MIRCEA ELIADE

DE A MURI
Eiie ngrijit, selecie de texte i note
de
MAGDA URSACHE i E!RU URSACHE
re"# de E!RU URSACHE
Editura Moldova
Iai-1993
BIBLIOTECA
UNIVERSITII
OINCLUa
Co$ert#% Mihail-lexandru Popa
MIRCEA ELIADE
e A
723772
IS&'% ()*+(,-.+/.+.
0 !o#te dre$t1rile #s1$r# #cestei edi1 aparin Edit1rii MOLOV!" &+d1l
Co$o1 nr2 *, ..// I#i
REG3!IREA E'!RU M0AR!E
o#te ce# 4#i oc#nt 5ictorie, tr#gic ne#$r#t, # g6ndirii
secol1l1i nostr1 este #cee# c # #n1l#t 4o#rte#2 '1 interese#7
instr14ent#l1l te8nic $1s n #$lic#re, de$endent n orice c#7 de
scientis41l c1rent, d#r "in#l1l glorios, golit i totod#t ncrc#t de
sens1ri dr#4#tice, #st7i l c1no#te4 i+, si4i4 c1 toii% 4o#rte# n1
4#i exist, 4#i $recis i+# sc8i49#t c8i$1l i se n14ete 'e#nt2 041l
5ine din 'e#nt i, d1$ o cli$ con"17 de res$iro, reintr n 'e#nt,
deci se #"l njre do1 ne#nt1ri, s#1 c6te: Desl1i4 #ici sit1#i#
dr#4#tic i 9r9te#sc, dile4#tic oric14, # 4odern1l1i c#re i+#
#s14#t rs$1ndere# de # $ri5i desc8is gol1l csc#t n i4edi#t# l1i
#$ro$iere, ce "#ce ridicol idee# de $ers$ecti5 i $l#se#7 s19 #ccent
existeni#l orice n71in2
C1nosc6nd1+se istori# 14#nitii, ne+#4 #te$t# l# o re$etiie, c#
n c#71l 4orii, i #n14e l# #n1l#re# teoretic # 'e#nt1l1i, l#
constr1ire# 1nei noi 4itologii $e teren1l #cestei re#liti insolite2 'ici
g6nd de ## ce5#2 041l n1 ncete#7 s se 91c1re de #ce#st colos#l
desco$erire #1todistr1gto#re i s #d1c noi #rg14ente, cl#re,
i49#t#9ile, $ri5ind #tot$1ternici# 'e#nt1l1i2 M#i 41lt dect #t6t, el
$#re c se si4te 9ine i c8i#r #ntren#t n #cest $#r#dox% neg#ti5it#te#
ne#nt1l1i exercit o $1ternic "1ncie sti41l#ti5 #s1$r# 5ieii
indi5id1l1i2 Existen# n1 #re $re"ixe, e# este do#r s1"ix#t, c1 #lte
c15inte, c1no#te 1n ter4in1s i41t#9il i d1r, 5i76nd indi5id1l c#
#ccident #l s$eciei2 De 1nde rec1rs1l l# 4or#l% triete+i cli$# ce i+#
"ost d#t, c6t 4#i intens, c6t 4#i "renetic $osi9il2 'e#nt1l cste\ strig
strl14in#t de o r#7, de d#t# #ce#st# "1nest, 'o1l !o4#2 !re91ie s
ne o9in1i4 din ce n ce 4#i 41lt c1 4o#rte# r1tier i c1 idee# c
5o4 de5eni g1no#ie2 Este o 5#ri#nt # ;$regtirii $entr1 4o#rte;,
des$re c#re # 5or9it Mirce# Eli#de n re$et#te r6nd1ri, $e 1r4ele 1nei
tr#diii 4ilen#re2
,2 Mo#rte# n5ins
O#ul $ulturilor tradiional% &au n%-al'a(%t% nu # #n1l#t 4o#rte#,
ci a 1cis+o2 Este un trata#%nt total di'%rit de $%l al #od%rnului)
anal'a(%tul a a$$%ptat pr%*%na #orii i i-a propu& &+-i $unoa&$+
r%alitat%a &p%$i'i$+" inv%nt,nd -n a$%&t &%n& ritualuri d% inii%r% i
conce$te teoretice $ro$rii2 Aceste# re$re7int $e de o $#rte "or4e
si49olice #le 4orii 9iologice, $e de #lt# lecii $r#ctice de $si8ologie
indi5id1#l s#1 colecti52 Din no1 ne sit14 ntr+o l14e #
$#r#dox1l1i cci ;# 1cide 4o#rte#; $res1$1ne 1n tr#ns"er de re#liti
i de sens1ri2 '1 moartea este 1cis, n #cce$i1ne# liter#l #
c156nt1l1i, ci frica de e#2 ;A te te4e de 4o#rte, #5erti7e#7 o sentin
l#tin, e 4#i cr1d dec6t # 41ri;2 At6t# i $ro$1ne rit1#l1l iniierii%
s+, eli9ere7e $e indi5id <i $rin el ntre#g# s$ecie= de "ric# 4orii2
'ici $e de$#rte n1 $o#te "i 5or9# de el1d#re ori de s19stit1ire
ter4inologic2 Re#lit#te# 4orii este rec1nosc1t n to#t gro75i# i
i4inen# ei, ns ex$erien# rit1#listic + d19l#t de o 4edit#ie
coerent + i de75l1ie li4itele, insond#9ile $e #lt c#lc, "iind
con5ertit 9ene"ic n $l#n1l s$irit1#litii2
!ot o sentin str5ec8e, $e c#re o gsi4 n di#log1l Phaedon de
l#ton, $ost1le#7 1r4tor1l #de5r "1ner#r% ;Cei c#re s1nt ntr+
#de5r "iloso"i se de$rind <c1 g6nd1l= 4orii i #ce#st# i
ns$i46nt 4#i $1in dec6t $e ceil#li o#4eni;2 Se s$1ne #dese# c
grecilor le er# "ric de 4o#rte i de orice s1"erin2 Se $#re c ## st#1
l1cr1rile2 ntre#g# liter#t1r de l# Ho4er l# E1ri$ide $o#te "i l1#t c#
4rt1rie2 D#r s n1 tr#ge4 de #ici concl17ii $ri$ite2 Mitologic
5or9ind, $entr1 c ne #"l4 n #cest s$#i1 s$eci"ic de g6ndire, tre91ie
$1s ntre9#re# ele4ent#r% l# c#re greci ne re"eri4: L# cei
si49oli7#i $rin A$ollo ori l# cei #i l1i Dion>sos: C1lt1rile
tr#diion#le n1 s1nt lini#re, 1ni"or4e i 4onotone, cU4 #$#r n 1nele
exege7e conte4$or#ne si4$li"ic#to#re2 Ele "1ncione#7 d1$
$rinci$i1l 1nitii n 5#riet#te2 Exist o serie ntre#g de 4ec#nis4e
s$eci#li7#te, n14ite de co#l# sociologic # l1i Di4itrie G1ti ;1niti
soci#le;, c#re regle4ente#7 i din#4i7e#7 ntre#g# #cti5it#te
c1lt1r#l, l# ni5el1l etnic1l1i i #l tr#diiei2 ?r#7# l1i l#ton, din
Phaedon, li4ite#7 do#r 1n seg4ent de g6ndire2 E# se re"er l# grecii
#$ollinieni, 4#i $recis 8o4erieni i socr#tici, n1 i l# s19str#t1l "re#tic
de ti$ 4istere2 In re#lit#te, lini# Ho4er+ Socr#te ni se $#re $er"ect
c1rsi5 s19 #s$ect1l "eno4enologiei 4orii n s$irit1#lit#te# gre#c2
@o4 d# 1n sing1r exe4$l12 El se re"er l# 5estit1l $#s#j din Iliada
$ri5ind i$t1l de s$#i4 #l A"roditei, lo5it de !idid Dio4ede%
Arinse $e loc d1$ #st# s $ic1re s6ngele 76nei,B S1c1l ce c1rge n
5inele 7eilor, $entr1 c 7eiiB '1 9e#1 5in negr1, n1 g1st 91c#te i
$#ne, de+#cee#B ?r de s6nge s1nt ei i ne41ritori2 De d1rereB Ci$+
A"rodit# 56rtos222;2 Acest $#s#j este 1tili7#t #dese# c# #rg14ent $entr1
14#ni7#re# i des#cr#li7#re# intenion#t, c#lc1l#t # 0li4$1l1i2
Este o$er# $oeior i # "iloso"ilor, s1sine Mirce# Eli#de, c#re #1
restr1ct1r#t 5ec8e# g6ndire tr#diion#l, de #cee# #r8i5# 4itologic de
l# Hesiod i Ho4er nco#ce n1 #r ins$ir# s1"icient ncredere din
$1nct1l de 5edere #l #1tenticitii2
Liter#t1ri7#re# 4ir1l1i e o s$ec1l#ie $l#17i9il i de4n de
interes etico+estetic, d#r n1 tre91ie d1s $re# de$#rte2 #s#j1l cit#t n1
VI
$o#te "i rece$t#t n14#i n l#t1r# l1i strict liter#l2 El c1$rinde 1nele
nscris1ri c#re, od#t decri$t#te, ne+o #r#t $e A"rodit# ntr+o c1 tot1l
#lt l14in, 14#n d#r i di5in totod#t, n $er"ect concord#n c1
s#cr#lit#te# 4itic2 Del#ni# n1+i di4in1e#7 i nici n1+i #ltere#7
c#lit#te# 1nic de "iin s1$r#"ire#sc2 Din r#n# A"roditei c1rge ;s1c;
i n1 s6nge2 Rel#t#re# l1i Ho4er este #ici "o#rte ex#ct i $o#te "i
con"ir4#t de orice 4#re i #1tentic tr#diie 4itologic2 'e41ritorii
se deose9esc n 4od c#lit#ti5 de 41ritori, $rintre #ltele $rin
#li4ent#ie, de 1nde 1r4e#7 c i s1"erin#, 5i##, 4o#rte# di"er tot
c#lit#ti5 ntr+o $#rte i n #lt#2 Accident1l s1"erit de A"rodit# #re o
des"1r#re lit1rgic, n sens1l c 5t4#re# n1 se $rod1ce n 4#terie,
ci n s19st#n, n si49ol i n1 n tr1$, n ;s1c;i n1 n s6nge2 Sge#t#
l1i Dio4ede este tr#nscendent i do#r gl#s1l l1i Ho4er ne $roc1r
$lcere# de # #17i i$t1l oli4$i#n2 Del#ni# di5in este con"ir4#re# c
s1"erin# i c8i#r 4o#rte#, l16nd c8i$1l destin1l1i, i s1$1ne $e
o#4eni i $e 7ei deo$otri5, #se4ene# l1i Eros, cel din Theogonia l1i
Hesiod2 Di"er, $rin ier#8i7#re, gr#d1l de $ericlit#te2 l#ton ti# de
d19l# n"i#re # 7e1l1i, 1n# #sc1ns 41ritorilor, #lt# 571t i #17it
gr#ie logos1l1i 8o4eri#n2 El ns1i # tr#t#t te4# $l1rise4#ntis41l1i
n di#log1l Cratylos, 1nde # #rt#t c ne41ritorii s#1 #n14ite $#s#je
cos4ice #1 den14iri i n"iri $l1r#le% $entr1 neles1l
oii4$ienilor, $entr1 o#4eni2
Accident1l A"rodit# din Iliada tre91ie s+, "i nc6nt#t $e "iloso", c1
to#te re7er5ele s#le 9ine c1nosc1te "# de Ho4er2 Cci $oet1l # $1s
#ccent1l $e l#t1r# ;14#n; # 7eiei2 !e41t1l Dio4ede, cel
n"ier96nt#t de 5ictorie i $lin de orgoli1 9r9tesc, o n"r1nt #st"el n
contin1#re% ;L#s r79oi1l, t1, "iic+# l1i Ee1s, i d1+te2 0ri $o#teB '1
i+e dest1l c #de4eni "e4eile sl#9e din "ire:B D#c 4#i 149li $e+#ici,
i# se#4# s n+#j1ngi s tre41riB2 C8i#r de de$#rte #17ind c+i 5i"or de
cr1nt 9t#ie; <5, *-/ +*--=2 A"rodit# este tri4is l# cr#ti2 0
#se4ene# c#ric#t1ri7#re $#re ci1d#t, d#r n1 oc#nt $entr1 grec1l
conser5#tor #l e$ocii #r8#ice, n1 i $entr1 l#ton, con5ins c r79oi1l,
s1"erin# i 4o#rte# s1nt ex$eriene gr#5e, necesit6nd rs$1ndere i
co4$eten "iloso"ic, ## c14 se ex$ri4 i n sentin# cit#t din
di#log1l Phaedon.
D#r #1tor1l "ce# #ici o distincie "or#t, neconcl1dent, de $e
$o7ii# 1n1i elitis4 s$eci"ic siei2 rere# s# c n14#i "iloso"1l #r "i
#$t, $rin re"lexi5it#te, s nt64$ine 4o#rte# ni se $#re restricti52 'ici
n1 este sig1r #cest l1cr12 Mo#rte# $o#te "i ex$eri4ent#t $e c#le
re"lexi5, do5#d silogis41l% .Toi o#4enii s1nt 41ritori, Socr#te
este o4, deci Socr#te este 41ritor;2 D#r #ce#st j1dec#t se constit1ie
n ter4enii c1no#terii c# o const#t#re i n1 $o#te re7oj5# o sit1#ie
con"lict1#l% frica de moarte. Cel 41lt i rele5 indi5id1l1i i4inen#
1nei re#liti dr#4#tice2
M#i $ro"it#9il ni se $#re ce#l#lt c#le de ex$eriere, iniiere#
rit1#lic, des$re c#re crede4 c l#ton n1 #5e# c1notin2 S#1 i l1#
VII
li9ert#te# s+o dis$re1i#sc, ## c14 se nt64$l i #st7i n #n14ite
cerc1ri existeni#liste 4oderne2 C6nd l#ton l1# $#rte# "iloso"ilor, el
$1te# s contin1e co4ent#ri1l n "el1l 1r4tor% numai protii se tem
de moarte. D#r $rin #ce#st $ro$o7iie n1 #4 "c1t #ltce5# dec6t s
tr#nscrie4 1n $ro5er9 9inec1nosc1t2 A g6ndit i #n#l"#9et1l n s$irit1l
l1i l#ton: '1, l# 4ijloc este o con"17ie de ter4eni c#re $o#te "i 1or
l41rit% #1tor1l l1i Phaedon nelege $rin prost orice ne+"iloso"F
$entr1 o41l din 4edi1l c1lt1rilor ne+#l"#9ete nse#4n orice neinii#t2
Ast"el, #49ii se pot nelege n $ro9le4# c1no#terii 4orii, n1 i #
ex$eri4entrii ei2 '1 nse#4n, deci, c ex$eri4ent#re# de ti$
re"lexi5 1r4e#7 # "i nesocotitF din contr#, e# # i "ost 5#lori"ic#t de
1n g6nditor 4odern, "o#rte rig1ros, GierHeg##rd, n st1diile s#le
des$re #ngo#s, i 41lt n#inte# s#, de 4it1l tr#diion#l c# i de
$#re4iologi# $o$1l#r2
C#le# inii#tic $e c#re Mirce# Eli#de o identi"ic n to#te
str1ct1rile rit1rilor de trecere i c#re re$re7int in5#ri#9il o "or4 de
4o#rte si49olic este 1n ti$ de ex$eriere sensi9il2 E# #rc "or# de #
de4ont# i4ens1l 4ec#nis4 $si8ologic #l "ricii2 Mo#rte# i "ric# #$#s
deo$otri5 contiin# "iecr1i#, "ie #n#l"#9et, "ie s#5#nt, toc4#i de
#cee# n1 tre91ie s le r#$ort4 "or#t n14#i l# #n14ite seg4ente #le
gr1$1l1i soci#l2 n cet#te# ide#lI n14r1l "iloso"ilor er# consider#t
li4it#t, elitist i re$re7ent#ti5F n co41nit#te# #r8#ic, ne#l"#9et, cel
#l ;$rotilor;, #dic #l neinii#ilor, er# n 4od re#l "o#rte restr6ns
<#ceti# trece#1 dre$t exce$ii= i nere$re7ent#ti52 ntr+o $#rte, 4o#rte#
er# resi4it c# 1n #ccident indi5id1#l i dr#4#tic, n ce#l#lt, er#
consider#t# 1n $roces neces#r i nnoitor, n c#re se #"l# #ng#j#t
ntre#g# colecti5it#te2 o#te "i in5oc#t #ici, $rin co4$#r#ie, c#lit#te#
ex$erienei tr#gice: ?irete, exist risc1l s n1 5ede4 $d1re# din
c#17# co$#cilor2
?ric# $o#te "i #ten1#t n 4#nier# $l#toni#n # re"lexi5itii, s#1
#n1l#t $e c#le# ex$eri4entrii inii#tice2 ns 4o#rte# r46ne
neclintit2 Exist i n c#71l 4orii do1 ci de #9ord#re% 1n# elitist,
tot 4#i ntins n 4ediile c1lt1r#le c1renteF n #cest c#7 4o#rte# #$#re
c# 1n $r#g #9sol1t o4olog#9il c1 ne#nt1l, existen# indi5id1l1i,
indi"erent d#c re$re7int s#1 n1 o 5#lo#re, se li4ite#7 l# $ro$ri#
sc8i 9iogr#"ic, s$#i1l socio+cos4ic ec8i5#le#7 c1 o t#9el de #8,
i#r istori# c1 o serie de d#te cronologice2 Un exe4$l1 il1str#ti5%
r79oi1l din Coree#, r79oi1l din @ietn#4, r79oi1l din Gol", r79oi1l
din I1gosl#5i# i seri# $o#te <5#= contin1# ntr+1n 4od #9sol1t
$re5i7i9il2 S#1% in5#7i# din Ung#ri#, in5#7i# din Ce8oslo5#ci#, in5#7i#
din A"g#nist#n, in5#7i# din !r#nsnistri#222 Ji tot ##% con"erin# de
$#ce de l# Gene5#, con"erin# de $#ce de l# !el+A5i5, con"erin# de
$#ce de l# HelsinHi, i 41lte #lte i#lte i 4#lte2 Intr+1n c156nt, istorie
conte4$or#n, ;eroic; i 5iolent2
n #l doile# r6nd, 4o#rte# este $ri5it c# o existen contin1,
concret i il17orie% 9iogr#"i# indi5id1l1i, deli4it#t "iresc $rin d#te
@III
K c#lend#ristice, se #"l integr#t ntr+o s1ccesi1ne de seg4ente
existeni#le2 C1 #lte c15inte, 4o#rte# i 5i## #$#r 4$re1n, i#r
existen# l1#t n sine c#$t di4ensi1ni cos4ice2 Ace#st existen
cos4ici7#t <i 4o#rte integr#t= i se rele5 indi5id1l1i $rin rit1rile de
iniiere i de c1no#tere2 Rit1#l1l, n l#t1r# l1i exec1torie, re$re7int o
di#gr#4 # l#9irint1l1i2 Str9t6nd1+,, d1$ ncercri grele i
ex$eriene $si8ice tension#te, neo"it1l $o#te s$1ne #se4ene# l1i
Jte"#n din oaptea de s!n"iene# ;Jtii c #4 ieit din l#9irint:; C1 #lte
c15inte% ;Jtii c #4 n5ins "ric# de 4o#rte i, totod#t, 4o#rte#
nsi:;
S reine4 deoc#4d#t 1n #s$ect teoretic $ri5ind ;5ictori#;
#s1$r# 4orii% frica n5ins gsete 4ere1 $1teri l1ntrice de re"#cere2
Exist o contin1 #ltern#n, n s$iritele #lese, de 4o4ente n c#re
"ric# re5ine c1 5iolen, i #ltele eli9er#te, rel#x#te, senine2 Gsi4
con"ir4ri, n #ce#st $ri5in, c8i#r n scrierile 4e4ori#listice #le l1i
Mirce# Eli#de% nc din co$ilrie, ni se s$1ne n Memorii I, c1note#
#de5r#te cri7e ;de 4el#ncolie i de tristee, $e c#re le $1ne# $e se#4#
;descendenei 4old#5e;F 4#i t6r7i1, n $ragments d%un &ournal,
#se4ene# 4o4ente tension#te er#1 descrise s1ccint i co4ent#te din,
$ers$ecti5 t8#n#tic2 ncredin#re# #cestor ex$eriene $#ginii #l9e
nse4n# $entr1 d6ns1l 5erit#9ile c1re $si8#n#litice2; Cit#9il este
ndeose9i $erio#d# con"erinelor de l# Ascon#F $#rtici$#nii, n "r1nte
c1 2l1ng <i Eli#de n1 # "c1t exce$ie= #5e#1 o9icei1l s n#re7e
$ro$riile 5ise, c# #$oi s le co4ente7e, n nt6lnirile #4ic#le2
Altern#n# cri"' <L "ric= + eli(erare <L #c#l4ie= este 9ene"ic i
cre#to#re n $l#n s$irit1#l2 Mec#nis41l ;#lternrii;, neces#r n
societile ec8ili9r#te, tr#diion#le ori 4oderne, "orti"ic D#c "ric#
<i 4o#rte#= #r "i ire4edi#9il n5ins, "r $osi9ilit#te de ;nto#rcere;,
#r #$re# risc1l lene5irii e1l1i2 D#r "ric# <i 4o#rte#= este n5ins
te4$or#r n seg4ent1l 9iogr#"ic #l existenei i de"initi5 n
$ers$ecti5# $ost14itii2 E 1n erois4 ce ine de do4eni1l teologiei
4or#le2 C14 s$1ne Soeren GierHeg##rd, "ie i o cli$ contienti7#t
de nl#re <deci de i796nd #s1$r# 4orii= i este s1"icient $entr1
redres#re# eseni#l # "iinei, $entr1 tr#ns"or4#re# indi5id1l1i ntr+1n
re$re7ent#nt #l s$eciei2 Cli$# de5ine eternit#te s#1 ec8i5#le#7, $rin
c#lit#te, c1 #ce#st#2 S1str#s ti4$1l1i $ro"#n, e# c#$t #1r#
s#cr#l itii, i#r "iin# se nd14ne7eiete2 Acest# este i sens1l
"iloso"ico+inii#tic #l ;$regtirii $entr1 4o#rte;% nd14ne7eire#
o41l1i, #dic s#l5#re# l1i de condii# 14ilito#re # 1nei existene
$rec#re2 Cci "ric# este $ecete# o41l1i sl#9, # limitei des$re c#re
5or9ete G#9riel Liice#n12
Cee# ce l deose9ete $e o41l 4odern de re$re7ent#nt1l c1lt1rilor
ne+#l"#9ete este 4od1l de 5#lori7#re # "ricii existeni#le2
entr1 $ri41l frica re$re7int li4it# #9sol1t, 'e#nt1lF $entr1
cell#lt nse#4n 1n $r#g $este c#re se $o#te trece $rin #s14#re#
gr#5itii 4o4ent1l1i critic de trecere2 '1 conte#7 $re# 41lt d#c n
"## 4orii #i contiin# gol1l1i #9sol1t ori il17i# $ost+existenei, ci
5#lo#re# e4oion#l, ex$eri4ent#t # cli$ei din ;1r4;2 D1$ 4odM;A
IX
c14 este nt64$in#t #ce#st#, c1 "ric ori c1 4$c#re, $o#te "i ded1s
14ilire# s#1 s#l5#re# ideii de 14#nit#te2
N2 0 5i# i c1 # 4orii do1
Este 1n# dintre r#risi4ele "or41le $#re4iologice $e te4# 4orii
integr#to#re2 S+# nsc1t n 4inte# 1n1i r#n din C#r$#i, c14 #r
s$1ne @#sile Alecs#ndri, i c1 4#re gre1t#te s+#r $1te# gsi 1n#
#se4nto#re n #lte c1lt1ri de l1ng tr#diie2 Co4$#r#t c1 $ro$o7ii#
l1i l#ton, sentin# ro46ne#sc, oric6t de ndr7ne# #r $re#
#"ir4#i# no#str, se do5edete # "i 4#i co4$lex, $entr1 c #re
#5#nt#j1l 1nei d19le serii de ex$eriene% inii#tic i 4edit#ti52 '1
tre91ie s in5oc4 n14#i $r#ctic# rit1#listic, colire# se5er #
neo"it1l1i, $entr1 # c1no#te conce$i# des$re 5i# i 4o#rte #
r#n1l1i ro46n2 Este o 4od#lit#te de #9ord#re c#re tre91ie ne#$r#t
de$it2 E# #sig1r cel 41lt nelegere# credinelor i ideilor
religio#se l# c#re s+# li4it#t, din $c#te, cercet#re# de $6n #c14#, i
c8i#r ns1i Mirce# Eli#de2 A1tor1l Tratatului de istorie a religiilor
"#ce $re# des #$el l# 4istere, l# 4it1l 5eget#iei i #l #legoriei 9o91l1i
de gr61 $entr1 # deli4it# g6ndire# $re+#l"#9et de ce# s#5#nt2 041l
tr#diiei n1 este 1n si4$l1 $r#ctici#n, i#r ;colire#; #re 1r4ri i
sens1ri 41lt 4#i $ro"1nde dec6t se #r#t l# $ri4# 5edere2 Siste41l de
se4ne i de gest1ri c#re constit1ie li49#j1l $ri4 i os#t1r# oricr1i
rit1#l #re 1n c#r#cter strict introd1cti5+ i, $rin re$et#re, d1ce l#
certit1dine2 'eo"it1l1i i se $ro$1ne 1n scen#ri1 el#9or#t d1$ d#te
$rest#9ilite2 El i# c1notin direct de existen# 4iei re#liti
teri"i#nte $e c#re o ex$eri4ente#7 direct, $e 5i12 Ace#st# este do#r 1n
$ri4 st#di1 #l c1no#terii, 9#7#t $e ex$erien, este #de5r#t, $e
e4$irie, o e4$irie dirij#t de rit i de 4ister, deci s1str#s
co4$ort#4ent1l1i cotidi#n i nese4ni"ic#ti52 D#r ;colire#; contin1
i, l# dre$t 5or9ind, n1 ncete#7 niciod#t $e tr#iect1l 9iogr#"ic #l
indi5id1l1i2 De d#t# #ce#st#, scen#ri1l n1 4#i este el#9or#t c1 intenie2
At6t# c6t exist, el i #re r#i1ne# de # "i n 4edi1l socio+cos4ic #l
indi5id1l1i, 1r46nd s "ie ex$eri4ent#t c1 #cel#i interes, #t6t #"ecti5,
d#r 4#i #les 4edit#ti52 A# se des"o#r 9iogr#"i# nerit1#l, #dic
5i## concret # oricr1i 4e49r1 #l tr#diiei c1lt1r#le2 Scen#ri1l
inii#tic este st#9il i 1nic d#torit c#r#cter1l1i in5#ri#nt #l rit1#l1l1iF
9iogr#"iile <c# scen#rii l#ice= se #"l n r#$ort de #se4n#re, indi"erent
de di5ersit#te# 4e49rilor gr1$1l1i <di5ersit#te, n "ond, #$#rent=,
ntr1c6t 4edi1l socio+cos4ic li4ite#7 li9ertile de co4$ort#re2
Exist, tot1i, s1"icient s$#i1 de 4ic#re s$irit1#l, #st"el nc6t s se
$o#t reg6ndi $er4#nent i $1ne de #cord d#tele "1rni7#te de cele
do1 ti$1ri de scen#rii2 Ex$erien# #"ecti5 do96ndit $rin i4$lic#re#
rit1#listic i $rin $#rtici$#re# l# 5i## i4edi#t c#$t, ncet d#r sig1r,
s1$ort1l j1decii logice i #l 4edit#iei2 &iogr#"i# ;1n1i#;, c14 #r
s$1ne !it1 M#ioresc1, de5ine, d#torit ;#se4nrii; i corelrii,
4odel $entr1 toi2 E# se tr#ns$1ne ntr+o "r#7 #9str#ct, s19 "or4#
sentinei gener#l 5#l#9ile, re$re7ent6nd sinte7# celor do1 ti$1ri de
ex$eriene, din 4edi1l tr#diiei% inii#tic i re"lexi52
ntre#g# existen, n str1ct1rile ei cele 4#i c#r#cteristice, 5t#+
4o#rte, este teoreti7#t $rin sentine i $ro5er9e2 n $ro9le4# 4orii,
ele re$re7int 1n interes tiini"ic cel $1in e;g#l c1 rit1rile de iniiere, i
nici o cercet#re c#re se res$ect n1 #re dre$t1l s le 4#i ocole#sc de
#c14 n#inte2 ro9le4# $ro9le4elor ni se $#re #lt#% $osi9il#
co4$etiti5it#te # #cestor e#ntio#ne de g6ndire c1 "or4ele s#5#nte,
#t6t n "inee# s$ec1l#iilor c6t i n desc8idere# ori7ontic2 D#c tot
#4 in5oc#t o "r#7 din Phaedon, s reine4, $rin co4$#r#ie, do#r
do1 #s$ecte% #= exist n or#lit#te 41lte #lte "or41le
$#re4iologice, I #se4ene# celei n disc1ie, ;o 5i# i c1 4o#rte#
do1;, constr1ite #"oristic i ex$ri46nd #de5r1ri 1ni5ers#le #9sol1t
incontest#9ile s19 r#$ort "iloso"icF 9= #se4ene# sentine $1n n
e5iden o #de5r#t #rt # $#r#dox1l1i, n sens1l c "ore#7
1ni"ic#re# 1nor re#liti #$#rent inco4$#ti9ile, n s$irit1l etern #l
coincidenei contr#riilor, de ti$1l 5i#B4o#rte2 Aici se s19nelege
e"ort1l intelect1#l ingenios i de 4#xi4 intensit#te, cr1i#, #dese#, i
se $ot gsi cores$ondene n g6ndire# s#5#nt2
Sint#g4# "iloso"ic ;o 5i# i c1 4o#rte# do1; n"ie#7 o
to$ic existeni#l2 Mo#rte# i @i## n1 s1nt "r#g4ente, ci re#lit#te
1nic, 1n tot existeni#l2 C14 se 5ede, inteni# $#re4iolog1l1i # "ost
integr#to#re2 Existen# n1 #re sens d#c este $ri5it "r#g4ent#r, 5i##
$e de o $#rte, 4o#rte# $e de #lt#2 ntr+1n "el, ele se deli4ite#7
reci$roc, cee# ce s+# do5edit i $e c#le tiini"ici Gsi4, ntr+o
colecie ro46ne#sc de $ro5er9e% ;Ei1# i 'o#$te#B 4i ro#g
4o#rte#;2 S#1, 4#i ex$licit din2$1nct de 5edere 4edic#l, ntr+o
c1get#re l#tin% AO'oi 41ri4 n "iec#re 7i, cci n "iec#re 7i <ni= se i# o
$#rte # 5ieiiF c8i#r c6nd crete4, 5i## descrete;2 Ulti4# $ro$o7iie
#4intete de c1nosc1t# ex$erien 4edic#l% nc din2 "#7# 1terin
4o#rte# # decis #s1$r# 5ieii2
De reg1l, 5i## i 4o#rte# s1nt ex$eriene #4estec#te,
indistincte2 'ici 4c#r n1 se #"l, $otri5it g6ndirii tr#diion#le, n
s1ccesi1ne 4#te4#tic2 D#c se "olosesc ter4eni c# $re+existen,
$ost+existen, etc, tre91ie s rec1no#te4 #cestor# o "1ncie 4#i
41lt s#1 4#i $1in te8nic2 Acest #s$ect con5enion#l $#re s+,
s1gere7e i $ro5er91l ro46nesc% ;Mo#rte# i 5i## s1nt n $1tere#
li49ii;2 S#1 n14#i #t6t o#re: n orice c#7, se desc8ide, n 4od
ne#te$t#t, 1n c#$itol 4odern, n "#$t 4ilen#r, #l se4ioticii se4n1l1i
ling5istic2
PI
*2 Mo#rte# $l1r#l
Din Pancatantra, 4#rele indi#nist i cl#sicolog !82 Si4ensc8> #
select#t, $entr1 )ic*ionarul s1 de +n*elepciune, 1r4to#re# c1get#re%
;S1nt cinci "el1ri de 4ori 5ii% cel sr#c, cel 9oln#5, cel $rost, cel
$ri9e#g i cel c#re 5enic sl1jete;2 As$ect1l liter#l #l #cestei ti$ologii
$o#te s der1te7e, ntr1c6t d1ce l# con"17ie s#1 l# si4$li"ic#re2 De
#cee# inter$ret#re# tre91ie cond1s $e #lte $l#n1ri% si49olic, 4or#l,
religios, "ie c 5re4 s 5#lori"ic4 "r#7# de $e $o7ii# indi#nis41l1i,
"ie din $ers$ecti5# teologiei cretine2 'ici 1n# din cele do1 religii n1
ec8i5#le#7 s'r'cia, s$re exe4$l1, nici c1 extinci# cor$or#l, nici c1
ce# si49olic2 D#c n1 4#i $ri5i4 l1cr1rile s19 #s$ect liter#l i deci
4#teri#l, c15intele i in5erse#7 sens1rile i intr4 din no1 n l14e#
$#r#dox1rilor% 5i## 9og#t1l1i nse#4n 4o#rte# ire4edi#9il #
s1"let1l1i, $e c6nd existen# sr#c1l1i este nes"6rit i n $er4#nent
49ogire s$irit1#l2 Model1l 9i9lic l re$re7int legend# l1i Io5 din
,echiul Testament i $ericirea # trei#% <;?ericii cei sr#ci c1
d181l222;= din oul Testament '1 tre91ie Os se nele#g din text1l
$ericirii srcie s1"lete#sc, $otri5it neles1l1i liter#l ori d#torit 1nei
de"or4ri or#le, des#cr#li7#to#re%;sr#c c1 d181l; L $rost2 M#i corect
#r "i s se s$1n ;sr#c ntr1 D18;2 rin sc8i49#re# $re$o7iiei se
rest#1re#7 5#lo#re# se4#ntic # ?ericirii2 Credincios1l se si4te sr#c
"# de 9ogi# in"init # 8#r1l1i di5in i, #se4ene# 1n1i ceretor, se
ro#g necontenit c# S"6nt1l D18 s se re5erse #s1$r# l1i, dr1ind1+, i
ntrind1+,2 Ade5r#t# "ericire st n dorin# 5ie de 4$linire #
49ogirii s1"leteti2 Rs$l#t# se #"l indic#t c1 $reci7ie n "in#l1l
$ericirii # ;222cci #cei# 5or 4oteni 4$ri# cer1rilor;, deci 5or
de5eni ne41ritori2
I#r ne41rire#, c# #s$ect #l existenei, n1 $o#te "i contest#t,
indi"erent d#c o s1$1ne4 1nei #n#li7e r#ion#liste s#1, c1 #t6t 4#i
41lt, 1nei# si49olice2 Se tie c !it1 M#ioresc1 er# #te1 n
con5ingerile s#le $erson#le,+ d#r crede# n ne41rire i #d1ce# n #cest
sens #rg14ente r#ion#liste $er"ect $l#17i9ile2 n te7# s# de doctor#t
#re 1n c#$itol cons#cr#t toc4#i $ro9le4ei ne41ririi, n consens, de
#lt"el, c1 g6ndire# "iloso"ic # 5re4ii2 !e4# n1 # nse4n#t 1n #ccident
de tinereeF e# ,+# $reoc1$#t n re$et#te r6nd1ri i # constit1it o9iect1l
1nor cercetri s$eci#le de 4#t1rit#te -)espre progresul ade.'rului,
)in experien*'/, c6nd intenion# s red#cte7e 1n tr#t#t de $si8ologie i
de 4or#l2 e sc1rt, critic1l de l# ;D1ni4e#; er# de $rere c "#$tele
o41l1i #r "i #cele# c#re i #sig1r ne41rire#2 Ace#st ex$erien
H#r4#nic "#ce s 5#rie7e de l# 1n ins l# #lt1l <de l# o41l 4ediocr1 l#
$erson#lit#te# geni#l= di4ensi1ne# te4$or#l i 14#n #
$ost14itii2 0rice "iin, c6t de nense4n#t, se 91c1r de 4ic# ei
ne41rire2 D1$ 4o#rte# "i7ic, indi5id1l o9in1it r46ne n 4e4ori#
celor #$ro$i#i $e c6t o4enete este nosi9il, contin16nd1+i+se #st"el
existen# n $ost14it#te2 De reg1l Ai se i#rt greelile;, c1 #lte
c15inte se do5edete inteni# gener#l de corect#re i 491ntire #
i4#ginii terestre% A Des$re 4ori, n14#i de 9ine;, se s$1ne n tr#diie,
c# e$ilog #l oricr1i 4o4ent de trecere ;n #lt l14e;2
Ji pri(egia ca moarte, din c1get#re# indi#n cit#t, $o#te "i
redisc1t#t $e $l#n 4or#l i religios2 n tr#dii# istoric ro46ne#sc,
$ri9egi# se #soci#7 c1 nstrin#re#, cee# ce nse#4n tot 1n "el de
4o#rte2 '14ero#se doine de +nstr'inare con"ir4 #ce#st dr#4#tic
re#lit#te etnic2 Din $1nct de 5edere religios, $ri9egi# #re o "in#lit#te
#n14e, din c#re c#17 c#$t o se4ni"ic#ie c1 tot1l no1,
renscto#re2 Este 5or9# de ceretoriile din e$oc# $ost+91dist <ns1i
Eli#de # $r#ctic#t cerit1l s#cr1 n ti4$1l cri7elor religio#se
8i4#l#>ene ce5 #1 1r4#t e$isod1l1i D#sg1$t#= s#1 de $elerin#jele l#
loc1rile de c1lt din $ri4ele secole #le cretinis41l1i $ri4iti52
Gos$od#r1l, o4 c1 5#7 i res$ect#t ntr+o #n14it loc#lit#te, c1
"#4ilie n14ero#s i $rieteni, dr1iete ne5oi#ilor ntre#g#
#gonise#l, de5ine ;sr#c; i $le#c n l14e, c1t6nd #lt 9ogie i
identit#te, s19 se4n1l cr1cii 46nt1ito#re2 Cretinis41l tr#ns"or4
$ri9egi# din 4o#rte n n5iere2 entr1 #ce#st# este neces#r c#
itiner#ri1l s se des"o#re l# loc1rile de c1lt, c#re $er4it
tr#ns"or4#re# existenei $ro"#ne # $elerin1l1i ntr+o re#lit#te
s#cr#li7#t, desc8is, 4c#r il17ori1, ctre eternit#te2 ri9egi# "i1l1i
rtcitor din $#r#9ol n1 #re "in#lit#te n sens1l #rt#t2 E# este 4#i
c1r6nd o rtcire2 ?i1l sl1jete $e I# c#se strine i d1ce o 5i# de
$ier7#nie2 Dete$t#re# l1i se "#ce $rin re5el#ie i #n14e +i aduce
aminte de c#s# $rinte#sc, de locul ales c#re $o#te s+, l14ine7e i
s+, ntre#sc2 !oc4#i de #cee# nto#rcere# nsenine#7 c#s#
$rintel1i s1, ## c14 regsire# dr141l1i ctre credin# #de5r#t
91c1r ini4# !#tl1i de S1s, $entr1 c n1 dorete s se $i#rd l1cr1l
46inilor S#le2
I#t c celor cinci "el1ri de 4o#rte re714#te n Pancatantra li se
$ot #d1g# 41lte #ltele2 A# c14 5i## $o#te "i trit n di"erite
4od1ri, i 4o#rte# c1no#te o in"init#te de sens1ri i $osi9iliti de
ex$eri4ent#re2 '1 n14#i 5i##, d#r i 4o#rte# se l#s trit, n1 n14#i
4o#rte#, d#r i 5i## $o#te "i 1cis2 0ric6nd 1n# o s19stit1ie $e
ce#l#lt, "r # "i resi4it 5reo 4odi"ic#re de esen n st#t1t1l
existenei o4eneti2
Petru 0rsache
PII PIII
'0!A EDICIEI
Se tie c Mirce# Eli#de #5e# inteni# s scrie o c#rte des$re
mitologia mor*ii. Din $c#te, dorin# # r4#s ne4$linitF # re#li7#t
do#r 4icro4onogr#"i# Mioara n'"dr'.an' i #lte c6te5# texte
co4$le4ent#re $ri5ind ;4itologiile 4orii i rit1rile "1ner#re;, n
c#dr1l 1nor c1rs1ri i se4in#rii de l# Uni5ersit#te# din C8ic#go2 A5e#
$1s l# $1nct to#t doc14ent#i# neces#r i $19lic#se 41lt, c8i#r
"o#rte 41lt $e #ce#st te4, nc din #nii tinereii2 De #lt"el, orice
direcie de cercet#re, $rec14 i 4#jorit#te# co4$o7iiilor 9eletristice,
ndeose9i celeAdin e$oc# t6r7ie, do4in#t de nost#lgi# rento#rcerii n
$#trie, $o#rt n nscris1l lor "eno4enologi# 4orii2 Er# s1"icient s
retr#nscrie 4#teri#lele dej# c1nosc1te cititorilor i s le org#ni7e7e
d1$ 1n scen#ri1 $ro$ri1, $entr1 c# "gd1in# "c1t siei s de5in
re#lit#te2
n cee# ce ne $ri5ete, ne+#4 #s14#t risc1l 1nei #se4ene#
ncercri2 Mrt1risi4 c, $e de o $#rte, ni s+# $r1t o o$er#ie si4$l%
"iind c1nosc1t dorin# #1tor1l1i, noi #4 inter$ret#+o c# $e o
de7leg#re test#4ent#r destin#t s sensi9ili7e7e $e orice cititor i
9ene"ici#r #l o$erei 4#rel1i crt1r#r i $#triot ro46n2 n ,(*Q,
de5ene# 4e49r1 #l Societii Scriitorilor Ro46ni, 4$re1n c1
Mi8#il Se9#sti#n i D#n &ott#, din gr1$1l ;Criterion;2 Desci"r6nd #ici
1n se4n $#r#disi#c, el crede# c se #"l# s19 il14in#re# re#li7rii
1r4to#rei serii de o$ere% o c#rte #s1$r# ;M1ntel1i 4#gic;, #lt#
des$re si49olis41l religios, 1n# des$re Meterul Manole, #$oi o
istorie # "iloso"iei indiene, o 4onogr#"ie des$re H#sde1 i, n s"6rit, o
c#rte ;s1r le conce$t de l# 4ort d#ns Ies cro>#nces et le "olHlore
ro14#ins; -Memoires, I, $2-,-=
e de #lt $#rte, 41nc# no#str editori#l # #51t de nt64$in#t
di"ic1lti n1 n14#i n $ri5in# te8nicitii $1nerii n $#gin "ilologic
# text1l1i, ci i d#torit 1nei rs$1nderi gre1 de #s14#t% #ce#st c#rte
n1 re$re7int reedit#re# <tr#nscriere#= 1n1i t%/t $recis deli4it#t i nici
o #ntologie ce $o#te "i re#li7#t d1$ criterii n gener#l 9ine
c1nosc1te2 E# reconstit1ie o $ro9le4#tic, moartea resurec*ional', $e
9#7# 1nor 4#teri#le dis$#r#te i red#ct#te n $erio#de "o#rte ntinse de
5re4e2
A4 pornit d% la id%%a 0i &p%r+# s nu ne "i nel#t= c #rticolele
pu(li$at% d% Mir$%a Eliad% -n anii tin%r%ii au un $ara$t%r nu$l%i$" n
&%n&ul $+ %l% $uprind in nuce t%#%l% 'unda#%ntal% al% #orii
r%&ur%$ional%1 Tot $% a r%da$tat ult%rior a -n&%#nat ad+u2ar% i
3V
#d6ncire, d#r n1 #9#ndon#re# s#1 corect#re# 1nor s1rse doc14ent#re
ori direcii teoretice2 Citi4 n Memoires, I% ;222l# $l1$#rt des idees R1c
jA#i de5elo$$ees d#ns 4es li5res $19lies en "r#nc#is 6 $#rtir de ,(-.
se tro15#ient dej# en ger4e d#ns ce R1e jAecri5#is entre ,(**+,(*(;2
n #cest "el se l41rete nc o d#t <c14 #4 #rt#t i n edii#
no#str, Meterul Mano1e, ;D1ni4e#;, l#i, ,((N=, c Mirce# Eli#Ade
s+# "or4#t c# $erson#lit#te tiini"ic de 4#re $restigi1 4ondi#l $e
teren1l c1lt1rii ro46neti, n $erio#d# inter9elic2 At1nci s+# nc8eg#t
g6ndire# s# tiini"ic, s+#1 cont1r#t te4ele+o9sesii #le cercetrii, s+#
rot1njit i de"initi5#t re$ertori1l $ro9le4#ticii 4itologico+existeni#le,
4o#rte# res1recion#l i cre#to#re re5enind c1 deose9it insisten2
Cititor1l tre91ie s rein c Mirce# Eli#de n1 # $re7ent#t 4o#rte#
n 4od "r#g4ent#r, c14 #$#re n Cartea ti(etan' a mor*ii, #dic
te8nic, descri$ti5 i #ccident#l2 C#rte# $e c#re #4 ntoc4it+o d1$ 1n
$re714$ti5 scen#ri1 eli#desc de75l1ie o ntre#g "eno4enologic #
4orii, c1 to#te, i4$lic#iile ei "iloso"ice, 4et#"i7ice i 4istice2 De
#cee# # tre91it s s19s144, n c1$rins, 1n siste4 1nit#r de te4e, de
l# !8#n#tos l# Eros, de l# ex$eri4ent#re# $si8o4ent#l # 4orii l#
41lti$lele i$ost#7ieri si49olice #le #cestei#2
A4 dorit s 5#lori"ic4, n#inte de to#te, st1diile risi$ite $rin
re5istele din #r, $entr1 o 4#i 91n c1no#tere # te4#tologici
eli#deti, d#t "iind c #cele# $19lic#te 1lterior #1 nce$1t s de5in tot
4#i #ccesi9ile cititor1l1i o9in1it, n1 i celel#lte, din $19lic#iile
inter9elice2 o#te din #ce#st c#17 1nele sec5ene din s14#r1l
5ol141l1i s1nt 4#i sl#9 re$re7ent#te dec6t #4 "i dorit+o2 Erotic#
4istic, s$re exe4$l1, este il1str#t do#r de liter#t1r# t#ntricF
regret4 c n1 #4 #51t $rilej1l s $1nct4, c14 s+#r "i c15enit,
conce$i# cretin des$re 4o#rte i 46nt1ire2 n sc8i49, #4 re7er5#t,
;n c8i$ de concl17ieA, 1n "r#g4ent <dintr+o l1cr#re 4#i ntins= c#re
il1stre#7 1n #s$ect #l indi#nis41l1i, #56nd n 5edere c1nosc1t#
$redilecie # #1tor1l1i $entr1 #ce#st 4#re tr#diie c1lt1r#l i
religio#s2
In tr#nscriere# textelor s+# $roced#t #st"el%
+#4 corect#t t#cit n1 $1inele erori de ti$#r% titl1ri i n14e $ro$rii
greiteF rel#ti51l cari, $re"ixrile eron#te c1 des+ <des9#teBde79#teF
desli$iBde7li$iF desln1iBde7ln1i etcF #4 gener#li7#t "or4ele sunt,
filosofic, tantri2, fol2lor.
+#4 tr#nscris, d1$ ortogr#"i# #ct1#l, geniti5+d#ti5ele de ti$1l%
iu(irei3 literaturer, plasticei, misticei.
+#4 $str#t, c# "or4e $ro$rii scriitor1l1i% lim(agiu, cetitor,
contimporan, +ntunerec, coprins, strein, ridicul, masse, diferen*iare,
pasagiu, tur(ure, comentar, o(icinuit, recun4sci(il, sensorial, senten*',
chimeric, preferit'.
+#4 sc8i49#t, d1$ nor4ele #ct1#le% tr#nsiie, $o7iti5, $o+
siti5it#teF s'l(atic n1 s'l(atec, adaug' n1 adaog', ne+ndur'tor nu ne-
+ndur'tor, imagine n1 imagin', origine n1 origin'
P@I
+#4 #d1g#t 5irg1le ne#$r#t neces#re, d1$ c14 le+#4 o4is $e
cele in1tile2
+#4 $str#t "or4e d19le c#% sanscrit 1 sans2rit3 panteism 1
pantheism3 (ahic 1 (achic3 omeric 1 homeric3 Isus 1 Iisus3 Tiphon 1
Typhon3 5y(los 1 5i(los3 escatologic 1 eshatologic3 e"oteric 1
esoteric.
+#4 res$ect#t scriere# #1tor1l1i, c1 4#j1sc1l, n 1r4to#rele
c15inte% Cosmos, Infern, Cretinism, 6ccident, 6rient, 7's'rit, 8.
Mediu, 7enatere, ordul, 9udul.
C#rte# se #drese#7 t1t1ror c#tegoriilor de cititori2
Editorii
I2 !HA'A!0S
,2 C3RCILE M0RCII
C#rte# 4orilor 2
Credin# ntr+o 5i# c#re 1r4# 4orii i+# "c1t $e egi$teni s+i
49ls4e7e c#d#5rele, "erind1+le #st"el de ni4icnici# 5re4ii2 M14i#
d1ce# s19 $46nt 1n tr#i c#re n1 se deose9e# 41lt de cel terestr1, c1
#cele#i $o"te 5i #cele#i tre91ini2 De #cee# i se #d1g#1 4ort1l1i
46ncri 1sc#te i 5est4inte s#1 se 71gr5e#1 $e $ereii 4or46nt1l1i
41ncile c64$1l1i, "#cere# $6inii, c1les1l str1g1rilor, $rins1l $etel1i,
#dic o$er#iile c#re tre91iesc nde$linite $entr1 # $1te# tri2 n
414ie se $1ne#1 i deose9ite st#t1ete s"inte i t#lis4#ne 4#gice,
$entr1 $#7# 4$otri5# 4ontrilor s19$46nteni s#1 d181rilor rele2
In #cel#i ti4$, 4#i r46ne#1 d1$ 4o#rte s1"let1l -5!/ i ##
n14it1l ;d19l1; -:! s#1 :hai(if/, des$re c#re 5o4 scrie #lt d#t2
S1"let1l n1 d1ce# tot o 5i# s19$46nte#n, ci n71i# s #j1ng n
$#r#dis1l l1i 0siris, n c#re se odi8nesc s1"letele 4orilor2 !oi
41ritorii $1te#1 #j1nge n $#r#dis n#r4#i c1 "or41le 4#gice c#re
s1$1ne#1 $e 7eii "1ner#riF 4#i t6r7i1 ns, inter5enind idee# de
4ort#lit#te, se "ce# o selecie nte4ei#t ji1 $e $1tere# "#r4ecelor de
c#reIdis$1ne# 4ort1l, ci $e (inele c#re l "ce# n 5i#
,
2
In c1rs1l celor #$ro#$e $#tr1 4ii de #ni c6t # d1r#t Egi$t1l istoric,
idee# 5ieii de #$oi # e5ol1#t si4itor2 Din $ricin# #cest1i #4estec de
tr#diii str5ec8i i 4odi"icri recente, $ro9le4# 4orii i 5ieii
5enice # r4#s o9sc1r2 C1 to#te #ceste#, c1no#te4 li4$ede rit1rile
ce tre91i#1 s56rite de s1"let1l 4ort1l1i c# s #j1ng n $#r#dis1l l1i
0siris, 7e1l s19$46nte#n2 e "iece coci1g se scri#1 c#$itole 4#gice
c#re #lct1iesc #st7i cee# ce n14i4 Cartea mor*ilor. Coci1g1rile
4icor6nd1+se c1 ti4$1l i l16nd "or4# o4ene#sc, s$#i1l n+# 4#i
#j1ns i #t1nci s+#1 scris rit1#l1rile 4ort1#re $e $#$ir1s1ri #e7#te n
"## 414iei, c# #ce#st# s se $o#t "olosi de ele n orice nc1rct1r2
Rit1#l1rile #ceste# + c#re #5e#1 l# nce$1t -Q* de #rticole, i#r ordon#te
n ti4$1l Psameticilor <.// 2 C82= r4#ser n14#i c1 ,.Q + se gse#1
de 56n7#re n exe4$l#re de l1x s#1 51lg#re, l# 4eterii 49ls4tori2
Ele $o5estesc dr141l s19$46nte#n #l 4ort1l1i i $#niile l1i $6n
ce este $ri4it n lc#1l l1i 0siris2 Cartea mor*ilor #re toc4#i 4enire#
de # #j1t# $e 4ort s n5ing to#te gre1tile, n5nd1+, "or41le n
"## cror# tot1l s i se s1$1n2
D1$ ce $rsete tr1$1l, s1"let1l 9#te l# $orile celeil#lte l14i, c#
s $orne#sc s$re $#r#dis2 D#r nen14r#i 4ontri, $#rti7#ni #i l1i
9et- Typhon +1cig#1l l1i 0siris+ l #t#c2
C1 #j1tor1l "or41lelor 4#gice i "oldsind1+se de o l1ng s1li
"er4ec#t, 4ort1l i $1ne $e go#n2 '1 sc#$ oc#7i# s+i $cle#sc
c8i#r, c6nd $o#te, 5rj4#ii, strig6nd1+le% ;cee# ce t1 1rti e n
$6ntecele 4e1% e1 #4 46nc#t gr14#71l l1i 0siris% s1nt deci Set
+!>$8on;2 este $1in ns se i5ete 9tr6n1l 7e1 Turn, s$irit1l
oce#n1l1i $ri4iti5, 4$re1n c1 uit, 7ei# cer1l1i i i ;desc8id
$orile cer1l1i $entr1 c # n5ins $orile $46nt1l1i;2 -Cer nse#4n
#ici n1 9olt# $e c#re o 5ede4, ci 9olt# cel1il#lt 8e4is"er
s19$46nte#n=2
!8ot i An19is, 7ei osirieni c#re i19esc i ngrijesc $e o#4enir
cond1c #$oi $6n l# "l15i1l in"ern#l, 1nde o 9#rc i 56sl#1l ei i
s1$1n 1n1i interog#tori1 din c#re s+i de# se#4# d#c 4ort1l
c1no#te s#1 n1 t#inele reg#t1l1i s19$46nte#n2 n Carte scri#% ;0,
$7itor #l 9rcii 4isterio#se, e1 4 gr9esc,Ae1 5in s 5d $e t#tl 4e1
0siris2 C#re+i n14ele 4e1: nt1nerec1l e n14ele t12 C#re+i n14ele
4e1: Cel c#re cl17ete 4#re# 7ei $e #l s1 dr14 e n14ele t12
C#rc+i n14ele 4e1: '1it <cer1l= e n14ele t12;
n $#r#dis, tre91ie s tre#c $rin "## tri91n#l1l1i D1stiiei, ;1nde
o41l se Ades$#rte de $c#tele s#le $entr1 # 4erit# s 5#d "## 7eilor;2
L# nce$1t 4ort1l $1te# in"l1en# 7eii, c#re j1dec#1 "iec#re c6te 1n
#n14it $c#t, $rin rit1ri i "or41le 4#giceF 4#i t6r7i1, ns, idee#
4or#l $er"ecion6nd1+se, j1stii# "1 ncredin#t 1nei 9#l#ne c1 tot1l
o9iecti5e2 !ri91n#l1l er# #lct1it din 0siris, #e7#t n "1nd $e 1n tron,
din !8ot i An19is + c#re $1ne#1 ntr+1n t#ler #l 9#l#nei s1"let1l
4ort1l1i i n cell#lt i4#gine# #de5r1l1i +, din S#it, Do#4n#
Ade5r1l1i i D1stiiei, din cei $#tr17eci i doi de 7ei in"ern#li c#re
"or4#1 j1ri1l i din A4#it <46ncto#re#=, 1n 4onstr1 j14t#te
8i$o$ot#4, j14t#te crocodil, c#re #te$t# s ng8it s1"letele
netre9nice2
C14 intr#, 4ort1l roste# o "r14o#s in5oc#ie ctre j1dectori%
;@ s#l1t, o 5oi $rice$1i n #le Dre$tii, te s#l1t 7e1 4#re, St$6n #l
Ade5r1l1i i #l D1stiiei2 @ #d1c Ade5r1l i #4 ni4icit $entr1 5oi
$c#tele;2 A$oi nir# $c#tele $e c#re nu le+# nde$linit% ;'1 #4
"c1t r1l, n+#4 "$t1it 5iolenF n+#4 "1r#tF n+#4 o4or6t 4ielete
o#4eniF n+#4 c8in1it 5d15#F n+#4 4init n "## tri91n#l1l1iF n+#4
c1nosc1t necredin#F n+#4 "ost neglijentF n+#4 "c1t cee# ce n1 $lce#
7eilorF n+#4 n"o4et#tF n+#4 "c1t s $l6ngF n+#4 1cisF n+#4 l1#t
$6ine# te4$l1l1iF n+#4 "1r#t $rjit1rile de o"r#nd ctre 7ei F n+#4
l1#t $ro5i7iile s#1 "6iile 4orilorF n+#4 sc8i49#t 4n1rile gr6nelor
*
F
etc, etc2;
!8ot, d1n ce 4so#r cele do1 t#lere, scrie re71lt#t1l%
;De"1nct1l # "ost c14$nit n 9#l#n% n1 e gree#l ntr+ns1lF s1"let1l
l1i e $otri5it #de5r1l1i, #c1l c6nt#r1l1i #r#t dre$t cci, "r ndoi#l,
$iesele s#le s1nt $er"ecte;2 Ji #t1nci j1dector1l s1$re4, 0siris, d
5erdict1l% ;De"1nct1l s i#s 5ictorios, c# s $o#t 4erge ori1nde i+#r
$lce#, #$ro#$e de s$irite i de 7ei;2 Ac14 c1no#te n14ele 7eilor, #le
22
celor $#tr1s$re7ece loc1ine, #le celor $#tr1s$re7ece 1i i #le celor
$#tr1s$re7ece $7itoriF to#te i s1nt s19 $1tere# s#2 Se socotete #c14
eg#l c1 0siris% !oi 7eii l nconjo#r i l i19esc, cci el e c# 1n1l
dintr+nii 2
Acest# e, $e sc1rt, co$rins1l C'r*ii mor*ilor. Se gsesc, e dre$t,
41lte re$etri i #d1giri, d#r, c1 to#te #ceste#, nse4nt#te# ei
"iloso"ic+religio#s n1 sc#de ntr1 ni4ic2 C1 #j1tor1l ei c1no#te4 noi
#st7i to#te o9icei1rile de n4or46nt#re, c6t i credinele egi$tenilor
n ce $ri5ete 5i## 5enic2
Acei $1ini "iloso"i $e c#re i #5e# Egi$t1l socote#1 4o#rte# c# $e
ce# 4#i de$lin 5ol1$t#te, o rento#rcere de 41lt #te$t#t n $#tri#
di5in2
entr1 egi$tenii c1li + cci ceil#li n1 nelege#1 ni4ic din Cartea
mor*ilor + 5i## $46nte#sc er# o $ede#$s # $c#t1l1i origin#r, cci
$ri4ii o#4eni s+#1 re5olt#t 4$otri5# l1i R2 @i## er# n14#i o
$1ri"ic#re, c# s1"let1l s se ridice l# nli4e# 4or#l # 7eilor i s se
con"1nde #$oi c1 Di5init#te#, c#re s56rete n14#i Ade5r1l i
Dre$t1l2 ers$ecti5# #ce#st# + de $ierdere # $erson#litii ntr+1n tot
$er"ect + n1 41l14e# ns $e toi egi$tenii2 De #cee# 4iili dintr+nii
s1nt 4el#ncolici i se ndre#$t s$re $lcerile e$ic1riste, cci #ci $e
$46nt s1"let1l n1 se $o#te des56ri, i#r d1$ 4o#rte el se $ierde
ntr+o Di5init#te n c#re contiin# indi5id1l1i n1 $o#te eist#2 De
#cee# no9ilii instr1ii i19e#1 #cest i4n #l 91c1riilor 5ieii% ;s "ie
c6ntec i 417ic n#inte# t# i, nengrijind1+te de rele, n1 g6ndi dec6t
l# $lceri, $6n n 7i1# c6nd tre91ie s $eti $e $46nt1l 7eiei c#re
i19ete tcere#222 G6ndete+te totde#1n# l# #ce# 7i c6nd te 5or ndre$t#
n #r# c#re #4estec o#4eniiF ni4eni n+# $1t1t 5reod#t +i #d1c
91n1rile c1 el i nici 1n1l n1 s+# $1t1t rento#rce;2
23
Liter#t1r# cel1i 4#i religios norod de $e "##
$46nt1l1i
+ 09icei1ri, 4ond#niti, ins$ir#ii i $oe7ie +
str4 #st7i $re# $1ine texte din 49el1g#t# i str5ec8e#
liter#t1r egi$te#n2 #$ir1s1rile $e c#re le #5e4 n ntregi4e n1 ne
de75l1ie dec6t 1n colior dintr+ns# i n1 totde#1n# cel 4#i de
sc#4F i#r inscri$iile de $e 4or4inte n1 "olosesc dec6t istoricilor i
"ilologilor% &ogi# #cee# de 4#n1scrise + c#re necesit#se nc n
ti4$1l din#stiei @I <c#4 NQ// n2 C82= cre#re# 1n1i $ost de ;ngrijitor
#l crilor; + s+# $ierd1t $entr1 totde#1n# n cele dint6i 5e#c1ri #le
Cretinis41l1i2
C1 to#te #ceste#, din cr64$eiele ce ne+#1 r4#s, $1te4 c1no#te
+dest1l de s14#r, t#r ndoi#l, + liter#t1r# cel1i 4#i religios norod din
c6te #1 5ie1it $e "## $46nt1l1i2 '1 4#i nc#$e ndoi#l de l1cr1l
#cest#% 7ei ne571i, c# i $reoi n7estr#i c1 $1teri #sc1nse st$6ne#1
i cl17e#1 #t6t $e no9ilii ce odi8ne#1 n rcoro#sele 5ile din
$ort1rile 'il1l1i, c6t i $e l1crtor1l co$leit s19 41ncile ?#r#on1l1i
i 8rnit c1 ne#gr# $6ine de sec#r2 Egi$tenii er#1 nconj1r#i de 7ei i
st$6nii de sl1jitorii #cestor#, $reoii2 @i## er# $entr1 ei preg'tirea
pentru moarte i $ede#$s# greelii str91nilor, c#re ncerc#ser s
detrone7e $e 7e1l+7eilor+ ;R6, cel c#re s+# nsc1t $e sine;2 '1 1it#1
niciod#t c s1nt "$t1rile 1n1i 7e1, c n+#1 nici 1n dre$t n 5i##
#ce#st# i c "ericire# e n14#i do5#d# 91n5oinei 7eilorF c se
#se#4n 1nor $$1i de ce#r n 46inile $reoilor i 4#rel1i s#cerdot
+ ?#r#on1l + c#re i ei n1 s1nt l# r6nd1l lor #ltce5# dec6t re$re7ent#nii
#cti5i i conti4$or#ni #i 7eilor cre#tori i eterni2 0ric6te ncercri #r "i
tc1t 1n #dor#tor #l Joi41l1i Di5in
Q
, el n1 $1te# sc$# de in"l1enii
4edi1l1i #cel# de s#nct1#rii i 4o46i2 ir#4idele i 4or4intele din
@#le# Regilor er#1 dest1l de #$ro#$e c# s+i #4inte#sc deertci1ne#
5ieii $46nteti% c6ntecele "1ne9re, neo"iii i #sceii te4$lelor c1
t#ine ne$tr1nse, 4#gicienii c#re c1treier#1 1liele 49l6n7ind er$ii
i nc8eg6nd #$ele, #ro4ele s#cre i textele ;$entr1 ieire# l# l14inAA
<Cartea mor*ilor/ - to#te #ceste# n1 "ce#1 dec6t s+i ntre#sc i 4#i
41lt con5ingere# c 5i## n1+i dec6t $rel1di1l 4orii2 Religio7it#te#
#ce#st# n1 er# 1n 4oti5 de 4or#lit#te% egi$tenii se te4e#1 de 7ei, d#r
n1 se te4e#1 s le 1r4e7e ntoc4#i cile cele 91ne $e $46nt2 Ei
ti#1 c $rieten1l o#4enilor, !8ot, c# i 46nt1itor1l lor, 0siris i st#1
oric6nd n #j1tor l# iert#re# $c#telor2 Ei ti#1 c 7eii nii s1nt ro9i
4#giei i c, $osed6nd #rt# oc1lt de # c1no#te numele, #de5r#t1l
n14e, se $o#te o9ine de l# ei orice dorin 2 Din $ricin# #ce#st#2
24
#a2ia %ra at,t d% r+&p,ndit+ -n E2ipt i at,t d% apropiat+ d% r%li2i%"
nsi Cartea mor*ilor, ritualul p%ntru sc$#re# &u'l%tului d% pro(%l%
s19ter#ne, 4#re# ndejde # egi$tenilor c#re n1 $re# res$ect#1 4or#l#,
#re c#$itole ntregi c1 "or41le 4#gice $entr1 st$6nire# $orilor
di5ine din In"ern2 Aj1t#i, deci, de 4#gie i r1gci1ni, egi$tenii $1te#1
c$t# "ericire# etern n #r#dis1l l1i 0siris
)
, c8i#r d#c 5i## lor
$46nte#sc n+#r "i "ost de4n de "ericire# #ce#st#2 Ji, linitii n
$ri5in# 4orii, ei i tri#1 5i## 4#i li9er dec6t 41lte #lte $o$o#re
#ntice2
D#r n1 toi egi$tenii se 41l14e#1 c1 co4$ro4is1l dintre religie
i 4or#lit#te2 Se gse#1 1nii, 4#i c1 se#4 din cl#s# c1lt, c#re
ncerc#1 s $tr1nd 4#i "iloso"ic $ro9le4# #ce#st#2 ntre96nd1+se
#s1$r# "iinei o41l1i i # 7eilor, #s1$r# 5ieii i # 4orii, #j1nge#1 l#
#cele#i rs$1ns1ri $esi4iste din textele s#cre% 5i## o4ene#sc e 1n
joc #l 7eilor, 4o#rte# este sing1r# re#lit#teF 5i## o4ene#sc e $re#
sc1rt i 4inte# M$re# ne$1tincio#s c# s nt6lne#sc #de5r1l, $e c6nd
4o#rte# l c1no#te din ce# dint6i cli$2 ?iloso"1l egi$te#n + c#re n1
r46ne# 4#i $1in egi$te#n, #dic n$dit de 7ei, c# 4#i An#inte
+nelege# ni4icnici# 5ieii, "r # "i 46ng6i#t de ndejde# 4orii, n
c#re ti# c s1"let1l se 5# conto$i c1 s1"let1l l1i 0siris, $ier76nd1+i
ns1ire# ce# 4#i de $re% $erson#lit#te#2 esi4is41l #cest# rese4n#t
#l nele$ilor egi$teni le ndre$t# 5i## ctre 1n 4el#ncolic
e$ic1reis4, c1 tot1l deose9it de cel #l greco+l#tinilor2 etrecerile lor,
"r # "i $re# destr9l#te, #5e#1 o reg1l#rit#te 4#in#l% n1 trece#1
niciod#t $este o #n14it or, c6nd toi o#s$eii se retrge#1 ntr+o
linite des56rit2 Ji #cest d#r de tr#i 49el1g#t i des$re1itor de
g6nd1ri rele s1"erise nr61rire# c#r#cter1l1i 4el#ncolic #l Egi$t1l1i2
L# $etrecerile lor se gse#1 ntotde#1n# c6ntree din 8#r" c#re s
le #4inte#sc
,
nest#tornici# cli$elor2 Ji c6ntreii egi$teni
+ndrgostii de 417ic 4#i 41lt dec6t oric#re #lt $o$or conti4$or#n
+#lct1i#1 c6teod#t #d4ir#9ile 5ers1ri, "iloso"ice i 46ng6ieto#re2
I#t o $ild% ;222 s "ie c6ntec i 417ic n#inte# t# i, nengrijind1+te
de rele, n1 g6ndi dec6t l# $lceri, $6n n 7i1# c6nd 5# tre91i s
$eti $e $46nt1l 7eiei c#re i19ete tcere#222 G6ndete+te totod#t
l# 7i1# c6nd te 5or ndre$t# n #r# c#re #4estec o#4eniiF ni#%ni n-a
putut 5reod#t s+i #d1c 91n1rile c1 el, i nici n1 s+# putut
-ntoar$%111
-ntr-un #se4ene# 4edi1, $oe7i# religio#s tr%(uia &+ &% d%*volt%
#ai #ult dec6t oric#re #lt#2 A5e#1 o s14edenie d% i#nuri" d%
invo$aiuni" d% 'ar#%$% p%ntru toat% n%nu#+rat%l% divinit+i al%
E2iptului1 4%ii 'iind $r%atori i v%ni$i" oa#%nii" $ar% &unt $r%ai i
tr%$+tori" nu pot av%a 'a+-l% d%$,t un &%#n d% adorare*. Ei nu pot
$%r$%ta" anali*a" ni$i nu -ndr+*n%&$ a l% $%r% vr%odat+ (un+voina" $i"
pl%$ai -n 'aa &tatuii -#pi%trit%" %i $,nt+ $u 2la& tr%#ur+tor)
.Tu t% d%t%pi" (in%'+$+tor" !##on - R, - 5ar#a67i&8
9
tu t%
d%t%pi" triu#'+tor" !##on -R," do#n al $%lor dou+ ori*onturi8 O8
(in%'+$+tor" &tr+lu$itor" &$lipitor8 V,&l%&$ luntraii t+i" a$%ia $ar% &unt
9:
!67i#u-Urdu8 !1 iei, te ridici, c1l4ine7i n 9ine"ctor,
cl17ind1+i 9#rc# $e c#re cltoreti, din $or1nc# s15er#n # 4#icei
t#le '1it, n "iec#re 7iT !1 treci $rin cer1l de s1s i 5rj4#ii ti s1nt
ni4iciiT !1 i ntorci "## s$re #s"init1l $46nt1l1i i #l cer1l1iF
tr#inice i s1nt o#sele t#le, 4ldio#se 4d1l#rele t#le, $#l$it6nd de
5i# crn1rile t#le, 14"l#te de se5 5inele t#leF s1"let1l t1 se
ngrijore#7 de 91c1rieT222;
Lit#ni# se contin1 descri$ti5, n 4#i 41lte 7eci de 5ers1ri2
Mrei# So#rel1i, c#re se #56nt n l1ntre $e oce#n1l ceresc, 4#ic+s#
'1it t1r91r #t6t de 41lt s1"letele #dor#torilor, nc6t li4itele "ireti se
terg, di4ensi1nile cresc ns$i46nttor i senti4ent1l n1 4#i $o#te
"i ex$ri4#t dec6t $rin si49ol1ri2 ?r#7ele s1nt 4onotone, c1 #cel#i
se4n de excl#4#re l# s"6rit, c1 #cel#i ;!1; $rel1ng i re$et#t ntre
#djecti5e #ne5oie de tl4cit n li49ile 4oderne
,
;2 C8e4rile
$rel1ngi s1nt ntrer1$te $e #loc1ri c1 5ers1ri de tri14" i 91c1rie,
sc1rte, rit4#te, ti$ice, c# #ceste#%
A1ternic este R6% ne$1tincios nelegi1it1lT
n#lt este R6% stri5it n $icio#re nelegi1it1lT
!riete R6% 4ort e nelegi1it1lT
M#re este R6% 4ic nelegi1it1lT
St1l este R6% n"o4et#t nelegi1it1lT
Ad$#t este R6% nset#t nelegi1it1lT
L14inos este R6% nt1necos nelegi1it1lT
&1n este R6% r1 nelegi1it1lT
1ternic este R6% sl#9 nelegi1it1lT
R6 exist % A$o$ e ni4icit 2
Mrei# l1i R6 e #c14 st#tornic 5dit "# de ne$1tin#
scr6nito#re de dini # #r$el1i in"ern#l A$o$
,,
, c#re n "iece no#$te
#4enin s+, ng8it2
I4n1l nir #$oi 4in1nile i erois41l l1i R6, "r c# s+i
sc8i49e c#r#cter1l descri$ti5%
;Joi4 s"6nt, c1 #ri$# "1lgerto#re% ?enix c1 nen14r#te c1loriF
Le1 ne4s1r#t c#re exist $rin el ns1i i c#re desc8ide cile 9rcii
SoHtitF
Rcnet1l t1 7dro9ete d14#nii, n ti4$ ce t1 "#ci s n#inte7e
ne4s1r#t# l1ntreF
0#4enii te in5oc, 7eii se te4 de tineF t1 #i lo5it "eele
5rj4#ilor ti, etc, etc2;
,N
I4n1l se s"6rete $rintr+1n 5ers de ex#lt#t 91c1rie% ;!1 #i 5enit,
t1 #i desc8is dr141rile, t1 #i trec1t $rin crrile 5enicieiT;
A4 tl4cit din 91c#t# #ce#st# liric n14#i cr64$eiele c#re
5desc adorai%" ls6nd l# o $#rte cele c#re ceP snt#te# i 5ictori#
;araonului1 C#r#cter1l $ri4iti5 #l i4n1l1i n+# "ost ru2a 0$%r%r%a<" ci
adoraia1 4%ul a "ost la -n$%put tabu, adi$+ ce5# inter"is - i nu#ai
dup+ a$%%a totem, n neles1l de proteguitor al 4e49rilor #ar%lui
tri( i d% la $ar% s+#r put%a o9ine c6te ce5# $rin ru2+$iuni i d#r1ri2
N.
