i stabili d inS antagonistul sau pr rtagonuotul
no ik.Su ft g 1 u
or on- r rIco- It at. riicipt.i renreze ttcrttii at. at p irtid politic 5m trebuie sS. so determine mai intSi care ate reconstmuctia
di corectS a ant
premise neoxprimate din argumentaia protagonistului. Aitfel
cole inipo cibu
till se afirme dll ent’ugomstu exager-uviS ace”stS
1, ,,
ru tot -lIt n i mt Ii tftcPt ar’n s’ dr
mci -6 Ni Na run at am aceptabule sau ca protagomstul neagS pe nedrept. asitma
ii ii a to i .tun pr rft-6.t pr(-yititi -Ii so adapieze rea in er-Iou
premise. Dea] flu totdeauna ate posihil sS so det’rmine
.

-- ill ,1-- rid exa r I m

reconstruele corectS, at pot evta in majoritatea cazuribor eron
I ittritcru mm-oem ant (H impnrtar’tc’
ran pr Pt Pd ye depi a a ni ant C e faptul cS pfn aplicarca m tidei tire preoupum p]ecar”a do hi i trim
a ii o c a
i .
S ii e it 1 ny Sr fita. ha est
cluar apoi in consi lance a contextului verbal 5 i non—verbal pontru a ‘Irfirci
6 Iflifl (16 a ci mid ra aseuHfttoriiox. Nnr5bdoto oS suNinieze cc mci otirtu prt gmatic
1 1 1 1 1r
tat anti rater P vorbitori I so
iii a In genera], stabiirea definitiei corecte a nptimuiui pragm
in -pa 1 ar-ts a onto tinrv mittS it argumen
atic CoasT 1 hi
tul cS unl str5mi extindcrei dom mului eftruta t so rphca cont
y a o titt o at pm oz.i lidulut nati i do viat
mutui prop aito in I c c
S ate desigur, cS
1 reprezinta minimal logic, mall so pate. do asemonea
a a
0 1 67
au-fr’ do
en dorneniui a cciii -m
n rdufi tin ftc restrSns. Coca a’ se poate ilust
-

eitor, enPu ii 1
ra prin oxemplul Ann e moan pc r 1 1
it a Sc cSt 1 0 OIL] -11 paint it a COitCiuZiOf rnoprna et e in part-ar-c. Dad Ana a spus ion oft au ieee a
li c-i cci cart no cc
-

1-u ci a in Na’ i r a
Ia I ii 1 i. P v ‘t I at it It ii N St ri Do i i rt dub, pta] va Ii acosi, atunci s ciar cmi Ann no iese dccdt cu marna or
a ttctot ul to do -nvnt pretir k It a depSsi Imutele -S
iS ides e a tf ] y cm acest ignorn or ct c at ‘xl inseamni S a IndSlo-i Regula a 5—i n a
I i r 1 a d
I t i a is r t u p or c I daptea S miii adeevatS o formulare restrSnsS a premisel neexprimate
-a Omut ‘anti a S vu-tIlt mi-t ‘-ant a at i’Ic I cm ca do uxetapli’
alSo itori rmStorul tart -
eta a i spa a r a (I rncpnna
Dii nc-feat-ire. tontextul nu furnizeazS intotdeau
na indieii sufiniento
- 6 16 - i I ‘au-i I 1 5 pc Ira a i putert spa no a eertitudine da5 d mc’mul it
-r ‘ -
- t d di it i i a- it but are e i P
10 I-
1 01 , - mmr-ttt I rims - cal ‘a mu tile tout It h at mc ‘it a m
conhmntui propozitional trebute Digit situ restrSns 0 tiltS prohlt in car
- I It - 1’ - ‘ in e It -- ‘I ° ml Ic a r a] aport in Ietermmaroa coroctS pun reconstrucfie
si a aria prom ii.
5
a aotta parr S I it 11 5 on iiOtO
6- neexpnmmatc €-ste cã, do regubS discursul argom’nt
iC en fac,i It in
0
-
ativ vo c it n
to i a xi It ci I I to c i C Insa a itudinea elemenre care doi surit. impucite, mm sirS premise rmeexp
en ,tokranti’ rimat”. 1 P0-
at I S P 1- 1cm, Ic a euvftnt liii pt r;co] in
argumentul pe care ii dft ,

I m ,j p it t ut 5’ ci ca Pm a a do r arIa pentru aceeptul relatiilor

-

lit) P at
ma - -cx m itc at t that i ‘du’I Pr ii u di cutie p iv ad r hi prejud’citilo in dma r ml - g r
at isu ret. N il tat ft tim i a i
irtu neat itic a are drept mop eonvmgerea auditoriului, vsyi Biblig (198Th,
- 6i’O-- 0-1)0 u.

trc’Lwc i’vit ito. din S a- pc it-

i -in DuSt c 19m31. 158X
\ rb to nb a t an e ‘. i Syko c1a8t
5
 C pitolu iS of tar ii tratarea premiseior iniplicite
du p as ip ut
(‘a ‘to
it ra ti i y ante i at
en cit d flail n distingem C’(‘red cd rernarca in cauzd nu polite roda perfect attuatia. AtiIt itnup cii
•otn dir vs do un d iii in ut i ip lvi ‘. Ic a a put prollema unei am’mnPri. a Den,
1)daianta intrr pa in a no xpruL oneS ‘4 r 1
at pr at pcnt oponiia nu stir deapre cc vorhete. Primal Ministru: a sta
it ‘a a to! rxarnpiulu a fi il istrat prin spura’ti
(opti net o a d a m dumne nvo’is hid
ii a tire entrt od
tn Jo o an tb t)ptnniil pranlnat.tv Get ca,’e no Imj nC a ‘dna iii dcspro moduh in epic soniaiistii iu 51
/ ‘I a t VI t I Oil S flCYld, aalJ o nor duce rn bine p” t I
ci a’ p’iite a Or id ‘a ni.ciodatã promiammie, incaici “‘
intntdeauna mnelegerile i so ct’nnnari in
in SO in at i a p ct ant nun ai da
rcjif prcmisá u ‘rinar en 11 So’ia dumneavoa’utra
°i ‘orbitorul flu are eoa1b, In diseurs ate joaca toPs’ rc pat a ii a
a o a a t an tot i rn lint pa lanb a Cradet cii soeia1itii sunt
nedemni Pa incredere,.a La ,icnsti’
rcrnna tiaexpniiu’it, anurne rispundcti, privind a drapE in ochi dir
C’UVifltS
Cx Id Ac a’ c’ a o liclir a P ‘-to jot ii
a t in inca (a?.
piasopozitio. 1 tOtui flu flit C aapmenoa mtorprc tare: CC
a ii I
U Ii tO 17 a p ‘r a
at s a in
Nit am spua aa roan
tic rgunwnt the -

a uz a to iv’ pie’ ip at I I (‘el Li ‘i axemple de mai nut par ad ftc identice. in to tic
rn ni ci r aexpi a ate ti P I u ‘v
itt it c it itt in i
onto in aa’asta sa-i asurne responsabthtatea, fcdndu1 pe ascultd
‘

a il/ vi at anti ‘It ci a at’ ton naspunzdtor ih—

a t”i tic to a (arc unt neceea re pentru
a ha a in ii In punctul do vedare in cauzh Cu totE’
it t a a i teether oxi’th d’for n a a l’i
a aunt difanite,
a ((Pc 0 aid cnm
i/in daatc/(jr( p aicoaidaju rimul can. Prrniul M.intstru se poate disoeta Pc eonnlu
tã1a zi-t repcrterului p’
in ioini’a Oht 01W organi bunt dreptate pentru ad oheervatia cii hidemul de sindicat face
c’ itutiv intro pr in’ in a lic Intr alcv c I it
ti M a t irtis opii
‘a’ ctot’n a pun a! i-h seth’ ‘a ‘opin a p a a in interesul mambrilor sat tin
a’ i cc a dec if cii bi to ‘a ma e. mplicd faptul ‘ii Pain ii Mined u
o to a’ ‘a o a tt fhrniznaz/j tnebuie ad aprobo obiectivele pa care le are in vedere treat Iicler
motivot i or a La’ a ornparati’i tan molul iii
i at hi a ‘in ti dna o ibitaiul arc. i p cpun so Ia ‘atinga
or i nail anna a sb naeargd
a a ft inc a lift rat Ii i ci [a Si rnai ovidcn.t estci diferenta intro vuvintele Prirnului Ministrtt a
in aci’as’l pntvint rntre 1
a I a t ‘nc at a ph’ lu. aatfel concluzia i car ajungo aide aldoilca cport’i () i tic’
at’ or a at at a mc u c I i
t corn tat atie.
I 1 a itt iti t i opoaitiei, care, potrivit Primului Ministru,
nu reflectd aituatia in mail
‘

haute tin xprin ate nu numai

nc ii premiseip, coin apt. nrtr, r u ant ‘amnl en membrii opoziei nu Ii
Cl i ‘a fi p1 ‘it a a to or Pa a Into tinpbc I a a
ip r itu pune in O pmezentare necorespunzdtoare Se poate datora i altor motive
r a I” a p P en a ci a erpit tit ire i pa nuanlor docaC dour
it ‘a ii’ ul neexprimate: naP late coniplota de intelegere tan de eunotinte C .i
a it a ‘a ii t it a ‘ii tt
ad
‘
a at a in I pt a e vodere n ii
a’ a i a ii g a oh at r fu a Mimstru attn ti do aceasta data pe depbn mndreptatit
no ‘ur outed areconstruce so tie dlscCcic a I
r’a Ii I ft ‘ha tat t ‘it t a c at lv
eoneiunia pe care reponterul o dii
spuselor liii
a P a lit ti t pm
0 “ 0 ‘in’ i’t ‘h 5 lilt ut
‘i In cal d ,“a t nina cas, ‘ituatia otto chferiti (c ,titcov
hnl ‘a .,t Ut a’ in turn a oliticji’ t In at upa to
1 i ant at in alt tin I
ha linac i vat (P it mneredore poate genera faptul ad cineva nui tine prornis
iunile, 1 ‘i respot’(
( ii elegcrii a c’onti aiice pa sine ii euph Dora vombitorul onc P ra a
C’ C
a’ r C nt ul ii a’ a i n a a
1 it (IC Cl’ iop ‘it in -in daui a on Iu,idt ale tiii a ‘eaten P so aplini sot’ialitilor, flu so peale disoeia do conciu
Di u ox a le Ii i it
d zia vá an poi
I iii Vii C a tn c at ito I cm Pc o n axial ti Fate adc’v/irat Pt, an toti on
C 5 (‘r TCfl l •C Pu iii, Mlflittfll I C’ ‘Ti’ In despr’ I i r I
IC I P C d te tar a vi vu ttucitiu ‘in ‘cntatc axpam’utd in tot atdtea cuvinte, Insd oslo imposibil ca spusale
“

a sd ttir solo ‘P Ii’

Cu
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ci
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,h C aitceva insearnnd a to face vinovat do negarea until
(in OWasrd piteti punct do yaP ri
to construit a ‘a t,
P 0 yr IC It t li”pr r a r CC5CCZ et d arc’ arn,mnarea
I’ U 1St 11 in Ut it C Cl T it i’ iP .0 r
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14
 Capitohil 14 Sofisme in utilizarea puncteler do plecare
‘1 ip i d N ii n nziti & t atc, sublrniind,
ai in et.apa at b’ iar peritru toata lunmea ca..., Bineintelea ca... tiP ud ii
ii?U1 i 1 1 I I PM at I a cot te tat a as I a a
i La t f tutno din arguinentatje care cci..., i aa mai departe. Dacã ceva so intelege de Ia sine atunci
Vi k if lu I ii in 11 e a i U cc pr taponi d a a a
fl ida stul face trebun Pu lucrul acest Cel mam a lesea. astIr I d Na ul ii
na’ui-uiand iurn.ic aritd en nit i I
ilini iti
igon.istul puno Ia indoia1 o pentru a sugera un anurnit acord care in realitate nu existâ.
ira ii ai Ii trel rut pus in
Id ‘ute lea re a a tatut Pa do alt’
a I a Ii I tui mt wnnist iT do pun t parte india’ in ercarea din partea prragonistului ci m
in
ntinua sa so hidoiasc, mncalcá rn n m
Li pi I on ni
anumito afrmrnalii in zona punctelor do plecare cornune.
ra a ba a do In a rntr.Ieg
I a ere lnexistentã Rr gum 0 altI modalitate do a mmpiedica en a asortiune ab fib at i,ati on
I at a a a N a Ii r p p it C 0 0 1 flti a I
iii kI [ ElM E ,i:c ci
IT rn id faTs a pla area ii i ii punet discutahil mtr-o pozit mai p 1I1 i vic a
/ ida, a ar’pta a ci a peale
I I nla OJ 1 1 1 1
Sega a prom mci formularea rospeetivii. astfel meat sà flu atragà deIndath Otontl
a C’ ‘on ci
r fri a r o bt ii mu prrn folosirea unei acer inn (bar
jr a r
FtIs p e,o it rt a a a pre forund do presupozitie: ceva ce protagonistul presupune in nab
iii e dropt punct de tc it Kara
van hot Reva nc pane in dispozitie an frumos ex’mplu in so ii
I iv Ia
i esaiuluu rca
It I )M 111 iii i in I
I i aseutiune exprimatl in a ci mi
in ‘r ‘n tu a ft iv i * to Ix unom a din topor, do cxeinplu c BaT risc r a ap a n F
in aT I p a nr in a md do fat t
r: Ir Magai I u caled R rU] i a Gi l)eonrpea ni nc ci Bob ru face arnie cu tab ama a 1 il c Msajub a it I I
IT (a1 ft iiiu’ ii it it-’ o ire ir n practic so arc, rIfe, mel it prezentat en i clod adevi’cratul
a ‘iplic 1 1 rt ire Ia mesa aft ada a
it ci r mu
rat I PI’ imo onu an. nu va reieu
tt a tat ill a TaT Lotdcaurua foarte clar Alt exemp]u be .,Invlluire” a unei propozitii intro preaup
rio acensid raguR. In general, ozltici conaN in a
a It It In id’ntificire spine W’ a pare ‘xtrem ci regrciab’l cl tabui
it a I i t ci a h no, pi once ci
I t onviu’ Li iN rii’ p care On ag eunotinte rae sajul ieal oslo Ruiitotj concediat”.
nistril la oxprimat
P° 1°c a Ii Ia Tot 1 11 ci Presuponitia poate Ii ecpioatatd In acc1ai mod prints a intr ‘bare
p In a’
‘1 i a y a no is rtiui Ill C I naind tatut a t in i ro onitma P1€SUPU5à ir intrebar’ oft ontesta1
ilo puumct do plecara Iii FT a
SUE do fapt despro bouã intrebäri, dintre care una este prezontatb
a a a cu’ItT ogl oblioa
tjei di a idu a dovez ca a tare -a
‘ci /1 1 1 I 1 1 a t cc laltd ii, In a a I fel so di impresa ca raspun ul 1-
{ cia me ai aft a urui apdrari.
, r b a
ili nalm no Ti a a fib 11 ait ii I eat-a puod ca intrehare reprezintb unul dIntre punctolo do piecare cnmun
11 am astfel ReuIa a 6a aunt o ne
li ; P NIt it a ci fl In protagonietului si antagonistului. Acoastl Inclicaro
‘

u a ligitia d a Rag Iii a a as

1 0 I / 1 TI a a! uauj ilii(t de cobra I) cur on’ utfi sub r imc Ic do ‘ofi mu! in Ire inc la 1)
a a a Ii di ra isertlunen nu na’
‘
modahtate do sustragere Sofismul intrehdrilor este folosit In general clad protagoniatuti
i cycle ic apIrar
sif I ii cat q no c
a di ‘t r,i si I a a po at i Is bcarc ja ag umptd a ant igo iistil ad fi dispus an accept n n
aft i c are sa eazut a’
ci a -
ml x id in aft pa be iclude
‘ cc so mtiinupTh adeseori In interogatnrn i in merviuri poIltice. Pit at
‘a ritrurn natural din ftc protagonistul incoarctu. “I I fa I po a ut gonist id lie di cor I ii i a a
ii I) N m a ft TO N ii N Ic
‘

if/i t 1 ‘lu at
1 17 in a in dern clam ii 1 mtrchnrilcr are drept a wp ineIarea nit rIr nut as lou ode oh -ci I
‘S
a j ‘narita paulo-i
a’ itt. 0 i, a ic
urn’ Ift aol punci do iii sub numele de Intrebare capcand: Uncle ci cantos ama rune 2
i-i pant-’ I or hr lii I, c i to mcli ft a! brade
1 1 Ii il it 0 1 1 i Pro up 7it Tie c t ascun It in adjectivi
• a a. I ipv1 1, Politico acaadoloasl a acestuf guvern conservator fatfi cli’ papida
i a at Ia i Ic i lit
tia
rr a u st icr iii ii a mit acum tr i N
“ I I iT •l iIti’tIflradi rlzboj 2. leza contestahull care afirmI en inteligenta ate determmnatI
a a aa as proponitia an Iii su genetic
r ut d ‘a no esti aria dintre tozele contrale ale sociobioiogiei
ii
a a l
a (M ,n ipartuw punetelor do 3. it pa tin not multe ar aft. din no Ic in rem ibi cit tin ft.
i I at a ut ‘ii Ia I I an aunt,
I i a I a /i
hiruetatoles inclusiv
in I) t r a /i f leNa ( 9(19)
a a ‘ 4 N i (1913 V allan (1 SSh I It
Walton (1989)
 Capitolul 14 Sofsme in utilizarea punctelor de piecare
P a c t i ii t P Ii it ‘u t a u n fatf d am ii este ‘
punctul Pc vedere discutat se referà la ipohondria mi Leo, ratonamenta
‘tnaoaca, p’esupn,’ctic din (1) eprt’zntn
o inc5lcare a Regulñ a 6a, se ‘ciii llocl’e zP. Dc fapt, locutorul poate ft cur I ci
p a c LI r i I
p rmt re p mete h romune do plecare ratioriament- circular.
a stir ti”e p t P f I iii’ p i tar a I ii
rub r p z’ti’ discutahie Ratnonamentul circular peale apáren in cazullle ur cart cct ro
h .oc m P i nvJat in cop cc priVate
raupozitule
‘

rolatie concomitentà de identitate i, de asemenea, a unci cit d tir a 1 t

( ii 1 1 ii t itS tic’ 151(0.11 101 tIP argurnente i punctul do vedere e mat curand de tipul uncu rnterdeponden
t’-’
cau,ale,
’4
nP pr po1t’i ‘a P
Un rd implicit cc pr ‘misc t’it a Di u ida ‘Ii i a & are gust’ P ‘niru ca urn a
‘tree pm ccc V i i 1 1 ‘

i. ‘ii niP c
act m d n ‘-a arc i or at barb rtu rasatI fumeazá Wi]lem al TI Ira.
noficticar, di’ aitfel sunt -
-
r r t u ) c r P g n of i ii i cust n€ In $1 rati tin alt cren pin:
no a xpiicii ci Pd I--’ pit rmm neeaprini
ate e poate presupuna cã le
1 1 1 ‘1 11 1 I ci Dumneze’u oxistii penirn Ca aa apune Bibba, mr HiPPo a 1i
nmunr’ P rca acrunde revs intro in” auto
1

i i i P t’ T)umuc’ac c
rc
‘ I for ‘t Ii c’ e I c t untie
,ccrtr’fr 1 P tP.a’ai-’ mane or’ abate do in Regu Premisa cb Biblia erIe cuvPnt.ul Domnului presupune ci Dumnezeu cxrctP
la a 6-a (PP care ana1izeazP
to 1 a i p ciii cc ro cap imata e unul deoarcce f?irP Dumnezeu nu or P cui mt al mi Dumnezeu , Prenu’a
‘to ‘P
dintre
‘1 ni into iunni itt act d pin’t
P l1’crre fast 1a doj mdc atfel do adevirul propozitiei ,Exist’ Dun’ n a” cci a p i
- ‘

a to on tocmc. I punctul de vedere luat In discutie.

