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CONSIDERENTE
GENERALE
Clasificarea clasic a cefaleei
Cefalee primar
- Migrena
1. Forme comune
- Cefaleea cluster
- Cefaleea tip tensiune
- Cefaleea de rebound la medicamente
- Cefaleea cervicogen
- Cefaleea din arterita temporal
- Nevralgia de trigemen
3. Forme nevralgice
- Nevralgia de glosofaringian
Cefalee secundar
(cu leziune structural)
Clasificarea cefaleei n funcie de
patternul evolutiv
Supraacut HSA
HIC
Disecie arterial
Migren
Criz hipertensiv
TVC
Subacut Hidrocefalie obstructiv
MAV nerupt
Meningit
Glaucom
Cronic Migren
Sdr. post-TCC
Arterit temporal
Sdr. Cohn
Postmedicamentoas
Cohn syndrome
Primary hyperaldosteronism,
increased aldosterone production by an
adenoma of the adrenal gland or, less
frequently, diffuse hyperplasia
It is characterized by hypertension,
hypokalemic alkalosis, paresthesia and
muscle tetany
Cefalee cauze ce nu trebuie trecute cu vederea
Hemoragie subarahnoidian
Meningit i encefalit
Stroke acut (ischemic i hemoragic)
Disecie arterial cranio-cervical
6. status migrenos
Criterii demografice:
- cefalee cu debut dup vrsta de 50 de ani
- cefalee nou-aprut la pacieni cu cancer sau infecie HIV
- pacieni cu cefalee i crize epileptice
MIGRENA
Indicaii de explorare neuroimagistic
- Aur prelungit, neobinuit sau persistent
- Migren bazilar, confuzional sau hemiplegic
- Aur migrenoas fr migren
- Creterea frecvenei, a intensitii sau schimbarea
caracterelor clinice ale durerii
- Status migrenos
- Prima sau cea mai intens migren
- Debut dup vrsta de 50 de ani
- Migren posttraumatic
- La cererea pacientului
EVALUARE
Evaluare
1. Vrsta de debut
2. Modalitatea de debut: acut, subacut, cronic
3. Severitate i frecven
4. Caracteristici
5. Localizare
6. Semne asociate
7. Factori de agravare
8. S-a modificat caracterul (recent)?
9. Are legtur cu ciclul menstrual?
10. Ce medicaie? Ct de des? Ce rspuns?
4. control AV
6. semne focale
7. control TA stg.-dr.
9. palpare + temperatur
10. FO
TIPURI DE CEFALEE TESTE DIAGNOSTICE
1. Pseudotumor cerebri CT, RMN, PL, HLG, VSH
2. Arterit temporal T4, HLG, biochimie, VSH, biopsie de arter
temporal
- nu are prodrom
- exist factori triggeri asemntori cu cei pentru migren
- are orar fix (predominant noaptea) i periodicitate
(primvara, toamna)
- se poate nsoi de fono- / fotofobie sau simptome autonome
- poate debuta la orice grup de vrst (dar n special la
adult) i poate nceta oricnd
- i pstreaz unilateralitatea chiar i de la an la an
Forme evolutive:
- Episodic
- Cronic
Principii de tratament:
1. Tratament nefarmacologic: exerciii fizice, proceduri de
relaxare, masaj, ultrasunete etc.
2. Tratament farmacologic simptomatic, nespecific, pt.
episodul de durere: paracetamol, AINS (aspirin etc.), miorelaxante
3. Tratament farmacologic de prevenie: amitriptilin, toxin
botulinic
CEFALEEA DE REBOUND
(cefaleea de abuz medicamentos)
Principii de tratament:
Tratament nefarmacologic: terapie fizical, masaj
Tratament farmacologic: AINS, miorelaxante,
antidepresive triciclice
Cefaleea din
arterita temporal
Caracteristici clinice definitorii:
Este o cefalee nou-aprut la un pacient >50 de ani
Se nsoete de semne i simptome neurooftalmologice, cel
mai frecvent i mai sugestiv fiind pierderea vederii
La examenul obiectiv: arterele temporale superficiale sunt
ngroate, cu puls slab sau absent
VSH >50 mm/h, PCR crescut, modificari la ex. Doppler
Biopsia arterei temporale certific diagnosticul: arterit
granulomatoas cu celule gigante
Principii de tratament:
Tratament farmacologic:
- corticosteroid, p.o. ct mai precoce, scade durerea n
primele 24 ore i previne cecitatea
- adjuvant: metotrexat
Hemicrania paroxistic
Exist:
- o form episodic, cu remisiuni ale durerii de >1 lun
- i o form cronic, n care atacurile de hemicranie apar pt. >1
an fr remisiuni sau cu remisiuni de <1 lun
Principii de tratament:
Tratament farmacologic: anticonvulsivante miorelaxante
(baclofen)
Tratament chirurgical la formele aresponsive (cca 50%)
Tratament cauzal n formele secundare
Cefaleea din hemoragia subarahnoidian
Poate mima alte tipuri de cefalee: migrena, cefaleea cluster, cefaleea tip
lovitur de trsnet
Ex. de elecie este RMN cerebral, care poate confirma sau exclude o
etiopatogenie cerebral vascular, infecioas etc.
C
Considerente generale
Difereniaz:
Cauz nonneurologic
Cauze medicale
Cardiologice aritmie, FiA, stenoz Ao, hTA
Hematologice
Metabolice hipoglicemie
Hiperventilaie astm, TBC pulm.