Egi$tenii + n ci1d# t1t1ror tri#delor i 4on#delor #lct1ite de
$reoi + c6nd #dres#1 o cerere 1n1i o#rec#re 7e1, nto5rind+o c1
d#r1ri, n1+i dde#1 niciod#t 5#lo#re# l1i #n14it n In"ern s#1 Cer, ci
l n14e#1 cel $er"ect i st$6n1l celorl#li2 Ace#st# ori din grij# de # "i
9ine $ri4it cerere#, ori dintr+o conce$ie 4onoteist
,-
# di5initii $e
c#re o #5e#1 $reoii, "1ritorii #cestor r1gci1ni i i4n1ri2
I#t, de $ild, 1n "r#g4ent dintr+o in5oc#ie ctre 0siris, Ee1l
In"ern1l1i + d#t6nd din din#sti# # PIP+#%
;Mrire ie Un1"r1, M6nt1itor1le, c#re te ntinereti $e tine ns1i%
t1 #i l1#t insignele so#rel1i2 Mrire ie c#re te #ri c# 1n regeT !1 i+#i
nc1n1n#t "r1nte# c1 di#de4;2
C#4 #cele#i c#li"ic#ti5e se #drese#7 i 7e1l1i so#rel1i, R62 De
#se4ene#, i#t lit#niile $entr1 J1, So#rele din ti4$1l 7ilei%
;!1 eti 4#i 4#re, t1 eti 4#i ne4rginit dec6t 7eii, n n14ele t1
de re#+M#re 7e1, !1 eti 4#i n#lt dec6t cer1l222 0, "iin c#re i+#i
"1rit $ro$ri1j t1 tr1$T 0, do4n 1nic ieit din '1nT 0, s19st#n
1nic cre#t din e# nsiT;, etc222
Alt d#t, i4n1l #n#li7e#7 $rticic c1 $rticic $1terile i
ns1irile 7e1l1i, 4oti56nd1+i #st"el #dor#i#2 A#d#r, 1n $rogres
$si8ologic, d1$ c14 se 5ede n l#1dele #ceste# #d1se l1i 0siris% ;se
ngrijete de to#te i $o#te $or1nci cer1l1i i $46nt1l1i222
El e cel 4#i 56rstnic, cel dint6i dintre "r#ii si, e"1l 7eilorF el e
#cel# c#re s1sine dre$t#te# n cele do1 l14i i c#re $1ne $e "i1 n
sc#1n1l $rintel1i s1F el e l#1d# !#tl1i s1 Se9, dr#goste# 4#4ei
s#le '1F re#+5ite#7, el do9o#r nec1r#t1lF de nen5ins, el i
4celrete d14#niiF se "#ce te41t de cel ce l 1rteF c1te7tor,
$icio#rele s#le se ridicF el e "i1l l1i Sele, do4nind #s1$r# celor do1
l14i2;
I4n1l contin1 s $o4ene#sc to#te ns1irile l1i 0siris i o$er#
de ci5ili7#re l# c#re # "ost #j1t#t de sor# i soi# s#, Isis2 Aj1nge c8i#r
s "ie n#r#ti5, ne4#i#dres6nd1+se de+# dre$t1l 7e1l1i, glori"ic6nd1+i
n14#i $1terile2
ntre#g# $rod1cie liric+religio#s er# #lct1it de s#cerdoi i de
scri9i c#re "1seser inii#i n 4#rile te4$le2 De #cee# se i gsesc n
i4n1rile #ceste# dest1l de ntinse er1diii religio#se i #t6te# $#s#gii
o9sc1re2 C1 to#te c ele + n "or4# $e c#re o #5e4 #c14 noi + er#1
$ls41ite #n14e $entr1 cei neinii#i, se streco#r, $e ici $e colo,
"r6nt1ri c#re #4intesc esoteris41l egi$te#n2 A$oi, 41lte din
in5oc#iile i #dor#iile de $e 4or4inte er#1 scrise ntr+1n li49#gi1
si49olic i t#inic, c#re n1 $o#te "i neles nici de ctre n5#ii
4oderni2
oe7i# religio#s #5e#, #$oi, 41lte $1ncte de cont#ct c1 4#gi#,
c#re l1# o $#rte #t6t de #cti5 l# 46nt1ire# egi$tenilor2 A1torii #cestor
"or41le i i4$rec#i1ni er#1 4#gii s#1 c8i#r $reoii2 nsi Cartea
mor*ilor - d1$ c14 #4 4#i s$1s + e 4$n#t c1 4#gis4, "#$t c#re
ne silete s n1 o #n#li74 n $#ginile #ceste2
2N)
!l4ci4 ns c6te5# 5ersete si49olice i oc1lte dintr+1n $#$ir1s
4#gic%
;A$ro$ie+te d% 4ine, o, st$6n1l 7eilorT
De$rte#7 de 4ine leii 5enii de $e $46nt, crocodilii ieii din
"l15i1, g1r# t1t1ror re$tilelor 41cto#re, ieite din g1rile lorT
0$rete+te, crocodil M#H
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, "i1 #l l1i Set8T '1 $l1ti c1 co#d# t#T '1
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n#inte# t#T S1li# celor #$te7eci i #$te de 7ei e n oc8i1l t1T !1,
c#re #i "ost leg#t c1 legt1ri de 4et#l n#inte# l1ntrii l1i 8r#2
0$rete+te, crocodil M#H, "i1 #l l1i Set8F cci e1 s1nt A44on, cel
c#re i+# "c1t 4#ic#T;
Ar tre91i s intr4 n $re# 41lte #4n1nte 4itologice i oc1lte i
s cit4 $re# 41lte texte c# s l41ri4 legt1rile dintre 4#gi# i
$oe7i# egi$te#n
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2 'e 4rgini4, de #cee#, s tr#d1ce4 nc 1n 1lti4
"r#g4ent, n c#re #1tor1l, c# s $o#t nc8eg# #$ele, i# $e r6nd n14ele,
celor 4#i de se#4 7ei, i 91ni i ri, ns1ind1+i $rin #ce#st# $1terile
;'1 "i 4$otri5# 4e#T E1 s1nt A44on2 S1nt An81r, 5rednic1l
$7itor2 S1nt 4#rele st$6n #l s9ieiT '1 te ridic#T S1nt Mont8T '1
ncerc# s s1r$rin7iT S1nt !>$8onT '1 d1ce 9r#ele 4$otri5+4iT
S1nt Sot8isT '1 te #tingeT S1nt SetT222;
,)
0 c#rte # 4orilor
Jti4 dest1le des$re idee# $e c#re i+o "ce#1 o#4enii, $rin
5e#c1ri, #s1$r# 4orii2 Jti4, de $ild, c $entr1 ;$ri4iti5i;, c# i
$entr1 #si#tici, n1 exist 4o#rte n#t1r#lF e# se d#torete ntotde#1n#
5re1n1i #ccident, 5re1n1i #ct 5rjitoresc s#1 r791nrii di5ine2 D#r
s1nt 1nele l1cr1ri 41lt 4#i interes#nte $ri5ind #cest "eno4en
ire5ersi9il i des$re el ti4 nc "o#rte $1in2 S1nt ##+n14itele tr#t#te
#s1$r# ;#rtei de # 41ri;, c# de $ild 4edie5#lele o$1sc1le )e arte
Moriendi <edit#te #t6t de "r14os de ?2M2M2Co4$er, The 5oo2 ofthe
Craft of )ying, London, ,(,)= s#1 $ori1ne# Pretash-raddha din
;aruda Purana, c# s n1 4#i $o4eni4 de c1nosc1t# Carte a mor*ilor
egi$te#n i de "r#g4entele esc#tologice or"ice2 Exist n1 ti4 ce
"#scin #d4ir#9il n #ceste cri c#re n5# te8nic# 4orii, #dic #rt# de
# trece 5ictorios #goni# de $e 1r4, de # 9ir1i te#4# #ni4#l i # ls#
s1"let1l s+i nce#$ cltori# + i4#gin#t de "iec#re con"or4
$regtirii l1i religio#se2 Din $1nct de 5edere #ntro$ologic, crile
#ceste# s1nt #de5r#te cla.is a(sconditorunr, 4i se $#re c idee# $e
c#re i+o "#ce o c1lt1r s#1 1n $o$or des$re 4o#rte l14ine#7
nde#j1ns 5#lorile i orient#re# lor n 5i#2
I#t c, $rin tr1d# 1n1i n5#t ti9et#n i # 1n1i 8#rnic engle7 de l#
0x"ord, #5e4 #st7i nc 1n tr#t#t des$re #rt# de # 41ri, de #st d#t
co4$let i o9sc1r, ## c14 e ntre#g# liter#t1r # $o$or1l1i #cel1i#
t#inic2 E 5or9# des$re 1n 4#n1scris ti9et#n 5ardo Thodol s#1
M!ntuirea prin <u"ire +n planul.post-mortem AO, tr#d1s de L#4# G#7i
D#U#+S#4d1$ i edit#t, co4ent#t, #dnot#t de S2V2E5#ns+Sent7, 1n
doctor n litere de l# 0x"ord c#re s+# 4#i oc1$#t de l1cr1ri ti9et#ne i
# $19lic#t o "o#rte "r14o#s tr#d1cere din Mil#re$#2 C#rte# # #$r1t n
,(N)% The Ti(etan 5oo2 ofthe )ead <0x"ord Uni5ersit> ress, N(/
$2= i # st6rnit o#rec#re 7go4ot $rintre orient#liti, n1 #t6t $entr1
conin1t1l ei, c6t $entr1 inter$ret#re# c#4 incert # l1i E5#ns+Sent72
Ac14, $entr1 # $1ne l1cr1rile l# $1nct, L#4# S#4d1$ er# ti9et#n,
i c1note# li49# i o9icei1rile, st1di#se $r#cticile 4#gice #le sectei
Gorg>1$t# i se rele5#se dest1l $rin er1dii# l1i $onder#t c# s "ie
n14it $ro"esor de i9e#n l# Uni5ersit#te# din C#lc1tt# <de l# ,(N/ l#
,(NN, c6nd # 41rit din c#17# cli4ei=2 nc din ti4$1l 5ieii, L#4#
S#4d1$ # $19lic#t 1n 4#re Dicion#r !i9et#n+Engle7 <edii#
Uni5ersit> o" C#lc1tt#= i+ edii# ti9et#n c1 tr#d1cere engle7 # 1n1i
"o#rte interes#nt text t#ntriH, 9hrica2rasam(h!ra <5oi2 II din Tantri2
Texts, M#dr#s, ,(,(=2
n cee# ce $ri5ete $e editor i co4ent#tor, se $#re c "#nte7i#
nutrit+ d% o$ulti&# -l 'a$% ad%&%a s %/a2%r%*%" 'i% $,nd indu$%" din
si4il#rit#te# cere4oni#l1l1i 4ort1#r i egi$te#n o s1rs 1nic, "ie
c6nd nce#rc s ex$lice #n14ite "#$te #ccesi9ile n14#i 1n1i
orient#list de 4eserie2 As1$r# 5#lorii crii i co4ent#ri1l1i, #4
cons1lt#t trei 4#ri #1toriti n ti9et#nis4% $e $ro"2 D#cR1es &#cot, de
l# Coltege de ?r#nce, $e Vo8#n @#n M#nen, secret#r1l Societii
Asi#tice din &eng#l i $e $ro"2 !1cci, de l# Uni5ersit#te# din Ro4#2
Cel dint6i #cce$t n14#i tr#d1cere#F cel din 1r4 gsete tr#d1cere#
incert, i#r co4ent#ri1l #9s1rd2 'e"iind e1 ns14i 1n ti9et#nist, #4
in1t s+4i $1n cetitorii n g#rd2 M#i #les c de l# #cei l#4#s nt6lnii
$rin ,(N(, l# 4nstire# de $e "rontier# SiHHi41l1i, n+#4 #"l#t ni4ic2
!i$rit1ri din 5ardo Thodol se gsesc dest1le $rin SiHHi4, i c8i#r n
D#rjeeling2 Dintr+1n 9#7#r din G814, #4 c14$r#t e1 ns14i, $entr1
&i9liotec# din G#si49#7#r
,(
, cinci ediii di"erite, dintre c#re 1n#,
"o#rte "r14o#s, ti$rit n le4n de G>#ntse <9locH+$rint de !i9et=2
Aceste $reli4in#rii gener#le "iind nc8ei#te, $1te4 trece l#
disc1t#re# 4#n1#l1l1i 2de t8#n#tologie ti9et#n, #l cr1i interes
#ntro$ologic e indisc1t#9il, orice inter$ret#re i+#r d# $se1do+
oc1ltis41l 4odern2 A
5ardo Thodol e o cere4onie $rin c#re se ntrete s1"let1l
4ort1l1i n cele $#tr17eci de 7ile 1r46nd deces1l1i i c#re constit1ie,
$entr1 ti9et#ni, o st#re inter4edi#r =5ardo, n s#nsHrit anthar'(h'.a/
ntre contiin# 5ieii i contiin# 4orii2 n #cest rsti4$, s1"let1l
trece o serie de ex$eriene c#re n1 #$#rin nici #cestei l14i
"eno4en#le, nici 9e#tit1dinii $ro$ri1+7ise # existenei contiinei <r#i1l
<mit'(ha, n conce$i# mahayanic!/. D#c o41l n+# c1nosc1t
4edit#iile i #sce7# 91dist n ti4$1l 5ieii, d#c el n+# neles
ire#lit#te# "1nci#r # "eno4enelor, d#c, ntr+1n c156nt, # d1s o 5i##
si4$l o4ene#sc, ## c14 d1ce #$ro#$e ntreg !i9et1l + el se 5# tre7i
n st#re# ;inter4edi#r; "r nici o orient#re, "r nelegere, $r#d#
s$#i4ei #ni4#lice i, or9it de e#, 5# co9or din no1 n 5i#,
ntr1$6nd1+se2
5ardo Thodol #1 toc4#i sco$1l de # #$r# s1"let1l contr# #cestor
de7orientri i s$#i4e i de #+, ndre$t# ctre R#i1l A4it98#, ctre
'ir5#n# 4#8#>#nic2 E, c1 #lte c15inte, o ini*iere post-niortem. D#c#
o41l n+# #51t ti4$ s+i c1no#sc "iin# <4et#"i7icete 5or9ind= n
5i#, el o 5# c1no#te n 4#re# ex$erien # #gonieiF i#r d#c n1 o
c1no#te nici #t1nci, l#4# citete din 5ardo Thodol i el n5# $ost+
4orte42
S1nt, n #cest cere4oni#l, i ele4ente $re+91diste, de 4#gie $1r
-(on-pa ti9et#ni=, i in"l1ene 91diste, cci !i9et1l s+# con5ertit l#
91dis41l 4#8#>#nic de l# nce$1t1l E51l1i Medi12 De #cee# e #t6t de
interes#nt $entr1 o #ntro$ologie c1lt1r#l # Asiei2 Se $r#ctic o
s#l5#re 5oit, de l# dist#n, s56rit de ctre $1tere# 4#gic #
cere4oni#l1l1i 5ardo, cetit de l#4# ti4$ de -( de 7ile2
entr1 # $1te# nelege cele ce 5or 1r4#, tre91ie s s$1ne4 c
4#n1#l1l 4$#rte st#re# A inter4edi#r; n trei stri $rin c#re s1"let1l
*/
4ort1l1i tre91ie s tre#c2 ri4#, d1r6nd trei 7ile% j14t#te de l#
4o4ent1l 4orii, se n14ete Chi2hai 5ardo <tr#nscri1 "onetic #ceste
ex$resii ti9e#ne=, #dic ;st#re# tr#n7iion#l # 4o4ent1l1i 4orii;, n
c#re ti4$ ;s1"let1l; n1+i d se#4# c e 4ort, ci exist c# ntr+o
tr#ns, "r s #i9 ex$erien# des$ririi de tr1$2 Al doile# st#di1,
n14it Chonyid 5ardo, ;st#re# tr#n7iion#l # ex$erienei re#litii;,
dete#$t n ;s1"let; o ex$erien H#r4ic <5o4 ex$lic# nd#t
ter4en1l, con"or4 c1 4#n1#l1l=2 n s"6rit, n #l treile# st#di1, 9idpa
5ardo, ;st#re# tr#n7iion#l # renc#rnrii;, s1"let1l se #$ro$ie i, n
cele din 1r4, se con"1nd ntr+o no1 existen2
D1$ c14 #4 s$1s, rol1l cere4oni#l1l1i e de # 4$iedic#
renc#rn#re# s1"let1l1i i #+l ndre$t# ctre $#r#dis1l l1i A4it98#2
D#r, d#c #ce#st# n1 se $o#te, d#c s1"let1l e ns$i46nt#t de
ex$erienele "#nt#stice #le #cestei cltorii $ost+4orte4 + #t1nci l#4#
nce#rc cel $1in s+i "ixe7e o renc#rn#re 4#i 91n2
De l# st#di1 l# st#di1 se trece $rintr+o tr#ns $ro5i7orie, ce5#
#n#log $roces1l1i n#terii2 De #lt"el #n#logi# n1 e s1$er"ici#lF
cere4oni#l1l, d1$ c14 5o4 5ede#, d $rescri$ii ex#cte $entr1 "el1l
c14 tre91ie o9in1t #ce#st # do1# n#tere # s1"let1l1i, $entr1 #
$1te# $tr1nde n R#i1l l1i A4it98#2 Cin6nd se#4# de $1nct1l de
5edere 4#gic din c#re se $1ne, $roiect1l #cest# de # #cion# #s1$r#
s1"let1l1i n1 e #9s1rd2 D#r s1nte4 n14#i l# nce$1t1l #cest1i 4#n1#l
de iniiere2
Cartea mor*ilor ti(etan'. Agoni# i trecere#
C6nd # nce$1t #goni#, lama din j1r1l 41ri91nd1l1i #re grij s+,
$stre7e tre#7 i contient, $entr1 # trece n 4o#rte l1cid i c1r#jos2
D#c #do#r4e, i se $rese#7 #rterele i e dete$t#tF cci, n conce$i#
ti9et#n, ;s1"let1l; <"or# 5it#l, energi# #ni4ic= tre91ie s i#s $rin
(r'hmarandhra <s1d1r# cr#ni#n n14it n 4edicin ;"or#4en1l l1i
Monro;=
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, i#r n1 $rin #lte ori"icii2 De #cee# contiin# i l1cidit#te#
n1 tre91ie s+, $rse#sc nici o cli$2
n ti4$1l #cest#, #$ro#$e de 1rec8e, lama c#re i+# "ost gurii i
recit de 4#i 41lte ori #ce#st "or41l% ;0, no9ile nsc1t <n14ele
res$ecti5=, # 5enit #c14 ti4$1l s c#1i C#le# Re#litii2 Rs1"l#re# t#
e #$ro#$e s ncete7e2 ;uru te+# #e7#t "# n "# c1 L14in#
Li4$ede i #c14 eti g#t# s+o c1noti re#l n st#re# de 5ardo, 1nde
to#te l1cr1rile s1nt #se4ene# cer1l1i deert i "r nori, i#r intelect1l
n1d, c1r#t e #se4ene# 1n1i tr#ns$#rent 5#c114 "r circ14"erin i
"r centr12 n #ce#st cli$, c1no#te+te $e tine ns1i% i r46i n #ce#
st#re2 E1 te #e7 #c14 "# n "# c1 Re#lit#te#; =5ardo, tr#d2, $2(,=
Se re$et s"#t1l #cest#, ;#st"eD c# s i se i4$ri4e n 4inte;, c14
s$1ne text1l2 '1 tre91ie s 1it4 c e o iniiere 4#gic i 1rgent,
c8i#r in $r#g1l l14ii de dincolo, i 1n s"#t 91n, nde$linit c14 tre91ie
"#ce c6t o ntre#g ed1c#ie religio#s2 De #cee# lama l nde#4n s#
n1+i "ie te#4 de cele ce 5# 5ede# n $ri4ele 7ile de 5i# $ost+
4orte4, cci 5edeniile 7eilor 9l6n7i s#1 t1r9#i n1 s1nt #ie5e#, ci
$l741iri de #le contiinei2 S1"let1l 5# 5ede# i 5# #sc1lt# o ntre#g
dr#4 + d#r $erson#giile i #ci1ne# n1 s1nt reale n sens1l 4et#"i7ic
#l c156nt1l1i <re#l, $entr1 c &1dd8is41l 4#8#>#nic n1 e dec6t
'ir5#n# i &1dd8#, i nc222=, ci #1 o existen rel#ti5, $#s#ger,
$ro4o5#t i n1trit de s$#i4ele, s1$erstiiile, ignor#n# contiinei
o4eneti2 041l 5# 5ede# i 5# s1"eri $ost+4orte4 cee# ce i+#
nc8i$1it s#1 # g6ndit des$re Mo#rte i Religie n ti4$1l 5ieii2 D#r
#ceste# s1nt n14#i 5edenii, il17ii, s$#i4e2 Cel c#re tie $ri5i, cel1i
c#re n1 i e te#4, cel c#re nelege ontologic + trece st#re# de 5ardo
n c6te5# ce#s1ri, n c6te5# 7ile s#1 c8i#r <c14 e c#71l yoshinilor/
inst#nt#ne1, de l# 5i# l# 'ir5#n#, "r inter4e77o (ardo.
Cetire# 4#n1#l1l1i "1ner#r, c14 #4 4#i s$1s, 1r4rete toc4#i
#ce#st dete$t#re # s1"let1l1i l# ;re#lit#te;, dete$t#re# l1i din 5is2 Ji
5i## i st#re# de (ardo, ntre do1 5iei, s1nt 1n 5isF cci, n conce$i#
4#8#>#nic, to#te "eno4enele s1nt rel#ti5e i il17orii + "ie ele
"eno4ene di1rne, "ie 5i7i1ni $ost+4orte4 + i#t, #de5r#t# re#lit#te n1
e dec6t 'ir5#n#, 9e#tit1dine ine"#9il, tr#nscendent, st#tic2
C6nd deces1l e cert, se i7gonesc din c#4er# 4ort1#r r1dele i
32
$rietenii, i#r 4ort1l se n"o#r c1 $6n7e i se ##7 ntr+o $o7iie
e49rionic <c1 gen1nc8ii str6ni l# g1r s#1 c1 $icio#rele ncr1ci#te
>og8ic= + si49ol1l trecerii n #lt l14e, se4n1l n#terii l1i n st#re de
(ardo. Se o"er 8r#n 4ort1l1i c6t ti4$ c#d#5r1l r46ne n od#ie,
#dic de l# do1 $6n l# trei 7ile j14t#teF #$oi, c6nd c#d#5r1l # "ost
scos <i #rs s#1 ngro$#t s#1 491cit i d#t $srilor, etc, cci
ti9et#nii dis$1n de 4#i 41lte sol1ii 4ort1#re=, se o"er 8r#n e"igiei
l1i ti4$ de -( de 7ile2 Acest# e 1n det#li1 i4$ort#nt, #cest 41lti$l1 #l
l1i ), $e c#re l 5o4 regsi i n #lte ;cri #le 4orilor;=2 n tot ti4$1l
celor -( de 7ile, se citesc seci1nile res$ecti5e din 5ardo Thodol
conco4itent c1 cltori# s1"let1l1i $e ce# l14e2 L# ter4in#re#
rit1rilor "1ner#re, e"igi# se #rde i, dd$ c1lo#re# i direci# "lcrii, se
g8icete so#rt# $ost+4orte4 # deced#t1l1iF d#c se 5# ntr1$# c1r6nd
s#1 d#c # #j1ns n #lte $l#n1ri de existen2
Ce se nt64$l n ti4$1l #cest# c1 s1"let1l: 5ardo Thodol i
1r4rete cltori# i l #j1t n ncercrile nd1r#te, #4intind1+i
ntr+1n# c n+#re de ce s se te#4, c tot 9inele i tot r1l nt6lnit
#colo, n st#re# de (ardo, n1 s1nt dec6t $ro$riile l1i s$#i4e i 91c1rii,
i4$1ls1ri intelect1#le ce se $ersoni"ic "or4#l i se dr#4#ti7e#7 n
st#re# de 5is $ost+4orte4, con"or4 c1 nenelesele i #$sto#rele legi
#le 2armei.
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c1"1nd n #$;2 Acest# e $ri41l si4$to4 #l contiinei 4orii, crei#
i 1r4e#7 o sen7#ie de rce#l ce se tr#ns"or4 gr#d#t n #ri, ;#$#
c1"1nd6nd1+se n "oc;2
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n s"6rit, o sen7#ie c# i c14 tr1$1l s+#r
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s1"l 4ere1 n 1rec8e% ;0T no9ile+nsc1t, concentre#7+te222F e ce#s1l
4orii222 nce#rc s+i #4inteti orice $r#ctic e5l#5io#s $e c#re er#i
o9in1it s o nde$lineti n 5i#222 oT no9ile+nsc1t, #sc1lt2 Ac14 t1
ex$eri4ente7i R#di#re# l14inii cl#re # Re#litii $1re2 Rec1no#te+oT
08T no9ile+nsc1t, intelect1l t1, 5#c11 n #de5r#t# l1i esen, "r
"or4 n cee# ce $ri5ete c#r#cteristicile s#1 c1lo#re#, $rin "ire# l1i
5id, el e #de5r#t# Re#lit#te, &inele tot <n s#nHrit% )hamm-)h'tu
9amanta-5hadra, ntr1$#re# l1i )harma :'ya, $ri4# st#re #
4#ni"estrii l1i &1dd8#=222 Intelect1l t1 e #de5r#t# contiin,
&1dd8#2 Contiin# t#, strl1cito#re, 5#c1 n1 #re nici n#tere, nici
4o#rte, i e# e nsi L14in# 'esc8i49to#re, &1dd8# A4it8#9#222 E
dest1l s tii #ceste#2 Rec1nosc6nd c 5#c1it#te# intelect1l1i t1 e
c8i#r esen# l1i &1dd8#, 5ei r46ne t1 ns1i n st#re# de ;Minte
di5in # l1i &1dd8#; <$2 (-+(.=2
D#c s1"let1l # #51t tri# ;s $ri5e#sc n "# re#lit#te#;, s
nele#g identit#te# contiinei s#le c1 &1dd8#, s n1 "ie or9it de
il17iile s19contient1l1i s1 i de 4ir#j1l dr#4#tic es1t de 5i## l1i
4ent#l + trece direct n st#re# in$ron1nci#9il # 'ir5#nei2 D#r c#71l
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#cest# e "o#rte r#r2 De o9icei, s1tlet1l e 7$cit i nt1nec#t de $ri4ele
ex$eriene $ost+4orte42 El n1 #re tri# s rec1no#sc rel#ti5it#te# i
5#c1it#te#2 R46ne #lt1ri de tr1$ i i se $#re c n1 # 41rit2 i
contin1 existen# $rintre "eno4ene2 Se ntre#9% ;S1nt 4ort s#1 n1
s1nt 4ort:; <$2 (W=2
At1nci lama nelege c s1"let1l # trec1t n # do1# st#re, n14it
Chi2hai 5ardo <;L14in# cl#r de # do1# 46n 571t i4edi#t d1$
4o#rte;= i nce$e rit1rile i $o5eele c# s+, #j1te s sc#$e cel $1in n
#cest st#gi1 de Asete# de existen; i s+, sile#sc s# r46n ntr+1n
$l#n s1$erior $l#n1l1i existenei 14#ne2
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7eitilor cos4ice, $e c#re n1 le+# rec1nosc1t c s1nt n14#i "#nt#s4e
i de c#re se 5# #$ro$i# c1 te#4 s#1 c1 91c1rie, dei #r "i $1t1t s le
de$e#sc i s+i "ixe7e 4inte# n sing1r# re#lit#te, n &1dd8#2
Cartea mor*ilor ti(etan'. R#i1l i I#d1l
C6nd ce# dint6i $erio#d $ost+4orte4 s+# nc8ei#t i s1"let1l se
dete#$t ntr+o l14e de "#nt#stice #$#riii, de 7eiti 91ne i rele, de
7ei cos4ici, etc2 nce$e # do1# $erio#d din ex$erien# strii de (ardo,
n14it Chonyid-5ardo. nd#t ce 5# l1# contiin de, no1# l1i st#re,
s1"let1l 5# excl#4#% ;Ce s+# nt64$l#t:; <$2 ,/Q=2 El n1+i d, nc,
se#4# de c#r#cter1l H#r4ic #l l14ii "#nt#stice n c#re nce$e s intre2
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;@ei #17i s1net1l n#t1r#l #l re#litii, rs1n6nd c# o 4ie de
tr7nete $ogor6te deod#t2 Acest# e s1net1l n#t1r#l #l #de5r#t1l1i t1
s1"let2 '1 te inti4id#, n1+i "ie te#4, n1 te s$i46nt# l# #171l l1i2
!r1$1l $e c#re l #i #c14 n1 e tr1$ $ro$ri1+7is, ci se n14ete
tr1$1l+contiin #l instinctelor i o9icei1rilor t#le2 Deo#rece t1 n1 #i
1n tr1$ 4#teri#l de c#rne i s6nge, orice s+#r nt64$l# + s1nete, l14in
s#1 r#7e + ele s1nt inc#$#9ile s+i "#c r1% t1 n1 $oi 41ri2 E dest1l
$entr1 tine s tii c #ceste #$#riii s1nt $ro$riile t#le "or4e de
g6ndire2 Rec1no#te n #ce#st# st#re# 5ardo.
0, no9ile nsc1t, d#c t1 n1 rec1noti $ro$riile t#le "or4e de
g6ndire, oric#re #r "i "ost 4edit#iile s#1 de5oi1nile $r#ctic#te de tine
$e $46nt, l14inile te 5or inti4id#, s1netele te 5or s$i46nt# i 5ei "i
teri"i#t de r#7e2 D#c n1 c1noti #ce#st $re# nse4n#t c8eie #
n5t1rilor + ne"iind n st#re s rec1noti s1netele, l14inile i r#7ele
+ t1 5# tre91i s rtceti din no1 n l14e# #$#renelor i d1rerilor
$46nteti;+ -samsara/ - <$2 ,/-=2
!o#te instr1ci1nile #ceste# + co41nic#te $rin 5oin# 4#gic #
d18o5nic1l1i Iama + #1 c# sco$ s dete$te $e 4ort l# realitate, #dic
l# contiin# 5#c1itii i rel#ti5itii ex$erienelor ce+l #te#$t n
&#rdo2
S1"let1l nce$e #c14 o cltorie $rintr+o l14e "#nt#stic i lama
#re 4ere1 grij s+i #4inte#sc ide#lit#te# #cestei l14i2 Mort1l 5#
nt6lni o serie ntre#g de 7eiti 9l6nde i de 7eiti 46ni#te, d#r ele
n1+i #1 o existen ontologic #1tono4, ci s1nt cresc1te de nsei
ex$erienele -2arm!/ terestre #le s1"let1l1i2 El 5# nt6lni 1n R#i i 1n
I#d
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si4i "# de ele #tr#cie s#1 re$1lsie + d#r to#te #ceste# n1 exist
#colo, n st#re# de &#rdo, ci st#re# de &#rdo le cree#7 din
s19contient1l 4ort1l1i2 E 1n "el de dr#4 cos4ic "#nt#stic,
#li4ent#t de te7#1r1l de s$#i4e, i4#gin#ie i dor1ri #d1n#t n
s19contient2 S1"let1l nt6lnete, se te4., se #$ro$ie + de ns1i eul
s1 41lti$lic#t, $ersoni"ic#t, o9iecti5i7#t $rin "or# H#r4ei
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nce#rc s rec1no#sc n s1"let1l 4ort1l1i c#litile s#1 de"ectele c#re
l identi"ic c1 #cest gr#d de di5init#te2 E o iniiere post-mortem, n
sens1l c s1"let1l e rec1nosc1t i $ro4o5#t de ctre 7eitile 4orii l#
1n gr#d de existen s1$erior existenei 14#ne2 ?iec#re di5init#te e o
oglind n c#re 4ort1l i c#1t #se4n#re#% ce+# "c1t el i c6t # "c1t
el n 5i#, c# s $o#t "i identi"ic#t c1 #ce#st s#1 #ce#st di5init#te:
Eeitile 9l6nde <ti9et#n Ai-Ba/ s1nt "or4e $ersoni"ic#te #le celor
4#i s19li4e senti4ente 14#ne i $1rced din ex$erienele centr1l1i
ini4ii2
Doctrin# centrelor 5it#le n conce$i# orient#lilor n1 #re ni4ic
co41n c1 "i7iologi# #cestor, centre din $1nct de 5edere 4edic#l
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Eeitile 46ni#te <T%o-Bo/ s1nt $ersoni"ic#re# Ir#ion#4ent1l1i i
i75orsc din ex$erienele centr1l1i creier1l1i2 n s"6rit, 7eitile
c#snice $ersoni"ic "orele de c#re e leg#t o41l n existen# l1i
terestr2 !re91ie s re$et4 c to#te #ceste "#4ilii di5ine n1 s1nt
dec6t $roiect#re# n #"#r, n c#tegorii "#nt#stice <de 5is= #
ex$erienelor i $otentelor s19contiente nregistr#te de contiin n
ti4$1l "1ncionrii ei $e $46nt2 Ast"el, 1n 41s1l4#n 5# #5e# #lt"el
de 5i7i1ni $ost+4orte4, i#r 1n #tc4n#teri#list 5# nt6lni #lt 7ai p1 Iad
dec6t 1n 8ind1s, 1n 91dd8ist s#1 1n cretin2 !o#t dr#4# 4istic $ost+
4orte4 n1 e dec6t o serie de si4$le #$#riii #le g6ndirii2 D#c deced#t1l
rec1no#te i nelege #ce#st#, el #tinge 7ealitatea i c 46nt1it de
9amsara, de l14e# #$#renelor
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1r4resc2 De #cee# s1"let1l triete o s$t46n de co4#r i s$#i4e
"#nt#stice, n14#i din c#17# ignor#nei l1i2 El n1 tre91ie nici s se
ns$i46nte, nici s "ie #tr#s2 !re91ie s+i $stre7e c#l41l, sig1r#n#
i 5oin# de de7ro9ire din l14e# #$#renelor2 C1 4inte# n &1dd8#, el
tre91ie s tre#c $rin R#i i $rin I#d 46n#t de o sing1r dorin%
li9ert#te#2
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C"2 l1crrilor 4ele% $ilosotia mistici +n Coga fi +n Tantra i 9istemul ner.e
hindus'.
0 c#rte des$re 4o#rte
D2Ion &i9eri, c#re n1 este n14#i 1n "o#rte $erson#l scriitor, ci i
1n 4edic $r#ctic#nt i+# intit1l#t 1lti41l s1 5ol14% Thanato1D.
Doctor1l RosUell #rHs # #51t 4#i 41lt c1r#j #t1nci c6nd # 5or9it
des$re !8#n#tolog> ;tiin# 4orii;, n The &ournal ofthe <merican
Medical <ssociation
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din N) #$rilie ,(,N <st1di1 $e c#re l cite#7 Sir
Do8n Soodro""e, ntr+o not l# The Ti(etan 5oo2 of)ead # l1i S2V2
E5#ns+Sent7=2
D2Ion &i9eri este ns #t6t de co$leit de ;"#$t1l 4orii;, nc6t
n1+i ngd1ie nici 1n c1r#j dog4#tic2 Mo#rte# r46ne $entr1 d+s#
$re# ns$i46ntto#re $entr1 # se $1te# 5or9i des$re o thanatologie.
Cel 41lt d#c se $o#te 5or9i des$re o ;9iologie # 4orii;, c#$itol n
c#re d2 Ion &i9eri nce#rc s #r#te c6t de tot#l coexist 4o#rte# 5ieii2
D#c n1 "1nde#7, nici n1 $res1$1ne o thanatologie3 n sc8i49,
$ret1tindeni n c#rte# s# se ntre5d 1r4ele 1nei l1ngi "#4ili#riti c1
4edicin# i c1 liter#t1r# tiini"ic2 D2 Ion &i9eri n1 ren1n niciod#t
l# ter4inologi# excesi5 de concret # tr#t#telor 4edic#le, $entr1 #
11r# 41nc# cititor1l1i2 Re"17 ex$resi# ec8i5oc i #$roxi4#ti5,
dei, n #n14ite $#gini de #n#li7 # strilor de s$#i4, "olosete cel
4#i 9og#t lexic liric i cele 4#i s#51ro#se inedite #le li49ii
;cere9r#le;2 E"ort1l nd6rjit ctre cl#rit#te i conci7ie "#ce din c#rte# d+
l1i &i9eri o contin1 nc6nt#re2 S+#r $1te# ceti 41lte $#s#je, 4odele de
l1cidit#te i de gr#ie2 Alt1ri de d2 E4il Cior#n, d2 Ion &i9eri este
sing1r1l c#re # $1t1t scrie n li49# ro46ne#sc co8erent i tot1i
color#t, 5i9r#til, sensi9il, des$re ex$erienele #9is#le2 S$re deose9ire
ns de d2 Cior#n, c#re n+# ncerc#t s ex$ri4e 4etodic i l1cid strile
de nelinite, de s$#i4 i de ;"1rt1n org#nic; + d2 Ion &i9eri n1 i+#
cr1#t nici o ostene#l c# s $1n o#rec#re ordine n #ceste ex$eriene
"1nd#4ent#le2 Thanatos este 1n# din $1inele cri n c#re te4#
#goniei, # s$#i4ei i # 4orii este do4in#t de #1torF n c#re
des$letire# liric n1 tr#ns"or4 1n ese1 "iloso"ic ntr+o con"esi1ne2
Dei sing1r# j1sti"ic#re # crii r46ne ex$erien# d1rero#s #
;s19iect1l1i I2 S2A <c#re # s1"erit o intoxic#ie #c1t c1 codein, din
ero#re ter#$e1tic + de $e 1r4# crei# # c1nosc1t cele 4#i 14ilito#re
stri de s$#i4, consecine #le 1nei "ioro#se #gonii= + d2 Ion &i9eri
$ornete l# dr14 c1 1n c#$itol "o#rte senin, tiini"ic, #s1$r#
I'i5el1rilor;2 A4intete di"eren# c#lit#ti5 ntre str1ct1r# #to4ic i
ce# coloid#l, $rec14 i di"eren# de ni5el dintre l14e# cos4ic i
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l14e# org#nic2 De l# nce$1t, d2 I2 &i9eri se sit1e#7 n #"#r# 1n1i
$o7iti5is4 9#r9#r i neconcl1dent2 D+s# rec1no#te c s19st#n# se
org#ni7e#7 n ni5el1ri s1$r#$1se, ntre c#re exist deose9iri
c#lit#ti5e2 ;0 re#lit#te d#t, 1n es1t org#nic de $ild, este $1nct1l de
ntretiere # nen14r#te ni5el1ri cos4ice2 l#n1l #to4ic $#rtici$ l#
#cti5it#te# c8i4ic 4olec1l#r i l# "eno4enele "i7ice i electrice #le
4icelelor coloid#leF #ceste l14i, "iec#re c1 legi s$eci"ice 7onelor lor,
se integre#7 n "eno4enele $roto$l#s4ice intr#cel1l#re, r#$ort1rilor
st#tornice dintre n1cle1 i $roto$l#s4#F l# r6nd1l lor, legile de
#ns#49l1 #le indi5id1#litii 5it#le, din c#re "#ce $#rte #cest es1t,
s19ordone#7 tot#lit#te# #cestor l14i i et#je de re#lit#te stringenei
s1$erio#re, 1ni"ic#to#re, # indi5id1#litii 9iologice ctre c#re #ceste
$l#n1ri con5erg n 4od neces#r; <$#g2 ,W+,(=2 Cit#t1l #cest# e centr#l
$entr1 conce$i# d+l1i I2 &i9eri2 Ex$lic n1 n14#i criteri1l s1 teoretic
#s1$r# 5ieii org#nice, d#r i interde$enden# dintre 5i## org#nic i
str1ct1rile $si8o+4ent#le, $e c#re o de79#te n c#$itol1l 1r4tor2
;Str1ct1rileA 9iologice, rit41rile 5it#le condiione#7 n1 n14#i
te4$er#4entele indi5i7ilor 14#ni + d#r i orient#re# s$irit1#l2 D2 Ion
&i9eri #4intete i re714, c1 o "r14o#s cl#rit#te, #ceste concl17ii
#le $si8ologiei 4oderneF c#re d#c n1 #1 o $re# 4#re 5#lo#re
"iloso"ic, #1 cel $1in 4erit1l de # integr# $recis 5i## 4ent#l 14#n
n i4ens1l oce#n #l 5ieii cos4ice <s$1n ntr+#dins ;5i## 4ent#l;, i#r
n1 ;s$irit1#l; + $entr1 c nici rig1ro#s# #n#li7 # d+l1i I2 &i9eri n1
4+# con5ins de Ain"l1enele; $e c#re le exercit org#nic1l #s1$r#
s$irit1#l1l1i2 Di4$otri5, deose9ire# de ;ni5el; dintre s$irit1#l i
org#nic 4i se $#re 4#i 4#re dec6t di"eren# ntre $l#n1l org#nic i cel
cooid#l, 91no#r2 ;In"l1enele; $ot "i gsite n 5i## $si8o+4ent#l,
d#r n1 n ce# s$irit1#l=2
ro$1n6nd1+i ;# sit1# 4o#rte# n c#dr1l cos4ic i # indic#
r#$ort1rile ei c1 5i##; <$2 (=, d2 Ion &i9eri, d1$ ce # #rt#t n do1
c#$itole c14 se org#ni7e#7 s19st#n# n ni5el1ri, n et#je s1$r#$1se,
se ntre#9 c#re s1nt 4ijlo#cele no#stre de c1no#tere re#l # 4orii2
Mo#rte# ne"iind tot#l de7li$it de 5i## org#nic, exist, "r ndoi#l,
instr14ente de c1no#tere c#re o $ot s1r$rinde concret, ex$eri4ent#l2
;M#teri#l1l clinic s#1 9iogr#"iile o#4enilor c1 #d6nc 5i# interio#r
$ot o"eri 1n #4$l1 4#teri#l doc14ent#r; <$2 Q(=2 Ex$erien#
s19iect1l1i I2S2 este doc14ent1l "1nd#4ent#l $e c#re l "olosete d2 I2
&i9eri n descriere# ;cli$ei de s$#i4;, #dic # #celor stri n c#re
o41l $o#te c1no#te 4o#rte#2
Concl17iile c#$itol1l1i ;Atit1dini; #r#t dr141l $e c#re nelege
s+, $#rc1rg #1tor1l $entr1 #+i j1sti"ic# te7ele2 ;,2C1no#tere# 4orii
este condiion#t de rit41l 9iologic indi5id1#l2 Exist str1ct1ri c#re
o"er o $ri7 direct #s1$r# 4orii, d1$ c14 #ltele inter7ic #ce#st
ex$erienF N2 C#dr1l soci#l #n1le#7 n gener#l ex$erien# 4orii, $rin
s1str#gere# indi5id1l1i de l# cont#ct1l c1 1ni5ers1l i de l# 5i## $
l1ntric2 C1no#tere# 4orii $res1$1ne de$ire# soci#l1l1iF A
*W
j
*2 Re5el#i# 4orii n1 se "#ce dec6t n 4o4ent1l cri7ei de s$#i4; <$2
.Q=2 In1til s #4inti4 #1torii + ndeo9te l# 4od, c14 e Heidegger
+c#re 49rie#7 #cele#i idei2 entr1 cine e o9in1it c1 #se4ene#
$ro9le4e n1 nc#$e nici o ndoi#l #s1$r# ;#1tenticitii; concl17iilor
d+l1i I2 &i9eri% ele i s+#1 i4$1s concret, $rin trire, n1 $rin exerciii
li5reti2 Co56rito#re# i4$ort#n $e c#re o #cord s$#i4ei n
c1no#tere# re#litii 4orii este e5ident 4#i #les n c#$itol1l Timp,
spaim', moarte <titl1 c#re #4intete, de #lt"el, o ntre#g 9i9liotec de
4et#"i7ic ger4#n conte4$or#n=2 ;!ero#re# cli$ei de s$#i4; i se
$#re d+l1i I2 &i9eri sing1r# c#$#9il s 756rle $e o4 ntr+1n plan
a(solutF Acest 4o4ent de tot#l desct1#re din s1ccesi# cli$elor i
din sc8eletele s1$r#j#cente 4#tcei org#nice #d6nci re5ele#7
contiinei, dintr+o str"1lger#re, re#lit#te# 4orii2 ntr+o re5el#ie
"1lg1r#nt, indi5id1l este des$rins din legt1rile 5ieii soci#le i
triete n $l#n #9sol1t; <$2 ,/.=2 An1l6nd ti4$1l, r1$6nd 7id1rile de
#$r#re <soci#le, 4or#le, s$irit1#le=, ;s$#i4# ngd1ie int1ire# 4orii2
E sing1r# c#le+ de c1no#tere i4edi#t, ne4ijlocit i neretori7#t #
s"6rit1l1i indi5id1#l; <$2 ,/(=2 ;S$#i4# reintegre#7, $rin c1no#tere#
4orii, $e o4 n cos4os; <$2 ,,/=2 D2 I2 &i9eri descrie 4#gistr#l
"#7ele $reli4in#rii i de7ln1ire# s$#i4ei l# s19iect1l I2S2 <$2 ,,. i
1r42=2 AS$#i4# e deci rs1net1l s1"letesc #l $ericlitrii "1nci1nilor
eseni#le #le 5ieii; <$2 ,NQ=2 D2I2 &i9eri nce#rc c8i#r o ;sinte7 de
#ns#49l1; # #cest1i "eno4en, 1r4rind1+i 4#ni"estrile $e $l#n
s1"letesc, $e $l#n org#nic i $e $l#n 814or#l <$2 ,N.+,N)=2 Cci
;s$#i4# re$re7int $ri4# i ce# 4#i #de5r#t "ere#str de c1no#tere
# 5ieii n #d6nci4e i, n #cel#i ti4$, 4ijloc1l de int1ire direct #
re#litii 4orii; <$2 ,N(=2 rin cli$# de s$#i4, se re5ele#7 n1 n14#i
moartea, ci ns1i s6491rele de "oc #l .ie*ii. ;#r#dox1l este
des56rit% dr141l c#re cond1ce n centr1l ns1i #l 5ieii este s$#i4#,
#dic contiin# int1iti5 # 4orii; <$2 ,*Q=2 ;R#$ort1l dintre s$irit i
l14e n1 4#i $stre#7 #cel#i $l#n de 5#lori2 ntr+o il14in#re 9r1sc,
contiin# tinde s #dere ne4ijlocit l# 1ni5ers, c#re #$#re c# 1n tot
co4$#ct, indi5i7, in"or4, i se des$rinde de c#dr1l i4edi#t
nconj1rtor, c#re i #$#re $eri4#t i neeseni#l; <$2 ,*)=2
A4 c1les #t6te# "r#g4ente #s1$r# ;cli$ei de s$#i4; i "1nci1nii
gnoseologice $e c#re i+o con"er d2 Ion &i9eri + $entr1 c ni4eni #lt1l
c# d+s# n+#r "i $1t1t ex$ri4# 4#i concis i 4#i eleg#nt gr#ndo#re#
#cest1i s#lt 5i1 n 4o#rte2 D2 Ion &i9eri str1ie, n nen14r#te
r6nd1ri, #s1$r# re7istenei indi5id1l1i n "## 4orii, #s1$r# #cestei
;legi o9sc1re c#re o9lig $e indi5id s+i $rocl#4e, c8i#r n #gonie,
1nicit#te# i s$eci"ic1l l1i, risi$ite $e lini# 4icto#re # ti4$1l1iA2 De
"#$t, n1 e n14#i o re7isten # indi5id1l1i 14#n2 '1 n14#i 5i##
indi5id1l1i se re"17 4orii, ;l1necrii n ne4ic#re i "ixrii n
i4o9ilit#te;2 ntre#g# 5i# org#nic re7ist sco(or!rii de ni.el,
nto#rcerii $e 1n $l#n in"erior s#1 #nterior reintegrrii n #norg#nic2
S+#r $1te# s$1ne c8i#r + in6nd se#4# de #n14ite ex$eriene #le l1i Sir
*(
D#g#dis8 &ose + c orice str1ct1r anorganic' de5ine organica, #dic
do5edete re"isten*', c6nd este #4enin#t s se desco4$1n, s se
de7integre7e2 0rice co(or!re de ni.el nse#4n #ni8il#re2 0 str1ct1r
coloid#l distr1s, nto#rs l# str1ct1r# 4olec1l#r re7ist, d se4ne
de .ia*' Sir D#g#dis8 &ose # do5edit, $rin ex$erienele s#le #s1$r#
crist#lelor i 4iner#lelor, c s19st#n# se re"17 degr#drii, #lterrii
;rit41rilor; s#le2 D1$ c14 o41l c1no#te #de5r#t# s# 5i#, #dic
centr1l s1 $ro$ri1 de existen, n14#i n cli$# s$#i4ei, c6nd #cest
centr1 c #4enin#t + tot ## se $o#te s$1ne c str1ct1rile #norg#nice
re#li7e#7 4#xi414 de existen, n cli$# c6nd s1nt #4enin#te s
dis$#r c# #t#re, #dic s se de7integre7e, s co9o#re de ni5el222
C#$itol1l #s1$r# s$#i4ei c# instr14ent de c1notere # 4orii este
cel 4#i l1ng i, desig1r, cel 4#i interes#nt din to#t c#rte#2 D2 I2
&i9eri, ns, nelege s+i "#c d#tori# $6n l# c#$t2 Cercete#7 i
celel#lte #s$ecte, 4#i $1in e"iciente, #le 4oriiF 91no#r, 5iologia
mor*ii, Psihologia muri(un"ilor, Psihologia sinuciderii. Mo#rte#
coexist 5ieii% #cest# este 1n leit+4oti5 #l crii d+l1i I2 &i9eri2 D+s#
#d1n dest1le re"erine din l1crrile 9iologilor i 4edicilor, c# s
de4onstre7e s#1 n14#i s #4inte#sc 9#n#l1l #de5r c nce$e4 s
41ri4 din ce# dint6i 7i # 5ieii no#stre, d#c n1 c8i#r din "#7#
$ren#t#l, #t6t de $1in glorio#s2 D+s# cons#cr c6te5# $#gini de
#sc1it #n#li7 i s19j#cent ironie #s1$r# ne41ririi 5ieii org#nice, #
contin1itii cel1l#re2 Din1ire# indi5id1#l n1 este ns #cel#i l1cr1
c1 contin1it#te# cel1l#r2 ;ersisten# n cos4os # energiilor 5it#le
s19 "or4e di"erite, de ir#di#ii c#lorice, "l1idice, 4#gnetice,ctc2222 n1
$ost1le#7 ns $ersisten# $rinci$i1l1i 5it#l indi.iduali"at. E#
s1$ri4 n14#i n4n1nc8ere# "orelor 5it#le ntr+o org#ni7#re
indi5id1#li7#t, ntr+o con5ergen 1nit#r, #dic n indi5id1#lit#te,
eli9er6nd #noni4, di5ergent i t#r coe7i1ne cee# ce er# 4#i din#inte
ordon#t i n ec8ili9r1A <$2 ,.*=2 Este re714#t #ici, c1 #cee#i
cl#rit#te i eleg#n, c#re "#c din d2I2&i9eri 1n1l dintre cei 4#i
"er4ectori #1tori "iloso"ici din liter#t1r# ro46n, o conce$ie $ol#r #
g6ndirii e1ro$ene tiini"ice2 ?irete, o conce$ie c#re # 4#i #51t i
#lte 5e#c1ri de s1cces <de ex2 91dd8is41l, #5erois41l=, d#r c#re
niciod#t n+# "ost 4#i tot#l #cce$t#t i 4#i siste4#tic "1nd#4ent#t
c# n 5e#c1l #l PlP+le#2 Cee# ce e 1neori s1r$rin7tor n c#rte# d+l1i
,2 &i9eri este #cest ;#er secol1l #l PlP+le#; c#re str9#te c1 dest1l
$ersisten n 1nele c#$itole i c#re contr#ste#7 i79itor c1 ton1l
4odern;, #ct1#l, #l c#$itol1l1i #s1$r# ;s$#i4ei, ti4$1l1i, 4orii;2
Distinge4 n Thanatos do1 sensi9iliti i do1 orientri
s$irit1#le% ce# dint6i scienti"ic, #$#rin6nd secol1l1i PIP, $e c#re
#1tor1l i+# ns1it+o, $ro9#9il, od#t c1 st1diile s#le 4edic#le + i
ce#l#lt 4et#"i7ic, nelinitit, ;4odern;, $e c#re i+# #li4ent#t+o
g1st1l $entr1 #rtele interiori7#te, $entr1 $oe7i# r#"in#t i con"esi1nile
4#rilor nelinitii2 Un o4 de tiin, 1n 9iolog 91no#r, n+#r "i
#cord#t o #t6t de co56rito#re i4$ort#n ;cli$ei de s$#i4;F c8i#r
-/
4o#rte# este, n gener#l, $entr1 o41l de tiin, 1n "#$t "r
se4ni"ic#ie s$irit1#l2 e de #lt $#rte, d#c n+#r "i $str#t #r4t1r#
4or#l # secol1l1i #l PlP+le#, d2 I2 &i9eri n+#r "i c6ntrit c1 #t6t#
#tenie #cele nen14r#te i$ote7e i "#$te $e c#re ni le $1n l# nde46n
tiinele 9iologice i "i7ico+c8i4ice2 Thanatos este o re4#rc#9il
ncerc#re de sinte7 # #cestor do1 sensi9iliti i #1tor1l do5edete cA
tie s 46n1i#sc #t6t #n#li7# "in # strilor extr#+r#ion#le, c6t i
doc14entele s#1 contro5ers# tiini"ic2
?irete, este "o#rte gre1 s disc1i o c#rte #s1$r# 4orii2 0 #cce$i,
n concl17iile s#le 1lti4e, s#1 o re"17i2 n cee# ce 4 $ri5ete, cred c
$ro9le4# 4orii n1 cond1ce nicieri, ## c14 e $1s de d2 I2&i9eri2
Cond1ce, n cel 4#i 91n c#7, l# const#t#re# "c1t i re$et#t de 4ii
de #ni + c ;"#$t1l 4orii red $e indi5id1l ce i+# 4$linit c1r9#
5ieii, 4#rel1i #noni4#t; <$2 NN,=2 D2I2&i9eri str1ie #s1$r#
$osi9ilitilor de ;ex$eri4ent#re; # 4orii $rin cli$# de s$#i4
N)
2
L1cr1l #cest# este ntr+#de5r 5eri"ic#t i de4onstr#t c1 $risosin n
Thanatos. D#O este, n #cel#i ti4$, i 1n #de5r c1nosc1t #t6t
"olHloritilor c6t i istoricilor religi1nilor2 ?olHlor1l #cord o i4ens
i4$ort#n #goniei2 De #lt"el, n1 n14#i indi5id1l se re5olt 4$otri5#
4orii, ci i colecti5it#te#2 D2I2&i9eri, c# i Heidegger, crede c
societ#te# de$rte#7 $e indi5id de #de5r#t# trire, de 5i#, deci i
de 4o#rte2 Societ#te#, ns, #re #cee#i s$#i4 de 4o#rte c# i
indi5id1l2 Moartea este o "or de4oni#c, teri"i#nt, c#re #t#c nsi
existen# societii, $erenit#te# ei2 Ro9ert Hert7 # #rt#t dest1l de cl#r
"#$t1l #cest# n 7epresentation collecti.e de la mort <st1di1 reti$rit n
Mchmgcs de 9ociologie 7cligicusc et $ol2lore\ #ris, ,(NW, $2 ,+(W=2
Este #de5r#t ns c 4o#rte# n1 este, nici n "olHlor, nici n religii 1n
"#$t decisi52 ro9le4# 4orii este str6ns leg#t, n #ceste 7one de
g6ndire i sensi9ilit#te colecti5, de $ro9le4# ne41ririi2 Ace#st
$ro9le4 # ne41ririi do4in de #lt"el to#t 5i## s$irit1#l #
14#nitii, c1 "o#rte sc1rte inter5#le de sce$ticis42 Este o $ro9le4
c#re 4i se $#re inco4$#r#9il 4#i interes#nt de de79t1t dec6t
$ro9le4# 4orii2 D2 ,2 &i9eri, ns, solid#r c1 orient#re# 4ent#l #
secol1l1i #l PlP+le#, o rec17 n c6te5# $#gini <$2 ,.Q sR=2
Arg14entele 4$otri5# din1irii contiinei $erson#le $e c#re le
#4intete d2 I2 &i9eri s1nt si4$le, logice i 9ine c1nosc1te2 M#i $1in
c1nosc1te, d#r in"init 4#i tre91ito#re s1nt #lte #rg14ente, c#re $ot "i
tr#se indirect din #n14ite cercetri recente2 '1 e loc1l s le ex$1ne4
i s le disc1t4 #ici2 ntr+1n st1di1 de #$ro$i#t #$#riie, 5o4 ncerc#
s do5edi4 c, n st#di1l #ct1#l #l cercetrilor tiini"ice, n1 se 4#i
$o#te s$1ne c1 ini4# 4$c#t c din1ire# contiinei $erson#le este
o credin ;"#nte7ist; i c1 ne$1tin de de4onstr#t2 @o4 4enion#
#ici n14#i c6te5# doc14ente2 ro"esor1l 0li5ier Lero>, c#re n1 e nici
s$iritist, nici oc1ltist, ci 1n er1dit etnogr#", # $19lic#t do1 cri% @a
le.itation <#ris, ,(NW= i @es hommes salamandres.