cc i i
Din punct do vedere logic, argumentul care ota Ia brian cc rtionamt ritu cc
10 4 Ii d opt unu I ‘

“ ponc-t”ic ,P p1 -a-r’ooucine
‘te CCI Ifl cart protagonistul ii apàr circular eto valid’ In A, dcci A” este impocibil sà fit fal ‘on P cci Ia
ccc I 1 r
.
‘a in. ‘cm hui unu prr raise premisa cole ,idevarata. Dcci. chiar dacfi denunurea 1
are erIe totuna en punctul suaer’alz’ ‘-“

It P ‘r P t’ c cc t I it e i r ) in ml de yen r ‘
r itior a nentul circular erIe o eroarc log r ii oP iv, ,a
crc I in an panIc P r nul dintre punctele ‘-a -a

I
de plecare Refuzarea unci premise ca p inc t de p1cc r cc nu r
i a n a ii. inenea prmira nicearca, en
‘
”
4rc nd Miinchh i ‘a a s r’ pa if ri iii nm ti P An ago rictul it’ al ate dc in Regula a ( a daca punt 1
p ie6i Pu-se P i i I cc
,yi I ‘‘u : ar’n i cr s invarta in core ci care trebuie priviti cc fbcand parte din punetul Pc plarare comuli ,tca i’ 1
.

face vinov im
‘ I ‘ 1 1 0 i 1 4 4
pote i 0 propozitio asupra cireia se poat 54 so ft cazut dr’ci Ic iv on 1 it
i
‘n ‘ 1 i’ipon ‘lid
T” (‘aflilt’’i(oct mflsm r”p ‘ezentind un p ret do plecare. Do’ ‘cc P ‘c’ba
dacd cc comport en a
p’rPd n

c ‘, a cit P a f at arc propozifie pc care protagoniatul este indreptPtit ci on atrih1u

cI cus miii t.cind de fapt punctul tie
1’ 1’ ‘‘
1’ ‘ it I P 1 Y S 1 ‘1 1
‘ it p onoai icc pu in In
antaonist.u1ui p,. barn unor cunotmte contra u P 1 ‘p ‘mlii
verificabilo, cu conditia en antagonistul ci nu Ii indicat ci a natfe’ Ic
1 a i a 1 a1 i cc In- A. dcci A pro ‘eduri e”te eronati. Pentru un outsider nu cole totdeauna Uror Pc -p01
Pentru a ,

c’ cp tm’I’Ola’( cPa-aria \va P Ic Pa’o ni’id’fc it exact cc prccupur protag niotul i r spia liv at tagc t”'t ii I i
11”
an accepta drept punct di’ plecare comun. hr schimb pentru participanto in
-
‘at t
1
‘pondo
rit pent”n 14 at P’
I I ml ‘1 ‘1
porro’int discutie aced lucru apare eel mat adosca en liPid evident. Ceea cc (Ste 110”
1111 1’
cic dccci a rbitor’i gi accultitorii nu ar puPa ci t cur ii cc cd it
a Ii r
I
‘

i it ntul g p ir atvr intreaga acne d unogtinte ii opmu pe care Ic presupufi unir depr’ a Ito,
a ‘1 ia “c’ on at’ I cii pa en
1 P reconatruit a nit nec iarativ Pc uraj o:icc cninumri,r( r interaciune ar ft imposibili.
1 ‘ -a 01(110 0 1 a cot’ daja cia rca ipohondrul Desigur en este totdeauna posihil en protagonistirl cci faci a gre nh mc
erIe Un
I ‘ t ‘ i I’ ‘1 i i i P c ‘
t c 1 .1 p i’ 1 1 i if ru cimuloze ignoranta i ci aclioneze greit pe barn presupunerl ‘cc
a run iti 1 ropir tic cc e urul dmtre r nc’ele Pr r c are r icc I I
<. I ii P’od-cro PP P iiI’’R’nzo (19711, V alton 1 In aceat car, antagonistul este Indreptitit ci i spuni protagonirtuli’i
I i Batten
urmitoarele: Dupd cPte ictru nu am spur nrciodatct to p ia Pr
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 ‘a) -

Capitolulld Sofisme in utlli7area schemelor argumentative

I as
‘ui ‘uh ul ci in I ci] I 1 1 a on ‘c i at tal ci vederc (1
‘a a ii alt ft a ‘it cm iii at elo din tm .i in a spune
P a alP a a’ Ic (lot Pa po itru cii punctul de vadere edo adevira
ca punctul 15. Sofisme in utilizara schemelor arurnentcUve
t:
D p ‘e schatnele argumentative
Meloda do evaluare a argumentatiei prm veriflearea relatul
or latita a
r niac i u i 4ele d plecare poate F r urniti p’a a du a a a
‘I ii
- 7
i ’Ulc’,(i 7 p
1 a n i lntihirea raPonayn(ntuln1 circular este cA acesta
p aeiifica daci propozitule in cauzii pot F identaficato ca apartinand
punrtu in
7 ii ,a’ , ,tii i an a serPuni a tfel meat n i ‘to ci id nt do cornun do plecare Totui nu Sc poate face evaluarea dear p bara
Ii sme p ‘OC ala a
17 a’ 1 at I do idi ntific ‘a dac t in dalitat ‘a de apdr ire a punc lu ci c r
p or at o c icc de natuic it
adevt’ir adeevati pentru rerolvarea disputei La ian moment dat, cc
po ito
‘a ph ea Ia in xii an I Cc di w z coritecta ci ‘isertiune care evident nu reprezinti uniti di ttrc pa et
a 10 1 a 1 1’
7’ 1 ‘Xl m i I‘ rti no au )1o wa ph ‘arc cot tu ,do a eon trehuie sa ‘xiste i i ad ci a c’
acceptahthtatea aceatcua. ‘‘
Aitfel. sistenaul do ovaluare nu ar perniitc 7IPC’P
liii ar Iiptnia al an hiric
dicauti irahiac”, r care flu 9C adaugii n cio informatr to 1 p ‘1
in P t
d vdluae in I in era un cii stabilim
i in pie are dcvi atahthte do comun acord ci Ia cunotinteIe alt’ o din gc
‘

‘a a a in i all P ‘i’ ear o adr plenad ccl inca bine. Descoperirn nat ii
disponibile in Inceputul discutiei. Mai mult, chiar daci o propozatie peat’-’
Ui Ia at i i a I P c hi e ip ii .i pravi tuit P
idot tific ati nti adevitr ca punet do plecare emun, e unc it r
ICc U in I. p itirmat cst.c d aupravietuitorii daca aceasta sustine In mod adeevat punt tul do vedere in diseuhe
a a ‘a up ‘a \im fli fli ii(1(a flQga an’at lucri Pentru a susine In mod adeevat punctul do vedere in hoc
c I n at a i ir ‘a
i a
i itt amant ‘ irgum i t itie ind’viduali mnaintati in favoarina urn i ax cC c c 1 1 h
a a . ai’ cP P ‘dc rc trebuw aparat prlntr-
n premica In care so folositi schema argumentativii corectii i aceacti schema trehane foIn’it
a ‘a flu a pun t n1 th auden c’stc preaupa’ Falaificabiltatea unei eum so euvins, Do aceoa, in plus fatà do proceduxa de identifica’ ‘.1 c’b a
i i a I g a a a r a ‘e cc pat” Ia ‘ xm o o ,roca’di rc Ic estare a achmci argarr n tin
laP lii P an nuintij tasi dc tapt erie a ii dozavantaj Ii P P
nu poate procedura do testate so poate determina daci argumentatia 1flt1Titata in
cc P nttin P but a it i ce’ at alt ‘ci doo irec nice Favc are unua tin C cit vedere contine Intrindevar o cc] em a’ itt on
a r t Ci
/ tt ‘in a’ ps i P r as. Rezoh area coin ‘ta a di ci ace arIa este corect aplicati. Exact cum cc pro”ed at inca I
a a Pap in a ii’ il i in Ia U 1 p nut d vedc’ra
eric prin definitie axnlusii punctelor tie pleeare. care fac obiectul proced
urii de identificaro, unoon a”
a Ii d a 1 1 Ut CY ii in ik c leo u’ ‘oat fel ‘idc do ‘ax I In ii od a plicit in etapa loschidorh asupr cob n
7 1 Ic c 1 i za (fl at v d t
ci s pit ‘a rune at a upra -rteruIor pe care acestea trebtue cii lo
Indephnca’ca It Iiac’17c
liasi acetoa aunt asumate in mod tacit sau presupuce ‘

‘
In principin e’te totui4 deaul do ucor dn verifleat alaepinh1hrat I an’ i
afirmatu caut[ndmec intormati in enciclopsclu sau daponaro Phia
‘pt c ip i cc ‘ u M”nzui c”to puwl top a a a i i
‘hterve rcahtntc a In(oniunato)ats ( Nsa ata macelarialui are pirul mn iii
‘ci faeta apel lii diver’c c”rcetiiri (a Na toti pacientit
cu SIT) ‘a Iii’ a
I’ll at t
Ca ci procedur,a do iclc”ntifacare pa wedura do teat ate etc 11 1 tt1ii (71
pricedari iiitersubwctivii Partieipantii in thscutw pot accopta an mumi 7 133 a
rgu tot Ca p . attn ci ol nat cir p xi pc t Cc 1 a I
indololnic ci ceihauti vet araepta concluraa en pe ii adovatata ‘a tilt are
Iii princaplu. in discutia critici trebu.ae folosite numac a ‘oh {‘p
‘

‘aPi a
argumo i nit “ rc v bait’ to ci pa ix I P )l c’ ( I
 Sofisme in utiiizarea sc hemelor argumentative
Capitolul 15 I I
in iru in cnn xista suticiente puncte I)ei nu exista reguli infailibie referitoar
d p1ecire stabiite in comun i e la a Ic v ire Ia c I r
ham irg nentaLaa si asia foarte ciar care argumentative in functie do tipul i exten
sunt acestea, este In principiu siunea aftrmatiilor, exl’cti
a 1 i i c ‘ i I c ) ua iT Cu a a constitute moth htate combrnatu care par sh se potriveasca mai brne decât alici
conciudent a. I,nni e scheme
d ipat are nun i itt Ic v sic Dc tt argumentative pot fi fbiosite In cazul orichrei prop(
p cxc I r Ic ilent ficcre ‘at i slUt, vi lit Ic .i c tip I
dunfl i etar ptcairtc an rca tlttit poidtiv extenscunea acestela. Argumentatia bczath pe analogie.
punctul de vedere este de excxr ph pi it ‘ft
a as iir cpu i c ti onclunens, tla a ameele pron fol sitl cu bate tipurile de propozie decent tivâ pentru
a uc un reziiltat a prc’zic’E’ an
I s aa ,
t c t I a ci 1 d it I evemment Wrgul de La FZeco va fi terminal In limp peniru
(u ii irnantc ii pra c lurihir da testare ii •Dct find rolul cc x lieu 1 us ix
Ic d’riili arc i determinarea Marken a focI terminal in tim[), ca i u titit( ipt
nc i I I
p curia a iv nag nia ‘ci disputei Regula i 7a a diccutiei entice
nvaluativd foiosite in emiterea mxci judc’ciiti Pa an vapo
r en it ‘cit a
‘I r Li i Hr H a 1 ‘at it n Ire pci It Ti U pooh conscdera capita ci
ii 1 1 i/c in I ‘r i 1 cc I I cci, i stinerca rc se (‘ombitiattile di acte do vorhire in care sunt puss In relat
‘qLr.
Ic t te cauna s I
‘1. p. tar’ a y/ cud m’au ‘cualct’ ci cidia cxtci cipli sun evenirnente formeazà un Car spec ci do -

a ‘run tipul
“xtansuinca propnz4iac exprimate in punc
catd in mod cored
i itctconcctaic. un anumit fapt can eveniment cab prerentat
r ro )sltx i lea xv
i iii
tul do drept ccvii
i r c i ‘ni a rt ll i a achrnei Ic argunientare
c altuia Uhindcd rota dolarulzLi continua cxi ,neadci, va siaid
a a U ‘it ea ,c i/ta
ii I “ci a it’ a c c’ a Ti 4 c IL i a di exporturzlor spr. Stateic Unite). In argumentc (xc baxa
I p
t id a intro tre ii c a c a
1 iitti
a dc’ci’r’pft a c cyluufiiv i inritatii’e Pvnnuritiile esta posibil vi astfel do cazuni sci cc deduch sub fornili Ia
tic ci’ cc vu I plc cccv a a nimente (I alaaraa dolc i ncdictic ‘I a
nix arum’t efect datorat unei anumit° caliz
I irului este tot in e, cc Ifl exernplvl
‘ i iii t i i t, ci 1, 1
precedent. Datci find o anumitci stare do luc,ruri. asIa cia scen
ci atc’n
‘
i unor fapte son ic nea mi al s.i
L ci In Ian’ R(Ib a ‘77 1) cii lie prezeiitata cauza cc o cxphcape a atciri’ de ii crc ri d°sc
1) acm bar’ este i ii r I i I
‘tin ‘tap Prap’witnie ricitu
‘
pi ( care prezintb efectui (&ofesorii din Olancia au aunt
,

tiva macca nececta1ea impiedicãrii unui In anti 80 a ccItt it xi’

c r ix a u a tar di luc.ni ic (Polthta de didaeticd aperforn wild pcntru Cd In anit 70 activ
apartheid trebuic itdli.le cia per/ectionacc
hi I r ‘L i cx c I I ) didac’tica ct’au prostprggftite). Sc peale, do asemenc’a, cc fit cvi
i r a uc ci r c xer iple It ii c c dxii
I a
at iii ala I’ h ci patTi d’ proporipi cii he exprimaw fapte trebuie ‘cci lie legate cauzal deoarece nix an
ave x en
‘1 1‘ver printrun ret r I ci
Lie at L apt .mak i pi in cite ilpurl de rclxt s (inalogic, concomitenh), dunn dccci flu
‘

acts cia vorbire. apare foarte clar ct-i n ci

La r )ci a i 1 c i xi a c xiii individual ci unut trebui int”rpretatci exact reiatia cauzala, cix alte uvin
te cars dintrm’
asic an ax ‘cart Ii x a xc an hi tot c tbr’i p ap hi Exis propozl(ii eervestc drept punct de veder i c ire
th met t act t r a t I
cir’ n’xcxLitttatx rituata intia.xwecie limit
‘

iii xc ioa exexnplu, in Iumcazd rn.alt tufete mull punctul de

i ‘ccci a in
s Prup nziti ile cu vedere cci funisirci mu’t
.,
a a n ‘lc’ca sxhil ‘curt mnmite tnthi’idv.al€ (Gabriel act p itea ft sustinut cu argumentui cci tusede mult, dcx’ at’
asic peak H cc
it i x it x
‘
a i xc ii kim lvi tie vedere sustinut safe cci tuete mull. peniru
Ti Ti p sib 1 itt num itc cci fin i n rI I,
ant’ ‘cad
1 1 ‘HO’ ci cub aunt cn’ih;ii)’ rojoniule a cro
‘i’d 1tl lix’ lb tid t r Utilizarea unei scheme argumentative nepcitrivit
Ii’n’tc c rumenc pcxrfaulixrc (I ‘neh’ e
curb cant
Uneic chc me a p imc iitativc an sunt a Iiversa] reccrnosc
’ute cc find caic’ci a.
Aced hem panIc 6 iluctrat cv ajutorul unor e’wrnpi’ di
ca an ap ci ci
fiecare categoric pnincipalh di eel’ em argue enta iv i r i
au wit ha (argumentarea cimptomaticci art.erxietxtul ha”c
,
h pa mali
xii a a a a xliii
U
vie pr .c’edurcc da testare a
‘c ii rum a
lit Pt cipcxa4iile descripti
s x c xr s 1 ia vi ri zult it ‘
ve, de exmplu, par adesc a as cast a a argixm nt r di
I’ cii t in can ch’tiiieihxi ucti n’ a ‘c in pity cauzal, tar preporxtixlc’ de tip evaluativ
clan
“
x lit Ii r’cz’c hattal 4 incitati c ci .e i a n 1
‘
‘
it ecc.c U ciii Is h’’ pai’nxicei’ a’ neluci ft losirea u cci aigumeataixi bazate pa rolatia di’
I it’
a in threutic, n,neomitent”I Si na1uc”xe I’i
a x i I Ic I’ i I i i I I a propozituk indiviltucic pc t fi aneoni ft ant. bine ,uxit
‘
1 i pi s’riptiv triute ci it tun’ a t t
i it I at tarn’ ‘n ‘i’ttii ‘a i’a a ixat’ it ‘art’ India audx bazatii pa a relatw do c’onn mkenti, in tixrip ‘e ‘ideseori px )pct’
it
toriului ‘dee c ‘ii i(rI’ ‘aint’ I
‘
ci i,,” ass .,t xxv a huts ‘Pc’s ii cc uuivcrsale x pot Ii su’ctlnute pnin acest tip de argumentaic’
si car dimpatx’rt
,

tatt Dri valoare,

ill ‘ I iir lU ii, argumentatic caunali ,riu argumenta(i’ pe h tail de anal
xxt’
 _____

