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Radu Tabacaru'
Anest.eziala co~i1ul racit este unul din cele mai controversate subiectedin
anesteziape~lat~~~a. Este.cunoscut faptul ca un copil racit este predispusla
multe complicatii Intra SI post anestezice, fapt dovedit de mai multe studii
clinice (2,7,8,9,10).
Un copil are in mod normal mai multe raceli pe an, mai ales copiii care
mergin colectivitati (crese, gradinite, scoli). Majoritatea acestor raceli sunt
deorigine virala 95% , dintre acestea 40% sunt datorate rinovirusurilor, dar
maisunt coronavirusuri, virus sincitial respirator.etc (1). Racealain sine este
autolimitat, dar produce o hiperreactivitate a cailor aeriene care poate dura
4 sau chiar 6 saptamani, fapt ce trebuie cunoscut si luat in considerare la
evaluareapreanestezica. De asemenea trebuie cunoscut faptul ca o infectie
acailor aeriene superioare produce si o afectate a cailor aeriene inferioare
(12)In sensul cresterii reactivitatii cailor aeriene la stimuli.
Copilul "racit" poate avea una din mai multe afectiuni ca de exemplu:
flnofaringita, epiglotita, iarinqita, traheobronsita, bronsiolita, pneumonie,
precumsi alte afectiuni neifectioase cum ar fi rinita alergica, sau vasomoto-
Cie. Pede alta parte multe afectiuni debuteaza cu simptome asemanatoare
Ilarisoara 201 I
Evaluarea preoperatorie trebuie sa aiba in vedere mai multe aspecte: COn-
gestia nazala, prezenta febrei, tusea productiva, wheezing/sibilante, dispne_
ea. Dintre acestea sputa, congestia nasala si ralurile sibilante sunt doveditia
fi factori predictivi pentru complicatii. (3,4). Un alt factor care s-a dovedita
avea valoare predictiva pentru complicatii este atentionarea de catre parinti
a faptului ca pacientul este racit (11).
Testele virale sunt laborioase si cu relevanta clinica scazuta, nu aducin-
formatii care sa modifice decizia clinica, numaratoarea leucocitelor esteSI
ea de mic ajutor acestea putand fi normale sau chiar scazute in cazul afecti-
unilor virale. La fel si radiografia toracica nu aduce date relevante (1)
Cand trebuie amanat un pacient racit?
340
Cand putem sa anesteziem un pacient racit?
Este aceeasi intrebare cu doua fatete.
Evaluarea preanestezica
Trebuie facuta o evaluare si un bilant corect al riscurilor si beneficiilor
asociate anesteziei si interventiei chirurgicale.
Riscurile pot tine de copil: varsta, simtome, comorbiditati (astmatic, cardi-
ac) frecventa racelllor, pot tine de interventia chirurgicala: urgenta, tip in-
terventie (ex. Torace, sau periferica). experienta chirurgului, si nu in ultimul
rand experienta anestezistului, siguranta si confortul pe care il are pentrua
anestezia un copil racit pentru o anume procedura chirurgicala. Trebuie avut
tot timpul in vedere ca si pacientii care se afla in convalescenta sunt SUpUSI
riscului unor complicatii la fel ca si copii cu boala acuta . Riscul acestor
complicatii dureaza si patru sapatamaru (4).
In concluzie ,
In trecut orice copil racit era amanat. In trezent acesta amanare trebuie
safie selectiva. ," '
Majoritatea studiilor indica o incrdenta crescuta a compiicatillor resPlra -
, .' t complicatII pot fi gestiona et
torii la pacientii raciti Insa majoritatea aces or
decatre un anestezist cu experineta si nu lasa seche~e: simptome usoare
Majoritatea clinicienilor acce.pta faptul ca paclenr~~ucuunintubatia pot fi
sicare sunt programati pentru tnterventn care nu p P
anesteziati fara riscuri majore (4, 5, 21, 22) , . t u simptome majore
, .. ,' t insa ca once paclen c
Majoritatea cllnlclenilor accep al,
trebuie amanat cu aproximativ patru saptamanl [t] t I se gaseste intre cele
, I' re paclen LI
O decizie dificila este de luat In cazu In ca , t' factorii enumerati
. I t" onslderare to I '
dOuaextreme caz in care trebUie ua lin C " rezist poate cel mal
" t enue SI anes '
anterior, factori care tin de pacient, In erv
lillli>oara 201 1
important este C<J medicul anestczist sa aiba experienta necesara si siguran_
ta ca poate trata eventualele probleme aparute Iara a gencra complicatii
majore.
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