0incom(usti(ilite du corps humain <#ris, ,(*,=, n c#re #j1nge l#
41
concl17i# c #se4ene# "eno4ene ;4ir#c1lo#se; s1nt $e de$lin
do5edite de 4#teri#l1l doc14ent#r i critic $e c#re l #5e4 l#
nde46n2 Inco491sti9ilit#te# tr1$1l1i l14#n este c1 ne$1tin de
s1sin1tF tot ce ti4 #st7i des$re s19st#n# org#nic se o$1ne 1nei
#t#ri credine2 Ji c1 to#te #ceste# "#$t1l #+ "ost de4onstr#t2 ro"esor1l
Lero> #d1ce nen14r#te doc14ente, $e c#re nici 1n o4 de tiin n1
le $o#te rec17# De #se4ene#, le5it#i1ne#, n"r6ngere# legilor
gr#5itii, este i#ri 1n "#$t $e c#re g6ndire# no#str n1+, $o#te
#cce$t#2 D#r i #cest "#$t e do5edit2 Este #de5r#t c #se4ene#
;4ir#cole; n1 s1nt dec6t extre4 de r#re, dei se nt6lnesc <d1$
doc14ente #d1n#te de $ro"esor1l Lero>= n #$ro#$e to#te 7onele de
ci5ili7#ie2 D2 I2 &i9eri c1no#te, ns, i c8i#r o cite#7 <$2 ,)= o$ini#
9iolog1l1i De#n Rost#nd% ;c n trec1t, $e $46nt, s+#1 $rod1s "ore
c#re #1 cond1s l# #ceste re71lt#te <e5ol1i# s$eciilor= si c#re n $re7ent
n1 4#i #cione#7;2 Este o i$ote7 c#re #r ex$lic# iA 4ir#colele; c#re
n+#r "i dec6t 4onstr1o#se exce$ii, d#tor#te 1nor "ore ce n1 4#i
#cione#7 #st7i s#1 #cione#7 n condiii c1 tot1l s$eci#le2 o#te
c8i#r e5ol1i# i ;"ix#re#A <1nii #r s$1ne ;degener#re#;= s$eciei 14#ne
#1 "c1t in1til "rec5en# #cestor "ore c#re $ot $str# int#ct c#rne# n
jr#tec s#1 $ot nl# o41l c1 c6i5# 4etri de#s1$r# $46nt1l1i2
'1 ne interese#7 #ci ex$lic#re# #cestor ;4ir#cole;2 'e
interese#7 consecinele lor indirecte2 entr1 c, d#c stringen#
legilor "i7ice i 9iologice este in"ir4#t n #se4ene# c#71ri + ni4ic n1
ne #sig1r c #ceste legi n1 $ot "i in"ir4#te i n #lte 4$rej1rri2
Inco491sti9ilit#te# cor$1l1i 14#n este #t6t de ;"#nte7ist; i
i4$ens#9il c# i din1ire# contiinei indi5id1#le $ost+4orte42
D#r 4#i s1nt i #lte serii de "#$te de c#re tre91ie s se in se#42
Un# din #ceste serii de "#$te o constit1ie tr#dii# "olHloric, 5i##
4ent#l colecti52 D2 I2 &i9eri trece $re# 1or $este #se4ene#
doc14ente, c#re n1 i ins$ir nici o ncredere2 D#c #r "i citit Cartea
mor*ilor ti(etan' <tr#d2 engle7, 0x"ord, ,(NW=, #r "i r4#s s1r$rins de
ex#ctit#te# c1 c#re e descris #goni#2 Aceste doc14ente #1 1n c#r#cter
experimental e5ident2 De #lt"el, tot1l 4 "#ce s cred c 4#jorit#te#
credinelor $o$1l#re, c6t #r "i ele de ;"#nte7iste;, #1 l# 9#7 n1 o
concep*ie, n1 1n exercii1 4ent#l #9str#ct, ci o experien*'. nc din
5#r# #n1l1i ,(N., ntr+1n #rticol din ;C156nt1l;, intit1l#t Magie i
metapsihic', o9ser5#4 c cercetrile 1n1i C8#rles Ric8et #s1$r#
$si8o4etriei n1 s1nt dec6t 5eri"ic#re# ex$eri4ent#l # ;4#giei
si4$#tice;, $e c#re o 49rie#7 #$ro#$e toi $ri4iti5ii2 Ac14, d1$
7ece #ni, #li cercettori #1 nce$1t s s1sin #cel#i $1nct de 5edere2
'1 se 4#i crede n $1tere# de ;$se1do+#9str#ci1neA # $ri4iti5ilor2
@i## $ri4iti5ilor e 9#7#t $e ex$erien, $e concret2 Credin# lor n
4#gie si4$#tic, deci, de$#rte de # "i o A"#ls #9str#cie;, este i75or6t
din ex$erienele c#re $ot "i 1neori e"ect1#te i de e1ro$eni, c14 e
91no#r $si8o4etri#2 C# i n c#71l inco491sti9ilitii cor$1l1i
14#n s#1 #l lc5it#i1nii, i des$re $si8o4etrie se $o#te s$1ne c se
-N
d#tore#7 1nor "ore ce n1 4#i #cione#7 #st7i c1 necesit#te2 n
societile e5ol1#te, #dic #s1$r# 1n1i o4 e5ol1#t, ;"ix#t;
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D#c #ceste "#$te s1nt de4onstr#te + i n st1di1l nostr1 5o4
ncerc# s do5edi4 c ele s1nt, #t1nci tr#diiile $o$1l#re n1 4#i $ot "i
trec1te c1 5edere# ntr+o disc1ie #s1$r# 4orii2 entr1 c #ceste
tr#diii s1nt $strto#re de experien*e colecti5e str5ec8i2
Doc14entele etnogr#"ice i 4#teri#l1l "olHloric de5in #st"el sing1rele
$iese #1tentice n #ce#st disc1ie #s1$r# 4orii2 Cli$# de s$#i4 ne
jntrod1ce n re#lit#te# 4orii, # ;trecerii; o41l1i2 E# n1 ne $o#te
s$1ne ns ni4ic des$re tot ce se nt64$l ;dincolo;2 Cli$# de s$#i4
este 9ine c1nosc1t #t6t C'r*ii Mor*ilor Ti(etane, c6t i ##+n14itei
The 5oo2 ofthe Craft of)ying. Descriere# eAi este, n #ceste texte, tot
#t6t de l1cid c# i n Thanatos. '14#i c tr#diiile i "olHlor1l c1nosc
i o 1r4#re # #cestei cli$e de s$#i4, 1n ;itiner#ri1; #s1$r# cr1i# d2
I2 &i9eri n+# socotit neces#r <s#1 tiini"ic= s se o$re#sc2 Thanatos
r46ne, $entr1I noi, o excelent c#rte #s1$r# #goniei2 '1 #s1$r#
;4orii;, $entr1 c ;4o#rte#;este 1n l1cr1 "r sens c6nd e disc1t#t
"r co4$le4ent1l ei, 5i## $ost+4orte42
N2 M0AR!EA C0SMICA
oto$1l c8#ldee#n
FTradi*ia potopului e tradi*ia
uni.ersal' prin excelen*', una din
acele care se leag' de istoria
umanit'*ii primiti.e
?r2 Lenor4#nt, 8ssai de
commentaire sur 5erose
n ti4$1l cel1i de #l 7ecile# rege 9#9iloni#n, ?isuthros, se
$etrece + d1$ 4rt1ri# l1i &erosi1
N(
+ $oto$1l2
I Aj1nge4 #ci ntr+1n $1nct nse4n#t din istori# 4it1rilor i
2religiilor 1ni5ers#le% #j1nge4 l# tradi*ia potopului. D1$ c14 s$1ne i
Lenor4#nt <i d1$ c14 se 5# 5ede# i n #rticolele 1r4to#re=,
tr#dii# #ce#st# se nt6lnete l# 1n 4#re n14r de $o$o#re, dest1l de
de$rt#te ntre ele, n ti4$ i n s$#i12 S#5#nii #1 ncerc#t s re7ol5e
$ro9le4# #ce#st#, d#r, c1 to#te st1diile i $ole4icile #$rinse, n1 s+#1
neles $6n #c142 Ei s+#1 ntre9#t de l# nce$1t c#re #r $1te# "i
origine# legendelor potopului i #1 ded1s c n14#i o re5rs#re
4#riti4 s#1 o c14$lit s$#rgere de nori #r "i $1t1t i79i i4#gin#i#
$o$1l#r i tr#ns4ite din gener#ie n gener#ie2 D#c s#5#nii s1nt
#$ro#$e nelei #s1$r# #cestei c#17e n#t1r#le + 4#i 41lt s#1 $1in
r%$%nt% + %i s1nt nc de$#rte de+# se n5oi #s1$r# "#$t1l1i d#c
l%2%nd%l% au 'o&t cre#te de "iece $o$or n $#rte s#1 4$r141t#te de l#
c6te5# i*voar% gener#le2
I&toria a$%&tor de79#teri n =urul legendelor dil15iene e #t6t de
$o#pli$at+" i totui at,t de interes#nt $entr1 e5ol1i# conce$iilor
i&tori$% d% la &',ritul secol1l1i al PlP+le#, nc6t e# # ins$ir#t o
ad#ira(il+ $art%) Le deluge de.ant la criti4ue histori4ue de Gir#rd2
!utorul - a $+rui lu$rar%" 4$re1n c1 @egendele potopului # lui R1
!ndr%%" % indi&p%n&a(il+ p%ntru &tudiul #cestei $ro9le4e + # cl#si"ic#t
di'%rit% t%orii %/pli$ativ% -n #ai #ult% cl#se i s19cl#se2 rintre cei
#ai #od%rai universaliti + adi$+ $rintre #cei c#re #"ir4 existen#
l%2%nd%lor auto7ton% diluvi%n% -n #ai #ult% pun$t% de $e $ontin%nt%l%
>>1
A"ric#, Asi#, E1ro$# i A4eric# + e i orient#list1l ?r2 Lenor4#nt -@es
origines de , histoire de la creation, o$er de c#re ne 5o4 "olosi n tot
dec1rs1l #cest1i cicl1 4itologic=2 on-uni.ersalitii, #dic #cei c#re
s1sin c legend# $oto$1l1i n1 se gsete dec6t l# e5rei i c8#ldeeni
+$entr1 c #1 trit 4$re1n $6n l# A9r#8#4 + s1nt H#le5>, Re5ille,
Dil4#nn, Delit7c8 i #lii2
C6nd 5o4 st1di# 4#i de #$ro#$e di"erite legende dil15iene, se 5#
nelege c #49ele #ceste teorii + extre4e + s1nt ins1"iciente, toc4#i
$entr1 c $retind s ex$lice $re# 41lt2 S14edeni# de legende ce s+#
$1t1t c1lege $6n n $re7ent n1 $o#te nc$e# n ntregi4e n c#drele
1nei sing1re ex$licri2 At6t teori# uni.ersalist' c6t i ce# non-
uni.ersalist', i7ol#te, n1 $ot s#tis"#ce to#te cerinele 1nei
ex$lic#ii tiini"ice2 E, de #lt"el, o lege gener#l n 4itologie i
etnogr#"ie c n1 to#te "#$tele $ot "i l41rite $rin #cee#i teorie
gener#l2 '1 to#te "#$tele se $ot red1ce l# #cee#i c#17, $entr1 c n1
to#te "#$tele s+#1 4#ni"est#t n #cel#i ti4$ i n #cel#i 4edi12 De
#cee# #tit1dine# $e c#re o i# cel 4#i 4#re 4itogr#" #l ti4$1l1i, D#4es
George ?r#7er, ntr+o c#rte recent -$ol2lorul in ,echiul Testament,
GHGI/, e i ce# 4#i 91n2 ?r#7er cercete#7 "iece legend n $#rte i se
ntre#9 d#c e indigen s#1 4$r141t#tF d#c se d#torete 1nei
tr#diii indigene s#1 1nei in"l1ene streine, nde$rt#te2 Ji, d1$ c14
er# de #te$t#t, 1nele legende 5or "i ex$lic#te $rin teoriile
uni.ersaliste, i#r #ltele $rin cele non-uni.ersalistc. este tot, ns,
?r#7er #$lic #cee#i 4etod strict tiini"ic, #cee#i er1diie i
#cee#i o9iecti5it#te2
nce$6nd st1di1l tr#diiilor $oto$1l1i l# $o$o#rele
4eso$ot#4eice, ne 5o4 oc1$# $e r6nd c1 cercet#re# tr#diiilor
e9r#ice, indiene, greceti, extre4 #si#tice, etc2 @o4 2ntrer1$e, deci,
$entr1 1n ti4$ $o5estire# legendelor c8#ldeene2 nelege4 c #ce#st
l1ng $#r#nte7 r1$e 1nit#te# cicl1l1i, d#r o "#ce4 $entr1 c o
socoti4 $re# interes#nt i $re# $1in c1nosc1t 4#rel1i $19lic2
'e nto#rce4 #c14 l# tr#dii# $oto$1l1i c8#ldee#n, $str#t de
istoric1l &erosi1, n c#re ns, n14ele ero1l1i i #le di5initilor s1nt
greci7#te2 l#t ce s$1ne &erosi1% Ee1l C8ronos #$r1 n 5is l1i
Pis1t8ros i l s"t1i s "1re#sc o cor#9ie n c#re s+i #d1ne r1dele
i $rietenii, $entr1 c, n # cincis$re7ece# 7i # l1nii Desios, se 5or
desc8ide 7g#71rile oce#n1l1i ceresc2 !otdeod#t i $or1nci s scrie i
istori# l14ii i s+o ngro#$e n cet#te# so#rel1i, Si$$#r
*/
2 Pis1t8ros se J
s1$1ne, constr1iete o cor#9ie l1ng de N/// de coi i l#t de W//,
nc#rc ntr+ns# "#4ili#, $rietenii i tot "el1l de 5ieti i $l#nte, i#r
c6nd se n$1stete $oto$1l, nce$e $l1tire#2 lo#i# n+# in1t 41lt, d#r
to#t s1"l#re# o4ene#sc, to#te "i#rele i g6ngniile $ieriser2 @76nd
c se nsenine#7, Pis1t8ros dd1 dr141l c6tor5# $#seri, c#re se
n#$oi#r ns c1r6nd2 D1$ c6te5# 7ile, le dd1 i#r dr141l, d#r
$#serile se nto#rser c1 glod n g8i#re2 A trei# o#r n1 4#i re5enir2
'1 trec1 #ult i cor#9i# lui Pis1t8ros se o$ri $e 1n 41nte2 Regele
-Q
4$re1n c1 soi#, "iic# i c6r4#ci1l cor9iei se co9or6r s #d1c
jert"e de 41l14ire 7eilor2 D#r ei se nl#r l# cer i ceil#li, r4#i n
cor#9ie, #"l#r #ce#st# $rintr+1n gl#s ne571t c#re i 5esti c Pis18ros
c1 soi# s#, "iic# i c6r4#ci1l #1 de5enit ne41ritori2 S1$#5ie1itorii
s#cri"ic#r #t1nci $rotectorilor di5ini i $ornir $e jos s$re &#9ilon2
'1 1it#r s de7gro#$e i crile din cet#te# Si$$#r, $str6nd #st"el
int#ct istori# l14ii dintr1 nce$1t1l ei2
S#5#nii c#re c1note#1 legend# #ce#st# o socote#1 o in"l1en #
tr#diiei $oto$1l1i e9r#ic #s1$r# $reoilor 9#9ilonieni, $rintre c#re se
n14r i &erosi12 '1 i dde#1, deci, #teni# c15enit2 D#r
desco$erire# 9i9liotecii l1i As1r9#ni$#l, desci"r#re# cr4i7ilor din
'ini5e, 5dire# 5ec8ilor 4it1ri c8#ldeene 4otenite de l# s14erieni
,
A
#1 #tr#s l1#re# #4inte #s1$r# #cest1i "r#g4ent
Q,
2 S+# 571t c &erosi1
+ de$#rte de # "i in"l1en#t n crile l1i de ideile 9i9lice + re$re7int o
$1r tr#diie c8#ldee#n, 4#sc#t n14#i de greci7#re# n14elor
$ro$rii2 S+A# nt6lnit #n14e n 8popeea lui ;hilgame e$isod1l l1i Ut+
'#$iti4
*N
+ $e c#re l 5o4A#n#li7# n n14r1l 5iitor + i c#re n oriice
c#7 n1 $o#te "i o in"l1en e9r#ic2 S#5#nii #"ir4 tot 4#i st#tornic
#ce# $1rit#te # tr#diiei dil15iene c8#ldeene, 4#i #les de c6nd s+#1
desco$erit i #lte 5ersi1ni 4#i 5ec8i #le #cestei tr#dii1ni,
4otenite de l# s14erieni, deci de o incontest#9il #ntic8it#te2
Des$re c#re, din gree#l, s+# c1les n #rt2 I@ c s1nt de o ;ndoielnic5ec8i4e;
Ei1ds1dd1 i Ut+'#$iti4
C6nd G8ilg#4e l ntre9 de $ricin# 5ieii s#le 5enice, Ut+
'#$iti4 i rs$1nse $o5estind $oto$1l2 C1 to#te c, n 5ersi1ne#
#ct1#l # e$o$eii, #ce#st $o5estire i #re rost1l ei, orient#litii cred
c l# origine e# er# inde$endent de istorisire# 5itejiilor l1i
G8ilg#4e2 L1cr1l #cest# n1 e de 4ir#re, c6nd c1no#te4 c6te
ele4ente dis$#r#te #1 "ost to$ite l# 1n loc, $6n s #lct1i#sc #ct1#l#
e$o$ee # l1i G8ilg#4eF i, 4#i #les, de c6nd s+#1 desco$erit
5ersi1nile s14eriene #le $oto$1l1i, c#re n+#1 nici o legt1r c1
$o5este# l1i G8ilg#4e2
I#t cele ce desco$er Ut+'#$iti4 ero1l1i2 S"#t1l 7eilor 8otr6se
s $i#rd cet#te# Kurippa2, 4$re1n c1 tot ne#41l o4enesc i to#te
5ie1ito#rele $46nt1l1i2 D#r 8i
G
A, $rotector1l o#4enilor 5esti $e Ut+
'#$iti4 de $oto$ i se "olosi $entr1 #ce#st# de 1n 5icle1g2 8a n1
$1te# clc# "gd1in# d#t celorl#li 7ei c n1 5# 4$rti t#in# nici
1n1i 41ritor i, de #cee#, 4rt1risi to#te 8otr6rile 1nei trestii,
ndrt1l crei# #51sese grij s c8e4e 4#i din#inte $e Ut+'#$iti42
;04 din J1ri$$#H, "i1 #l l1i 0(ara-Tutu, croiete o c#s, " o cor#9ie,
l#s l# o $#rte 9ogi#, c#1t 5i##, dis$re1iete 9ogi#, 46nt1ie
5i##, i# n cor#9ie tot "el1l de se4ine de 5i#2 Cor#9i# ce tre91ie s
"#ci222 di4ensi1nile ei s "ie ex#ct 4s1r#teF tre91ie s cores$1nd
ntre ele l1ngi4e# i li4e#222 #$ de 91t, "+i #co$eri;2
8a l 4#i s"t1i s s$1n celorl#li loc1itori c $rsete cet#te#
$entr1 c e 1r6t de 7e1l 8ntilL
M
. Cinci 7ile $ln1i Ut+'#$iti4 i #$oi
se #$1c de l1cr12 Cor#9i# er# n#lt de ,N/ de coi, #5e# #se et#je,
"iec#re c1 c6te no1 nc$eri2 1se c6li ntre sc6nd1ri i #$oi 1nse c1
#s"#lt i c1 c#tr#n2 I#r d1$ ce # d#t 1n os$ i jert"e 7eilor $entr1
91n1l s"6rit #l cor9iei, Ut+'#$iti4 nce$1 s i+o $o$1le7e2 ;L1#i
n cor#9ie to#t "#4ili# i ne#41l 4e1, #ni4#lele c64$1l1i, "i#rele
c64$1l1i222;
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2 Ee1l 9ama1
E
i st#tornicise 4#i din#inte nce$1t1l
$oto$1l1i% ;C$eteniile nt1neric1l1i 5or tri4ite ntr+o se#r o $lo#ie
c14$litF #t1nci intr n cor#9ie i nc8ide+i 1#;
*)
2 I#r #cest se4n n1
nt6r7ie s sose#sc2 Cond1ctor1l cor9iei, Pu*ur-<murri, se #e7 l#
c6r4 i #1tor1l nce$e s descrie $oto$1l% ;Cde#1 #$ele $este
o#4eni c# o 9tlie2 Un1l n1 4#i 5ede# $e cell#lt, n1 se j4#i
c1note#1 o#4enii n cer2 Eeii se ns$i46nt#r de $oto$, "1gir i se
nl#r n cer1l l1i <)0
NO
F Eeii se g8e41ir jos, c# 1n c6ine ce
do#r4e l6ng 1n 7id2 Itar
*(
i$ c# o "e4eie ce n#teF ge41 st$6n#
7eilor, ce# c1 gl#s "r14os% s se $re"#c n 814 ti4$1l #cel# n c#re
e1 #4 $or1ncit r1l n #d1n#re# 7eilor, 5#i, e1 #4 $or1ncit r1l n
#d1n#re# 7eilor, $entr1 ni4icire# norod1l1i 4e1 #4 $or1ncit l1$t#T
47
Unde este tot cee# ce #4 nsc1t: C# $etiorii 14$l1 ei #c14 4#re#T;
J#se 7ile i #se no$i 9t1 $oto$1l, i#r n # #$te# 7i $lo#i# ncet
i 4#re# se liniti2 @i## $ierise $e $46nt, i#r Ut+'#$iti4
ngen1nc8e i 41l14i $l6ng6nd 7eilor de nd1r#re# lor2 D1$ ,N 7ile
1n ostro5 #$r1, i#r cor#9i# se o$ri $e 41ntele 'isir2 Ut+'#$iti4
#te$t #ici ) 7ile% ;C6nd 5eni # #$te# 7i, ls#i #"#r o $or149i, i
dd1i dr141l% $or149i# 791r i 5eni n#$oi2 Ls#i #"#r o r6nd1nic,
i dd1i dr141lF r6nd1nic# 791r i 5eni n#$oiF $entr1 c n1 gse#
1nde s ste#, se nto#rse n#$oi2 Ls#i #"#r 1n cor9, i dd1i dr141l%
cor91l 791r, 571 c #$# sc#de, gsi de 46nc#re, r6c6i, croncni, n1
se 4#i nto#rse2 At1nci ls#i #"#r tot ce er# n cor#9ie, ctre cele
$#tr1 56nt1ri i #d1sei jert" de stro$ire $e 56r"1l 41ntel1i2 J#$te i
nc o d#t #$te 5#se de222 $1sei, s19 ele 4$r#ti#i trestie, le4n de
cedr1 i 4irt2 Eeii 4irosir #ro4#, 7eii 4irosir $lc1t# #ro4, 7eii2
c# 41tele, se #d1n#r de#s1$r# cel1i ce jert"e#A
-/
2
A Sosi i Itari j1r c+i 5# #d1ce $e 5eci #4inte de #ce#st 7iF i#r
$entr1 c st$6n1l 7eilor, 8nlil, # $ricin1it $oto$1l, e# $ro$1ne s n1
"ie ngd1it l# jert"2 C1 to#te #ceste# 5eni i 8nlil \ se 46nie 576nd
cor#9i#% g6nd1l l1i "1sese s n1 sc#$e nici 1n 41ritor2 D#r 8P 5or9i%
;nclc$t1le ntre 7ei, 5ite#71le, c14 #i $1t1t t1 nes91it s
de7ln1ieti $oto$T Cel1i c1 $c#t $1ne #s1$r6+i $c#t1l, cel1i c1
cri4 $1ne #s1$r+i cri4#, "ii ns 4ilosti5 c# s n1 se ni4ice#sc, "ii
ns ngd1itor c# s n1 $i#r o4enire#
-,
;2
rotector1l o#4enilor s$1ne c, n loc de 1n $oto$ gener#l, s+#r "i
$1t1t "#ce o selecie # o#4enilor 91ni c1 #j1tor1l 1n1i l1$, 1nei
"o#4ete s#1 l1i ergal, 7e1l ci14ei i #l In"ern1l1i2 8u intr n
cor#9ie, #d1se $e Ut+'#$iti4 i soi# s#, i "c1 s ngen1nc8e, le
#tinse "r1nte# i i 9inec156nt#% ;M#i n#inte # "ost Ut+'#$iti4
n14#i o4, #c14 s "ie Ut+'#$iti4 i soi# s# #se4ene# no1, 7eilor2
S loc1i#sc Ut+'#$iti4 de$#rte, l# re5rs#re# r61rilor;2
Ji #st"el #j1nge Ut+'#$iti4 ne41ritor i 5ie1i n de$rt#re, l#
g1r# r61rilor2
Ase4nrile c1 $oto$1l 9i9lic s1nt i79ito#re i ele 5or "i cercet#te
4#i ndel1ng n #rticol1l 5iitor2 Ac14 str1i4 n14#i #s1$r# 5ec8i4ii
#cestei legende # l1i Ut+'#$iti42
D1$ c14 #4 4#i s$1s2 8popeea lui ;hilgame + n c#re se
gsete e$isod1l dil15i#n + o #5e4 din ti4$1rile l1i Ass1r9#ni$#l
<secol1l @II=2 D#r #ce#st# e n14#i o co$ie, $entr1 c s+#1 4#i
desco$erit "r#g4ente din e$o$ee, d#t6nd de $e 5re4e# l1i
<misaduga
M>
<,(.. n2 C8r=2 I#r Hil$rec8t # desco$erit n r1inele
cetii 'i$$1r o "r6nt1r # crei d#t n1 $o#te "i socotit n#inte de
N,//2 Ce5# 4#i 41lt nc2 !o#te #ceste 5ersi1ni s1nt scrise n li49i
se4itice <c8#ldee#n i #siri#n=2 D#r, din r1inele de l# 'i$$1r, s+# d#t
l# i5e#l i s+# tr#d1s de c1r6nd o 5ersi1ne s14eri#n co$i#t $e l#
N,//2 I#r c14 noi ti4 c n 4ileni1l III s14erienii er#1 co4$let
#si4il#i de ctre se4ii i c li49# s14eri#n er# o li49 4o#rt,
-W
"olosit n14#i n crile s"inte i n "or41lele tr#diion#le, 5ersi1ne#
s14eri#n de l# 'i$$1r tre91ie s "ie 41lt 4#i 5ec8e2
Din #ce#st legend #"l4 c regele Aiudsuddu, n #cel#i ti4$
$reot #l 7e1l1i 8n2i <n14ele s14eri#n #l l1i 8a/, e 5estit de $#tron1l
s1, $rin #cele#i s19ter"1gii c# i Ut+'#$iti4, de 5enire# $oto$1l1i2
S1nt "o#rte 41lte l#c1ne n #ce#st legend, d#r "ir1l $o5estirii tot l
$1te4 $rinde2 oto$1l se de7ln1iete i #ci ) 7ile2 AC6nd ti4$ de
#$te 7ile i #$te no$i "1rt1n#, $lo#i# cotro$i "## $46nt1l1i, c6nd
cor#9i# "1 n8#t de 56nt i de #$ele $1ternice, Ee1l+So#re 5eni i
rs$6ndi l14in# n cer i $e $46nt;2 Aiudsuddu s#cri"ic 1n 9o1 i o
o#ieF 1n #lt "r#g4ent ni+, #r#t $rostern#t n "## 7eilor 8nlil i <nu.
A$oi, d1$ o l1ng l#c1n, 8nlil- # cr1i 46nie se $otolise + 5or9ete
de Aiudsuddu % i d#1 o 5i# #se4nto#re 5ieii 1n1i 7e1F cree7
$entr1 el 1n s1"let #se4ene# cel1i #l 1n1i 7e1;2 Cee# ce nse#4n c
$ri4ete ne41rire#, c# i Ut+'#$iti42
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ntr1 tot1l2; El i st#tornici deci loc1l s1 n 4ijloc1l s#cri"ici1l1i, c#re
se gsete n jert"ele consec1ti5e2 C1 e# 5ie1i n r1g i $eniten,
doritor de 1r4#i i $rin e# nsc1 ntre#g# #ce#st descenden c#re se
c8e#4 ;co$iii l1i M6n1; <o#4enii= i ;orice 9inec156nt#re rosti el
l16nd+o n #j1tor, se re#li72;
S ne ntre94 #c14 d#c 5ersi1ne# #ce#st# e origin#r din Indi#
s#1 # "ost i4$ort#t din l14e# se4itic2 'e $1ne4 ntre9#re# #ce#st#
$ornind de l# o $rej1dec#t, c14 #r "i de $ild #cee# #
non1ni5ers#litilor2 '1 ne ntre94, c1 #lte c15inte, #s1$r# originii
#cestei legende + "iind sig1ri 4#i din#inte c e# n1 e dec6t o in"l1en
4cso$ot#4i#n + c14 "#c #t6i# orient#liti neli9er#i nc de idei
religio#se2 @o4 5ede# n 1r4 c se gsesc dest1le legende dil15iene
#s1$r# cror# orice in"l1en $ornit de $e 4#l1rile !igr1l1i i
E1"r#t1l1i c excl1s2 D#r tre91ie s ne ntre94 #s1$r# originii
legendei indiene, $entr1 c 4#i 41lte "#$te ne silesc l# #ce#st#2 0#re
de ce n1 se $o4enete ni4ic de $oto$ n ,edeR A$oi, tre91ie s ne
g6ndi4 l# 4rt1ri# l1i &1rno1", 1n1l din cei 4#i 91ni c1nosctori #i
liter#t1rii s#nscrite% ;idec# 1n1i M6n1 s#l5#t din $oto$ e
inco4$#ti9il siste41l1i cseni#l4ente indi#n #l distr1gerilor
$eriodice #le l14ii;2 S#5#nt1l "r#nce7 socotete deci legend# din
9atapatha 5rahmana in"l1en#t de se4ii2
D#r $e ce c#le i c6nd s+# nde$linit #ce#st nr61rire: C8#ldeenii
n1 $re# #1 5enit n cont#ct c1 #rienii din cndj#9, 5#le# Ind1l1i i
G#ngel1i + i#r de o i4$ost#re n Indi# # tr#diiilor greceti n1 $o#te "i
5or9# n#inte de Alex#ndr1 M#cedon <*N. n2C8r2=2 Cei c6i5# cltori
i "iloso"i n+#r "i $1t1t #5e# o in"l1en #t6t de 4#re #s1$r# 4it1rilor
$o$1l#re2
0 concl17ie de"initi5 + d#c $o#te "i 5or9# de ;de"initi5; n
#se4ene# c8esti1ni + o #46n4 $entr1 #lt d#t2 Aici ne+#4 41l14it
n14#i s $1ne4 $ro9le4#2 M#teri#l1l n1 c ns s1"icient2 !r#diii
dil15iene se 4#i gsesc i n #lte cri s"inte indiene, $e c#re le 5o4
cercet# n #rticolele 5iito#re2
Q.
oto$1l n Pari-Purana
0 legend dil15i#n c#re $re7int 4#i 41lte #se4nri c1 ce#
c8#ldee#n se gsete n c#rte# Pari-Purana. @ersi1ne# #ce#st# #r "i de
o i4$ort#n co56rito#re, d#c d#t# scrierii #r "i 4#i 5ec8e2 M#i to#te
Puranele ns s1nt din e$oc# 91dist <deci d1$ sec2 @I Yn2C8r2=
+1nele din ele "iind red#ct#te c8i#r n 5e#c1rile no#stre2 Aici tre91ie s
"#ce4 o o9ser5#re% s n1 se con"1nde data redact'rii, # tr#nscrierii
de"initi5e, c1 ce# # crerii 1nei l1crri2 !o#te Puranele se nte4ei#7
$e tr#diii "o#rte 5ec8i i "#$t1l c 1lti4ele din ele #1 "ost red#ct#te
#9i# #c14 $#tr1 s1te de #ni n1 nse#4n c origine# lor e #t6t de
recent2 M#i to#te ideile ce se gsesc n Purane s1nt conti4$or#ne c1
4#rile o$ere din e$oc# 9r#84#n, ns ele s+#1 tr#ns4is 5er9#l s#1
$rin 4#n1scrise c#re #1 "ost distr1se c6nd s+# c$t#t o ;ediie;
de"initi52
C1 to#te #ceste#, "#$t1l c Pari-Purana <n c#re se gsete tr#dii#
$e c#re o 5o4 $o5esti nd#t= e recent ne silete s n1 $1ne4 $re#
41lt $re $e e#2 M#i c1 se#4 c n1 e identic c1 5ersi1ne# din
9atapatha 5rahmana. o#te # "ost in"l1en#t de 4it1l c8#ldee#n, c14
5o4 5ede# c s1sin 41li orient#liti2
n Pari-Purana se $o5estete c &r#84#, sc6r9it de r1tile c#re
se rs$6ndiser n l14e, 8otr s o #d1c din no1 n ne#nt n#inte de
4$linire# ter4en1l1i st#tornicit $entr1 #ce#st#2 ;?r s #te$t
trecere# celor o 4ie de 56rste di5ine, 5re#1 s ntind no#$te# $e
1ni5ers i s 4 ntorc l# ordine# 4e#2 @re#1 s rentorc "iinele n
4#terie, 4#teri# n #$, #$# n l14in, l14in# n #er, #er1l n eter,
eter1l n $ro$ri# 4e# s19st#n2 A$# din c#re #1 ieit "$t1rile
ns1"leite 5# ni4ici "$t1rile ns1"leite;2 D#r ,inu, #17ind c15intele
l1i &r#84# i te46nd1+se s n1 "ie i el conto$it din no1 de "iin#
M#rel1i i Unic1l1i Ee1 + l r1g s n1 $i#rd o4enire#, ci s+, l#se $e
el s+i ndre$te $e c#le# ce# 91n2 Ji &r#84#, #17ind #ceste#, #r1nc o
$ri5ire $lin de dr#goste #s1$r# l1i @in1 c#re "1 $ri4# s# "or4
4#ni"est#t, d1$ ce # ieit din o1l de #1r2 ;?ii "r te#4;, i s$1se
el2
;+!1, c#re #i ieit din 4ine, t1 n1 te 5ei rento#rce n 'e#ntF i
no#$te# $e c#re 5re#1 s+o ntind #s1$r# Uni5ers1l1i i $stre#7 l#
s6n1l 4e1 91c1rii nes$1se2
+0, Paramathma, rs$1nse @in1, $entr1 ce 4+#i "c1t s ies l#
s1$r#"## ?l15i1l1i Lot1s1l1i $#r"14#tF $entr1 ce 4i+#i $or1ncit s
n#sc din s6n1l 4e1 to#te "$t1rile ns1"leite, $l#ntele i "lorile, d#c
to#te #ceste# tre91ie s $i#r n#inte# celor o 4ie de 56rste di5ine:
0#re 4#4# n1 $l6nge c6nd 5ede 41rind co$iii si, n#inte de #
57
#tinge 56rst#: entr1 ce 4i+#i d#t, $entr1 ntre#g# n#t1r, ini4# 1n1i
$rinte i # 1nei 4#4e i 4 "#ci s #sist, n#inte de 5re4e, l# 4#re#
no#$te Pr'layal
+0, @in1, o "i1l 4e1, n1 de7ndjd1iF cee# ce # "ost 91n # #j1ns
r1 i cee# ce # #j1ns r1 tre91ie ni4icit, cci stricci1ne# 5# s"6ri
$rin # #tinge Cer1rile2
+entr1 ce, deci, o st$6n #l !ot1l1i, s ni4iceti $e toi o#4enii:
'1 4#i s1nt "$t1ri de4ne de # tri: Ji $entr1 ce s lo5eti or9ete, n
dre#$t# t# 46nie, #s1$r# 9inel1i i #s1$r# r1l1i:
+'i4ic n+#r $1te# s sc8i49e 8otr6re# 4e# nestr41t#t%
o#4enii 5or "i ni4icii, d#r din $ricin# t# ngd1i $46nt1l1i c#re i
$o#rt o sing1r "#4ilie de o#4eni c1cernici c# s+, re$o$1le7e, c6nd
46ni# 4e# 5# "i $otolit2 D1+te, deci, i n1 nt6r7i#, cci n c1r6nd 5oi
de7ln1i #$ele $e to#t "## glo91l1i2;
@in1 co9or deci $e $46nt i, s19 c8i$1l 1nei $#seri, 5esti $e
c15ios1l SaisBas.ata s #le#g co$#cii cei 4#i groi i, c1 #j1tor1l
"iilor si, s+i "#c o cor#9ie n c#re s intre "#4ili#, c6te o $erec8e
din "iece 5ie1ito#re i to#te se4inele $l#ntelor2 n #cel#i ti4$, l
s"t1i s n1 1ite crile s"inte2 S#isU#s5#t# nelese c este 46nt1it
d#torit 5irt1ilor s#le i nde$lini $or1ncile l1i @in12 C6nd cor#9i# "1
$lin de #ni4#le i $l#nte, nce$1 o $lo#ie ce 9t1 t#r nd1r#re, 7i i
no#$te, $46nt1l2 D1s de 15o#ie ctre 'ord, cor#9i# se o$ri n
56r"1l H#4#>#t <Hi4#l#>#=2 Desc8i76nd 1i#, S#isU#s5#t# 7ri ; o
d6r l14ino#s, n 4ii de c1lori, c#re 4$re# 9olt# cer1l1i;2 @in1 l
l41ri% ;Ace#st# e cingto#re# ne41rito#rei 7eie L#H4>F e 1n se4n
de iert#reF c6nd t1rt1re#1# n1 se 5# rento#rce l# cor#9ie, t1 5ei 4erge
dre$t n#inte# t# i "iii ti 5or re$o$1l# $46nt1l;2 A$oi @in1 #rt
"iecr1i co$il de #l l1i S#isU#s5#t# n ce direcie s+i ndre$te $#ii2
S#isU#s5#t# dd1 dr141l t1rt1relei, d#r #ce#st# se nto#rse se#r# c1
glod $e #ri$i2 M#i ls oI $erec8e de cocori, c#re se nto#rser i
791r#r n j1r1l cor9iei2 n s"6rit, dd1 dr141l 1n1i erodi1, 1nei
$sri 9#l#c# i 1n1i cor92 'ici 1n1l n1 se 4#i nto#rse2 Ls6nd #t1nci
din no1 t1rt1re#1#, #ce#st# se nto#rse i 791r n j1r1l cor9iei, c1 o
r#41r de s#cr# i#r9 C1s# n cioc2 A$oi $o4i s$re rsrit2
S#isU#s5#t# co9or din cor#9ie, 4$ri t1r4ele i l14e# ntre cei
$#tr1 "ii #i si, li9er $#serile i 5ietile $d1rii i "c1 r1gci1ni de
41l14ire2 nj1ng8iind o c#$r roie, o s#cri"ic 7eilor, s$1n6nd%
;s6ngele #cest# s "ie rs$6ndit n se4n de 5enic #li#n ntre cer i
$46nt;2 Ur4e#7 #$oi E "r14o#s r1g ctre @in1, ;s1"let1l l14ii,
s$irit1l r1gci1nii, esen# s19til e4#n#t de 'ecre#t, g6ndire#
etern # cee# ce este, 5enic 4#ni"est#re # M#rel1i !ot, c#re #
46nt1it l14e# de l# ni4icire# $rin #$e;2
QW
oto$1l n Maha(harata i 5haga.ata-Purana
Se 4#i $stre#7 i #lte 5ersi1ni dil15iene n liter#t1r2 n
Maha(h!rata, M6n1 se 49#rc ntr+o cor#9ie, n #cele#i 4$rej1rri
din 9!tapatha 5rahmana - ns #ici e nto5rit de #$te Ris8i
<s"ini=
-Q
i de to#te se4iniile indic#te de 9r#84#ni2 C# i n
9!tapatha 5rahmana, $etele d1ce cor#9i# $6n l# c1l4e# H>#4#t2
@ersi1ne# din 5haga.ata-Pur'*ia e 41lt 4#i deose9it2 Ctre
s"6rit1l $ri4ei 7ile # l1i &r#84# <##+n14it# :alpa, c#re co$rinde,
d1$ credin# indi#n, -2*N020002000 #ni sol#ri=, ns1i &r#84# er#
#dor4it2 De4on1l Payagri.a $ro"it de oc#7ie i "1r s"intele ,ede
ieite din g1r# M#rel1i Ee12 @in1 o9ser5 #ce#st# i, c# s#+, $o#t
1r4ri, se $re"#ce n $eteF d#r c#de n 46inile l1i 7ishi-9atya.rata,
c#re se co4$ort "# de el ntoc4#i c# i M!nu n 9!tapatha
5rahmana. Ur4e#7 $oto$1l, n c#re ti4$ 9atya.rata e 46nt1it ntr+o
cor#9ie2 Ace#st# er# leg#t de corn1l $etel1i <@in1=, $rintr+1n #r$e
n14it <nanta.
ME
n tot ti4$1l $oto$1l1i + c#re ine o noapte de a lui
5rahma +@in1 inii#7 $e 9atya.rata n 4isterele s1"let1l1i 1ni5ers#l2
C6nd se dete#$t &r#84#, @in1 i n#$oi#7 @edele, #$oi 1cide $e
H#>#gri5#, $rin1l de4onilor <d1$ D##dson=2
R46ne #c14 s l41ri4 origine# 5ersi1nilor indiene2 S+#1
o9ser5#t, n 9!tapatha 5rahmana, deose9iri eseni#le de legend#
c8#ldee#n2 A#, de $ild, M6n1 se 46nt1ie sing1r, "r to5#r i
s$eci# 14#n sc#$ de $ieire c# $rin 4in1ne2 De #se4ene#, n1 ni se
s$1ne c14 #1 sc$#t din $oto$ #ni4#lele i $l#ntele2 Se gsesc
deose9iri de "el1l #cest# i n Pari-Purana, d#r ele se $ierd n "#t#
#se4nrilor dintre #ce#st 5ersi1ne i ce# c8#ldeo+i1d#ic2 In
#46ndo1, $oto$1l e 8otr6t de M#rele Ee1 n 1r4# r1tilor
o#4enilorF n #46ndo1, #ce#st# e 4$rtit 1n1i c15ios $rin gl#s1l
1n1i 7e1 9ine"ctor o4enirii -8a l# c8#ldeeni, ,inu l# indieni=2 Unii
s#5#ni #1 o9iect#t c l# c8#ldeeni n1 se $o4enete de #cel $ete
<@in1= c#re s cl17e#sc cor#9i# o41l1i 46nt1it de $oto$2 D#r li s+
# rs$1ns $rintr+1n #rg14ent "o#rte interes#nt2 Se tie #n14e c 8a
-46nt1itor1l o4enirii + #re c# si49ol 1n pete i s19 #ce#st "or4 e
re$re7ent#t $e to#te 4on14entele2 D1$ 1nii s#5#ni, 8a n c8i$ de
$ete #r "i "ost c1nosc1t 5ec8ilor indieni, di4$re1n c1 legend#
$oto$1l1i2 Ad#$t#t i in"iltr#t c1 #lte tr#diii, #ce#st legend #r "i
d#t 5ersi1ne# din 9!tapatha-5r'hmana i ce# din Pari-Purana. I$ote7#
#cestor in"l1ene se4ite #s1$r# legendelor dil15iene indiene #r "i 4#i
ndrit1it i $rin "r#7# 1lti4 rostit de S#isU#s5#t# + $e c#re #4
s19lini#t+o n #rticol1l $recedent + i c#re se #se#4n 41lt c1 ce#
rostit de I#85e n Gene7% ;Acest# e se4n1l legt1rii $e c#re l dau
Q(
e1 ntre 4ine i ntre 5oi i ntre tot s1"let1l 5i1, c#re este c1 5oi ntr1
ne#41ri 5enice; <IP, ,N=2
A$oi n1 tre91ie s 1it4 curcu(eul, se4n #l ncetrii 46niei
di5ine, ce #$#re n #46ndo1 n#r#i1nile2
E ti4$1l s nc8eie42 I$ote7# 1nei in"l1ene se4jte #s1$r#
legendelor dil15iene indiene $#re ndre$tit de "#$tele cercet#te $6n
#c142 Un sc1rt t#9lo1 sino$tic e neces#r $entr1 $rice$ere# celor ce
1r4e#7%
l2n ,ede, cel 4#i 5ec8i 4on14ent #l liter#t1rii indiene, n1 se
$o4enete ni4ic de $oto$2
>. ,inu, c#re sc#$ $e o4 s19 c8i$1l 1n1i $ete, se #se#4n
$re# 41lt c1 7e1l c8#ldee#n 8a, #l cr1i si49ol e 1n $ete2 n tre#ct,
#4inte#4 c i si49ol1l cretin $ri4iti5, 1n $ete c1 o #ncor <l#
origine e o cor#9ie, cor#9i# l1i M6n1= e o 4otenire indi#n s#1
c8#ldee#n2
*2Ji n legend# c8#ldee#n, c# i n ce# indi#n e sc$#t o41l $rin
inter5eni# 1n1i $rotector di5in i sc#$ c1 el #ni4#le, $l#nte i crile
s"inte2
-2S#cri"iciile de 41l14ire 1r4e#7 n #49ele legende2 Ide4
c1rc19e1l i $#serile c#re se rentorc l# cor#9ie2
Q2n Pari-Purana, "r#7# 1lti4 se #se#4n c1 $#s#j1l din ;ene"'
<5e7i 4#i s1s=2
.2n to#t #ce#st c#rte =Pari-Purana/ se o9ser5 o in"l1en
c8#ldee#n s#1 9i9lic2
Deci, crede4 c n1 grei4 #"ir46nd c #t6t 9!tapatha-5r'hmana,
c6t i celel#lte 5ersi1ni + 4#i c1 deose9ire Pari-Purana - #1 "ost
nr61rite n de75olt#re# lor de ele4ente se4itice2 Ace#st# n1
do5edete ns c n+#1 exist#t n Indi# tr#diii #1to8tone dil15iene2
!r#diii de "el1l #cest# se nt6lnesc 4#i $este to#t "## $46nt1l1i2
Si4$l# o9ser5#re # in1nd#iilor i re5rsrilor, 1nit c1 li$s# de
#d$ost1ri tr#inice + e s1"icient el#9orrii lor2 !re91ie c8i#r s
#d4ite4 c circ1l#1 $rintre ne#41rile #rice nc din 5ec8i ti4$1ri
#se4ene# legende $entr1 c + d1$ c14 #"ir4 ?r#7er + ele 5desc 1n
c1rios contr#st ntre cele do1 n#r#i1ni, n c#re ;n1 e ex#ger#t s se
disting o$o7ii# ntre $r1den# $r#ctic # se4it1l1i i #scetis41l
5istor #l indi#n1l1i2;
&i9liogr#"ie
nse4n #ici l1crrile c#$it#le d1$ c#re 4+#4 cl17it n
ilct1ire# #rticolelor #s1$r# $oto$1l1i indi#n%
@2 Henri, @es litteratures de l%Inde
L2 D#colliot, @a 5i(le dans 0nde
E2 &1rno1", Maha(harata <tr#d1ction=
E2 &1rno1", 5hag'.ata-Purana <tr#d1ction=
E2 D##dson, Mythes et @egendes
Mana.a-)hatma-9astra <tr#d2 $reot1l1i I2 Mi8lcesc1=
?r#7er, Gir#rd, Lenor4#nt, Andree, l1crrile cit#te2
60
)eucalion
Legende $ri5ito#re l# $oto$1l ce # cotro$it c6nd5# o4enire# se
nt6lnesc i n l1crrile scriitorilor greci de n#inte i d1$ C8rist2 Ele
circ1l#1 $rintre norod i n1 #5e#1 to#te o eg#l 5ec8i4e2 De
#se4ene#, 1nele er#1 #1to8tone, i#r #ltele 4$r141t#te de l#
ne#41rile 5ecine c1 c#re grecii 5eniser n cont#ct2
D1$ tr#dii# elen, $46nt1l # s1"erit trei $oto$1ri% 1n1l $e
ti4$1l l1i 6gyges
MI
, #lt1l s19 )eucalion
M
L i #l treile# $e c6nd tri#
D#rd#n1s
-(
2 Scriitor1l cretin s$#niol Isidor din 9e.illa s$1ne# c l#
nce$1t # "ost $oto$1l l1i uc, #$oi #l l1i 6gyges - conti4$or#n c1
$#tri#r81l l#co9 + i toc4#i l# 1r4 cel #l l1i De1c#lion, conti4$or#n
c1 Moisc2 Isidor din Se5ill# "c1 #ce#st cl#si"ic#re $entr1 c er#
cretin i 5oi# s do5ede#sc 5ec8i4e# 5i(liei i # $o$or1l1i #les2 !ot
el c #cel# c#re # gsi", c# o do5#d # $oto$1l1i l1i 'oe, scoicile de
$rin 41ni, des$re c#re s$1se 4#i t6r7i1 @olt#ire + 9t6nd1+i joc de
e$isco$1l din Se5ill# + c s1nt r4#se de l# $elerinii ntori din Crile
S"inte2
Cei dint6i scriitori greci c#re $o4enesc de $oto$1l din 5re4e# l1i
)eucalion + cel 4#i c1nosc1t, de #lt"el + s1nt Pellanicos <sec2 @ n2 C8r2=,
Pindarice. @=, P1aton <sec2 I@=, <ristot <sec2 I@=, <pollodor <sec2 II=2
l#t 5ersi1ne# $o5estit de #cest# din 1r4 -5i(lioteca, ,,),NF tr#d2
?r#7er=% ;De1c#lion er# "i1l l1i ro4ete12 ?1 rege n #r# >t8i# i l1
de soie $e >rr8#, "iic# l1i E$ite4e1 i # #ndorei, $ri4# "e4eie $e
c#re o tc1ser 7eii2 D#r, c6nd Ee1s 8otr s ni4ice#sc $e o#4enii
@6rstei de 9ron7, De1c#lion, d1$ s"#t1l l1i ro4ete1, #lct1i o l#d s#1
o cor#9ie i, #d1n6nd cele tre91incio#se, intr n1ntr1 c1 soi# s#2 D#r
Ee1s "c1 s c#d o $lo#ie 4#re din cer1ri #s1$r# $46nt1l1i, c#re
$1stii ce# 4#i 4#re $#rte # Greciei% ## c $ierir toi o#4enii, #"#r de
c6i5# c#re #lerg#r $e 41nii din 5ecint#te2 At1nci, 41nii !es#liei
se des$ic#r n do1 i to#t l14e# c#re se #"l# dincolo de Ist4 i n
elo$one7 $ieri nec#t2 D#r De1c#lion, d1$ ce # $l1tit n cor#9i# s#,
de#s1$r# #$elor, no1 7ile i tot #t6te# no$i, #j1nse l# #rn#sF #colo,
c6nd ncet#r $loile, de9#rc i s#cri"ic M6nt1itor1l1i Ee1s2 Ji Ee1s
tri4ise $e Her4es l6ng el i i ngd1i s #le#g ce 5# 5oiF el #lese
o#4enii2 D1$ $or1nc# l1i Ee1s, #d1n $ietre i le 756rli $e de#s1$r#
c#$1l1iF i#r $ietrele 756rlite de De1c#lion de5enir 9r9#i i
$ietrele >rr8ei se "c1r "e4ei2 De #cee# o#4enii n Greci# se
n14esc aloi, de l# IaosT $i#tr2;
0 #lt 5ersi1ne # $oto$1l1i o gsi4 ntr+1n o$1sc1l #l s#tiric1l1i
i retor1l1i grec L1ci#n <sec2 II d2 C8r2= intit1l#t )espre Aei*a 9irian'.
I4it6nd + $o#te n ironie + 4#nier# de # "#ce istorie # l1i Herodot,
.N
L1ci#n 71gr5ete n #ce#st l1cr#re, te4$lele i rit1#l1rile 7eiei
siriene <starteeiU, di4$re1n c1 cele #le #ltor di5initi2 n tot c1rs1l
#cest1i tr#t#t, L1ci#n se #r#t nclin#t s$re cred1lit#te i s1$erstiie,
trst1ri c#re n1+i st#1 n "ire i c#re #1 "c1t $e 1nii "ilologi de
5#lo#re# l1i &ellin de &#ll1 s se ndoi#sc de #1tenticit#te# Aei*ei
9iriene. Siell#nd i o 91n $#rte din co#l# ger4#n socote#1 ns c
#ceste ndoieli s1nt nente4ei#te2
n#inte de # re$rod1ce n tr#d1cere $#s#j1l din )e dia 9yra, e 9ine
s se tie c L1ci#n # 4#i $o4enit de De1c#lion nc n do1 o$1sc1le
#le s#le2 n Timon, $#r#gr#"1l *, s$1ne% ;222 ntr+o cli$it, $e 5re4e#
l1i De1c#lion, $46nt1l n1 4#i e dec6t 1n ne4s1r#t n#1"r#gi1,
l14e# e in1nd#t i, c1 4#re tr1d, $1t1 s sc#$e o 4ic cor#9ie, c#re,
o$rind1+se $e 41ntele L>coris, $stre#7 5#tr# 1nei r#se 14#ne 4#i
negre n r1ti c# ce# dint6i;2 I#r n tr#t#t1l )espre dans, $#r#gr#"1l
*-% ;@enir #t1nci De1c#lion i 4#rele n#1"r#gi1 din #ce# 5re4e i
cor#9i# 1nic c#re 46nt1i rest1rile geni1l1i 14#n i $ietrele $re"c1te
n o#4eni;2
Ac14 e ti4$1l s tl4ci4 <d1$ 5ers1rile l1i E1gene !#l9ot i
&ellin de &#ll1= i $#r#gr#"1l ,W din )e dia 9yra, n c#re se
$o4enete de $oto$1l l1i De1c#lion% ;Act1#l# r#s o4ene#sc n1 e
ce# dint6i, ns gener#i# de 4#i n#inte # $ierit n ntregi4e2 0#4enii
de #st7i se tr#g din ce# de # do1# r#s, c#re s+# n41lit $rin
De1c#lion2 Des$re #ceti o#4eni se $o5estete c er#1 "o#rte
grosol#ni, s56re#1 tot "el1l de cri4e i clc#1 j1r4intele, n1
$r#ctic#1 os$it#lit#te# i i7gone#1 $e cei ce le cere#1 nd1r#re2 Ei "1r
$ede$sii $rintr+o nt64$l#re gro#7nic2 Dintr+od#t, $46nt1l ls s
i#s o nes"6rit c#ntit#te de #$F c71r $loi 4#ri, "l15iile se
re5rs#r, 4#re# trec1 $este r41ri i tot1l n1 4#i "1 dec6t o 4#s de
#$ n c#re ne#41l o4enesc $ieri2 De1c#lion sing1r "1 $str#t $entr1
o # do1# gener#ie, din $ricin# dre$tii i $ietii s#le2 I#t c14 "1
46nt1it% el #5e# o l#d 4#reF i 1rc soi# i co$iii2 C6nd se 1rc i el,
$orcii, c#ii, leii, er$ii i #lte #ni4#le c#re tri#1 $e $46nt 5enir,
l6ng De1c#lion, $erec8i + $erec8i2 El le $ri4i $e to#te, i#r ele n1+i
"c1r nici 1n r1F di4$otri5, do4ni ntre ele o str6ns $rietenie
d#torit 1nei nr61riri d14ne7eieti2 !oi l# 1n loc $l1te#1 n cor#9ie,
n ti4$ ce #$# #co$ere# $46nt1l2
Loc1itorii din Hier#$olis #"ir4#1 c n #r# lor se "c1 s$rt1r#
c#re #9sor9i to#te #$ele $oto$1l1i i c De1c#lion, #"l6nd de #ce#st#,
"c1 #lt#re i ridic, #$ro#$e de cr$t1r, 1n te4$l1 nc8in#t D1nonei2
L1ci#n c8i#r 571 #cest te4$l1 i o cr$t1r din 5ecint#te, des$re
c#re scrise ;c n1 e $re# 4#re2 D#c # "ost 4#i l#rg #lt d#t i #
de5enit #st7i #t6t de 4ic, n1 tieF d#r e# e 4ic;2
Legend# l1i De1c#lion er# c1nosc1t n to#t Greci# i 41lte
ceti i ns1e#1 cinste# de # "i n legt1r c1 ero1l s#1 $oto$1l2
Atenienii crede#1 c De1c#lion se re"1gie l# Aten#, 1nde cldi
te4$l1l l1i Ee1s loios1l2
.*
?%&t% a$%a&t+ l%2+tur+ &% ad+u2ar+" p%&t% 5e#c1ri, %l%#%nt% din
l%2%nd%l% &%#it%1 !&t'%l" n cet#te# 'ri2ian+ A$#nee# Ci9oen1s
<ci9ot1s L cor#9ie= s+#1 gsit 4onede $e c#re er#1 9t1te o cor#9ie, o
$erec8e d% o#4eni i n14ele oe. '1 4#i nc#$e ndoi#l c, n
#ce#st cet#te, 1nde l6ng ele4ent1l grec se gse# din 9el1g i cel
se4it, s+# introd1s de 41lt ti4$ legend# 9i9lic c#re "c1 s dis$#r
+d#c exist#se c145# + 5ec8e# tr#diie indigen2 <&#9elon% @a tradition
Phrygietme du )eluge, ;Re51e dA8istoire des religions;, ,W(, $2 ,W/=2
De #se4ene#, o 1r4 5i7i9il de in"l1en 9i9lic #s1$r# tr#diiei
greceti se gsete ntr+1n $#s#gi1 din l1t#rc -<supra animalelor de
uscat i de mare, ,W=2 ;Mitologitii s$1n c, n ti4$1l $oto$1l1i,
De1c#lion, nc8is n cor#9ie, ls #"#r o $or149i c#re l in"or4# de
4ers1l 5re4ii2 At6t ti4$ c6t in1 $oto$1l e# se n#$oi# n cor#9ieF
c6nd se "c1 din no1 senin, i l1 79or1l c# s n1 se 4#i nto#rc
niciod#t;2
?r ndoi#l c l1t#r8 c1note# 5ersi1ne# 9i9lic i l1cr1l #cest#
n1 tre91ie s ne+ 4ire, c6nd ti4 c el #5e# o i4ens er1diie i c
,echiul Testament er# tr#d1s i rs$6ndit de 41lt 5re4e $rintre
n5#ii greci2
C1nosc6nd legend# l1i De1c#lion 4#i r46ne s cercet4 i $e
cele $ri5ito#re l# 0g>ges i D#rd#n1s + c# s $1te4 conc8ide #s1$r#
originii lor2
oto$1l n Asi# i #r8i$el#g1l #si#tic
Legendele dil15iene <$e c#re le 5o4 $o5esti in c6te5# #rticole i
c1 c#re se 5# s"6ri cicl1l de cercetri #s1$r# $oto$1l1i $ornit de l#
'oe i Ut+'#$iti4= s1nt c1lese n 1lti4ele 5e#c1ri2 '1 le
c1no#te4, deci, 56rst#2
'14r1l lor e dest1l de 4#re i 5ersi1nile c#re #1 "ost c1lese se
gsesc 4#i c1 se#4 n 4e4oriile cltorilor s#1 cercettorilor
etnogr#"ici2 De #cee# s#rcin# cel1i c#re #r "i 5oit s st1die7e #ceste
legende dil15iene l# $o$o#rele sl9#tice er# dest1l de #ne5oio#s
n#inte de ?r#7er2 Er1dit1l 4itogr#" c1nosctor #l 41ltor li49i
4oderne dintre c#re i ol#nde7#, 9og#t n 4e4orii de cltorii
4#riti4e, # #d1n#t n $ri41l 5ol14 #l 4on14ent#lei s#le o$ere
$ul2lorul in ,echiul Testament <i n ediie $resc1rt#t, "r#nce7= 1n
i4ens 4#teri#l re"eritor l# credinele sl9#ticilor #s1$r# $oto$1l1i i
46nt1irii o41l1i2 '14#i c1 #j1tor1l #cest1i 4#teri#l c1les de ?r#7er
$ot scrie #ceste #rticole2 n c#re n1 legendele #ntice, ci cele #le
tri91rilor sl9#tice #lct1iesc s19iect1l2 Alt4interi, din $ricin#
srci4ii 9i9liotecilor no#stre, oric6t 41nc+i 91n5oin # "i #51t,
4#teri#l1l n1 #r "i $1t1t "i #d1n#t i cicl1l #r "i r4#s inco4$let2
S nce$e4 c1 legend# dil15i#n din tri91l Singto, n &ir4#ni# de
s1s, rel1#t# de Gil8odcs n st1di1l s1 Mitologia i religia 2atinilor
<;Ant8ro$os;, III" $$2 .W*+.P.=2
C6nd # nce$1t $oto$1l, 1n 9r9#t, PaBpaB anaung i sor# s#,
Kang-h2o sc$#r ntr+o 9#rc 4#re2 A5e#1 c1 ei n14#i no1 cocoi i
no1 #ce2 D1$ c6te5# 7ile 756rlir 1n #c i 1n cocoF d#r nici coco1l
n1 c6nt, nici #c1l n1 lo5i "1nd1l2 Cei doi n#1"r#gi#i neleser c
#$ele er#1 tot 4#ri2 Re$et#r o$er#i# de o$t ori, c1 #cel#i trist
re71lt#t i n14#i ntr+# no1# 7i 1lti41l coco c6nt i 1lti41l #c lo5i
"1nd1l2 este $1in se sco9or6r6 $e 1sc#t i gsir #d$ost ntr+o
$eter, loc1it de do1 d181ri, 1n1l 9r9#t i #lt1l "e4eie2 D181rile
$ro$1ser #cestei 1lti4e $erec8i o4eneti s r46n l# ei i s se
ndeletnice#sc c1 dcseleni7#re# ;j1nglei;, i#r #U$#U c1 J#ng+8Ho
#cce$t#r2 '1 trec1 41lt ti4$ i J#ng+8Ho nsc1 1n co$il2 !o5#r#
d181l1i, c#re er# 9tr6n i r1tcio#s, #4enin $e 4ic1 c, d#c n1
5# ncet# c1 i$etele, l 5# ti# n 91ci i+, 5# d1ce l# rs$6nti# celor
no1 dr141ri2 C14 co$il1l n1 nelege# i contin1# s i$e, 9tr6n# l
tie i+, d1se l# rscr1ce2 0 91c#t din el o $regti n 46nc#re, i#r n
le#gn $1se o 91t1r1g2 D1$ ce se nto#rse 4#4# i d1$ ce 46nc#,
ntre96nd $e 9tr6n de co$il, #ce#st# i rs$1nse% ;L+#i 46nc#t;2
J#ng+8Ho, #$ro#$e ne91n, iei #"#r i cer1 M#rel1i D18 s+i n5ie7e
co$il1l s#1 s+o r791ne2 Acest# i s$1seF ;'1 $ot s+i n5ie7 co$il1l,
65
d#r $ot s te "#c 4#4# t1t1ror $o$o#relor;2 Ji #t1nci rsrir $e 1n
dr14 c8#4ii, $e #lt1l c8ine7ii, $e 1n #l treile# 9ir4#nii, #$oi
9eng#le7ii i to#te n#iile $46nt1l1i2 I#r J#ng+8Ho i socoti $e toi
co$iii si, $entr1 c toi se nsc1ser din 4d1l#rele $r1nc1l1i s1
1cis2
Cei din tri91l &#+Ln#r, din Coc8inc8in#, $o5estesc c $oto$1l #
l1#t n#tere dintr+o ce#rt2 0 $#sre de $r#d # lo5it $e cr#9 #t6t de
$1ternic, nc6t #cest# $stre#7 $6n #st7i g#1r# "c1t n cr#ni1, d#r
cr#91l se n"1rie i ridic #$ele $6n l# cer, nec6nd tot1l2 '1 sc$#r
dec6t doi "r#i, ntr+o l#d, 1nde #d1ser i c6te o $erec8e din "iec#re
#ni4#l2 l1tir #$te 7ile i #$te no$i, #$oi se co9or6r $e 1sc#t2
D1$ ce s"6rir 4erindele, er#1 s 4o#r de "o#4e, c6nd 5eni o
"1rnic ne#gr i le #d1se do1 9o#9e de ore72 Ast"el se 46nt1ir cei
doi o#4eni, str4oi #i o4enirii de #st7i <d1$ G1erl#c8=2
0 legend dil15i#n interes#nt o gsi4 i l# tri91l L#to, de $e
nli4ile V1nn#41l1i, s$re s1d1l C8inei2 Acest tri9 e dest1l de
ci5ili7#t i # in5ent#t de "o#rte 41lt ti4$ o scriere $ictogr#"ic2 D1$
credinele lor, $#tri#r8ii 9tr6ni c#re #1 loc1it od#t $46nt1l st#1
#c14 n cer2 Cel 4#i il1str1 $rintre #ceti $#tri#r8i este Tc-gi&-d"ih,
c#re # #d1s 4o#rte# $e $46nt2 !ot el # $ricin1it i $oto$1l i i#t n
ce c8i$2 0#4enii nr1tind1+se, Tc-gii-d"ih le+# cer1t c#rne i s6nge
dintr+1n to5#r #l lor2 'ici 1n1l n1 s+# o"erit s jert"e#sc $#tri#r81l1i
o $#rte din c#rne# i s6ngele s1, #"#r de 9l6nd1l i e5l#5ios1l
)ii-mu. At1nci, Tc-gu-d"ih ridic #$ele $6n l# cer1ri, cotro$ind
ntre#g# o4enire, #"#r de )u-mu c1 "iii si, sc$#i ntr+o cor#9ie2
Din cei $#tr1 9iei, rsrir6 cele $#tr1 r#se o4eneti ci5ili7#te, dintre
c#re se n14r c8ine7ii i 1o1o.
Legend# #ce#st# + $rin $#tri#r8ii; si + $o#te s "ie o legend
cretin, $rin $ro$#g#nditii nestorieni din 5e#c1l de 4ijloc2
'1 s1nt $1ine tr#diiile dil15iene n Asi# 0rient#l2 6n i l#
c8ine7i 1nii s#5#ni cred # "i gsit tr#dii# $oto$1l1i2 El s+#r "i $etrec1t
$e 5re4e# 4$r#t1l1i V#o <N*Q) n2 C8r2=2 0rient#litii c# &1nsen i
c8i#r 4itogr#"ii <?r#7er= n1 5d ns n #ce#st legend dec6t
#4intire# 1nei re5rsri # "l15i1l1i H##ng+Ho2
Legende dil15iene se gsesc ns n #r8i$el#g1l #si#tic2 n
S14#tr#, n ins1lele de l6ng &orneo, l# tri91l !#r#dj# din centr1l
Cele9elor, l# loc1itorii ins1lei Rotti, l# s1d de !i4o5 i n #lte $1ncte
s+#1 gsit tr#diii #s1$r# $oto$1l1i2 n ins1l# Eng#no, l6ng S14#tr#,
se $o5estete c din $oto$ sc$#se o sing1r "e4eie, ns #ce#st#
n5i#se $e toi ceil#li 4ori lo5ind1+i c1 $ietre2
Cei din tri91l !#r#dj# $o5estesc c din $oto$ se 46nt1ise n14#i o
"e4eie i 1n o#rece2 Acest# ro#se o c1tie c1 ore7, ngd1ind #st"It
"e4eii s se4ene i s tri#sc din ore72 De #cee#, n "iec#re #n,
o#recii 5in i+i ridic dre$t1l $e c#re+, #1, din l#n1rile de ore72
..
oto$1l #1str#li#n i 4el#ne7i#n
Contin14 c1 rel#t#re# tr#diiilor dil15iene l# $o$o#rele sl9#tice2
D1$ ce 5o4 s$ic1i c6te5# din i4ens1l stoc $1s l# dis$o7iie de
?r#7er, 5o4 trece l# ex$lic#re# lor - "o#rte si4$l + i #$oi l#
nc8eiere, c1 o $ri5ire sintetic # cicl1l1i dil15i#n2
Legende se gsesc i n A1str#li#2 !ri91l :urmti i #4intete de
1n $oto$ din c#re n1 s+#1 46nt1it dec6t 1n 9r9#t i trei "e4ei2
Aceti# se #"l#1 $e o ins1l $1stie i er#1 os6ndii s 4o#r de "o#4e
d#c n1+i sc$# 1n $elic#n c#re+i trec1, 1n1l c6te 1n1l, $e $46nt2
D#r $elic#n1l se ndrgosti ne91n de 1n# dintre "e4ei, din c#re $ricin
+ d1$ 41lte $eri$eii + i se tr#se i 4o#rte#2 Se nelege n14#idec6t
c legend# #ce#st# c #lct1it din 4#i 41lte cle4ente2 E$isod1l c1
#5ent1r# i 4o#rte# $elic#n1l1i, de $ild, tre91ie s "i "ost c6nd5# de
sine stttor2 Ace#st# c, de #lt"el, o c#r#cteristic # 4#i t1t1ror
legendelor i ndeose9i # legendelor $ri4iti5ilor2
Indigenii de $e l#c1l !>ers <@ictori#= #1 o tr#diie 41lt 4#i
"#i4o#s2 D1$ credin# lor, o 9ro#sc ng8ii od#t to#t #$# de $e
$46nt2 Secet# c8in1i# $e o4 i $e #ni4#le, i#r $etii se 756rcole#1 n
#gonic2 @ie1ito#rele in1r #t1nci s"#t i se 8otr6r s+o n5esele#sc
#t6t de 41lt $e 9ro#sc, inc6t #ce#st# s r6d i s 5erse to#t #$#
ng8iit2 nce$1r deci gi1491l1c1rile2 ?ce#1 "el de "el de
c#r#g8iosl6c1ri il#ri#nte, d#r 9ro#sc# r46ne# ne$sto#re2 @76nd
#ce#st#, ti$#r1l se ridic n co#d i nce$1 s nde$line#sc
contorsi1ni $line de 8#72 &ro#sc# se in5cseli $e d#t i, nce$6nd s
r6d, 5rs to#t #$#2 Sc$#r "o#rte $1ini o#4eni i #ceti# er#1 s
4o#r de "o#4e d#c n1 inter5ene# $elic#n1l2
Se gsete o legend dil15i#n i n 'o1# G1inee2 Acolo $oto$1l
# "ost $ricin1it de 1n #n14e @ohcro i c1 "r#tele s1 4#i 4ic, c#re
+s1$r6nd1+se $e 5ecinii lor + 756rlir 1n os o4enesc ntr+1n $6r612 e
d#t #$ele cresc1r #t6t de 41lt,2 nc6t #co$erir de#l1ri i 5i,
se4n6nd 4o#rte# $rintre o#4eni2
L# "idjeeni s+# #9t1t c6nd5# $oto$1l, $e c#re ci l n14esc
Sdld.n-lc.u. Ace#st# $entr1 c cei doi ne$oi #i 4#rel1i 7e1 &cngei
i o4or6ser #cest1i# $#sre# 4in1n#t Tiiru-:n.a. @ino5#ii se
re"1gi#r ntr+o cet#te #t6t de $1ternic, nc6t dcngei n1 o $1t1 l1#
$rin #sediere i rec1rse #t1nci l# $oto$2
Mel#ne7ienii din 'oile He9ridc regret i #c14 $oto$1l n c#re #
$ierit ero1l lor Vimt. Acest# ti# od#t le4ne ntr+o $d1re c# s+i
"#c o l1ntre2 ?r#ii l1i 5ene#1 i r6de#1 de d6ns1l% ;C14 #i s $oi t1
d1ce $6n l# 4#re, $e 14erii ti, #ce#st l1ntre:; I#r el le rs$1nde#%
;Ate$t#i s+o s"6resc i 5ei 5ede#;2 ntr+#de5r, c14 s"6ri de l1cr#t
.)
l1ntre#, Vuat+i 1rc n1ntr1 soi# i to#te 5ie1ito#rele ins1lei, de l#
ce# 4#i 4#re $6n l# ce# 4#i 4ic2 At1nci nce$1 o $lo#ie #t6t de
$1ternic, nc6t #$# #co$eri ins1l# i l1ntre# l1i Viiat #j1nse l# 4#re2
De #t1nci el n1 4#i "1 571t i indigenii l #te#$t i #st7i, $entr1 c
Vuat l1#se + cred ei + tot cee# ce er# 4#i 91n $e ins1l2
Legendele dil15iene n A4eric#
At6t n A4eric# de S1d, n Mexic, n A4eric# Centr#l, c6t i n
ce# de 'ord + se gsesc gr1$1ri de 5ersi1ni dil15iene c#re trde#7
#cele#i i75o#re2 ?o#rte 41lte legende n1 s1nt dec6t 5#ri#ntele 1n1i
ti$ origin#r, # cr1i reconstit1ire n1 e gre1 de n"$t1it2 Se nt6lnesc i
5ersi1ni c#re $stre#7 1r4ele 1nor in"l1ene cretine recente2 Ele n1
s1nt #ltce5# dec6t o$er# 4ision#rilor c#tolici s#1 $rotest#ni2 Ce# 4#i
4#re $#rte, ns, e #lct1it de legende #1to8tone c#re $o5estesc 1n
$oto$ $ricin1it de c#17e ci1d#te2 C#17#lit#te# #ce#st# str#nie
constit1ie 1n1l din #s$ectele c#r#cteristice 4ent#litii $ri4iti5e2 n
cee# ce $ri5ete constr1ci# #cestor legende dil15iene c1lese n 'o1l
Continent, e# n1 se deose9ete de ce# # t1t1ror legendelor #$#rin6nd
gr1$rilor o4eneti ## n14ite ;sl9#tice;2 Se nt6lnesc, #dic,
#cele#i ele4ente dis$#r#te, #cel#i 4o7#ic de e$iso#de #d1n#te i
conto$ite c# s de# 1n tot2 E ## n14it# ;s1d#re; # 4it1rilor i
legendelor, s$eci"ic t1t1ror $o$o#relor n st#re de $ri4iti5it#te,
"eno4en c#re 4#i "iine#7 i #st7i2
0 tr#diie dil15i#n nse4n#t e #cee# $o5estit n sec2 P@I de
cltor1l "r#nce7 Andre !8enet l6ng c#$1l ?rio <&r#7ili#= i $19lic#t
n # s# Cosmographie 0ni.erselle <,Q)Q=2 Indigenii #"ir4#1 c
$oto$1l # l1#t n#tere din ce#rt# celor doi "r#i #i 5rjitor1l1i
So44#>, Tamcndonari <ricont.
Cel dint6i, "ire r79oinic i 8r$re#, #4enin $e "r#tele s1
i+i lo5i 1# c#sei c1 46n# 1n1i d14#n 1cis de el2 n #ce# cli$, ns,
c#s# i ntreg s#t1l "1 ridic#t l# cer, i#r cei doi "r#i r4#ser $e
$46nt2 !#4endon#r lo5i "1rios c1 $icior1l i #t1nci nce$1 s
i75or#sc o #$ 4#rc, c#re n1 nt6r7ie s #co$ere $46nt1l2 Cei doi
"r#i se re"1gi#r $e cel 4#i n#lt $isc, #$oi se 1rc#r + 4$re1n c1
soiile lor + n 56r"1l 1nor #r9ori $este 4s1r de n#li2 De #colo,
756rlind "r1cte n 5#l1ri, i $1te#1 d# se#4# d#c #$ele sc#d s#1 n12
Indienii cred c n #cest $oto$ s+#1 nec#t toi o#4enii i c $46nt1l
n+# "ost #$oi $o$1l#t dec6t c1 descendenii celor do1 "#4ilii2
Se 4#i gsesc i #lte 5ersi1ni #le #cestei legende2 !r#diii
ntr1c6t5# di"erite #1 tri91rile C#ing#ng s#1 Goro#do, C#r#>#
<&r#7ili#=, #14#ri, A9ederi, C#t#81io + to#te din A4eric# de S1d2
Cei din tri91l M1r#to $o5estesc c $oto$1l # "ost $ricin1it de 4#4#
1n1i crocodil, c#re se $rinsese n 1ndi# 1n1i $esc#r2 De "1rie, #cest#
nce$1 s 9#t #$# c1 co#d#, #co$erind tot $46nt1l2
In G1i#n# engle7, l# tri91l AcH#Uoi, circ1l o "o#rte #4n1nit
$o5este dil15i#n, d1$ c#re $oto$1l # "ost $ricin1it din c1rio7it#te#
1nei 4#i41e2 E 5or9# de "i1l M#rel1i S$irit, Ma2unaima, #n14e
.(
9igu - c#re 5oi# s t#ie c1 #j1tor1l 41ltor 5ie1ito#re 1n colos#l
#r9ore, $e c#re crete#1 to#te 5eget#lele de $e "## $46nt1l1i2 n
interior1l #cest1i #r9ore er# o c#ntit#te ne4s1r#t de #$, n direct
legt1r c1 i75o#rele t#inice din centr1l $46nt1l1i2 Sig1 #51 grij s
#co$ere g1r# i75o#relor c1 1n co de n1iele, d#r 4#i41# + socotind c
s19 co se 5# #"l# ce5# #sc1ns + l rsto#rn, de7ln1ind $oto$1l2
Legend# se 4#i contin1 c1 nen14r#te #lte #4n1nte2
D1$ istoric1l s$#niol Herrer#, indienii de #ltd#t s$1ne#1 c,
d1$ tr#dii# 4otenit de l# str4oii lor c1 41lt n#inte de orice
Inc# <de #t1nci c6nd #r# er# nc 41lt loc1it= s+# $etrec1t 1n 4#re
$oto$% 4#re# trec1 4#l1rile, $46nt1l "1 #co$erit c1 #$ i toi
o#4enii $ierir2 Indienii G1#nc#, cei c#re loc1iesc 5#le# P#x1ei, 4#i
s$1n c 41li r4seser n scor91rile 41nilor i c ei re$o$1l#r
#r#2
Indigenii din C#r# ?oc1l1i cred c $oto$1l # "ost $ricin1it de
cdere# So#rel1i n M#re2
Mexic#nii $o4enesc de Coxcox i de "e4ei# s# ?ochi4uet"ai
c#re s+#1 46nt1it, ntr+o cor#9ie, din $oto$2 !r#dii1ne# #ce#st# $o#te
s "ie o in"l1en # 4ision#rilor cretini <cl#5igero=2 !l#xc#l#nii
crede#1 c o#4enii c#re #1 sc$#t c1 5i# din $oto$ #1 "ost
tr#ns"or4#i n 4#i41e, d#r i+#1 rec$t#t, $1in c6te $1in, gr#i1l i
r#i1ne#2
Ji n $ro5inci# Mic8o#c#n <Mexic= exiZM[ o tr#diie dil15i#n2
Te"pi, 4$re1n c1 "e4ei# i co$iii si, se 1rc# intr+o cor#9ie, de c14
nce$1 $oto$1l2 Alte tri91ri din A4eric# Centr#l #1 legende 4#i
co4$lic#te2 Unele din ele s1nt dest1l de interes#nte i $itoreti + d#r
s$#i1l i or6nd1i#l# cicl1l1i nostr1 4itogr#"ic ne 4$iedic s le
tr#d1ce4 n ntregi4e2 Cei c#re s1nt dornici de #4n1nte n #ce#st
$ri5in $ot cons1lt# c#rte# cit#t # l1i Gir#rd, l1cr#re# l1i ?r#7er <ed2
4#re, n $#tr1 5oi2=, ;C8rist1s; <i4ens colecie de istori# religi1nilor
de #$ro#$e ,-// $#gini, $19lic#t s19 direci# l1i D2H19> i c#re e
n7estr#t c1 1n c#$itol s$eci#l #s1$r# religiei 4exic#nilor=, $rec14 i
c1nosc1t# o$er # l1i H2&e1c8#t% Manuel d%o"cheologie americaine
<#ris, ,(,N=2
Ac14 s ne rento#rce4 l# legendele dil15iene din A4eric# de
'ord2 !ri91l papago $stre#7 #4intire# 1n1i $oto$ din c#re n1 #1
sc$#t dec6t Monte"uma i to5#r1l s12 Prima, 1n tri9 5ecin,
$o5estesc c $oto$1l # "ost 5estit de trei ori, ntr+o no#$te, 1n1i $ro"et,
c#re n+# 5r1t s #sc1lte i i+# gsit #st"el 4o#rte#2 Alte tri91ri
$o5estesc legende #se4nto#re, c1 o#4eni c#re n1 s+#1 46nt1it
dec6t re"1giind1+se $e nli4i2 Coleci# 5ersi1nilor c1lese n14#i din
A4eric# de 'ord e 5ol14ino#s2 'oi n1 $1te4 ns nt6r7i# 4#i 41lt
#s1$r+le2
D1$ c14 5o4 5ede# n #rticol1l concl1dent, 4#i to#te #ceste
legende se d#toresc 1nor in1nd#ii #le 4rii, $ricin1ite de c1tre41re
s#1 4#ni"estri 51lc#nice2 Ele s1nt dest1l de rs$6ndite, gsind1+se
#t6t n C#r# ?oc1l1i, c6t i n Groenl#nd#2 )/
oto$1l n Egi$t :
E c1rios c n1 s+#1 gsit n A"ric# dec6t "o#rte $1ine legende
dil15iene2 D#r i #ceste# s1nt socotite dre$t in"l1ene cretine, c14 e
c#71l c1 5ersi1ne# $oto$1l1i din ;G1inee# se$tentrion#l;2 n A"ric#
de S1d, 4ision#r1l Ro9ert Mo""#t # desco$erit c legendele dil15iene
din $#rte# loc1l1i #1 i75or6t din $o5este# 1n1i #lt 4ision#r 4#i 5ec8i,
Sc84elen2 ;Ase4ene# $o5eti, #d#1g dr2 Mo""#t, #17ite l# origine
ntr+o 4isi1ne s#1 n5#te de 5re1n cltor credincios, s"6resc $rin #
se #4estec# i # se tr#ns"or4# s19 nr61rire# s$irit1l1i $g6n, n ##
"el nc6t s se4ene i79itor c1 tr#diiile indigene2 A
Ali 4ision#ri, c# Roscoe, n+#1 gsit n A"ric# Centr#l nici o
1r4 de #se4ene# tr#diie2 Ger4#nii #1 cre71t c #1 desco$erit
5ersi1ni dil15iene n A"ric# rsrite#n, d#r ele s+#1 do5edit # "i
n14#i si4$le 5#ri#nte #le $o5estirii 9i9lice2
n Egi$t1l #ntic n1 s+# gsit tr#dii# $oto$1l1i2 A"ir4#i# e "c1t
de 1n1l din cei 4#i 4#ri egi$tologi, ?linders etrie2 !ot1i, 4#i nc#$
ndoieli i i#t din ce $ricini2 n Egi$t, 1nde re5rsrile $eriodice #le
'il1l1i #d1ce#1 "ericire# indigenilor i #1 "c1t $osi9il o ci5ili7#ie
#t6t de co4$let i de origin#l + n1 se $1te# conce$e ;1n $oto$;, o
$ede#$s di5in 4#ni"est#t $rintr+o #91nden de #$e2
n 4inte# egi$te#n1l1i, #91nden# #$elor er# sinoni4 c1
re5rs#re# 'il1l1i, deci c1 9el1g i c1 91n 5oie2 '1 se $1te#
conce$e deci o $ede#$s 1ni5ers#l $rin #$e2 Cel $1in ## crede
@igo1ro1x -@a 5i(le et Ies decou.ertes modemes, to4 I=A2
Ji #t1nci, i#t 1n ;$oto$; egi$te#n "r $loi i "r re5rsri + gsit
ntr+o inscri$ie de $e 4or46nt1l l1i Seti I, inscri$ie c#re $#re c+#
tc1t $#rte din crile 4#gice #le l1i !8ot2
;S$1s de R l1i '14% !1, 4#i 4#rele 7eilor din c#re s1nt nsc1t
i 5oi, 7ei str5ec8i + i#t o#4enii 74islii din 4ine ns14iF ei
rostesc 5or9e 4$otri5# 4e#, s$1nei+4i ce 5ei "#ce n 4$rej1r#re#
#ce#st#2 I#t, #4 #te$t#t i n1 i+#4 o4or6t n#inte de # #17i c15intele
5o#stre2
S$1s de M#jest#te# '14% ?i1l 4e1 R6, 7e1 4#i 4#re dec6t cel
c#re ,+# "c1t i cel c#re ,+# cre#t, e1 r46n $lin de te#4 n "## t#F t1
ns1i s c1geti n ns1i, #s1$r# celor ce #i de "c1t2 S$1s de
M#jest#te# R% I#t, ei o i#1 l# go#n n #r, i s1"letele lor s1nt
ns$i46nt#te222 S$1s de 7ei% ?## t# s o ngd1ie i s se lo5e#sc
o#4enii #ceti# c#re 1neltesc l1cr1ri rele, d14#nii ti i ni4eni s n1
r46n dintre ei222;
0 7ei, #l crei n14e e $ierd1t, d#r c#re se #r#t s19 "or4# l1i
Pathor $le#c% ;Ji i#t c ti4$ de 41lte no$i c#lc n $icio#re
),
s6ngele lor, $6n l# or#1l Her#cleo$oles;2
D1$ $ede#$s# #ce#st# cr1d, R i 1it 46ni#2 Se ##7 "r1cte n
5#se rot1nde, $line c1 s6ngele o#4enilor i se "c1 91t1r n #$te
4ii de 1lcio#re2 At1nci R "1 $e de$lin 41l14it2 ;S$1s de
M#jest#te# R% E 9ine #ce#st#% #4 s $roteje7 o#4enii din c#17#
#ce#st#;2 A$oi, 4#i de$#rte% ;S$1s de R% ridic 46n#, n $ri5in# c
n1 5oi 4#i o4or o#4eni;2
Inscri$i# de $e 4or46nt1l l1i Seti I e "o#rte interes#nt, i#r
ex$lic#i# l1i @igo1ro1x dest1l de #9il2 E$isod1l c1 7ei# + cl1
nde$linind ordinele l1i R + r791ntor + n1 $o#te "i tot1i socotit 1n
e$isod dil15i#n2 Ele4ent1l de c$etenie din cicl1l legend#r #l
$oto$1l1i e ;#$#;, c#re n1 5ine ntotde#1n# c# o $ede#$s, ci,
c6teod#t, l# $o$o#rele neci5ili7#te, l# c#re n1 e de75olt#t
c#17#lit#te# c1 n71ini 4or#le + i c# 1r4#re # 1nei nt64$lri 4#i
41lt s#1 4#i $1in j1sti"ic#te2 I#r #cest ele4ent, #$#, negsind1+sc n
legend# egi$te#n + "ie d#tor6nd1+se #ce#st# c#17ei gsite de
@igo1ro1x, "ie #ltei# + s1nte4 ne5oii s #d4ite4, c# i 4#jorit#te#
n Egi$t n1 # exist#t o legend
l#jorit#te#
dil15i#n
orient#litilor,
$ro$ri1+7is2
I#r gener#li76nd, $1te4
ntre#g2
ri5ire gener#l #s1$r# ins1lelor i #r8i$el#g1rilor
#si#tice
D1$ #t6te# $eregrinri $rin tr641ri de$rt#te i $rin ci5ili7#ii
de 41lt #$1se, se c,15ine s ne o$ri4 o cli$ i s ncerc4 # co$rinde
ntr+o sing1r $ri5ire to#te 4it1rile i legendele re"erito#re l# $oto$,
$e c#re le+#4 cercet#t n do1s$re7ece #rticole2 '1 e 5or9# de o no1
#n#li7, nici de o re$etire re714#t # celor s$1se $e l#rg $6n #c142
Ci n71i4 s "ix4 c6te5# $1ncte de orient#re n cicl1l dil15i#n,
$1ncte c#re s l41re#sc i s 4oti5e7e n #cel#i ti4$ #ceste
do1s$re7ece #rticole2
'+#4 #tins dec6t n tre#ct, $6n #c14, origine# n#t1r#l \ #
$oto$1l1i2 Aicj e loc1l s re5eni4 4#i $e l#rg #s1$r+i2
@o4 $roced# c1 4etod2
,2In insulele i arhipelagurile asiatice sau europene, c!t i pe
coastele Qoase - americane sau australiene- s-au alc'tuit
legende
dilu.iene in urma inunda*iilor marine.