Capitolul 15 ‘lot me in utolirarea s ‘hemelor argumentative Il

rarr ntavo i po ‘imthtodine) aruln?tul ba—at pe consecinfri ca sb conduct matina, chiar dacà Bert Bioggs care flu a lot final -to I
i a a 1 i) \r :r to a r ti x-im ad condu ore ciduo malt mat bin- letdt in mr II
i ci baoit pc
an a ant hnr a aigumontativo indopendente de tipul i or a ulam nielor in vigoare, problema in Crumiff t mu xi’
a an: unat propnzi tat in bnuti ale pot P folo:ite in
dora primiti mmmctru or 15 princ conductind fiirà pormic?
pnneipiu pentru once
P 1’ ta z ii v c a Aeocptul Pc Pu-are t aocotei achune argurnentat ye 1 i ii- di° Ii o
t dc in ci tipt 1 P
a an- a a a cipHi foinoit flumai pent.ru on Ic or In] d nIx protagonist i antagonist refento Ia omlfil to la, 0
Pp do ram ottit at i ma aceatema, DacP flu so pun do acord in acest sons, iar prot-agonistut ulilizoaat
ut ro to ii a c e it at in a mit ‘ta u
ate i a ‘hen t ir cat ‘an lacid an an foot satia1moute mid ut m P
m
L I tO 100 (U i ito a’ ipra fay
1 1 ala on proporitia care a Iii or pro ag mistul se face vinovat d ur a din re arm at a ‘tr Pt
ainbu to cto apt ahila prop m tia cole eonoideratd ameptabil corn puratiec incorecte san al falsei analogii, 114
100 Op 0 1 ott a ( ie pr mt o ito tat a at ne Pontiti a Fxietd opinii difenite referitoare ba folosirea apelul i P nut tnt to
gu on liv in a me a nut punot do p a sd otto ion pu i analogn a schemc a gurno n iv at to th
-

0i c ita:a:ai antagomstui on a roctmaaca on -anda. T)acP 1)ncd tot.uti aunt admise, ole pot P aplicate propozifiior damnipmmc’r’
o ipcuo ii aLp a a i ii aa v lid o fin vi n-a de a fi ci aluative i iricit.ative tie oP acestea aunt
individnale particulate 111
1 7 it 1 Lope i xtem mu mea propozifiem Ia a a a ap a’ a
:terurr ad
-

in cazul argumentelor prin consecrntP. in cazul chrora diferonta dialo

a tr Ja-i a?
—P umto tot bonn m C penoa P. Poato ti o propozifilo descriptive 5 i incitative este mare, lucrunile sloe. imitfel In oo
I 1 1. P i I Sf?
ax rep ziti, r disc utie este consider itt ca bin I IU a U 1 I
IOUS 0
Pt a P atut ul pri ihdtu -au opmrtuai (Dumnozou, ceasta acliemb poate fi folositt numat dacP propozmtia in cart i-C XP1 in
Marx), in
oL naomi ito P atrthumi a ohiar P In ceste cazuri unei comm si propozitia in care so expnimii efectul runt ambelci potnivito in c °a
id 1 to 1 It a b c i e os
i-i t I I tL I Ia a I) cxc nptu, to cazul it care so augoreaxa so so a.topte ua mm toruin
alt a mtoi P i-Po c-u raprc zantat.P Pt. numPrul do pcoimo actmne. este jusuficat at se examineze posibulole conseointe. (iansccintt’1’
care cred
it IU it in ad to t no iP b r: ccxi xe tot do a Ia P oizia de a adopt it apt tivul
a coo i c oP be ‘P no
t a a ‘to c-a itt rgu neii are cii ae tin ore
“ in’- cii It. meg i we pa duc la decizia P a tu 11 Ida to in C 100 (1 00
I rp pienu ii opttmorit Ito (flta’rprii 1at tinteniorl cazuri pot exicta alto motive pentru a nu accepta aooa sugestie). far rdnd oc
promnisa o opinia odor
ad a ttu a s °n at nit at i ‘v nay tn itP n innte-i (aOniunt.w Jes’ript :15) ott iustfiro s u 01+ 0
t a I Ii ma ira Pr c into r xi t acortiuni C is’- Dt 0 It stuntu i-c
i sofismulu ad n r I,
a —‘r’am’o -atnom tt-l rub aunt Pr P ar mertPun ad este a metodd general acceptatP.
poptiizim. Dat find
-a 000 pin a a a multim (‘I’O cia 1 i m do ago este pet-mis at so venifice a asorfiune (propozitie descnipti P
non urn id ropi irn ‘itt
III 0 0 V [ a i utm’- a ft It Jo nogativo ala as ‘-nIh m m (propo if ma 71 cc I
tiutr on pita anal gt pool: P faInsti at principmu by insemna confuzia dintre fapte i valori. In arost t’az. examiriarait
pont-ru once tip de
U ‘puztt to. PlOp cnfitao I impiicaiilor reprazintP a cc-hemP argument alma nepotrwi
iou Pa tbtba I olci dcxc no oforP an exeir plu t 15 cuno t t
P 10 -I i Ii 1 P nat le I or ‘a itt ri id c-a t eq ci ham. i
ii t i or ci d f t al
I ci y’ t tic PP.1 Ia ttroito- cL r or lrehum ad luereze en Rationirlitatea ii facuitatea anahticri flu pot ft numtte atnifute mmmsouimni
Dat-a ie prima ca atone lit dam bârbctilor on avantaj aol ridat in :
a ( a ml o a oril r dc -m jar ci al prox movtni
it ‘ c’ st pooP
-I -
mc’u a. Ti trc-humc- pormis d- conditiore Asertiunea ca rationalitatea i facultatea ariahticd sunt at.rihute mast alamo
poate P adavPrat15. can falat (propozifie descriptivd) Inst nu so pt ate tier do
It I P Ut 8)c W ,e. c IV lt 19 2a, ill Cf. Reacher (1964). Woods and Iludak (1991)
mc t iI in iii
-
I Wa h .-
Cf Bomber (1964).
 Capitolul Ic Sofllnne in ublizarea schemelor argumentative 1
na ipra valorii a1e 111 a Pvcr prni dentierea faphilui cà
nu este de dent purta unit en birbatu eel puin do trei on pa zi din pnncipiu Do una m i
cu at
I a inc g inc. i ebvi ni Its It ncntru Sc putca vncbi d ap t u in
C I I I pi C Ii lu
I ic an ía c anon ii5tia de Idituni an ac o pe ci dc fnica panIc amun i Iii
Ic

till1 cane Inns necesari pentru din nefericire, numeroi barbati an rospect’c ma a an
reit a unei scheme irg m ntitive
Ca,

imi altc vii i of ri di putere > [. I

i 1 iu I ac i so imb Im ma nilarul in un tiC
-l
nm rnr tativci cc to nnpinan pci so once
1(’(
ICI exemplare, observim in t.oati splendoarea intoleranta continuti in
a 1
P utilizara a sa va Daci aubstituim toi-meni vedem ci cmlii declaratii so an
mc di iii P no cl iili
c t r a r c a aproba r arch ar
I II I
5
cat cc toati ire niP c citil ra a i c i
te cia a sIc i, () anumit.à schema depindi ile preiupunenoa ci toti ccl care in ( ermine can utPi a
inn -a c nt-tnt fl 1 a jolt cor ci, annual da a an iot satisfilcute
anumife clasifica ti po oco1oai baZo comune pe tipuni
iim icin cit r cit hr N din purict 3 i’ vc’mlc 10 tI
c idi i P are orului moral 1) cci it nitnduriie Juliei Bu iii] nk ni ‘u at
I ,l
ea in t eb nih c ic
‘1 11 1’ ,l. i cant inn cuvintul b
‘
cmi as ) 1 irhat
7 ,u on In
I
a ontp a, anglcrnenjtsio d° autonirato, fop1 ul cci a
<
obtaum froze nato i-ar ci fcut sit so bilihiie pe Julius Streiehoi
o” ‘it, ‘Iit’pln <‘arnv lout
persoani anume —
-

drept C ‘do a ii tic 1pt bilitata i In mare parts i dcci priveti lucrurilo cv vim a F no
1 1
I
prooozntiei —

‘1 1 r a I’ r axr as n li gi spainia in ivan Nii,istii dir (iorm imt

ci- to I
io n ns mdem a te, i I
‘C a. p naiirj( znn’Intnaza irntr-ods’vdr au fi&t tofdeauna contticnti do acest lueru i atituclinea naziati
acceptahilifatea d” a
I cop ‘uI tci [I•
a -ic’ ap<tnsul “ci
t
ri insemnat integrarea acetei idci cu mint haz: mit gindesc la Ernci ci din
cia a{irnr tin nebula eel puPa Ca acea
1 eindu I air at pe cure Pm hettouni Ia Gietl Is arc a
c’ I c a U Ii are voa
ii
I cc ivir till ititudrn naziati macanna In
citunc’t nun on peale ci n garantie. on Ut 1 ‘vn m C
<ii a I’Ll ito-mci Om aimtc’nitictii
iitthzarea putin do trel on pe zi din prmnciplu. Dosigur, mat trebuie mules ‘iii LI
pram razentarea cuiva in mod fals lentru a se putea vorbi despre atitudine nazisall.. dat a face sect isici ci
01 Ic q
p If
a ‘c d n I u sit mc d frici s partet aim can a ni
0 01 no u an
tIN 1 un no mtrebtrile calico se poato nefor arc numerosi errol an respect’I ama a”um minnie tin-eva a af
oat Id a Ic butt oral a intn--adovitj’ putere
ustific aft sau exiatci diferente
1111 1 m ‘ml 1 ct 1 i in an m an a P Na ur cii amman ul £ nazism Spur c Ii
I iN
u ci rgu nentul
1’ 1 I 1 1 nat on in a do /alid analogic.
e Ig c a ni I a to Ic lai in C ace Ito ircun ste e.
nra n-Ic rita’
‘
ui all prom utat anterior (The Sunday Times. 9 decs’mbnio 19901
peale ci conaiderat ca firnd
‘‘t ‘-in sni hi cpn a o no
ar Ic a at na ocbpci de Dcc ci in on <mci cim o ci sputci trc’bnie ‘itn< 1 lsci
1 it a r ni
11.1,1 11,11 a
at ci a c i no duo o nainci ace to cx•<mple lus reani cci an este totdoau la itt do an cm ‘in mat
rtrat Ii i ‘nm London ofr an
1
un
alt oveniplu iJ1telient dar analogia i’ste faist. Peniru a distinge false analogie do analogma conmnctt 1I1
inn annlogi at an hn cc ci non r nPrci neat cia novoic to cr ten neocliiv cm
1 ii i it. u I eb nile cr1 i mm are so i tim in inn it urn nI i
consecin.ta oslo: so nit inttmpla Intr-adevcir coca cc so prozintit cinch
51 ma >r (
onamcintt 1)a ci at reapiuge o anumitt c ondu it pa b an nez hut Inc
mac mt
1
1
fl S Ci tI 1 cii in
111fl g n v m no o an putea a cc do?1 flu I I
,
<1 Cl
1111 al I unrah ni tist totcicaunacniisntc anal efect. atunci srhema a feat folositci In mod incorect. Un oPus ohisnum in
a I cr1 in in ii a mat 1 ni In a incomnar intgranua
Ui
cazul aceatci scheme argumentative este eel In care nmnt dna Ia extilIn
iii 1) 5 r P c i c latn c ‘a o inaecmts aog’ti n p
10 1 17 .
a on
1 1Cr a lid in le L tel nectatoni in
‘cn ci ra
panIc ala necoa.sci, Acest sofism Lmphed a sustine in mod atonal I
itiudire remini iii insoirnnii
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 ------.
itI16 Sofisme In utilizarea formelor logice ale argumentãrii
In 3). din observati cà a fost satisfficut-ã o conditie no esard reen
fumului Es c’ foe) se deduce ed este Intr adevur fur A o end cc’
( t’ o tratata in mod oronat ca fund mnditie i. fuentt ii
ft I c fort tishn t Uncle dintre i nportanta faptulul od pe haza premise a (i in viota c mb) en Hibi
v lod P pi idoc on n anurnitd i fl foe fãrd furn Tn (4) din observatia ca mi a fost satiscuta condO a
si adecea nu
pe Pc Print ole e numr sofismele prin care cc suficientil a prezenei focului (Na este fain), cc deduce cd Intreadevr no onto
u do
5
co oPt Pc n ocarñ ii o cot fitw cud ‘wntd (cau foe Conclitia suflcientã oste apoi tratatã in mod eronat ca o condi(ie fled ai
myers) in
C? I Lt I le tot in non u so tine one de Iaptu cd ecte posihi cil ox sti foe fli urn.
V o e p on a a a a U Ci imnt ‘1 mv thd (3) i (4 pr di c a mv is m iv i fo m I die
3 J a g uncn uP i turns mite rospectiv di’ p modu cc ten s ad
li% ra ICC’ C mint fl
i a i at maim P mt i it a in-i-cr Id de in cdt’s ponens, so deduce cà s’ confir i antia mIni i
rozen ci focului i en
- -1 t ±dceI a qrantim ahscnori fuinulu S presupunem ca ma aftrmarea conseeventulum (ca In (:31). tar In forma inversatd de madam to/il-u
11- iN l Not-i an t’ti de pita urmare nu poate fi funi, so deduce oil pm inflrrnarea antecedentului so inflrrnd conseeveutul (em iii
-c i. a Ha ib ‘a 10 P in i)ar so reupun e5 otp (3d Aceste doud forme invalide do argument sunt cunoscute drept selismu
fum, atunci. pe
- -

P niul coo a idrii a eceentuli I i sofismul negd ii ante a lentul

-
tie .1 Crc oil ept eqte
U r tt I 4 i it v v a
I roblemli care apar In recunonten i acetate u d
ii
Iii. p itt pP rim t mite eptabiiitdtu con*luziei tras din argum ntui it I
re(Ur005ca
I -cit ci linenP fur a uhu t J o gu mIle a alnentei fumuluj. em va etaft’ Ia acord cu concluzia. atur L va avea. tend.ria tid tie ai pitt
r ii in pi Ontpi focuitu care est data d prezenta critic cdnd este vorba despre verificarea validitiltil argumenlulum Aemmct,
fumului inseamnd
V e’ r vi oiunt ulto ])acd i’ntc /tiiu, atone este foe, lipsd tie atitudine criticd este criticatd de Rob Sijrnons intrun ziar:
prezenta flirnuiui este 0
mH I a I fni is pat intia ab ntei fumului fur r’atã
I a Dacii tnt fu relatti sexu i/c jiott S rdmdi i mcd rena flue
to P lam V ivit in ( foe e n o I (ie arc at ott’ c e probahil cd a ir rctinut c atii c ic
ii I ‘I d i o cot m flu deriva it rod n c-’sar ft r i
a r p em ui Data ste ice p i i Inc ‘ste i a adev’ira 3. C Ia uP de c i, ii
nvimrmati j ropozitia initiaid la fel d idovPittP: ‘i Daca Intrr I
sexuale poti s/i no rPm/li lnsPrcinatP.
.ij/jflc contaminatd tO voate face ran. Deco p c rdu, p’ohab’ 3 a
ancat ‘iore C 0mm 1 0.Ceca or etii cv d t un i 3 ‘‘rim. N litiOl
mCi mm nti I c mt faN Ia ‘ii ace ‘twea ivc rmat ml at
ti m it’ ito at Pvc Fii id .0 XCniP u, t t ito Ii.
in i. in car t it,retn rolatil cc xu tie ift it Ce ti fern 1rn
enneluzie ente core’t3 din punet de vedere loV’
I a’- .i cmi U it tile uPcionta
.
ci nececare Intre dc relatia
aaa -iceluiai nurt me pot construt doud Confuzia Intre proprietátile párii i ale intregulni
I 0 iN prim
0 ltd Pu al are .Reguift a 8rit constd In it ‘ibui ‘riin t at
m q td i u in in eg p irtilor sale cc istitutive mar r a C -

m r a Ic part br ii pot II toideaun pun i i ph afet

eec proc Uncori. transferul produce o aigumentatie ou in argon nit
-

din punet de vedere logic, dam alteori se poate Intainpba ca rozu]t Sm

conhn/i un argument neorect. latd tin exemplu in care argumen*mte
‘

cored:
.
 Capitolul 16 Sofisnie in utilizarea formelar lagice ale argumentãrii
ref itoar Ia forma in u ii propritati stabile precurn inf itt ab lit c’ a
toxieitatea:
91 1 t il 10 11 )‘l 1 ill P ci rr aib
este transferatà I 11 flU UI our uP 1 sirnt
4 or “1 1 on
r no It dun poate fi prwit drept parte
I ipi on 5. Rochin aeea’ta este din bumbac
or P 0 7€ It it 7 ir t t t e tribuitá atdt P1 1 P rot i
Il U 91 top iwran a rnrrnnn
tu u fork o propriet’ tn (euloorea 7 Aceci lichid do euritame ostc inflamahil,
alP Ic In at tog a run’) Ia o mt i r€ u1ui t nit Gri ‘) Forma 8 S ‘no pit ntc pi torul-ca Co ‘ulut este otrivit ar
a a i ii I a (lii tat I roj ezolltata dupii turn
urmea7a: ‘rarmenri care indici proprietPi sau insuiri relative pol donwi
c,
greutatea ci mensiunile (lungimea Fitizne’i mdinrum. ir r to it
niuni ii etc., f irta, protul sau pot mimi Ii asaturi bin I’, Pr r’ictn
u t in dt <i yt moat pa upun c altele mai deo’ebite:
dana o it rr g ri o iwmc
Ic 11 I 11€ p( 1 11 11 U i T 71 1€ tnt flO1 lImp! relate, Ca nu 9 10 1 P at ( C t’ste gi a
Ipi i Id a no ob rt a 711 111 tnatorulur argru
11
out, care 10, Elofantul seem este mm.
0 ‘H ii I
1 U’ a icc a Ite pu ‘mi’
12. Baron aceea nate irftini.
13 $ a no ‘st didgutF,
I 1 (1 /j/(
gc P Pu ‘I Olin 110€ riot ac at iu€ru mnsnrnrin (‘a forma Relativitatea proprietPtior Ca, do exemplu, greutatea, meiesr’ clam
11 P or p 1tn
tO P 11 Ii In Ui ‘a o if d IIIdd dir pvnct aracte ‘ul comparatin (explicit sau implicit al ter n nil r, ) a a
cxemplu. cPntàrete mai malt decat o geantd do greutate medic, f,ct.l
do in r
0 (p”IetatlicIr ni r aiu]ui partilor nm atribuirea cand este aprc’eiatP In functie de standardele care so nplicP gentil r, u iii
(1 P(C a 1 1 ni or d Ia air r n mgI rncnt comet, spune xa t onf rm cPrui standard so apreciaza greutatc m
on Ii di o ir Ut (‘1 ol r U mi va lot P dintra it ci, ,‘

aecetea depinde, Intr accest lucru se poate determina in mod implicit prin faptuL eunn’a at Pc’ or’ie’
d H to Jot Ur in a a r Id I’ A orbiter,
a P TO uf ra ihtatc ‘ ecupune ci, o goanti, trcbuie oP p at’ P P ‘Ii 1 ‘1
mat J a taut ni no nra propnintdtn care so transfe
-
a orbs de an avion, smr aplica alte
0 1) c’/ J 0”
rd ci Qt) standarde,
in J’!ri’ I Sn petmeco nova asomanator cu termeni no mat” latilliar ‘0 1>1 J,epin
‘t nt-’ It if ‘a r ni Lit i P
ml an ransi rP ii azul proprietitiior La lardel’, P n 1 sau normt Ia am so aplica a teg ri C m i a
I I 01 1 01 ak lot a a’ruri or It ltuin Acuti o distiuctie ohiectul despre care so spune ed este ,,mare”. In cadrul mmci catego
it •

i o et ii a intro ru an on’
I t1 0 1
(_
em ira i can alti meinbri ai a c’1eiai ca c port’ I)
11 Il ii d a rina otd au in s in ‘