Otologice
Oftalmologice
deficite multisenzoriale
EVALUARE
Evaluare
Calitatea subiectiv a vertijului poate conduce la cheia diagnostic
Senzaia de carusel (sdr. liftului), lateropulsie = lez. vestibular
periferic
Senzaia de legnare, de gol, nesiguran, ntunecare n faa ochilor =
origine central
Durata
Secunde = VPPB
Minute = AIT; migren
Ore = boal Mnire
Zile = vestibulopatie
Simpt. vizuale
AV, CV = origine cortical
Diplopie = origine TC
Penicilin
Sulfamide
Aspirin
DAE (antiepileptice)
Antihistaminice
Evaluare
Examen neurologic anamnez
1. Circumstane de apariie? Debut acut, subacut, cronic?
4. Durata episodului? (sec. = VPPB; min. = AIT, migren; ore = boal Mnire;
zile = vestibulopatie)
10. Medicaia?
Clasificare
Durat = zile
Neuronita vestibular
Afectarea can. semicircular lateral
Etiologie viral
N.B.:
la manevra Hallpike:
Nu rspunde, dar are istoric tipic de VPPB folosesc
variante ale testului Hallpike pt. can semicircular ant. (sup.)
sau lateral (orizontal)
Nu rspunde, apare nistagmus vertical cu component n jos
RMN
DixHallpike test
(NylenBarany test)
It is performed with the patient sitting upright with the legs
extended
The patient's head is then rotated by approximately 45 degrees
The clinician helps the patient to lie down backwards quickly with
the head held in approximately 20 degrees of extension
This extension may either be achieved by having the clinician
supporting the head as it hangs off the table or by placing a pillow
under their upper back
The patient's eyes are then observed for about 45 seconds as
there is a characteristic 510 second period of latency prior to the
onset of nystagmus
If rotational nystagmus occurs, then the test is considered
positive for benign positional vertigo
During a positive test, the fast phase of the rotatory nystagmus is
toward the affected ear, which is the ear closest to the ground
The direction of the fast phase is defined by the rotation of the
top of the eye, either clockwise or counter-clockwise
Vertijul recurent
Boal Mnire
Apare tinitus
Audiogram: hipoacuzie la frecvene joase
Migren
Vertijul este partea component a aurei n migrena
vertebro-bazilar
Fistul prerilimfatic
Dup TCC, colesteatom (tu. bg. cu capacitate de distrugere a structurilor
osoase nvecinate (asemntoare cariei dentare), aprut ca urmare a proliferrii
, dup operaii
epidermului (pielii) n interiorul urechii medii)
Clasificare
Vertij poziional = central
Vertij de intensitate mai mic
Pacientul st pe dreapta nistagmus ctre US
Downbeat nystagmus (eyes slowly drift upwards and then jerk
downwards)
Vertij de poziie = VPPB
Otolii n canalul semicircular post.
Dup: TCC, infecie viral (ex.: labirintit)
VPPB
(Vertijul paroxistic poziional benign)
Clinic
Vertij cnd se aaz / ridic din pat, privete n sus sau ridic
obiecte de jos
Durata = sec. (max. = 1 min.)
Manevra Hallpike
Diagnostic
Vertij episodic rotatoriu / poziional
la un pacient cu TCC sau barotraumatism (zbor cu avionul)
dup manevra Valsalva (tuse, suflat nasul, ridicat greuti)
Test fistul: pozitiv
Fen. Tullio: stimulare cu zgomote joase (90 dB) nistagmus,
oscilopsie
Se linitete n decubit dorsal, cu capul uor ridicat
Cauze
Leziune de canal semicircular
Orientare clinic
VESTIBULOPATIA BILATERAL
Clinic
Tulb. de stabilitate postural, vertij
Mers nesigur, care se accentueaz la nchiderea ochilor sau la
ntuneric
Oscilopsie, care depinde de poziia capului (cnd bolnavul merge)
Scderea AV la micri rapide ale capului
Tulb. auditive
Diagnostic
Rapid head impulse test + bilat.
Proba caloric: excitabilitate bilat.
Cauze
Medicaie ototoxic afectare bilat. (streptomicin, gentamicin)
Maladie Mnire bilat.
Deficit rezidual dup meningite sau labirintite
Neuronite vestibulare bilat. secveniale
Neurofibromatoz tip II
Neuropatie autoimun idiopatic
Neurofibromatosis type II
Caut nistagmus
Provocat
Caut nistagmus
Provocat
Manevra Epley
Ex. Brandt-Daroff
Manevra Epley
Neurologic
- caut nistagmus
- spontan fixaie vizual
- provocat test Halmagyi
test Dix-Hallpike
- caut tulb. de echilibru
- static proba Romberg
- dinamic proba Unterberger-Fukuda
- probe instrumentale
- teste calorice evalueaz funcia labirintic
- videonistagmografie apreciaz funcia vestibular la nivel
central i periferic
- posturografie dinamic computerizat evalueaz
interaciunea dintre informaiile vizuale, proprioceptive i vestibulare
Unterberger Fukuda
The patient is asked to The patient is asked to march
walk on the spot with in place with eyes closed and
their eyes closed arms held out forward
If the patient rotates to In the original test, Fukuda
one side, he may have had patients march 100 steps
a labyrinthine lesion on Patients with vestibular
that side, but this test weakness will rotate to the
should not be used to side of the weak labyrinth 45
diagnose lesions without degrees or more with 100
the support of other tests steps
Shorter versions of the test
can be used to observe lesser
amounts of rotation
Balon Politzer
Plan de investigaii
Intensitate +++ + +