N2+n c!mpiile Qoase, .ecine, cu lacuri mari, tradi*ia potopului a
luat natere din re.'rs'rile acestor lacuri. @acul Copais din
;recia a
dat natere legendei lui 6gyges.
*2Ploile,toren*iale, 1nite c1 inunda*iile flu.iilor #1 $ricin1it i ele
#se4ene# legende2 Un exe4$l1 9ine c1nosc1t e tr#dii#
dil15i#n
s14eri#n, c#re s+# tr#ns4is #$oi l# c8#ldeeni i e5rei i #
in"l1en#t
$e indieni2 D1$ #cest t#9lo1 s1ccint #l cau"elor, s trece4 l#
"1g#r#
re#4intire # leg'turilor dintre #ceste legende2
M#jorit#te# legendelor dil15iene din cele cinci continente s1nt
#1to8tone2 S19 "or4# n c#re le #5e4 #st7i, ns, c6te5#+din ele n1
4#i $stre#7 $1rit#te# origin#r, ci #1 "ost in"l1en#te de 1n i75or
se4it% cel 9i9lic2 A#,, de $ild, n Indi# $o#te #1 "ost legende i
tr#diii dil15iene loc#le2 ,ersiunile scrise $e c#re le c1no#te4, ns,
4rt1risesc o nr61rire se4it% #t6t $rin legend# 9i9lic # l1i 'oe, c6t
i $rin 4it1l c8#ldee#n #l l1i Ut+'#$iti4 i #l 7e1l1i E#2
n A4eric#, Asi# ins1l#r i rsrite#n, 0ce#ni# + s+#1 #lct1it
legende dil15iene2 Unele din ele #1 "ost #tinse de $o5estire# 9i9lic,
#j1ns $rin 4ision#rii cretini2
Grecii #1 #51t c6te5# legende origin#le re"erito#re l# $oto$2 n
e$oc# #lex#ndrin, ns, i c8i#r 4#i n#inte, #ceste legende #1 nce$1t
# "i in"l1en#te de tr#diiile se4ite2 !ot1i, n1 se $o#te s1sine c
legendele greceti dil15iene s1nt co$i#te d1$ cele se4ite% #ceste# din
1r4 n+#1 "c1t #ltce5# dec6t s 4odi"ice tr#diiile #1to8tone c1 41lt
4#i 5ec8iF de #lt"el, d1$ c14 s+# 571t, tr#diiile greceti i gsesc o
"ire#sc ex$lic#re tiini"ic2
73
s$1ne l1cr1l #cest# des$re A"ric#
ro9le4# nr1dirii di"eritelor legende se4ite, c1 to#te c n1 e $e
de$lin l41rit, $o#te, tot1i, c$t# 1n rs$1ns2 S+# do5edit existen#
1n1i "o#rte 5ec8i i".or sumerian c#re # in"l1en#t #t6t religi#
s14eri#n,c6t i $e ce# e9r#ic2 Ace#st in"l1en s+#r "i $etrec1t c#4
n "el1l 1r4tor2 S14erienii #1 4$r141t#t tr#dii# dil15i1l1i
c1ceritorilor lor semi*i, c#re se c1nosc c1 n14ele de #cc#dieni2 C6nd
#ceti# i+#1 #si4il#t co4$let, d6nd n#tere $o$or1l1i c8#ldee#n, i
c6nd cet#te# 5a(ilon # c6tig#t tot#l# $re$onderen, ntin76nd #s1$r#
ntreg1l1i norod n14ele s1 + legendele l1#te de l# s14erieni n1 s+#1
$ierd1t, ci #1 contri91it n 91n $#rte l# #lct1ire# religiei chaldeene.
!ot #ceste ele4ente religio#se sumeriene, c#re #1 #lct1it religi#
c8#ldee#n, #1 in"l1en#t i #s1$r# 5iito#rei religii elenice <s n1 1it4
cAe5reii #1 $etrec1t l# nce$1t1l istoriei lor 41li #ni 4$re1n c1
c8#ldeenii, n #r# Ur, de 1nde i+# scos A9r##4=2 Un# din #ceste
in"l1ene e legenda lui oe, de origine $1r s14eri#n2 S#1, se $o#te
#d4ite c e5reii n+#1 "ost in"l1en#i direct de 5ec8i1l i75or semit c#re
4$r141t#se n 9loc to#te credinele sumeriene - ci #1 c1nosc1t
n14#i o "or4 e5ol1#t i sc8i49#t # #cest1i 5ec8i i75or% #n14e
religia chaldeean'.
In orice c#7, e "#$t sig1r c to#te $o$o#rele 5ecine ci5ili7#iei
sumero-aceadiene #1 "ost in"l1en#te de conce$iile #cestei#, "ie
religio#se, "ie tiini"ice2 Un exe4$l1 # "ost Indi#2 Altele se gsesc din
9el1g l# noro#dele de $e co#st# #si#tic s#1 l# tri91rile 9ine
or6nd1ite, din interior1l Asiei Mici2
0r 4#i "i i #lte l1cr1ri de s$1s, d#r c#r#cter1l re5istei n1 le
ngd1ie2 Ar tre91i s "olosesc $re# 41lt s$#i1 i $re# 41lt er1diie
ntr1 ex$1nere# lor2 De #lt"el, c6nd 5o4 cercet# #lte $ro9le4e din
istori# religi1nilor orient#le, 5o4 #5e# $rilej1l s 4#i co4$let4
41lte idei $e c#re + c# s n1 r1$e4 1nit#te# cicl1l1i + #4 "ost ne5oii
s le ls4 $o#te nede$lin l41rite2
G6nd1l 4e1 #r "i "ost s red#1 4#i siste4#tic seri# de #rticole
#s1$r# religiilor orient#le, d#r "#$t1l c #4 $ornit de l# 8popeea lui
;hilgame 4+# 4$iedic#t s+, re#li7e72 A "i 5oit s cercete7 4#i
nt6i Cosmogonia popoarelor orientale, #$oi $acerea 6mului, #$oi
Mituri cu 9upra-6ameni i, l# s"6rit, Mituri cu "ei. 6n #c14 n+#4
st1di#t co4$let dec6t 1n sing1r cicl1% Potopul. A4 trec1t deci $este
cicl1l Comogoniilor, din c#re n+#4 scris dec6t Cosmogonia
Chaldeean'. Ac14 5oi nce$e $19lic#re# c6tor5# 4it1ri de 6ameni i
Aei, r46n6nd c# or6nd1i#l# siste4#tic s se "#c toc4#i l# s"6rit1l
ntreg1l1i gr1$ de cicl1ri c#re co$rind Miturile i legendele 6rientale.
74
0g>ges i D#rd#n1s
0g>ges er# socotit cel dint6i rege #l &eoiei i er# ne1it#t n
#4intire# grecilor $rin "#$t1l c, n 5re4e# s#, #$ele 0ce#n1l1i
r1$ser 7g#71rile i #co$erir enins1l#2 Legend# #ce#st# $o#te s
#i9 o te4elie de #de5r, $entr1 c n $ro5inci# &eoi# exist 1n l#c,
Copais, des$re c#re se tie c se re5rs# deseori, 4$6n7ind c1 #$ele
s#le ntre#g# c64$ie2 '1 e excl1s c# #ceste e5eni4ente re#le s "i
cresc1t n i4#gin#i# $o$1l#r i s "i l1#t $ro$orii de 4it2
Acel#i l1cr1 i c1 D#rd#n1s, 1n rege din Arc#di#I c#re # "ost
i7gonit de $oto$ toc4#i $6n l# ins1l# 9amotracia. n $ro5inci#
Arc#di# c1rge "l15i1l @adon, c1nosc1t n #ntic8it#te $rin 41ltele i
nend1r#tele s#le, re5rsri2 #r#lel c1 #ce#st 5ersi1ne # l1i D#rd#n1s,
exist o #lt#, d1$ c#re $oto$1l s1r5eni n1 n Arc#di#, ci n
S#4otr#ci#, i7gonind de #ici $e D#rd#n1s $6n l# 41ntele Id#, 1nde
regele #rc#di#n cldi cet#te# D#rd#ni# s#1 Troia.
S#4otr#cienii ine#1 "o#rte 41lt l# #ce#st cinste # $ri41l1i
$oto$, d#r #"ir4#1 c el n1 s+# des"1r#t $rin $loi, ci $rintr+o
re5rs#re c14$lit # Mrii 'egre #s1$r# Mediter#nei2 D1$ credin#
lor, dig1rile ce des$re#1 #ceste do1 4ri #1 "ost ni4icite, #lct1ind
&os"or1l i D#rd#nelele, d1$ ce #4enin#ser l# nce$1t s ng8it
41lte ins1le din M#re# Egee2
Jtiin# 4odern n1 contr#7ice #ce#st tr#diie # s#4otr#cienilor2
!oi 4#rii geologi i n5#i c#re s+#1 oc1$#t de #ce#st c8esti1ne
+L>ell, ]1#tre"#ges, H1xle>, L19ocH, etc2 + #"ir4 c co41nic#i# ntre
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ndel1ng#te r41rile #49elor 4ri, #cest gro#7nic e5eni4ent c#re #
sc8i49#t "## o4enirii2 '14#i #ici inter5ine o o9iecie2 Geologii
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"o#rte l1ng ti4$2 Cr41l # "ost 46nc#t de #$e $1in c6te $1in, ##
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"i o9ser5#te ntr+o gener#ie2 ?r#7er, d1$ ce inser# to#te #ceste
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#ce#st $rere n14#i din 4oti5e teoretice% el n1 in5oc# nici o tr#diie
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con"ig1r#iei Mrii 'egre2 Re4#rc# c 4#rile "l15ii cr#1 n "iec#re #n
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c #ltd#t #cele#i r61ri i+#1 "c1t dr14 n &os"or, ngd1ind #$elor
tor s se sc1rg 4#i nt6i n ro$ontid#, #$oi de #colo, $rin D#rd#nele,
$6n n Mediter#n#2 G6nde# c Mediter#n# "1sese de #se4ene# o 4#re
interio#r i c 1nire# c1 Atl#ntic1l n1 "1 o$er#t dec6t de #$ele
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grecii l le#g de De1c#lion i >rr8# s n1 "ie toc4#i re4iniscen#
1n1i e5eni4ent re#l, c6t o i$ote7 nte4ei#t $e o9ser5#i1ne#
#n14itor "eno4ene "i7ice;2
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#ceste#, noi r46ne4 l# 5ec8e# ex$lic#ie d#t de s#4otr#cieni2 'e
nc8i$1i4 c n 7i1# c6nd cele do1 4ri s+#1 1nit + c1 to#te c 41nc#
de$1s de #$e, de 4ii de #ni trec1se neo9ser5#t $6n #t1nci + s+#1
de7ln1it dest1l de 4#ri in1nd#ii $e ins1lele din Egee, c# s $o#t d#
4#i t6r7i1 n#tere legendelor dil15iene2 Jti4 c M#re# 'e#gr #5e#
1n ni5el 4#i ridic#t c# cel #l Mediter#nei, ## nc6t n14#i #ce#st
conto$ire "1rio#s # $1t1t $rod1ce 1n n"ricotor n5l4#g de
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d#torete, $ro9#9il, 1nei re5rsri # l#c1l1i Co$#isF c #cee# # l1i
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de in"l1ene se4ite <l1t#rc=2 n ce $ri5ete leglnd# l1i D#rd#n1s, se
$otri5esc 4#i 41lte ex$lic#i1ni2 D#c legend# e #rc#di#n, #t1nci de
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"l15i1l1i L#don2 D#c, di4$otri5, e# e origin#r din S#4otr#ci#,
ntr+o #4intire "o#rte 5ec8e # conto$irii #$elor Mrii 'egre c1 cele #le
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#t1nci e# e d#torit c1 sig1r#n "iloso"ilor indigeni2
!1rn1l l1i &#9ei
0#4enii din to#te ti4$1rile i de $este to#te loc1rile s+#1 ntre9#t
c#re s "ie $ricin# ne$otri5irii gr#i1rilor2 Ji 4#i toi #1 gsit c e# n1
$o#te "i dec6t o $ede#$s d14ne7ei#sc, c#re # lo5it n 5ec8ile ti4$1ri
str4oii2
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;er# n tot $46nt1l o li49 i 1n gl#s t1t1ror2 Ji # "ost d1$ ce #1
$1rces ei de l# Rsrit, #1 #"l#t c64$ n $46nt1l Sen##r i #1
desclec#t #colo2 Ji # 7is o41l ctre 5ecin1l s1% @enii s "#ce4
cr4i7i i s Ic #rde4 n "ocF i lc+# "ost cr4id# n loc de $i#tr i
l1t1l le er# n loc de 5#r2 Ji #1 7is% 5enii s ne 7idi4 no1 cet#te i
t1rn, #l cr1i#,56r" s "ie $6n l# cerF i s no "#ce4 no1 n14e 4#i
n#inte de ce ne 5o4 risi$i $re "## # tot $46nt1l2 Ji s+#1 $ogor6t
Do4n1l s 5#7 cet#te# i t1rn1l, c#re 7ide#1 "iii o#4enilor2 Ji #1 7is%
i#t 1n ne#4 este i o li49 t1t1rorF i #ce#st# #1 nce$1t # "#ce i
#c14 n1 5or ncet# dintr+#cele to#te c6te se 5or #$1c# # "#ce2 @enii i
$ogor6nd1+ne s #4estec4 #colo li49# lor, c# s n1 nele#g nici
1n1l gl#s1l de #$ro#$el1i s12 Ji i+# 4$rti#t $re ei Do4n1l de
#colo $reste "## # tot $46nt1lF i #1 ncet#t # 7idi cet#te# i t1rn1l2
entr1 #cee# s+# c8e4#t n14ele loc1l1i #cel1i# amestecare, c #colo
#1 #4estec#t Do4n1l li49ile # tot $46nt1l; -;ene"a# PI, ,+,/=2
S+# cre71t 41lt ti4$ c #cel t1rn #l l1i &#l1l n1 c dec6t 1n $rod1s
#l i4#gin#iei $o$or1l1i e5re1, "r nici o te4elie re#l2 Desco$eririle
#r8eologice din secol1l trec1t #1 do5edit ns toc4#i contr#ri1l2 S+#1
scos l# i5e#l, n #$ro$iere# &#9ilon1l1i, do1 4#ri te4$le #le cror
constr1cii gig#ntice #r "i $1t1t i4$resion# $e co$iii l1i Isr#el, d6nd
n#tere legendei l1i &#l1l2 S #4inti4 c6te5# d#te2 E5reii s+#1
des$rit de 9#9ilonieni $e l# #n1l N/// n2 C8r2F 41li orient#liti
cretini s1sin c8i#r c <mphrael, regele de c#re $o4enete A9r##4,
n1 e #lt1l dec6t 5estit1l Pammura(i<N,N*+N/W*, d1$ Ging=2 A9r##4
# $ornit c1 norod1l l1i din cet#te# Ur, $entr1 c# s e4igre7e n
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te4$l1 4re, c#re # r4#s, "r ndoi#l, 41lt 5re4e n #4intire#
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4onstr1o#s2 ?#nte7i# e5reilor #r "i #j1t#t 1lterior s se gse#sc o
$ricin #cestei $rsiri # l1crrilor de constr1cie2 !e4$l1l # r4#s
neis$r5it $entr1 c 5oise s n"r6ng 5oin# Do4n1l1iF $rin
$ro$oriile s#le se #d1ce# o s"id#re D14ne7eiriiF de #cee# el n+# $1t1t
"i s"6rit i constr1ctorii si #1 "ost $ede$sii2
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&#l1l2 o4ene#4 4#i s1s de cele do1 gig#ntice te4$le din
77
#$ro$iere# &#9ilon1l1i2 o#te #ici se gsete i$ote7# ce# 91nF $entr1
c &#9ei e n14ele e9r#ic #l l1i &#9ilon2 Inter$ret#re# #cest1i c156nt
$rin 5er91l e9r#ic (!lal <n #r#4ee#n (al(el/, c#re nse#4n a
confunda n1 e ce# j1st2 0rient#litii Sc8r#der, SHinner, Dri5er
socotesc c 5a(-il s#1 5a(-ihi + c14 se gsete scris $e inscri$ii
+nse#4n ;o#rt# + l1i + D14ne7e1;2 ntre#g# l14e s#5#nt # d#t
dre$t#te #cestei inter$retri2
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cell#lt, $este "l15i1, l# 5reo ,* H4, n loc#lit#te# 5orsippa <?r#7er%
@e fol2lorc dans ,<ncien Testament/. A46ndo1 s1nt tot #t6t de
"#lnice, ## nc6t #46ndo1 #r "i $1t1t i4$resion# $e e5rei l# $lec#re2
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gr#i1ri din 4onstr1os1l &#9ilon2 @i## si4$l, r1di4ent#r, n#i5 #
e5reilor er# c1 tot1l deose9it2 C6nd #1 $lec#t, ndre$t6nd1+se ctre
;$46nt1l "gd1inei;, i4#gine# &#9ilon1l1i # cresc1t n 4inte#
1r4#ilor, #j1ng6nd s si49oli7e7e c1i91l $c#telor i loc1l 1nde
Ic8o5# # $ede$sit $e c1te7torii 7id#ri, #4estcc6nd1+le li49ile2
!r#dii# e9r#ic, !#l41d1l i cronic# 5estit1l1i r#9in 4edie5#l
&eni#4in din !1del# socotesc dre$t !1rn #l l1i &#9ei te4$l1l
9#9iloni#n din 5orsippa. rere# #ce#st# 4#i e ndre$tit i de
inscri$i# n c1nei"or4e desci"r#t de 0$$ert n ,WQ), n c#re se
5or9ete c14 '#91codonosor # re$#r#t 5ec8i1l te4$l1 din &orsi$$#2
;!e4$l1l celor #$te l14ini #le $46nt1l1i i de c#re se le#g cele
4#i str5ec8i #4intiri din &orsi$$# "1 7idit de 1n rege din 5ec8i4e
<de l# c#re se n14r -N de 5iei o4eneti= c#re, ns, n1+, ridic $6n
n 56r"2 6amenii l-au p'r'sit +n "ilele potopului n de7ordine, rostind
c15intele; <@igo1ro1x, @a 5i(le ct Ies decou.ertes modernes/.
Inscri$i# #ce#st# e "o#rte i4$ort#nt2 n cee# ce $ri5ete $ro$o7ii#
s19lini#t de noi, exist ndoieli% 0$$ert # "ost #c17#t c n+# citit
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7ile de$rt#te;=, n loc de Cum ri4ui <;din 7ilele $oto$1l1i;=2 E 1n
se4n c1nei"or4 + $e c#re n1+, re$rod1c #ici + i c#re $o#te #5e#
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terestr, 5i# l1ng de o4, o 4s1r $entr1 ti4$, l1ngi4e, etc2
n tot c#71l, inscri$i# l1i '#91codonosor n1 do5edete c te4$l1l
din &#rsi$$# #re o extr#ordin#r 5ec8i4e i c r1inele l1i #1 $1t1t
in"l1en# legend# e9r#ic # t1rn1l1i l1i &#9ei2 n #cel#i ti4$, se
insin1e#7 c i 9#9ilonienii c1note#1 5ersi1ne# t1rn1l1i, n 1r4#
cr1i# s+#1 des$rit li49ile o#4enilor2 M#i 41lt nc% exist
inscri$ii "o#rte 5ec8i c#re 4rt1risesc $entr1 re#lit#te# #cestor
legende l# 9#9ilonieni2
nc8eind sc1rtele note #s1$r# t1rn1l1i l1i &#9ei, #4inti4
cetitorilor c se 4#i gsesc i n #lte $ri legende de #cest "el2 M1lte
tri91ri sl9#tice #1 in5ent#t, c# s+i $o#t l41ri deose9irile ce se
#"l ntre gr#i1rile o4eneti2 Cee# ce do5edete c i t1rn1l l1i &#9ei
este o legend ce #$#rine "olHlor1l1i ntregii 14#niti2 )W
*2 !ER0AREA !IMULUI
?r#g4ente ne"iloso"ice
C1 c6t 4el#ncolic se citesc l1crrile de tiin i critic er1dit
4#i 5ec8i de Q/ de #ni2 C1 c6t s1nt 4#i ex#cte, 4#i rig1ros tiini"ice,
c1 #t6t s1nt 4#i 4el#ncolice2 4i 5ine s cred c6teod#t cA, din to#t
#ce#st gr4#d de l1cr1ri ex#cte, tiini"ice, ade.'rate, n1 se #lege
ni4icF i n1 se #lege ni4ic c1 c6t s1nt 4#i rig1ro#se2 0 c#rte
tiini"ic n c#re s1$r#5ie1iesc #n14ite ne#de5r1ri de 9#7, #n14ite
senti4ent#lis4e str1ct1r#le, o 5oin $erson#l de # inter$ret# l14e#
s#1 istori# + #rc 4#i 41lte #nse s interese7e, $este Q/ s#1 o s1t de
#ni, dec6t o c#rte cinstit s#1 $er"ect2 n istorie, 4#i 41lt dec6t n
liter#t1r, o c#rte s1$r#5ie1iete n1 $rin #de5r1rile ei + ci $rin
5#lo#re# 14#n, $erson#l # #1tor1l1i2 L1cr#re# 5ol14ino#s #
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niciod#t o c#rte rig1ros tiini"ic #cce$t#t de s#5#nii s$eci#liti,
dei do5ede# o er1diie $rodigio#s $entr1 56rst# #1tor1l1i2 !ot1i,
#ce#st c#rte se 4#i citete i #st7i, $entr1 cee# ce #sc1nde e#
$erson#l i te4$er#4ent#l + n1 $entr1 ;#de5r1rile; ei2 De l# #$#riie
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totde#1n#2 A1 "ost nloc1ite c1 #ltele2
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i$ote7e "#nt#stice, c1 int1iii de geni1, c#re n+# "ost #cce$t#t de
tiin nici n #n1l c#re # #$r1t, nici n 1r42 Ji tot1i se citete%
$entr1 H#sde1, n1 $entr1 ;#de5r1rile; c#re le co$rinde2
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#j1ng 1l1itor de rel#ti5e se gsesc l# nde46n# oric1i n 1lti41l
4#n1#l, 4#i $recis n 1lti4# recen7ie # #cestei 1lti4e ediii2 D#c eti
1n cetitor 8#rnic i te gr9eti s s"6reti c#rte# ntr+o l1n de 7ile
+$oi "i sig1r c st$6neti ;#de5r1rile; n c8esti1ne ti4$ de c6te5#
l1ni, $o#te c8i#r 1n #n2
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n5ec8esc i s1nt de$ite de tiin n#inte c8i#r de #$#riie2 C#4
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ceti $entr1 6r5#n, n1 $entr1 #de5r1rile s#le, #de5r1ri #n de #n tot
4#i ndoielnice2
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c#re tr#se#7 #1to9iogr#"i# er1dit1l1i s#1 # s#5#nt1l1i2 6rpheus,
4#n1#l1l de istorie # religiilor #l l1i Solo4on Rein#c8 este o c#rte
$ro"1nd eron#t, s1$erstiio#s, $erson#lF o #$ologie # toler#nei, #
li9ertii indi5id1#leF o teorie c1 des56rire "#nt#stic # originilor
religiilorF i tot1i, se citete i #st7i2 entr1 c# e scris $erson#l i
te4$er#4ent#l2 entr1 c #"ir4 o #tit1dine greit, str64t + d#r o
#tit1dine2 Jti1 7ece 4#n1#le conte4$or#ne c1 6rpheus, in"init
s1$erio#re, c#re #st7i s1nt dej# n5ec8ite2 este 7ece #ni n1 le 5# 4#i
ceti ni4eni2
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s#l5e#7 niciod#t $e cei 4#i rig1roi #dereni2 Istori# n1 #j1t s
s1$r#5ie1i#sc dec6t $e cei c#re o "#c, n1 i $e cei c#re o cercete#7
o9iecti52 C1A c6t eti 4#i o9iecti5, c1 #t6t eti 4#i trector, 4#i
41ritor2 S19iecti5it#te#, 5oin# $erson#l, el#n1l te4$er#4ent#l
+n14#i #ceste# s1nt $str#te n istorie2 09iecti5it#te# er# reco4$ens#t,
n serie l1ng, n14#i n #lte ti4$1ri, c6nd n1 #j1nsese ;disci$lin
tiini"ic;, n1 er#1 4ijlo#ce de in"or4#ie, n1 exist#1 9i9lioteci c1
4ilio#ne de 5ol14e2
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d#c # #d1g#t ce5# 5ieii, istoriei concrete i n14#i d#c # #51t o
$erson#lit#te 5ie, d#c # i791tit s 5iolente7e l14e# din j1r1l l1i s#1
s+o re"r#cte $1ternic $rin crist#l1l $erson#litii s#le2
entr1 c 5i## # o9in1t nsc1n#re# criteri1l1i ;o9iecti5ittii; c#
sing1r1l criteri1 $entr1 #"l#re# #de5r1l1i + se r791n #ni8il6nd $e
toi onetii l1crtori o9iecti5i, $e toi 4#rtirii rig1ro7itii $ro9e i
tiini"ice i $str6nd n #r4oni# ei 5ie n14#i $e 4#rii s19iecti5i, $e
o#4enii c#re #1 tr#t#t istori# i tiin# $#r#dox#l, "#nt#stic, $erson#l2
Este 1n rit4 $e c#re #r tre91i s+, st1die7e toi #cei c#re 5or s
nele#g ce5# din rost1l istoriei nx1lt1r# e1ro$e#n2
Destin1l c1lt1rii ro46neti
1ine ne#41ri se $ot 46ndri c #1 #51t #t6t# noroc n Istorie, c#
ne#41l ro46nesc2 C# s $1te4 nelege destin1l c1lt1rii ro46neti,
tre91ie s ine4 4ere1 se#4# de 5itregi# Istoriei Ro46nilor2 A4 "ost
#e7#i de so#rt l# "rontierele rsritene #le E1ro$ei, $e #49ele
5ers#nte #le ultimilor mun*i europeni, C#r$#ii, de+# l1ng1l i l# g1rile
cel1i 4#i 4#re "l15i1 e1ro$e#n, D#n19i1l2 !r#i#n ne+# $redestin#t
dre$t $o$or de "rontier2 0c1$#re# i coloni7#re# D#ciei # nse4n#t
#ci1ne# de ex$#nsi1ne cea mai r's'ritean' $e c#re # ncerc#t+o
I4$eri1l ro4#n n E1ro$#2 ntr+1n #n14it "el, i geogr#"ic i c1lt1r#l,
dincolo de &1g, E1ro$# ncete#7% ro4#nit#te# + c1 tot ce re$re7ent#
c# c# sinte7 i 4otenire # 4#rilor ci5ili7#ii 4#riti4e i continent#le
c#re o $reced#ser + n+# i791tit s se ntind 4#i l# rsrit de &1g2 De
#colo n#inte nce$e o #lt geogr#"ie, i o #lt ci5ili7#ieF c#re $o#te "i
"o#rte interes#nt, d#r c#re n1 4#i #$#rine E1ro$ei, ci #celei "or4e
istorico+c1lt1r#le $e c#re Rene Gro1sset o n14e# I4$eri1l Ste$elor;2
eis#giile E1ro$ei s1nt de o extr#ordin#r 5#riet#te% #$ro#$e c n1
exist regi1ne n c#re $eis#gi1l s n1 se sc8i49e l# "iec#re s1t de
Hilo4etri2 Ro46ni# este 1lti4# #r din E1ro$# n c#re #ce#st
const#nt geogr#"ic se 4#i 5eri"ic2 Dincolo de &1g, str1ct1r#
$eis#gi1l1i se 4odi"ic din ce n ce 4#i ncetF 5#riet#te# geogr#"ic e
nloc1it c1 4onotoni# ne4rginitelor ;$46nt1ri negre; #le
UHr#inei, c#re, $e nesi4ite, se tr#ns"or4 n ste$ele R1siei
e1r#si#tice2
Aceste c64$ii i #ceste ste$e #1 #lct1it din cele 4#i 5ec8i
ti4$1ri dr141l in5#7iilor #si#tice ctre E1ro$#2 De cel $1in din
4ileni1l I d2 C8r2, de l# ci4erieni i scii, ne#41rile no4#de
e1r#si#tice se ndre$t#1 s$re D#ci# $entr1 c# s+i $o#t "#ce dr14
4#i de$#rte, ctre Greci# s#1 It#li#2 In1til s #4inti4 to#te #ceste
n5liri 9#r9#re2 Dest1l s s$1ne4 c ro46nii s+#1 #lct1it, c#
n#i1ne, n dec1rs1l nen14r#telor in5#7ii c#re #1 1r4#t #9#ndonrii
D#ciei de ctre A1reli#n, i c s+#1 constit1it c# org#ni7#ii st#t#le
inde$endente $1in ti4$ d1$ n5lire# tt#rilor, l# nce$1t1l
secol1l1i PIII2 C1lt1r#licete, #ceste n5liri #1 "ost de o c14$lit
sterilit#te2 'ici d#cii, nici d#co+ro4#nii, nici ro46nii n+#1 #51t ni4ic
de n5#t de l# #ceti no4#7i rsriteni2 '1 exist nici o co4$#r#ie
c1 cee# ce # nse4n#t $entr1 5iitor1l E1ro$ei n5lirile ger4#nice de
l# s"6rit1l #ntic8itii2 A"#r de r#re exce$ii + $rintre c#re tre91ie
#4intii, n $ri41l r6nd, sl#5ii + #ceti 9#r9#ri rsriteni n1 oc1$#1
teritoriile c1ceriteF se 41l14e#1 s le de5#ste7e2 Ast"el c re7isten#
+de 41lte ori $#si5 + n "## n5litorilor, n1 s+# sold#t c1 nici 1n
9ene"ici1 c1lt1r#l $entr1 str4oii notri2 Sing1r1l #$ort $o7iti5 ,+#
#d1s, indirect, 4#re# in5#7ie ttre#scF d#r el e de ordin istoric, i#r n1
c1lt1r#l2 n 1r4# c#t#stro"ei $ro5oc#t de n5lirile tt#rilor, ro46nii
#1 constit1it $ri4ele org#ni7#ii st#t#le 4#jore2
Destin1l # "c1t c#, o s1t cinci7eci de #ni d1$ n5lirile
ttreti, o #lt no1 i 4#si5 ex$#nsi1ne #si#tic s #i9 loc n
E1ro$# rsrite#n% este #$#rii# t1rcilor oto4#ni, c#re oc1$
"1lgertor st#tele 9#lc#nice i nce#rc s+i desc8id dr14 s$re ini4#
E1ro$ei ndre$t6nd1+se s$re D1nre2 De l# #$#rii# t1rcilor oto4#ni n
ori7ont1l istoriei ro46neti, ro46nii 4$re1n c1 5ecinii lor, s6r9ii,
1ng1rii i $olone7ii, d#r 4#i 41lt c# ei, $entr1 c se #"l#1 c8i#r n
dr141l t1rcilor + ro46nii #1 "ost con"isc#i, ti4$ de #$ro#$e $#tr1
secole, de ingr#t# 4isi1ne de # re7ist#, # 8r1i i # isto5i $1ternicele
#r4#te oto4#ne2 L1$t# #ce#st# necontenit i "r glorie + c14 n1 se
#"l dec6t r#reori n 0ccident + # ec8i5#l#t c1 o ns$i46ntto#re
8e4or#gie2 ?r ndoi#l c re7isten# ro46nilor i # 5ecinilor lor
d1nreni # "c1t $osi9il s#l5#re# 0ccident1l1i2 n cele trei secole c#re
s+#1 sc1rs de I# 9tli# de l# 'ico$ole l# #sedi1l @ienei, 0ccident1l #
#51t rg#7 s se ntre#sc i s se $regte#sc de contr#o"ensi52
C6nd, d1$ n"r6ngere# re7istenei ro46neti, oto4#nii #1 #j1ns l#
@icn# i #1 #sedi#t+o, n ,.W*, er# $re# t6r7i12 Ei nii er#1 isto5ii de
cele trei secole de l1$t, i de #t1nci #1 "ost silii s se retr#g tre$t#t
din E1ro$#2 n tre#ct "ie s$1s, s#cri"ici1l de s6nge i de s$irit #l
$o$o#relor din rsrit1l E1ro$ei n+# "ost nc 5#lori"ic#t de ctre
contiin# istoriogr#"ic # 0ccident1l1i2
Este s1"icient s re#4inti4 n liniile ei 4#ri istori# Ro46niei,
$entr1 # nelege de ce ro46nii n+#1 $1t1t "#ce c1lt1r n sens1l
occident#l #l c156nt1l1iF de ce, #dic, n+#1 $1t1t nl# c#tedr#le
4#si5e i n14ero#se, de ce n+#1 7idit c#stele i 91rg1ri de $i#tr, de
ce n+#12 #d1n#t co4ori de #rt, n+#1 scris $re# 41lte cri i n+#1
col#9or#t, #lt1ri de 0ccident, l# $rogres1l tiinelor i #l "ilAoso"iei2 n
$ri41l r6nd, $entr1 c n+#1 #51t ti4$ s "#c to#te #ceste#, $entr1 c
n-au fost l'sa*i s le "#c2 In5#7iile se s1cced#1 1n# d1$ #lt# i
o#4enii n1 n14#i c i $rse#1 s#tele c# s se retr#g n 41ni, ci le
i #rde#1 n 1r4# lor2 0r#ele #1 "ost necontenit de5#st#te i
incendi#te $6n l# nce$1t1l secol1l1i PIP2 E de 4ir#re, tot1i, c s+
#1 4#i $str#t c6te5# 9iserici i 4nstiri2 Ji "r141see# des56rit #
#cestor loc#1ri s"inte e ce# 4#i 91n do5#d de g1st1l #rtitilor i
5oe5o7ilor ro46ni2 D#r, din tot ce s+# cldit n rile ro46neti, #
r4#s "o#rte $1in2 Mnstirile er#1 9og#te n 4#n1scrise i cri i
4ii de #se4ene# 4#n1scrise i cri, co$i#te i ti$rite n 4nstirile
ro46neti, se gsesc #st7i n to#te 4#rile 9i9lioteci #le l14ii2 D#r de
to#t #ce#st $rod1cie religio#s s#5#nt s+# #17it $re# $1in n
0ccidentFe#, ns, circ1l n to#t E1ro$# rsrite#n i n 0rient1l
#$ro$i#t2 D1$ cdere# Const#ntino$ol1l1i, rile ro46neti #1 "ost,
41lt 5re4e, i75or1l c1lt1r#l #l ntreg1l1i 0rient cretin2 Gse# #colo
WN
1n ;$19lic; n #cee#i sit1#ie c# i $o$or1l ro46nesc% terori7#t de
in5#7iile s#1 oc1$#i# oto4#n, r1$t de rest1l E1ro$ei li9ere i
cretine, con"isc#t de o l1$t 7i de 7i $entr1 s1$r#5ie1ire2 ntr+1n
#n14it sens, se $o#te s$1ne c E51l Medi1 s+# $rel1ngit n Rsrit1l
E1ro$ei c1 cel $1in trei 5e#c1ri2 De #cee# to#t #cti5it#te# c1lt1r#l
scris c#re s+# des"1r#t n Crile Ro46neti s+# "c1t n sens1l n
c#re se scri#1 crile n E51l Medi1% $entr1 ntrire# s1"lete#sc #
$o$or1l1i i n5t1r# clericilor2 entr1 #cest 4oti5, n #"#r de
c6te5# r#re exce$ii, #ce#st $rod1cie c1lt1r#l n+# interes#t
0ccident1l% $entr1 c 0ccident1l de$ise de 41lt E51l Medi1 i n1
se 4#i interes# dec6t de 5#lorile cre#te n con"or4it#te c1 noile
c#no#ne i4$1se de Ren#tere2 0r, din 4oti5e istorice lesne de neles,
d#r 4#i #les d#torit str1ct1rii eretine i $o$1l#re # s$irit1#litii s#le,
Ro46ni# n+# c1nosc1t ec8i5#lent1l Ren#terii2 Ji #t6t# ti4$ c6t
0ccident1l # trit n ori7ont1l s$irit1#l #l Ren#terii, el # r4#s c1
tot1l indi"erent "# de 5#lorile c1lt1r#le ro46neti2 Interes1l
0ccident1l1i $entr1 Ro46ni# i celel#lte $o$o#re din Rsrit1l
E1ro$ei s+# tre7it #9i# l# nce$1t1l secol1l1i #l PlP+le#, c6nd cicl1l
in#1g1r#t de Ren#tere # "ost de"initi5 nc8is i # nce$1t ;Eon1l A
n#ion#litilor2
n#inte de # 4erge 4#i de$#rte, # 5re# s desc8id o $#r#nte7
$ri5ito#re l# tensiunea istoric', $rel1ngit ti4$ de cinci secole, c#re #
exist#t ntre ro46ni, $e de o $#rte, i tt#ri i t1rci $e de #lt#2 ntoc4#i
d1$ c14 d#co+ro4#nii, d1$ $rsire# D#ciei de ctre A1rel i#n, n+#1
#51t noroc1l s c1no#sc sim(io"a c1 $o$o#rele 9#r9#re ger4#nice,
## c14 #1 c1nosc1t+o $ro5inciile occident#le #le I4$eri1l1i, i c#re s+
# do5edit # "i #t6t de "ertil $entr1 5iito#rele cre#ii istorice i
c1lt1r#le #le E1ro$ei + tot ## ro46nii n+#1 #51t noroc1l 1nor
#d5ers#ri s$irit1#licete s1$eriori s#1 4c#r eg#li2 entr1 # ne d#
se#4# de gr#5it#te# #cest1i l1cr1, s ne #4inti4 c#71l S$#niei, c#re #
c1nosc1t i e# o tensi1ne si4il#r "# de isl#42 D#r l1$t# S$#niei c1
4#1rii # "ost 9ine5enit n1 n14#i $entr1 cldire# c#r#cter1l1i s$#niol,
ci i $entr1 #cti5it#te# c1lt1r#l2 S$#ni# # d#t 41lt isl#41l1i i9eric
+d#r # i $ri4it de l# el2 C8i#r #t1nci c6nd n1 se $o#te 5or9i de o
in"l1en, ciocnire# ntre cele do1 s$irit1#liti i cele do1 tr#diii
c1lt1r#le # "ost "ertil $entr1 "iec#re dintre ele2
C1 tot1l #lt1l e c#71l Ro46niei i #l celorl#lte ri c#re #1 $1rt#t,
secole de+# r6nd1l, r79o#iele c1 tt#rii i c1 t1rcii2 n #"#r de c6te5#
ele4ente lexic#le, n+#4 l1#t #$ro#$e ni4ic de l# #ceti #d5ers#ri2
0to4#nii re$re7ent#1 n $ri41l r6nd o $1tere 4ilit#r i o
#d4inistr#ie solid2 Re7isten# 4$otri5# lor # #51t re71lt#te
i4$ort#nte, d#r de 1n c1 tot1l #lt ordin dec6t cele $e c#re le+#1
c1nosc1t s$#niolii din l1ng1l lor con"lict c1 4#1rii2 Agresi5it#te#
4ilit#r # oto4#nilor # solid#ri7#t to#te $o$o#rele cretine din E1ro$#
0rient#lF n #se4ene# 4s1r nc6t, n li49# ro46n, 1n ;cretin;
dese4ne#7 tot #t6t de 9ine 1n ;ro46n;, 1n ;o4 de o4enie; i 1n
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;credincios; + n ti4$ ce ;$g6n; nse#4n n1 n14#i 1n ne+cretin, ci
i 1n o4 "r nici o lege 4or#l,, 1n ;strein; 5enit din #lt l14e i
#56nd c1 tot1l #lte o9icei1ri2 I#r c156nt1l ;t1rc; nse#4n n li49#
ro46n 1n o4 c#re n1 nelege ce s$1i, c#re j1dec d1$ #lte criterii i
de l# c#re te $oi #te$t# l# orice2 Inter5eni# oto4#nilor n ori7ont1l
istoric #l ro46nilor n+# rodit, deci, c1lt1r#liceteF e# # "c1t do#r c#
l14e# s se 4$#rt n do1% $e de o $#rte ;cretinii;, #dic o#4enii
de #cee#i ;lege; i ;credin; + i#r $e de #lt $#rte ;$g6nii;,
;nelegi1iii;, ;t1rcii;2
S$re deose9ire, ns, de isl#41l c#re, n $ri4ele secole #le
Hegirei, i ntinde# 5ertiginos st$6nire# n 0rient, $e r41rile
Mediter#nei i n I9eri#, con5ertind #dese# c1 "or# $o$1l#iile
s19j1g#te + oto4#nii, ei nii con5ertii dest1l de t6r7i1 l# isl#4is4,
n1 se #4estec#1 dec6t s$or#dic n 5i## religio#s # $o$o#relor c1 c#re
se l1$t#12 Ast"el c, n #"#r de r#ri exce$ii, rile ro46neti, c# i
ntre#g# enins1l &#lc#nic, i+#1 $1t1t $str# netir9it credin#
str4oe#sc Ace#st toler#n religio#s # oto4#nilor # "ost, "r
ndoi#l, 1n 4#re 9ine2 D#r, $e de #lt $#rte, e# # #51t i 1n #s$ect
neg#ti52 Li$s# de tensi1ne s$irit1#l ntre cele do1 reli+gii # 4$1in#t
$osi9ilitile de rennoire i de noi sinte7e c1lt1r#le #le ne#41l1i
nostr12 M#rile #d5ersiti religio#se i ideologice s1nt de o9icei "ertile
s$irit1#licete $entr1 #49ii #d5ers#ri, i 0ccident1l c#tolic <c# i Indi#
9r#84#nic= d#torete, indirect, re7istenei 4$otri5# isl#41l1i, 1n#
din cre#iile l1i cele 4#i de se#42 D#r oto4#nii c1 c#re se r79oi#1
str4oii notri n1 er#1 4#1rii c#re #1 4$odo9it, #1 #$r#t i #1
$l6ns Gr#n#d#2 ?# de $ri4ejdi# $e c#re o re$re7ent#1 oto4#nii,
ro46nii s+#1 nc8is i 4#i 41lt n ei, s+#1 #d6ncit n $ro$riile lor
tr#diii s$irit1#le, c#re er#1 n1 n14#i l#tino+9i7#ntine, ci i $rc+l#tine2
#dic geto+t8r#cice2 Re71lt#t1l # "ost c geni1l $o$1l#r, #1tentic
ro46nesc, # ieit s$orit din #cest sec1l#r $roces de interiori7#re2 D#r,
e5ident, #d6ncire# $ro$riilor tr#diii s$irit1#le n+# $1t1t rodi dec6t $e
ni5el1l cre#iei $o$1l#re, #dic #l "olHlor1l1i2 De #9i# de c1r6nd
ro46nii #1 c1nosc1t #d5ersiti istorice n c#re er#1 $ri4ejd1ite "ie
credin# str4oe#sc, "ie nsi "iin# ne#41l1i2 0r, #se4ene#
#d5ersiti, c1 to#te d1rerile i $ierderile de s19st#n $e c#re le+#1
#d1s, #1 "ost, tot1i, 9ine"cto#re2 Ele #1 clit c#r#cter1l n#ion#l i
#1 gr9it $roces1l de l1#re l# c1notin # $ro$ri1l1i destin istoric2
Ade5r#t# $ri4ejdie nce$e, ns, $entr1 ne#41l ro46nesc, #9i#
d1$ oc1$#re# teritori1l1i de ctre So5iete2 entr1 nt6i# o#r n
istori# s#, ne#41l ro46nesc #re de+# "#ce c1 1n #d5ers#r n1 n14#i
exce$ion#l de $1ternic, d#r i 8otr6t s ntre91ine7e orice 4ijloc
$entr1 # ne des"iin# s$irit1#licete i c1lt1r#licete, c# s ne $o#t, n
cele din 1r4, #si4il#2 ri4ejdi# este 4ort#l, cci 4etodele 4oderne
ngd1ie de7rdcinrile i de$l#srile de $o$1l#ii $e o sc#r $e c#re
o4enire# n+# 4#i c1nosc1t+o de l# #sirieni2 C8i#r "r 4#si5ele
de$l#sri de $o$1l#ii, exist $ri4ejdi# 1nei sterili7ri s$irit1#le $rin
W-
distr1gere# siste4#tic # elitelor i r1$ere# legt1rilor org#nice c1 j
tr#diiile c1lt1r#le #1tentic n#ion#le2 'e#41l ro46nesc, c# i #lte
#t6te# ne#41ri s19j1g#te de So5iete, risc s de5in, c1lt1r#licete, 1n X
$o$or de 8i9ri7i2 D#r s+#r $1te#, tot1i, c# #ce#st $ri4ejdie de 4o#rte
s se solde7e c1 o extr#ordin#r re#cie s$irit1#l, c#re s ec8i5#le7e I
c1 inst#1r#re# 1n1i no1 ;4od de # "i; i s $ro5o#ce, $e $l#n1l X
cre#iei c1lt1r#le, cee# ce # nse4n#t $e $l#n1l cre#iei st#t#le
;desclec#re#; de #c14 #$te 5e#c1ri, $ro5oc#t de 4#re# n5lire # X
tt#rilor2 D1$ c14 s$1ne#4 4#i s1s, "ond#re# st#telor ro46neti se
d#torete n 91n $#rte ex#s$errii $rod1se de de5#strile ttrti,
c#re #4enin#1 c1 dis$#rii# 4icilor "or4#ii $olitice #1tono4e2 S+#r
$1te# c# oc1$#i# so5ietic i ncerc#re# de desn#ion#li7#re
ntre$rins de r1i c1 4etode i 4ijlo#ce "#r#onice, s nse4ne, $rin
contr#o"ensi5# s$irit1#l $e c#re o $ro5o#c, #de5r#t# intr#re #
Ro46niei n istori# c1lt1r#l # E1ro$ei2 S19linie7 ntr+#dins ter4en1l
istoric. Cci #$ro#$e tot ce # d#t 4#i 91n geni1l ro46nesc $6n n
$re7ent ,+# d#t $e ni5el1l cre#iei "olHlorice2 0r, se tie $re# 9ine,
"olHlor1l n1 ine se#4# de istorie% di4$otri5, o s#9ote#7 i o
de5#lori7e#72 n ori7ont1l s$irit1#l c#re e $ro$ri1 "olHlor1l1i, istori#
ec8i5#le#7 c1 e"e4er1l, nese4ni"ic#ti51l i il17ori1l2 ;A$# trece,
$ietrele r46n; este "or41l# c#re re714 cel 4#i $regn#nt $1nct1l de
5edere #l geni1l1i $o$1l#r "# de istorie2 n $ers$ecti5# "olHlor1l1i,
Istori# e do#r 1n ir de 5#ne nt64$lri, e"e4ere i $rec#re c#
;@#l1rile; i ;A$ele;2 Se4ni"ic#ti5e n1 s1nt ;A$ele; n contin1
de5enire + ci cee# ce e gre1, i4o9il, inco4$#ti9il% ;ietrele;, i4#gine#
#r8eti$#l # re#litii ontologice $rin excelen2222
Ace#st l1ng $#r#nte7 + desc8is #s1$r# li$sei de tensi1ne
s$irit1#l ntre oto4#ni i ro46ni i nc8is #s1$r# $ri4ejdiei $e c#re
o re$re7int oc1$#i# so5ietic, $ri4ejdie c#re, tot1i, #r $1te#
in#1g1r# 1n no1 A "el de # "i;, in istorie, #l ro4#nitii + #ce#st l1ng
$#r#nte7 n1 ne+# de$rt#t, tot1i, $re# 41lt de s19iect2 entr1 c
toc4#i nce$1se4 s s$1ne4 c, d#torit 4$rej1rrilor istorice,
ro46nii #1 "ost 4$iedic#i s cree7e $e ni5el1ri c1lt1r#le inst#1r#te
de E51l Medi1 i des56rite de Ren#tere2 C#$odo$erele
s$irit1#litii ro46neti #$#rin "olHlor1l1iF i dei Ro46ni# 4odern
# #51t noroc1l s #i9 1n $oet de geni1 n Min#i E4inesc1, tot1i
c#$odo$erele liricii i 9#l#dei ro46neti r46n $oe7iile $o$1l#re
Miori*a i Meterul Manole. Ce5# 4#i 41lt% o 91n $#rte din
liter#t1r# ro46n 4odern s+# de75olt#t n $rel1ngire# cre#iei
"olHlorice2 Un1l din r#rii #1tori ro46ni c#re $ot "i n14ii c1 #de5r#t
;cl#sici;, Ion Cre#ng, se sit1e#7 direct n 1ni5ers1l "olHloric2 Ast#
"#ce c# liter#t1r# ro46n s $re7inte, $o#te, sing1r# exce$ie $e c#re o
n14r liter#t1r# e1ro$e#nF #cee# c opera integral' # 1n1i# din
clericii si este #ccesi9il, i $rin li49, i $rin orient#re estetic
oricr1i r#n ro46nF i c6nd s$1ne4 ;#ccesi9il; n1 ne g6ndi4 l#
lectur', $entr1 c r#n1l, c8i#r #t1nci c6nd tie scrie i ceti, r46ne
WQ
tot1i solid#r c1 liter#t1r# or#lF or, o$er# l1i Cre#ng $o#te "i
#sc1lt#t i g1st#t de r#ni c1 #cee#i 91c1rie c1 c#re ei #sc1lt
cre#iile liter#t1rii $o$1l#re2 E dest1l s ne #4inti4 $r$#sti# c#re
exist ntre R#cine, Mont#igne s#1 #sc#l i 1ni5ers1l s$irit1#l #l
r#n1l1i "r#nce7, s#1 ntre o$er# l1i Goet8e i # l1i D#nte i 1ni5ers1l
r#nilor ger4#ni i it#lieni, $entr1 # ne d# se#4# de se4ni"ic#i# $e
c#re o #re c#71l l1i Ion Cre#ng $entr1 c1lt1r# ro46ne#sc2
'+#4 5re# s "i4 r1 nelei2 Const#t6nd #ce#st $rel1ngire #
geni1l1i "olHloric $6n n liter#t1r# scris # s"6rit1l1i secol1l1i #l
PlP+le#, n1 5oi4 s "#ce4 #$ologi# 5#lorilor "olHlorice, o$1n6nd1+le
5#lorilor c1lt1rii s#5#nte2 Di4$otri5, dintr+1n #n14it $1nct de
5edere, #ce#st solid#rit#te # 1nei $ri din liter#t1r# ro46ne#sc
4odern c1 1ni5ers1l "olHloric risc s 4enin #n14ite cre#ii
ro46neti ntr+1n $ro5inci#lis4 c1lt1r#l d1ntor2 Ji #ce#st# n1
$entr1 c "olHlor1l #r "i, n el ns1i, 1n 4od in"erior de cre#ie, ci
$entr1 si4$l1l 4oti5 c, d#torit $ro$riei istorii, E1ro$# # de$it de
41lt 4od1l de cre#ie "olHloric i # i4$1s + n1 n14#i siei, ci i l14ii
ntregi + 4od1l de cre#ie c1lt, #dic, n $ri41l r6nd, ;ex$resi# scris;
+i#r n1 oral'. n e$oc# i4edi#t $recedent e$ocii no#stre + i $e c#re
#4 $1te#+o n14i $o7iti5ist+4#teri#list + solid#rit#te# c1 1ni5ers1l
"olHloric constit1ie, c8i#r $entr1 o c1lt1r e1ro$e#n, 4odern, o
#de5r#t c#t#stro"2 D#c ro4#ntis41l # $ro5oc#t $ret1tindeni g1st1l
$entr1 liter#t1rile $o$1l#re i ;geniile n#ion#le;, $o7iti5is41l,
di4$otri5, # i791tit s i4$1n credin# c to#te #ceste cre#ii
$o$1l#re #$#rin #r8eologiei s$irit1#le, c ele "#c $#rte din trec1t1l,
$entr1 totde#1n# #9olit, #l 14#nitii e1ro$ene i c, $rin 1r4#re, ele
n1 4#i $ot ser5i n nici 1n "el cre#iilor c1lte2 C6t ti4$ # do4nit n
l14e #cest $1nct de 5edere $o7iti5ist i e5ol1ionist, $osi9ilitile
s$irit1#le concentr#te n tr#diii "olHlorice n1 #5e#1, #4 $1te# s$1ne,
nici o #ns de 5#lori"ic#re2 Sit1#i# s+# sc8i49#t, ns, n 1lti4ii -/
de #ni2 e de o $#rte, E1ro$# # c1nosc1t, i c1no#te nc, o #1tentic
ren#tere religio#s, n $ri41l r6nd o re#ct1#li7#re 5ig1ro#s #
c#tolicis41l1i i dog4ele $o7iti5iste s1nt #st7i des1eteF i#r $e de #lt
$#rte, Asi# # intr#t de c1r6nd n Istorie, i #lte nen14r#te $o$o#re,
c1lt1r#licete #r8#ice s1nt i ele $e c#le2de # inter5eni n Istorie2 Ast#
ns nse#4n c 1n di#log de l# egal la egal .a nce$e n c1r6nd ntre
c1lt1r# e1ro$e#n i celel#lte c1lt1ri exotice iA #r8#ice2 0r, 1n l1cr1 se
tie% oric6t de 41lt s+#r deose9i ntre ele, to#te c1lt1rile extr#e1r$$ene
contin1 s 5#lori"ice i s se ins$ire din ;4it1ri; i "olosesc c#
instr14ent de c1no#tere, $rin excelen, logica sim(olului D#c
di#log1l c#re 5# nce$e ntre c1lt1r# e1ro$e#n i celel#lte c1lt1ri e
4enit s "ie "ec1nd, tre91ie s se in se#4 de 1ni5ers1rile s$irit1#le
#le non+e1ro$enilor2 Ji n1 e deloc li$sit de se4ni"ic#ie "#$t1l c, n
1lti41l ti4$, g6ndire# e1ro$e#n # "c1t extr#ordin#re e"ort1ri c# s
nele#g si49olis41l i s re5#lori7e7e 4it1rile i #r8eti$1rile2 Este
c# i c14 s$irit1l e1ro$e#n #r "i $resi4it, de 5reo */ de #ni nco#ce,
W.
c 4ers1l istoriei l 5# o9lig# c1r6nd l# 1n di#log li9er i $e picior de
egalitate c1 celel#lte s$irit1#liti non+e1ro$ene2
Deci, c# s re5eni4 l# c#71l c1lt1rii ro46neti, solid#rit#te# s# c1
ori7ont1l s$irit1#litii "olHlorice n1 4#i $o#te "i consider#t #st7i c#
1n i4$edi4ent, c# o 4$1in#re # $osi9ilitilor de col#9or#re c1
#de5r#t# c1lt1r e1ro$e#n ;4#jor 2 Di4$otri5, #ce#st si4$#tie
c1 4od1rile de sensi9ilit#te i g6ndire #r8#ice o "#ce #$t, 4#i 41lt
dec6t c1lt1rile occident#le, s nele#g sit1#iile s$irit1#le #le l14ii
non+e1ro$ene i s s1sin di#log1l c1 #ce#st l14e2 D#r to#te #ceste
$osi9iliti #$#rin 5iitor1l1i #$ro$i#t2 S 5ede4 deoc#4d#t ce
nse#4n $ro$ri1+7is solid#rit#te# c1 1ni5ers1l "olHloric i s ne
ntre94 n ce 4s1r #ce#st solid#rit#te $o#te $ro4o5# s#1,
di4$otri5, li4it# $osi9ilitile de cre#ie #le 1n1i $o$or2
S$1ne#4 #dine#ori c Istori# # silit ne#41l ro46nesc s+i
#d6nce#sc $ro$riile s#le tr#diii + l#tine i $ro+l#tine + 4$iedic6nd1+,
totod#t s $#rtici$e l# 4ic#re# c1lt1r#l in#1g1r#t de Ren#tere i
Il14inis42 Constr1it n i4ens# l1i 4#jorit#te din $l1g#ri i $stori,
ne#41l ro46nesc i+# concentr#t "orele l1i de cre#ie #$ro#$e
excl1si5 n 1ni5ers1l s$irit1#litilor $o$1l#re2 !erori7#t de
e5eni4entele istorice, geni1l ne#41l1i ro46nesc s+# solid#ri7#t c1
#cele re#litii 5ii $e c#re istori# n1 le $1te# #tinge% Cos4os1l i
rit41rile cos4ice2 D#r str4oii ro46nilor er#1 dej# cretini, n ti4$
ce ne#41l ro46nesc se $ls41i# ntre c#t#stro"e istorice2 A# c
si4$#ti# "# de Cos4os, #t6t de s$eci"ic geni1l1i ro46nesc, n1 se
$re7int c# 1n senti4ent $g6nesc + ci c# o "or4 # s$irit1l1i lit1rgic
cretin2 M1lt 5re4e s+# cre71t c senti4ent1l '#t1rii i solid#rit#te#
c1 rit41rile cos4ice trde#7 o s$irit1#lit#te necretin2 rej1dec#t#
#ce#st# se d#tor# 1nei ins1"iciente c1no#teri # cretinis41l1i i
ndeose9i # cretinis41l1i rsrite#n, c#re # $str#t n ntregi4e
s$irit1l lit1rgic #l $ri4elor 5e#c1ri2 n re#lit#te, cretinis41l #r8#ic
n+# de5#lori7#t '#t1r# + ## c14 s+# nt64$l#t c1 #n14ite #s$ecte #le
cretinis41l1i 4edie5#l, #scetic i 4or#li7#nt, $entr1 c#re n#t1r#
re$re7ent# #dese# ;de4oni#; $rin excelen2 entr1 cretinis41l
#r8#ic, ## c14 # "ost neles el ndeose9i de ctre S"inii rini
orient#li, Cos4os1l n+# ncet#t o sing1r cli$ de # "i cre#i# l1i
D14ne7e1, i#r rit41rile cos4ice #1 "ost tot ti4$1l conce$1te c# o
lit1rg8ie cos4ic2 Solid#ri7#i s$irit1#licete c1 '#t1r#, ro46nii n+#1
"c1t 1n #ct de regresi1ne ctre ori7ont1l $g6nesc, ci, di4$otri5, #1
$rel1ngit $6n n 7ilele no#stre #ce# 4#gni"ic ncerc#re de
+ncre*inare a Cosmosului, nce$1t de S"inii rini, d#r ntrer1$t,
din di"erite 4oti5e, n c1rs1l E51l1i Medi1, n 0ccident2 L1cr1rile
#ceste# s1nt #st7i tot 4#i cl#r nelese, d#torit n $ri41l r6nd
ren#terii s$irit1l1i lit1rgic i interes1l1i cresc6nd "# de
s$irit1#lit#te# $#tristic2 Se nelege #st7i cee# ce #ne5oie s+#r "i $1t1t
nelege n 4ijloc1l secol1l1i trec1t% i #n14e c, $entr1 cretinis41l
#r8#ic, Cos4os1l $#rtici$ l# dr#4# di5in c, ntoc4#i d1$ c14
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s1"let1l o41l1i e nset#t de 46nt1ire, tot ## '#t1r# ntre#g ge4e i
s1s$in #te$t6nd n5iere#2 ntr+#de5r, e dest1l s se cite#sc
i4nogr#"i# &isericii rsritene s#1 s se o9ser5e cere4oni#l1l $#sc#l,
$entr1 # nelege c6t de solid#r este '#t1r# c1 4ister1l cristologic, c1
rstignire#, 4o#rte# i n5iere# M6nt1itor1l1i2 '#t1r# ntre#g e
cernit n s$t46n# $#ti4ilor, d#r ren#te, tri14"to#re, $rin n5iere#
l1i Iis1s2
0r, #ce#st lit1rg8ie cos4ic o regsi4 n "olHlor1l ro46nesc2
Ast# nse#4n c, retrg6nd1+se n ei nii, concentr6nd1+se #s1$r#
$ro$riilor lor tr#diii, #$r6nd1+se 4$otri5# l14ii din #"#r + c#re er#,
s n1 1it4, o l14e ostil, ce# # 9#r9#rilor e1r#si#tici, 5enii s $r#de
i s distr1g + ro46nii #1 $str#t, #1 #d6ncit i #1 5#lori"ic#t o
5i7i1ne cretin # '#t1rii, ## c14 "1sese e# ex$ri4#t n $ri4ele
secole #le cretinis41l1i2 rin 1r4#re, conser5#toris41l i #r8#is41l
"olHlor1l1i ro46ne"ic #1 s#l5#t 1n $#tri4oni1 c#re #$#rine
cretinis41l1i n genere, d#r $e c#re $rocesele istorice l+#1 #ni8il#t2
L1cr1l #cest# n1 e "r i4$ort#n, #st7i, c6nd se nce#rc
re5#lori7#re# t1t1ror "or4elor #r8#ice #le cretinis41l1i $entr1 # $1te#
"#ce "## $ro9le4elor ridic#te de reintr#re# Asiei n istorie2
entr1 # nelege 4#i 9ine n ce 4s1r s$irit1#lit#te#
ro46ne#sc, dei $ro"1nd cretin este solid#r c1 lit1rg8i# cos4ic,
s #4inti4 n14#i 1n sing1r exe4$l1% #cel #l conce$iei Morii2
S$1ne#4 4#i s1s c cele do1 c#$odo$ere #le $oe7iei $o$1l#re s1nt
Miori*a i 5alada Meterului Manole. A46ndo1 $re7int 4o#rte#
rit1#l c# o 5#lo#re s1$re4, c# ce# 4#i no9il 4$linire $e c#re o
$o#te ndjd1i existen# o4ene#sc2 5alada Meterului Manole se
centre#7 n j1r1l 4ister1l1i jert"ei% c# s se $o#t ridic# i d1r#, o
constr1cie + n c#71l nostr1 Mnstire# Arge1l1i + #rc ne5oie de
jert"ire# 1nei 5iei o4eneti2 Meter1l M#nole i s#cri"ic soi#,
7idind+o l# te4eli# 4nstirii2 C1 #lte c15inte, cldire# do96ndete
;5i#;, e ;ns1"leit;, $rintr+1n 4ister c#re "#ce $osi9il tr#nsl#i#
5ieii soiei Meter1l1i M#nole ntr+1n no1 ;cor$;, i #n14e n corpul
arhitectonic #l Mnstirii2 D1$ c14 se tie, rit1#l1l jert"eiI de
constr1cie e str5ec8i i se nt6lnete n 41lte $ri #le l14ii2 ns
#cest rit1#l n+# ins$ir#t cre#iile $oetice $o$1l#re dec6t n enins1l#
&#lc#nic% 9#l#de #se4nto#re se nt6lnesc l# greci <Legend# od1l1i
de $este Art#=, l# s6r9i i l# 91lg#ri2 D#r, cee# ce tre91ie s19lini#t este
"#$t1l c forma literar' cea mai reuit', #t6t din $1nct de 5edere
s$irit1#l c6t i #rtistic, o $re7int 9#l#d# ro46ne#sc # Meter1l1i
M#nole2 Este, deci, se4ni"ic#ti5 c geni1l $o$1l#r ro46nesc i+# d#t
ex$resi# l1i 4#xi4 toc4#i n #cest 4it #l jert"ei cre#to#re2 C1 #t6t
4#i se4ni"ic#ti5, c1 c6t ce#l#lt c#$odo$er, Miori*a, re5ele#7 i e#
tot 1n 4it #l 4orii% cio9#n1l, dei $re5enit de 4io#r# l1i "#5orit c
ceil#li to5#ri 5or s+, 1cid, #cce$t 4o#rte# c# o jert" 5ol1nt#r de
sine, d6nd1+i totod#t sens1l 1nei n1ni cos4ice, #dic i #cord
5#lo#re# s1$re4 de reconciliere c1 destin1l i de reintegr#re ntr+o
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'#t1r c#re n1 4#i e '#t1r ;$g6n;, ci 1n Cos4os s#ncti"ic#t
lit1rgic2
Desci"r4, deci, n #ceste 4it1ri ro46neti #le 4orii, o 5i7i1ne
#r8#ic i totod#t cretin% 4o#rte# e jert"# s1$re4, e 1n 4ister $rin
c#re o41l se des56rete, do96ndind 1n 4od s1$erior de # "i n l14e2
entr1 c, $entr1 ro46ni, c# i $entr1 #t6te# #lte c1lt1ri, 4o#rte# n1 e
o extincie, nici 4c#r o 4$1in#re # existenei + ci un mod de a fi, o
no1 existen $e 1n #lt ni5el, 4#i #$ro#$e de D14ne7e12 Conce$i#
#ce#st# este nc 5ie l# ro46ni2 D1$ s6ngero#sele l1$te de l#
Mreti, n ,(,), n c#re # "ost deci4#t, $rintre #ltele, o di5i7ie din
0lteni#, s#tele din#$oi# "ront1l1i #1 org#ni7#t s$ont#n $rocesi1ni c1
$reoi n odjdii, ngen1nc8ind $e 4#rgine# oselelor c#re d1ce#1 s$re
0lteni#2 0#4enii #ceti# ti#1 c sold#ii c71i l# Mreti, "r
l146n#re, nes$o5edii i ne4$rtii se ntorc s$re s#tele lor
olteneti n#inte de # se ndre$t# s$re lc#1l de 5eci2 De #cee# i
nt64$in#1 ngen1nc8i#i c1 l146nri #$rinse i c1 $reoii c#re
s$1ne#1 r1gci1ni $entr1 odi8n# 4iilor de 4ori ne571i2 A4 #17it
c $rocesi1ni si4il#re s+#1 "c1t i n Moldo5# n i#rn# ,(-N+,(-*,
d1$ ce s+# #"l#t de 4cel1l de l# St#lingr#d2 !o#te #ceste# nse#4n
c 4it1rile 4orii + consider#t c# 4ister1l jert"ei de sine + s1nt nc
5ii n s1"let1l ntreg1l1i $o$or ro46nesc2 L1cr1l n1 e t#r i4$ort#n2
Se tie c 5#lori"ic#re# 4orii constit1ie 1n# din cele 4#i "ec1nde
5ictorii #le cretinis41l1i2 Se tie, de #se4ene#, c o c1lt1r #re c1
#t6t 4#i 41lte #nse de # de5eni 1ni5ers#l, c1 c6t i $1ne 4#i
c1r#jos $ro9le4# Morii2
09ser54 #st"el c# 5#lorile cretinis41l1i #r8#ic + n ori7ont1l
cr1i# rit41rile '#t1rii s1nt tr#ns"ig1r#te ntr+o lit1rg8ie cos4ic, i#r
4o#rte# e conce$1t c# 1n 4ister s#cr#4ent#l + 5#lorile #ceste# n1
n14#i c #1 rodit + c1lt1r#licete + n cre#iile "olHlorice, d#r s1nt nc
5ii n ex$erien# de to#te 7ilele # $o$or1l1i ro46nesc2 0r, d#c ne
#4inti4 c $str#re# i #d6ncire# 5#lorilor cretinis41l1i #r8#ic #1
"ost $osi9ile d#torit 5itregiei Istoriei, c#re # silit $o$or1l ro46n s se
concentre7e #s1$r# $ro$riilor l1i tr#diii religio#se c# s $o#t
s1$r#5ie1i + #5e4 dre$t1l s ne ntre94 d#c n1 c145# 4ilen#r#
tero#re # #cestei Istorii n+# #51t tot1i i 1n re71lt#t $o7iti52 An14e,
$regtire# $o$or1l1i ro46nesc $entr1 4#re# ncerc#re $rin c#re trece
#st7i, s19 oc1$#i# i o$resi1ne# so5ietic2 'e $1te4 ntre9# c#re #r
"i "ost #st7i #nsele de re7isten #le #cestei ins1le de l#tinit#te $e
c#re o re$re7int $o$or1l ro46nesc, d#c $ro$ri# l1i istorie n1 i+#r "i
constit1it o s$irit1#lit#te $ro"1nd cretin, #56nd n centr1l ei 4ister1l
Morii s#l5#to#re i #l jert"ei de sine2 S+#r $1te# c# cee# ce # constit1it
$6n #c14 nenoroc1l ro46nilor n istorie s #lct1i#sc toc4#i 4#re#
l1i #ns de # s1$r#5ie1i n Istoria de m!ine.