1 rndrpc talent dt en rim ‘011 cu ova p ate dimensiumle unui oareen trebumn aprecante in coxitextri] care apamI1
o pmoprictat anume
111 9’ lii in U Ii itP u’
‘C” ( f 3 ii’ cli ci tio ‘xisti catrgorini oameciloI U i c arece mare ru ate no ‘ix ‘n’ a) r ‘I 1*
0 1 101’ 1 1 7’ 10
ilp 1niti fIn 111 n,oildiiectcu aiteineva
qi 7111 91. in oa nut n ti name decal men brim aceleiaci
• 1’ di ill 10 1 a ci ml ii noi’rr 0
‘en so po to 9pl P “I •

11(1110 citriu, mare pentru Un toamece 121

i ‘1 ‘1 i’l JI I c I Ii
ii ‘(1 ‘ic at a ao alt Ci pnind ( ap 0 1 ura sari reltii chntr a Li ii 17 0 Ic r 1 1 1
11 H •i C 11 P0 U ait 101 1 i ai’c n tc tc ut c’nva ci odjecti atminci cirid on evaluea7a aceasti, relatie sã so tarP distnctia intro un inrnl
ve 17
sin tural i u mtmeg nestructura 1. n nlme u I 0
‘I j•t 11 11! C 1 11(1 (‘0 ‘1 (1111 to l’ui 9’
,jIeurdoilal, im o”te drooL ü LOp1’tit do elemonto care uomict 1119 cnipa
11 0 flintliri (IC him ci ,I,I
1 ia C’ intregul. tntregul oslo, en si ricem aa door suma pirtilor inestma
lotiunc (I drti U rr Pntii PsI neta ‘tI I
I ‘r I” I p C I i (I -i tt’r V iti 01€. I UI ii i H Ill. (‘U U am
‘‘1 (II I it€I 01 1’ H iak 1 173
- It ) ‘1 C
1 Cf. Leisi (1952)
o P p ci Ii r’ P In f a c i I i
‘
‘ p u ‘t ‘•imhl 1 It a a r bluri rc 1 U U m a
(1970)
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 Cpitolu1 16 Sofhme in utilizarea formelor logice ale argumentãrii
rem ire’ ra a
1 reid ‘ are ire e is )1’ d 1
i •n r t sentj uenf Ac at ‘ca in ‘to II
a e eohc.
I Dad. Picioarcle acestui iccaun coat clue
can nt Faa za F a It II ar Cii Roe ‘in tel
Ic p e na
ot an i F cia ‘I p o ci a ‘slur ,ic’ en ‘ur ‘ii
Ii ii icc id ,ea i ci obi ‘ice a r dot a
I p crau r Bran ci ca cant I DeaF Scerunul este sib.
In any a Fici Bderii a ice amastec prea
a p liii I. S i Fe’ ccc mult
a a’ dF n ‘in In ox mplc’k (1 i (2) ‘ntregul ci pF4ii intr ca a e is re ‘I ii
F ‘F 1 tr c r esta a
e p Ia ‘ii “F We Ire
‘a ii 1’ ‘l I’ 710
ci i aft a ii i1t’ o 1seca a acchei, nqi e mal probabri ta (1) isle corect cpu 1 t lceblrE cIt 2) (2) ‘cc’
i 5 ‘1 lfl ii IC 7W Ia r Cci
c
‘,
fl Damnepi ii lost cereal clanS (2a) s-ar B iitit Toafr pdrtile ücestu/ scoon curt a/ha cc’s
Cl. II a in ii 1 cite cx c a’ nre”xprima a in (1
can aim” 171:
1 a Ais’st scaun. esto alli
cDiccj IN e but Ic rem Ira a cur aunt iibe
(1 reuoarel ecc,aunului ucunt parti ale acectue .ecaun I
I ‘I I F ici, FFr ear re Ia Bi i H fh’c i Pic-joarc’ie acestui scion sunt ,slbo
r ar r e it to ci çö deco
i ‘pe cal at ck structura.
lii prunul rand I sal di la loafs pd/rh/c ace,ctw scaun Ii Pccwa,’elc ace’s cii ace ii’
SC i I F a’ iF Ii icc ‘ip cc’ a Ito .ctandarde do “I
hunFstare decât juctificat aici. Inch. flu est.e justifleat, desigur, In directia opus5 coca c’r
Cl ‘iii it d cc ii cat”
C ch’ r d s ye mtu r ad vI ‘at I ante p’ccoara en trebure cia fit adevSra 1 ep
n c’i,, a a] aitora cr iuip cc I
hunhst’irea unei biserjer scaunulur. (‘eon co explich. asimetria dmtre (1) i (2).
mpai cc ‘a ‘et’a hue iii ree a no in
F r I lit In im la o. !n ci Pot exista, do esemenea diferente mcii subtile intro arg m ut tie at
I XI r’ h ci i tic hi p
cc icc F a ncR taraic mombrilor p Is. I’ li-v an ‘ntatia paite mntreg. I i imp c ii iii ire’ e UI C IL
ac ire ca 1 Un
‘a’zrtciji
cii ran huseric n.
in afarh do prosperjtatea relatrs product’ intoldeauna un argument invalid, in uncle aaron varcaii
i hrcF’ta ‘autut’S t’i
‘

ru n d’ ti a ricunar divisi nr I rare ‘S produch. un Iefect rn”u pr’e

or, n it ii ‘(c o’ a ‘a in ,a’ih “

a pe care Jo donearh biaericiy cc ripozitionalh, car in alte azuri so pare ccl oslo ace eric. Compa
ii an F; Uiiiiia reupm anfismu rati.
in dimziunij Ajunge dear 2. a Bdiclst’i recic’ “cumpb do ‘i I iB ptiri1o bit’ lt i ic at en
an rpc
1 1’ etc r Fruit bccicletci cant ‘‘umpt dcci hi ccl a ‘ate cu ip
3 a Biciclota tate eftinb dcc Icr to pbrtie beic I ‘1,01 C1LC I i ftc
1 a in asic 1 lo •tp, artile cci ‘lets c cant itftmr’. dccc See tote it
a propri tifta tahoEut/i, de ,,indi’cjzit cciii
‘ tic. e
a cc ci a sire or F I Sofismul diviziunie din (2a) pare sâ lie mai gray dec51 sofism
n iv u oa 1 a ‘c a cc ci at re ml ul I
Ic I a I 1 pc r ii t cc to I n (h In limp m s cflsmu I eon’ ii cc ra d ii ii
etc in F
a ebil so ni rnemlirij guvernulue
ccc ii F ciic ‘at m IF mai gray dec/it sofismul diviziunii din (3a). DacS obsarvatia esto c’or°, ii
cc
I c ci r U c
‘

a t ti F vroa lucru difrit,

,
u I cit ii a ac it lucru so ci” icr aub en ,ert tudine duf’rente d ir a a
Is ci jj crcpciotiin I sc ,aomportament livizionar ale propnc
’tatrlo di a I c c a
e’obl i di a fl uefrmn, Icr cia isle foarte dci- cc ariume provoacS aceacth dcferc’nlh
‘a pr “a In f Ii t ft
IC urn ‘ceo
a 1 r ollie a e I U Me a i c to apan’ cand cc idenhfi’a softsr ul ccci g U cc cc u I e
diviziunii ccli c/i termenii utilizati pent—u a iclent.iflca prnpri”tat.i Ia
‘It i’ 7
F iP’ transferate cant in principiu aplicahili In sceeai mSsu ‘S 15* Intrc’p’ Fe
‘
€
ta cc 3 C 1 It ondenh ç patti
I , caci r tnsfr’ibijh do
Is un intreg Ia phrtile sale
c - nuc ii a fl ala, r Ii rot is ann rest u ‘ c a ci
cc’ a on a a cict snu cofismole pe’ ion ca in urmStoarele nixemple
F crobIerni ref’rl or Ia ep
p i iii F t ac sfer I
‘ It c ii Ia ye 4 1 is c Ii to cciii nab IF
a” a’ I u, c oat parea difent do
‘i a (‘emma ti rniFto iraie
c’veniplo H. foci Butoaneic’ do in u
-
ile din mica acaa’ta aunt conf’n labile
5
 Sofisir t it ix ilizarea fonnelor logice ale argum
Capitolul 16 entàrii I
ox u iplu do rntst fd mntr tin rPspuns amuzant Ia a scnsoare pe care Gc Torch
Rev a pr’mit din patton unui coleg i care so refer ha audits Papet
loan
(1’ ti Td hptulu nust
Paul ni ll4ea in Olanda:
I ( I totdoaunaclardacà
([1 i t 1 1 u a trn, kpend ntl do stru Dups turn spuroan Intl face marc pinaro cii cito 5cioarea
a’ ‘p a c cit In ‘tun’ N e i i etur san s I-i d” fri.
tUna do do 1 tdnt cu exacttate no air u’i du la slu’bii c do obi ‘ci i ipot am xii apr
ind dana ‘iou 1’ ci
to ‘av n’ avoa ara ‘torul dopt adont do stru iuminini do cincizaci do canti in fats manuel Sfantei im
cti ñ sau relativ al unul bar: (a ‘a it ‘ u
ran: torn t’u n”or not itit in °a in ccrisoare i-sIc’ ‘iou adevarat- ‘mu ne:ud ‘iitaf, d a mu
I t c as
do introg Ia pdrti sau ‘-

In acest car nu este novoic sh so aplice procedura tati

it, to pot olut tie o noah a dii inn onala p’ itt i
nt P i te a deccopeni cii nu este vorba despre un argument vahd din p in I do
t. tar
onfunda ci
m r Ontun ci to urrniitorul xen phi logic. Dar In undo cazuri poate fi rnai duficil sii so bserv cii iv itt
hIiu
dcci sau o expresie en do cocoa nit onto push Is local porn; it nail ‘ol it in
c r’,’,n ira a ‘it mall I ca tin foIoseite unet reconstruclii login’
p ‘Ut
Diforontelo dintre discursul ohipnuit i modal in care euni Folositi let at nun
d) or pain o p’Iroa coroct \oden
ct’
op o- :t cI ma ‘onus u.n sofism do in c-onttxt logic sunt considerahile. Do ‘xomplu, antocedentul dmtro fr,inii
ad to’ dam oeami ‘a prtpni ‘talc
a a mont a man mult decât do tipul Dccci ott n,ci reprezintã a conditie sufieienti. car nix nece5I1’
aP obut rica testol a in funche do atte
,

( nd Iiftiit in ((a fata numai in interpretarea logich in care flecare frazh eondifionaD oslo trat ala
I u r I a at:, m (lt) ow vu ul eta] do
i 1’
oP ft nt i do oareci in ca tiaplicatie materiaii” Stint vane in discursul obipnuit to,, hr it
.
r it a ii u unumit rd in (6a) no disc compiet oxplicile i pc deplin echi; alento ale formelcr logi c In i p i t ‘it
I 1 1 t 1 uta ci ‘sprc
t i I I p u’u mul coloctiv,
Do fo t cIt d vahde, precum rnodus potions i modus rollens, ii sP inek vi I r to d
n tie P dud ,iu a an sunt sofime
‘lit do rnodus onens pi rnodus toilens sunt considerate -icceptabilo in discuruI
ci p4 pi juno ni nh ci tsdol nat
‘

it ;‘ni and i” to’

ure in ambinatie cu obipnuit. In acest cat, punctul de plecaro flu pare sh fib principiul logito
P ‘in ‘xwnpln
deduct-tv do ahdttate, ci a notiuna do validitate snu de soliditte prog’a’lt”
c r on ttti, i iUnnttvh mat vv gh lath douh exemple
a Dacii ningo, a unci acoperisurth- cc fat albc
a u it r>t i’ tit
dmn’evdei ,uninclm’damocam
— h do pit burLl’ mat albo.
a m a
-

( nab ur atm odo r dot let A ins

m mi i -lw a 1 Orrlcth Cu ‘djectimtI
,
mm dd najt.ere urn i sofism do
vjrlo’ivmtt ul n’in ore aefi 9 a. Mama cairo Uniiotei. Dacii iru-ti I ci rdtne 1 t’ ill
sun difonte in ( a) m at (7bf in 41 111 ‘4 1 -
“F o ht in .‘t i.fl--
-1 Itoiim’a mrpului
(Ta), so nu pelt sIt mcrgi in cinema.
o]datilu japonc a. ian in (7b),
iI an itt i pii’ i it Un rmeiu nurnor la h. Bonatuh Do mdati. (Biiatul ii lice oid.unc in t’amt’ri
ict. Fe at s P 1 a pritnul
it lp Pt n o hi-nw, tat ud do a dodd a r - 11 1 Dc ti ucitnu I xii rnii dw Ia ‘menia
u p u to peta Di
r c ‘dcci a i am pus cia I iii dad S /C1i rdixtc’ cIt
- /0
1 ii P 1 r i t vo ii ,Pni 1 igita a unui argument este
t”i it ii t tic it ‘ ri -t t td
n
1 nao irditti sigurs pentru Ir (S de1i t u tie it trage Cu n rtitudine oncluzia ch a inns (a face ‘a” ‘P
nr I 0, ‘1 l fl tPtcI r ‘Is i I’ Pt a trot it entt ci. in hi ‘ii i I a
to’ ‘ s sP ‘rnitem s if sm ul aftrrnhrh consedveltl tituib, act-a do
ann-it p “opt an ‘‘ire a’ ‘tar pin’ cazul
I mat nu t do modelul logic oslo lostul do pr bahila In Iipsa alt-or explicafu p1anzilalo Di i argu no itti
‘‘1 lr4,rfi}”4 a d ‘ic”nz “rec’od in principal tin de
act do verdure care nu este valid dat punct do vedere deductiv, oslo plauzihil pe n’k i i I
0 1 1 .1 4/’ - 1
OW 11 t’4U0Ot S tO1(
1 1 Ut put t’ ttic ion ins In ‘mrbirea ohinuith (i hi alto tipi ni do d’s :urc), aces p cc P I
prezenta - ‘
s-i -‘
‘Oat o,titflititii precut
1 dir i a t do (K ca U md nurnit uneoni ,,valid’ san cohid”
tra it’j P. i’ i-i icà in
(1t’(’I Wte adesoa
fola’it n div r ‘ont.cxft.
,‘ In (91, concluzia liuilui este nejustificats daca vorbim dii putict di’ V ‘cii tO
ca it it I1i dl I do umpiut aria
‘ strict logic (so face tinoat do sofismul neghnii antect’dentidui), i’usii 0 ‘Un
ilh ri a di P o
turt iv’ r. n ucjtP iv
alt fo] (Dmutt un
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 Capitolul (7 SofIme in eapa inehiderii discutiei
(SO
17 Sofisrnc ii elapa p V R fir care pun t d. ‘dora dis’utat, cxi Pt do 1 1 4 lit
znchiderii disc uiei protagonistul ii antagonistul sunt de acord cf protagomatul a ron-ut sf-si
a ore concludont punctul do vedere, fe otagoristul i anta a ii ju
Pt’ n r a at at ii i Pc uc tat, ricord en protagonistul nu a reupit ad moP, in psi aol car, ritioijract I
I i t,-ira no or a Ia trehuic sdi retragd Indoiala initiald pe misc a avut-o on privirc’
a a fw bli In 1 a 1 a ‘ezoIv t In puPae’ I
‘i ° , < a a
tin TO j ar I?
do v do nr irotogonistul poate contmu amp menti if r
H ii” 91 aj ito s a ardvat a favoar doilea car. protagonistul trebuie sd-si retracteze punctul do veders inpial
ea protagoiustuluj, in0eam
‘‘-‘ii ‘1 ‘1 it n ca lar antagomsiul poate continua ad si mentind inloiala Co so rat
t if a ti d 51 P no a a. ad t or da Ia a
I ‘i1) 1 a a ‘a an ,j vafuilli,
1 aainjf rf protagonjotul
at a i you1 to sa i a reupito a] unui punct do
dore un tu ii r
a I-i a ii, r noonnat a .oa atinuf nu a Regula a 9-a: Epecul do a custine on punct Ie rcden-’ trehuie Pt detcr fninr’
1 ‘i Pt puner1 d ir dore I parten or rca a an otpunctul do adore of 1 trigd I
‘ i 1 r a fc ‘at at IC itt pr a urrle do a -