up+ c14 a# 4#i s$1s, tero#re# istoric # 4$iedic#t $6n #c14
$r%aiil% #a&iv% #le 2%niului ro46nesc $e 1n $l#n 4ondi#l2 !re91ie s
ne a#inti# #%r%u c Ro46ni# 4odern i inde$endent n1 #re nc o
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s1t de #ni de existen, i#r ntregire# rii # #51t loc de #9i# #c14 *Q
de #ni2 ?c6nd 9ine socotelile, 5ede4 c Ro46ni# ntregit s+#
91c1r#t n14#i de >W de ani de li(ertate. Ji tot1i, c6t de 41lt s+# cre#t
in #cest rsti4$T D#c# #r "i #51t nc N/+*/ de #ni de rel#ti5 linite,
este $ro9#9il c Ro46ni# s+#r "i re4#rc#t $rintr+1n #$ort i4$ort#nt n
"el1rite do4enii #le c1lt1rii e1ro$ene2
0r istori# ro46nilor n1 c1no#te $erio#de l1ngi de linite% de
#cee# s$irit1l cre#tor n1 se $o#te 4#ni"est# dec6t n inter4itene $e
$l#n1l c1lt1rii scrise, s#5#nte2 ncontin11 i ine$1i7#9il se 4#ni"est
do#r cre#i# s$irit1#litii $o$1l#re, i de #cee# #4 str1it #t6t# #s1$r#
ei% e# sing1r ne re5ele#7 const#ntele geni1l1i ro46nesc2
Ast# n1 nse#4n, ns, c, n r#rele i sc1rtele $erio#de de linite,
geni1l ro46nesc n+# cre#t i $e ni5el1l c1lt1rii s#5#nte2 Ce5# 4#i
41lt% de l# nce$1t #ceste cre#ii #1 #51t 1n c#r#cter s$eci"ic i o
str1ct1r 4#jore2 Ele n1 i4it#1 5#lori strine, ci re5el#1 1n 1ni5ers
s$irit1#l nec1nosc1t s#1 i4$er"ect c1nosc1t 0ccident1l1i2 E dest1l s
#4inti4 $e S$t#r1l Milesc1, n secol1l #l P@II+le#, i $e Di4itrie
C#nte4ir, n secol1l #l P@III+le#, $e E4incsc1 i $e H#sde1 n
secol1l #l PlP+le#, c# s nelege4 $e ce $l#n s+#1 sit1#t cre#iile
s#5#nte ro46neti% ele re5el#1 #cel ori7ont s$irit1#l #st7i #$ro#$e
1it#t n 0ccident + dei "#ce $#rte integr#nt din E1ro$# i # d#t "o#rte
41lt E1ro$ei + #cel ori7ont s$irit1#l n c#re s+#1 4ic#t 0r$8e1 i
E#4olxis i c#re 4#i t6r7i1 # n1trit s$irit1#lit#te# ro4#no+9i7#ntin2
De l# Di4itrie C#nte4ir, E4inesc1 i H#sde1, trec6nd $rin Iorg# i
@#sile 6r5#n $6n n 7ilele no#stre, l# '#e Ionesc1 i L1ci#n &l#g#,
o se#4 de $oei, crt1r#ri i "iloso"i ro46ni #1 5#lori"ic#t tr#diiile
nsc1te din sinte7ele s$irit1#le t8r#co+ro4#ne, sinte7e c#re s+#1
#lct1it de+# l1ng1l 5e#c1rilor din nt6lnire# #t6t de "ec1nd ntre
Ro4#, !8r#ci# i cretinis41l #r8#ic2 n #ce#st $#rte # E1ro$ei,
consider#t #$ro#$e $ierd1t d1$ inst#1r#re# do4in#iei oto4#ne,
s+#1 $str#t co4ori de s$irit1#lit#te c#re #1 "c1t c6nd5# $#rte din
ns1i centrul culturii europene# cci !8r#ci# dionisi#c i Greci#
or$8ic, Ro4# i4$eri#l i cretin, n #ce#st $#rte # E1ro$ei s+#1
nt6lnit i i+#1 $ls41it cele 4#i de se#4 5#lori2
'1 tre91ie s 1it4 o cli$ c #colo 1nde s+#1 ntins Greci#,
Ro4# i cretinis41l #r8#ic, s+# cont1r#t #de5r#t# E1ro$, n1 ce#
geogr#"ic, ci E1ro$# s$irit1#l2 Ji to#te 5#lorile cre#te nl1ntr1l
#cestei 7one $ri5ilegi#te "#c $#rte din patrimoniul comun al culturii
europene. '1 ne $1te4 i4#gin# o c1lt1r e1ro$e#n red1s n14#i l#
"or4ele ei occident#le2 C1lt1r#licete, c# i s$irit1#licete, E1ro$# se
ntregete c1 tot ce # cre#t i $str#t s$#i1l c#r$#to+9#lc#nic2 Ce5#
4#i 41lt% #5e4 4oti5e s crede4 c s$#i1l n c#re s+# ntr1c8i$#t
E#4olxis, 0r$8e1 i 4isterele Mioriei i #le Meter1l1i M#nole n1
i+#1 sect1it i75o#rele de cre#ie% #colo 1nde 4o#rte# e 5#lori"ic#t c#
o n1nt, i75o#rele s$irit1#le s1nt int#cte2 E1ro$# este loc1l $redestin#t
#l cre#iilor 41lti$le, 5#ri#te, co4$le4ent#re% s$irit1#licete i
(/
c1lt1r#licete, E1ro$# n1 este + i nici nu poate fi- 1n 9loc 4onolitic2
E# #re, deci, ne5oie de di4ensi1ne# or$8ic i 7#4olxi#n $entr1 # se
$1te# ntregi i # $1te# $ls41i noi sinte7e2
Aj1ni l# c#$t1l ex$1nerii no#stre 4#i r46ne s ne 4#i $1ne4
o sing1r ntre9#re2 E# de$ete $ro9le4ele c1lt1rii ro46neti,
interes6nd destin1l istoric #l ro46nilor2 ntre9#re# este #ce#st#%
$rintr+1n 4ir#col, s46n# Ro4ei n1 s+# $ierd1t d1$ $rsire# D#ciei
de ctre A1reli#n + dei #ce#st $rsire # nse4n#t o #de5r#t
c#t#stro" $entr1 loc1itorii 9og#tei $ro5incii2 D#r E1ro$# i 4#i $o#te
ngd1i #ce#st a doua p'r'sire a )aciei +n "ilele noastreX ?c6nd
$#rte, tr1$ete i s$irit1#licete, din E1ro$#, 4#i $1te4 "i s#cri"ic#i
"r c# s#cri"ici1l #cest# s n1 $ri4ejd1i#sc nsi existen# i
integrit#te# s$irit1#l # E1ro$ei: De rs$1ns1l c#re 5# "i d#t, de
Istorie, #cestei ntre9ri n1 de$inde n14#i s1$r#5ie1ire# no#str, c#
ne#4, ci i s1$r#5ie1ire# 0ccident1l1i2
C#rnet de i#rn
Secol1l PIP # "ost, c14 se s$1ne, secol1l istoriei2 Secol1l PP
este secol1l sociologiei i #l etnogr#"iei, tiine $rin excelen istorice2
E de re4#rc#t c, de o s1t de #ni nco#ce, e"ort1rile g6ndirii
occident#le con5erg ctre #cee#i int% s c1no#sc i s ex$lice
trecutul. !rec1t1l cos4os1l1i i $l#netei no#stre, e5ol1i# s$eciilor,
origine# r#selor i # $o$o#relor, o96ri# i e5ol1i# li49ilor, et#$ele
instit1iilor soci#le, istori# religiilor, etc2 !o#te tiinele 14#niste + de
l# #rt i liter#t1r $6n l# etnogr#"ie i "olHlor + s+#1 integr#t
disci$linei istorice2 De "#$t, $rogresele re#li7#te n "iec#re din #ceste
do4enii se d#toresc n $ri41l r6nd #$licrii ;4etodei istorice;2 S ne
#4inti4, 91no#r, c#71l etnogr#"iei, c#re n1 # de5enit tiin dec6t n
cli$# c6nd # introd1s n st1di1l ci5ili7#iilor $ri4iti5e criteri1l istoric2
Cine s+#r "i g6ndit, n secol1l #l P@III, s scrie o ;Istorie # societii
4el#ne7iene;, ## c14 # scris Ri5ers n ,(,-:
e 5re4e# c6nd @olt#ire i MontesR1ie1 scri#1 des$re ;$ri4iti5i;
i ;orient#li;, $o$o#rele #ceste# er#1 d#te de exe4$l1 E1ro$ei toc4#i
$rin li$s# lor de ;istorie;2 Enciclo$editii, c# i ro4#nticii consider#1
$o$o#rele extr#+e1ro$ene c# 1n gr1$ de #e7ri 14#ne ;$1re;,
origin#re, dincolo de istorie i de5enire, $str6nd 5e#c1ri de+# r6nd1l
;ci5ili7#i#; lor n#t1r#l, necor1$t de r79o#ie religio#se i de
inj1stiie soci#l2 Etnogr#"i# 4odern, c1 1n Ri5ers i Gr#e9ner,
desco$er ;istorie; c8i#r i n 5i## cel1i 4#i nense4n#t tri9
#1str#li#n2 Secol1l PP # n5#t s #$lice 4etodele istoriei, 4#i #les
n do4enii n c#re li$sesc cee# ce se n14ete ;doc14ente istorice;
<4on14ente, inscri$ii, texte=2 Etnogr#"i# i $reistori# "#c s
5or9e#sc 1n #rc, 1n instr14ent de $esc1it s#1 1n desen, c1 #cee#i
$reci7ie o1 c#re o K cronic s#1 7id1rile 1nei ceti 4rt1risesc
5icisit1dinile 1n1i $o$or2
De #$ro#$e o s1t de #ni, contiin# e1ro$e#n desco$er trec1t1l,
et#$ c1 et#$2 L# 4ijloc1l secol1l1i PIP #1 nce$1t s re#$#r s19
oc8ii e1ro$enilor r1inele ci5ili7#iilor ngro$#te de 4ii de #ni i 1it#te
$6n i c1 n14ele2 Egi$t1l, !roi#F &#9ilon1l, S1s#, Gnoss1sF #$oi
El#41l, I1d#e#, S14er1l, c1lt1r# 8itit, indi#n, ir#ni#nF #$oi Asi#
Centr#l i cetile deert1l1i C#t8#iF #$oi Do1r#+E1ro$os i Ug#rit2
Li&ta n1 e co4$let i nici n+#re inteni# s "ie2 D#r niciod#t
o4enire# n+# #51t, si41lt#n, contiin# trec1t1l1i ei + de l# $reistorie
l# E51l Medi1 i de l# ;$ri4iti5i; l# societile des56rite #le
Ren#terii + #s# c14 # do96ndit+o E1ro$# n 1lti4# s1t de #ni2 C1 o
(N
i4#gine 9r1t#l, s+#r $1te# s$1ne c E1ro$# .i"ionea"' de c6t5# ti4$
to#te et#$ele istoriei ei i #le trec1t1l1i o4enirii n gener#l2 !ot ce #
fost c6nd5#, tot ce # tr'it, tot ce # d#t 5reod#t 1n sens existenei
+contiin# e1ro$e#n nregistre#7 i "il4e#7 $entr1 sine2 S+#r $1te#
s$1ne c, ntoc4#i d1$ c14 n 1lti4ele cli$e #le 5ieii s#le 1n
indi5id i retriete ntre#g# existen, $6n l# cele 4#i 4ici i 4#i
nense4n#te #4n1nte + tot ## E1ro$# 5i7ione#7 #st7i, n teri9il# s#
#gonie, to#te et#$ele 5ieii istorice #le o4enirii, din cele 4#i 5ec8i
ti4$1ri i $6n n $re7ent2 E1ro$#, l14e# 4odern i 4#i #4intesc
nc o d#t ntre#g# 5i#, n#inte de # so49r# de"initi52 C8i#r #cei
o$ti4iti c#re n1 cred ntr+o #$ro$i#t nr1ire tot#l # c1lt1rii
e1ro$ene s1nt silii s rec1no#sc cel $1in 1n l1cr1% c l14e# #ct1#l
triete 1n s"6rit de cicl1F c orice s+#r nt64$l# d1$ 5iitor1l
c#t#clis4, "or4ele de 5i# i de g6ndire e1ro$e#n cre#te de
Ren#tere i re5ol1iile ind1stri#le i soci#le c#re i+#1 1r4#t 5or "i
de"initi5 ngro$#te, de$ite2
Aj1ns l# #cest s"6rit de cicl1, contiin# e1ro$e#n retriete, c#
1n "il4 4ent#l, istori# 1ni5ers#l2 o#te c s+#r $1te# ex$lic# $rin
#cest "eno4en o se#4 de 4#ni"estri ci1d#te #le ti4$1l1i nostr1
<legt1r# ntre n14r1l c#tedrelor de istorie i de"icien# n#t#litii n
?r#n#F ncerc#re# Ger4#niei 8itleriste de # lic8id# o9sesi# istoriei i
cre#re# 4it1rilor $reistorice, # ;"eno4enelor origin#re;, r#siste etc2=
n Ann#4 este o9icei1l c# 9tr6nii, nd#t ce+i si4t s"6rit1l, s
de# 1n 9#nc8et "1ner#r "#4iliei, c# i c14 #r "i 41rit dej#2 In c#71l
c6nd 9tr6n1l i re5ine i contin1 s tri#sc, e consider#t, din $1nct
de 5edere j1ridic i soci#l, mort. Soi# l1i e 5d15, co$iii l1i s1nt
#cce$t#i or"#niF n1 $o#te l1# $#rte l# rit1#le dec6t n 4s1r# n c#re
4orii s1nt #cce$t#i s "ie $re7eni n #n14ite cere4onii2
In Indi# se nt6lnete o credin si4il#r2 Este #s# n14it#
samprad!na3 9tr6n1l, si4ind1+i s"6rit1l #$ro$i#t, i tr#ns4ite
"i1l1i ntre#g# l1i ;$erso#n; $si8o+4ent#l2
n 0panishade se gsete #d4ir#9il descris #ce#st cere4onie2
&tr6n1l ##7 $e "i1l s1 n ## "el nc6t 46n# l1i s+i #ting 46n#,
$icior1l l1i s+i #ting $icior1l, etc2 A$oi nce$e rit1#l1l $ro$ri1+7is%
;4i $1n oc8i1l n tine;, s$1ne 9tr6n1l2 ;i d#1 oc8i1l t1;,
rs$1nde "i1l2 Ji ## 4#i de$#rte2 n c#7 c 9tr6n1l sc#$ c1 5i#, el
este j1ridicete consider#t mort, st s19 #1torit#te# "i1l1i s1 <cci "i1l
l1i este, de "#$t, #de5r#t1l el +nsui/ i, de cele 4#i 41lte ori, $le#c
de #c#s, trind1+i rest1l 7ilelor n sing1rt#te, $r#ctic6nd #sce7# n
$d1re2
Condii# #ce#st# de ;4ort n 5i#;, c#re n #n14ite ci5ili7#ii
orient#le se do96ndete $rin rit1#le de "i7iologie 4istic
<;tr#ns4itere# si41rilor;= s#1 cere4onii "1ner#re #ntici$#te, i
(*
gsete #n#logii i n #lte societi o4eneti2 M g6ndesc, 91no#r, l#
1n "iloso" c#re # c1get#t tot1l, $6n l# s"6rit, c#re # s1$ri4#t
o9st#colele, # de$it con"lictele, # re7ol5#t #ntino4iileF 1n "iloso"
c#re s+# 4$c#t c1 Cos4os1l i c1 D14ne7e1, neleg6nd tot1l,
"or41l6nd1+i #ce#st ;nelegere; ntr+1n sistem. 0#re n1 este, 1n
#se4ene# o4, 1n 4ort n 5i#: '1 este el $e de$lin 4$c#t, ## c14
n1 $o#te "i nici 1n o4 5i1: Re$et6nd o "or41l dest1l de c1nosc1t,
$1te4 s$1ne c sistemul unui "iloso" este $i#tr# l1i de 4or46nt2 D1$
ce tot1l # "ost neles i tot1l # "ost "or41l#t, ce ex$erien 4#i $o#te
4ic# s#1 4#i $o#te rodi contiin# g6nditor1l1i: 'ici D14ne7e1 nici CC ;X^\ Yr\ BI@ _,
Cos4os1l n1 4#i #1 t#ine $entr1 el, de nicieri n1 4#i risc o II rI ,I I , T
I
s1r$ri7, o ex$erien, o ned14erire2 AA ` &
Dei tr1$1l l1i contin1 s 5ie1i#sc, o41l #cel# n1 4#i #$#rine
l14ii no#stre2 Din $1nct de 5edere s$irit1#l, el este 1n 4ortF n1 n
sens1l c e des56rit% el # #tins "or41l# 4#xi4 de ec8ili9r12
A4 #4intit cere4oni# "1ner#r din Ann#4 i rit1#l1l indi#n
samprad!na, c# s se 5#d c, din to#te ti4$1rile, exist condii# de
;4ori n 5i#;, de o#4eni c#re n1 4#i #$#rin societii din c#re #1
"c1t $#rte2 &tr6n1l n $r#g1l 4orii este, ntr+1n #n14it "el, 1n
des'.!rit, tot ce # $1t1t n5# de l# 5i# # n5#t2 n c#71l Indiei, el
tr#ns4ite "i1l1i "1nciile ;i4$erson#le; #le "iinei l1i2 D1$ #cest
rit1#l, el n1 4#i #re dec6t legt1ri "i7ice c1 $46nt1l2 !ot ce er#
des56rit n el # ;$1s; <n sens 4#gic, concret= n "i1l s12
RI!UALE ER0!ICE
Erotic# 4istic n &eng#l
Indi# c #r# n c#re sex1l si s"ineni# se ntre$tr1nd s#1 se excl1d
c1 4#i 41lt 5iolen dec6t ori1nde2 Un st1di1 #l #sce7ei indiene
$le#c 4ec#nic de l# sex1#lit#te, i#r 1n st1di1 #l eroticii #j1nge 4#i
totde#1n# l# o 5i7i1ne "in#l de cel 4#i 5iolent 4isticis42 D#r n1
#cest c#r#cter #49ig11 constit1ie 5#lo#re# $er4#nent # 4isticii
8ind1iste + ci el#9or#re# #d4ir#9il # sex1#litii $e c#re o nt6lni4 n
"el1ritele coli s#1 secte indiene2 Erotic# #j1nge #ici o c#le #
46nt1irii, o soteriologie, d1$ c14 #j1nsese, n 91dd8is41l t#ntriH
4edie5#l, sing1r# #tingere concret # 'ir5#nei2 ?irete, "or41lrile
#ceste# $ot s1r$rinde2 re# ne+#4 n5#t # socoti Indi# o #r #
ren1nrilor, # conte4$l#iilor #9str#cte, # #sce7ei in14#ne2 De #lt"el,
er# n#t1r#l s "ie ##, c6nd n1 se ti$re#1 #s1$r# Indiei dec6t cri din
#cest $1nct de 5edere2
Rost1l #rticol1l1i de "# i #l celor ce 5or 1r4# e de # desco$eri
1n #lt #s$ect, tot #t6t de 9og#t i tot #t6t de $erson#l #l s$irit1#litii
indiene2 S$1n #l ;s$irit1#litii;, $entr1 c i n dr#goste + de ce# 4#i
c#rn#l s$e c8i#r + Indi# n1 1it $ri4#t1l s$irit1l1i2 Ji to#t
e"lorescent# de rit1ri erotice, to#t #ce# orgie 4istic i cere4oni#l
n1 #re dec6t 1n sing1r el% 1nire# s1"let1l1i c1 s1"let1l 1ni5ers#l2 D#r
n1 $e o c#le conte4$l#ti5 + ci $rin dr#goste2 Ji 5 5ei con5inge
nd#t c6t de c1r#jo#s, de li9er i de 5iril e conce$i# $e c#re i+o
"#ce i o 4$linete Indi# #s1$r# dr#gostei2
#2 S#8#j>
2 n &eng#l exist i #st7i, dei 4#i 41lt s#1 4#i $1in secret, o
sect #i crei 4e49ri c#1t $er"eci1ne# s$irit1#l i 9e#tit1dine#
1lti4 n dr#goste% 4#i $recis, n to#t parapherna1ia erotic <#t6t de
l1x1ri#nt n 0rient=, nc8ei#t n cons14#i# c#rn#l de$lin2
'14ele #cestei secte e 9ahaQlya
G>
, c#re nse#4n eti4ologiccte
;c1 cee# ce e nsc1t;, #dic ce5# ;n#t1r#l, "iresc;2 0riginile se
nt6lnesc n ti4$1rile 5edice, d#r le #"l4 4#i c1 se#4 n 4istic#
erotic 4edie5#l, "ie e# t#ntriH, 91dd8ist s#1 5is8n#5ist
Q*
2 S19
"or4# $e c#re o c1no#te4 #c14 i c1 liter#t1r# ei "o#rte 9og#t <n
()
4#re# 4#jorit#te 4#n1scris=, 9ahaQiya d#te#7 ns n14#i de c6te5#
secole2 In"or4#i1nile 4ele s1nt n 91n $#rte or#le, c1lese n &eng#l
i l1crrile #t6t de er1dite #le l1i M#nindr# Mo8#n &ose, <n
Introducti.a to the study of the Post-Chaitanya 9ahaQiya para2iya Cult
<;Do1rn#l o" t8e De$#rt#4ent o" Lettcrs;, C#lc1tt# Uni5ersit>, ,(*/,
*-/ $2 in oct#5o=2 e 4s1r ce 5o4 $o5esti i disc1t# doctrinele
#cestei secte extr#ordin#re, 5o4 cit# i #lte doc14ente i st1dii2
9ahaQiya s1sine c n #ct1#l# e$oc # de75oltrii 14#ne
<G#li+>1g#= nici rit1#l1l 5edic, nici conte4$l#i# "iloso"ic, nici
#sce7# >oginic n1 cond1c o41l l# li9er#re# s1$re4 i l#
9e#tit1dine# di5in2 Ci n14#i dr#goste# $entr1 "e4eie
Q-
2 Ac14,
"e4ei# $o#te "i de do1 "el1ri% soi#, #dic feBcia proprie <#5#H>#= i
#4#nt#, femeia altuia <$#r#Hi>#=2 9ahaQ+y' $re"er net ce# de # do1#
s$e de "e4ei, $entr1 c socotete o 4#i 4#re dr#goste #cee# c#re
49oldete $e o "e4eie s se co4$ro4it soci#l i s rite do4in#i#
$ost+4orte4, i19ind $e #lt 9r9#t dec6t cel legiti42 Ei i #4intesc c
i19it# $re"er#t # l1i Gris8n#
QQ
# "ost R#d8#, c#re er# soi# 1n1i A>#n,
$stor 9og#t n @r#j# + i c6, $entr1 dr#goste# I1i, e# # n"r1nt#t tot1l2
C8i#r dintr+1n $1nct de 5edere #legoric i si49olic, dr#goste# R#d8ei c
4#i $reio#s dec6t dr#goste# 1nei 4irese2 E interes#nt de o9ser5#t, n
tre#ct, c# n si49ologi# 4isticii c#tolice cl1griele s1nt n14ite
;4irescle l1i C8ristos;F dr#goste# 4istic # s1"let1l1i $entr1
M6nt1itor e ex$ri4#t $rintr+o legt1r o"ici#l <so, soie=, #cce$t#t
i $ro4o5#t de societ#te2 e c6nd ide#l1l 4isticii indiene, si49ol1l
$rin c#re e ex$ri4#t $er"eci1ne#, dr#goste# s1"let1l1i $entr1
Gris8n#, e toc4#i o $erec8e #d1lter% Gris8n#+R#d8#2 Cci, d1$ c14
R#d8# i+# ls#t tot + so, cinste, #5ere, linite, glorie n l14e# de #$oi
+ $entr1 dr#goste# l1i Gris8n#, de #se4ene# s1"let1l cel1i ce se 5re#
1nit c1 D14ne7e1 tre91ie s ren1ne l# tot, 9ine i r1, din #ce#st
l14e2
!eoreticienii 9ahaQlyei i dde#1 $re# 9ine se#4# c #st"el de
legt1ri s1nt rele $entr1 societ#te, d#r s$1ne#1 c r'ul exist #t6t ti4$
c6t l# 4ijloc e n14#i sex1#lit#te i si4$l ex$erien c#rn#l2
)ragostea e ns c1 tot1l #ltce5#F $entr1 c de$ete $l#n1l soci#l
<S8#stnie= i #$#rine $l#n1l1i s$irit1#l2 ?e4ei#, s$1n ei, $o#te "i o
91n soie i o 91n 4#4,de co$ii, i #t1nci 5irt1ile i $c#tele ei
s1nt j1dec#te con"or4 societii, instit1iei din c#re "#ce $#rte <c#st,
"#4ilie etc=2 D#r tot "e4ei# $o#te "i o to.ar'' indispensa(il' pe
drumul perfec*iunii + i #t1nci societ#te# n1 4#i #re nici 1n dre$t
#s1$r# ei2 Ci sing1r# condiie c# e5#d#re# ei din legi + soci#le i
4or#le + s n1 "ie sen71#l, ci erotic, 4istic2 @o4 5ede# nd#t ce
nelege 9ahaQ+y'prin #ceti ter4eni2
92 A4#nt# e indis$ens#9il $er"eci1nii2 'ici D14ne7e1, nici
$ro$ri1l s1"let n1 $o#te "i c1nosc1t ex$eri4ent#l, "r #j1tor1l
A#4#ntei 4istice; <$#r#Hi>#=2 D14ne7e1 n1 $o#te "i c1nosc1t $entr1
(W
c# sing1r# c#le de cont#ct direct, i4edi#t, c1 El e dr#goste# =prema/.
I#r prcma e c1 tot1l #ltce5# dec6t i19ire# sen71#l -:ama/. n gener#l,
o41l n1 c1no#te dec6t $e #ce#st# din 1r4F c#re l nt1nec
<ro9ind1+i si41rile=, l ro9ete <"iind egoist, 1r4rind $ro$ri#
$lcere=, l #ni8ile#7 <$rin ine5it#9ile e4isi1ni de semen .irile/,
ntr+1n c156nt, l ine leg#t de l14e# "eno4enelor i de societ#te <$rin
co$ii=2
Prema, di4$otri5, e o i19ire "r egois4, e o i19ire 4istic
+socotind $e D14ne7e1 n1 Cre#tor, ci i19ind1+, c1 1n senti4ent ;de
4#4, $rieten, sl1g s#1 soie;F i sing1re #ceste senti4ente s1nt
$lc1te l1i D14ne7e1 -Chaitanya Caritamrita, c6nt2I, c#$2-=2 '14#i
$rin prema D14ne7e1 #j1nge o9iect de ex$erien i ncdte#7 de #
4#i "i o9iect de disc1ie s#1 conte4$l#ie 2 0r prema n1 $o#te "i
re#li7#t dec6t $rin to5ri# 1nei "e4eiF d#r n1 o a.a2ia, o soie
legiti4, ci 1n# strein <"ecio#r s#1 soi# #lt1i#=F cci dr#goste#
nelegiti4, c1 risc1rile i s1r$ri7ele ei, e s1$erio#r 4onotoniei 1nei
dr#goste o"ici#le2 De #cee# prcma c1lti5#t c1 o para2iya cond1ce l#
D14ne7e1 $rin 9e#tit1dine erotic i, 4#i #les, $rin c#r#cter1l di5in,
glorios, #l #cestei 9e#tit1dini2 entr1 c, d1$ c14 5o4 5ede#,
r#$ort1rile sex1#le n 9ahaQ+y' n1 s1nt $1r "i7iologie, ci #1 1n
#ccent1#t c#r#cter cere4oni#l2 M#i 41lt, coit1l n1 tre91ie niciod#t
nc8ei#t $rintr+o e4isie de semen .irile, cci #t1nci to#t 5#lo#re#
4#gic <s$1ne4 noi, d#r textele 5or9esc de 5#lo#re ;4istic;= #
#ct1l1i sex1#l se s$1l9er2 Acei sahaQiya c1 c#re #4 #51t $rilej #
disc1t# rit1#l1l i doctrinele sectei ne+#1 4rt1risit c "iec#re dintre ei
$etrec o 91n $#rte din no#$te n contin11 joc sex1#l, ns "r
e4isi1ne2 Ace#st# e condii# sine 4ua non # sectei i c#re i d
n14#idec6t 1n colorit t#ntriH
Q)
2 C14 se #j1nge l# e# 5o4 5ede#
nd#t2
S$1ne#4 c $rin dr#goste se re5ele#7 direct n1 n14#i
D14ne7e1, ci i $ro$ri1l s1"let2 9ahaQiya crede c "iec#re o4 e
co4$1s din do1 j14ti% 1n# 4#sc1lin i #lt# "e4inin
-<mrtarasa.ali, $2 -=2 Ignor#n# n c#re se #"l o#4enii n cee# ce
$ri5ete $#rte# "e4inin din "$t1r# lor e c#17# s1$erioritilor $e c#re
ei le #1 des$re sex2 M#i 41lt, #ce#st ignor#n $rod1ce de7ec8ili9r1l
s$irit1#l n c#re se co4$l#c de o9icei o#4enii2 Prema silind1+i s
ex$eri4ente7e $e r6nd i dr#goste# 4#sc1lin i $e ce# "e4inin
<ntr1c6t s1"let1l lor se identi"ic c1 #cel# #l R#d8ei s1s$in6nd d1$
Gris8n#= + re5ele#7 integr#l "ire# o4ene#sc i nlt1r sex1l, c1
li4itele i s1$erstiiile l1i, din c#le# $er"eci1nii2
9ahaQ+y'crede c, l# 1n #n14it st#gi1 #l ed1c#iei s$irit1#le, o41l
tre91ie s se tr#ns"or4e ntr+o "e4eie
QW
i s+i #4inte#sc "#$t1l c el
n1 $o#te ex$eri4ent# #de5r#t# dr#goste #t6t# ti4$ c6t n1 $o#te
re#li7# #de5r#t# n#t1r "e4inin ntr+ns1l -Candidasa, c6ntec1l
nr2))*F 5e7i i textele cit#te de &ose, Post-Caitanya 9ahaQiya Cult,
((
p1>9<1
ra2o&t%a $u a#anta (paraki!" -nl+tur+ d% la sine exces1l de
sen71#lit#te, prin &i#plul 'apt $+ -nt,lniril% &unt rar% i &$urt%1 ?rin
#9sen -.iraha/ se creea"' o #t4os"er de $#si1ne nent6lnit n
legt1rile legiti4e2
Para2iy! se 4$#rt de o9icei n 4#i 41lte c#tegorii2 Des$rinde4
$e cele do1 eseni#le% #4#nt# concret n c#rne i s6nge <n14it
gaundL
N
s#1 (athya/ i #4#nt# ide#l, nc8i$1it -mut2hya s#1
martna/. Rit1rile $r#ctic#te c1 ce# dint6i s1nt "i7ice i i4edi#teF n
c#71l #l doile#, #5e4 de # "#ce c1 o cere4onie 4ent#l, "#nt#stic, de
#lt"el dest1l de o9in1it n Indi#2
c2 ?r%li#inariil% ritului
A4 $o4enit de c1rio7itile erotice #le #cestei secte, c#re
inter7ice e4isi1nile se4in#le i $ro$o5d1ie n14#i joc1l sex1#l2
Ace#st cere4onie, # 1nirii "r e4isi1ne, se n14ete n li49#j1l
t#ntriH maithuna i el se $r#ctic n t#ntricis4 c1 1n rit1#l "o#rte
co4$lic#t i "o#rte $ri4ejdios2 Din in"or4#iile 4ele c1lese l# 1ri, n
&eng#l, "o#rte $1ini t#ntrici 4#i exec1t #st7i #cest rit1#l sex1#l ##
c14 e $rescris de cere4oni#l2 M#jorit#te# se ded#1 l# orgii, cee# ce
c#de c1 tot1l n #"#r# t#ntricis41l1i2
C# s i791te#sc maithun' e ne5oie de o #n14it reg1l#re rit4ic
# res$ir#iei + #dic de o $r#ctic yoga. Cee# ce e interes#nt e "#$t1l c
$rin erotic# se #j1nge l# yoga, c#re e, n#inte de to#te, o rit4ici7#re i
ncetinire # res$ir#iei2 Acest# e 1n i4$ort#nt $1nct de $lec#re $entr1
ce 5o4 s$1ne #lt d#t% c cere4oni#l1l erotic $o#te "i o $r#ctic
>og#, #ctele sex1#le "iind rit4i7#te i identi"ic#te si49olic c1 #n14ite
o$er#i1ni >ogice2 !re91ie s nelege4 $er"ect c 4#jorit#te# #cestor
rit1ri conin 1n si49olis4 rit1#l "o#rte co4$lic#t2
Alt4interi, textele n1 ostenesc # ne re$et#, maithuna e 1n sol #l
Morii% ;?e4ei# n1 tre91ie #tins $entr1 $lcere# tr1$1l1i, ci $entr1
$er"eci1ne# s$irit1l1i, s$1ne <nanda(haira.a. An14ite 5ers1ri
<Rg#t4iH#= #tri91ite l1i C#ndid#s# s1gere#7 c14 $rin reg1l#rc#
res$ir#iei n ti4$1l #ct1l1i conj1g#l se $o#te 4$iedic# risi$ire#
energiei2
S n1 1it4 c, $entr1 indieni, 5i## e n 91n $#rte 1n ir de
d1reriF #st"el c n#tere# co$iilor #r "i 1n #ct $ctos, c6nd deri5
dintr+1n rit1#l 4enit #ltor el1ri2 Maithuna tre91ie s "ie $1r i si4$l1
9e#tit1dine# s1"let1l1i de7ro9it de "eno4ene, 1n 5#c114 $er"ect,
st#tic, o sen7#ie r#re"i#t, s1$r#14#n2 Rit1l c nto5rit de o
"or4id#9il dr#4#t1rgie interio#r, #dic de o #cti5it#te "#nt#stic
$er"ect org#ni7#t, de si49ol1ri i 7ei #s1$r# cror# o41l tre91ie s+i
in ncord#t #teni# n ti4$1l joc1l1i sex1#l2 0rice sl9ici1ne, orice
#9#ndon#re n 5oi# si41rilor s"r64 5#lo#re# $%r%#onial+ #
1@@
#ait$unei, 'a$,nd-o un a$t $arnal1 % a$%%a n%o'iii tr%(ui% &+ tr%a$+
prin at,t%a -n$%r$+ri -naint% d% a 'i -n2+duii a pra$ti$a #ait$una.
Aondiia %&%nial+ a ritului % -n&$%nar%a 'anta&ti$+ p% $ar% o#ul
tr%(ui% &+ o 'a$+ -naint% i -n ti#pul =o$ului &%/ual1 Vo# v%d%a $,t d%
se5ere i $o#pli$at% $ro9e $%r%#onial% tr%(ui% &+ -n'runt% n%o'itul
$6n ce 5# #j1nge st$6n $e sen71#lit#te# s# + i se va ls# do#inat
n14#i de prema, de dr#goste# int%n&+" %/tati$+ a &u'l%tului p%ntru
so1l s1 ceresc, Bri&7na1
Erotic# 4istic n &eng#l2 Rit1#le erotice
#2 Exerciii $regtito#re
Un 4#n1scris 9eng#le7 din &i9liotec# Uni5ersitii din C#lc1tt#
<nr2 *-*), re714#t de &ose, Post-Chaitanya 9ahaQiya, $2 )-+)Q=
ex$1ne $r#cticile $rin c#re neo"it1l #j1nge st$6n1l si41rilor s#le i
$o#te ex$eri4ent# "r te#4 joc1l sex1#l2 I#t% n $ri4ele $#tr1 l1ni
el tre91ie s ser5e#sc #se4ene# 1n1i ser5itor $e "e4ei# =n'yi2'/ $e
c#re i+# #les+o c# $#rtener n ;c1lt1r# s$irit1#l;2 !re91ie s do#r4
n #cee#i od#ie c1 e#, l# $icio#rele ei, st$6nind1+i $er"ect $#si1ne#2
Ur4to#rele $#tr1 l1ni el tre91ie s o sl1je#sc tot c# 4#i n#inte,
n14#i c tre91ie s do#r4 n #cel#i $#t c1 e#, de $#rte# st6ng, tot
#t6t de st$6n $e sine2 nc $#tr1 l1ni el tre91ie s+i ngrije#sc tr1$1l
i $o#te dor4i c14 5re#2 Ur4to#rele $#tr1 l1ni i 5# ngriji
$icio#rele, d#r 5# tre91i s do#r4 49ri#i2 Contin16nd #st"el
exerciiile de n"r6n#re # si41rilor, el 5# #j1nge c1r6nd s+i
controle7e co4$let i i4#gin#i#, i ner5ii,A i i49old1l sex1#l, $1t6nd
$r#ctic#, d1$ c15iin, rit1#l1l maithuna.
D1$ in"or4#iile 4ele or#le, sco$1l #cestor exerciii $regtito#re
e de # e4#nci$# 5ol1$t#te# de sti41lrile i4edi#te, c#rn#le2 C1 #lte
c15inte, se 1r4rete o li9er#re # 91c1riei sen71#le, nl#re# ei n
do4eni1l joc1l1i + "ie joc gr#t1it, "ie joc cere4oni#lF n orice c#7,
de7ro9ire# 5ol1$tii de deter4inis41l 9iologic2 A o9ine o 5ol1$t#te
li9er, de#s1$r# ec1#iilor se4in#le, in"init, $1t6nd "i $rel1ngit
c#$ricios, "r # cde# n ineri# "#t#l exceselor sex1#le2 A tr#ns"or4#
o41l nor4#l + #ngren#t n "i7iologie, nset#t de 5ol1$t#te d#r ro9it ei,
red1s l# incontien n c8i#r cli$# 4#xi4#li7rii ei + ntr+1n o4 li9er,
st$6n1l 5ol1$tii s#le, #dic ntr+1n 7e12
n conce$i# indi#n, deose9ire# dintre 7e1 i o4 n1 e c#lit#ti5,
ci c#ntit#ti52 Ee1l e 4#i li9er dec6t o41l, d#r li9ert#te# l1i n1 e 1n
d#r int#ngi9il + ci 1n tro"e1 l# nde46n# oric1i c#re se n#r4e#7 c1 o
te8nic 4#gic <indienii s$1n ;4istic;= i c1 l14in# #de5r#tei
c1no#teri2 !r#d1cere# #cestei ine"#9ile re#liti + Li9ert#te# + n
ter4eni de $si8ologie i logic 14#n n1 $o#te "i dec6t #$roxj4#ti52
!ot1i, se $o#te int1i $rin e# c#4 ce #r $1te# "i li(ertatea. In 1nele
coli "iloso"ice i 4istice indiene, e# e rest#1r#re# s$irit1l1i n d#tele
l1i inii#le% st#tic, 9e#ti"ic, s1$re4 #1tocontiin <c14 #r "i co#l# i
4et#"i7ic# @ed#nt#=2
n #lte coli, de $ild Vog#, e reintegr#re# s$irit1l1i $rin $r#ctici
,/N
#scetice i 4edit#ti5e2 In !#ntr#, reintegr#re# se "#ce n1 #9str#ct + c#
n @ed#nt# i Vog# + ci concret, $rin #cte, $rin cere4oni#l2 E de
neles c co#l# de c#re ne oc1$4 + 9ahaQ+y' - 1r4e#7 #cee#i
4etod $r#ctic i cere4oni#l2 De #lt"el, ntre !#ntr# i S#8#j> se
gsesc 41lte $1ncte de $lec#re identice2 A46ndo1 dis$re1iesc c#le#
#9str#ct, conte4$l#ti5 i $ro4o5e#7 te8nic# cere4oni#l, #cti5#re#
$rin Ciesa - i tr1$1l o4enesc2
Se #j1nge l# 7e1, l# li9ert#te# s1$re4, n1 $rin #ni8il#re# crnii
+ci $rin tr#ns"ig1r#re# i glori"ic#re# ei2 Actele tr1$1l1i + dintre c#re cel
4#i res$ons#9il e, "r ndoi#l, #ct1l sex1#l + tre91iesc nl#te
cere4oni#l, i#r "1nci1ne# lor o9sc1r, dec1rg6nd din tro$is4e,
tre91ie schim(at' ntr+o #cti5it#te li9er, glorio#s i $len#r2 A te
li9er# de $ro$riile t#le l#n1ri, # "#ce din o9st#cole 5e8ic1l1l
#scensi1nii, # tr#ns"or4# is$itele n instr14ente de $er"eci1ne + i#t
c14 s+#r $1te# tr#d1ce, n ter4eni 4#i 41lt s#1 4#i $1in co8ereni,
dog4#tic# 4isticii erotice indiene2
Re5enind #c14 l# rit1rile maithunei, j1sti"ic#re# lor $si8ologic e
1r4to#re#% sing1r# tr#d1cere n d#te ex$eri4ent#le # 'ir5#nei, #
9e#tit1dinii i4$ron1nci#9ile <#ct n1d i, n re#lit#te, de#s1$r# oricrei
ex$eriene= e r#$ort1l sex1#l2 Sing1r# #ntici$#re # #cest1i A9sol1t,
sing1r# $recon"ig1r#re # Li9ertii i &e#tit1dinii s1"let1l1i 46nt1it
<41HH8#= + e #cest r#$t2 De #ici tre91ie, ##d#r, s $lece orice $r#ctic
4istic2 Act1l sex1#l, de$#rte de # "i 1n o9st#col, e sing1r1l 5e8icol
ce $o#te cond1ce l# li9er#re concret2 El tre91ie, ns, tr#ns+
s19st#ni#li7#t <s ni se ierte ex$resi#=F dintr+1n instinct, tre91ie
sc8i49#t ntr+1n ritual.
92 Rit1#l1l dr#gostei 4istice
!ot M#nindr# Mo8#n &ose ne d n c#rte# s#, Post-Chaitanya
9ahaQiya Cult <$2 .. i 1r4#re= det#lii $recise #s1$r# 1n1i rit1#l
4istic+erotic, re7146nd o extre4 de interes#nt l1cr#re 'yi2'-
9'dhana-Ti2a <#dic Comentariu la )isciplina spiritual' +n to.'r'ia
femeii/, #"l#t n 4#n1scris l# &i9liotec# Uni5ersitii din C#lc1tt#2
L1cr#re# #ce#st# il1stre#7 nenc8i$1it de concret c#r#cter1l cere4oni#l
i "#nt#stic #l 1nirii sex1#le ntre sadhana <#dic cel c#re $r#ctic
#ce#st disci$lin= i n'yi2' <"e4ei# indis$ens#9il $r#cticii=2 De
#cee# 5o4 1r4# ntoc4#i ex$1nere# 4#n1scris1l1i2
D1$ ce se ##7 n'yi2' $e 1n t#91ret s$eci#l, n se4n de
$1ri"ic#re i se ser5ete $#st de s#nd#l
Q(
, de ctre 9r9#t, n ti4$ ce
#cest# $ron1n "or41l#% ;Et#t C#nd#n# sri sn r#s4#>i c# n#4#
2n#4#;2 D1$ #ce#st# nce$e cere4oni# c#re consist din o$t $ri2
#rte# I -sadhana/ consist din re$et#re# #ltei "or41le 4istice de ,/W
oriF d1$ "iec#re NQ de "or41le, se o"er "e4eii c6te5# "lori $1dr#te c1
$#st de s#nd#l2 <Se identi"ic n'yi2'cu o 7ei i se $r#ctic rit1#l1l
1@3
o"r#ndelor 1nei i4#gini iconice # 7eiei=2 n $#rte# II -smarana, #dic
;#4intire#, intr#re# n 4inte;=, se recit #lt "or41l de ,/( ori,
"ix6nd1+se #st"el orient#re# $recis # rit1#l1l1i ce 5# 1r4#2 #rte# III
-'ropa, ;#tri91ire# #ltor ns1iri o9iect1l1i;= consist n re$et#re# de
NQ ori, c1 oc8ii nc8ii, # 1nei "or41le 4istice, 1r4#t de desc8idere#
oc8ilor i o"r#nd# #ltor "lori2 n #ce#st et#$ # cere4oniei, "e4ei#
nce$e s se tr#ns"or4e concret n 7ei2
A $#tr# $#rte -manana, ;#+i #4inti "r141see# "e4eii c6nd e# #
#9sent;= e dej# o interiori7#re # rit1l1i, cci dei se re$et de ,/* ori o
"o#rte l1ng "or41l, #ce#st "or41l tre91ie $ron1n#t 4ent#l i, o
d#t c1 e#, i4#gine# "e4eii tre91ie nti$rit 5i1 n 4inte2 Se
st#9ilete #st"el 1n cont#ct i4edi#t ntre dr#4# 4istic din s1"let1l
9r9#t1l1i i $erson#gi1l c#rn#l #l rit1l1i c#re s1$ort #ce#st dr#42
Cele ce 5or 1r4#, deci, n1 5or in"l1en# contiin# l1i nor4#l, 14#n
<org#ni7#t $e #cti5it#te# sen7ori#l, e4oti5, intelect1#l= i 5or
$tr1nde direct n decor1l l1i "#nt#stic, interior, 4ont#t de "el1ritele
et#$e #le cere4oni#l1l1i2
#rte# @ c dhyana, #dic ;4edit#i# 4istic 2 ?e4ei# 5# "i #e7#t
l# st6ng# l1i, 5# "i sr1t#t i $i$it, ;#st"el c# 4inte# s se ins$ire,
$er4e#t de e4oti5it#te;2 0 "or41l 5# "i re$et#t de NQ ori2 D1$
#ce#st# 5# "i din no1 sr1t#t2 Ur4e#7 i#ri "or41l#, i#r "e4ei#
tre91ie s #dore $e :anda4iaZ\ #dic $e 7e1l dr#gostei, i #$oi s
o"ere <text1l n1 s$1ne ce, $ro9#9il "lori s#1 $#st de s#nd#l= o41l1i2
Et#$# i4edi#t 1r4to#re e puQ', #dic $ro$ri1+7is A c1lt1l;2 Se
#dor loc1l ne c#re st "e4ei#, se "#c o"r#nde, se sc#ld "e4ei# i se
recit 4ent#l "or41le2 A$oi o41l se $le#c n "## "e4eii de ,( ori i
i o"er d1lci1ri $e o "r1n7 de 9#n#n, c1 1n $#8#r de #$ 9ine
4irosito#re <se $1ne c#4"or=2 ?e4ei# e #e7#t $e $#t i o #lt
"or41l se recit 4ent#l de NQ ori2 A$oi e #e7#t str6ns de co#$s#
st6ng i se recit "or41l#% Pling :hng :anda4ia s.i+h+i <cele do1
$ri4e c15inte #1 n14#i o 5#lo#re 4istic, :anda4iP s.+ih' nse#4n
A5ener#i# 7e1l1i dr#gostei;=2 ?e4ei# e #e7#t $e t#91ret1l ei 1nde #
$ri4it o"r#ndele, c1 46inile ridic#te, #$oi, d1$ c6te5# rit1ri 4istice,
e $1rt#t $e 9r#e n $#t2 !r1$1rile s1nt #c14 #e7#te "# n "# i, n
concentr#re# s1$re4, nce$e joc1l sex1#l2
9ahaQly'crede c $o#te de$l#s# lic8id1l se4in#l $rintr+o "or41l
$e c#re o recit n cli$# cli4#x1l1i, i+, $o#te sili s se ridice n s1s
$rin ;ner51l 4ijloci1A #l "i7iologiei indiene2 D#c trece $rin cele do1
c#n#le ner5o#se, re71lt#t1l 5# "i $rocre#i# $r1nc1l1i s#1 si4$l
risi$ire de energie2 Ideile #ceste# "i7iologice s1nt $re# o9sc1re i
co4$lic#te c# s le $1te4 disc1t# #ici <5e7i l1crrile 4ele $i"iologia
mistic' indian' i <natomia indian' (a"at' pe texte tantrice
E
Z/.
Ur4e#7 nc do1 $ri% Q'pa e senti4ent1l des$ririi n 7ori,
c6nd "iec#re 5# $lec# l# c#s# l1i+ aradhana nse#4n cult i text1l n1
ne s$1ne ni4ic s$eci#l des$re e#
N
2
Cee# ce e de rein1t deoc#4d#t din cere4oni#l1l #cest# erotic e
#ccent1#t1l s1 c#r#cter "#nt#stic i rit1#l2 E 1n "#$t de 4#re
nse4nt#te $entr1 nelegere# celor ce 5or 1r4#2
,/-
Si49olis4 religios i 5#lorY)#re# #ngo#sei
/
'e $ro$1ne4 s sit14 i s st1die4 #ngo#s# l14ii 4oderne din
$ers$ecti5# istoriei religiilor2 Ace#st ncerc#re risc s $#r 41ltor#
ci1d#t, d#c n1 c8i#r de+# dre$t1l in1til2 Cci $entr1 1nii dintre noi
#ngo#s# l14ii 4oderne este re71lt#t1l tensi1nilor istorice s$eci"ice,
$ro$rii ti4$1l1i nostr1 i ex$lic#9ile $rin cri7ele de $ro"1n7i4e #le
ci5ili7#ieiF i ni4ic 4#i 41lt2 Ji #t1nci, ce sens #r #5e# s co4$#r4
#cest 4o4ent istoric, c#re este #l nostr1, c1 si49olis4cle i
ideologiile religio#se de 41lt #$1se: 09ieci# n1 este #de5r#t dec6t
$e j14t#te2 '1 exist ci5ili7#ie $er"ect #1tono4, "r nici o
legt1r c1 #lte ci5ili7#ii c#re #1 $reced#t+o2 Mitologi# gre#c i
$ierd1se #ct1#lit#te# de do1 4ii de #ni, c6nd s+# ncerc#t s se
ex$lice 1n1l din co4$ort#4entele "1nd#4ent#le #le e1ro$e#n1l1i
4odern $rin 4it1l l1i 0edi$2 si8#n#li7# i $si8ologi# $ro"1n7i4ilor ne+
#1 o9in1it c1 #ceste co4$#r#ii + l# $ri4# 5edere de ne5eri"ic#t +ntre
sit1#ii istorice "r rel#ie #$#rent ntre ele2 S+# co4$#r#t, de exe4$l1,
ideologi# cretin1l1i c1 #cee# # 1n1i tote4ist, s+# ncerc#t s se ex$lice
noi1ne# de D14ne7e1+!#tl $rin #cee# de tote42 '1 disc1t4 c6t de
nte4ei#te s1nt #se4ene# co4$#r#ii, nici 9#7# lor doc14ent#r2 E
s1"icient s const#t4 c #n14ite coli de $si8ologic #1 1tili7#t
co4$#r#i# ntre ti$1rile cele 4#i 5#ri#te de ci5ili7#ie c1 sco$1l de #
nelege 4#i 9ine str1ct1rile $si8ic1l1i2 rinci$i1l director #l #cestei
4etode este c $si8ic1l 14#n #re o istorie i, n consecin, n1 se l#s
n ntregi4e ex$lic#t $rin cercet#re# sit1#iei s#le #ct1#le% to#t istori#
i c8i#r $reistori# l1i $ot "i nc discern#9ile n cee# ce se n14ete
#ct1#lit#te# $si8ic2
Ace#st sc1rt #l17ie l# 4etodele 1tili7#te de $si8ologiile
$ro"1n7i4ilor ne este s1"icient cci n1 intenion4 s 1r44 #cest
dr142 C6nd s$1ne#4 c se $o#te sit1# #ngo#s# ti4$1rilor 4oderne n
$ers$ecti5# istoriei religiilor, ne g6nde#4 l# o c1 tot1l #lt 4etod de
co4$#r#re2 n do1 c15inte, i#t n ce const e#% dori4 s rst1rn4
ter4enii de co4$#r#ie, s ne $l#s4 n #"#r# ci5ili7#iei no#stre i #
4o4ent1l1i nostr1 istoric i s le j1dec4 din $ers$ecti5# #ltor
c1lt1ri i # #ltor religii2 '1 ne g6ndi4 s desco$eri4 l# noi, e1ro$eni
din $ri4# j14t#te # secol1l1i #l PP+le#, #n14ite co4$ort#4ente
identi"ic#te dej# n 5ec8ile 4itologii + c14 s+# "c1t, de exe4$l1, n
legt1r c1 co4$lex1l l1i 0edi$F e 5or9# s ne $ri5i4 $e noi nine
c14 ne+#r $ri5i i ne+#r j1dec# 1n o9ser5#tor inteligent i si4$#tic,
sit1#t l# ni5el1l 1nei ci5ili7#ii extr#e1ro$ene2 C# s "i4 nc i 4#i
$recii, ne g6ndi4 l# 1n o9ser5#tor c#re $#rtici$ l# o #lt ci5ili7#ie
Con"erin in1t n se#r# de - se$te49rie, ,(Q*
,/Q
i ne j1dec l# sc#r# $ro$riilor l1i 5#loriF n1 este 5or9# de 1n
o9ser5#tor #9str#ct c#re ne+#r j1dec# de $e $l#net# Siri1s2
Un #se4ene# de4ers ne este i4$1s c8i#r de $ro$ri1l nostr1
4o4ent istoric2 De c6t5# ti4$, E1ro$# n1 4#i "#ce sing1r istori#%
l14e# #si#tic i+# "c1t intr#re# #cti5 n ori7ont1l istoric i n c1r6nd
#lte societi exotice 5or 1r4#2 e $l#n1l c1lt1rii i #l s$irit1#litii n
gener#l, #cest "eno4en istoric 5# #5e# re$erc1si1ni consider#9ile%
5#lorile e1ro$ene i 5or $ierde sit1#i# lor $ri5ilegi#t de nor4e
1ni5ers#l #cce$t#teF 5or reintr# n regi41l cre#iilor s$irit1#le loc#le,
#dic tri91t#re 1nor #n14ite tr#iectorii istorice i condiion#te de o
tr#diie net circ14scris2 C1lt1r# occident#l, d#c n1 5re# s se
$ro5inci#li7e7e, 5# "i o9lig#t s st#9ile#sc di#log1l c1 celel#lte
c1lt1ri nee1ro$ene i s se strd1i#sc s n1 se nele $re# 41lt #s1$r#
ter4enilor2 !re91ie s nelege4 de 1rgen c14 s1nte4 sit1#i c#
"or4 c1lt1r#l de ctre deintorii c1lt1rilor extr#e1ro$ene2 '1
tre91ie s 1it4 c to#te #ceste c1lt1ri #1 o str1ct1r religio#s, #dic
#1 #$r1t i s+#1 constit1it c# 5#lori7#re religio#s # l14ii i #
existenei 14#ne2 entr1 # ti c14 s1nte4 sit1#i i j1dec#i de
re$re7ent#nii #ltor c1lt1ri, tre91ie s n54 s ne con"r1nt4 c1 ele
i #ce#st# n1 5# "i $osi9il dec6t d#c 5o4 re1i s ne $l#s4 n
$ers$ecti5# ori7ont1l1i lor religios2 '14#i din #ce#st $ers$ecti5
con"r1nt#re# de5ine 5#l#9il i 1til2 Cci este 4#i $1in instr1cti5
$entr1 noi s ti4 c14 ne j1dec 1n 8ind1s, 1n c8ine7 s#1 1n
indone7i#n c1lti5#t, #dic ed1c#t n tr#dii# no#str occident#l% ei ne
re$roe#7 li$s1ri i contr#dicii de c#re noi nine s1nte4 $er"ect
contieniF ne 5or s$1ne c n1 s1nte4 dest1l de cretini, nici dest1l de
inteligeni, nici dest1l de toler#ni + cee# ce noi ti4 de l# $ro$rii
notri critici, 4or#liti i re"or4#tori2
Este deci i4$ort#nt n1 n14#i s c1no#te4 5#lorile religio#se #le
#ltor c1lt1ri, ci 4#i #les s ne sit14 n $ers$ecti5# lor i s ne 5ede4
## c14 #$re4 n oc8ii lor2 Ace#st con"r1nt#re este $osi9il gr#ie
istoriei religiilor i etnologiei religio#se2 A# se ex$lic i se j1sti"ic
ntre$rindere# no#str% ncerc6nd s nelege4 si49olis41l #ngo#sei
n religiile necretine, #5e4 #ns# s #"l4 ce+#r "i $1t1t g6ndi des$re
cri7# no#str #ct1#l societile orient#le i #r8#ice2 E5ident, o
#se4ene# cercet#re n1 ne 5# re5el# n14#i $1nct1l de 5edere #l
;celorl#li;, #l nee1ro$enilorF cci orice con"r1nt#re c1 1n #lt1l ne
cl#ri"ic n cele din 1r4 $ro$ri# no#str sit1#ie2
Adese# e s1r$rin7tor s 5e7i c6te din o9in1inele c1lt1r#le c#re
ne+#1 de5enit #t6t de "#4ili#re nc6t ni se $#r 1n co4$ort#4ent
n#t1r#l #l o41l1i ci5ili7#t re5ele#7 se4ni"ic#ii ne#te$t#te de nd#t
ce s1nt j1dec#te din $ers$ecti5# #ltei c1lt1ri2 '1 5o4 d# c# exe4$l1
dec6t 1n# din trst1rile s$eci"ice #le ci5ili7#iei no#stre, #dic
interes1l $#sion#t, #$ro#$e 4onstr1os #l o41l1i 4odern $entr1
Istorie2 Se tie c #cest interes se 4#ni"est $e do1 $l#n1ri distincte,
de #lt"el, solid#re% $ri41l este cel c#re s+#r $1te# n14i $#si1ne#
,/.
istoriogr#"iei, dorin# de # c1no#te din ce n ce 4#i co4$let i 4#i
ex#ct trec1t1l 14#nitii i 4#i #les trec1t1l l14ii no#stre occident#leF
$e #l doile# $l#n, interes1l $entr1 istorie se 4#ni"est n "iloso"i#
occident#l conte4$or#n, $rin tendin# de # de"ini o41l 4#i #les c#
"iin istoric, "iin condiion#t i n cele din 1r4 cre#t de Istorie2
Cee# ce s+# n14it istoricis4, Historis41s, storicis4o, c# i
4#rxis41l i #n14ite c1rente existeni#liste, s1nt "iloso"ii c#re ntr+1n
sens s#1 #lt1l #cord o i4$ort#n "1nd#4ent#l Istoriei i
4o4ent1l1i istoric2 As1$r# 1nor# dintre #ceste "iloso"ii 5o4 re5eni
c6nd 5o4 ex#4in# 5#lo#re# #ngo#sei n 4et#"i7ic# indi#n2 entr1
4o4ent n1 reine4 dec6t $ri41l #s$ect #l interes1l1i $entr1 Istorie,
#dic $#si1ne#Al14ii 4oderne $entr1 istoriogr#"ie2
Ace#st $#si1ne e dest1l de recent, e# d#te#7 din # do1#
j14t#te # secol1l1i #l PlP+le#2 E #de5r#t, nc de l# Herodot, l14e#
greco+l#tin # desco$erit i c1lti5#t istoriogr#"i# + d#r n1 ## c14 se
$reci7e#7 #ce#st istoriogr#"ie n secol1l #l PlP+le#% # c1no#te i #
descrie c6t 4#i ex#ct $osi9il cee# ce s+# $etrec1t n e5ol1i#
ti4$1rilor2 Herodot, c# i !it1s Li5i1s, c# i 0rosi1s i istoricii
Ren#terii c8i#r, scri#1 istori# $entr1 # ne $str# i tr#ns4ite exe4$le
i 4odele de 1r4#t, d#r de 1n secol nco#ce istori# n1 4#i este s1rs#
4odelelor exe4$l#reF e o $#si1ne tiini"ic 5i76nd c1no#tere#
ex8#1sti5 # t1t1ror #5ent1rilor 14#nitii, strd1ind1+se s
reconstit1ie trec1t1l tot#l #l s$eei i s ne "#c contieni Dc el2 0r, 1n
#se4ene# interes n1 se 4#i nt6lnete nicieri n #lt $#rte2 C1lt1rile
nee1ro$ene, #$ro#$e n tot#lit#te# lor, n1 #1 contiin istoric, i
c8i#r #colo 1nde exist o istoriogr#"ie tr#diion#l + e c#71l C8inei s#1
#l rilor de c1lt1r isl#4ic + istoriogr#"i# nde$linete tot "1nci# de
4odel exe4$l#r2
S ncerc4 #c14 s ne #$ro$ie4 de #ce#st $#si1ne $entr1
Istorie $l#s6nd1+ne n #"#r# $ers$etti5ei no#stre c1lt1r#le2 n 41lte
religii i c8i#r n "olclor1l $o$o#relor e1ro$ene exist credin# c n
4o4ent1l 4orii o41l i #4intete trec1t1l s1 n cele 4#i 4ici
det#lii i c n1,$o#te 41ri n#inte de #+i "i regsit i retrit istori#
ntregii s#le existene2 e ecr#n1l interior, 41ri91nd1l i 4#i re5ede
nc o d#t trec1t1l2A Consider#t din #cest $1nct de 5edere, $#si1ne#
istoriogr#"ic # c1lt1rii 4oderne #r "i 1n se4n $re5estitor #l 4orii ei
i4inente2 n#inte de # so49r#, ci5ili7#i# occident#l i 4#i #4intete
$entr1 1lti4# o#r trec1t1l, de l# $rotoistorie l# r79o#iele tot#le2
Contiin# istoriogr#"ic # E1ro$ei + $e c#re 1nii o consider dre$t cel
4#i n#lt titl1 de glorie #l ei + #r "i n re#lit#te 4o4ent1l s1$re4 c#re
$recede i #n1n 4o#rte#2
Acest# n1 este dec6t 1n exercii1 $reli4in#r #l cercetrii no#stre
co4$#r#ti5e, i d#c l+#4 #les, #4 "c1t+o toc4#i $entr1 c el ne #r#t
risc1rile i "olos1l 1n1i #se4ene# de4ers2 ntr+#de5r, este dest1l de
se4ni"ic#ti5 c j1dec#t dintr+1n $1nct de 5edere exterior + cel #l
4itologiei "1ner#re i #l "olclor1l1i + $#si1ne# 4odern $entr1
10
7
i&torio2ra'i% n% r%l%v+ un &i#(oli&# ar7ai$ al MoriiC cci ## $u# s+#
r%#ar$at #dese#, an2oa&a o41l1i 4odern este secret leg#t de
contiin# istoricitii s#le i #ce#st# l# r6nd1l ei l#s s tr#ns$#r
#nxiet#te# n "## Morii i # 'e#nt1l1i2
Este #de5r#t c $entr1 noi, e1ro$enii 4oderni, $#si1ne#
istoriogr#"ic n1 ne rele5 nici 1n $resenti4ent "1nestF d#r sit1#t n
$ers$ecti5# si49olis41l1i religios, e# trde#7 tot1i i4inen# Morii2
0r, $si8ologi# $ro"1n7i4ilor ne+# n5#t s #cord4 4#i 41lt
i4$ort#n $re7enei #cti5e # 1n1i si49ol dec6t ex$erienei contiente
c#re l 4#ni$1le#7 i+, 5#lori7e#72 n c#71l nostr1 se nelege dest1l
de li4$ede% $#si1ne# istoriogr#"ic n1 este dec6t 1n1l din #s$ecte, i
cel 4#i exterior, #l desco$eririi istorieiF cell#lt #s$ect, 4#i $ro"1nd,
se re"er l# istoricit#te# oricrei existene 14#ne i, n consecin,
i4$lic direct #ngo#s# n "## Morii2
'14#i ncerc6nd s con"r1nt4 #ce#st #ngo#s n "## Morii
+#dic s o sit14 i s+o j1dec4 din #lt $ers$ecti5 dec6t # no#str
+de4ers1l co4$#r#ti5 nce$e s de5in "ec1nd2 Ango#s# n "##
'e#nt1l1i Morii $#re s "ie 1n "eno4en s$eci"ic 4odern2 entr1 to#te
celel#lte c1lt1ri nee1ro$ene, #dic $entr1 celel#lte religii, Mo#rte# n1
este niciod#t nele#s c# 1n s"6rit #9sol1t, c# 1n 'e#nt% Mo#rte#
este 4#i degr#9 1n rit1#l de trecere ctre o #lt 4od#lit#te de # "i i
de #cee# e# se #"l ntotde#1n# n rel#ie c1 si49olis4ele i rit1#l1rile
de iniiere, de ren#tere s#1 de ren5iere2Ace#st# n1 5re# s s$1n c
l14e# extr#e1ro$e#n n1 c1no#te ex$erien# #ngo#sei n "## Morii%
#ce#st ex$erien exist 9ineneles, d#r e# n1 este nici #9s1rd, nici
in1tilF di4$otri5, este 5#lori7#t l# 1n #lt ni5el de existen2
Mo#rte# este M#re# Iniiere2 D#r $entr1 l14e# 4odern, Mo#rte# este
5id#t de sens1l ei religios, i din c#17# #ce#st# #si4il#t 'e#nt1l1iF
i n "## 'e#nt1l1i o41l 4odern este $#r#li7#t2
S desc8ide4 #ici o sc1rt $#r#nte7% c6nd 5or9i4 des$re ;o41l
4odern;, des$re cri7ele i #ngo#sele s#le, ne g6ndi4 4#i #les l# cel
cr1i# i li$sete credin#, l# cel c#re n1 4#i #re nici 1n "el de legt1r
5ie $u i1deo+cretinis41l2 entr1 credincios, $ro9le4# Morii se $1ne
n #li ter4eni% i $entr1 el, Mo#rte# este 1n rit1#l de trecere2 D#r o
#ar% part% # lu#ii 4oderne i+# $ierd1t credin#, i $entr1 #ce#st
#a&+ u#an+ #ngo#s# n "## Morii se con"1nd c1 #ngo#s# n "##
N%antului1 '14#i de #ce#st $#rte # l14ii 4oderne ne 5o4 oc1$#
a$u#1 Ex$erien# ei ncerc4 s+o nelege4 i s+o inter$ret4
&itu,ndu-n% -ntr-un alt ori7ont $ultural1
!n2oa&a o#ului #od%rn $#re a "i deci $ro5oc#t i #li4ent#t de
d%&$op%rir%a N%antului1 Ce 5# &pun% 1n nee1ro$e#n de #ce#st sit1#ie
#%ta'i*i$+D S+ n% pla&+# p%ntru -n$%put -n ori7ont1l s$irit1#l #l
o#ului ar7ai$" al a$%luia nu#it p% n%dr%pt .pri#itiv.1 Ji el c1no#te
a$%a&t+ an2oa&+ a Morii) e# este leg#t de ex$erien# l1i
'unda#%ntal+" %/p%ri%na d%$i&iv+ $ar% 1-a '+$ut aa c14 %" o# 4#t1r,
$onti%nt i r%&pon&a(ilC $ar% 1-a a=utat &+ de$e#sc co$ilri#, s se
1@E
de7lege de 4#4 i de to#te co4$lexele in"#ntile2 Ango#s# Morii
trit de $ri4iti5 este ce# # iniierii2 Ji d#c #4 $1te# tr#d1ce #ngo#s#
o41l1i 4odern n ter4enii $ro$riei s#le ex$eriene i #i li49#j1l1i
s1 si49olic, 1n $ri4iti5 ne 5# s$1ne n esen 1r4to#rele% e 4#re#
$ro9 inii#tic, $tr1ndere# n l#9irint1l s#1 n j1ngl# 96nt1it de
de4onii i s1"letele str4oilor, j1ngl# c#re cores$1nde In"ern1l1i,
celeil#lte l14iF e 4#re# s$#i4 c#re+, $#r#li7e#7 $e #s$ir#nt1l l#
iniiere, c6nd este ng8iit de 4onstr1 i se tre7ete n nt1neric1l
$6ntec1l1i s1, 1nde se si4te ti#t n 91ci i diger#t $entr1 c# s se
$o#t n#te c# 1n o4 no1 'e #4inti4 de to#te ncercrile teri9ile $e
c#re le co4$ort iniiere# tinerilor n societile #r8#ice, $ro9e
indis$ens#9ile oricrei iniieri i c#re #1 s1$r#5ie1it c8i#r n #n14ite
4istere #le #ntic8itii greco+orient#le2 Se tie c 9ieii, i #dese#
c8i#r "etele, i $rsesc c#sele i triesc c6t5# ti4$ + 1neori #ni ntregi
+ n j1ngl, #dic n ce#l#lt l14e, $entr1 #+i $er"ecion# iniiere#2
Ace#st iniiere co4$ort tort1ri, ncercri nc1n1n#te de 1n rit1#l #l
4orii i #l ren5ierii si49olice2 M#i #les #cest 1lti4 rit1#l e teri9il,
cci t6nr1l se soco#tc # "i ng8iit de 1n 4onstr1, # "i ngro$#t de 5i1,
# "i $ierd1t n j1ngl, #dic n In"ern2 n #ceti ter4eni 1n $ri4iti5 5#
j1dec# #ngo#s# no#str, d#r ridic6nd+o l# sc#r# colecti5% l14e#
4odern se #"l n sit1#i# 1n1i o4 ng8iit de 1n 4onstr1 i c#re se
79#te n nt1neric1l $6ntec1l1i #cest1i#, s#1 $ierd1t n j1ngl, s#1
rtcit ntr+1n l#9irint c#re si49oli7e#7 i el In"ern1l + i este
#ngo#s#t, se crede dej# 4ort s#1 $e $1nct1l de # 41ri i n1 5ede n
j1r1l l1i nici o ieire dec6t nt1neric, Mo#rte, 'e#nt2
Ji tot1i n oc8ii $ri4iti51l1i #ce#st teri9il ex$erien #
#ngo#sei este indis$ens#9il n#terii 1n1i o4 no12 'ici 1n "el de
iniiere n1 este $osi9il "r o #gonie, o 4o#rte i o ren5iere rit1#l2
D1dec#t din $ers$ecti5# religiilor $ri4iti5e, #ngo#s# l14ii 4oderne
este se4n1l 1nei 4ori i4inente, d#r #l 1nei 4ori neces#re,
s#l5#to#re, $entr1 c este 1r4#t de o ren5iere i 5# "#ce $osi9il
#cces1l l# 1n no1 4od de existen, #cel# #l 4#t1ritii i #l
res$ons#9ilitii2
Regsi4 deci si49olis41l Morii, #cel#i $e c#re, $l#s6nd1+ne
ntr+o #lt $ers$ecti5, l+#4 nt6lnit inter$ret6nd $#si1ne#
istoriogr#"ic n ter4enii 4itologiilor $o$1l#re2 D#r n1 5o4 regsi
nici l# $ri4iti5i nici l# ci5ili7#iile extr#e1ro$ene 4#i e5ol1#te idee#
'e#nt1l1i #ltern6nd c1 idee# Morii2 C14 s$1ne#4 4#i s1s, i l#
cretini c# i n religiile necretine, Mo#rte# n1 este o4olog#9il ideii
de 'e#nt2 Mo#rte# este 9ineneles 1n s"6rit + d#r 1n s"6rit 1r4#t
i4edi#t de 1n no1 nce$1t2 Se 4o#re l# 1n 4od de existen c# s se
$o#t #ccede l# 1n #lt1l2 Mo#rte# constit1ie o r1$t1r de ni5el
ontologic i n #cel#i ti4$ 1n rit1#l de trecere, ntoc4#i c# n#tere#
s#1 iniiere#2
Este l# "el de interes#nt s ti4 c14 # "ost 5#lori7#t 'e#nt1l n
religiile i 4et#"i7icile Indiei, $ro9le4# ?iinei i # 'e"iinei "iind
10
9
consider#t $e dre$t c156nt o s$eci#lit#te # g6ndirii indiene2 entr1
g6ndire# indi#n, l14e# no#str c# i ex$erien# no#str 5it#l i
$si8ologic s1nt i75or6te 4#i 41lt s#1 4#i $1in direct din il17i#
cos4ic, din M#>#2 ?r s intr4 #ici n det#lii, s re#4inti4 c
;5l1l M#>ei; este o "or41l i4#gistic $entr1 # ex$ri4# ire#lit#te#
ontologic # l14ii i n #cel#i ti4$ # oricrei ex$eriene 14#neF
$reci74, ontologic', $entr1 c nici l14e# i nici ex$erien# 14#n
n1 $#rtici$ l# ?iin# #9sol1t2 L14e# "i7ic i ex$erien# no#str
14#n s1nt constit1ite $rin de5enire 1ni5ers#l, $rin te4$or#lit#teF
cre#te i distr1se de !i4$, ele s1nt deci il17orii2 D#r #st# n1 5re# s
s$1n c ele n1 exist, c s1nt o cre#ie # i4#gin#iei 4ele2 L14e# n1
este 1n 4ir#j s#1 o il17ie n sens1l i4edi#t #l ter4en1l1i% l14e#
"i7ic, ex$erien# 4e# 5it#l i $si8ic exist, d#r exist n14#i n
!i4$, cee# ce 5re# s s$1n, $entr1 g6ndire# indi#n, c n1 5or 4#i
exist# 46ine s#1 $este o s1t de 4ilio#ne de #niF in consecin,
j1dec#te l# sc#r# ?iinei #9sol1te, l14e# i c1 e# to#t ex$erien#
s1$1s te4$or#litii s1nt il17orii2 n #cest sens, M#># re5ele#7
$entni g6ndire# indi#n o ex$erien $#rtic1l#r # 'e#nt1l1i, #
'e"iinei2
S ncerc4 #c14 s decri$t4 #ngo#s# l14ii 4oderne c1
#j1tor1l "iloso"ici indiene2 Un "iloso" indi#n #r 7ice c istoricis41l i
existeni#lis41l i4$lic E1ro$# n di#lectic# M#>ei2 l#t c#re #r "i c1
#$roxi4#ie r#ion#4ent1l s1% g6ndire# e1ro$e#n # desco$erit c
o41l este i4$l#c#9il condiion#t n1 n14#i de "i7iologie i eredit#te,
d#r i de Istorie i 4#i #les de $ro$ri# l1i istorie2 Cee# ce "#ce c# o41l
s se #"le totde#1n# n sit1#ie% el $#rtici$ 4ere1 l# Istorie, el este o
"iin "1nci#r istoric2 ?iloso"1l indi#n #r #d1g#% #ce#st ;sit1#ie;
noi o c1no#te4 de 41ltF este existen# il17orie n M#>#2 Ji noi o
n14i4 existen il17orie toc4#i $entr1 c este condiion#t de !i4$,
de Istorie2 De #lt"el, din #cest 4oti5 Indi# n+# #cord#t niciod#t
i4$ort#n "iloso"ic Istoriei2 Indi# s+# $reoc1$#t de ?iin + i#r Istori#
cre#t $rin de5enire este toc4#i 1n# din "or41lele 'e"iinei2 D#r #st#
n1 5re# s s$1n c g6ndire# indi#n # neglij#t #n#li7# istoricitii%
4et#"i7icile i te8nicile s#le s$irit1#le #1 $1rces de "o#rte 41lt ti4$ l#
o #n#li7 extre4 de "in # cee# ce "iloso"i# occident#l n14ete #st7i%
;# "i n l14e; s#1 ;# "i n sit1#ie;2 Vog#, 91dd8is41l, @ed#nt# s+#1
strd1it s de4onstre7e rel#ti5it#te# i de #ici nonre#lit#te# oricrei
;sit1#ii;, # oricrei ;condiii;2 M1lte secole n#inte de Heidegger,
g6ndire# indi#n identi"ic#se n te4$or#lit#te di4ensi1ne# "#t#l #
oricrei existene, tot ## c14 $resi4ise n#inte# l1i M#rx s#1 # l1i
?re1d condiion#re# 41lti$l # oricrei ex$eriene 14#ne i # oricrei
j1deci #s1$r# l14ii2 C6nd "iloso"iile indiene #"ir4 c o41l este
;nln1it; de il17ie, ele 5or s s$1n c orice existen se constit1ie
o9lig#tori1 c# o r1$t1r, deci des$rind1+se de #9sol1t2 C6nd Vog#
,,/
s#1 91dd8is41l s$1n c tot1l e s1"erin, c tot1l c trector -sar.am
du2ham, sar.am anityam/, sens1l este cel din 9ein und Aci0 #dic
te4$or#lit#te# oricrei existene 14#ne d n#tere "#t#l #ngo#sei i
d1rerii2
C1 #lte c15inte, desco$erire# istoricitii c# 4od de existen
s$eci"ic #l o41l1i n l14e cores$1nde c1 cee# ce indienii n14esc de
41lt ti4$ sit1#i# n M#>#2 Ji "iloso"1l indi#n 5# s$1ne c g6ndire#
e1ro$e#n # neles $rec#rit#te# i condii# $#r#dox#l # o41l1i c#re i#
c1notin de te4$or#lit#te# s#2 Ango#s# i75orte din #ce#st
desco$erire tr#gic% o41l este o "iin destin#t 4orii, ieit diri
'e#nt i n dr14 s$re 'e#nt2
'14#i c "iloso"1l indi#n 5# r46ne $er$lex n "## consecinelor
$e c#re #n14ii "iloso"i 4oderni le+#1 ded1s din #ce#st desco$erire2
Cci d1$ ce # neles di#lectic# M#>ei, indi#n1l se strd1iete s se
eli9ere7e de #ceste il17ii, in ti4$ ce #n14ii e1ro$eni $#r s#tis"c1i
de desco$erire# ior i se inst#le#7 ntr+o 5i7i1ne ni8ilist i $esi4ist
# existenei i # l14ii2 '1 ne re5ine s#rcin# s disc1t4 c#17# #cestei
sit1#ii n g6ndire# e1ro$e#n% dori4 s+o s1$1ne4 n14#i j1decii
"iloso"ici indiene2 0r, $entr1 1n indi#n desco$erire# il17iei cos4ice
n1 #re sens d#c n1 este 1r4#t de c1t#re# ?iinei #9sol1teF noi1ne#
de M#># n1 #re sens "r noi1ne# de &r#84#n2 n li49#j1l
occident#l1l1i s+#1 $1te# s$1ne% # l1# c1notin c este condiion#t
n1 #re sens dec6t d#c o41l se nto#rce s$re incondiion#t i c#1t
eli9er#re#2 M#># este 1n joc cos4ic il17ori1 n cele din 1r4, d#r
c6nd # "ost nele#s c# #t#re, c6nd #i r1$t 5l1rile M#>ei, te #"li n
"## ?iinei #9sol1te, n "## re#litii 1lti4e2 Ango#s# este $ro5oc#t
de contienti7#re# $rec#ritii i # ire#litii no#stre "1nci#re, d#r
#ce#st contienti7#re n1 #re o "in#lit#te n sine% e# ne #j1t n14#i s
desco$eri4 il17i# existenei no#stre n l14e, d#r ex#ct n #cest $1nct
inter5ine 1n #l doile# $roces de contienti7#re% desco$eri4 c M#re#
Il17ie, M#>#, se 8rne# din ignor#n# no#str, #dic din t#ls# i
#9s1rd# no#str identi"ic#re c1 de5enire# cos4ic i c1 istoricit#te#2 n
re#lit#te, $reci7e#7 "iloso"1l indi#n, Jinele nostr1 5erit#9il + 'tman,
purua - n1 #re ni4ic de+# "#ce c1 41lti$lele sit1#ii #le istoricitii
no#stre2 Jinele $#rtici$ l# ?iinF t4#n este identic c1 &r#84#n2
entr1 1n indi#n #ngo#s# nostr este 1or de neles% s1nte4 #ngo#s#i
$entr1 c #4 desco$erit n1 c s1nte4 41ritori, n sens1l #9str#ct #l
silogis41l1i, ci 41ri91n7i, $e c#le de # 41ri, i4$l#c#9il de5or#i de
!i4$2 Indi#n1l nelege "o#rte 9ine "ric# i #ngo#s# no#str cci este
5or9# n "ond des$re desco$erire# $ro$riei no#stre 4ori2 D#r des$re
ce 4o#rte este 5or9#: se 5# ntre9# indi#n1l2 Des$re 4o#rte# non+
e1l1i, # indi5id1#litii no#stre il17orii, #dic # $ro$riei no#stre Maya
+ i n1 # ?iinei l# c#re noi $#rtici$4, 'tman, c#re este ne41ritor
toc4#i $entr1 c n1 este condiion#t i n1 este te4$or#l2 Indi#n1l 5#2
"i deci de #cord c1 noi n # #d4ite c #ngo#s# n "##
'e#nt1l1i existenei no#stre este o4olog#9il c1 #ngo#s# n "##
Morii + d#r 5# #d1g# i4edi#t% #cest# Mo#rte c#re 5 nelinitete n1
este dec6t Mo#rte# il17iilor i # ignor#nei no#streF e# 5# "i 1r4#t de
o ren#tere, de o contienti7#re # 5erit#9ilei 5o#stre identiti, #
5erit#9il1l1i 5ostr1 4od de existen% #cel# #l "iinei necondiion#te,
li9ere2 ntr+1n c156nt, 5# s$1ne "iloso"1l indi#n, contiin# $ro$riei
5o#stre istoriciti e cee# ce 5 nelinitete, d#r #st# e ce5# "o#rte de
neles% tre91ie s "ii 4ort $entr1 Istorie c# s desco$eri i s trieti
?iin#2
Se g8icete 1or ce #r $1te# rs$1nde 1n "iloso" e1ro$e#n
istoricist s#1 existeni#list 1nei #se4ene# inter$retri # #ngo#sei2 4i
cerei, #r 7ice el, ;s "i1 4ort $entr1 Istorie;F d#r o41l n1 este, nu
poate s' fie #ltce5# dec6t Istorie, cci esen# s# este c8i#r
te4$or#lit#te#2 4i cerei deci s ren1n l# existen# 4e# #1tentic i
s 4 re"1gie7 ntr+o #9str#ci1ne, n ?iin# $1r, n 'tman, s+4i
s#cri"ic deci de4nit#te# de # "i cre#tor1l Istoriei i s triesc o
existen #nistoric, in#1tentic, golit de orice "el de conin1t 14#n2
re"er s# 4 inst#le7 n #ngo#s% e# n1+4i re"17 cel $1in o #n14it
gr#ndo#re eroic, # contienti7rii i # #cce$trii condiiei 14#ne2
'1 este sco$1l nost4 s disc1t4 #ceste $o7iii "iloso"ice
e1ro$ene2 !re91ie tot1i s insist4 #s1$r# 1nei nenelegeri c#re
des"ig1re#7 i4#gine# $e c#re 0ccident1l i+o "#ce des$re Indi# i
des$re s$irit1#lit#te# indi#n2 '1 este deloc #de5r#t c desco$erire#
il17iei cos4ice i sete# 4et#"i7ic de ?iin se tr#d1c n Indi# $rintr+o
de5#lori7#re tot#l # @ieii i $rin credin# n 5#c1it#te# 1ni5ers#l,
nce$e4 #c14 s nelege4 c, $o#te 4#i 41lt dec6t oric#re #lt
ci5ili7#ie, Indi# i19ete, res$ect @i## i se 91c1r de e# l# to#te
ni5el1rile2 Cci M#># n1 este o il17ie cos4ic #9s1rd i gr#t1it c14
se do5edete # "i $entr1 #n14ii "iloso"i e1ro$eni existen# 14#n
i5it din 'e#nt i ndre$t6nd1+se s$re 'e#nt2 entr1 g6ndire# indi#n,
M#># este o cre#ie di5in, 1n joc cos4ic #56nd c# sco$ #t6t
ex$erien# 14#n c6t i eli9er#re# de #cest# ex$erien2 n consecin
# l1# c1notin de il17i# cos4ic n1 nse#4n, n Indi#, # desco$eri
1ni5ers#lit#te# 'e#nt1l1i, ci $1r i si4$l1 c orice ex$erien n l14e
i n Istorie este li$sit de 5#lidit#te ontologicF deci condii# no#str
14#n n1 tre91ie consider#t c# sco$ n sine2 D#r, od#t c1cerit
#ce#st contienti7#re, 8ind1s1l n1 se retr#ge din l14eF #lt"el, Indi# #r
"i dis$r1t de 41lt din Istorie, conce$i# des$re M#># "iind #cce$t#t
de 4#jorit#te# 8ind1ilor2 A de5eni contient de di#lectic# M#>ei n1
d1ce o9lig#tori1 l# #sce7 i l# #9#ndon1l oricrei existene soci#le i
istorice2 Ace#st contienti7#re se tr#d1ce n gener#l $rintr+o c1 tot1l
#lt #tit1dine% ce# rele5#t de Gri# l1i Arj1n# n 5haga.ad-;+t',
#dic% contin1 s r46i n l14e i s $#rtici$i l# Istorie, d#r
$7ete+te s #cor7i Istoriei o 5#lo#re #9sol1t2 M#i degr#9 dec6t o
in5it#ie de # ren1n# l# Istorie, $ericol1l idol#tri7rii Istoriei este
4es#j1l $e c#re ni+, re5ele#7 5haga.ad-;+t'. !o#t g6ndire# indi#n
,,N
insist ex#ct #s1$r# #cest1i $1nct% c ignor#n# i il17i# n1 const#1 n
a tr'i n Istorie, ci n a crede n re#lit#te# ontologic # Istoriei2 C14
#4 4#i s$1s, l14e#, c1 to#te c il17orie + $entr1 c este ntr+o
$er$et1 de5enire + n1 este 4#i $1in o cre#ie di5in2 L14e# este i
e# s#crF d#r, $#r#dox#l, n1 desco$eri s#cr#lit#te# l14ii dec6t d1$ ce
#i desco$erit c e# este ;1n joc di5in;2 Ignor#n# i deci #ngo#s# i
s1"erin# s1nt 8rnite de credin# #9s1rd c #ce#st l14e $eris#9il i
il17orie re$re7int re#lit#te# 1lti42 0 di#lectic si4il#r gsi4 i n
cee# ce $ri5ete !i4$1l
/
2 D1$ Maitri-0paniad, &r#84#n, ?iin#
#9sol1t, se 4#ni"est n #cel#i ti4$ s19 do1 #s$ecte $ol#re% !i4$1l i
Eternit#te#2 Ignor#n# const n # n1+i 5ede# dec6t #s$ect1l neg#ti5,
te4$or#lit#te#2 A?#$t# re#;, c14 7ic 8ind1ii, n1 este de # tri n
!i4$, ci de # crede c n1 exist ni4ic n #"#r# !i4$1l1i2 Eti de5or#t
de !i4$, de Istorie, n1 $entr1 c trieti n ti4$, ci $entr1 5in# de #
crede n realitatea !i4$1l1i i deci de # 1it# i dis$re1i eternit#te#2
!re91ie s o$ri4 #ici re"leciile no#stre% sco$1l nostr1 n1 este s
disc1t4 4et#"i7ic# indi#n, nici s+o o$1ne4 #n14itor "iloso"ii
e1ro$ene, ci n14#i s desco$eri4 ce #r $1te# s ne s$1n 1n 8ind1s
des$re #ngo#s# conte4$or#n2 0r, este se4ni"ic#ti5 c, j1dec#t #t6t
din $ers$ecti5# c1lt1rilor #r8#ice c6t i din ori7ont1l s$irit1#litii
indiene, #ngo#s# ne re5ele#7 si49olis41l Morii2 Adic, 571t i
j1dec#t de ceilal*i, de nce1ro$eni, #ngo#s# no#str re5ele#7 #cee#i
se4ni"ic#ie $e c#re i+#4 #cord#t+o i noi, e1ro$enii% i4inen# Morii2
'14#i c identit#te# de 5ederi ntre noi i ceilal*i se o$rete #ici2 Cci
$entr1 nee1ro$eni Mo#rte# n1 este nici de"initi5, nici #9s1rdF
di4$otri5, #ngo#s# $ro5oc#t de i4inen# Morii este dej# o
$ro4isi1ne de ren5iere, e# re5ele#7 $resenti4ent1l 1nei ren#teri l#
1n #lt 4od de existen, i #cest 4od tr#nscende Mo#rte#2 Re$l#s#t
n $ers$ecti5# societilor $ri4iti5e, #ngo#s# l14ii 4oderne $o#te "i
o4olog#t #ngo#sei 4orii inii#ticeF 571t din $ers$ecti5# indi#n,
e# este o4olog#9il 4o4ent1l1i di#lectic #l desco$eririi M#>ei2 D#r
c14 #4 4#i s$1s, #t6t $entr1 c1lt1rile #r8#ice i ;$ri4iti5e; c6t i
$entr1 Indi#, aceast' angoas' nu constituie o situa*ie in care te po*i
instala3 e# ne este indis$ens#9il c# ex$erien inii#tic, c# rit1#l de
trecere2 D#r nici ntr+o #lt c1lt1r n #"#r de # no#str n1 te $oi o$ri
n 4ijloc1l 1n1i rit1#l de trecere i inst#l# ntr+o sit1#ie #$#rent t#r
ieire2 Cci ieire# const toc4#i n ter4in#re# rit1#l1l1i de trecere i
re7ol5#re# cri7ei, #ting6nd1+se 1n ni5el s1$erior, l16nd1+se c1notin
de 1n no1 4od de existen2
'1 este de conce$1t, de exe4$l1, c se $o#te ntrer1$e 1n rit1#l
de trecere inii#tic% n #cest c#7, t6nr1l n1 5# 4#i "i nici co$il1l c#re
er# n#inte de # nce$e iniiere#, nici #d1lt1l c#re #r "i tre91it s "ie
d1$ to#te $ro9ele2
!re91ie s 4#i 4enion4 i o #lt s1rs # #ngo#sei 4oderne,
Imagcsct sym(oles <G#lli4#rd, ,(QN=, $$2 )* sR2
,,*
$resenti4ent1l o9sc1r #l s"6rit1l1i l14ii, 4#i ex#ct #l s"6rit1l1i
l14ii noastre, #l ci5ili7#iei noastre. '1 disc1t4 c6t de nte4ei#t
este #ce#st "ric% ne #j1nge s #4inti4 c e de$#rte de # "i o
desco$erire 4odern2 Mit1l s"6rit1l1i l14ii este 1ni5ers#l rs$6ndit%
l gseti dej# l# $o$o#rele $ri4iti5e n st#di1l $#leolitic #l c1lt1rii,
c14 s1nt de exe4$l1 #1str#lienii, i+, regseti l# 4#rile ci5ili7#ii
istorice, 9#9iloni#n, indi#n, 4exic#n i greco+l#tin2 E 4it1l
destr1ciei i #l cre#iei $eriodice # l14ilor, "or41l# cos4ologic #
4it1l1i eternei rento#rceri2 D#r 4#i tre91ie s #d1g4 i4edi#t c n
nici o c1lt1r extr#e1ro$e#n tero#re# s"6rit1l1i l14ii n+# re1it s
$#r#li7e7e nici, @i##, nici C1lt1r#2 Ate$t#re# c#t#stro"ei cos4ice este,
9ineneles, #ngo#s#nt, d#r este 5or9# de o #ngo#s religios i
c1lt1r#l integr#t2 S"6rit1l l14ii n1 este niciod#t #9sol1tF el este
1r4#t de cre#re# 1nei noi l14i regener#te2 Cci $entr1 nee1ro$eni
@i## i S$irit1l #1 #ce#st $#rtic1l#rit#te c n1 $ot niciod#t s
dis$#r ntr+o 4#nier de"initi52
!re91ie s o$ri4 #ici con"r1nt#re# c1 religiile i ci5ili7#iile
extr#e1ro$ene2 'e 5o4 "eri s tr#ge4 concl17iiF di#log1l este #9i#
nce$1tF tre91ie 1r4#t i de75olt#t2 !ot1i #ce#st sc8i49#re de
$es$ecti5 este recon"ort#nt% ne e de #j1ns s ne $l#s4 l# ni5el1l
c1lt1rilor #r8#ice i orient#le $entr1 # regsi se4ni"ic#iile inii#tice i
5#lorile s$irit1#le #le #ngo#sei, se4ni"ic#ii i 5#lori 9ine c1nosc1te
de #n14ite tr#diii 4istice i 4et#"i7ice e1ro$ene2 Adic, di#log1l c1
ade.'rata l14e #si#tic, #"ric#n s#1 oce#nic ne #j1t s
redesco$eri4 $o7iiile s$irit1#le $e c#re le $1te4 $e dre$t c156nt
consider# c# 1ni5ers#l 5#l#9ile% ele n1 s1nt "or41le $ro5inci#le,
cre#ie # 1n1i sing1r "r#g4ent de Istorie, ci $o7iii + #4 ndr7ni s
s$1ne4 + ec14enice2
D#r, ne $1te4 ntre9#, d#c di#log1l c1 s$irit1#litile
extr#e1ro$ene #re c# 1nic sco$ redesco$erire# #n14itor s1rse 1it#te
s#1 neglij#te #le s$irit1#litii no#stre, l# ce 91n s# 4erge4 #t6t de
de$#rte, s+i interog64 $e 8ind1i, $e #"ric#ni, $e oce#nieni: D1$
c14 #4 4#i s$1s, $ro$ri1l nostr1 4o4ent istoric ne o9lig s
nelege4 c1lt1rile nee1ro$ene i s st#9ili4 di#log1l c1
re$re7ent#nii lor #1tentici2 D#r 4#i+e nc ce5#% se nt64$l 1n "#$t
ci1d#t i recon"ort#nt c sc8i49#re# de $ers$ecti5 s$irit1#l se
tr#d1ce $rintr+o regener#re $ro"1nd # "iinei no#stre inti4e2 nc8eie4
#ce#st ex$1nere $rintr+o istorie 8#sidic il1str6nd #d4ir#9il 4ister1l
nt6lnirii2 Este $o5este# r#9in1l1i EisiH din Cr#co5i#, $e c#re
indi#nist1l Heinric8 Ei44er # extr#s+o din :hassidischen 5iicherde
M#rtin &19er2 Acest $ios r#9in din Cr#co5i# #51 1n 5is n c#re i se
s$1ne# s 4e#rg l# r#g#% #colo, s19 4#rele $od ce d1ce l# c#stel1l
reg#l 5# desco$eri o co4o#r #sc1ns2 @is1l se re$et de trei ori i
r#9in1l se 8otr s $lece2 Aj1ns l# r#g#, el gsi $od1l, d#r $7it 7i i
no#$te de s#ntinele2 EisiH n1 ndr7ni s c#1te2 !ot d6nd t6rco#le $rin
4$rej1ri4i #tr#se #teni# c$it#n1l1i gr7iiF #cest# l ntre9 #4#9il
,,-
d#c $ierd1se ce5#2 C1 si4$lit#te, r#9in1l i s$1se 5is1l s12 0"ier1l
i791cni n r6s% ;C8i#r ##, 9iet1l de tineTA, i 7ise, ;i+#i tocit
nclrile "c6nd #t6t# dr14 n14#i din$ricin# 1n1i 5is: Ce $erso#n
c1 4inte# ntre#g #r crede ntr+1n 5is:; 0"ier1l #17ise i el o 5oce n
5is% ;E# 4i 5or9e# de Cr#co5i#, $or1ncind1+4i s 4 d1c $6n #colo
i s c#1t o co4o#r 1ri# n c#s# 1n1i r#9in c#re se n14ete EisiH,
EisiH "i1l l1i DeHel2 !re91i# s desco$r co4o#r# c#re er# ngro$#t
ntr+1n col $r"1it, d1$ so9;2 D#r o"ier1l n1 #cord# nici 1n "el de
ncredere 5ocilor din 5is% el er# o $erso#n re7on#9il2 R#9in1l se
nclin #d6nc, i 41l14i i se gr9i s se nto#rc l# Cr#co5i#2 S#$
n #cel col 1it#t #l c#sei s#le i desco$eri co4o#r# c#re $1se c#$t
srciei l1i2
;A# deci, co4ente#7 Heinric8 Ei44er, ## deci, #de5r#t#
co4o#r, ce# c#re $1ne c#$t srciei i nec#71rilor no#stre n1 e
niciod#t de$#rte, n1 tre91ie c1t#t ntr+o #r de$rt#t, e# 7#ce
ngro$#t n col1rile cele 4#i retr#se #le $ro$riei no#stre c#se, #dic
#le $ro$riei no#stre "iine2 E n s$#tele so9ei, centr1 dttor de 5i# i
cld1r c#re ne ns1"leete existen#, ini4# ini4ii no#stre, n14#i s
ti4 s s$42 D#r 4#i e 1n "#$t ci1d#t i const#nt, c n14#i d1$ o
cltorie $io#s ntr+o regi1ne de$rt#t, ntr+o #r strin, $e 1n
$46nt no1, se4ni"ic#i# #cestei 5oci cl17ind1+ne c1t#re#, 5#
$1te# s ni se re5ele7e2 Ji #cest1i "#$t ci1d#t i const#nt i se #d#1g
1n #lt1l% cel c#re ne re5ele#7 sens1l 4isterio#sei nostre cltorii
interio#re tre91ie s "ie el ns1i 1n strin, de o #lt credin i de o
#lt r#s;2
Ji #cest# este sens1l $ro"1nd #l oricrei 5erit#9ile nt6lniri% e# #r
$1te# constit1i $1nct1l de $lec#re #l 1n1i no1 14#nis4, l# sc#r
4ondi#l2
Erotic# 4istic n &eng#l2 ?e4ei# i dr#goste#
#2 @#lo#re# inteniei
n $ri41l #rticol $o4ene#4 de cele do1 "el1ri #le dr#gostei c1
para2iyar. 1n# c1 o "e4eie n c#rne i o#se -gauna1(ahya/, ce#l#lt c1 o
"e4eie ide#l, c1 o "e4eie c#re e 4#i 41lt $re7en dec6t o9iect
-mu2hya, marnia/. Cele ce #4 scris $6n #c14 des$re% 9ahaQiya n1 se
re"er dec6t l# $ri4# s$ecie de dr#goste% #cee# 4$linit cere4oni#l c1
gauna para2iya s#1 (ahya para2iya.
C1 tot $l#n1l s1 nede74init c#rn#l, #4 o9ser5#t n rit1rile gauna
o ro91st $l1tire ctre "#nt#stic2 A4 re4#rc#t n et#$ele maithunci o
interiori7#re rit1#l din ce n ce 4#i #ccent1#t, cond1c6nd l#
identi"ic#re# $#rtenerei c1 o 7ei, c1 i4#gine# ei iconic2 'i4ic
orgi#stic, ni4ic inert si sc#9ros n maithuna3 rit c#re se des"o#r
"#nt#stic si n c#rne totdeod#t2
9ahaQiya n1 #re ni4ic de # "#ce c1 o9icei1rile degener#te #le #ltor
c1lt1ri indiene <c14 s1nt 1nele secte deri5#te din 5oladc.a s#1 to#te
sectele ,mnachari, s#1 #cei &#1l, ;ne91ni; din &eng#lF to#te #ceste#
$r#ctic cele 4#i t#r de lege orgii, incest1ri, 9esti#liti, ## c14 nici
i4#gin#i# cel1i 4#i 9oln#5 croto4#n 4odern n+#r $1te# nscociF
credincioii lor s1nt recr1t#i din "#4ilii degener#te, dintre ne91ni,
$er5ertii, cri4in#li, le$dt1ri #le societii i ne1r#stenici #i 4isticii
ex#lt#te=2
Atit1dine# 9ahaQiyci se gsete $er"ect ex$ri4#t n o$er#
Pretna(ha2ti-Candir2o# ;Ideile co41ne i 9#n#le #le d#toriei de #
l1cr#, #le religiei, d1rerii i s1"erinei + tre91iesc $rsite;2 D#r n
loc1l #cestor legi n1 se inst#1re#7 #n#r8i# i 5ici1l, ci li9ert#te#2
Indi# #re o nost#lgie i conce$ie #9sol1t # li9ertii, $e c#re #ne5oie
o nt6lni4 n 0ccident2 Ace#st# se nelege lesne% n14#i n #r# celor
4#i rig1ro#se c#dre soci#le, celor 4#i co4$lic#te teologii i celei 4#i
intr#nsigente ortodoxii se $1te# n#te o #se4ene# 5iolent sete de
li9ert#te2
C# s se nele#g 4etod# 9ahaQiyci de # se eli9er# de $c#t $rin
#ci1ni n #$#ren $cto#se, s1nt neces#re c6te5# cit#ii c1lese din
o$ere streine #cestei secte2 9utralam2ara, c#$2 3III1 52 11- 13 s$1ne%
F:Iesata e.a :1esanisharanamF, #dic A toc4#i $rin :lesa <$#ti4,
$6ngrire= se $o#te iei din Gles#;2
I#r &oranasiddhi <ed2 s#nsHrit2 $2 *N, SloH# ,Q= ne #si g1r c%
,,.
.prin %/a$t a$%l% a$iuni $ar% 'a$ p% oa#%nii ordinari &+ putr%*%a&$+ -n
Iad &ut% d% #ilioan% d% ani" Fo27inii o(in li(%rar%a 'inal+.1 -n &',rit"
un $itat din %ittavisudd$iprakarana a lui !rFad%va" p+&trat -ntr-o
$o#pilai% tantri6+ nu#it+ &ub$aita'&a#(ra$a 0%ditat+ d% G%ndall -n
.Mu&%on.< &pun%) .prin a$%l% 'apt% ti$+loa&% $ari ro(%&$ oa#%nii
ordinari" %l o(in% li(%rar%a1 Virtut%a i p+$atul tr%(ui%&$ =ud%$at% prin
&piritul n c#re s1nt nde$linite, nu $rin ele nsei; 0p1 *W # t%/tului
s#nsHrit edit#t=2
!ot Ar>#de5# 0unul dintr% $%i #ai p+trun*+tori autori ai
(udd7i&#ului tantri6< &$ri%) .?o'ta &%n*ual+ tr%(ui% *dro(it+111 ;+ $u
to#t $1tere# t# cee# ce ne91nii os6ndesc222 ?e4ei a2itat% d% 'o$ul
5eninos al dr#gostei dr1iesc $e iu(iii lor" a&$%i $u #int%a pur+" $u
to#te ro#dele dr#gostei222 Gu$ur+-t% d% toat% pl+$%ril% dra2o&t%i '+r+
te#42 '1+i "ie te#4% !1 n1 $ct1ieti2;
A4 $1te# n41li d1$ 5oie #se4ene# %/tra&% din $+ril% tantri$%"
d#r n1 5oi4 s co4$lic4 o ex$1nere, prin nsi 'ir%a %i d%&tul d%
co4$li c#t2 S+# neles c #ct 1l n si ne nu nse#4n ni #i$ - n
conce$i# indi#n, ci n14#i inten*ia actului. a$+ a$%a&t+ int%ni% %
egoistI d#c se ndre#$t ctre o s#tis"#cie $erson#l, li#itat+" da$+ %
#li4ent#t de cee# ce indi%nii nu#%&$ .&%t%a 'ru$tului. 'p$alatris$na
-#t1nci #ct1l e $ctos, n sens1l c se int%2r%a*+ l%2ilor )ar#ei i
individul 5# #5e# s+i s1"ere consecinele, a$u# &au -ntr-o %/i&t%n+
5iito#re2 D#c, di4$otri5, o#ul '+ptui%t% '+r+ .&%t%a 'ru$tului. a$tul
s1, d#c e de o senin indi'%r%n+ 'a+ de r%*ultat% - &au da$+
#cti5e#7 pur altrui&t" nu at,t "# d% oa#%ni $,t 'a+ d% u#n%*%u
$rin $ro$ri# lui (u$uri% + atun$i a$t%l% &al% nu &unt ni$i vi$ioa&% ni$i
5irt1o#se2 ?ur i si4$l1 nu %/i&t+" &unt -n a'ara Bar#%i" au tr#nscend#t
legile "irii i legile societii2
92 re7en# "#nt#stic # "e4eii
9ahaQiya c1no#te i o di&$iplin+ de p%r'%$iun% &piritual+ '+r+ o
$#rtener n c#rne i o#se2 Mar#a parakia e a$%a tovar++ id%al+"
"#nt#stic, neces#r #scensi1nii &piritual% nu#ai prin pr%*%na %i -n
s1"let1l o41l1i2 Cci feminitatea e indi&p%n&a(il+ p%r'%$iunii" dar
"e4ei# nu e2 ;%#initat%a % un dina# n%&',rit d% dra2o&t% i -n #ar#a
para2iya &in2urul dru# % (%atitudin%a prin dra2o&t% $+tr% Bri&7na"
dr#goste '+r+ ni$i o dorin+ %2oi&t+" dra2o&t% d% &a$ri'i$iu" '+r+
&p%ran+1
Or" da$+ &u'l%tul % %ntu*ia&#at d% at,ta i at,t d% ad,n$+ dra2o&t%"
nu#ai atun$i &% poat% apropia d% Bri&7na1 ;%#%ia - pr%*%nt+ prin
e5oc#re# %i #%ntal+ - % $atali*atorul unirii dintr% &u'l%tul o#ului i
&u'l%tul lui Bri&7na1
;%#%ia &% poat% &a$ri'i$a p% &in% #ai l%&n% d%$,t (+r(atul1 %
a$%%a '%#initat%a tr%(ui% '+$ut+ &t+p,n+ -n &u'l%t1 Ori$% ur#+ d%
11H
egois4, de dorin li4it#t tre91ie s41ls2 ;?ixe#7+i 4inte# n
Gris8n# i socotete c tot ce i se nt64$l i #$#rine2 '1 te g6ndi l#
$ro$ri# t# $lcere i d1rere, i #t1nci 5ei "i ntotde#1n# "ericit;
-<nanda-5haira.a/. E ren1n#re# co4$let l# indi5id1#lis4, o
$ierdere n cell#lt, n A4#nt1l ceresc, Gris8n#2 entr1 # o9ine
#ce#st s1$re4 de$erson#li7#re e ne5oie de manna para2iya.
De5ot#t1l l1i Gris8n# tre91ie s se tr#ns"or4e el ns1i n Rd8#, n
i19it# $46nte#n # 7e1l1i2 !re91ie s tre#c $rin $1rg#tori1l d1rerii
#cestei# c# s #j1ng 9e#tit1dine# "in#l, $ierdere# n s1"let1l l1i
Gris8n#2
Se o9ser5 lesne c #ce#st marma para2iya #dic ;disci$lin#
s$irit1#l n to5ri# 1nei "e4ei ide#le; + $osed 41lt 4#i #ccent1#te
$otente 4istice dec6t rit1rile descrise $6n #c142 S1"let1l c#re se
nno9ile#7 $rin $re7en# s19til # "e4eii i #j1nge #st"el #$ro#$e de
D14ne7e1 $rintr+o dr#goste de "e4eie + e ns s19st#n# 4isticei
4edie5#le indiene, ce se n14ete ,aishna.ism, #dic religi# c#re
socotete $e @is8n1, n cel 4#i $er"ect #5#t#r #l s1, Gris8n#, sing1r1l
4#re D14ne7e12 ,aishna.ismul e, $rin excelen, o religie #
dr#gostei, $re7ent6nd n 4#rile s#le ex$eriene 4istice <1n C8#it#ni>#,
de exe4$l1= s1r$rin7to#re ex$eriene c1 4istic# cretin2
Ji n 9ahaQiya, #dic $rin ;dr#goste $1r;2 'ici c1no#tere#, nici
41nc# n1 $ot eg#l# dr#goste#, c# instr14ent #l #$ro$ierii de
Di5init#te2 Dr#goste# c#re cere, n#inte de to#te, #ni8il#re#
egois41l1i2 Condii# e ;s "ie ne91n de dr#goste;, s "ie ins1$ort#9il
des$rire# de Cre#tor1l s12 Ide#l1l e tr#ns"or4#re# s# ntr+o "e4eie,
s1"erind de #9sen# i19it1l1i, t6njind de 1nire# c1 el2 Acest# e
c#r#cter1l gener#l #l ntregii 4istice indiene2
Exist, ns, "ie n S#8#ji># $ro$ri1+7is, "ie n #lte coli secrete
str6ns leg#te de e# + o #lt conce$ie # ;"e4eii ire#le;2 Aici "e4ei# n1
4#i e o t#in $e c#re tre91ie s o #si4ile7e contiin# c# s $o#t
oglindi $e Gris8n# + ci o constr1cie 4ent#l, 1n decor "#nt#stic, de
nenc8i$1it "r141see2 Aici inter5ine i ##+n14it1l ;li49#gi1
secret; s#1 ;li49#gi1 de intenii;2 Des$re #se4ene# coli, n #rticol1l
1r4tor
.*
2
Erotic# 4istic n &eng#l2Li49#j1l secret #l 4isticii
indiene
9andhya-5haa
0 91n $#rte # liter#t1rii sectelor 4istic+erotice din Indi#
4edie5#l + "ie #ceste# 91dd8iste s#1 ind1iste + e scris ntr+1n stil
5oit o9sc1r, c1 5oc#91l#r s$eci"ic si $l1r#lit#te de sens1ri2 Acest stil #
"ost n14it de ctre Mahomahapadyaya Paraprashad 9hastri <1n1l
dintre cei 4#i er1dii orient#liti #i ti4$1l1i i 'estor1l st1diilor
91dd8iste n Indi# 4odern= sandhya-(haa, #dic ;li49#gi1
cre$1sc1l#r;2
n c#rte# 2s# des$re sectele 4istic+erotice #le 91dd8is41l1i
4edie5#l, $19lic#t n li49# 9eng#lc7 -5uddha ;ana o )oh',
C#lc1tt#, ,(,.=, H22S8#stri ex$lic sens1l n c#re # "olosit ex$resi#
;li49#gi1 cre$1sc1l#r;% ;!o#te o$erele 9ahaQayanei s1nt scrise n
sandhya-(haa#. #cest# e 1n li49#gi1 -(haa/ de l14in i nt1neric
-alu-a-dhan/, $#rte l14in, $#rte nt1nericF #n14ite $ori1ni $ot "i
nelese, n ti4$ ce #ltele n1 $ot "i2 C1 #lte c15inte, n #ceste
disc1rs1ri #s1$r# dharmei, c#re s1nt "o#rte ele5#te, se gsesc re"erine
i l# l1cr1ri deose9ite de dharma. D#r #ce#st# n1 $o#te "i ex$lic#t
desc8is, oric1i; <$#g2 W din Introducerea 9eng#le7=2
S# n1 se cre#d c H22S8#stri # in5ent#t #cest ter4en2 El se
gse#, s19 o "or4# si4il#r, n o$ere 91dd8iste scrise n li49#
s#nsHrit, do5edind #st"el #ntic8it#te# #cest1i ;li49#gi1 secret;2 n
cele9r# 9addharmarmapundar+2a se gsesc #dese# ex$resiile%
sandha-(haita, sandha-(haya, sandha-.acana. 0rient#litii e1ro$eni
#1 o9ser5#t sens1l secret #l #cestor ex$resii i le+#1 tr#d1s d1$ c14
1r4e#7% ;le l#ng#ge cnig4#tiR1e; <&1rno1"=, ;4ister; <Gern=, ;7iceri
#sc1nse; <M#x Miiller=2
St1dii 4#i noi #s1$r# #cestei liter#t1ri secrete #1 4odi"ic#t
neles1l ter4en1l1i sandhya-(haa. Un "o#rte $rice$1t orient#list
indi#n, @id1s8eH#r S8#stri <de l# Uni5ersit#te# l1i !#gore din
S8#ntiniHet#n=, "olosind1+se de tr#d1ceri ti9et#ne i c8ine7e, # do5edit
c# sandhya-(haa n1 e dec6t o $resc1rt#re # ex$resiei sandhaya sau
a(hisandh'ya i nse#4n ;5or9ire intenion#l; <c"2 The Indian
Pistorical Vuarterly ,(NW, 5oi2 I@2$$2NW(+-00=2
'1 4#i r46ne ndoi#l, ##d#r, c liter#t1r# sectelor 9ahaQayana,
,aQrayana i Tantra - s1nt scrise ntr+1n li49#gi1 c1 c8eie, "iec#re
c156nt #56nd cel $1in trei neles1ri <1n1l 51lg#r, #lt1l 4istic i #l
treile# erotic=, i#r "r#7ele $1t6nd "i tr#d1se n cel $1in trei 5ersi1ni%
1n# exterio#r <"r neles=, #lt# 4istic <c1 #s$ect >ogic=, #lt# erotic
119
<c1 #s$ect t#ntriH=2 @o4 re$rod1ce nd#t exe4$le ce 5or il1str#
nde#j1ns ci1deniile #cest1i li49#gi1 secret2
n#inte de # trece 4#i de$#rte, tre91iesc $rent64$in#te c6te5#
con"17ii2 ;Li49#gi1l intenion#i; #l 4isticei indiene n1 #re de # "#ce
c1 #lte li49#gi1ri 4istice <cel s1"i, de $ild= s#1 #rgot+1ri2 Argot+1l e
1n li49#j te8nic <c"2 Al"redo 'ice7oro, @e genie de l%argot 8ssai sur
Ies langages speciaux3 Ies argots et Ies parlers magi4ues, #ris, ,(,N=F
i#r #lte li49i s$eci#le; #le #n14itor indoc8ine7e, 4#l#>e7e, etc2
4#ni"est 1n c#r#cter s1$erstiios i 4#gic, e "r#g4ent#r i se
ntre91ine#7 l# 56n#t, l# $esc1it, "# de streini, "# de 7e1, de rege,
de tot cee# ce e te41t2 n D#5# 1n tigr1 s#1 1n crocodil n1 e n14it $e
n14ele l1i, ci e c8e4#t ;&tr6n1l Do4n; s#1 ;M#rele !#t;2 0rigine#
4#gic # s$#i4ei de # e5oc# $re7en# #ni4#l1l1i $rin si4$l#
$ron1n#re # n14el1i s1 e e5ident2 Des$re #se4ene# ;li49#gii
s$eci#le;, Antoine C#9#ton # scris 1n #d4ir#9il st1di1% propos
d%une langage speciale de llndo-Chine <Et1des Asi#tiR1es, ed2 @#n
0est, 5oi2 I2 ,(NQ, $$2 ,/*+,N*=2 entr1 # nelege cele ce 5or 1r4#,
tre91ie s se di"erenie7e $recis #se4ene# t#91+1ri ling5istice de o
li49 lit1rgic s#1 s#cr s#1 de 1n stil cl#r+o9sc1r 4istic, s#1 de 1n
li49#j 4istic <c"2 @#n Genne$, 8ssai d%une theorie des langages
speciales, n 7eligions, moeurs et legendes, Seri# II, ,(/(2 $2N(- sR=2
n s"6rit, n1 tre91ie identi"ic#t "1nci# si49olic # ;li49#j1l1i
intenion#l; indi#n c1 si49olis41l $oe7iei 4edie5#le it#liene, des$re
c#re # scris #t6t de 4#gistr#l L2 @#lii, n c#rte# s# BB linguagio secreto
di )ante e dei fe%deli d%amore <Ro4#, ,(NW=2
Desci"r#re# C!ntecelor lui :anha
@or9e#4 4#i s1s de ;sens1l >ogic; i ;sens1l t#ntriH; #l "r#7elor
scrise n sandhya-(haa. Sens1l >ogic nse#4n tl4cire# 4istic, $e
c6nd sens1l t#ntriH e d#t de tl4cire# erotic # "r#7elor2 C ntre
$r#ctic# >og# + $1r i 5iolent #sce7 + i $r#ctic# t#ntriH, de
nedes4init sex1#l is4, s+#1 $1t1t "#ce #se4nri i gsi
cores$ondene, n1 tre91ie s ne 4ire2 'e #"l4 n "## 1nor texte din
91ddnis41l cel 4#i ni8ilist i rel#ti5ist, co#l# n14it madhyami2a.
entr1 doctorii #cestei coli <c#re # d#t $e cei 4#i de se#4 logicieni
i so"iti #i Indiei 4edie5#le= des$re ni4ic n1 se $o#te s$1ne c exist
c1 #de5r#t, nici esse nici non-esse, nici l14e# "eno4en#l, nici
nir.ana. Un rel#ti5is4 1ni5ers#l, n 4ijloc1l cr1i# sing1r# certit1dine
i c#le de 46nt1ire e 5#c1it#te#, 9unya. Ace#st 5#c1it#te, #ce#st
s1s$end#re i4$ron1nci#9il # s$irit1l1i, co#l# de c#re ne oc1$4 #ici
o n14ete sahaya, #dic ;cee# ce e nnsc1t, cee# ce e "iresc;2
Unic# sol1ie de 46nt1ire, de tr#ns"er#re # existenei i # d1rerilor
s#le + e ex$eri4ent#re# #cestei 5#c1iti2 Ac14 e# $o#te "i "o#rte 9ine
ex$eri4ent#t $rin rit4#re# $rogresi5 # res$ir#iei, $6n se #j1nge l#
o reinere "o#rte l1ng# # #er1l1i, i #ce#st c#le e >og#2 S#1, tot #t6t de
9ine, 5#c1it#te# $o#te "i o9in1t $rin rit4#re# res$ir#iei l#ol#lt c1
rit41l sex1#l -maithun!/, $rin reinere# res$ir#iei c6t 4#i 41lt ti4$
i, 4#i #les, $rin reinere# co4$let # s$er4eiF c#le# #ce#st# e
t#ntriH, i de e# se "olosete 9ahaQya.
L1cr1rile #ceste# se ti1 din liter#t1r# S#8#j>#, cit#t i re714#t
n #rticolele $recedente2 Cee# ce e no1 n textele $e c#re le 5o4
disc1t# #c14 e c#r#cter1l lor c1 tot1l secretF #dic n1 se nelege
niciod#t 9ine d#c #1tor1l $ro$1ne 1n exercii1 >og#, #scetic,s#1 o
edin de maithuna - s#1 d#c, l# 1r4# 1r4elor, n1 e dec6t 1n si4$l1
5ers, "r nici 1n sens #sc1ns2 I4$ort#n# #cestei $ro9le4e e i4ens%
cci d#c se 5# #j1nge l# st#9ilire# de"initi5 # c8eii c1 c#re tre91iesc
desc1i#te co4orile 4#n1scrise #le Indiei 4edie5#le, to#te criteriile de
j1dec#t #s1$r# #cestei ri, c# i #s1$r# 4isticei erotice i #
si49olis41l1i n gener#l, 5or scde#2 St1diile #t6t de re5ol1ion#re
$19lic#te de c6i5# #ni #s1$r# #cest1i s19iect $re5estesc #$ro$i#t 7i1#
c6nd orient#listic 5# "i ne5oit s+i re"or4e7e 4etodele de
in5estig#re2 Un 0rient no1, 4#i c1r#jos i 4#i dens 5# #$#re oc8ilor
e1ro$eni, o9osii de o Asie i49ecil i ro4#ntic, Asi# $o$1l#ri7#t
de cltori i de orient#liti2
C# s il1str4 4etod# $l1r#litii sens1rilor, s tr#d1ce4 o stro"#
din )oha-2oa l1i G#n8#2 0$er# #ce#st# e re$re7ent#ti5 colilor
4istic+erotice din Indi# 4edie5#l i # "ost st1di#t, edit#t i tr#d1s
,N,
recent de ctre 1n $rice$1t orient#list2 M2 S8#8id1ll#8, @cs Chants
misti4ues de :anha et de )oha-2oa <#ris, ,(NW=2 Stro"# ,( din
G#n8# s$1ne% ;Cel c#re # i4o9ili7#t regele s$irit1l1i s1 $rin
identit#te# 5ol1$tii -samaras!/ n st#re# nnsc1t1l1i -sahaQa/,
#j1nge c8i#r n #ce# cli$ 1n s1$r#o4 <1n sidd8#, 4#gici#n, se4i7e1=F
l1i n1+i e te#4 nici de 9tr6nee, nici de 4o#rte;2
Ac14, stro"# #ce#st# + # crei tr#d1cere ;gr#4#tic#l; n+#re nici
1n neles + $o#te "i tr#d1s n do1 sens1ri deose9ite, d1$ c14
tr#d1ce4 ex$resi# samaras!. Sens1l >ogic nse#4n% identit#te#
$er"ect # s$irit1l1i i # rs1"lrii, o9in1t $rin rete7#re# "1ncionrii
lor2 rin >og# se o9ine #ni8il#re# #$#rent # g6ndirii, deo#rece 4inte#
se concentre#7 ntr+1n sing1r $1nctF tot $rin >og# se tinde l#
st#gn#re# c6t 4#i ndel1ng#t # rs1"lrii, c1 sco$1l de # $tr1nde
ntr+o no1 st#re de contiin <# so4n1l1i, # H#t#le$siei, etc2 @e7i
st1di1l nostr1, Contri(u*ii la psihologia Coga, n ;Re5ist# de
?iloso"ie;, ,(*,=2 C6nd #ceste do1 s19$resi1ni coincid + se o9ine o
st#re de co4$let e5#c1it#te # contiinei <e5ident, # contiinei
di1rne% textele #"ir4 nc n#tere# 1nei stri, nir5#nice, in#ccesi9ile
ex$erienei ordin#re=, samaras!. D#r #cee#i st#re se $o#te o9ine i
$rin #ct1l sex1#l re#li7#t sahaQa# c6nd ;regele s$irit1l1i; <s$er4#= e
Ai4o9ili7#t; <#dic "ix#t, rein1t= $rin samaras! <coit1l rit1#l= se
#tinge nnsc1t1l, st#re# inii#l, de#s1$r# d1#lis41l1i #$#rent #l
l14ii "eno4en#le, de#s1$r# oricrei li4ite, oricrei stri de contiin2
S+#1 identi"ic#t $6n #c14, c1 #j1tor1l co4ent#riilor s#nsHrite ce
nto5resc #ceste tr#t#te 4istic+erotice, c6te5# d17ini de ter4eni2
rin ci"r1l 17it#t, orice r6nd din liter#t1r# 4istic $o#te "i inter$ret#t
n do1 sens1ri, practic co4$let o$1se, dei identice c# int% sens1l
>ogic i sens1l t#ntriH2
C6i5# ter4eni s1nt "o#rte instr1cti5i n 5#lenele lor, deo#rece
#$#rin n #cel#i ti4$ "i7iologiei, eroticii, teologiei i 4isticii2 ,aQra,
c#re nse#4n tr'"net i diamant <n 5or9ire# c1rent= #re sens1l
t#ntriH de ling' <4e49r14 5irile= i sens1l teologic de 9unya -.id,
.acuitate uni.ersal'/. So#rele -ra.i, surya/ nse#4n% Chrisis <;r#j#s
"e4inin;, #dic ;$olen "e4ininA=F .!na pingal' -cu "i7iologi# 4istic=,
n#r# dre#$t2 @una <s#sin, c#ndr#= #re neles1rile de s$er4, 56n# id'
i n#r# st6ng2
A4 l1#t n14#i #ceste trei exe4$le, d#r ele 5or contin1# i
re71lt#tele n1 5or "i li$site de interes2 entr1 c se 5# 5ede# c14
nsi 'ir5#n# l1i &1dd8# er# c6teod#t ex$ri4#t n ter4eni sex1#li
i #ce#st# 41lt n#inte# l1i ?re1d2
D#r cee# ce e c#$it#l $entr1 $reoc1$#re# st1di1l1i de "# se 5#
5ede# c i cele 4#i terre+6+terre ex$resi1ni sex1#le n1 s1nt c6teod#t
dec6t 1n rit1#l #9str#ct, "#nt#stic, de ce# 4#i $1r s$e2 Mistic#
co4$#r#t <ndeose9i scrierile s1"iste i cele de gen1l C!nt'rii
c!nt'rilor/ 5# gsi 1n #d4ir#9il instr14ent de cercet#re2 Cci #colo
1nde #$#re dr#goste# ce# 4#i c#rn#l, #dese# n1 er# dec6t 1n r#$t
ntr+o ex$erien "#nt#stic2 ,NN
Liter#t1r# 4istic+erotic2 @oc#91l#r1l intenion#l
nc din ti4$1l l1i D1rno1t, #c14 o s1t de #ni, s+# o9ser5#t
sens1l t#ntriH <erotic= $e c#re l c$t#1 #n14ite ex$resii i noi1ni
91dd8iste n liter#t1r# 4edie5#l indi#n2 ns1i &1dd8# e c6teod#t
neles c# .Qara <tr7net, di#4#nt= i deci ling'3 i#r lotusul
91dd8is41l1i de 'ord $rin c#re se ex$ri4 $1rit#te# nce$1t1rilor,
#cel padma <lot1s indi#n=, #t6t de 17#t n "or41lele i 4edit#iile
91dd8iste + nse#4n a(Qa <nsc1t din #$= i de #ici (haga, sex1l
"e4inin2 C6nd se s$1ne, ##d#r, c &1dd8# -.aQrasatt.a/ se odi8nete
n t#inic# (haga # &8#g#5#tiei + "or41l# #ce#st# #re i 1n sens erotic2
De #lt"el, t#ntris41l 91dd8ist <$ro9#9il in"l1en#t de e"lorescent#
legendelor 4edie5#le din j1r1l l1i Gris8n#, #t6t de erotice= s1sine c
&1dd8#, d1$ ce s+# 91c1r#t de W/2/// de "e4ei $e $46nt, n#inte de
retr#gere# l1i n 4edit#ie, se 91c1r #c14 de ;"e4ei cereti;2 D#r
#ceste# n1 s1nt si4$le 7eiti i ni4"e c# A$s#r#s, de $ild, c#re s1nt
#ccesi9ile i 7eilor i ;o#4enilor $er"eci; -siddhas/ + ci s1nt di5initi
#9str#cte i i4#teri#le, c# D8#r4#H#># <c#re n1 e #ltce5# dec6t Lege#
&1dd8is41l1i=2 !o#te #ceste di5initi n1 s1nt de "#$t dec6t 1n (haga
ide#l, n c#re se odi8nete &1dd8#2 S#1, c# s "i4 4#i ex#ci,M s1nt
"el1rite $ersoni"icri #le gr#delor de 9e#tit1dine conte4$l#ti5
-9am'dhi, tr#ns# s1$re4 # 4edit#iei=, si49ol1ri grosol#ne #le 1nor
stri dincolo de ex$erien# 14#n <Lo1is de l# @#llee o1ssin,
5ouddhisme. Et1des et 4#teri#1x2 &r1xelles, ,W(W, Me4oire de ,A
Ac#de4ie Ro>#le de &elgiR1e, $2 ,-Q=2
'e #9ine4 ntr+#dins s co4ent4 ideile #ceste#, toc4#i $entr1 #
n1 introd1ce ntr+1n siste4 $1r orient#l noi1ni i $rej1deci recent
e1ro$ene2 !er4enii sex1#li #1, c6teod#t, n liter#t1r# t#ntriH #lte
5#lori, c8i#r d#c ei tre91ie tr#d1i c1 neles1l lor sex1#l, i#r n1
4istic2 0 ex$resie sex1#l, c6nd se nt6lnete n liter#t1r# 4istic i
cere4oni#l n1 dete#$t n contiin# cititor1l1i indi#n $#nic# s#1
excit#i#, t1r91r#re# s#1 c1rio7it#te#, $e c#re de o9icei o $rod1ce n
4inte# cetitor1l1i occident#l2 Sex1l, #ctele sex1#le + s1nt #ici si4$le
instr14enteF 5ol1$t#te# e nlt1r#t, s#tis"#ci# n1 e niciod#t c1t#t2
De #lt"el l1cr1rile #ceste# 5or "i nelese c6nd liter#t1r# 4edie5#l,
c#re se #"l #c14 n 4#n1scrise, 5# "i $19lic#t i co4ent#t c14
tre91ie2
n#inte de # tr#d1ce din c6ntecele 9ahaQiya #le l1i G#n8#, e
indis$ens#9il 1n 4ic 5oc#91l#r co4$#r#t, c#re s c1$rind sens1l
o9in1it #l c15intelor #lt1ri de sens1l lor t#ntriH <erotic= i 4istic2
lalan', A"e4eie;I #rter# Bd# <n#r#st6ng=2 rassan', ;li49; L #rter#
pingal'-naia. dre#$t=2
,N*
avad$uti, .'%#%ia a&$%t+. I &u&urri7a 0art%ra $%ntral+<1
bod$icitta, .2,ndir%a ilu#inat+. I &7u6ra 0&%#%n viril%<
tarun*, .'%$ioar+. I #a$a#udra 0o p*ii% &p%$ial+ a #,inilor i
pi$ioar%lor luat+ -n ti#pul #%ditai%i Fo2aC dar ar% i un &%n& %roti$"
$+$i #udra -n&%a#n+" -n tantra" '%#%i% a&$%t+1
(r$inl, .&oi%. I #a$a#udra+ diva#udra, #ana#udra 0po*iii
Fo2i$%<C J 1
)arin, .$%l #ai (un dintr% %l%'ani. I 2,ndir%a (citta(a,endra"+
(iri, .#unt%. I ira &pin+riiC
va,rad$ara, .&t+p,nul tr+*n%tului. I &t+p,nul $orpului" al
$uv,ntului i al 2,ndiriiC
)aruna, .#ila. I 'iina 0%&&%<C
Mait$una - -n&%a#n+ li#(a=ul &%$r%t al $ol%$i%i Do$-'kosa,
unir%a .lotu&ului. $u .tr+*n%tul." adi$+ o(in%r%a &t+rii d% va$uitat%
'Ktr+*n%t.< -n pl%/ul n%rvilor $%r%(rali 0.lotu&.<1 -n $ol%$ia
.udd$a'/ana, &tar%a d% non-%2o (nair-t#a", adi$+ una 0va$uitat%a<
% d%&$ri&+ $a o 'at+ din $a&ta in'%rioar+ &au o $urt%*an+ 0S7a7idulla7"
op1 $it1p1 1:<1 !a $+" d% 'oart% #ult% ori" $,nd t%/tul vor(%t% de
.-#(r+iar%a $urt%*an%i. (do#bi candali" nu e vor(a d%$,t de
pi%rd%r%a -n &tar%a non-individualit+ii" tran&$%nd%r%a li#it%lor" i%ir%a
din dina#i$a #%ntal+ diurn+1 .Aurt%*ana. % un #otiv at,t d% popular
-n lit%ratura #i&ti$+ indian+ $u# % .vinul." .pa7arul. i .(%ia. -n
#i&ti$a &u'i&t+ 0#i&ti$a p%r&an+< - und% -n&%a#n+ .u#n%*%u."
.&u'l%tul o#%n%&$. i .unir%a #i&ti$+ $u Ar%atorul.1
Poemele lui :anha i 9araha
0 serie de tr#d1ceri s$er4 c 5# $1ne l# $1nct ntr1c6t5# disc1i#
;li49#j1l1i intenion#l;, n c#re s1nt scrise #t6te# o$ere 4edie5#le
indiene din colile 4istic+erotice S#8#j#>n#, @#jr#>n# i !#ntr#2 'e
"olosi4 de 5ers1rile l1i S8#8id1ll#8, i#r n14#il $#ginii se re"er l#
l1cr#re# s#2 @cs chantes misti4cs de :anha ct de )oh'-2osa.
in Ban7a" p1 111 i ur#ar%)
.O78 dom(i, t1 #i $6ngrit tot1lT !1 #i neglij#t l1n# "r nici 1n
4oti52
;Unii i s$1n 1r6t2 D#r nele$ii te str6ng l# $ie$t1l lor2
;G#n8# c6nt% !1 eti canda1i # $#si1niiF o8T dom(i, ni4eni n1 e
4#i $cto#s dec6t tine2
A Cstorind1+se c1 dom(i, ci i+# ng8iit n#tere# i # $ri4it n
7estre s1$re41l ide#l2
;Eilele i no$ile se $etrec n $lceri2
;El se dete#$t n $l#s# "e4eii #scete2
;Ascet1l c#re c leg#t de to5ri# 1nei dom(i, n1 o $rsete
niciod#t2
;El se 49#t c1 nnsc1t1l2
Din colec*ia Do$-kosa a lui 9arad(a <$2 ,.( i 1r4#re=
,ersul >M#
;L# ce 91n s 4edite7e #s1$r# celor c#re n1 s1nt s19iecte de
4edit#ie:
;L# ce 91n s ex$lici cee# ce n1 se $o#te s$1ne:
;!o#t l14e# e nset#t de #ce# 4oned c#re c existen#2
;'i4eni n1+i nelege esen#2
,ersul >E#
;A 46nc#, # 9e#, # se des"t#, # rence$e 4ere1 ro#t# t#ntric
0$oitul ritual<" i#t ide#l1l c#re se 1r4e#7 $entr1 # #tinge contiin#
de dincolo2 ,ersul NM#
;'i4ic ri1 se c1no#te n #"#r de sine ns1i2
,ersul N[#
;08T $entr1 ce s c1t#i n 7#d#r 46nt1ire# $rin 4edit#ie: De ce
49ri#i 5oi $l#s# il17iei: ,ersul NI.
.Toat+ lu#%a e nel#t de 4edit#ie2 'i4eni n1+i $ri5ete
propria &a natur+1 ,ersul ME#
.Nu #%dita nu#ai #s1$r# e1l1i, c1 rs1"l#re# s1s$end#t, o8T
Fo2in ri2uro&1 Nu-i 'i/a nu#ai 56r"1l n#s1l1i2 I49ecil1leT &1c1r+te
19:
de nnsc1t1l din tine ns1i, n1 te ls# ro9it de legt1r# existenei2
,ersulM\.
;C6nd s$irit1l #do#r4e, tr1$1l r1$e l#n1rile, #t1nci identit#te#
des"trii -samarasa/ e ls#t n nnsc1tF de #c14 n1 4#i eti nici
sudra, nici (rahman.
,ersul [W
;M+#1 silit s 5i7ite7 loc1ri s"inte i te4$le s#cre, i 4#i 91ne, i
4#i rele2 D#r n+#4 571t 1n #lt loc de $elerin#j #t6t de "r14os c#
tr1$1l2
,ersul EE#
;&1c1r6nd1+te de l14e# sensi9il, n1 te legi de l14e# sensi9il2
Se $o#te l1# lot1s1l "r # #tinge #$#2 Ast"el e >og8in1l c#re se
re"1gi#7 l# rdcinF el n1 e 5icti4# l14ii sensi9ile dei se 91c1r de
A ,ersul OO.
;M#gi# "e4eii #scete e "r $erec8eF
,ersul HW
;?ie 4o4ent1l "ericirii, "ie #cel# #l 4ijloc1l1i 4istic, "ie ele do1
4$re1n + #ceste# s1nt re#lit#te#2 D#r $1ini s1nt #cei c#re le c1nosc,
d#torit 4#estr1l1i <g1r1=2 ,ersul GWI.
;Cel c#re g6ndete% ;#cest# e e1l, #cest# e non+e1l;, #cel#, dei
"r legt1ri, e tot1i leg#t2 Ji, tot1i, e1l e li9er2
,ersul GW\.
;'1 te nel# #s1$r# e1l1i i non+e1l1i2 !ot1l, "r deose9ire, e
&1dd8#2 I#t st#re# $1r s1$re42 S$irit1l se $1ri"ic $rin n#t1r# s#
$ro$rie2;
A4 #les dintr+#dins 5ers1rile c#re $ot "i o#rec14 nelese "r 1n
co4ent#ri1 i4edi#t2 Sens1l 1nor# e e5ident erotic, #l #ltor# e5ident
4istic2 De #lt"el, identi"ic#re# strilor s1$re4e, nir5#n# c1
9e#tit1dine# #ct1l1i sex1#l, etc, n1 e li$sit de logicF $entr1 c
#se4ene# stri, c#re de$esc ex$erien# nor4#l, s1nt
i4$ron1nci#9ile2 ?or41lele $rin c#re $ot "i tr#d1se s1nt, ##d#r,
intersc8i49to#re2
Ac14, c6nd #4 sc8i#t i il1str#t li49#gi1l secret #l 4isticii
indiene, ne $1te4 nto#rce l# ex#4in#re# celorl#lte cere4oni#le
erotice, # cror li49 ci"r#t ne+#r "i "ost in#ccesi9il "r #se4ene#
$reli4in#rii2 Din cele ce #4 scris n 1lti4ele do1 #rticole, e neces#r
s se rein 1r4to#rele% $l1r#lit#te# sens1rilor ntregii liter#t1ri
4istice 4edie5#leF c n1 n14#i ter4enii 4istici, religioi i "iloso"ici
#1 neles1ri erotice, d#r c i ter4inologi# erotic #re 1n contr#sens
4istic s#1 "iloso"icF c, de c6te ori se $o4enete de Sex n #se4ene#
cri, el e l1#t n neles1l rit1#l i instr14ent#l, i#r n1 9iologic, nici
orgi#stic2
,N.