0’1 -‘1 iiriu( di Hr d’ir 1 lo doi trrbuip sri dote mine ceiilrilta porte so-pi rctrciga indoiala
pro
icar a do t letaro sau rca r’v or, i
I H’:’<:ii’i ocr ‘
p rI a r zu t H a H pirnctiil do ocr/ore,
di it Ii a a LIne ant porn to! afar i sd-pi reiraga indoiih cu t ii !‘• a
nu a pus1 ‘Cr a tap i argumntfru I
i)t 1111 0 at ear 15f it vedere al protagonistului, chiar dacf arceptd of acesta I-a apdrat
in mod
-

nt.at onf ul on ri-’spc

ctat in tonIc otapel
I 1
a a a - conch do t, iCon ‘1 so face vinovat do Inc ilcr rca Rcguhi 9- A ‘I
‘
a a r or rio pr ito nan i I a
iiz,,] a
-
dirputei Reroivarea a asteia cc e v air bil pa in carol protagonistului mire reftuza Pt isi Proga punt 1
arci (:0 in pi incipiu. 1 uP
I t:inninp,i -i miasor
iota] ‘f Hab’P a of ‘in tOl vedere in Pap cc admite totupi ad no a reuit sf-i sustind
lii 111(11
P
na ‘a d nt a a a t a i-i dr in p a tied ac asta combinntie aPt act q ta a a
1.1< at ii’ ‘a I
do 11< Cr a at ma putrn
,

I 0
11’ 19 1 ‘011 Hit de a’odcre a test sust.inut In mod concludent i respingerea concomitont
P a
11 i to a i’r 1f k ‘1 ‘1 1 consecintelor a’ostut fapt no va apdrea pro-i des int,i o F rint r
1’ 0 x a 1 i t 1 ira: a pI it
a of a apm a :a nod oouoludent punctu pr ‘a oa ii tar ipla C’ UI antagor ist iecaitrtran S’I I Cl a’ a 11
o do vodore ? Este retipila protagonistului. iar un protagonist recalcitrant s no crciini 5501
pail ‘f coni ins c-I °i a
‘thni co a] inof a
itagon tu1 sf d sehis c nu a p ih t construr o apfr ire mcludent
a I’ r i< II 0< 1 i Ic
n 0110 1 1 p cc 1, fur ci disputa (laiar darn prolagonistul i antagomstul par so respect-c itogul, a 9-a ,nr’
”oorr a a pa- to ne fri nit ‘nra i’ to
it i ntotdea una mai bine so pate an In et.apa Inchideril discuioi sf apard prob tome Do axein lu in
-

a I I P ci Ii cir a ‘a ig t a a a
ni a t f s ti
a Hi Ii I ci r ru “in], 1 dar, c xoga’ ‘orr’cirtel
1 ‘ar ‘1
pa ‘Ia a a rezolvf a
I ‘1 HI -a Ia rrzultatul dioputoi pr ‘:aro artfel. ceaialtd paste conform Regulii a 9-a. Existf posibibtatea 00 ccl ran
a 1 ii protagonjotul i exagereazf of <Ira faIn liber cntuziasrnului sPa nor ci’nd cc”to ‘a
a a a. r or’ at
0’
a i a P a ci us utia a alt’ OnOle ate en -a flu rezu,ltd nicidocum dIn rur <I
ai 00’ a’ intuilpia a’
c 1701 autH r Hate
arie, Do navajo, rc’zultatului disputei o turnuri’i complet diferitii,
r - in CII
rut 1 to a ‘re’ t a f dacidf an my da P
at g is ii i cc in at
ii
p ic
a ago i a vi rcupit cii 9
i aper y um tu d v I
nil
1 0 d so Nt ufnd a °cama
Cia 1 ii (‘1 rritirj tIl(C05’( of al hnazo concludent. Regula a 9-a spunc’ ca antagomstul trehuje. In coneecmtf. sf-s
I j’- 1 it ci Iniri of an retragd indoiala referitoare Ia punetul do vodorc, Ac ‘asta at i,
0 I I‘
fl O i p a C 1’ a IC ii d dc u r ob g tie pa ar r ax antagonistul pa unicul luau e an i p
I ) 09 fl-at a ru ii,
<. I aCmplliI rip mar joe avem
do a protagoniot.ul. Protagonistul exagereazd consecintela reupitei apfrfrui :ila
da a rage an luzia of a demonstra ci punctul ‘di r v d
I I i’ Ii i at 01 a’ adrva at. cerandu-i antagonistuku sd-i accepte.
-

1 1 Ia
p it ii”P or putea fl
‘
1 1 Ii’ TO 0’ 09 I0(’Iar P 1il(’d adrian oP Dacd protagomstul nu a reupit od-pi apore punctul do red’ i-a in mor’
con ulu tort Ragula a a opure of t’rebui in cons cia i I p
10 ‘1’ a ariragor at ii a’ iot p100’ iir acord asupra Aceasta ate union sa obligatie pi unicul lucru pa care i I panIc <‘a-c
in -1’ -ci ,.‘ 011)1 1 ‘0 1’ P Hr d ‘a a ‘1 C I a a a antagonietul Antagmistul exager aPt cc is ‘cint do ut in ci
 V
1
Soflsrn
i einetap
e ainchideriidis
i cu
Capitolul 17
V_V. V•VVV_

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 Sofisme de uzaj 203
Capitolul iS
‘ro
dorneniul de apIicaie al propozitiei nu eate inch ‘at clar a’ po a fare
e1 9O
mci at rmat’ ]u Germaine Graer n cartea a The In’ ink i
d I usi b hi Ma u mete thaleaur
‘nt n1 j ì C arbti Re euloare faptcl di fein-’ile nu itok’g do a Ic i
1 flu denatrij nie procurer-i flu h3rhatu.
H1uunpj sunt lpietheati
faptul il ‘e ci unt vio1tnn doar
c au mefode maj Neil Lvdon dR o replied intr-un articol din Sunday Times:
crc ainc rcor s eaplicat c <. Prob
H ih.il
a io1 r (‘e air I a Pr termina sai pr-run unu ‘cruta imo a ir1tr
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vu infro’tur vicenad b3rbatjj flu fue dnc3t sfi urasc3 femelle ‘ui on iii iuljov. flu v-v
Ic mb ascti
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nit U t pun
I I ‘o’ cip acu1 atoiului y oato li uon inldtu at uland o a finite .ui liii
a (a Cetti urn urn ative),
.i] ruvintclor si cpresiilnr),
di euiaot’ru.1 nede’nit Cleptoman este ccl care szmle net’oia sal fore.
I -p a’ p1 or-’i<3
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pi i 13 folocind
a no a ‘ € a e nilatia i care n arc pregitira n Ia r a a a
tic u i a ive a
11 9 1 1 ii ‘P opoz I lila I
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.o ii ‘a. del, a ul d orbfre
i ° v/i Ji’rnt pisiiiie
poate fi explicitat
aceasta necesita totdeauna mai molt de o cingnirii fraza
“ç a’a ca v- u /i mcz on Am Idneori nu este clar in cc rndsurd prohiema eat-p una do lane s:m ‘1°
j ru( th’i3t pisjcik’ sau adRugánd Nri
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PC air Ia a rti p obloaaa do g’aluabtate. Von int3ln adesea ‘ivinte e nu t t ala do
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cv atct de
it cc si malt atanda ‘ucla’
i 0 pot I aphe a
(c) In exemplul en privira in earacterul referential nedefinit iii asertiunilor
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2
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in \ccasta Va dat a Ian anumjtp
:ei in aint
‘a nc tiflr-ii punetuiin ii” ad ‘cc inipiicatii on aceatui. fapt pot Il evitate san rezolvate colieitRnd can fTicdnd ue’izdn
I iru -‘-int.i no p p
unctu[ do vedere earn are un
iori’ii to in Incipit uni u a Procizarea unite un act deciarativ de uzaj prin care so indicd -an’
at do tinut I ‘at
r- at rc rn vu In ntu’rrc a e r cola &ntificnte on posibula treb t ‘on ‘-iii i
I r p itini
U -u sr a at a, tarm vi ainveIer
c to i air p’ I
In ii n i bile Ii a ‘a ii rile, do exumplu, nici (ci) t a xemr I disc utat anta rica c a. privurc Ia e a acteru v ag flu
fnrt.a
-

IIU°o tivn 11 -a ‘r-me ccii termen, neclaritatea a apRrut deoarece unul dintre vorbitori a dear-moat o
dr apiicti a] propozitici nu aunt
if. 0 dare, Do aici,
fli 2’22
l’°9j2 r!lcc indica I mci percoanli pain termenul cleptomczn do indatd cc aceasta a thrat ceva, jar cRnd
-i v- 1€’ ft ion’ ‘ircuitatorul condiderd terma’nul potrivit marn’ dacR ‘moan in eat i cc
it
1
e unei nd
‘
 Capitolul 18
Sofisme do uiaj 5103
in di f iii m .ai d Con3tan.
Ambele pbrti au eãzut do acord cb este acest eaz utilizarea acestui act declarativ do uzaj iniphcb indicanea cntc r i
kk ut (I1 fflt3 1 131 ded($trcbulr c1nevai fu.rcn aplicahile in cazul in discutie i gradul in care trehuie indeplimte
i r sise
lt 1n I Numesc pe cineva inteligent dac este capahit s Infe1eaa r i I I r i
313 1 3 3 iEtc i rig lnniar deoaiece ccci’ un rorultat noi .i so poate gândi rapid la solutli adeovate legate de piobi r ‘n
x’ irt ) ill al
ki di ii C 110 1 riteriului care tech Nuinese un be mahala dae casele sunt intro star’ prc ach 1 3
i 1
nic indeplirrit
I mr-13 d u- poririta. Fxmrple este plina do gunoi si daci. mlrOai’e urât.
ii t
cm n ihe It I i. in clii 1, Ii paf gras
jar 0 persoanã este bogatt dac are on miiton Ic euro ir
i n ii 1 c it ii i i ale muon [or po (1
ii ti 1313 Ii 1’ i 1 1
i ci Toate tupurile i formele do neclaritate rnentionate aici CI pa r 171
pmu vi (1 ‘ii ii uinita hi gati? Cat
33 3311303 t I 3 3 3 r i u1o do bate etapete discutici i bate pot reprezenta ohstaIE ii i lvi i I
Cl 13
c . p i car vonhi dospre diaput.ei Dan acestea chiar Irnpiedich desfurana diaut ‘nh e id i
a 3:1 3k -Ia at f )rc7ltat
ca variante ale sohsmului noclaritaii.
a iriarir’ Cli fz1iard. Cii
ukp 1 0 13i ‘n Cd i I 3 nint
drã t, intokgent p ) rn sau AnbiguitfiI
aa .
--ie e’cempI in in
omim ±bptul cii pnrcoane dife
30(11 r Ic dif ad i’it
u ii Cli crir p cineva
rite p it Iplica Regula a 10--a este incalcata dacii apar nechanitatlin diccuna imp ledIcan I
a fund drdgu au inteligent,
lii ii !fl nfl 3i J3)0’0
-9U (1 CtE( 3 UIlUi
astfel rezolvarea disputei Acelai efect se obtrne i prin folosirea aiublau’I -i
Qt3 mahala Prasiitu
1 ‘C 3 Ifi 0 i 033 nla
‘ic’ea ca flu oo0 II liii
ra limbajuirn In acest caz este vorba despre sofisrnil era biguitd (ii care 11131 cc
itngur critcriu CCl?
111 (13301 11 r’Iii’ indopli iite SC numote intrmtn mod mat pufm procis. dan mai po rauu) ech, m’i
doii i Q3fl mai multe criteru
1$ t I a an p333 ii’ ni 311( arnfiba he. 14 Sofismul amhiguitici este strins legal do sofisrnui ncelantaii
111 dovmo potrivit. Neeharitat
rum Ic. ci. c unp i Imul clintro
ea oste si poate apin a 5 singur dar si In combinatie en t Ito sofisme (Jlrecum sofcmu!
vorbiton can pum ccl mai
hI p In r ci L n I aid uii
late coral unerii sau aofi m 11 diviunii). In i a’asti secliune avern iii
aItiI acorda rca mai mare
I I I3 i 1 3! in .il ill prrtete (.‘ri
anumite ubtipuri
t-crii]e 2, 3 i 4 ca
.

i I C’ 1 3 Exemple do folosiri ambigue ale limhii aunt inainte do I -iate jocu

3 1 1 iii c’ ictc dat do multe suprapune Cc
1 lIc’ 111 1 Ilk .11 n. 1U cuvinte item do ‘eon deept exempic’ de sofisme ale ambigmtiii1. Nu cc
‘1 3 I I (r’lte Cu H inc
ii d’’ ii Connulpe 03rd probabil cii aceetea cii rezelve disputa, dci uneori
13k 1 ii 1 Oi Ac a I lu( ru pOate duce Ic sa ftc folocit’
Il i 1011 Ci dciii I scopul do a fi luate in aenios Iatii un prim exemplu din torn inul R Ii I a I
ci rf k Di I i v i ra
o i,’ i 31 i .Mahai este drigi$
-
1- on t Iii ( S
r c I p a Cii ii placc pen Ceec Nooteboonr
ci ‘iia or “i i mc tc u tru ca
-

1 3 1 0 3pE’r’cike
l 1 idispuniuprirare C i ci’ 11 r’b 1 1fl( 1( I iadi cc mu ,‘i tt
a1pi3 13 ii 31 i1 •-tn ci’ i ut a-U i u fCr tecs am unic moron intrchän lii care flu oict r5cpuns s
31 X et It’ fa t di earth ii en an
• an a 1 I U’i ar i Ukli itni rut ( SpUfliP flU (IV ‘3 tata insemna C Till 3V93 (1 33 p i itt’
I 3 3fllfl”i Dn’
(m rntiule depre act a.
mc ir’ 4i rcprezen(r
ii1 a 3111 nohu i I r familiart
rciitnh d “n cm
node do plicnro a lint r critern I i urntetonul exomplu dintmun jntE’iU mat tb lice JIulhnf di ami 1
-dnitit w’c,til l’ii lunar di±erentelc sunt do
diforite in 1
-

ord m ntit ctiv i lngctiiy, filosof franeez (ARc / Ilandoishla-d, 25 flO•iTflitl( II

—
‘.. u ml a a no. ritenii I ii “XC0ii9 Ci
Cilaurlini prolotipico
amb ambiguitatea pare folositi spre a fi hate in seria
I I 1, (3 371 711113 3 (3/3111
hiriit in cin’ difi’rentcle
ele
a (
a
sun mii i put Ingar y flu u t’ si pllr’ri rem 17C1 r% fernriin Ut crisIa 31331
i. r Oit etc arm a rh ile ofeyb n buna iluc -rn
“

C a ‘3
comuaa

tnari ccrjeñic fflocoficc sau alto senien nolitenare. Este on luerit dwt d 1
‘
idm I rCa c 01 intn’egere.
(1
numb’ do uhni h ne intentional-C do Ia mi i’putul rnuItc
1 ill iti
1 j 13 310 a i mi rpo1rata
-

pm prtn ithrI 139 recente unde 11k CC spufle -‘ii de Ia 51111’ Intelec c e tb >, atlIflol cnd
reIte in cititor, in
eamn si e cii’ Oar nu I sto care adehrn h
3 - (5•3

I 1 vr iant -i ‘SPOCIOb ‘I p ilit

Pentru alto detain privind sofismul echivocului ci. Woo Is i Wa ton I 118- •

P nt t I v s ii t ur de cml igut ate hiv it, amfibolic ‘i cent 1 VOl.1 Re in’

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 Sofisme de uzaj 709
Capitolul 18
Probeme u pri ir In uaj
caracterul implicit este important in ceea Ce priveste functia comum ativh
to itmutul propozitional. Do exemplu existà anse mitt ca prota Itul
Ia t b nd unoas a n ia do multe cuvmte cá argume itare a so I aga
flamE pot
‘p lu 0 d do odere Rb iotee d v dert dift nt d c I discutat rgnorati’ cleat tu c lot
(J, ‘
un iu dt atee m poate refei la argumente, so joacf dear cu emofiile auditoriului (argumentum at opii’u’
‘a inia la nurnhrul do chrti pe care ii contine. sau Ii etaleazã propriile calitãi (cirgumen turn ad m ereeim ndiarn Alto’
at. iP ‘ar
Este, do
rt 11 u’ criterti trhuie indep1init nainte mmciii nu ar oliserva câtui do puin ceoa ce spune.
fi “ldira d rroaru’ 1 ((IrU h fic roticjclc ca
rota maci In cazul exagerdrii unei premise ri.eesprimate i a n.cgdrmi ant prm’rnmsa
1 ‘aca ohio noel tii biguitj ii pot cc ama e (m clcarea Reguhi a 5-a), taracteriil implici e to o to i
a i inbinatft u ju non nteu mis ul 0 iiate xager 1 un argUmel t numt it t
m 1 -u tor I ‘cut utica 1. nori c a sta u foe irmulat explicit acolai lii ,ru lwi
a 1- c tc.a .l mir h a pnnc ipa upantia alter negarii argumeutulut do cft.re profagonisO Dear datonith cat i-tart 1t
a me sosme.
ai rimarc- mpIiaita in soecial. implicit antagonistul poate sustune t.otdeauna cã un anumit inteles a
pot avon Un rol
icc hicati u a €‘! cac. identificarca sefis melor, ascuns In cuvintele protagonistului, tar protagonietul poate totdeatina
ma (IfficlIb turn oste poate
protesta Ca iii a spus -reodatã -eta cc antagonistul susfin cii a eja
iL tii
irgur catun Argumne i ci’ circular (incàlcarea Regulii a 6 a so b 1 lit
I
I tS dii S tnt
life e ito r hi -mular .1st-fri mt ft numai Ia o nc-ha ji a
i-u nIt our liiat alat c7 formularie so refe -a la acelai lucr t. D ‘o- rote - tin itudi
indirt Unoori inr dint
i. I
a tin phna Ia a noga Cu mversunare prernisf i punctul do vedere nu so exprimit explicit. ci rimflne miplic’t
Once
P a oponntu1 eh facfi ova sau pânà Ia a-i
strin caractonul circular al argumentuim nu oste remarcat cii usurintii.
.‘r.m:ai. •\ma’ mtai-aa eau atacu’ runt ataca
in teet car przentate ca informatjj In cazul sofismului argurnenturn ad tense quan.tia.m. precum i a]
a ci tarul citIt( r nit fit soliamelor p ntei alum coase, post hoc ergo propte hoe i g rerdlizd prmpiP
a’ vor \u iron ad flu
a ml nit n (IncA area fcgulii a 7 ), lie a a ales mhemii argument- i ‘it r ivi
n t a
he ‘ I ‘in irgunentativa aleasa este utilizata i nol mart
ii ala ra:t e t oh do rithict iVOZi
c a tit a u em schem argumentative i mod I in c
-
urmc ui f
1 P ul 1 1
ax r niarca iraplicith utilizatii depmd in general de tipul i domeniul do aplicatie A propozttiei
eprezinth un mijioc des
i
a pnt ag1 pamr-
a rugera to in ete nevoie
rã isi sustinà care urmeazit a hi testatit. In discursul cotidian totusi flu so potite CUfi0
I
fitc irnun ir Parc eritwilni-. In pnimul dintru mnceput data o aseriune este deacriptivit evaluativit sau uncitatrvii
P caz
Ii lore (I “1te imai ni lacS I neniul do aphcafie A propozriei ‘stc- singular s A cc
Iii (- It al
lu a to i rcA 1 1 p op itiei este deacon i clar dc care ‘c aT -or pt
I oh m
a ur d c ri I xx rhiro C taut fun tie or turn atm-i c t c xx P
at re an
,
1 ía ili a ito. tont i a ii dccc indotel cu privire In domenmi It aph tie ‘ii
UI prt zitional. pont
‘an a ow nitocarea dogubi a denaroce ace-ita nu esto inchcat in mod explicit..
-a) caracterul
3
( ‘ii .ira• “a ci athl in functia conlurut-ativh tot i
-

i contunutul In cazul sofismelor referitoare Ia n.egarca anteeedentului ci afYr’rnarc’i