N2 MIS!ICA ER0!ICA
M#gie i erotic
Inter$retrile e1ro$enilor #s1$r# sen71#lis41l1i i liter#t1rii
sen71#le orient#le s1nt, #dese#, c1 des56rire "#lse2 Cee# ce #$#re l#
o $ri4 lect1r c# sen71#l n1 c dec6t 4#gie + c#re sc#$ ins1l1i
ci5ili7#t + i#r cee# ce #$#re erotic den#t n1 e dec6t cere4oni#l,
#dic o $si8ologic de 41lt $ierd1t $entr1 contiin# e1ro$e#n2 E
se4ni"ic#ti5 "#$t1l c 5ol1$t#te# #rc 1n rol c1 tot1l sec1nd#r n 5i##
#si#tic1l1i, n ci1d# #$#renelor2 Se 5or9ete des$re :ama-9utra c#
des$re o c#rte s19 index, o c#rte $19lic#t de edit1ri sc#nd#lo#se i
citit $e s19 46n2 !ot1i, ni4ic 4#i "iresc n 0rient dec6t o
#se4ene# c#rte, c#re c, n#inte de to#te, 1n tr#t#t te8nic, "r ni4ic
"ri5ol n el, o n5t1r c#re tr#ns"or4 cere4oni#l1l ntr+o estetic i
$e "e4ei# ordin#r ntr+o er1dit r#"in#t2
Ric8#rd Sc84idt, c#re # scris #cele $reio#se 5eitragc "ur
indisthen 8roti2 <ed2ll, &erlin, ,(,,= i c#re # tr#d1s el ns1i
:ama-9utra 4$re1n c1 co4ent#ri1l l1i V#sod8#r# <ed2 @, Lei$7ig,
,(,Q= # "c1t $ri41l $#s $entr1 #de5r#t# nelegere # eroticii indiene
n E1ro$#2 Sc84idt s+# oc1$#t ns n14#i de ;tiin# dr#gostei;2 M1lt
4#i "#scin#nt i 9og#t n res1rse e st1di1l cere4oni#lelor i 4#giei
erotice, cci, socoti4 noi, ne 5# re5el# o conce$ie n#t1r#l des$re sex
i 5i## sex1#l, n loc1l conce$telor 5ici#te, 4or#li7#nte s#1
s1$erstiio#se #le 5e#c1rilor e1ro$ene2 E dre$t c 1n #se4ene# st1di1
n1 se $1te# "#ce $6n 4#i #c14 c6i5# #ni, c6nd Sir Do8n Soodro""e
<#li#s Art81r A5#lon= # $19lic#t cele dint6i texte t#ntrice s#nsHrite i #
d#t l# i5e#l o sene de tr#d1ceri #dnot#te + c#re #1 desco$erit ce
s19st#n di5ers se #sc1nde s19 c15intele erotice indiene i ce
5#lo#re 4#gic $re7int cere4oni#lele lor2
Din #rticolele $recedente s+# 571t $oli5#len# ter4enilor erotici,
c#re c#$t r6nd $e r6nd 5#lori 4#gice, teologice, 4istice2
Se g8ice# n#$oi# lor o intr#ns4isi9il ex$erien c#re le ec8i5#l#,
ntr+o $erio#d 41lt 4#i 5ec8e dec6t ce# # textelor st1di#te $6n
#c14, n $erio#d# 5edic i $ost+5edic, se g8icete ns i 4#i 9ine
5#lo#re# Acos4ic; # #ctelor sex1#le2 ornind dintr+o contiin
4#gic, #ct1l sex1#l n1 er# nde$linit niciod#t c# o d#torie s#1 1n
,N
)
$#sse+te4$s indi5id1#l + ci er# 1n rit de co41ni1ne si49olic c1
"orele s#1 7eii cos4ici, o #ci1ne c#re $1ne# $e o4 n cont#ct c1
energiile c#re l cre#ser2 Din to#t liter#t1r# 5edic i $ost+5edic
-9amhit's, 5r!hmanas, etc2= se distinge 5#lo#re# 4#gic i rit1#l #
sex1l1i i, 4#i #les, non+indi5id1#lit#te# s#2 Cel c#re #917# s#1 n14#i
ncerc# s $r#ctice $entr1 91n1l l1i $l#c #se4ene# #cte "$t1i# 1n
s#crilegi1, 1n #ct ne"iresc i deci nes#cr12 Sex1l n1 er# dec6t 1n
instr14ent, niciod#t 1n sco$2
;D#c t1 5rei s te sl1jeti de 4ine i# s#cri"ici1, #t1nci orice 5ei
cerc t1 $rin 4ine i 5# "i dr1it; + s$1ne o "e4eie <Id#= ctre so1l
s1, n#inte de #ct1l conj1g#l -9atapatha 5rahmana, I, W+, i 1r4#re=2
Unire# er# s#cri"ici1, #r4oni#, intr#re# n co41ni1ne# c1 "orele
n#t1rii% nen14r#te texte 5edice #"ir4 #cest l1cr1 <c"2 not# l>i &r#j#
L#i M1H8erj l# c#$2 I@ din 9h!2ti and 9h!2ta # l1i Sir Do8n
Soodro""e, ed2 III, M#dr#s, ,(N(, $$2 (Q i 1r4#re=2
Maithuna n liter#t1r# 5edic $osed 5#lene ci1d#te2 !ot1l este
571t i inter$ret#t $rin #ce#st 1nire sex1#l rit1#l% do1 linii
<$#d#s= dintr+1n 5ers apushtu(h s1nt cetite det##t, i#r celel#lte do1
s1nt cetite di4$re1n, c# s i4ite 1nire# sex1#l -<itareya 5rahmana,
II2Q2*=F agnihotra, #dic "oc1l s#cri"ici#l, cr1i# se #d1c incontin11
#9l#ii de 1nt to$it n c#s# oricr1i indi#n, e el ns1i identi"ic#t c1
maithuna -9atapatha 5rahmana, PI, .2N2,/=F n s"6rit, se s$1ne c ce#
4#i 91n i 4#i 2n#lt "or4 de maithuna e 1nire# dintre shraddha i
satya, #dic ntre credin*'i ade.'r-<it. 5r. @II, N2(=2
!r#d1ce4 1n text ce5# 4#i co4$let c# s se il1stre7e #ce#st
4ent#lit#te 4#gic2 El se gsete n 1n# din cele 4#i st1"o#se
upanishade, de necontest#t #ntic8it#te, #n14e 5fhad'ranya2a
0panishad, <@I, -,*+Q,(+,,, N,+N-=2 D1$ c6te ti1, $#s#j1l #cest# #
"ost "o#rte r#r tr#d1s ntr+o li49 e1ro$e#n2 &o8tlingt l nlt1r $1r
i si4$l1% M#x M1ller -9acred 5oo2s of the 8ast, 5oi2 P@, $2
N,.+NN,= re$rod1ce origin#l1l s#nsHrit, ceil#li tr#d1ctori, c14 e ?2
&eonni ?ili$$i -)uc 0panishad/, ;C1lt1r# dellA Ani4#;, nr2 N), $2
N-+NQ= l tr#d1c n l#tinete2 @ersi1ne# no#str e "c1t d1$ edii# l1i
@#s1de5 L#Hs84#n S8#stri #ntisiH#r, B+
sh!dyashtottara-shatopanishadah, 'ir#n#># S#g#r ress, &o49#>, ed2
BBB, ,(NQ, $2 ,,* i 1r42=2
*2;E# <"e4ei#= #re $6ntec1l dre$t #lt#r <5edi=, $r1l dre$t i#r9,
$iele# dre$t $res omer, 51l5# c#re se #"l l# 4ijloc e co491sti9il1l
<neces#r s#cri"ici1l1i=2 C6t de glorios e loc1l n cer #l s#cri"ic#tor1l1i
c#re s56rete s#cri"ici1l .aQapeya, tot #t6t# 5# "i <i loc1l cel1i= ce se
4$re1n, "iind contient de #ce#st <identit#te ntre "e4eie i loc1l
s#cri"ici#l=F #cel# $#rtici$ l# #ci1nile 91ne #le "e4eilor s#le2 D#r
"e4eile i ns1esc #ci1nile 91ne #le #cel1i# c#re, "r s c1no#sc
#ce#st <identit#te=, se 4$re1n c1222;
Ur4e#7 1n $#s#gi1 de in5oc#ie 4#gic $entr1 semen .irile
$ierd1t, c#re n1 $o#te "i tr#d1s2 @ers1l W l#1d "e4ei# ;c1r#t;, ce
,NW
$o#te ser5i s#cri"ici1l1i2
W2;D#c cine5# dorete% s 4 i19e#scT 4e49r14 in e#4
in4iss14, g1r# li$it de g1r# ei, 46ng6ind1+i $6ntecele s
41r41re%222 t1 te n#ti din to#te 4e49rele i din ini4 i791cnetiF t1
eti s1c1l 4e49relorF c# $e o rnit de o sge#t 5enino#s,
str$1nge+oTF;
(2;Ji d#c dorete% s n1 rode#scT, 4e49r14 in e#4 in4iss14,
g1r# li$it de g1r# ei, d1$ ce+# in8#l#t, s ex$ire ctre e#%222 $rin
5igo#re, $rin s46n, s46n# o de$1n n tine2 nd#t e# 5# rodi%;
Ur4e#7 c6te5# 5ers1ri de n#t1r 5rjitore#sc, $entr1 $ede$sire#
"e4eilor #d1ltere <de "#$t, n1 e $ede#$s $ro$ri1+7is, ci 5rji c# s
rec#$ete so1l $1tere# cons14#t $rin dr#goste# c1 soi# #d1lter=2
De l# 5ers1l ,* se nt6lnesc rit1rile $reli4in#re $entr1 n#tere#
"iilor i "iicelor2 Ade5r#t# maithuna c1 identi"icri cos4ice se gsete
n 5ers1l ,W i 1r4#re%
;D1$ ce # "c1t li9#i#, o i# i g1st2 D1$ ce # g1st#t, ntinde
ctre soi# s#2 S$l6nd1+i 46inile, 14$l6nd 1n 5#s c1 #$, de trei ori
o stro$eteF
;le#c de #ici, @is85#5#s1 <,=F c#1t #lt soieF l#s <#ce#st=
soie so1l1iF;
A$oi se #$ro$ie de e#%
,(2;E1 s1nt el i t1 eti e# <5ers1l #cest# 4#i $o#te "i tr#d1s i% c1
s1nt ama, ;res$ir#i#; i t1 eti+ s', ;5or9#;=2
;E1 s1nt Kaman, t1 eti 7ig <$entr1 c 9ama-,eda e #e7#t $e 7ig-
,eda, c#re e 4#i $reio#s=2 E1 s1nt Cer1l, t1 eti 46nt1l2 H#ide
s ne 49ri4 #46ndoi, s #4estec4 se4inele, c# s se n#sc 1n
$r1nc, 1n "i1 i s c6tig4 <#st"el= 9ogii;F
A$oi i des$rinde $1l$ele%
N02;46nt1l i cer1l s se des$#rt2
Me49r14 in e#4 in4iss14, li$ind1+i g1r# de g1r# ei, de trei ori
o 46ng6ie n direci# $r1l1i s$1n6nd%
@is8n1 s+i "#c 4#trice# "ec1nd <sens1l #cest1i r6nd $o#te "i%
@is8n1 s+i #r#nje7e 4#trice#=F !5#s8t#r s+i 41le7e "or4ele,
r#j$#ti s te stro$e#sc, D8t#r s de$1n n tine $lod1lF
De$1ne 1n $lod, Sini5li, de$1ne 1n $lodT rit81s8t1H#, 1n $lod
#1 de$1s n tine cei doi As85ini c1 g8irl#nde de lot1sT;
N,2;De #1r s1nt cele do1 5ergi c1 c#re As85inii #$rind "oc1lF noi
in5oc4 "r1ct1l, $entr1 c# n # 7ece# l1n s se 4$line#sc2
D1$ c14 $46nt1l #re $e Agni <"oc1l= c# $lodF d1$ c14 cer1l
co$rinde n sine $e Indr#, d1$ c14 cele $#tr1 $1ncte c#rdin#le rodesc
$e ,'yu <7e1l 56nt1l1i=, tot ## de$1ri i e1 n tine $lod1l2
Ji i d n14ele2
L# conce$i# $r1nc1l1i #1 "ost in5oc#te i #1 col#9or#t 7eitile
c#snice2 Cci csnici# n1 e "c1t $entr1 dr#goste, ci $entr1 rod2 I#r l#
rodire tre91iesc c8e4#te n #j1tor to#te $1terile2 A4 nt6lnit n Indi#
O $e 1n $ro"esor de li49# engle7, 1n "o#rte c1lt i inteligent 9eng#le7
,N
(
c#re i+# nsc1t toi co$iii d1$ #cest cere4oni#l2 '1 e ni4ic sen71#l,
ni4ic de$r#5#t, ni4ic c#re s #d1c # ;liter#t1r; n #se4ene# texte,
5ec8i de #$ro#$e trei 4ii de #ni2 Ci o $ro#s$t co41ni1ne si4$#tic
c1 to#te energiile n#t1rii i c1 tr#dii# 1nei r#se eroice2
C!ntarea C!nt'rilor
R#99i AHid#, i791tind s introd1c <(/ d2C8r2= $oe41l l1i
Solo4on n c#non1l :etu(im-\\\.n, # c6tig#t 4#i 41lt dec6t o
5ictorie # inter$retrii #legorice% # 4$iedic#t $ierdere# celor 4#i
"r14o#se $#gini lirice din liter#t1r# e9r#ic2 I#r c# s nde$line#sc
4in1ne# #ce#st#, c# s $o#t #lt1r# c8e4rile $ti4#e #le S1l#4itei
str5ec8i1l1i Pentateuch i se5erelor Cri de Legi, R#99i AHid# #
tre91it s 5de#sc n1 n14#i er1dii# i nele$ci1ne# n5#t1l1i
$rice$1t n si49o#lele i t#inele S"intelor Scri$t1ri, ci i 41lt, #r7tor,
ent17i#s4 4istic2 Dei c#rte# Esterei, $s#l41l -Q -8ructati. cor meum
.er(um (onum/ i #lte $#s#je din :etu(im $o4ene#1 s#1 sl5e#1
$#ti4# dr#gostei o4eneti, nici 1n1l dintre #ceste# n1 #tinseser nc
sincerit#te#, $ros$ei4e#, 9ogi# i4#ginilor, "rene7i# c1 c#re
S1l#4it# 4rt1rise# j#r1l ini4ii s#le i c8e4# 46ng6ierile 9r9#t1l1i
i19it2 E c1 #de5r#t ci1d#t $re7en# FC!nt'rii C!nt'rilor a lui
9olomon C!ntareF m #cel#i c#non, n c#re 5i7i1nile #$oc#li$tice i
9leste4ele ins$ir#te #le $ro"eilor + ndeose9i #le #scet1l1i Is#ii# + se
ntind $e #t6te# $#gini2 C1 to#te #ceste#, "#$t1l se l41rete lesne
d#c se ine se#4# de resort1l l1ntric #l 4isticis41l1i, ndeose9i #l
4isticis41l1i i1d#ic2 0 #se4ene# l41rire 5o4 ncerc# i noi 4#i jos2
D#r, 4#i n#inte de oriice co4ent#r s#1 cercet#re critic, $oe41l
9i9lic c8e#4 o c1no#tere direct, i4edi#t2 oe7i# C!nt'rii e
is$itito#re2 n ci1d# t1t1ror 4$ririlor n $#r#gr#"e i 5ersete, e# se
5dete #lct1it din si4$le e"17i1ni lirice, #l cror 5ers n1 e ngrdit
de nici o reg1l ;$oeticA2
M1lte 5e#c1ri C!ntarea C!nt'rilor #1 "ost sing1rele $#gini de
$oe7ie orient#l $e c#re le+#1 c1nosc1t i le+#1 i19it e1ro$enii2 I#r ei
le+#1 i19it #t6t de 41lt, nc6t n1 s+#1 s"iit # le n14i cele 4#i
des56rite din c6te s+#1 scris $6n #t1nci2 oe41l l1i Solo4on # "ost
ndeo9te socotit + "irete, n neles1l s1 4istic + s1$erior Psalmilor
l1i D#5id2 C1no#tere# $oe7iei orient#le # red1s ntr1c6t5# 4ri4ile,
"r # $1te# $g19i, ns, ent17i#s41l $e c#re+, dete#$t n orice
s1"let lect1r# $oe41l1i 9i9lic2 S+# "c1t ns o dre#$t i neces#r
cl#si"ic#re2 C!ntarea C!nt'rilor i+# gsit 41lte #se4nri c1 $oe7iile
liricilor $ers#ni, c1 nen14r#te $ri din "olclor1l #si#tic i + 4#i #les
+ c1 $oe41l indi#n ;ita-;o.inda. E 5rednic de rein1t c ;ita-
;o.inda + c#re c6nt dr#goste# #r7to#re dintre 7adha i :rishna
,*/
+ se 91c1r, c8i#r n conce$i# #1tor1l1i, de o inter$ret#re #$ro$i#t de
ce# # C!nt'rii.
De $e 1r4# #cestor #lt1rri c1 liric# $ro"#n, tr#diion#litii s+#1
#rt#t ne41l14ii2 C1 #t6t 4#i 41lt c1 c6t istoricii, "ilologii i criticii
#1 inter$ret#t n c8i$1ri str#nii s#1 9#tjocorito#re + d1$ c14 se 5#
#rt# 4#i jos, n tre#ct + $ro#s$t# $oe7ie # C!nt'rii. rintre #ceti
tr#diion#liti, 7eloi s $stre7e numai neles1l #legoric, il1str#t de
#6i inter$rei cele9ri, e5rei i cretini, tre91ie s 4enion4 $e
er1dit1l cercettor #l ;G#9#lei i1d#ice; <,(N*=, #1l @1lli#1d2
S#5#nt1l #cest#, ntr+o c#rte recent + @e Canti4ue des Canti4ues
d%apiis la tradition Qui.e <#ris, ,(NQ= + i# #$r#re# inter$retrilor
tr#diion#le, #legorice, c#9#listice2 Dei n1 #d4ite4 dec6t n $#rte
te7# l1i @1lli#1d, tre91ie s# 4rt1risi4 c e# e din 9el1g
doc14ent#t i c $o#te s1ger# 41lte #$recieri j1ste2 Ji e, n #cel#i
ti4$, o re#ci1ne 9ine5enit 4$otri5# criticii r#ion#liste, #le crei
excese s1nt tot #t6t de $g19ito#re #de5r1l1i c# i excesele co#lei
s#cre2
Inter$retrile #legorice
rintre cei dint6i co4ent#tori e5rei c#re #1 desci"r#t si49olis41l
C!nt'rii C!nt'rilor se n14r <d1$ Gr#et7= $#tri#r81l G4liei,
R#99i Io1#, R2#$ios i R2 AHi9#2 !oi #ceti# socote#1 $oe41l dre$t
ico#n# ntregii istorii # $o$or1l1i e5re1, Solo4on re$re7ent6nd $e
I#85e, S1l#4it# Isr#el1l, i#r Lege# "iind si49oli7#t $rin .in.
Conce$iile #ceste# #1 "ost de75olt#te de c#9#litii i 4isticii e5rei,
c#re #1 gsit #legorii s#1 $ro"eii 4#sc#te $6n i n cele 4#i
nense4n#te #4n1nte2 I#t c6te5# $ilde de #se4ene# inter$retri,
d1$ @1lli#1d <$2 Q* i 1r42=2 ;R#99i Io8#n#n co4ente#7 c15intele%
9unt un "id, s$1n6nd c 5or9ete Lege#2 Ki s!nii mei sunt turnuri
dese4ne#7 $e disci$olii nele$ilor222 @ers1l% Iu(itul meu s-a co(or!t
+n gr'din', spre n'str'pile cu flori aromatice, ca s'-i pasc' turma sa
+n gr'dini <@I,N= se de7le#g #st"el <&er#H8ot8, II, W=% Iu(itul meu e
cel EternF s-a co(or!t +n gr'din' nse#4n 1ni5ers1lF n'str'pile cu
flori aromatice + Isr#el1lF ca s'-i pasc' turma sa +n gr'dini s1nt
ne#41rile $46nt1l1iF i ca s' culeag' trandafiri s1nt cei Dre$i, $e
c#re i ridic dintre "el1ritele ne#41ri2 D1$ tr#t#t1l <(odah "arah,
;delicio#s e #ro4# 4iros1rilor t#le; <,,*= si49oli7e#7 s#5#nt1lF cci
el, #se4ene# 1n1i "l#con c1 #ro4#te c6nd e desc8is, rs$6ndete
4iros1l n de$rt#re222;
ilde de #se4ene# inter$retri s1nt "r n14r2 Intr+o c#rte
ntre#g, Targumul <#r#"r#7# c8#ldee#n=, se #n#li7e#7 5ers c1 5ers
ntreg $oe41l2 Lect1r# #cest1i tr#t#t e "o#rte instr1cti5 $entr1 cei ce
,*,
5or s c1no#sc o $#rte din conin1t1l :a(alei. I#r ;s$iritele "ine #le
i1d#is41l1i + S##d8i#, R#sc8, Glen E7r# + s+#1 neles #s1$r# #cestor
inter$retri2 Di5ergene n+#1 $re# "ost n tr#dii# Sin#gogii2 Sing1r
M#i4onide + i d1$ el Iose" I9n G#s$i + in"l1en#t de "iloso"i# #r#9,
# 4odi"ic#t neles1l #legoric, socotind C!ntarea C!nt'rilor dre$t
rel#iile str6nse dintre intelectul acti. <Solo4on= i intelectul pasi.
<S1l#4it#=2 D#r M#i4onide n1 nde$rt# celel#lte 41lte inter$retri
4istice2 De #lt"el, d1$ conce$i# c#9#listic, "iec#re 5erset din
$oe41l l1i Solo4on se 91c1r de #$te7eci de neles1ri deose9ite2
4$r141t6nd de l# e5rei 4etod# #legoric, cretinii #1 571t n
C!ntarea C!nt'rilor 1nire# 4istic ntre C8rist i &iseric2 Cel dint6i
c#re # st#tornicit conce$i# #ce#st# # "ost 6rigene <sec2 III=, c#re 4#i
#d#1g $oe41l1i i 1n #l doile# neles% dr#goste# s1"let1l1i ctre
logodnic1l l1i ceresc, C8rist2 S"2 At#n#se <sec2 III= socote# C!ntarea
C!nt'rilor dre$t 1nire# l1i C8rist c1 c#rne# o4ene#sc2 Ceil#li
inter$rei + Grigore din 'is#, Hieroni4, !eodoret, Ciril Alex#ndrin1l
+se #$ro$i#1 4#i 41lt s#1 4#i $1in de conce$i# origeni#n2 ;0
sing1r eroic exce$ie + scrie L177i -@a 5i(lia, 5ol2HI, $2 ,/= + 4erit
s "ie #4intit% #cee# # il1str1l1i e" #l colii din Antio8i#, !eodor din
Mons1esti# <4ort n -NW=2 0$erele s#le s1nt $ierd1teF d#r, din cit#iile
1nei scrieri de #le s#le #s1$r# C!nt'rii, se tie c dde# #cestei#
inter$ret#re# liter#l i ni4ic 4#i 41lt;2 C1 to#te #ceste#, !eodor "1
re$ede 1it#t i se #j1nse n sec2 @ l# #"ir4#iile "#nt#stice #le l1i Ciril
din Alex#ndri#, c#re 5ede# n lectic# l1i Solo4on <III, )= crucea# i#r n
coro#n# n1$i#l <III, ,,=, coro#n# de s$ini # M6nt1itor1l1i2
'1 $1te4 sc8i# n $#ginile #ceste# nici cel 4#i s1$er"ici#l istoric
#l inter$et6rilor C!nt'rii C!nt'rilor. De #lt"el #cest# # "ost tc1t + dei
4ediocr1 + de C1nit7 <,WQ)=, i#r introd1cere# #9#tel1i Gr#nd5#1x l#
tr#d1cere# l1i Le Hir, $rec14 i introd1cere# l1i Re1s, $ot "i
cons1lt#te c1 "olos2 ntre secolele IP+P@I S#l"eld # n14r#t ,*- de
l1crri r#9inice, i#r din sec2P@I $6n n ,W*/, Rosen41ller # not#t
,,.2 '14r1l contri91iilor #d1se de co4ent#torii cretini c, de
#se4ene#, co56ritor2 A56nd $redecesori $e #9#tele Cottin <,..N=,
I#co9i, n ,)),, sc8ie#7 i$ote7# dr#4#tic2 ?irete c to#te
constr1ciile #legorice er#1 #c14 nde$rt#te2 De #lt"el, I#co9i n1 "1
cel dint6i c#re s $rse#sc inter$ret#re# si49olic% 4#i n#inte
C#st#lion <sec2 P@I=, Groti1s, De#n Leclerc <sec2 P@II= i nce$torii
colii "iloso"ice ger4#ne din sec2 P@III #"ir4 l#icit#te# C!nt'rii
C!nt'rilor. Ei do5edir c s19iect1l e ;5ictori# i19iilor credincioi;,
c $oe41l e $er"ect 4or#l2 n 1r4, ntre#g# co#l "iloso"ic #j1nse
l# concl17i# c $oe41l ;e o c#rte $ro"#n, d#r n1 o c#rte "ri5ol;2
<Ren#n, @e Canti4ue des Canti4ues, Introd1ction=2
I$ote7ele dr#4ei + Isis + S1l#4it# :
ncerc#re# l1i Ren#n de # reconstit1i dr#4# l1i Solo4on i #
S1l#4itei n+# i791tit2 D#c #ct1l I er# 9og#t n e5eni4ente i ine#
ncord#t #teni# cetitor1l1i, celel#lte $#tr1 #cte i 1n e$ilog s+#1
do5edit 4onotone, $line de re$etiii2 Unele dintre #ctele l1i Ren#n n1
co$rinde#1 dec6t cincis$re7ece 5ers1ri <#ct1l II se ntinde de l# c#$2 II,
W l# c#$2III, Q=2 Ji, c1 to#te #ceste#, trst1rile dr#4ei e5reieti $e c#re
le+# sc8i#t #1tor1l ,ie*ii lui 1sus s1nt "o#rte j1ste i se $otri5esc
ntoc4#i #ltor joc1ri dr#4#tice orient#le2 Li$s# decor1rilor, $re7en#
#ctorilor $e ;scen;, c8i#r c6nd #r tre91i s li$se#sc, #91nden#
c6ntecelor cor#le se nt6lnesc n $iesele $ers#ne i n joc1rile
oc#7ion#le din ntreg 0rient1l -4uissa, 2not(a, l# #r#9i=2 D#r, dr#4
$ro$ri1+7is, nici c8i#r c1 restriciile not#te de Ren#n + n1 este
C!ntarea C!nt'rilor.
De #lt"el, dei # "ost $ri4it l# nce$1t c1 ent17i#s4, i$ote7#
dr#4#tic n1 4#i nt6lnete #st7i dec6t $re# $1ini #d4ir#tori2 nii
s1sintorii i$ote7ei n1 s+#1 $1t1t nelege #s1$r# s19iect1l1i, #s1$r#
n14r1l1i $erson#giilor, #ctelor, scenelor2 Deli7sc8 #d4ite do1
$erson#gii, EU#ld trei, &r1ston $#tr1, Ren#n o d17in, n #"#r de
nen14r#tele ;cor1ri;2 S19iect1l, #$oi, er# #lt1l l# "iec#re dintre
#ceti#2 ;Unii socotesc dr#4# c# re$re7ent#t l# sr9tori $o$1l#re,
#lii o "#c s se re$re7inte l# c1rte, i#r #lii s$1n c n+# "ost scris
$entr1 re$re7ent#re2 entr1 1nii, dr#4# e li$sit de #ci1ne, $entr1
#lii e to#t n14#i #ci1neF $entr1 1nii "1 co4$1s c1 $rilej1l 1nei
sr9tori n1$i#leF #lii nici n1 $o4enesc de n1nt2; <L177i, $2 ,*=2
Ls6nd l# o $#rte ex$lic#iile #d1se de co#l# r#ion#list,
$reoc1$#t de # desco$eri #l17iile erotice, c15intele c1 d19l1 neles,
$e c#re #1tor1l le nelege# + #j1nge4 l# o c#rte ci1d#t2 Dei "#ce4 o
nedre$t#te co4ent#ri1l1i @e Canti4ue des Canti4ues <#ris, ,(,(= #l
l1i D1ss#1d, $lin de o9ser5#ii j1ste i c#re #d1ce o no1 ncerc#re de
reconstit1ire # $oe41l1i + i nedre$ti4, de #se4ene#, inter$ret#re#
l1i #1l H#1$t, il1str $rin erotis41l ei + ne o$ri4, tot1i, l# c#rte#
"#nt#stic # l1i 0sU#ld 'e1sc8ot7, intit1l#t @e Canti4ue des
Canti4ues et le Mythe d%6siris-Petep <#ris, ,(,-=2
D1$ 'e1sc8ot7, C!ntarea C!nt'rilor e o tr#d1cere "c1t de 1n
scri9 e5re1 din Alex#ndri# d1$ 4#i 41lte i75o#re din liter#t1r#
religio#s egi$te#n% 9at-per-emhru <##+n14it# Carte a mor*ilor/,
textele gr#5#te $e 7id1rile te4$lelor i t6ng1irile 7eiei Isis, din c#re
ne+#1 r4#s c6te5# "r#g4ente, identit#te# dintre $oe41l 9i9lic i #cele
c6te5# 4#ni"estri #le 4it1l1i osiri#n e do5edit de #1tor $rin
#$ro$ieri de n14e, de "#$te, de idei, de $#s#gii2 'e e $este $1tin s
,**
re7144 #ici c#rte# l1i 'e1sc8ot72 'e 41l14i4 &+ nir1i4
identitile2 Isis se t6ng1iete, S1l#4it# de #se4ene#F Isis i c#1t
i19it1l, "r#tele i so1l <$e 0siris=, #cel#i l1cr1 "#ce i S1l#4it#F
n14ele l1i 0siris+cel+t6nr e &u-em-hetep, #dic ;cel c#re 5ine
#d1c6nd $#ce#;, + n14ele S#lo4 nse#4nA cel c#re este $#ce#;F Isis e
n14it Petepith <ce# c#re #d1ce $#ce#=, i#r 9ulamith nse#4n ;ce#
c#re este $#ce#;2 Ierusalim nse#4n ;or#1l $cii;F #dic #l mor*ii.
n el do4nete S#lo4on, #dic 0siris, 7e1l 4orii2 El i4$lor
sr1t1l 46nt1itor #l 7eiei Isis, c#re i 5# #d1ce 5i##2 'en14r#te
texte i $ict1ri egi$tene ne #r#t 414i# l1i 0siris, $l6ns i sr1t#t
de sor# i soi# s#, Isis2 ri41l 5ers din C!ntarea C!nt'rilor
+;sr1t+4 c1 sr1t#re# g1rii t#le; + e s$1s de S#lo4on, #dic 0siris,
c#re #te#$t sr1t1l s#cerdot#l ce i 5# n#$oi# ;s1"let1l, 5i##,
5igo#re# "i7ic i 4or#l;2 @ers1l #cest# e ;c8e4#re# 414iei,
i4$lor6nd sr1t1l n5ietor #l $reot1l1i reg#l G8er8e9, c#re re$re7int
$e rege;2
0siris, c# 414ie, e 1ns c1 #ro4e% S#lo4on, de #se4ene#2 0sins
strig% ;S 4 sr1teT;, cee# ce strig i S#lo4on2 ;'e#gr s1nt;,
s$1ne S1l#4it#, cee# ce n1 #re neles l# o e5reic2 D#r Isis este
71gr5it n c1lo#re ne#gr2 S1l#4it# s$1ne% AAS1nt crin1l din 5#le;,
i#r Isis% ;S1nt crin1l c#re n"lorete n c64$ie;F S#lo4on e co4$#r#t
c1 o g#7el% Hor <"i1l l1i 0siris, identi"ic#t c1 el= e "ig1r#t s19 "or4#
1nei g#7ele
-
2
Ji #se4nrile s1nt nc nen14r#te2 M1lte $ri o9scene din
C!ntarea C!nt'rilor se l41resc l# l14in# 4it1l1i egi$te#n2 ;Sor# ce#
4ic; # S1l#4itei e 7ei# ephtis, c#re o nsoete $e Isis n t6ng1irile
tr1$1l1i osiri#n2 D1$ c14 4rt1risete i Lois>, c#rte# #ce#st#
co$rinde ;41lte #$ro$ieri "o#rte c1rio#se;2 Ji, c1 to#te #ceste#, te7#,
## c14 o $re7int 'e1sc8ot7, ##7 ;tr#d1cere#; #ce#st# n $ri4ele
secole n#inte de cretinis4, + i C!ntarea C!nt'rilor do5edete o
origine 41lt 4#i 5ec8e, dei 5ersi1ne# $e c#re o #5e4 $o#te "i n14#i
din sec2 III n C8r2 n s"6rit, $oe41l 9i9lic #re+ d1$ c14 #4 571t
+41lte cores$ondene n liter#t1rile $o$1l#re orient#leF el er# "o#rte
rs$6ndit n norod2 C14 s+#r $1te# ex$lic# #ce#st#, #d4i6nd
;tr#d1cere#; scri91l1i #lex#ndrin:
ro9le4# r46ne desc8is2 D#c te7# l1i 'e1sc8ot7 n1 $o#te "i
#d4is, 41lte din #$ro$ierile do5edite de el tre91ie l1#te n se#42
S1nt #$ro$ieri ce n1 se $ot ex$lic# $rintr+o si4$l coinciden, nici
$rin legile $si8ologiei 4it1l1i, c#re #d4it cores$ondene ntre 5ersi1ni
"r nici o legt1r re#l, direct, ntre ele2
,*-
nc8eiere
Alt# este, ns, ex$lic#i# C!nt'rii C!nt'rilor, 4#i si4$l i
do5edit de "#$te2 E# # "ost s1ger#t de orient#list1l ger4#n
Set7stein, #$r#t de &1dde i s1sin1t n 1lti4ii #ni de nen14r#i
exegei, $rintre c#re n14r4 $e L1cien G#1t8ier <n Introduction
dans l%<ncien Testament/ i L177i =@a 5i(lia, 5oi2 VIII"
Introdu"ione/. Set7stein # st1di#t o9icei1rile n1nii n Siri# i # gsit
41lte #$ro$ieri c1 po%#ul (i(li$1 A%r$%t+ril% lui au 'o&t -nt+rit% #ai
t6r7i1 i de #lte 4#teri#le "olcloristice c1lese n co$rins1l #si#tic2
L# orient#lii 4editer#nieni, sr9torile n1nii in #$te 7ile2 Ele
s1nt #lct1ite din d#ns1ri, joc1ri, c6ntece2 Mire#s# d#nse#7 n $ri4#
se#r 4irel1i2 Ur4e#7 #$oi l#1dele reci$roce #le "r141seii 4irilor,
## n14it1l Bsaf- l#1de identice c1 cele din C!ntarea C!nt'rilor. n
tot ti4$1l #cestor #$te 7ile, 4irele i 4ire#s# s1nt n14ii Rege
-meli2/ i Regin -meli2a/, cee# ce ex$lic e$itetele cores$1n7to#re
din $oe41l 9i9lic2 n cee# ce $ri5ete S#lo4on, el #$#re #ici c# 1n
$erson#gi1 legend#r, + i#r S1l#4it# n1 e 1n n14e $ro$ri1, ci o l#1d,
o $orecl 4otenit de l# gener#iile conte4$or#ne "r14o#sei <(isag
9unamita <din S1n#4=, des$re c#re ne 5or9ete Cartea 7egilor.
D1$ c14 se 5ede, $oe41l 9i9lic n1 este dec6t o colecie de
#se4ene# c6ntece $o$1l#re, colecie "c1t de 5re1n ndrgostit de
"r14os2 Misticis41l e9r#ic, "olosind #legori#, # introd1s #ceste
c6ntece n C#non2 Ji c1 to#te #ceste#, ex$lic#iile 4istice, #legorice
s1nt tot #t6t de j1ste c# i cele istorice2 entr1 1n 4istic, 1nire# c1
Di5init#te# n1 $o#te "i ex$ri4#t dec6t $rin c15inte #r7to#re, $ri5ind
dr#goste# tr1$e#sc2 C15intele #cele# re5#rs, ns, n s1"let1l
4istic1l1i, e4oii #lese, neex$ri4#9ile, nec1nosc1te 4inilor logice2
?#$t1l c s+#1 d#t inter$retri #legorice, c#9#listice 1nor c6ntece
$o$1l#re "r conin1t religios + i c1 #t6t 4#i $1in oc1lt + n1 tre91ie
s ne 4ire2 Misticis41l este 1n no1 i deose9it "el de # $ri5i l14e# i
orice l1cr1 $ri5it 4istic i sc8i49 5#lo#re# ;re#l;, c$t6nd #lte
5#lori s#1 #$ro$iind1+se de si49ol2 C1 #t6t 4#i 41lt $oe41l #cest#
c#re c6nt, i #t6t de 4#estr1, dr#goste#2 Cetite c1 o #tit1dine 4istic,
c15intele C!nt'rii i sc8i49 conin1t1l2 0 no1 re#lit#te,
s1$ersensi9il, se 5dete de#s1$r# re#litii i4edi#te2
Din nen14r#tele l1crri scrise de 4isticii i teo7o"ii
conte4$or#ni #s1$r# $oe41l1i, n+#4 $1t1t c1no#te n ntregi4e
dec6t 9ro1r# l1i Sedir% F8ssai sur le Canti4ue des Canti4ues <,(N/=
+c#re ntrete s$1sele no#stre2 An#li76nd $roces1l s1"letesc, se
nelege c 4istic1l 49ogete text1l $oe41l1i, ## d1$ c14 l
nde#4n s1"let1l2 Ast"el c inter$retrile $e c#re le gsete el n1 s1nt
13:
#9s1rde i c1 #t6t 4#i $1in streine text1l1i2
Inter$retrile c#9#listice n1 s1nt dec6t o $ild din cores$ondenele
ce se $ot gsi ntr1 "el1ritele 4#ni"estri #le S$irit1l1i o4enesc2 Ele
ntresc cele scrise 4#i s1s% $1tin#, #dic, de # $ri5i i j1dec# 1n
l1cr1 n deose9ite c8i$1ri, "r # iei din d#tele eseni#le i # #l1nec#
n "#nte7ie2 D#r, #s1$r# #cestor inter$retri c#9#listice, n1 ne $1te4
o$ri #ici2 Ar "i ne5oie de $re# 41lte i l1ngi l41riri, nengd1ite
notelor de "#2 @o4 re5eni, ns, n #lt $#rte, c1 tot 4#teri#l1l de
"#$te i to#te #rg14entele neces#re2
III2 REI'!EGRAREA
Y' C0SMICI!A!E
,2 REJ!II'CE% ALCHIMIA, ME!ASIHICA
Alc8i4ie c8ine7
Interes1l istoricilor tiinelor i #l intelect1#lilor, n gener#l,
$entr1 #lc8i4ie # "ost concentr#t 4#i #les #s1$r# $ori1nilor
Atiini"ice; din liter#t1r# #lc8i4ic2 Alc8i4i# # "ost cercet#t# n14#i
ntr1 c6t se do5ede# o $rec8i4ie2 Er#1 sti4#i n14#i #cei #1tori c#re
#rt#ser n scrierile lor c s1nt n7estr#i c1 ns1irile o41l1i de
tiin 4odern% c#$#cit#te de o9ser5#ie, sce$ticis4 "# de legend i
4itIo#rec#re $1tere de ind1cie i "o#rte 41lt $r1den2
n 4#i 41lte r6nd1ri #4 ncerc#t s do5edesc c# 1n #se4ene#
criteri1 de j1dec#t n1 este ntotde#1n# j1sti"ic#tF c #lc8i4i# n1 # "ost
$ret1tindeni si totde#1n# o $re+c8i4ieF c d#c din te8nicile #lc8i4ice
s+# des$rins i# 1n 4o4ent d#t o te8nic no1 tiini"ic $rin c#re s+#
constit1it c8i4i# 4odern + #ce#st# n1 nse#4n c to#te te8nicile
#lc8j4ice er#1 $r#g4#tice2
n st1di1l de "# 5oi li4it# in5estig#iile n14#i n do4eni1l
#lc8i4iei #si#tice $ro$ri1+7ise, #dic #"#r de #lc8i4i# #r#9, c#re n1
"#ce dec6t s contin1e #lc8i4i# #lex#ndrin2 In1til s #d#1g c n
$#ginile ce 1r4e#7 n+#4 intenion#t s e$1i7e7 4#teri#l1l
doc14ent#r de c#re dis$1ne4 $6n n $re7ent2 M+#4 4rginit s
sc8ie7 n14#i c6te5# linii de orient#re2 'djd1iesc c, $entr1
j1sti"ic#re# lor, n1 4i+# sc$#t nici 1n text de se#4 i n1 #4 neglij#t
nici 1n st1di1 critic2
n C8in#, $ri41l text #lc8i4ic $ro$ri1+7is se gsete n Pan 9hu
PP@, ,N recto, lini# W, text $e c#re S#le>
/
l d#te#7 secol1l I d2
C8r2A d#r c#re se 4#i nt6lnete i n 9hi Chi, o$er# "#i4os1l1i istoric
#l C8inei, 9e Ma Ts%ien <circ# ,.*+WQ n C8r2= i #re, deci, o 5ec8i4e
4#i 4#re
1=
2
Din tr#d1cere# #cest1i text <$e c#re o d#1 d1$ C8#5#nnes i
S#le>= se $o#te o9ser5# "o#rte $recis c#r#cter1l ;s#cr1; i rit1#l #l
#lc8i4iei c8ine7e2
2 a otes on Chinese <lchemy, n ;&1lletin o" t8e 0rient#l Sc8ool o" London;, 5oi2
@I, "#sc2l2 ,(*/, $2 *2
U=
Se nt6lnete, #n14e, n Tratatul despre sacrificiile $ong i 9han @e7i E2
C8#5#nnes, @es Memoires Pistori4ues de 9e-Mats%ien, <5ol2III, $#rte# II, #ris,
,W((=, $2 -.Q2 Des$re in#1g1r#re# #cestor s#cri"icii, 5e7i not# l1i C8#5#nnes de l#
$#ginile -,*+ >1> i M#rcel G#4et n @a ci.ilisation Chinoise <#ris, ,(N(=, $2 -Q,2
139
M#gici#n1l Li C8#o+Gi1n s$1ne 4$r#t1l1i S1+!i <din#sti#
H#n=% AAd1 s#cri"icii c#7#n1l1i <ts#o= i 5ei $1te# s conj1ri "iine
<s1$r#n#t1r#le=2 Conj1r "iinele <s1$r#n#t1r#le= i 5ei "i n st#re s
sc8i49i $r#"1l de cin#9r1 n #1r g#l9en2 Din b#cest #1r g#l9en 5ei
$1te# "#ce 5#se din c#re s 4n6nci i s 9ei2 ti 5ei $rel1ngi 5i#t#2
rel1ngind1+i 5i##, 5ei "i n st#re s 5e7i $e ;"ericiii; <8sien= din
ins1l# P%ong-lai, c#re se #"l n 4ijloc1l 4rii
.Q
2 At1nci 5ei $1te#
4$lini s#cri"iciile fongi shan, i n1 5ei 4#i 41ri;2
Din text1l de 4#i s1s tre91ie s reine4 trei #4n1nte% ,= o$er#i#
#lc8i4ic <tr#ns"or4#re# cin#9r1l1i n #1r= i4$lic #n14ite #cte
religio#se <s#cri"icii etc=F N= #1r1l o9in1t se #si4ile#7 $rin 46nc#re
i $rel1ngete 5i## <4oti51l ;elixir1l1i 5ieii;=F *= $rin #ce#st 5i#
no1 i s#cr se $o#te intr# nIlegt1r direct c1 ;"ericiii;2 @o4
re5eni 4#i t6r7i1 #s1$r# #cestor ;"ericii; din ins1l# Aong+l#i, de c#re
se le#g nen14r#te legende #lc8i4ice i religio#se2 S #d1g4 ns
c #1r1l #lc8i4ic se 91c1r de ce# 4#i 4#re sti4 n to#t liter#t1r#
c8ine72 ;D#c din #cest #1r #lc8i4ic "#cj "#r"1rii i 5#se, i d#c
4n6nci i 9ei din ele, 5ei tri 41lt ti4$;, s$1ne cel 4#i ren14it
#lc8i4ist c8ine7, #o A1 !71, $se1doni41l l1i Go H1ngAA2
Acel#i #1tor $reci7e#7 5irt1ile 4#gice #le #1r1l1i #lc8i4ic%
;041l #de5r#t "#ce #1r $entr1 cA dorete c#, "olosindU+, 4edicin#l
<#dic #sig1r6nd1+, $entr1 46nc#re=, s #j1ng 1n ne41ritor;;A2
A1r1l$regtit #lc8i4ic, ;"c1t , er# s1$erior #1r1l1i n#t1r#lF c#re,
5o4 5ede# nd#t, se 91c1r i el de 5irt1ile 4#gice2 C8ine7ii
crede#1 c s19st#nele s1nt i4$1re c6nd s1nt gsite n $46nt, i #1
ne5oie s "ie ;gtite;
,
;A + c# #li4entele + c# s $o#t "i #si4il#te de
org#nis41l 14#n2
I#t nc 1n text #s1$r# #1r1l1i #lc8i4ic, n c#re s1nt nir#te
5irt1ile exce$ion#le #le #cest1i ;elixir;2 !ext1l este tr#d1s din Ts %an
T%ung ChT%, $o$1l#r# c#rte + #lc8i4ic # l1i Se1 Po-Cang-G>W-[W n
C8r2=, i c#re nse4n# ce5# #se4ntor c1 ;1nire# cores$ondenelor
co4$#r#te;%
D#c c8i#r i#r9# c8ii+s8eng $o#te $rel1ngi 5i##,
De ce n1 ncerci s $1i elixir1l n g1r:
A1r1l $rin "ire# l1i n1 stricF
AO S#le>, otes, $2 -2 As1$r# l1i Go H1ng 5o4 re5eni2
aZ #o A1 !71, ei Plen <S8#ng#i, ,(NW=, $2 ),2 C#rte# l1i Do8nson + sing1r# c#re
exist $6n #7i #s1$r# #lc8i4iei c8ine7e + n1 este li$sit de greeli i con"17ii2 @e7i
recen7i# tc1t de &ert8old L#1"er, n ;Isis;, ,(N(, 5oi2 ,N, $2**/+**N2 n ;Do1rn#l
Asi#tiR1e; din ,WN*, $2 ((+,/Q se gsete 1n #rticol <'otice s1r lAor et s1r l#
4#niere de lAe4$lo>er, tiree dA1n o15r#ge c8inois intit1le% ;Descri$tion des Arts de
lAE4$ire;, et tr#d1ite $#r M2C2L#ndresse, c#re 4i+# "ost in#ccesi9il, i de c#re #"l1
din 9i9liogr#"i# l1i H2 Cordier, ;&i9liotec# Sinic#; <t2I, #ris, ,WW-= colo#n# )/W2
m
S#le>, otes, p. ,W2
i>=
0 tr#d1cere co4$let # #cest1i tr#t#t #n1n L1+C8Ai#ng S1% 5e7i dr2 !enne> L2
D#5is i L1+C8Ai#ng S1, C8inese Alc8e4> <;!8e Scienti"ic Mont8l>;, 'eU VorH,
,(*/, 5oi2 *,, $2NNQ+N*Q=, $2NN( i 1r4#re, 1nde se cite#7 4#i 41lte texte din
Tsan Tung Ch%i. ?r#g4ent1l $e o#re l re$rod1ce4 este tr#d1s de S#le>, 'otes,
?i l
,-/
De #cee# este, dintre to#te l1cr1rile, cel 4#i $reios2
C6nd #rtist1l <#lc8i4ist1l= l incl1de n diet# s#AO
D1r#t# 5ieii s#le #j1nge etern222
C6nd $1dr# #1rie intr n cele Q 4r1nt#ie
.)
,
Ce## e risi$it, c# norii de $lo#ie $rin 56nt222
nil #l9 #j1nge din no1 negr1F
Dinii c71i cresc din no1 l# loc1l lor2
&tr6n1l r#4olit e din no1 1n t6nr l19ricF
&tr6n# r1in#t e din no1 "#t t6nr2
Cel # cr1i "or4 e sc8i49#t i # sc$#t de $ri4ejdiile 5ieii,
Are c# titl1 <glorios= n14ele de 04 Ade5r#t;2
Este li4$ede, deci, sco$1l #lc8i4ist1l1i c8ine72 El n1 c#1t #1r1l
s se 49oge#sc2 'ici 4c#r n1 c#1t o 4#re c#ntit#te de 4et#l2 Se
41l14ete n14#i c1 c6te5# gr1ne + $e c#re s le tr#ns"or4e n
;elixir;, #dic ntr+1n lic8id $e c#re s+, #si4ile7e i $rin c#re s
o9in ne41rire#2 D1$ c14 scrie cel 4#i in"or4#t i 4#i l1cid
sinolog, &ert8ord L#1"er, ;C8ine7ii crede#1 c #1r1l $rod1s $rin
$rocesele s19li4rii i tr#ns"or4rii #lc8i4ice er# n7estr#t c1 o
5it#lit#te i e"ic#cit#te s1$erio#r n l1$t# $entr1 #tingere# 46nt1irii i
ne41ririiF n1 er# #1r1l c# 4et#l cee# ce $o"te#1 ei, ci #1r1l de o
c#lit#te tr#nscendent#l c#re #r $1te# $ro4o5# s$irit1#lit#te#
cor$1l1i;
/
2
Alc8i4i# er# n14#i 1n# din n14ero#sele te8nici $rin c#re c8ine7ii
+ i 4#i #les t#oitii + c1t#1 ne41rire#2 Ji n1 se $o#te nelege ni4ic
din #lc8i4i# c8ine7 d#c n1 se integre#7 i #ce#st te8nic n
conce$iile lor "1nd#4ent#le des$re l14e i s1"let
.W
2
D1$ credin# lor, to#te s19st#nele c#re se gsesc $e $46nt i n
cos4os s1nt in"17#te c1 1n1l s#1 #lt1l din cele do1 ;ele4ente;
eseni#le% C1n <"e4inin= i Cang <4#sc1lin=2 !ot ce exist $#rtici$
ntr+1n gr#d 4#i 4#re s#1 4#i 4ic, l# #ceste ele4ente 9#7ice;A2 In
1nele cor$1ri $redo4in ele4ent1l 4#sc1lin <>#ng=, n #ltele cel
"e4inin <Vin=2 C1 ti4$1l + i n #ceste 4edii t#oiste
,
;A + ele4ent1l
>#ng # "ost identi"ic#t c1 tao, ter4en intr#d1cti9il, c1$rin76nd "o#rte
41lte noi1ni <;c#le;, ;$rinci$i1 1ni5ers#l;, ;nor4;, ;#de5r;, ctc=2
C1 c6t o s19st#n c1$rinde o 4#i 4#re ;c#ntit#te de >#ng <deci de
t#o=, c1 #t6t este 4#i no9il, 4#i incor1$ti9il, 4#i ;#9sol1t;2
!r#ns41t#re# 4et#lelor + din in"erio#re i o9sc1re, n #1r 4o9il i
; ;Isis;, ,(N(, $2 **,
;
=
Liter#t1r# critic #s1$r# #cestor ;rinci$ii; este i4ens2 Reco4#nd4 n
s$eci#l% H2 M#s$ero, @a Chine <nti4ue <#ns, ,(N*=, $2 NWN sR2F M2 Gr#net, @a
Pensee Chinoise <#ris, ,(*-=, $2 ,,Q+,-WF ere Sieger, Pistoires des croyances et
des opinions philosophi4iies en Chine <Hien+8ien, ed2 ,,,,(NN= $#ssi42F ?orHe, )ie
;edan2enBelt der chmesischen :ultB2reises <&erlin, ,(N)=2
;A Do8nson, Chinese <lchemy, p.[G.
,-,
l14inos + se 'a$% %li#in,nd poriun%a Fin 0'%#inin+< i au2#%nt,nd
ele4ent1l >#ng
,
A2 !urul &int%ti$" al$7i#i$" %&t% &up%rior aurului (rut
toc4#i $entr1 c o$er#iile #lc8i4ice l+#1 $1ri"ic#t de orice 1r4 de
>in2
!o#te s19st#nele c#re c1$rind ele4ent1l >#ng $osed, ntr+o
4s1r 4#i 4ic s#1 4#i 4#re, i 5irt1ile #cest1i rinci$i1 cos4ic2
Cine $#rtici$ l# >#ng + #dic $e $l#n1l 5ieii 9iologice i #si4ile#7
s19st#ne 9og#te n >#ng + $#rtici$ l# to#te 5irt1ile c#re s1nt leg#te
de #cest rinci$i1% li4$e7i4e, snt#te, "or, longe5it#te, ne41rire,
etc2 @irt1i, + c14 se 5ede + de 4#i 41lte ordine% 9iologice, soci#le,
s$irit1#le
.(
2
Din "o#rte 5ec8i ti4$1ri, deci, c8ine7ii se nconj1r#1 de #se4ene#
s19st#ne in"17#te c1 >#ng2 1rt#te #lt1ri de cor$, i #sig1r# "or,
snt#te, longe5it#te2 re7en# lor "ce# s $#rtici$e i o41l l#
cere#sc# ier#r8ie $e c#re o re$re7ent#12 Cci s19st#nele in"17#te c1
>#ng, n #"#r de 5irt1ile 4#gice cores$1n7to#re, er#1 i e49le4ele
rinci$i1l1i ceresc i sol#rF n ti4$ ce s19st#nele >in er#1 e49le4ele
rinci$i1l1i tel1ric, #le $46nt1l1i "ertil, 4#trice # 4et#lelor i #
$l#ntelor2 A1r1l, j#d1l i celel#lte s19st#ne 9og#te n >#ng n1 dr1i#1
o41l1i c#re le $1rt# <s#1 le #si4il# $rin #li4ent#ie= n14#i
longe5it#te i snt#te $er"ect2 Ele l #j1t#1 s intre n #r4onie c1
ns1i rinci$i1l # cr1i e49le4 er#1, s se ;4$#ce; c1 ntreg
Cos4os1l, s #j1ng org#nic i 5i## s c1rg n stil1l des56rit #l
cel1i c#re co41nic direct c1 nor4ele2 De #cee# #si4il#re#
s19st#nelor c1$rin7to#re de tao <#dic >#ng= j1c# 1n rol #t6t de
i4$ort#nt n 5i## c8ine7F n1 er# n14#i igien, 4edicin s#1
#lc8i4ie + ci er# i 5irt1te soci#l, "#4ili#r, religio#s2 ?1nci1ne#
#si4ilrii #cestor s19st#ne + $rin e49le4e, $rin #li4ent#ie, $rin
rit1ri + er# "o#rte co4$lex2 Alc8i4i# n1 se $o#te nelege dec6t d#c
ine4 se#4# de #ce#st "1nci1ne + #t6t de s$eci"ic 4ent#litii
c8ine7e + $rin c#re ins1l se tr1dete necontenit s o9in co41ni1ne#
c1 rinci$iile, #r4oni# c1 nor4ele, ngd1ie #st"el 5ieii s c1rg "r
nici 1n o9st#col $rin el2
;Mo#rte#; i ;n5iere#; 4et#lelor
D#c 4et#lele i 4iner#lele $ot ;i19i; i $ot "#ceI ;n1nt;
+e5ident c ele s1nt n7estr#te c1 o #n14it sensi9ilit#te2 ntr+#de5r,
textele #lc8i4ice 8elenistice i #r#9e 5or9esc des$re ;tort1r#;
4et#lelor2 Ex$resi# $entr1 ;o$er#i1nile c8i4ice; este toc4#i #ce#st#%
tortur'. Ji 4et#lele s1nt nglo9#te n 4#re# lege 4istic + el#9or#t de
l14e# #lex#ndrin i cretin + c .ia*a etern' nu poate fi o(*inut' f'r'
suferin*' i f'r' moarte. ntr+1n text #lc8i4ic "o#rte c1nosc1t + Tur(a
Philosophorum - nt6lni4 #ce#st idee ;4istic; # s1"erinelor
4et#lelor2 ;Eo R1od cr1ci#t# rex, c14 in cor$ore s194ergit1r, 5ertit
i$s14 in n#t1r#4 in#lter#9ile4 #c indele9ile4;
/
2 R1sH# $reci7e#7
c, l# #lc8i4itii greci, ex$resi# de ;tort1r; er# n14#i #legoric2 E#
nce$e s dese4ne7e ;o$er#i# c8i4ic; de #9i# n #lc8i4i# #r#9, i
#colo ntr+1n sens dest1l de 4isterios2
n Testamentul lui ;a% far al 9!di4 se s$1ne $recis% cor$1rile
4o#rte tre91iesc tort1r#te $rin ?oc i $rin to#te Artele S1"erinei, c#
s n5ie din no1F cci "r s1"erin i "r 4o#rte n1 $o#te "i 5or9# de
@i# Etern;A2
'e #"l4, n $lin E5 Medi1, n "## 1nor idei c#re i #1 rdcinile
n str5ec8ile int1iii 4eso$ot#4iene2 e de #lt $#rte este 1or de
desci"r#t #ici o #lt "or4 # A4isticii cre#iei; de c#re ne+#4 oc1$#t l#
nce$1t1l #cest1i c#$itol2 Alc8i4ist1l #r#9 s$1ne c "r s1"erin i
"r 4o#rte n1 se $o#te ndjd1i @i## Etern + i#r tr#diiile #r8#ice
#le Cre#iei #"ir4 c o41l i to#te l1cr1rile 5ii #1 "ost 74islite din
s6ngele 7e1l1i, $rin moartea l1i, $rin s1"erinele l1i2 De #se4ene#,
constr1ciile ridic#te de 46n# o41l1i n1 $ot dura <n1 $ot #5e#, n
sens1l 4#teriei, o ;5i# etern;= d#c cine5#, o4 s#1 #ni4#l, n1 este
jert"it l# te4elie2 Este #de5r#t, n te7ele #r#9e 4#i s1s cit#te nt6lni4
o ;4istic #lc8i4ic; #li4ent#t i cre#t de nen14r#te i75o#re
s$irit1#le <gno7# cretin, s1"is41l $ers#n etc=, i c#re de$ete n
se4ni"ic#iile s#le r1di4ent#rele doc14ente 4eso$ot#4iene2 Este
5or9# #ici de s1"erin# c#re m!ntuiete de 4o#rte# c#re tre91ie
ex$eri4ent#t 5ol1nt#r, c# s do96ndeti 5i## 5enic + se4ni"ic#ii
c#re #1 "ost desco$erite i #d6ncite o d#t c1 #$#rii# cretinis41l1i2
D#r ele #5e#1, tot1i, n#$oi# lor o ndel1ng#t $regtire orient#l2
/
I9id2 $, )-2 AA D1li1s R1sH#, Tur(a Philosop(orum. 8in (eitrag "ur ;eschichte der <lchemie
<&erlin, ,(*,=, $2 ,.WF text ger4#n, $2 NQ-2
d=
D1li1s R1sH#, <ra(ische <lchemisten <Heidel9erg, ,(N(=, $2))
,-*
M#gie i 4et#$si8ic
I#t o #lt1r#re "ec1nd i s1gesti5, c#re + $entr1 cercettori
ndr7nei + #r $1te# d1ce l# concl17ii ne#te$t#te2
;Co4$#r#i#; # "ost "olosit de 41lt n istori# religiilor i c1
excelente re71lt#teF d#r n14#i $#ri#l2 S+#1 co4$#r#t, #n14e,
legendele, 4it1rile, rit1rile, + c1lese din "el1rite loc1ri i ti4$1ri2 S+#1
reconstit1it #st"el tipurile 4itice, s+#1 $reci7#t str1ct1r# i e5ol1i# lor2
Istori# religiilor nici n1 e $osi9il #st7i, dec6t $rin #cest instr14ent #l
co4$#r#iei2
D#r n1 s+# "olosit #lt1r#re# l#rg, de do4enii s$irit1#le, de
"1nci1ni s$irit1#le2 Se 4$otri5e# s$eci#li7#re# tiini"ic2 S1nt r#ri
#cei# ce $ot #d6nci i "ec1nd# 4#i 41lte disci$line2 Gr#s4#nn,
desco$eritor #l teoriei dil#trii i #1tor #l Sorter(uch "um 7ig-,eda3
@#cc#, sinolog de "r1nte i $#sion#t 4#te4#tici#nF '#g>, cercettor #l
tr#diiei g6ndirii elene de+# l1ng1l co4ent#torilor sirieni i #r#9iF
M#rcellin &ert8elot, #1tor #l 9inte"ei chimice i "iloso" $oliglotF
Gio5#nni @#il#ti, geo4etr1, istoric i econo4istF ?r#n7 &rent#no,
9iolog, 4#te4#tic i "iloso" origin#l + n1 se nt6lnesc l# "iec#re $#s2
!e#4# de dilet#ntis4, de ent17i#s4 gr#t1it, de s1r7ito#re 51lg#ri7ri
+silesc $e s$eci#liti s $ri5e#sc 9n1itor ncercrile de # 4odi"ic#
s#1 # ntregi $ro9le4#tic# i 4etodele 1nei tiine c1 l14ini i
re71lt#te streine2
Alt1r#re# istoriei religiilor c1 cercetrile 4et#$si8ice 5# #j1nge,
n c1r6nd, indis$ens#9il2 '14#i #st"el 5or $1te# "i l41rite
"eno4enele religio#se n origine# i de75olt#re# lor2 Act1#lii istorici #i
religiilor + il1tri er1dii i te41i #c#de4icieni + $ct1iesc #$ro#$e
toi $rin .aloarea ce o #cord st1diilor lor2 Credincioii socotesc
religiile n#t1r#le i nere5el#te, c# $er5ertiri #le $ri4ordi#l1l1i
4onoteis4 edenic, s#1 c# religii ntr1 tot1l in"erio#reF i $re1iesc
41nc# lor tiini"ic n14#i ntr1 c6t do5edesc $c#tele #cestei
credine $g6ne2 Ceil#li, sce$tici, s1nt inc#$#9ili s #$recie7e
"eno4en1l religios c# #t#re2 Ei socotesc religi# dre$t o se4ni"ic#ti5
i cr1d 4#ni"est#re # 4ent#litii $ri4iti5e, li interese#7 n14#i ntr1
c6t con"ir4 legi sociologice <D1rH8ei4=, teorii origin#le <?r#7er,
L#ng, @#n Genne$, ett#77oni, etc2= s#1 $o#te "olosi 1nei ed1c#ii
r#ion#liste <Rein#8, Le#, etc=2
Ast"el "iind st1di#t, "eno4en1l religios sc#$ de cele 4#i 41lte
ori nelegerii2 !oi #ceti cercettori 46n1iesc 1n n14r restr6ns de
"or41le, c1 #j1tor1l cror# c#t#log8e#7 i ;ex$lic; 5i## religio#s2
De #cee# crile lor s1nt ster$e, 1sc#te, reci2 Se $o#te 1r4ri $er"ect
ntr+nsele e.olu*ia material' # religiei, d#r n1 ce# interio#r2 0 $ild
144
$o#te "i er1dit# 4onogr#"ie # l1i ett#77oni #s1$r# 7eligiei lui
Aarathustra - n c#re $o$or1l $ers#n se do5edete n14#i c# $rod1ctor
de rit1ri, de legende, de s#cerdoi i de cri s"inte2
D#r s ne nto#rce4 l# $ro9le4# no#str2 D#4es, e #de5r#t, #
l41rit legt1rile ntre religi# n#t1r#l i 4et#$si8ic i # tr#t#t
"eno4enologi# 4istic+ ex$eri4ent#l dintr+1n 1ng8i j1st2 'oi crede4,
ns, c #lt1r#re# tre91ie d1s 4#i de$#rte2 Ex$erien# religio#s n1
$o#te "i $ri5it c# o "or4 # isteriei, $entr1 c #ce#st# do5edete
con"17i# con*inutului $si8ic c1 exteriori"area 4#teri#l2
MedHi4nit#tc# i #lte "eno4ene 4et#$si8ice se rec1nosc, ns, lesne
n ex$erienele religio#se $ri4iti5e i istorice2 !o#te s1nt e5#dri din
5i## s1"lete#sc cotidi#n, $oten#re# #n14itor "#c1lti $si8ice,
intensi"ic#re# lor $6n l# tr#ns"ig1r#re#, crist#li7#re# s19 "or4e str#nii,
ne9n1ite2 nele#s religi# c# o serie de e"er5escene s1"leteti i de
4o4ente n c#re contiin# ntrece "r1nt#riile nor4#l1l1i + $si8ologi#
i 4et#$si8ic 5or "i sing1rele c#re 5or $1te# #d1ce l41riri, c8i#r
n#inte# "ilologiei i sociologiei2
)/
?#$t1l $e c#re l+#4 #les $entr1 cercet#re e $re# c1nosc1t2 Magia,
n neles1l tiini"ic, n1 nse#4n #rl#t#niile de 96lci s#1
$restidigit#iile de s#lon, nici oc1lt# tiin 4edie5#l, #t6t de str6ns
nr1dit c1 #lc8i4i#2 Ci co4$lex1l de credine, s1$erstiii, legi $e c#re
ni+, de75l1ie societ#te# $ri4iti52 Magia e concreti7#re# 4ent#litii
$ri4iti5e <52 crile $re# c1nosc1te #le l1i ?r#7er, D1rH8ei4, Le5>+
&r18l, L#ng, Sc84idt, Genne$, ett#77oni, ;Dio;, Moore, etc=2
Ment#lit#te# #ce#st#, ns, s+# tr#ns4is i n religiile orient#le c6t i
greco+ro4#n+ i#r desco$erire# 1r4elor ei #lct1iete deliciile
s#5#nilor conte4$or#ni2
n 4#gi# $ri4iti5, se deose9esc do1 conce$ii, c#re d1c l# do1
serii de rit1ri% magia imitati.' i magia contagioas' Ce# dint6i #re l#
te4elie $re4i7# c orice ac*iune #tr#ge d1$ sine o #ci1ne
asem'n'toare. De $ild, distr1g6nd e"igi# 1n1i 1r4#, se crede# c
5rj4#1l 4o#reF c# s se 46nt1ie de gl9ene#l, 756rle 9o#l# $e
#ni4#le g#l9ene, etc2 I#r 4#gi# cont#gio#s crede c dou' lucruri care
au fost c!nd.a +n contact continu' s' se influen*e"e reciproc i dup'
desp'r*irea lor. Exe4$le din #ce#st c#tegorie s1nt nen14r#te%
#r76nd $r1l s#1 1ng8i# 1n1i d14#n, d14#n1l c#de l# $#t i 4o#re,
n 41lte in1t1ri, cordon1l o49ilic#l i $l#cent# s1nt $ri5ite c# o
"iin 5ie, "r#tele s#1 sor# co$il1l1i s#1 c8i#r o $#rte din s1"let1l s12
?irete, distr1gere# #cestei r4ie s#cre #d1ce d1$ sine 4o#rte#,
s#1 + n cel 4#i 91n c#7 + s1"erin#2 De #se4ene#, o legt1r
si4$#tic, ne571t exist ntre 5est4intele $1rt#te i cel ce le+#
$1rt#t, ntre arma c#re # rnit i r'nitul, ntre 1r4# 4#teri#l # 1n1i
indi5id i #cel indi5id, etc2
Conce$i# #ce#st# str#nie # 1n1i "ir t#inic ce le#g ntotde#1n# $e
o4 de orice l1cr1 c1 c#re # "ost 5reod#t n legt1r, # 1nei si4$#tii,
# s$1ne, #str#le ntre o4 i l14e# o9iectelor externe + # co9or6t
,-Q
41lte 7649ete $e 917ele s#5#nilor e1ro$eni2 E# c#r#cteri7e#7
4in1n#t contiin# 4itic #ni4ist, "#nt#stic # $ri4iti51l1i i se
integr# in cee# ce se o9in1iete # se n14i 4ent#lit#te# $ri4iti52
entr1 ci5ili7#ii, ns, n1 er# dec6t o ;#9s1rdit#te; $itore#sc2
)
A
l#t, ns, c de c6i5# #ni se Ynde$linesc ex$eriene de
psihometric s#1 criptcstc"ic pragmatic', #le cror "#nt#stice re71lt#te
t1r91r sig1r#n# tiini"ic2 Psihomctria n1 e dec6t c1no#tere# 1nei
$erso#ne i # #cti5itii s#le $re7ente, $rin inter4edi1l 1n1i o9iect c#re
# #51t c6nd5# legt1r direct c1 #ce# $erso#n <n #"#r de Ric8ct, 52
Ed2 D1c8#tel% 8n4ucttc sur Ic cas de psichumetric/. I#t c6te5# $ilde,
l# nt64$l#re2
Silli#4 Dcnton, $ro"esor engle7 de geologie, $1n6nd n 46n#
s1rorii s#le An# + c#re er# 4edi1 + o 91c#t de 7g1r 51lc#nic de l#
o4$ei <t#r s+i s$1n, ns, ce5# des$re origine# #cestei#= + c#$t
rs$1ns1ri n c#re se 71gr5e# ntre#g# c#t#stro"2 An# descrise
loc1inele din o4$ei, "rescele 41r#le, det#lii de constr1cieF #$oi
er1$i# 51lc#n1l1i, colo#nele de l#5, de #$ "ier9inte2
D+nil 0st>, director1l ;Instit1t1l1i de st1dii $si8ice; din #ris
+ro#g $e o do#4n $1in 9oln#5 s scrie c6te5# r6nd1ri $e o 91c#t
de 86rtie i #$oi $re7int 86rti# #ce#st# 1n1i 4edi1, d+n# &crl>, t#r
nici o #lt l41rire2 Medi1l 71gr5i "o#rte ex#ct $e do#4n# c#re
scriseseF o #rt s1"erind, sl9it de "e9r, de rinic8i, de sto4#c
+#4n1nte $e c#re n1 Ic c1note# ni4eni2 E interes#nt de ti1t c
r6nd1rile "1r tr#nscrise dintr+1n 7i#r i n1 indic#1 nici o sl9ici1neF
c toi 4edicii c#re ex#4in#ser $e 9oln#5 o socote#1 s1"erind de o
#lt 9o#l dec6t ce# #de5r#t, ## c n1 se $o#te in5oc# 4oti51l c
4edic1l $rinsese tele$#tic $rerile d+r1l1i 0st>, c#re 4$rte# i el
$rerile celorl#li 4edici2 Ce5# 4#i 41lt% nici 1n1l n1 9n1ise
4o#rte# #$ro$i#t # do#4nei, $e c#re 4edic1l o $re7ise i c#re se
nde$lini n "o#rte sc1rt ti4$2
De #se4ene#, d2 de ?lc1ricrc, st1di#t de dr2 0st>, # 71gr5it i #
rec1nosc1t $e #9#tele @i#nne>, 4ort ntre ,WQ*+,W.*, n14#i d1$ o
"6ie din 5est46nt1l s12 Ji c#71ri de #ceste# s1nt nen14r#te2
Ex$lic#i# c#re s+# ncerc#t e identic c1 #cee# # 4#gici
cont#gio#se% existen# 1n1i tl1id si4$#tic ntre o4 i o9iectele din
j1r1+i2 D#r #ce#st# n1 c dec6t con"ir4#re# tiini"ic # 1nei conce$ii
4#gice de 7eci de 4ii de #ni2
Concl17ie% Magia religioas' nu c crea*ia unor contiin*e pre1ogice,
ci legiferarea unor o(ser.a*ii ades repetate, un ade.'r o(iecti.,
tiin*ific. S+# o9ser5#t de 41lt c 4#gi# c $re4ergto#re s$irit1l1i
tiini"ic, $rin contiin# cau"alit'*ii. S1nte4 ne5oii s 4erge4 i 4#i
de$#rte2 o#te $ri4iti5ii $osed#1 ntr+1n n14r 4#i 4#re c#litile
$si8o4etrici2 S#1, $o#te, le+#1 o9ser5#t l# 4#gicieni, #1 si4it
d1reros e"ectele i s+#1 te41t de ele2
n oriice c#7, n1 se 4#i $o#te de #c14 s1sine c 4#gi#
cont#gio#s c o cre#ie ntr1 tot1l #9s1rd # 1nor s$irite "#nt#stice
)N
2
,-.