1rHflfl ‘-(a(a a tic cc P at in auzh (I exprime
implicith a consecrentuiui i A sofiernelor do comp?dnerc t do diuiziucp incitlcaie
alan I’ ( I atP bum re hi a 8 i nu so o-ite obs ma cu burintit a arguri
e pr a. nistu in ul o nval I
-I- I a a cd c r a I ntru a 1 ct-thu cm itt’ cii invalid, tr4 mc tradus fin ye I -a it
I 1111. 1 t U opos total. a ul L c-i- lugiu
- ace
- iii -i p a
I ‘-I a w P pant Ornatti fo tularea I n yacht a obiapumtit nu va indica an.urne raduct i
(U inc ica mci fort a i c at
(01 ‘cc- ai- lUtIlilituifli jiropotinnnl sofiameler compunerii i al diviziunli mai apare o probloma legati do fapti
anta&ronrst.ui poate face
-lat’ufi tha- I c cI ‘i fit ‘maditit
-

remareate. cit posibilitatea de transferare a mci proprietati nu so poate interpiola

‘ -c-.
1 c-cOin Ia arf arncntart direct pain termenii folositi. In general °o poate stabili dach a pu pta tat
ncpertlnantd pi Ia
it ae (mt “ hi
 (i,ptolu 1 pa Ii (S iiti Ci1 1CC
Litv i daca depindo au ni dr structu
I d i
r numni dup o
11.1 di o t’rrr’it}ar
fHoitI
ul of o gi i
19. Conc1uie
1 i ci î i a ur ar
i i 01 ntagLnlJul it’ ftite deseori vinovat Regulile discupei entice
-1h7 tIrn1 101 /ii1 dflpmc [‘ol un
runt ron.fundarea afirm atiilor
001 1 1111 (0 tri I loT (1 n to or 9omu ieee un Pentru a putea incheia discutia referitoare U sfsmc a at ul
I ii .1 , cit lit ci a, mphi, aunt aifauricutoa piuiti-c cumpaxape finalä tutu abord i co at’ a
2 I I ‘ ( hal r Suer it coo’ aunt contrarii dar i ahordärile mat traditionale, ar fi folositor sã incepem prin a reuni pimctnl
acest lucru nit cc
V or t n Sc 110 sustinute panS acum rezumând canclurule principale EnurnarSin mat unta
in ‘let’ t (07 ‘5t no esarã 0
a’ a 10 eg 11 alt discutiet entice pa are 1€ am p ,en if I i It I
to ‘I i t ct pa a a urn Apo fit em 0 pri zentare a incidcSrilor rcguliIoi arc ‘U to
In
la
mat ales folosirea ii] (C uzajul,
ii, te on iH
izul soflemejor in care
Inn ran in calea reznlv5ni disputet in divorsele etape ale discutici. In final, ariltiun coot
a et I of a it p r p. or ox cc oi xphc T in mod mat sisiomatic muito dmtre
lici p ate ira fisri ‘Ia i a iu It
ii u V h t in uz< ar rn tu ad f zculum on ‘td rand cia drop incl ‘Sri ale reguhiot dicer t ci it at’
a, tub’ )tr nrit-,n (a”gurni’n 10! circular latS care sunt regulile discutiei entice pe care ieam forinulat In capt u
sau inualici) - I’
1
‘‘ rcx ‘Ut it ( I ir irn tiari antertoare.
U ) In pot t ruta pa
(
it C Ut I r return 2 it “fuie ,$ api V’ S
to or otaulrt ib1 I ‘noon caroctorul implicit este
‘

axpr , me pun etc dp t edeto’ saa 10(101(11 i asupr ‘2 ptin ( tr7o

nt* tn 0
‘I ‘r In it Id ninahil realizarpa oosmuJui u edprp,
(om ul de
01 0’ 1 ii lit rut iti
a
I to ci cIt it in a ofiarnul
ii 1 i i uu lt€ ax irtet ‘a, civanseaza Vii i .‘t 11 1 1 71 (1
i o i progifitoare
1
cx’rint
itt 0’ 0 00 ‘ di ‘a U’ taar area u ‘a’u prnroiee ‘m’aprurnate cut di rid data cealaltd pane ii care ansi lueru

Rt’p ila i ltacul uncia lint par(i (iSU a i iii or ci it

c a’ tie re/en sit ci hi juni i ‘ Ic I S
CeO laud parte.

Ragula 4-a Ficca a dn ire pdrti 1i peale a s(un p ucti ci

h’2u pita ‘2cQn.S in a U Or’ ru a’ ir 1

cia teaare.
Regula i 5-a V cia a thntre pdr(i flu ponti atrihui in 4 is
ii a pn art neerprtr tat ci r p a u go p
care a ldsat-o implicitci.
Rep tb a (I-c N’ciuna thntnpdrf no peat it pre’ ate itt r ci Ito
/1 d er pun.ct cia i dci icuptat 1.1(7 70 (a
‘

premisa carp reprczintd an pond cia u’cdcre (iccapiat.

Nciuna thritre pdr(i no poole cons Ian ci a it
e y’’a font suguinut in mod one on nit ci .s it 11
cc realizea.d printr-o schcmd arOimentattt ci actor 0
t a
op 1jan16. in mod corect.

Re rio S- I argurrenta( r pa e ir roar santa in

no and argumente oolide din panel cia occicre login tan
 Pep tolul 9 Regu L’ds’ —

7 lii? .17 U 70’ Ii? a nirii rn altar Antagorristul trebuw sf1 arate cli punetul do veders (,stl’ great
• In tt’O (ITSpU tO VT? ?Xta
lit U )l I ed tt ic cPfrrn a
P r is’ aitli art’ trebu e s’-’i suqtin ounc ul d m
I ‘01 717 / o.
ii r rag iar a ( ,
p nctpi i p air ci s U I riti riulu hit’s i?
57] 1Ji,tcrml,w eoa1a/t Incairarea Regulii a 3-a de ctre protagonist sau antagonist in
porte sâ-i 1001€’ “topIc
““1 irE / r’uaetu/ d cckro dicrutiei In carat c.liscutiiior mixte:
I n i ift nt I ci 1 A ii,. e at j a ict do cede e fictiv cekiloitc 1
.7
1’ 7I ta’ ‘ri’coâ nftip iz ftecare porte • rr’voridiesnd emfatic punctul do vedero opus
‘i’ 7 f rd rI crlf Ti? ?Iit( grim • prin reforiro Ia pñreriln grupulut cnruia ii apartmo
U? 7OC
1 eat adver’arui
I fl yr (I’ 71 (IT • rL e’ a tt pinent irnig flat

I i?i 2 Dcfot a, panda/u do vedere apar/indnd ul i/alt pa

‘ r 1
a r JIsc-?Itjel etitice 7
interpretlind enunturile in afara contcxtului
:. , i 1117 ‘,p 1’ I Si t Ic/li • rnpItficand prea mull Iusrurilc (ignYrlind final ide ins nil
th ursiil
I I
c ci dintr c I x p p tb’ 1 aware sau g n€ral a
Ii tim uii E’flurnf’ratc mai jos. Incdlcarea Rgulii a 4-a do cdtre protagonist in etapa a.rgumentdr’
1i’1c omp i prozint’ ciar mic/lriIe greite
)fi 1. Argumontarea an so referS to punctul do icdere allot In c ‘loot
I I a I?’ pi if’ U 1,
• ru ii e ertinen i
a i u a mis in ‘tap i 2 Thi m tu I de s’d a’ onto sas(in at na prin or ga men to, i pi rr nra i ‘7
argamentatiie do persuasiune
• fIf1 ii I 777) 1113 i?4ii1 at ditorit lui
• ru ,?l 13 0 prulir c bllsti
]neSlrar”a Regulii a 5-a do eatre protagonist son antagonist in 717
argu men tan:
i cp i a i r j rer as r cc rprirn e (do u 7 7 h
r ‘

‘i ‘r I’iar ii Ott
. Thu
rag€ i anon sne premise r?eaprn?aa (d cItre unfagnrlr
1
I t1i Oil ln’-olcurpa Jh’glLlF i a 6-a do cdtro pi otagon ist son an togo’? of
‘ 1 7 irs ‘R ft ‘

an, itc i’
I ‘roc ?frlT i anai mId dl’ 401€ (I tOur? ifl oil as th
protagonist)
• pee It? an I itt md f tis a n j rorni P ‘3 Ci aft
I 1’ 11. 7 p > itu Intr presvpoz t u
-
.‘ ..‘(I,J
‘I r7i/ rd’ • disirnulale-? unci weniis’ inti-o prr’misa noexprimata
‘7 ‘
‘ p - 1’-’-’ aVansarea aunt arcyumentatu s’hivalente Cu punctul 1,’ vcdn”n
1 1. 2 Nngc rw an a erninc. cii rcprezin ti V par ct is C
eat c antigo st)
-.
‘C P77 1’ 1 ‘1 ll?)7’”’,l’!, ‘1? itt indoinili a unur punet do vedcrn accept at
puncrea
1’ ,
lrcSlc inca Regal/i a 7o d cStr ‘protagonist i.r tapa org nor ira
-,

‘ I

1 iii no ann htms argum ‘Mat t ncadccvc to

• alegerra nepotrwitli a argumentlirit simptomatice
 Reuli1edicuieierjtice
rVntr i in lti
0 rnn rn Safismele traditionale ca incàlcãri ale
irs: triiri nr regulilor
discutiei entice
(7 I (7 ii O( (7 ( (ate
rr’e tOri r torn Sof smele cr nsiderate traditionale pot ft expl
icate m mel mai mstem 1
o
ii tir dacd Ic prnmi ca inclchri ale roguhior
discutici erit c \r’ lu r
poatc demonstra pe baza analirci pragmad
ialectice o uno nun r
r ‘ifis re ttadit’o ale lintro cole mai cuncerule

S )FISM
ii It
I Afirrnrii ‘a ran in’ ‘e to/ui
o’ r &r t 0 a r n y
(‘nfund ne I on01 aJar flPCOiOi? p suuiciente,
,NI /(/ l Intr/uloJ at1ndir s ccnd’tii err’ s ra i’r seth i nil
7, Ambteuitcrte (so/am)
UtiI zarct arnhienntOtu refereri hale ‘-itO oct cv
‘1 1 0 ‘-rn ,oni 11001 ])‘irti rite 5011 ‘-((‘-(10111 (5

0 Argiimcntorn d boon/urn
17 mote ingreo kilolte parti prO’ amernntarea
Cu sane ‘iuni
( a 4 Aap ia ‘7lturn ad onsoquenticirn
U t( 1. “-dr Or (7 it ‘u p ‘aim Utthzai va one 3 P
h’-me armnmenti ve (caumk
nep Invite 1-f izOndu ‘e punctu.l do vodere
7 “
t 17 desc ruin’- din
Ofl au.v or nsermtelor nedorite
.0 a rail do n.m pclitru 5. Argum ‘nturz ad ho ni uirr (atacul la
ne sarnna direct uarumtlj abuziub,)
P nero i a indni it a uuotintelor mteligenfei
ib mci crodinte a celeilalte ptirti
6. 4rqurnenturn (‘atacul to persoand indirect.
fiinche de cm’urn ta/ar)
in

Avanrnrea do ‘ruapicn m in coca cc pnveto

[flIt i’-I (1 Ito para
7 Aigurorri tori ad lionunern (‘tu quoque
5 terra in evidr ntO ‘i uontradjctu’-i intro’- iOnic
i
r bridle pOrp pi fapti Ic ‘-oil JO’ v’ it ii / s in
din prezoni
8 Arpi ii(nt iir a] iiti OF atiani
Transferaroa ohhgatiei lie a aduce dover’-] iiitr-e
dispute nan mosta or md o t,in,stuku 01
at ate cit punctul do vedero itt uutag; nietulur
cite greirt
9, Aigu 0 itur id r1ar a a rn
Exager area ep-cuim sustinem concluziouându’
cc cii punotul do oedoro cole adevbrat clear
 Reg lile d cuIei cr1 e
( oItIl9
19 1 trehd i mu ipk (sofisrr
Prezentar a unui aspect in mod fals ca punct do
vodere comun maschndu-so un punet do vedero
dint r su oritia t nd intrehhi
10. titio d i (r tiona root irailar
Prezentarea in mod faic a unui punet de vedore
(omun avanshndu-e o argumontare ecluvaloni ii
vu punctul do cc re
j I St t Cfl, rOpt r ho
r r Utiboaroainmodineorcct a unei scheme
p ,.,
aimoritati adecvqte bazato pe analoaie
deduc indu so o r latie auzñ efect din sim Is
bier at ac Ic on eurienteaubcuiul
( 1 ii allu
du
at 1 tray 22. i’ecgindum quid (pen o,aiizareri pripith)
I bzlij noa in mod iniorecta ur ci sr}wm
r m ntat ad cv rt I ii Ix pe
em niIx it i, fit mdi a gene ahxan baxate pc
my ;- nhse atu earn nit qunt reprarentative sac
C ate a rufierento
?3 1 mc erar biwa mci Is am ed ccii
rgi nentt a! priorant am)
u lot P SnIiitaroa en anrngnnistul dmntr-n disputh
nonmLxta en ii ste ‘ i pure tid do edrc a’
0
poet i arm cliii a g it
in a ire z(ier Is s thus Jove s’
a
t U
Solicitarea celeilalto pdrti thno theputã mixth
I tj custm I urittid di r dare pe ha/ i
• C
Prin’ piul Pier us re ou r (ntc r maim
‘ci t ii
2$ Panic Oltu (CO(iSU
Itiiiznrea in rued rncorect. a unci scheme
sign irentut;vi adeevaix borate po cauralitate,
i idu a s m d ro sit t pun urns ire a
ni ului cnn s mm op di itu S 0 mas
26 C)mul (11’ pats] a
iurra unui punmm de r’oden fscnv moinjinile
ri I u d ormurmta netulus di vakmn
iptmrti ibrt I dcl I e ti 1

Avantajele abordãrii pragmadiaIectice

0 ix via o xii at nt prczmtaxea Incalchr lox rt liki k
sm p axent rca oficurelex tradi sonale mdi clar faj tul so ml it
 • Regu[lodiscuJjeicr t! — —
Capitolul 19 - .

h In abordare pragma-dialecticâ a sofismelor

tift•
t ix it a a ohsvr. oh r nat anocti a surit
i
prwite ca mncáiedri a distingern ci van’ Ia
at a ( 191 inil imp ‘rI ant act’ ml 1 urct onald ‘ norma, rn-u degrabi, din,at sa or side at
comparatie indicñ i if. r
.c I it it ta 1)111 dc i ;mnaliaa soP’ in ‘in r devnw Ii aparinând, pur i simplu, unei hate nestructurate do
<H exactd
-
categuru nuisiinilc’
in -r’nn mi p a’ dcii -at rnotenim d n trecut, precum in Ahorda o Pta md-in
din urn t do vodoro noinmal se inmi. ci n
disting considerim cii toate sofismele aunt mnciilciiri ale uneia i
n h cI r lain intro ei s’int it unite.
Analiza ‘elor doud i aceleeati4 no ‘in’
5
(
i inn c’’ai- ‘Pt ott iii nil j procum se intirnpTh in abordirilt central a pi
ii vi ci cnficmn n
drnersoior e
1 loom i. it I c r ft a
in Ii a Ii In axonipli ri an sunt, do fapt Jo and- i norma la validitatca formali, luim In considerare
o intreagi seine I” ‘iltc
1’ 9 n, ‘mt ii unit i tint n’ a oftainulni argurni ii fun ad iornmc dcc I lois cam logicii I rezolvar a unci
dispute pi n in •‘i uc I I
‘1 Ii t Ii it i .9? aX \ titanIc unit discutu entice. existi, Ia urma nrmei, diverse
t of snmtihi argum at its etape cane cc dvting si 9
1 z-i’il-n .9 topub a 7 f cc ire d alto so S oa p it iparoa :ofisine daca nu
4(1 1 -
indicd clar P ptul cà thu so rc Ti cIa p, i c. f)
1” d’ p m at- -cit v in uih nint do u Host aceasti perspectn’i, norma lugicii a vahditatu isi
tip Tatd alto ocupi locH ci p atnnt f-i
a ft iii I I lit 1
-‘Wa itt nt i’i ib irdPmii I in litmonaic, I mftat) n (tar a mtpnmont7tnm,
Modolul ideal pragma-dialectic specifici regulfi
47 7 1
-< 4 1 i ( c discursulu’ arguni utat v
‘
1 :1 P rmtmin’ml ‘a ri-pu rntru r alizarca actelor do morbuc
r P 1 s r i1 intr a iii -u 10 4 tic
intO 44 pan i avind scopul do a rozolva a disputii, Sofisamela
44 4 -- 4 sunt analirqtc r i u”c I -i
naconc tr c inc u c lea t in s-in mam muita dintni
regulth dinut i-i - 41
1?
2 2 P lucru expbrii motivul pentru k’aro gui-sable
44,
2- it Ii 1 ‘r
Ingire enat induct 7 tnt
-‘ icii .19 it ‘rip I an u’ is. it
4 H in s )fism t. Ia i in Itt alto Jun-run c mm
ii pot function-s gr sit 1 i Ii ‘u ci I
-7 ‘1 I h argumentativ
- <•‘ 4’- 4,4 -74. 17 9’ ((1’/c di 1 3 P
7 In u-’
‘-l
ii 49 til 1-ire, din pr r ph’ 114(1’
4 I -
I t, il-i’? imP m

-, 1

1 41 t I 1 ‘1 ci o P ;a H i ‘r t-uuon’uto panii at
,Vir ‘1 -p ‘1
‘
urn
4 ii ‘ - 4 cH i ; r it n-i cHic no reprezrnta o
11 1 1 i u
-- 4 ‘
ii j ‘ wile, it t ioe mlilon discutiei
-

4 I-t i ‘‘‘in ‘c

41 74 44 ‘‘4 • 7 i C’ ad <t I 1 1 P
444 44 •

71 ‘ccii P -3 -i P
4 •‘- in’ ni-i ‘i-a ‘Ii
7 7
— 4 p
- -
P
- 4 7 Ii I 7,’’ ltd H i A
I 4 4
1 p t- ii’ (I 3
5-,, P
_,,••
- .4 ‘‘‘-4i’ ct- 14-’’ - _I: p
11’

4/44
P
4,’?’’’ p-
/
4
‘int’?’ it 10 1-4 P14
1’
‘7’ Q (14
 ‘peg

unu.t punct de vedere consituie un intreg coorent. Daeii so omit prrnis’

Ipi1g neexprimate importante situ dacà atructura argurnentativa
r’ae i at,’ gui gut evaluarn adeevata esti impo ib’lit r
cia urn fer t 1
111 o ii icai r do 0 idi perspectiva analitica a dascursuim argumentativ trebuic’ ineorporap
(911 0 ia 1 t P 1 p a iro P niiliz i ovnluari’a
toi ainati I fl”
(I
1 ‘1
discursului care afecteazâ rezultatul discutici entice.
111 1 l(1 it ifl Cl Eli vi itiii Q I ‘at imp? S’ Printnil elementele pertinente in rezolvire
1 disputci d c it ‘e I’ i
in
h
1 tic so iuriarb ‘edo puncte din disput afiate di ut
P P
‘ I P
io art I arto i I, g mntare St romunteare’, disputci, pozitiile adoptate do pri i rolurile din discutie, etapele dtaruticr.
C’ a p it u tea [Pa, (‘umuna are i ofisme”. argurnentele explicite si implicite avansato ii t.rurtutra 1
P 1 irg inter at
j I ii ‘I I
I rc’ a a aIiaI dicã Pentru i a ung o intekger’ onroptuala driP 1 11 a
a I
in r z It I HI ul m ii r pro deosebir do probieme, a-a prerentat un aparat terminologic motivat din punet do ‘sedcre
1’ ‘i ni’’’tr 0 C I o c unt Ira litinnale. fib iá sunt modprne. tc’oretic. Terminologia praginaahalectirP include, printre alti torment pi v’i
‘IT Hi ti’s i II flt fl anti a ian. Ic justi&a do disput mi tP s m r -mixti, protagonist tii a if agoni’ e pa if t
a Ii rd 1k’ ii ut iai UI CO ide at n nod etap i kschderu etupa arg imentPrn gu elap i inchier
5 m i
I “‘1 011 tr 1J1C0Tvt unilateralo, drept defocte do rationament, ci argurnentatie simplà 5
neexpnimatfi i comploxP. Dupà eurn am mt’nti”inat
C I ‘- I C’ 1 Ii iti 1 cii lC ‘are ci rata Pta mai muhe aete do mai ous in uc’easta prerentare. a eate listinctii terminol girt ‘e d ved
I a, .i n. I
I P P a 1 far nre f 1 y’P’ an Lsie”a Fersekr t1
1 ur d€
1 ft ,.

.1’s’ una clIp nb’ prui u’tc.rmediul diacursulut Datoritd clezvoltPru teoriet actelor dc vorbire si datoritP reguhior do
1’ 01 1 I P 011 fiaiit’lI( t’0 ‘s’iZi.tt 1’a pane int.egranta a
‘

comunicare formulate. se poate da o explicatie de ordin pragmatic prrvind

hi it n a u in H uoi ad vat Ic arid di ‘cub no i diricte i premiselo neexpi’ma e aea ji a
I 1’ it itt iii hr d i i tin e urn at onsi Ierhi1 i i c a e privetite concluziile aho dan ion ur ogici [1 in
I’ ‘a c ‘IF I 11111 tin anumit ontea,t .cj int’o anurnita explicitarea premiselor neexprirnate, bazndu-se
pe cunostint.eie do ordm
pragmati ad eon textuhn verbal ti n nivi rbal analistul j to ito
I a 1 1 1 1 ii i pi ct a ‘ninimi log c p n optimul pragmatic. I)upa rum a tit
1 Is n
‘
‘ r’ .1 Ii antit u a.leJut I pnntlu rclvarea disputi prwnnt.e vorbitonii igu asumP mai mult decdt. sensul literal al euvnteloi.
11 ,10 ‘1i1t ii. diI ‘‘ li’ cli grad SUpE’i TOT’ prrslnd atitudinie i ci pot fi responsahili pentru eeea re cute implicit eum ar fi coca l’s’
It 111 1 I 1 11 ‘1 C ,1H I. iititliv Ofl U 110 turin optin u ragmata Au’st
ttim ragma i ‘at d i
1, 11 1 1 1.1 U’ ‘ii ,,t U ‘F 4”, .1 tir ratnva ndicator folositor non ru necunoaterea ,icheunei irgurnentata t 11 ill
1
‘111 II ‘1 r, I I’O’ I I I lv ‘
a i nal k t pragmadua lnrtira, trehitie realizatá (I argunientare,
• I I I I” I I Parc I cur ent aresto ‘p 00
,‘ pit Ii In roost studiu firm it din dnu patti am incercat ad Thin for i id ili t
p (
i t 1’ 1 naxiinaln ill atm mb I uxplie tid opiniik noastri pt ‘sgm ‘i dial
tui pi’ Ui a
I ‘ ,, :‘i., at ‘se (CI ‘sin sIn In I nln din nima. rhian si discursul discursului argumentativ si idcntificarea sofisnuelor. Aspeetul dialert’c ,1l
1.1 511
‘ 1111 11 IU’l “Ipililfi h itt aul partarnf’ntar ati ahorddnui noastre ronstii, ln principal, din prezentarea a Pond pdrtt c’ to
0 i 1 1 ‘11’ ( v ip In n) d”n tin .
i mceorcd ii reaolr du,ferentd do opinie pnmntr- in ‘a itiii xi ( Ii
I V I C I’\c’t t
i p [ I 11’ 1 re ntr e diseuti critica. tar aspectul pragmatk ronald din ilea t it a
Ill ‘‘
1 it ,1( \ 11111
micdrior din discutie en schimburi de acte do vorbire. Ttatdnd Piano ‘nit
“1 I 1’ ‘.r 1 1
a pent ‘ii C anal za
0 ci 1 1 Ui I’ CO €0 argumen ativ dir perspectivd pragrnc dia eetic a r cater lit
I in! 1 a to rp II II I I in tiona’izat, ‘a ciattzat i am di ii ctthcat 4 ii a i
• .t I Ii’s I 1 1 Il1 I oat tie tat’ tare at punetul Pevedere
11’
argumentdnui. Sperdm en astfel ad fi reahzat combinarea aapco’te 11
p ‘s”u’ II ‘0 11’ s”irnent 1111 evti’ convingatoare. Daea so
.

normative gi descriptive cane reprezmtd o cerintd do hard

p ‘r’tn. a anak
U H 4 [ I Ic I u i là i 1’ r are idec I I c ml ‘t r € ntativ printr in pr p a’ do •i
II IsI 1 i P’s Pt lot net 1 1k rod re [ ear it ,

“1” ‘1’ 1 Ii ant> n,iI ‘1 a’ ‘1 I 1’ i ‘

TV ‘rude arpitrneflte in sustinerna
T .
 _____

I cfennte Epilog
Dijk. Teun A van. (1904). Prejudice in discourse. Amtterdam’ John Benjamino
1. jk I’ ii A r r 188 3m iii cognition, ac cial power and so i i Ii ,o
I 29 I S
6 11 ‘ ‘r” 1,” ic 4 F’i t I vliiw c’sI got [Soc oiog a pioti
1 4 logica Edniondaen, W. (1901). Spohen discourse. 4 model for ‘inalssis London/New lock.
7 14 ‘a ‘o.I A md al g
I rngtr’in
J 4’ rj
a u or o ce[
,
I 1’ ‘mc ‘n, H. n, ( 08 Arun ‘ntatnn ,.tucIlT 9 o ettites In V
01 I
, r rniala c $1 i’itii in 10(41 ,n (1, -

1 117’,
Argument and critical practice. Proceedings of the Fifth SI’A/AF14 Con fm-en’-” on
4 1’nO r’tan ien I nivsrsity Prr’ei
Trad Argumentation (pp 9-24) Anna ndalc, VA: Speech Communication Association
— 1 it J I r if “iii liii r 37 I mci a H van I riotrndnrst R. (1984) Speed sets ir srgorr t c , A
I am rFti, F 1, flmrrard Laiverait 1Fm-et cal rnr,dc( for the nalvsrs of jut us.cions drrectj tou,’ardc iTt ng ‘ocitl ii
opinmn. Dordrecht, Cinnminiton: Font/Berlin: Mouton de Gruvter. FDA 1.
p ( 16. Loncor F p tie vii, IT v n & Crootondorat R. (1988). Rationale Ion a p w ne-dr icc ii
orit tiv Aroumr at on, 2(2), 271-291.
‘‘i’m a ‘n’i’ I ‘‘‘‘i [I’’I’: ‘i
i i7.”o’i “ i rtudm’r’ the l”m’crl Er’mercn, F.H. van, Grootendorst, F.. & Eruiger. T. (1987) handbook of argurn’-n tjf
F. Berlin. Sprin4 r, theory. Dordrecht-Providence: Forte/Berlin: Mouton dr’ Gruyter P1) 4”
‘

I’ f n I I :1 meson, H an I ron e mdc it R & Mouffels B. 1)89) lb skil r’’ “a

f’’mc” TO ‘Ii iI”gi I ph ‘iimpb ic,7I argumentation. Argumentation and Adi ocar, 25(4), 239-343
,‘
.stiid 4
m F” r
1 14 1 tool r Fenieron, PH van. Grootendorst, R., Jackson, S,A., & Jam-ha, 6.8 (‘199° Reeca.”
1
fa arqum I I c 7 a ‘o ‘e
‘

bars RH, (1982j. identifying implicit assumptions. Svnthes, sill (II (9

‘1 i. “I ,i .‘i’ 4’li
.

iA’irricn tqti m, Approi, N’s to thorv Ennis, RH. (1987). It taxonomy of critical thinking dispositions and abilities. In I Rico
, 4 4
‘
ii) 7 1 ( mc 0 07 ii or N her rm of F Stenbcrg(Ed I achr cgf r thinking (pp 9-26) Ncw ‘tAck: V 11 I’m ii
F it, oI n in
,
Evans J.S 5.1 (1982). 7-epa chologv of deductri’e mason gg Lond)n!fy ito P l’c
F ‘ ‘1 1, i”I ‘“m, 7701,007, 14107 r,oo’ ‘mop
.

5” 0 0’ a ,drs and ii cit err Fair, F. (1973) The fallacy of many questions: Or, how to stop heating sour wAr-.
N ‘i’1\i”it i 4’ 41 Sr ithwi’stern ,Journ ml of Philosophy I. 89-92
1 ii Ii p ip i o d w F Ti I It 7 ri Ic F torts B
C ( 9 7) The diaketical mu, of the judge in a legal p ‘ccci Jr F Vi I
I”: I’m liar on mod London, ale Pd.). Argument and critical practice. Proceedings o/’ the I’ifth S(’.-l/ 4114 (‘onfiren,, .7
Argumenta”ion (pp. 335.339) Annandale. VA’ Speech (‘ommunicat ion As’,ociation
6 al pct.1i’t ‘yerrberd P 9’-O K nol tion I the rpecialist 1 I ak’ to & I Vue r d
aim ‘no a d 4 gor ‘th f krou frdge (pp. 197-230). Ic ndi n/NCr O 6 1 ml ‘6
r ‘int’’mrm’’0 too ta ti ii a vi an ipistomic tu1eo of I’nivciraitv Presit
1 1 no r I I I’ o ii br’ ,I \ B ir & (“I Willard (FdsJ, Finoc hiaro hi
‘

19”’ll ‘bet mc t clad torn a in rgur ‘cit ma ( iliIcr tid 1.0 /

F F a 9( F,m’rt ‘ri ii 15mb oph i’l in.
107
F’inocchmamo, Ni A. (1980). Galileo and the art of r”alion tog, Rhetori, ii /ouni,ition. ‘1. ‘--P1
‘ 5’ “ TN’ /‘ ‘r7.jfl7! lilT’ P0510777
and slentific nteth,,d Dordrr’c-ht’ Rr’idel
ro” F r Ii (19 I F’ tilt ‘ma rid the cv iluat’ ,tn f r i o
1 S “t I i’ trio “e xan’ ‘nation
“
-

‘‘I Q irtrrb. 10, 11 22

I’ Frnocchiaro, SI A. (19 7a) Six types offallacinuenese. Toward a mal(srmr thc’ori ofi’ p ml
0
c mc list: rot (ton i(S) 293 282
‘I
-

‘, 0
II I iT “7
I mc’, I-mr SI . (19871 An hit neal mpproam:h it (Fr. 51.0711 of art, car- iti a I
,

I
/ /og ‘:l’5t 107 110 van flemerr’n, Ii Grrmotendorst. .1 A. Blair. & C’ Willard (Edit ) Argurni’nt,ition ,‘I’r’.,
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S 10 059 ,mr it ‘cc),tIPr ‘ii”wm, Fo”is/TlevLr Mnul r
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,i ci (7 70
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N’ ‘‘t ‘‘0 0”’r “ Ii im’tnt (‘0. Wmd’w ith Pogelin. R.J (1978 Understanding argument. An intro-lurtion Inn 7 rmal lope. N a- N-ri’’
( 1 0 Harm-ut B ace ovarovich
I I?
.
‘ I i m,
:0 ,
4’ Lolili o’d n’ ‘no ‘rro F ‘eman .5. (1988 Phi ibinj, lop r’ri/T 13’i’ c conee; s tor re’i, ,ning N-a ‘F I
,
-
”gii
T in tho i[i e,nn of “
-
C( r 0
. -

Hill.
 ___________
_____

Referinte Epilog
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55 ‘1 s’sI I) II ‘it at nd be m ro ri iii ii ( r y tie I )a’kson S & Ja’ols S (1982). Conversational argument Ad sin sirs a P’s
P 1 Ii- Ii set vs I N in
Ire in’ 1. I lhsw u” & S Nenell (Lds \ In B. (ocs & A Willard lads), Advances in ar4umen( thor hey’s rd ‘is’s s/s p
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S SI S. iii S. 0 5
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1’ 505
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Vs P s’s I ad rac o a r’ nni c P s ii fy itt ‘nil ‘i Corn on arson M nog,apl s, 30, 28h-ssi)
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P Jason (3 (19871 The nafuip of the irgurns-nturri ad has-iCons Phiiosophsa, 7 191-409
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‘,astson In P oP & 3 1’rar iFd- ns’s nnd Kamlab. W & Loren700 P (19814 Logical propacdcuttc. Ps-c action! C s-’-aso’s’i P
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et
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U a-i’, e
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C ‘i P -P ‘s N -1 sn pc xtnr 1: lKenneclv C -S. (19i0i (‘Jassical ‘hctorsc and ifs chrisiron si”rl ,C’U
1. 1 1 rendnn, ’i” t’im’Psrr ft is” 5n
t
‘S I Is / 1 to mo-Len times Londor (P-oom Helm
‘ i i a rid A- IlL
5. 11 1 r ‘on
Ftc ( hIt lId vant ppoalss o force, p ty iii p sr cI r
“ ‘s ‘la I 1- ‘s,n,”nlC In
i’’sPI n -1 aPis o’i a-’ ter
\rts-ils’ftcr 2(2) 2 3
‘‘ -“-‘
is sot- Ps ‘v’sisessn,IL,
1(rahhs’ F LW 1982i Thi’cry of ‘Irgurni ntation and the d ale tic’il garb of
53 a I
Psi all ‘spi
P r’s ts5 uS.3 ,A gomcns-i is’ - lp’ e ,i’ /
(‘sntssinsrsg the on Irs (‘uts’,ns to fist Gronsngers I on/’rcsice or’ the (is’ or’s sO
I of s usa ‘us ‘ sP isv hat ‘su-s A model I i IV I3ockeir &
as-gum’ntatson. Os-laps-i 1978 (pp 123-liSt Anisteidam -John Benjamin—
1) 1 C 2 1) a Is •.
V tor Frock 1 1981) 9/er dl sri! s/°s is I e minis in is’ I ii 1 s
0 ‘it
London Ir,ideniic Prs’s
- “ -
a , I’ 5 1 1 ,“,‘l’O’srs 211 2:35,
II
I’- Kuhn, V S 19711! //is strsis I ,rs- / as ,vstsfs, nfl s/i (son (2nd ed I bii n or” ‘s
5 5 is t- s 1 1 n ‘i 1’ not ‘rdors
5’
-‘s

I Us I ml ‘P i ig 53 s
4 is’ I- Is I /,c. s i’i’(pT sic (pp 289-
‘

P sI ‘fsi Peg Kuhn F S (liU4 I Reflect son’- on ma ‘-i itis-- In La ka to’- & ‘t \1um’sas s, SE si-s fist, ‘-n
‘ ‘ ‘its “0 Is” 1:5 liSa 1 -iu/ Pr’- drs’chh ‘T iisvidisns-e -

‘5 5 5’ 1 ‘ (hisS the gnss hi if In ledso’ pp 231-278 London’Nou V rk C-arnfridgs’ I nsv rs-i’

is

1 i Ps ysi ‘a o! Sn’ is ut s’s lsis

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Is-! sr ui I’p -

1,akoff 13 5 19’.l Ibis logic of pnliienes-’- or minding c-or p” and q’-i. In Papers /rssn ‘S -

1, Is
‘(intl Regsnnsit hinting of the Chicago Linguistic Po’n”ti (pp 292 3l)5j Lb
- t ss, ‘ -5, 1’ I sip
,, -
‘sh ‘p T i’ a’ i’o s

‘1 P -imbort, K & Cinch. II 11980) i’he nature of argument Now York MacMjllan
s so -3,1 is- pusns’sntstseis. Its IS (7mm MI) Sill-sr-i
S P ‘3 -n If a 11
l,eddy T i1986) Is then’ a f-Cisc’s, sir a small sample? Infenmal 1.og c 8(1) ‘id s-p
(1 s n p ft Po rt i
I ) 4 1 ‘30 s ( N (1993)
- -‘i is 13 P nss 3P 1 Vs Speech in pl of o a so ic-i I onth n/New To e P apt ‘in
Loin. 13 11 ‘1521 Per II or(ir,hcilt seine 515 uktur in Deuhcs lien sirid lKng!iscb-’ss Jont iv’ sit’’’
ov sisI r s rut ira ass tui in usia inS englezS] Hoid ‘lb p 1 ucI P Ms r ‘
 ________
________

Epilog 227
‘

Robrnson,I.1971a rguing from ignorance. The Philosophical Quart,’rIy,2l9IO°

‘ii, Ri hi
‘
n, [1 19 Ib) B ,g’ng the questtor Anolys a ii, 113 117.
Row W L 96 ) h all icy I omposition Mir d 71 87 9
i/ i’ mhia ( ‘iiyb Ige L
nt ritv
t St a k, ‘f.M. 974) 7 or I a 1’ [uistn theor,y of s ‘cit act New Yrk Aca k i Pros
Sanders, RE, 1980) Principles of relevance: A theory of the relationship hetwmm mOod a’
0 ii t cc, a .d anil cemmuinc itian Corn moo i”olion and toga tItan I (1) 77
t ‘iii of
S’inOrd. U H 1972) B ‘gging the questia Ana/ysts, 32, 19199
a 1’ f St h q ihau (197)) ]ristiiaht Dralektik Dialecti ‘ii or’ I cl] I
j pp liar ,/f Ii
Va /i a 3 trarrkfur M W’ildeniar I ramr
Sr i a M. 9 13). 1? a iin “Aw York M ‘Graw 3d)
3 i ‘ I ro I a’ imm’ Sr’arV. 3 P. (19691 Spot 6 4’ t.c. 4o ‘ssn rr iht ph capty oouiro. (‘am) n 2’
1
“ ‘0.” 170 :1 W7inm The Cambridge Nntvoriitv Press,
0 1’. 3° 3 ‘
Scone, J.R (1 979 E.rprissirn and moaning. Studies in the II eor if spoo”ii ‘ia.
/ i ‘imbridge Cambridge Unnersitv Preas,
Ssecd (1 3 Re! Ii ‘,m u u d 4 ritiqu 0 1 1/ v pi C pa
Hi
1)0 Ir I
P / a’ 503 H. U 388) Fth, at ng ma r Ration auto, 011 cal 16 in/i ty an I
I, whais ark. 1 jeati ow
a • / .
Routlcdge
..,
jock har-nurt. Bract .
.

Sinaons, H W. 197tf). P’ra’jnsnai: I r’d”t’atanciing. pra”tlm a”d ni’alv”j,. Re’rdin hi_I

Addis ‘n-V,eslcv.
Sp rI ‘r 1) B lOon D (1986 / ii an a. (‘ommont oUon d (o i i”’ Ic,
1 1 iii I 1.1 a i y 1 ess
Sproul 3 1 , 180) 1 ‘ii ‘nt I a r,pua7’ .md it’ mliv anc w Vu NCr 1 Il.
Stalnaker, R.C (197N Pragmatic presuppositions. In A. Rogers, B. Wall, & 3.5 Morph’
11 Ic,, (Pd I rare, nngc “fl’ c Trans con 1
3 a 1 a P 01 11’ (1 lnsoj 6 omna’ on refomat i Cs r)rCsIipPo it’ a’ i 7
7 1
‘ a rI p
i
I aIplu’a(ura rlinnn. VA. Center for Appited Lrni isiks.
‘ ‘ it 0
’
t
’i1”iti’

Sykes 61 n 198 Discriman’it.ion n discourse, In TA van Dpk (Ed,), II ndhnok

(
1 3m.’; i
it ARts a 4 pa 8’ 101 london I ademic P es
Their 8 1 6 P i / e ‘in; r natori ipia,s, ( rd st F ,lc I.
NI. Prnfi F1 ill
,0
, ‘0’ Toulmin, SE. 1958r. I “ ‘isis of arOumcnt Camhndge: Cambridge Unav’rsimt Prm’,
] It ijit , its a, i Toulnim S F I “6i Km a no nod acting 1 ; a itatiaa I ii hilt sot ht Via No)
a’ a
MacMili,in
i a’ a ‘iii P pin h cal Tm y K, 19 2) On gi tu g point l)istingamhing issues’ ft mu ‘even ui at ul
0
n em , in 1 it , it mar i ition Yearbook ‘ 0 301
1
31 0.1 1 1). 1
, a! P logoo.a m’ arid fat a tea L ham. ra
Oxford iii’ ad a
Walton IlK. 11985at Arc- circular arrumants neccsari1v vauous’?,lrn. P3°
o0ji,0,..,. 1. /.t a, ,, , C 1ii,m; t,’”, 22, 263.274
‘-‘‘i’m
\Va)tcn, I) .N 1985h1. lrpu’rs tifion, A pramatm’ studo of ad ho’nin m i ‘to a ‘a
a ;or ‘‘
olaf I id ft a Ws s I CT ‘rrenw a ad Press
I lton 1) 1)3” Ia cit am urn it ‘turnout is ,rr tofu ma a 1 ry c,
‘1 .3)1
I
‘,, ‘‘‘t’’’.t,, 1.21 3T 7(7 ..
0 3,, Walton. ii V ‘1987h) lnfo”rri’ai /aTlii,’io, Amsterdam
Philadelphta. ,1”hn I0’niarrin’
1
Ill ‘ : “a 3 N . ,k IN .
“ \V1ton, 1) N (1938a) Burden of proof, Arimentntion, 2, 233-254,
A” f’t-”j””,,, a ag. Ovford’ Walton, U.N 1988h). Question-asking fallacies In hi. Meyer Ed.). (ipti, ;, /
1 SIMOn 1. (pp 1 221).Bc lin.Wal rdoO uytcr
 Refe lndiee de anton
1 ; N 09 1 m io I
io I Ii ci r re ita on ( mtridgo
I 1 ‘I III N
0 7 1 ,9k
11 I to 11 it m I ‘S x
Indice de autori
it 0 FO( in 8
0 1 9 t I .t e I xttr i’o- 11 igi nit it’i ior I 1)ilntt’r tat in, 1)13.59
A
11 tl tt i, 1: gt rh a 3 an ciii ar,ument, i7o(’r c t’t.
Albert H 1/ 771 Gerber, B., 101, 11-7
7 1 0 P KaHn 8 F 8 26 17 10 8 (liii. B. 137
n r to it n 1 o S ‘Sc we
1
.

(
(F a ) tcodnight I I
.‘ n “
‘ot r (p 11 2 [137 nandalo. B
‘Ii Goodwtn, P B. 90
lilir
(Rye. T ix 30 “4 (“1.
7’ a rj ,tt I op tOt i 19
it fi,Iitiiin to the Fifth 134, 1 i 68
\t I i,f 10 Bar Ht1l1, (‘ 101
71 (‘Rice H.P.. 41-52 199
19 P 7 14’irth 1GM.. 1. 3, 32, 2, 112 121 150 iqo
1 t -a ti I I N rv ci’ g to t, n F F I Fl. I
-nO 1 Batter FM, S
‘ K e t lit (‘Root d rct Ii 2
it
/ ti” SN it .SC 4/ lFil Gort fir’ it co it Bt’arrltley MN.
p ‘t( I I 757 On an htl I 5’ ‘p&x.ih Ott fliuflhi Ito Aasoctation
,

[06
Bolnap NL, Jr 151
2 111 -a •a’gu n nI I hloti, di’tle’ tic, logic. In It ‘1 rapp
‘

TltUig, M.. 1 4 H
I I c I t(’ 01 La on I’ s at’ 1’ on’ a 1 ‘‘ p
- n Bloc ‘1., 4
- to t’ H an t ‘1 d B r A Ihack c’ 72 1”S
Bract ., 117 Himblin, (-5. 1 2 ii
BrennnsL’1hi IV :19 136. 175, 179
• 1 I’ i1’L’ i h 1 n’ 101 B ‘oyles, Ii 0 I , [lire K 1,, 1 2
‘.
. sill I’ Alal ,in,t
BONIer. JO . :38 llarrntmn, 1 , ix. 95
1 Ili ikt vl 149 Ihatings AG
, I I 0 -1 ‘c I Ii tI rn
. .
F oAk ,i, 1’ 1
C Hitchcock, 1) , (36
‘I )tl 4,o tr’ is ‘ ik an Iloaglund 2 113
‘1 I ciopo 1 6
7 1 tao’ -‘it”. Ii l Hod k I 1 5
‘

, ’rnh
1
nac I’ranl.) Nw .
‘

1.111, 198. 205

B awaha AViPjtna H , 3 ‘tI
it a
i 1 . ‘S V Ii ‘.‘ ho re I ‘n tt& “ 1 8 ma!
D 1eminct0r, . 31
1’ (‘ ‘9’S t i1I a’ 0 Ii •- N ,iI o I a ct v ft Drnr, F :1
Diacal. 11 51
7 “ I, 1 .t’’/4 Lit! 1” ala M (Jr lujk, I’I\ xan, 136 149 5 , , :•lc3-3. jlh’ifl (‘hi
ott ir Hill
to
licola, ‘
0
(. [40
Jt mend ii. V 3” John°on RH.,
Job ann Laird I I
Lemcren I’ .H. van, 2-1. 70 28. .1(1. 1(0.17
.Jnhnctttne. Ii 74 ,ir
11-1
104 106
11011 1 1. 0 1 1 I’
Fvan ,JStBT 7
1”amlah IV 1.17
ha icr 1 2
Rempaon. TiM., 149
lair F, 155
Yen ted4 ( 4, ‘13 131
tOts,F., ii I 4
KeLkopf ( F, I Ill
Feverabond P. -12
Krabhc.E.CW.. 1.1.32 77 Hi, isa
FinoccNIaro J4 ‘S ‘76 81 101. 112
lOre ‘kel. M ‘B
r ., I 2-.
F5gehn, 1! 3 . 26
Hobo. ‘I’S.. 12
na 811 ‘6
 Indwe te
*a4’ deaitcr
Indice tenmtie
U
Ar’umentu1 autorltapi, 16 41, 1
C A 0 188, 164, 185. 168, 169 1’
1
c bm’aa I
1’s. III Abuhztizana eqeeulC Atgumentul bazat pe consec intà
argumentatei, 191 164, 165.209,215
Absolutzznea reuqit.t Argumentumodbaculum.102 110
‘nlntL. ,‘q argumeatatin. 190 111. 208. 210. 215, 225
Mtykr.I’ ‘I Aceeptabilitate. lx. 8. 5. 13. 11. 1.,. 4rgumentum ad hornirwrn. it! 113
%flfifl ne
‘w hnpnrhqiiww. 16.19.29.30.31 32.33,4139 114. 115. 116. 137 142. 143 1%
-.
‘%fflbWt ‘1 66 53. 64. 82. 95.96.97 128. 135. 198. 208. 210. 215. 222. 223. 221
:•‘i+.Jt.2r4 NI.3.3 31 ‘.fl 161. 162. 166. 170. 190 225. 226.227
jgn) Ii. 1 itt AS rmarpa eonza.evnntuLzu 177. IRS ataclaperaoanAttran.112 1I
V. B’ 186. 187, 209 110.215
• .4.
r 1) 31
0
Zp.eli Anibiguitate. 27. 11. C. 82. 184. .ar la peranh rn’Thet 112
t
a
.1 •
%nyn,s 7 .
198. 200. 205. 206. 207. 208. 212. 113. 215
‘alnakie Itt tin
to quoqut, 103. 113 III lii;.
..Iw. 211. 215
- am’mautteA 59.96.206.207. 117. 215. 224
7 214. 215 vinanla ..rm,umstaptmli 11!
AmulboIic’. 205 varirnna ahuzivA, 112. 213
I4
1
% ”mip .‘ Aniplifrari. 29.41.42 P.1. 200. 203 Argwoenturn a ignorruttiw’.. 1 • 2
’nm ‘F.)
t
“ ‘.1 In
1 . 5. Aralogie. 97. 99. 102. 131. 163. 164. 12.3. 126 191. 592. 19;3 194. nfl
165. 166. 167. 214. 216. 217 196. 197. 210. 217
I. •Lrgun’rntrgrn .z.i ‘n1’ny,m. 112
Antagonist. 13. 36. 11, 12 41. 15.
•1
• ‘(It 79.89.109.110 11$ 119.120. Argument. in ad mimricrth’p—
H
122. 125. 127. 128. 110. 142. 141. 111. 142. 216. 2Ii
145. 117. 15’? 133 153. ir. 1% 4rgsrrtntur’i adpqn,Isrr. 1(12 ‘M
I, .
165, 169 171. 17.3. i$R. 19, 90 137 138 164 0 in 2 20!’
191 192. 193 193 196. 212, 1 216 213.226
213 215 221 Jig nuntu’r uu ..r.e ‘ 102
‘I Sm 1)N t 1 Argumennnjnqtnmc. 9 103 11”. It’ 119.540 III 142
1 102 1b4, 169,214 161. 166. 171, 1 209. 216.218
119 5)3 I9 $ C
88 n s .lnumentatla :)mg 9 6) 1
“ant T. 14 84 85 86 h7 9? a (act) 89 50 4. 35. ¶9 5
‘rft W prncooMci i ‘t801 V.202
A’ Lard 32. 83, 8 886
W1r0 Pt n ‘suit on 1983 (I
tnt1#
I” 36, 36 8 8 99 C( 91
II 1 159 t
ci net p)n%qt) hi
4 C
Argumt’n nalp To , C-, C
79,8 oh
H ‘i ipli 94(3
838 8 )91
 (ada. tematfr
India en a
if. 5 10 ‘I J
%hsmu divinuii, 81 I
I’rezentu’ca al i, 13 34
.1 2.1 41% iS49 20’L 20’ 216
Iynniiqi’ (aft 40. )0 .
I)

‘1’ (C, rq• is lot’ 205.

1 .4 ZI’
,.

Prnprietaw ibsc$ui. 180 Snfitmul etfr. 112 172. 21 S

12 213 21L 219 220.221
Punrt4vni re S,fi’,mul ‘cempa1’ii inu r
9,’
1 z..
Puic 1ev •le tt( t 11 (9
‘1 F..) 2 1. 12 91. ‘khtu fob’ alc 1 1* 6
(I 10 .34 .34, •
192. 194 167. 216
•.‘ 101(
4 .9
Pun’t Jp Jflt. ‘m II. 15. Sofiamul genenh,5rF pflpvn 169
16173 94 27 91.1)3 170. r ‘09
I tn I I LU 1 $ffqy cdarit Ii 3) 3
‘ ) 191 19.3 ..03.2 1.20 207. .08
st’l.puzwr 4’- vtjl.?r 79 q ,
5 Soffrmul ix rnprnzentahitMh 169
%.
.9

I. •
1% it— bit Snfin.u1 muhudepu. 129 I’ll
I) ‘1 13 IV) —

0
I
4.
I .1V2091j I Siratecia .In inaliza arai1m,n r
4 Ii, Ratinnament (9fl•U’I1. ir,n. 15 159. maxima1 fld Strnegm 4.
N 14W ‘17 .ah& iialn ‘tU ‘P9iC1T
Ra Ir1oi i ‘Itch ana C il’
It I cv xi 0..( )cXW,ld.L( nl. 3
q, 0i
f I ,,
.. 1 te1.o(t In’ nalt Ic
,
Rr Iafr de concomitenta. 96.97.98 Stntegia do interpratRrL
9.
4,
101. 163. 217 argumentti A mannialt lr.
v; ‘ Lii IC 1. tlatef idc oF hi Ii
(9

I’S 92 21 iri 11
• In. I ‘c•
V
.9
%Jifl’ 1II
(I
‘ 1k’ •t.t r’;tgf 22. S
3 2‘..I “.
Vw31 01 ‘0 )t I
e Iv 9
,
t
i I Oh 01 (2.1 16 6314 ‘OS...l 2
II I 2l II? —ir. Vahd.2t .tt.. n. 2 5. 6.3 ‘44 ‘ci
166 167. 188 16” 170 209.
163.
‘ ‘1 .119 121). 67.Iik.1 72. 73. 74. 71 S., 9
I ‘•
21121.3 21L 215 216. 217 221
.4 :‘ S ‘1 21s 102. 106 113 134 114
‘rial wn 9
‘lii 1’ i . is S 11 78 r

P 2W 209.16
94
4
,•, 217
( f I’ ci 3,1*13

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1
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‘9
10 b3 1t4
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its ..(Q .30 n6.i.j
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9 I’ 2n’) 210. H
9,, — 9
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