e 4#rgine# 1nor cri 4et#$si8ice
A1 #$r1t, l# nce$1t1l 5erii i s"6rit1l to#4nei ,(NQ, do1 cri
d#tor#te ing2 C2 Stn1lcsc1% $enomenele spiritualiste i 9piritismul
su(iecti.. S1nt do1 cri c#re nse#4n o d#t "n istori# c1lt1r#l #
1lti4ilor #ni2 nte4ei#t $e 1n i4ens 4#teri#l, dl2 Stn1lcsc1 se
tr1dete s do5ede#sc de$lin1l #de5r #l i$ote7elor s$iritiste2 D#c #
i*(utit s#1 nu" se 5# 5ede# nd#t + d#r ns1i "#$t1l #$#riiei #cestor
$+ri n ro46nete, cri 4et#$si8ice c#re n1 s1nt n14#i o tr#d1cere
s#1 de7ordon#t co4$il#re, ji #rc nse4nt#te# s#2 C1 to#te #ceste#,
ele #1 trec1t neo9ser5#te2 n nici o re5ist, n nici 1n 7i#r, nici o
noti, nici o recen7ie, nici o de7#$ro9#re, nici o #$ro9#re2 'icieri,
ni4ic2
L1cr1l #ces"# #4intete o #lt ci1denie% ce# $etrec1t l# 4o#rte#
l1i C#4illc ?l#44#rion2 n $19lic#iile ro46neti s+#1 ridic#t os#n#le
#strono41l1i, $o$1l#ri7#tor1l1i, liter#t1l1i, "iloso"1l1i ?l#44#rion2
'ici n1 s+# $o4enit, ns, rodnic# l1i #cti5it#te de 4et#$si8ici#n, de
spiritist, d#c 5oii2 Cele #se 5ol14e i4ense, nes#te c1 "#$te i
o9ser5#i1ni din do4eni1l nec1nosc1t1l1i, re71lt#t # $#tr17eci de #ni
de st1dii + #1 "ost 1it#te c1 o #dor#9il n#i5it#te de cronic#rii ro46ni2
C# i c14 trecere# lor s19 tcere #r contri91i l# di4in1#re# #de5r1l1i
c1$rins ntr+nsele2
A4 d#t n14#i do1 $ilde recente de ignor#re 5oitF ele ins s1nt
nen14r#te i 1ni5ers#le2 Co4$lex1l de c#17e n1 e gre1 de g8icit%
,2Gro#7# de # n1 sc8i49# ideile c1 c#re ne+#4 "#4ili#ri7#t din
#dolescenF st6njene#l# $e c#re #r #d1cc+o necesit#te# 1nei re5i71iri
r#dic#le # siste41l1i de ex$lic#ii 4#teri#liste s#1 religio#seF lene#
intelect1#l + n14#i l# 1nii + c#re co$leete orice n71in de
cercet#re # #cestor "eno4ene2
N209lig#i1nile soci#le c#re n1 ngd1ie 4rt1risire# re#litii noi,
5dite $rin ex$erienele 4et#$s8ice2 '1 oriic#re 4edic, inginer s#1
o4 de #"#ceri #rc c1r#j1l s se n14e#sc + d#c c + s$iritist;,
;teo7o";, ;oc1ltist;, c6nd n14ele #ceste# s1nt #st7i #t6t de
co4$ro4ise2
*2 Li$s# ti4$1l1i neces#r $entr1 st1dii, $rec14 i ce# # 1n1i
medium des56rit, $entr1 ex$eriene2
>1Tri+ril$ + contiente s#1 n1 + #le 4edi14+1rilor de oc#7ie, c#re
de7g1st $e cei dornici de cercetri <c#71l G1st#5c Ic &on=2
Q2Ex#gcrrile netiini"ice, ridic1le i neserio#se, #le s$irititilor
c#re, $e de o $#rte, #1 tr#ns"or4#t tiin# 4et#$si8ic ntr+o credin,
i#r $e #lt# #ii co4$ro4is+o de"initi5 $rin i$ote7e #9s1rde2
147
!o#te #ceste $ricini #1 $ontri(uit" 4#i #ult s#1 4#i puin" c#
5ol14ele d+l1i Stn1lesc1 s tre#c neo9ser5#te, c# orice 4#n1#l de
gos$odrie s#1 $o4ic1lt1r r#ion#l2
At6t $enomenele spiritualiste sau metapsihice, c6t i 9piritismul
su(iecti. #1 #cele#i ns1iri i #cele#i de"ecte2 n cele #$ro#$e .//
de $#gini se gsete 1n 9og#t 4#teri#l, dest1l de 9ine c1les i dest1l
de 9ine cl#si"ic#t2 Ar "i "ost de dorit s n1 se tr#d1c #t6t de 41lt "#$te
in extenso, ci s se de# 1n re714#tF i #r "i "ost de dorit, 4#i #les, o
concl17ie l# "iece s"6rit de c#$itol2 Cee# ce se o9ser5, de l# $ri4ele
$#gini, e stil1l de nce$tor #l #1tor1l1i i s14edeni# greelilor de
ti$#r2 D#r #s1$r# #cestor# trece4 re$ede, c# s ne o$ri4 l# li$s1rile ce
se 5desc n crile d+l1i Stn1lesc12 De ce n1 # d#t Do4ni# s# nici o
$ild de "r#1d contient s#1 incontient: 0#re n1 tie c
4#jorit#te# ex$erienelor s$iritiste, n "## ex$eri4ent#torilor sce$tici,
#1 e1#t, c1 tot conc1rs1l d#t de cei 4#i str#nici 4edi14i: De ce n1
# sc8i#t + c# ?l#44#rion n @es forces naturelles inconnues + 1n
istoric #l "r#1delor josnice, #l nelrilor $1erile, #l tr1c1rilor di9#ce,
desco$erite l# edinele de s$iritis4: Do4ni# s# #re #er1l c se te4e
de #ceste $#gini negre din istori# s$iritis41l1iF c n1 tie c14 s le
ex$lice i le trece s19 tcere2 n re#lit#te, ele s1nt "o#rte 1or de
ex$lic#t i + cel $1in $entr1 4ine + s1nt o do5#d tr#inic de re#lit#te#
"eno4enelor 4et#$si8ice2
M#i nt6i, "r#1dele, tr1c1rile, nei791tire# ex$erienelor n
4$rej1rri serio#se, de l#9or#tor se d#toresc tririi contiente i
ner1in#te # #celor 4edi14i $ltiiF c1co#ne gr#se ce #"ecte#7 o
ner5o7it#te s$iritoid s#1 9r9#i c1 41sti, ce#rcne l# oc8i i c1t
ntre s$r6ncene, c#re se socotesc inii#i, $retind c #1 "ost n Indi# i
"1r ling1rie de #rgint2
N2Se nt64$l, de #se4ene#, triri incontiente, d#torite o9oselii
4cdi141l1i <c#71l E1s#$i# #l#dino= s#1 s1gestiilor $ri4ite de l#
sce$ticii nc$6n#i, c#re s1nt con5ini c 4edi141l trie#7
<o9ser5#iile l1i 0c8oro5it7=2
A.crespcctarca sau nerecunoaterea condi*ii1or necesare
experien*e lor. C6teod#t e neces#r nt1neric1l #9sol1t2 entr1 c#re
4oti5: entr1 #cel#i c#re cere de5elo$rii $lcilor "otogr#"ice
1scci1ne $entr1 #lct1ire# sc6nteilor electrice i, de #se4ene#,
1scci1ne $entr1 $str#re# clor1rii de c#lci1 s#1 tri#cid1l1i de s1l"F
$entr1 4oti51l c "iec#re ex$erien i #re condii1nile ei n#t1r#le i
o9lig#torii de re1it2
6n #c14, n1 c1no#te4 condii1nile neces#re 1nei ex$eriene
4et#$si8ice2 0rice co4isie de 5eri"ic#re, orice 4ijlo#ce de control
s1nt in1tile, $entr1 c n1 ti4 ce s 5eri"ic4, ce s control42
'ecinste# 4edi141l1i: Ace#st# se $o#te const#t# c1 11rin2 D#tori#
co4isiilor #r "i s cercete7e d#c toate condii1nile neces#re s1nt
res$ect#teF d#r, nc o d#t, #ceste condii1ni n1 se c1nosc2
A5e4 de # "#ce c1 o l14e no1, nec1nosc1t, t1r91rto#re2 -n
,-W
lu#%a '%no#%n%lor #%tap&i7i$%" 'apt%l% &u'l%t%ti au un rol $ov,ritor1
i&po*iia #%diu#ului" &tar%a d% &pirit 2%n%ral+ a a&i&t%nilor" r%aua
voin+ &au &$%pti$i&#ul %/a2%rat &unt %l%#%nt% $ar% iau part% a$tiv+ la
ex$eriene2 Aici 2,ndul #re 2r%utat%1 Nu $unoat%# $% tr%(ui% &+
'a$%#1 Unii ar crede c, n a&%#%n%a -#pr%=ur+ri" a&i&t%nii &unt
5icti4ele s1gestiei, 7alu$inaiunii $ol%$tiv%1 Cei $ar% $r%d a&%#%n%a
l1cr1ri do5edesc c n+#1 citit niciod#t c1 at%ni% un raport d% tiin+
4edi14nicF $entr1 c se gsesc do5e7i o(iecti.e d% r%alitat%a
"eno4enelor i orice 1r4 de 8#l1cin#ie e excl1s2
D#r s re5eni4 l# c#17ele e1rii ex$erienelor s$irit1#liste n "##
o#4enilor de tiin2 Telepatia este e# #st7i 1n "#$t do5edit
tiini"icete: Desig1r2 Ei 9ine, c6te co4isii o"ici#le de 5eri"ic#re #1
d#t re71lt#te "#5or#9ile, din cele c6te5# s1te c6te #1 "ost ntoc4ite
$entr1 to#t "## $46nt1l1i: Cei 4#i $er"ecion#i cetitori #i
g6nd1rilor #1 i791tit n14#i s "#c ex$eriene 4ediocre, d#c n1 n1le,
n "## o#4enilor de tiin2 Ji, c1 to#te #ceste#, tele$#ti# exist2
Se $ot t"#ge 41lte concl17ii interes#nte din #ce#st si4$l
const#t#re2 A"ir4#i# de 4#i s1s + c toc4#i #ceste eec1ri do5edesc
re#lit#te# "eno4enelor 4et#$si8ice + n1 4#i $#re $#r#dox#l2 Cci, de
ce n1 i791tesc ex$erienele o"ici#le, c1 4edi141ri de o corectit1dine
nendoielnic: !oc4#i $entr1+ c "eno4enele 4et#$si8ice n1 se $ot
4#ni"est# dec6t ntr+1n 4edi1 s$irit1#l $rielnic i c #cest 4edi1 n1 se
gsete n 4ijloc1l 1nei co4isii #i crei 4e49ri n1 i+#1 de75olt#t
dec6t o #n14it "#c1lt#te intelect1#l, r#i1ne# rece, s$irit1l de
o9ser5#ie c#re n1 $rinde d$c6t o $#rte din re#lit#te2
n #ceste sc1rte note n1 $1te4 s str1i4 c14 tre91ie #s1$r#
#ni4is41l1i i s$irit1#lis41l1i, # cror re#lit#te e do5edit n crile d+
l1i Stn1lesc12 1te4 tot1i #"ir4# c animismul- #dic co4$lex1l deA
"eno4ene ce se ex$lic $rin inter5eni# "#c1ltilor $si8ice
nec1nosc1te + cond1ce l# concl17ii ci1d#te2 M#i nt6i, 41lte din legile
tiinelor 4oderne c#d% lege# i4$enetr#9ilitii 4#teriei tre91ie
nlt1r#t s#1, n orice c#7, 41lt 4odi"ic#t2 entr1 c trecere#
o9iectelor i $erso#nelor $rin 4#terie e 1n l1cr1 do5edit2 A$oi, tre91ie
s #d4ite4 o 8i$erste7ie # si41rilor <C82 Ric8et=F nto5rit de
existen# 1nor sim*uri noi <ex$erienele l1i 0ssoUiecHi, de l1cidit#te=2
Existen# ectoplasmei, i#ri, n1 se $o#te ex$lic# $rin 9iologie2
Re#lit#te# psihometriei, #dic c1no#tere# 1nei $erso#ne i # #cti5itii
ei $re7ente, $rin inter4edi1l 1n1i o9iect c#re # #51t c6nd5# legt1r
direct c1 #ce# $erso#n, + con"ir4 i$ote7ele magiei contagioase,
5ec8i de 4ii de #ni i $entr1 c#re istoricii #5e#1 $6n #c14 n14#i
7649ete i ironii2
Premoni*iunile, #dic $re7icere# 5iitor1l1i, ne silete s #d4ite4,
ntr+1n "el, o "#t#lit#te c1 41lt 4#i gro#7nic dec6t #cee# # legilor
soci#le2
n cee# ce $ri5ete "#$tele s$irit1#liste, ele s1nt i 4#i int%r&ant%1
1>
9
S-a dov%dit" aproape $u &i2uran+" $+ p%r&onalitat%a o#%n%a&$+ n1 se
pi%rd% dup+ #oart%1 S-au pri#it $o#uni$+ri a&upra unor lu$ruri de
$ar% ni#%ni dintr% a&i&t%ni nu av%a c1notin% deci o ex$lic#re $rin
ani#i&# % %/$lu&+1
S+#1 $re7is '%no#%n% #strono4ice s#1 $1r i si4$l1
#atri#onial%" c1 #ult -naint% d% nde$linire# lorF i #$oi, c14 s+#r
$1te# ex$lic# tr#ns"or4#re# trecto#re # c8i$1l1i 1n1i indi5id n cel #l
1n1i de"1nct: Ji 5or9ire# de li49i #ntice, orient#le, co4$let ignor#te
de #sisteni: + dec6t $rin #d4itere# 1nei +ncarn'ri -]\\\ c156nt1l #cest#=
$ro5i7orii # 1n1i spirit din tr1$1l 4edi141l1i: I#r #lte "#$te222
D#r de ce n1 se disc1t crile d+l1i Stn1lesc1:
S$irit1#lit#te i 4ister "e4inin
'1 ti1 cine # org#ni7#t 4ic#re# teo7o"ic
)*
l# noi, n1 ti1 c6nd
i cine # introd1s in #ce#st oro$sit D#ci# ?clix $e 46l6c1l
Gris8n#41rti
)
AA2 D#r cine5# #r tre91i s scrie ntr+o 7i istori# #cestor
nero#de i4$ro5i7#ii oc1lte, # #cestor 4ist#gogi de # #$te# 46n, ##
c14 s+#1 se4n#t i ntins n Ro46ni# $ost+9clic62 Se 5# 5ede# #t1nci
rol1l ridic1l de $ro"esie ;"i5c+oA+clocH;, j1c#t de #n14ite liter#te2
Cci, desig1r, tot "e4ei# ro46n i tot in5ertiii ro46ni #1 #51t i
#ici geni1l inci$ient2 ?e4ei# + #r$e i "e4ei# +Goet8e, "e4ei#+
s$iritist i "e4ei# ins$ir#to#re + ele #1 "ost i #ici c#n#lele de sc1rgere
# tot ce # d#t 4#i 4ediocr1, 4#i r#t#t, 4#i #in"i9i1 i 4#i ridic1l
;csoteri41l; e1ro$e#n #nglo+s#xon i $ro"ctis41l indi#n2 '14#i
creicrclc lor in"or4e i n14#i sensi9ilit#te# lor "r#1d1lo#s #1 $1t1t
gsi i75o#re de $ro#s$t 5i# interio#r, de cre#ie, de
#scensi1ne + n 5or9ri# i ext#71l 4i4#t #l 1n1i Gris8n#41rti2
'1 ne+#4 "i $ierd1t ti4$1l c1 #ce#st g#c de 4#ni#ce i
in"ir4e, d#c n+#4 "i 571t ;&1letinele; lor, n+#4 "i nt6lnit 5icti4e
de+#lc lor i n+#4 "i 571t #r# i c1lt1r# c#re ne c dr#g, Indi#,
co4$ro4is $rintr+1n c#9otin 4#i 41lt s#1 4#i $1in recent,
Gris8n#41rti, d1$ ce "1sese co4$ro4is #i7eci de #ni l# r6nd de
Societ#te# !eo7o"ic2 L# 1r4 1r4elor, necesit#te# de 4ister 4inor,
de isteric i de ins$ir#ie e org#nic 9ietei l14i i 4$otri5# #cestei
necesiti n+#4 #5e# ni4ic de s$1s2 n 0ccident, rol1l 4#g1l1i l
in1se 5e#c1ri dc+# r6nd1l #9#tele c#tolic, s1$erstii# i decor1l
4isterios er#1 s#tis"c1te de rit1#l1l con"esion#l1l1i2 A$oi, rol1l l
l1#se scriitor1l gen #1l &o1rgct, g8icitor1l s1"let1l1i "e4inin,
con"ident1l dr#4elor i #d1lterelor, c1 ntreg rit1#l1l o9sc1r #l
j1rn#lelor inti4e, #l cores$ondenelor, #l 4rt1risirilor de $c#te2 n
1lti41l ti4$, 4ist#gog1l 5enic l# 4od, deintor1l secretelor
s1"let1l1i i #lc8i4ist1l "ericirii tr1$eti + e $s8i8i#tnil gen ?re1d,
$si8#n#li7# c1 decor1l ei cl#r o9sc1r, c1 s#dis41l re5el#iilor ci
n4r41rito#re, c1 joc1l ci de n1#ne s19contiente, c1 5iolen# ei
sex1#l i recon"ort#nt2
G8icitorii, 4ist#gogii, cori9#nii, 4#gicienii, gnosticii, H#9#litii,
$sc1do+4isticii + to#t #ce#st $lei#d de #de5r1ri 9#n#le s19 8#in
4itic, to#t #ce#st "r#nc4#sonerie des$re c#re ni4eni n1 tie ni4ic
i des$re c#re nencet#t 5or9esc ;#de$ii; + n+#1 $ierit nici c1
sc1"1nd#re# l14ii 5ec8i, nici c1 E51l Medi1, nici c1 il14inis41l
secol1l1i P@III, nici c1 ro4#ntis41l, nici c1 si49olis41l2 '1 5#
$ieri niciod#t2 E nsi gloss# 4ediocritii 5enice, c1t#re#
4ister1l1i exterior, s#tis"#cere# $rjgI"e""ilSI$[d#nt+1l o9lig#tori1 #l
,Q,
'%#in+t+ii &tupid%" $ar% 5re# &+ $i$ie t#in# c1 46inile, s #"le
ad%v+rul .al%ilor." &+ "ie %a.al%a&+K, s "ie e# de#s1$r# celorl#lte $rin
#i&t%r1 !i$i" $a i -n at,t%a alt% $ietre de dr14, 4ediocrit#te# se
identi"ic nc o dat+ $u '%#initat%a i a#,ndou+ c1 sete# d1$
#i&t%rul 'a$ti$%" t%atral i sen71#l2
Este d%-a dr%ptul inutil de # #rg14ent# 4$otri5# #cestor
4ist#gogi de 4od no12 E in1til de # le #rt# incongr1en# i
inex#ctit#te# ;dog4elor lor rele5#te;, de # le do5edi "r#1d# c#re se
#sc1nde s19 orice ;4ister; 4odern <Rosicr1cienii 4oderni c1 idei
d#rUiniste, G#99#litii c#re 17e#7 de noi1ne# G#r4#, teo7o"ii c1
l1ng1l lor $o4elnic de "#rse i $rocese 4or#le, c#71l Alc>on, c#71l
Le#d9e#ter, d+n# &es#nt c#re tr#d1ce 5haga.ad-;it' f'r' s c1no#sc
dec6t #j"#9et1l s#nsHrit, etc, etc2=F e in1til de # le #4inti c orice
creier c# l14e#, c#re s+# si4it o cli$ #tr#s de ;Societ#te# !eo7o"ic;,
socotind c 5# nt6lni cel $1in inteniile 1nei teo7o"ii 5erit#9ile, s+#
retr#s de l# ce# dint6i r"1ire c1 "#rse1rii <c#71l R1dol" Steiner, c#71l
Me#d, @#n M#5en=F de # le s1ger# lect1r# crii 1n1i Rene G1enon,
@e Theosofisme -Pistoire d%une pseudo-religion, #ris, ;'o15elle
Li9r#irie '#ion#le=, s#1 o$erele l1i D1#n E5ol#, cri scrise n1 de
;4#teri#liti; s#1 ;istorici;, ci de o#4eni c#re se $rice$ n esoteris4,
de o#4eni c#re s1nt ei nii #nti+4oderni, d#r $lec#i de l# c1 tot1l
#lte 9#7e i #56nd c1 tot1l #lte 4etode de l1cr12
!o#te 4#ni"estrile 4oderne s$irit1#l+oc1lte, nce$6nd de l#
M+4e &l#5#tsH> i nc8eind c1 Gris8n#41rti + se d#1 dre$t o
4$ros$t#re s#1 o #d#$t#re # 5ec8ilor n5t1ri orient#le, 4#i #les
indiene2 &i#t# IndieT Alt1ri de "r#1d# $ro$riilor ei "#c8iri i s#d81,
4#i tre91ie s nd1re i co4$ro4itere# exec1t#t, $rin 4ii de
$19lic#ii i 91letine, de ctre ex#lt#ii ei #d4ir#tori2
'1 e ne5oie s "ii orient#list c# s+i d#i se#4# c tot ce se scrie
teo7o"ic, oc1lt i s$irit1#list des$re Indi# e "#ls2 M#i nt6i, n1 exist 1n
esoteris4 indi#n2 Exist, ns, o tr#ns4itere te8nic, direct, de l#
n5tor l# neo"it2 C nici 1n teo7o", nici 1n oc1ltist i nici
Gris8n#41rti 8#9#r n+#1 de #ce#st te8nic e e5ident $entr1 cel ce
citete scrierile lor, d1$ce # cetit n $re#l#9il 1n sing1r tr#t#t indi#n
de Vog# s#1 de ;4istic;2 !ot ce #1 4$r141t#t 4ist#gogii 5e#c1l1i e
ter4inologie s#nsHrit% #t4#n, H#r4#, $1r1s8#, $r#Hriti, etc2 Ji #1
4$r141t#t c15intele "r s le nele#g sens1l2 '14#i ## se ex$lic
inter$ret#re# lor e5ol1ionist, n14#i ## se ex$lic de ce #1 gsit ei
n ter4inologi# s#nsHrit ;$l#n1l #str#l; i celel#lte enor4iti #le neo+
s$irit1#lis41l1i #nglo+s#xon2 &1dd8is41l # #j1ns $e 46inile lor o
4ixt1r se#r9d i de7#rtic1l#t, n c#re li$sesc toc4#i ele4entele
$erson#le i "ec1nde #le g6ndirii l1i &1dd8#% critic# teis41l1i, critic#
conce$t1l1i de s1"let, critic# $ro9le4elor 1lti4e, etc2 Hind1is41l e
red1s l# 1n eclectis4 s1rog#t "r nici o "or, "r c1r#j1l i 9#r9#ri#
rit1#l1l1i $o$1l#r, "r #d6nci4e# "iloso"iei s#le, "r origin#lit#te#
#scetis41l1i s12 !ot cee# ce e $1r, $reios, si49olic i intr#d1cti9il
,QN
n siste4ele g6ndirii indiene # "ost diluat p%ntru nelegere# tuturor" #
"ost 41til#t c# s intre n nelegere# s$irit1#litilor i t6lc1it n1 c1
co4ent#riile indiene, c#re, l# 1r4# 1r4elor, $1te#1 $retinde c neleg
sens1l #cestor cri di"icile, ci t6lc1it c1 "iloso"i# e1ro$e#n2 Asist4
deci l# cit#re# l1i l#ton, lotin, A5eroes, S$ino7#, G#nt, Hegel,
Sc8o$en8#1er, &ergson, oinc#re i Einstein, c# s ntre#sc s$1sele
1n1i S8#nH#r# s#1 Is85#r#+Gris8n#2 !ot cee# ce e intr#ns4isi9il,
s$eci"ic indi#n s#1 s$eci"ic orient#l + se $ierde #st"el s19 4#ss#
#ce#st# con"17 de cit#te $esc1ite n 4#n1#le de "iloso"ie, tr#d1ceri de
# do1# 46n i inter$retri #legorice2
Ace#st# n cee# ce $ri5ete dog4#tic# no1l1i s$irit1#lis4, c1
$retenii de ins$ir#ie #si#tic, tr#ns4is $rin ;Ade$i; l# Ad>#r, i de
#colo $rin coti7#iile 4e49rilor din l14e# ntre#g2 D#r 4ist#gogii se
46ndresc i c1 o #lt co4o#r% c1 iniierile lor n 5i## interio#r n
nec1r4#t #scensi1ne, c1 4isterele lor2 '1 ne $ro$1ne4 s #rt4
ridic1l1l integr#l #l #cestor $reteniiF tri4ite4 $e cetitor l# c#rte# l1i
G1enon, c#re e "el ns1i 1n oc1ltist re4#rc#9il, $rodigios de in"or4#t,
c1 o g6ndire solid i c#re, n orice c#7, tie ce s$1ne2 Aici ne
41l14i4 c1 c6te5# o9ser5#ii2 M#i nt6i, n1 exist iniiere # "e4eilor
n nici o co#l indi#n, c1 exce$i# sectei S#8#ji># din &eng#l, des$re
c#re teo7o"ii n1 #1 #17it nc s#1 $e c#re o ignor, $entr1 c S#8#ji>#
nte4ei#7 $er"eci1ne# $e rit1l sex1#l2 0r, n to#te sectele neo+
s$irit1#liste #nglo+s#xo+ ne+indiene, "e4eile $redo4inF "e4eile s1nt
sect#re, ele con"ereni#7, ele $19lic, ele cons$ir <c#71l Annie
&es#nt i ;lo5it1r# de St#t; din ti4$1l r79oi1l1i=2 0rice ins$ir#ie
indi#n, ## c14 $retind #de$tele, se excl1de $rin si4$l1l "#$t #l
$re7enei lor #colo2 Indi# # c1nosc1t "e4ei + g6ndito#re i 4istice, d#r
le+# #cce$t#t n14#i d1$ ce #1 $rsit tot i, $1stnice, #1 c1t#t no1l
lor ec8ili9r1 s1"letesc2 D#r n1 exist #de$te c#re s "ie ;inii#te;, nici
con"ereni#re $ro"etice, ns1i s$irit1l 4ision#r, de con5ertire l#
nt64$l#re, e str1ct1r#l strein Asiei #de5r#te, el #$#rin6nd n14#i
religiilor 4onoteiste, de s1rs i1d#ic, i #n14e% 4o7#is41l,
cretinis41l, isl#4is41l2 Un indi#n n1 $redic, n1 con5ertete, n1
trece oce#n1l <c14 # "c1t SU#4i @i5eH#n#d#, c14 "#ce
Gris8n#41rti=, c# s 4$#rt incest# l1i n5t1r2 Un indi#n #de5r#t
<c14 # "ost Sri R#4Hris8n#, c14 e #c14 Sri A1ro9indo Gos8=
#te#$t s 5ii t1 l# el, c6nd ec1#i# t# H#r4ic te "#ce co$t $entr1
#ce#st#2
Este n #cest "#$t + c Sri R#4Hris8n# n1 s+# 4ic#t de l# &#8ir,
de l6ng C#lc1tt#F i#r Sri A1ro9indo s+# nc8is de #$tes$re7ece #ni I#
ondic8er> + 1n sens c#re l14ine#7 5i1 de7orient#re# neo+
s$irit1#lis41l1i 4ode4, eclectic i oc1lt2 entr1 c Asi#, "iind org#nic
leg#t i #li4ent#t de $#nt8eis4, #cce$t6nd 5#l#9ilit#te# 1nei
41ltit1dini de itiner#rii s$irit1#le, a'ir#,nd o cre#ie %t%rn+ i o
4#ni"est#re necontenit # Di5in1l1i n Cre#ie + se ridic #st"el de l#
nce$1t net o$1s s$irit1l1i e1ro$e#n + $r%tin" c#re a'ir#+ o &in2uri
1:
3
Cre#ie, 1n sing1r D14ne7e1, o sing1r 4#ni"est#re istoric #
Di5in1l1i $e $46nt <C8ristos=, i se ie#g #st"el de c1rent1l
4onoteist, c#re este intoler#nt i 4ision#r2 S1nt do1 str1ct1ri
co4$let o$1se2 !eo7o"is41l 4$r141t i de l# 1n# i de l# #lt#,
r#t6nd1+le $e #46ndo1F "ie c le ignor, "ie $entr1 c n1 Ic nelege2
Gris8n#41rti, c#re ine con"erine i+i n19lic con5ers#iile,
insi$ide c# #le 1n1i ;9#c8elor o" #rts #n#9#$tist;, n ;&1letine;F c#re
cltorete n cl#s# , i do#r4e n 8otele de l1x <#4intii+56 de
G#nd8i= i 5or9ete "r14os c1 "e4eileF i+i d oc8ii $este c#$, i
re"17 s se nc8id ntr+o si8strie 8i4#l#>#n, ci 5#g#9onde#7
c8i4eric i l1x1ri#nt $e cele cinci continente + n1 e dec6t 1n1l din
#cei r#t#i eloc5eni, senti4ent#li i goi, $e c#re i $oi toler# #t6t#
ti4$ c6t i $o#rt sing1ri $o5#r# sterilitii lor, d#r c#re nce$ s te
ex#s$ere7e c6nd 5e7i c co4$ro4it ire4edi#9il idei i credine $e c#re
n1 le neleg i des$re c#re 5or9esc $6n l# re"172 Gris8n#41rti, c# i
SU#4i 04H#r s#1 #t6i# #li SU#4i din A4eric# + n1 c dec6t 1n 9iet
n#1"r#gi#t #l Indici, c#re $o#te s#tis"#ce, $rin 4ediocrit#te# l1i
#ccesi9il c# o 5ol1$t#te, orice creier 4ediocr1, orice sensi9ilit#te
$er5ertit, orice dr#goste $l#tonic2 E o $er"ect contin1it#te, "r nici
1n s#lt, "r nici 1n e"ort, de l# creier1l l1i Gris8n#41rti l# creierelc
c1co#nelor no#stre2
'1 ne+#r s1$r# <de "#$t n1 ne s1$r nici #c14= d#c n1 #r
contri91i l# 4eninere# nenelegerii s$irit1l1i #si#tic2 '1 ne+#r #tr#ge
#teni# i critic# d#c n+#r 5or9i de s1"let, de 5i# interio#r, de
#scensi1ne2 Cci #ceste# se gsesc i I# noi + se gsesc i n 0rient2
D#r e $c#t s ne 9#te4 joc de ele, s le 4ediocri74, s Ic 41til42
@edei c n1 trie7 i n+#4 #d1s nici 1n #rg14ent 4$otri5# #cest1i
neo+s$irit1#lis4 8i9rid, c#re n+#r "i $1t1t "i #d1s de 1n s$irit1#lis4
#1tentic2 Dintre critici n+#4 cit#t dec6t $e oc1ltitii E5ol# i G1enon2
'+#4 cit#t nici 1n $reot c#tolic, nici 1n 4edic, nici 1n $ro"esor
1ni5ersit#r2 A4 "c1t #ce#st# toc4#i $entr1 # $reci7# c 4 4enin, n
disc1ie, $e $l#n1l #les de ei% #l s$irit1#lis41l1i2 D#r, 5#iT n1
s$irit1#lis41l $e c#re l gsi4 n crile, n con"erinele i n
A &1letinele; lor2 C exist ce5# origin#l, 4#re, $1ternic iA "ec1nd n
Asi# + rec1no#te4 i noi2 C exist, de $ild, si49olis4, te8nic#
5ieii interio#re, gr#ndo#re# 5i7i1nilor 4et#"i7ice, c1r#j1l rit1#l1rilor,
$erson#lit#te# $l#sticii, "#r4ec1l cstoriei, + d#r ni4ic din #ceste
4istere re#le, "#$te #li4ent#te i ex$lic#te $rin "#nt#st, $rintr+o
contiin ce de$ete $e # no#str, ni4ic n1 nt6lni4 n scrierile
#de$ilor2 A4 "i $re"er#t o ignor#re i o tcere tot#l2
I#r necesitile de 4ister 4inor, de cl#r+o9sc1r i de sen7#ion#l le+
#4 "i $1t1t s#tis"#ce $rin $rod1se indigene2 Cci n1 e ne5oie s
4ergi $6n n Indi# c# s gseti 1n Gris8n#41rtiF nici n1 e ne5oie s
tii engle7# c# s tr#d1ci $ro7# 4ediocr i ridic1l # &1letin1l1i
Stelei2 S1nt dest1i r#t#i se4idoci $rin s#lo#nele no#stre c#re #r "i
"ost "ericii s se 91c1re de 1n s"ert din 9#nii i #teni# $19lic1l1i
"e4inin, $rin gr#i# l1i D+7e1 i $c#tele no#stre2 Ade$te2 ,Q-
91 4EITI-?RINAI?II
% la /an( 0u den Miitte# la Ma(na 1iater
L# ,/ i#n1#rie ,W*/, EcHer4#nn note#7, n 1r4# 1nei con5or9iri
c1 Goet8e re"eritor l# Mamele din cele9r# scen ;aleria o(scur'
=$iaistere ;alerie, $aust, 5ers2.,)*+.*/.=% ;M#4ele s1nt $rinci$i1l
constr1cti5 i conser5#ti5, din c#re se n#te tot ce #re 5i# i "or4 $e
"## $46nt1l1i2 Cel ce ncete#7 s tri#sc se nto#rce l# ele c#
n#t1r s$irit1#l, i ele l $7esc, $6n ce se n"ie#7 $rilej1l s intre
ntr+o no1 "$t1r222Etern 4et#4or"o7 # existenei terestre, #
n#terii i creterii, # $re"#cerii i ni4icirii2;
Des$re #ce#st g#lerie o9sc1r;, des$re #cest ;G#ng 71 den
Miittern , $rin c#re ?#1st $tr1nde n nsi ini4# neodi8nitei cre#ii +s+
#1 scris 9i9lioteci ntregi2 Goet8e, n con5or9ire# cele9r c1
EcHer4#nn, 4rt1risete c # 4$r141t#t ter4en1l din ,ia*a lui
Marcel # l1i l1t#rc82 E5ident, n sinte7# ncerc#t de Goet8e
<ncerc#re, n14#i, cci $iaistere ;alerie, d1$ o$ini# 4#joritii
exegeilor, este o scen r#t#t, 41lt $re# sc8e4#tic= i d#1 nt6lnire,
c# de o9icei, "el de "el de ele4ente 4et#"i7ice, $it#goreice, $l#tonice,
s$ino7i#ne, etc2 D#r, $ro$1n6nd1+ne n econo4i# st1di1l1i de "# s
le #4inti4 $e to#te, s #9#ndon4 $e Goet8e, $entr1 # $1te# cercet#
$e ndelete sens1l #celei simpatii $ol#re ntre Cre#tor i
Me$8isto$8eles, + n1 gsi4 1n $retext 4#i ne4erit dec6t 4#i s1s
4enion#t1l $#s#j din ?#1st2 A!sl#tere i cretere, $re"#cere i
ni4icire;, re714 Goet8e "1nci# cos4ic # Mamelor. S re4#rc4
de $e #c14 c#r#cter1l #49i5#lent, polar al mamelor, i75or #l rodniciei
1ni5ers#le i $rinci$i1 #l distr1gerii222
D#r, er# o#re ne5oie de s$ec1l#i# $it#goreic, $l#tonic, 9r1ni#n,
etc, etc2, + c# s se #j1ng l# o #se4ene# "or41l:
0#re, n #"#r de "el1ritele siste4e "iloso"ice, tr#diion#le s#1
$erson#le, n1 se nt6lnete o conce$ie si4il#r n #rii c1lt1r#le 41lt
4#i 5#ste: E s1"icient s ne #4inti4 de M#gn# M#ter, ;M#re# Eei;,
4#i 4#re dec6t toi 7eii, cre#to#re i $#7nic # !ot1l1i, or6nd1ito#re #
Cos4os1l1i, 5ieii i societii 14#ne2 Eei $e c#re #1 c1nosc1t+o
#9sol1t to#te c1lt1rile #r8#ice 4icr#si#tice i #"r#si#tice, din L>di# i
$6n n Ce>l#n, din Egi$t i $6n n Ir#n, Indi#, Indoc9in#2 'e+#r "i
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"rec5ente n14e i #tri91te, rit1ri i legende #le #cestei M#ri Eeie,
4#4 # tot1l1i2 'e 5o4 41l14i s indic4 n14#i trst1rile
"1nd#4ent#le, tri4i6nd $e cetitor l# l1crrile cl#sice #s1$r# #cestei
$ro9le4e
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?r ndoi#l c n14#i ntr+o societ#te 4#tri#r8#l, c1
descenden 4#trilini#r, s+# $1t1t inst#1r# s1$re4#i# c1lt1l1i 1nei
di5initi "e4inine2 Acolo 1nde "e4ei# i 4#4# #5e#1 rol
$rec14$nitor, Cos4os1l i 5i## n1 $1te#1 "i cre#te de 1n 7e1, ci de
o 7ei2 A contri91it, de 91n se#4, l# st#tornicire# c1ltelor Eeiei
+M#4e i desco$erire# #gric1lt1rii2 Cci #gric1lt1r#, n1 n14#i c #
"c1t $osi9il o no1 int1iie # Cos4os1l1i + n c#re 5irt1ile
"e4inine, "ertilit#te# i n#tere# c#$t "1nci1ne de $rinci$ii + d#r #
#cord#t "e4eii 1n rol de "r1nte2 ntr+1n $o$or de $stori no4#7i,
"e4ei# #re 1n rol c1 tot1l nense4n#t2 &r9#ii do4esticesc "i#rele,
9r9#ii desco$er $1nile, ei #$r t1r4ele2
Agric1lt1r# ##7 o#4enii, i le#g de $46nt2 Ji, n orice
societ#te st#9il, rol1l "e4eii c6tig n i4$ort#n2 Unii n5#i
#"ir4 c8i#r c desco$erire# #gric1lt1rii este o in5enie "e4inin2
S$irit1l de o9ser5#ie li4it#t, d#r "o#rte $recis + i, #4 s$1ne,
orient#t s$re $46nt + #l "e4eii, # "c1t $osi9il trecere# de l# et#$#
c1legtorilor de "r1cte i se4ine l# #gric1lt1ri '14#i o "e4eie, s$1n
1nii n5#i, # #51t ti4$ i c1rio7it#te s o9ser5e c din se4inele
#n14itor $l#nte sl9#tice cresc #ltele, n #cel#i loc 1nde #1 c71t2
D#r rol1l "e4eii n societile #gricole n1 se 4rginete #ici2
Se4inele s1nt ngro$#te n $46nt + $46nt1l e nc8i$1it c# o 4#re
4#trice, n c#re rodesc tot "el1l de ger4eni2 46nt1l de5ine, ##d#r,
el ns1i o "e4eie2 Gest1l s4ntor1l1i c#$t se4ni"ic#ii oc1lteF
este 1n gest gener#tor, i $l1g1l <l# nce$1t 1n si4$l1 $#r #sc1it=
de5ine o e49le4 $8#lic2 04olog#re# #ct1l1i #gricol c1 #ct1l
sex1#l e 9ine c1nosc1t n istori# religiilor2 D#r $46nt1l r46ne
neroditor "r $lo#ieF "e4ei# tel1ric tre91ie "ec1nd#t $rin "1rt1n#
cere#sc2
I#r $lo#i#, #4n1nt1l #cest# # "ost o9ser5#t din cele dint6i ti4$1ri
#le #gric1lt1rii + este n str6ns legt1r c1 l1n# i rit41rile l1n#re2
Rit41ri c#re st$6nesc nen14r#te ni5el1ri cos4iceF 4rile i $loile,
cretere# 5eget#lelor, "e4ei#2 A4 #rt#t n #lt $#rteA
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c n j1r1l l1nii
. ;ra*%r" Adonis, Attis, 2siris, %d1#" London" 191>C Gaudi&&in" Adonis und
Es#un, L%ip*i2" 1911C L1 Aont%n%au" La deesse nue bablonienne ?ari&" 191>C !1
Evan&" 3$e 4trtace o5 Minos et )nossos, O/'ord" 1991" &M1C M1?1Ni%l&on" HN$
Minoan'Mcenacan re6i(ion and its survivals in (reek reli(ion, Lund" 199HC $art%a
noa&tr+ 7o(a, p1 9EO &M1C ! i%tri$7" MutterErdc, $d1 III" L%ip*i2" %t$1 PQ Despre o
5iloso5ic a lunii, .R%vi&ta ;undaiilor R%2al%." %$%#(ri%" 193OC %oa#cal
$o#olo( and 7o(a, .Rournal o' t7$ So$i%tF o' Ori%ntal !rt." 193E" p1 1EE-9@3C
.4al#o/i&." I" p1 99E1 ,Q.
i #l rit41rilor l1n#re s+#1 crist#li7#t cele dint6i sinte7e 4ent#le #le
14#nitii2 L1n# ;1ni"ic;, ;tot#li7e#7; ni5el1ri cos4ice #$#rent
deose9ite% #$ele, $loile, $46nt1l, 5i## 5eget#l, "e4ei#, ctc2 Este de
l# sine neles, deci, c ntr+o societ#te #gricol, n c#re so#rt# o41l1i
st #t6t de str6ns leg#t de $lo#ie + "e4ei# #re n $1tere# ei secretele
5ieii i #le 4orii2 ?e4ei# sing1r $#rtici$ l# 4#gi# l1nii2 E# sing1r
$o#te conj1r# $lo#i#, cci 5irt1ile #c1#tice n14#i e# le nelege2
De #cee#, n to#te rit1#lele #gricole de #d1cere# $loii i#1 $#rte
excl1si5 "e4eile <$#$#r1dele, etc=2 n "## secetei c#re #4enin,
n1dit#te# rit1#l # "e4eii #re o 5#lo#re 4#gic% $#$#r1dele go#le #tr#g
$e 4#rele 9r9#t sider#l2
n 1nele tr#diii <C8in#, etc=, norii de $lo#ie s1nt nc8i$1ii c#
nite 9#l#1ri2 I#r #cest 4onstr1 4itic, 9#l#1r1l, n1 este dec6t si49ol1l
5irilitii celeste + $e c#re n1dit#te# "e4inin i rit1#lele 4#gice o
redete#$t i o c8e#4 #s1$r# 9r#7delor nerodite2
A#d#r, M#re# Eei, din c#re to#te $ornesc i n s6n1l crei# to#te
se ntorc, este sl1jit n gener#l de ctre "e4ei2 Agric1lt1r# # rs$6ndit
$ret1tindeni c1lt1l #cestei M#ri Eeie2 !ot1i, n ti4$1rile istorice,
gsi4 4#ri 7eie i l# $o$1l#ii c#re n1 se ndeletnicesc ndeose9i c1
#gric1lt1r#2 Le gsi4, 91no#r, l# 9#r9#ri, no4#7i, $stori + s#1 l#
$o$1l#ii 4#riti4e, c#re+i c6tig 5i## din nego1l $e #$e2
ret1tindeni, ns, M#re# Eei # i791tit s+i i4$1n 1n1l din
#tri91tele s#le $rinci$#le2 Cci e# n1 or6nd1iete n14#i rit41rile
#gricole2 E# este i Eei# A$elorF # "l15iilor n Ir#n, # 4rilor l#
$re8elenici i l# greci2 n c1lt1rile oce#nice i #1stro+#si#tice,
$rinci$i1l gener#tor, i75or1l t1t1ror ger4enilor, 4#trice# t1t1ror
"or4elor + se #"l n str"1nd1l oce#n1l1i2 Este tot o 7ei, de #st d#t
o 7ei #c1#tic2 E49le4ele ei #$#rin si49olis41l1i 4#riti4%
scoicile, $erlele, $l#ntele 4#rine2 Re#lit#te#, 5i## i #1 i75or1l n
"1nd1l 4rii2 Eroii c# i s"inii + 5irilit#te# c# i s#cr#lit#te# + s1nt
cons#cr#i $rin #tingere# rit1#l c1 #$# oce#nic s#1 c1 o e49le4
#c1#tic <$erl, o#l c1 #$, n1c de cocos, etc=2 Cci A$ele s1nt
g15ern#te de L1nF $erlele s1nt $ict1ri din l14in# L1nii, nsc1te n
5#l5ele c1 se4ni"ic#ie #t6t de "e4inin #le scoicilor <scoic# L 51l5#=2
A#d#r, to#te c1lt1rile #r8#ice + "ie ele #gricole, "ie 4#riti4e + #1
5ener#t $rinci$i1l "e4inin s19 "or4# 1nei M#4e, # 1nei M#ri Eeie,
cre#to#re i $strto#re # Cos4os1l1i2 '14ele #cestor 7eie s1nt "r
n14r2 Cci "iec#re tri9, "iec#re $o$or # #51t 1n c1lt loc#l, d6nd 7eiei
1n n14e $ro$ri12
C6nd legt1rile dintre $o$o#re #1 de5enit 4#i "rec5ente i 4#i
str6nse, cltorii #1 o9ser5#t c M#re# Eei se nt6lnete
$ret1tindeni + #$ro#$e ntotde#1n# c1 #cele#i #tri91te di5ine i
#cele#i e49le4e iconogr#"ice2 Ji n j1r1l #cestei M#gn# M#ter s+#
re#li7#t cee# ce #4 $1te# n14i cel dint6i interna*ionalism. Unit#te#
gen1l1i o4enesc # "ost desco$erit d1$ ce s+# desco$erit 1nit#te#
cos4os1l1iF cci M#gn# M#ter er# o 4#4 # !ot1l1i, # Eeilor, c#
i # o#4enilor2
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Ma2na Mat$r # #51t rolul 'or#ul%i $ar% uni'i$a1 Uni'i$+ nu nu#ai
Cos4os1l <#rt6nd c exist r%laii dir%$t%" c#17#te, -ntr% niv%luri
cos4ice #t6t de di"erite% L1n, A$e, ?e4eie, ?+#,nt" Moart%" Via+<"
ci 1ni"ic c8i#r ne#41l o4enesc2 Cci "el de "el de societi 14#ne
+ci5ili7#i c# si 9#r9#ri, sr#ci c# i 9og#i + i gse#1 $1ncte de
cont#ct i $osi9iliti de nelegere n c1lt1l #celei#i M#ri Eeie222
09ser54 de $e #c14 "1nci# 1ni"ic#to#re # M#rii Eeie2 ?rin
c1lt1l ci, o41l ;rot1njete; Cos4os1l, l 4so#r, l 1ni"ic2 Ji tot
$rin c1lt1l M#rii Eeie, o41l desco$er 1nit#te# ne#41l1i o4enesc2 E
se4ni"ic#ti5 c #ce#st 1ni"ic#re # Cos4os1l1i, re#li7#t -n =urul i
$rin din#4ic# $rinci$i1l1i "e4inin, se "#ce printr-o totali*ar%
$rogresi5 # "el1ritelor ni5el1ri2 0 tot#li7#re c#re nu tre91ie tot1i
con"1nd#t c1 1n sincretis4 #9str#ct, ## $u# s+#1 p%tr%$ut lu$ruril%
in #n14ite e$oci din 5i## o4enirii, c6nd un 7e1 $+p+ta toat%
#tri91tele celorl#li 7ei, de5enind n cele din 1r4 un 4o7#ic2
;!ot#l i7#re#; cos4os1l1i n j1r1l $rinci$i1l1i "e4inin se "#ce $rin
int1iii 5#ste i ntotde#1n# $e realit'*i 5ii2 '1 o #glo4er#re de
#tri91te, ##d#r, ci o 1nire concret ntre re#liti di5erse2 Luna %&t%
1nit c1 $46nt1l i $lo#i# $rintr+1n "eno4en $on$r%t) nunta -ntr% A%r
i 46nt, "ec1nd#re# 4#tricei tel1rice2 Exe4$lele pot 'i #ultipli$at%
l# in"init2
Regsi4 n #ce#st ;tot#li7#re; 5ie i concret idee# goet8e#n #
4#4elor2 D#r n14#i des$re o #se4ene# tot#li7#re este 5or9#: A4
nt6lnit $6n #c14# n14#i "1nciile no7ii5e #le $rinci$i1l1i "e4inin%
"ertilit#te, n#tere, de5enire2 n #cest Atot; li$sesc ele4entele neg#ti5e%
4o#rte#, d1rere#, $c#t1l2
S6 le $1ne4 i $e #ceste# n l14in2222
;M1tter Erde;
Credin# c 46nt1l # d#t n#tere o#4enilor este 1ni5ers#l
rs$6nditF n+#5e4 dec6t s rs"oi4 c6te5# cri re"erito#re l# #cest
s19iect2 Mutter 8rde # l1i Dictcric8, de exe4$l1, s#1 :indund 8rdc Fi
l1i '>9erg
,
A2 n "o#rte 41lte li49i o41l este n14it ;cel nsc1t din
46nt; <c6ntecele r1seti, 4it1rile l#$onilor i #le estonienilor, etcF
Dieteric8, $2 ,-=2 Exist credin# c toi co$iii 5in din "1nd1l
46nt1l1i, din c#5erne, din grote, din cr$t1ri, d#r i din 9li,
i75o#re, r61ri2 S19 "or4 de legende, s1$erstiii s#1 si4$le 4et#"ore,
credine si4il#re s1$r#5ie1iesc i #c14 n E1ro$#2 n "iec#re regi1ne,
n "iec#re or#, n "iec#re s#t exist o st6nc s#1 1n i75or c#re #d1c;
co$ii% #ceste# s1nt :indcr(nmnen, :inderteichc, 5u(en4uellcn
<Dieteric8, o$2dit2, $$2 ,( sR,DN. sR2=2
'1 tre91ie s crede4 c #ceste s1$erstiii s#1 4et#"ore s1nt n14#i
ex$lic#ii $entr1 co$ii2 Re#lit#te# e 41lt 4#i co4$lex2 Senti4ent1l
o9sc1r #l 1nei solid#riti 4istice c1 $46nt1l n#t#l s1$r#5ie1iete
$6n l# e1ro$enii 7ilelor no#stre2 '1 e 5or9# de 1n senti4ent $ro"#n #l
dr#gostei de $#trie s#1 de in1tF n1 este #d4ir#ie $entr1 $eis#j1l
"#4ili#r s#1 5ener#i# $entr1 str4oii ngro$#i de secole n j1r1l
9isericilor s#telor2 E c1 tot1l #ltce5#% ex$erien# 4istic # #1to8toniei,
senti4ent1l $ro"1nd c #i ieit din $46nt, c 46nt1l tc+# nsc1t tot
## c14 # d#t n#tere, c1 nesec#t "ec1ndit#te, st6ncilor, r61rilor,
co$#cilor, "lorilor2
n sens1l #cest# tre91ie nele#s #1to8toni#% # te si4i om al
locului este 1n senti4ent de str1ct1r cos4ic c#re de$ete c1 41lt
solid#rit#te# "#4ili#l s#1 #ncestr#l2 Se tie c, n n14ero#se c1lt1ri,
t#tl #re 1n rol ters% n1 "#ce dec6t s legiti4e7e co$il1l, s+,
rec1no#sc2 Mater semper certa, pater incertus. Ji #ce#st sit1#ie s+#
4enin1t 41lt 5re4e% n ?r#n# 4on#r8ic se s$1ne#% ;Regele este
co$il1l Reginei;2 D#r nici #ce#st sit1#ie n1 este origin#r% 4#4#
nsi n1 "#ce dec6t s primeasc' $r1nc1l2 Credine nen14r#te ne
in"or4e#7 c "e4eile r46n nsrcin#te $rin si4$l# #$ro$iere de
#n14ite loc1ri% st6nci, c#5erne, co$#ci, r61ri2 S1"letele co$iilor
$tr1nd n $6ntec i "e4eile conce$2 0ric#re #r "i condii# #cestor
s1"letc+co$ii, s1nt s#1 n1 s1nt s1"letele str4oilor, 1n l1cr1 este
sig1r% #1 st#t $6n l# renc#rn#re #sc1nse $rin cr$t1ri, 9r#7de, 9li
/
A2 Dieteric8, Mutter 8rde, ein ,ersuch u(er ,ol2srehgion <Lei$7ig + &erlin,
,(/QF ed2 # Hl+# ,(NQ, de75olt#t i co4$let#t de E2 ?e8rle=F &ertel '>9erg, :ind
und 8rde. 8thnologische 9tudicn "ur 0rgeschichte der 8ltemschaft und des
:indersehut"es <HelsinHi, ,(*,=, ci;, i Tr'ite d%Pistoirc des 7eligions <#ris, ,(-(=,
$$2 N,,+N*,, c1 o 9i9liogr#"ie s1$li4ent#r2
,Q(
&au p+duri) tr+ind un '%l d% %/i&t%n+ %#(rionar+ -n &,nul v%rita(il%i
Ma#%" ?+#,ntul1 % a$olo vin $opiii1 % a$olo -i adu$%au" $on'or#
un%i $r%din% -n$+ vii la %urop%nii &%$olului 3I3" anu#it% ani#al%
a$vati$%) p%tii" (roat%l%" dar #ai al%& l%(%d%l%1
Or" a$%a&t+ a#intir% a un%i pr%%/i&t%nt% -n &,nul p+#,ntului a avut
$on&%$in% $on&id%ra(il%) a $r%at la o# a$%l &%nti#%nt d% -nrudir%
$o&#i$+ $u #%diul -n$on=ur+torC &-ar put%a &pun% $7iar $+" -n a$%a
vr%#%" o#ul av%a #ai puin $ontiina $+ aparin% &p%%i u#an% d%$,t
&%nti#%ntul un%i parti$ip+ri $o&#o(iolo2i$% la viaa #%diului &+u1 El
tia" d%&i2ur" $+ av%a .o #a#+ i#%diat+K" $%a p% $ar% o v%d%a #%r%u
al+turi d% %l" dar #ai tia i $+ vin% d% d%part%" $+ 'u&%&% adu& d%
l%(%d% &au d% (roat%" $+ tr+i&% -n $av%rn% &au -n r,uri1 !$%a&t+ &ituai%
# l+&at ur#% i -n li#(a=) ro#anii nu#%au (a&tardul terrae 5i8ius,
ro#,nii -l nu#%&$ i a&t+*i .$opil din 'lori.1
!$%&t '%l d% %/p%ri%n+ $o&#o(iolo2i$+ -nt%#%ia o &olidaritat%
#i&ti$+" d%$i" $u lo$ul" a $+r%i int%n&itat% &% $ontinu+ p,n+ -n *il%l%
noa&tr% n 'ol6lor i -n tradiiil% popular%1 Ma#a nu '+$%a d%$,t s
$er"ecte7e op%ra ?+#,ntului-Ma#+1 Ji, la #oart%" #ar%a dorin+ %ra
de # regsi ?+#,ntuR-Ma#+" d% # 'i -n#or#,ntat -n &olul natal + n
#cest ;sol natal. # $+rui pro'und+ &%#ni'i$ai% o 27i$i# a$u#1 % ai$i
&% tra2% 'ri$a o#ului d% a-i 'i -n#or#,ntat% r+#+i%l% -n alt+ part%C i
tot d% ai$i" #ai al%&" (u$uria d% a-i 'i r%dat% .patri%i." (u$uri% p% $ar%
o tr+d%a*+ ad%&%a in&$ripiil% &%pul$ral% ro#an%) $ic natus hic situs est
0AIL" @, ::9:) .!i$i &-a n+&$ut" ai$i a 'o&t d%pu&.<C hic situs est
patriae 0VIII" 9EE:<C $ic 9uo natus 5uerat optans erat illo reverti 0V"
1H@3) .a$olo und% &-a n+&$ut a dorit &+ &% -ntoar$+.KP<1 !uto7tonia
p%r'%$t+ $oprind% un $i$lu $o#pl%t" d% la nat%r% la #oart%1 Tr%(ui% &+
t% -ntor$i la &,nul Ma#%i1 .T,r+t%-t% &pr% ?+#,nt" $ar%-i % Ma#+8.
*i$% Ri(':eda, 3" 1E"1@1 .Tu $ar% %ti p+#,nt" -n p+#,nt t% pun8.
&$ri% -n At$arva :eda, 3VIII" >" >E1 .;i% $a oa&%l% i $arn%a &+ %
-ntoar$+ -n p+#,nt8. &% *i$% -n ti#pul $%r%#oniilor 'un%rar% $7in%*%
1@
1
/
!1 Gr%li$7" Aspetti della #orte nelle iscri0ioni scpo6c#6i del3 I#pero Ro#ano
0Gudap%&t" 193H<" pp1 3O &M1
#
Li Bi" trad1 Aouvr%ur" I" p1 9PO1
Rit1ri #le 46nt1l1i + M#4
Se 5ede li#p%d% din ritualuril% 7eielor tel1rice c #ceste# re$et
cee# ce s+# $etrec1t in ill o tempore, n ti4$1rile 4iti ceF ele
re#ct1#li7e#7 e5eni4ent1l $ri4ordi#l $o5estit n 4it1ri2 nt6lni4 n
rit1rile !errei M#ter #cel#i 4ister c#re ne rele5 c14 # l1#t n#tere
@i## dintr+1n ger4ene #sc1ns ntr+o ;tot#lit#te; indistinct s#1 c14
s+# i5it c# 1r4#re # 8ierog#4iei dintre Cer i 46nt s#1 c14 # 6nit
dintr+o 4o#rte 5iolent, n 4#jorit#te# c#71rilor 5ol1nt#r2
'1 4#i #4inti4 dec6t c6te5# exe4$le, cci ele s1nt dest1l de
c1nosc1te2 Se tie c n rit1#l1rile re"erito#re l# !err# M#ter i l#
7eiele "ec1nditii tel1rice; c#re s1nt, ## c14 #4 571t, i 7eie #le
5eget#iei i #le #gric1lt1rii, "e4ei# jo#c 1n rol i4$ort#nt2 '1 5o4
insist# #s1$r# #si4ilrii "e4eii c1 gli# i # #ct1l1i sex1#l c1 41nc#
#gricol2 Acest si49olis4 se nt6lnete #$ro#$e $ret1tindeni n
c1lt1rile #gr#re i se 4enine $6n n ci5ili7#iile cele 4#i e5ol1#te2
;?e4eile 5o#stre s1nt $entr1 5oi $rec14 c64$1rile; s$1ne Cor#n1l2
;?e4ei# este c64$1l, 9r9#t1l este cel c#re $1ne s46n#;, scrie
1n #1tor indi#n
,
A2 D#torit #cestei solid#riti 4istice ntre "e4eie i
glie, $re7en# "e4inin n 41ncile #gricole este #t6t de #$reci#t2 D#r
rol1l religios #l "e4eii este $1M n e5iden 4#i #les $rin 1ni1ne#
cere4oni#l n c64$ i $rin orgiile c#re nsoesc #n14ite 4o4ente
i4$ort#nte #le c#lend#r1l1i #gricol2 Ast"el, l# or#onii din Indi#
centr#l, 8ierog#4i# c#re $recede i #sig1r recoltele se re$et rit1#l
n "iec#re #nF 8ierog#4i# ntre 46nt i So#re este 4i4#t de $reot i
soi# s# i #t6t ti4$ c6t #cest rit1#l n+# "ost cele9r#t, n1 se nce$
l1crrile n c64$ $entr1 c se crede c 46nt1l este nc 5irgin2
Init#re# cstoriei di5ine d n#tere $e #loc1ri 1nor 5erit#9ile orgiiA
/
2
0r, sens1l orgiei n1 este gre1 de neles% orgi# este o reintegr#re
si49olic n 8#os, n indistinct1l $ri4ordi#lF e# re#ct1#li7e#7
;con"17i#;, ;tot#lit#te#; de din#inte de Cre#ie, 'o#$te# Cos4ic, 01l
cos4ogonic2 Se g8icete de ce o co41nit#te ntre#g re#ct1#li7e#7
#ce#st regresie n indistinct;
/
$entr1 # regsi tot#lit#te# origin#r de
/
'#r#d#, co4ent6nd #cest $#s#j #l l1i M6n1 <IP,**=% ;?e4ei# $o#te ti
consider#t c# 1n c64$, 9r9#t 1l c# o s46n;2 As1$r# o4ologr ii "e4eii c1
9r#7d# i #s1$r# d19l1l1i si49olis4 + sex1#l i #gricol, # se 5ede# G raite &%Pistoirc
des 7eligions, $$2 NN-,,sR2 */* sR2
;A C\. Sir D#4es George ?r#7er, The Magic <rt and the 8.olution o1% :ings, 5oi2 I,
$$2 ). sR2, <donis, <ttis, 6siris, I, $$, -) sR2F The Sorship of the ature, $$2 *)(
sR2
OZ Des$re si49olis41l i "1nci# rit1#l a orgiei # se 5ede# Tr'ite d%Pistoire des
7eligions, $$2 */Q sR2
1O1
1nde # i75or6t 5i## di"ereni#t i de 1nde # ieit Cos4os1l2 rintr+o
#se4ene# reintegr#re si49olic i "1lg1r#nt # strii $recos4ologice
se s$er n #sig1r#re# o$1lenei recoltei2 Cci recolt# si49oli7e#7
Cre#ji#, 4#ni"est#re# tri14"#l # 1nei "or4e tinere, 9og#te, $er"ecte2
A er"eci#; se #"l I# nce$1t1ri, a( origine, se s$er, n consecin
n regsire# re7er5elor 5it#le i # 9ogiilor ger4in#ti5e c#re s+#1
4#ni"est#t $entr1 $ri4# o#r in illo tem%pore, $rin #ct1l gr#ndios #l
Cre#iei2
D#r, re$et4, to#te #ceste# #1 o se4ni"ic#ie religio#s2 '1
tre91ie s crede4 c #ceste c1lt1ri #le 46nt1l1i+M#4 nc1r#je#7
i4or#lit#te# n sens1l $ro"#n #l c156nt1l1i2 Uni1ne# sex1#l i orgi#
s1nt rit1ri cele9r#te c1 sco$1l de # re#ct1#li7# e5eni4ente
$ri4ordi#le2 In rest1l ti4$1l1i, #dic n #"#r# 4o4entelor decisi5e #le
c#lend#r1l1i #gricol, 46nt1l+M#4 este ce# c#re $7ete lege#% l#
$o$1l#i# yahengo din S1d#n1l "r#nce7, e# este c#4$io#n# 4or#litii
i # j1stiieiF l# $o$1l#i# 2ulango de $e Co#st# de ?ilde, 7ei# i
1rte $e cri4in#li, 8oi, 4#gicieni, r1"ctori2 n gener#l, n A"ric#
$c#tele #98or#te de 46nt1l+M#4 s1nt cri4#, #d1lter1l, incest1l i
orice s$ecie de in"r#ci1ne sex1#l
/
2 Acee#i sit1#ie se 5eri"ic i n
#lte loc1ri% n Greci# #ntic, s6ngele 5rs#t s#1 incest1l "ce#1 c#
$46nt1l s de5in steril;A2
Ci. ?r#7er, The Sorship ofthe ature, $$2 -/*, -/Q, -/(, -N/ sR2 Ci.
l1cr#re# no#str Tr'ite d%Pistoire des 7eligBns, $$2 NN* sR2
Eeiele $46nt1l1i
#re, l# nce$1t, ci1d#t c M#rile Eeie #le 0rient1l1i s1nt, n
#cel#i ti4$, di5initi #le fertilit'*ii p'm!ntului i #le r'"(oiului.
<shtarteea, 7ei# se4itic $rin excelen, e di5init#te# t1tel#r #
dr#gostei i "ec1nditii 1ni5ers#le, d#r e totod#t $rotecto#re#
r79oinicilor2 anaia, 7ei# #dor#t din $ri4ele ti4$1ri n
Meso$ot#4i# i Ir#n, este o di5init#te r79oinic, $e c#re sold#ii o
in5oc#1 n l1$te i crei# regii i cere#1 9ir1in# 4$otri5#
d14#nilor2 M1lt c#nt#t# Ishtar # &#9ilon1l1i # "ost, din e$oc#
#r8#ic, 7ei# "ec1nditii i # r79oi1l1i2 0 #lt di5init#te se4it2
<nat, #l crei c1lt er# dest1l de rs$6ndit n #lestin# $e 5re4e# l1i
!1t4es III <,Q/,+,--) n2 C8r2=, #5e# #cele#i #tri91te2 n s"6rit,
7ei# ir#ni#n, <naitis - ntoc4#i c# i An#t din seri# se4itic + er#
di5init#te# t1tel#r # "ec1nditii i # r79oi1l1i
/
2
#re ntr+#de5r ci1d#t, c14 s$1ne#4, c o M#re Eei, $rinci$i1
#l Cre#iei 1ni5ers#le, e49le4 # "e4initii i 4#ternitii
neodi8nite, fons et origo $rin excelen + este, n #celei ti4$, o
di5init#te t1tel#r # r79oi1l1i2 'ici o 5irt1te "e4inin n1+i gsete
"r1cti"ic#re# n r79oi2 E dre$t, 4#rile 7eie #si#tice n1 s1nt di5initi
4ilit#reF n1 #$#rin solda*ilor + ci r'"(oiului. Ele s1nt 5ener#te de
"e4ei n ti4$ de $#ce + i de 9r9#i n ti4$ de r79oi2 &r9#ii,
5or9ind n gener#l, c#d s19 st$6nire# #cestor M#ri Eeie numai n
ti4$ de r79oi2 rin r79oi, #tri91tele 4#rilor 7eie se "#c A c1nosc1te;,
se impun i 9r9#ilor2 Ji #ceste #tri91te, c#re se re5ele#7 9r9#ilor
n ti4$1l r79oi1l1i, i4$l#c#9ile c# 1n destin, s1nt l1$t, moarte.
De #cee# M#rile Eeie #si#tice, di5initi #le rodniciei i #le
ger4enilor, ;$roteje#7; r79oi1l% $entr1 c r79oi1l este cel 4#i
$recis i 4#i "rec5ent instr14ent #l 4oriiF este, ntr+1n c156nt, o
form' a mor*ii. Ji n1 e deloc nt64$ltor c n M#gn# M#ter coincide
i75or1l 5ieii c1 9ir1in# 4orii, l#tenele t1t1ror "or4elor 5ii c1 4#re#
l#r5 #4or", Mo#rte#2 G6ndire# 4itic este ntotde#1n# co8erent,
;siste4#tic;2 M#gn# M#ter "iind o di5init#te # !ot1l1i, n e# coexist
extre4ele% 5i## i 4o#rte#, 9inele i r1l, 9e#tit1dine# si d1rere#2 ntr+
#de5r, M#gn# M#ter + n ordine 4or#l + conto$ete A9inele; i ;r1l;2
Eei# c#re e sl1jit de "ecio#re + e sl1jit n #cel#i ti4$ de c1rte7#ne2
Myllita, 7ei# 9#9iloni#n, er# o di5init#te # "ec1nditii, n te4$lele
crei# se $r#ctic# rit1#l orgi# s#cr2 0rice "e4eie + de l#
/
C"2 &en5eniste, The Persian 7eligion, $2 N)+NWF M#x Se4$er, 7assen und
7eligionen im alten ,orderdsien, $2 N,( sR2F Contene#1, @a deesse nue
% (a(ylonienne, $2 ,N/+,NNF A2 Lods, Israel, $2 ,Q- sR2F I2r7>l1sHi, @es noms de la
;rande )eesse, ;Re51e de lAHistoire des religions;, M#rs+D1in, ,(*N, $2,WN sR2, etc2
,.*
regin l# 1lti4# ro#9 + tre91i# s $etre#c 4c#r o sing1r no#$te n
te4$l1l M>llitei2 Is8t#r er# #dor#t de "ecio#reF d#r Is8t#r er# e# nsi
o ;c1rte7#n cere#sc; i l# cere4oni#l1l ei sl1je#1 c1rte7#nele s#cre,
n c1lt1l oricrei M#ri Eeie #si#tice er# 4c#r 1n sing1r "esti5#l c6nd
"ecio#r# ;coincide#; c1 c1rte7#n#, c6nd li4itele dintre 9ine i r1 er#1
terse2
De #lt"el, sens1l #9scons #l orgiei rit1#le #cest# er#% conto$ire#
t1t1ror l1cr1rilor, s1$ri4#re# t1t1ror li4itelor, s1s$end#re# oricror
;"or4e;, # oricror dist#ne i discri4inri2 0rgi# rit1#l er# s56rit
do#r n #n14ite 4$rej1rriF c6nd M#re# Eei cere# re#li7#re# $e
$46nt, n condiie 14#n, # cee# ce er# e# $er4#nent n Cos4os%
!ot1l "r "or4e, "r li4ite, "r deose9iri2 0rgi# rit1#l se re#li7# l#
nce$1t1l $ri45erii, $entr1 # #sig1r# o 91n recolt2 Er_, ##d#r, 1n
gest 4#gic, de $ro4o5#re # "ertilitii $46nt1l1i2 Cci, $e de o $#rte,
orgi# si49oli7# + $rin tergere# t1t1ror li4itelor + 4#re# conto$ire
s19ter#n, des"#cere# gr1ntel1i i trecere# l1i n altce.a3 ntoc4#i c#
i n orgie, o9sc1rit#te# tel1ric unific', tot#li7e#7, to$ete
cont1r1rile i li4itele2 Ador#torii M#rilor Eeie, de origin i str1ct1r
#gricol, crede#1 c sti41le#7 "or# $rod1cti5 # $46nt1l1i $rin
i4it#re# 4#gic # #ct1l1i cre#iei 5eget#leF c#re n1 $res1$1ne n14#i
de7ln1ire# den#t # l1i Eros <excesele orgi#stice n legt1r c1
orice cere4onie #gricol=, ci, n $ri41l r6nd, re#li7#re# 1nei con"17ii
$#tetice n c#re nici o ;"or4; i nici o ;lege; n1 se 4#i $1te#
distinge2 !re91ie re#li7#t <;ex$eri4ent#t;= st#re# $ri4ordi#l, $re+
"or4#l6, haotic' + st#re# c#re, n ordine cos4ic, cores$onde#
nedi"erenierii 8#otice de din#inte de Cre#ie + $entr1 # $ro4o5#, $rin
5irt1te# 4#giei i4it#ti5e, to$ire# ger4enilor n #cee#i 4#trice
tel1ric i #ct1l rodirii2 0rgi# rit1#l st n str6nse legt1ri c1 5i##
5eget#l2 n !8r#ci#, c1lt1l l1i Dion>sos +E#gre1s er# s56rit $rin
9#c8#n#le "reneticeF "1g# "e4eilor, no#$te#, $rin $d1ri i 41ni,
s"6iere# ied1l1i <si49ol #l l1i Dion>sos= i 4#stic#re# l1i rit1#l,
jert"ire# #$1l1i i risi$ire# s6ngel1i $e #rt1ri, etc2 Este se4ni"ic#ti5,
i #ici, $re7en# excl1si5 # "e4eilorF este 1n mister n c#re n1 s1nt
#cce$t#te dec6t "e4eile, sing1rele c#re c1nosc i st$6nesc t#inele
5ieii o9sc1re, 5eget#le2
Legt1r# dintre "e4ei, $46nt i M#re# Eei s+# $str#t n
#soci#iile #gricole $6n n 7ilele no#stre2 Inoc8entitii triesc i i
des56resc ;4isterele; n s19ter#ne i 8r19e2 Ere7i# #ce#st#
4onstr1o#s este 4$rtit ndeose9i de ctre "e4ei2 D#r, c# n orice
ere7ie, $rinci$iile s1nt ex#ger#te #ici $6n l# des"ig1r#re2
Inoc8entitii, A$osed#i; "iind, 4ent#l, de $rinci$iile "e4inine
<;conto$ire;, o9sc1rit#te i cld1r tel1ric, #4or#lis4 4#gic, etc2=
+s1nt silii s "1g de l14in# so#rel1i i s $tr1nd, c6t 4#i #d6nc, n
;$46ntA2 A4 $1te# 5or9i, #$ro#$e, de o A 4ec#nic; s$irit1#l c#re i
#tr#ge $e #ceti ;$osed#i n g#leriile o9sc1re, n cld1r# i
nt1neric1l s19ter#n, #colo 1nde nici o ;"or4; n1 se 4#i distinge i
,.-
1nde orice ;lege; i $ierde e5iden#2 ?r s+i de# se#4#, st$6nii
"iind excl1si5 de $rinci$i1l "e4inin s19 "or4# l1i ce# 4#i #9ject,
#ceti de4oni#ri nce#rc $rin to#te $1terile2s de.in' semin*e, s
do96nde#sc o ;condiie #gricol; # o41l1i, desco4$1n6nd1+se n
sens1l concret #l c156nt1l1iF cci triesc n s19ter#ne, ntr+1n de74
c14$lit, ntr+o 41rdrie nenc8i$1it, roi de 9oli i nne91nii de
orgii2 Ls#i c6i5# #ni de c#$1l lor, inoc8entitii #r s"6ri $rin # se
desco4$1ne de"initi5, 1ni"ic6nd1+se c1 $46nt1l c#ld i nt1nec#t $e
c#re #t6t# l i19esc, n#inte de # 41ri + ## c14 $1tre7esc se4inele2
'e+#4 o$rit 4#i 41lt #s1$r# #cestei ere7ii $entr1 c ntr+o ere7ie
se neleg ntotde#1n# 4#i 9ine consecinele 1lti4e #le $rinci$iilor de
l# c#re se re5endic2 0rice ere7ie este ex#ger#re# 4onstr1o#s # 1n1i
#s$ect #l #de5r1l1i
).
2 n c#71l inoc8entis41l1i, ere7i# const n
ex#lt#re# $este 4s1r # $rinci$i1l1i "e4inin i n nelegere#
degr#d#t # #cest1i $rinci$i1F n nelegere# l1i, #4 s$1s, excl1si5 $rin
si41ri, c# l#r5ele2 041l e o "iin c#re triete n Cos4os i c#re n1
se $o#te des56ri dec6t in6nd se#4# de toate "orele cos4ice i de
to#te $rinci$iile, c#re g15erne#7 #ceste "ore2 @or9ind n ter4eni
4istici, rit41rile cos4ice s1nt dirij#te de do1 #stre% so#rele i l1n#,
jZi orice o4 tre91ie s in se#4#, n ex$erien# l1i inti4, de #ceste
$rinci$ii;2 Acord6nd n excl1si5it#te ex$erien# s# n #r4onie c1
so#rele, o41l #j1nge c1 ti4$1l ;#9str#ct , steril, dintr+1n exces de
l14in i cl#rit#te2 S19j1g6nd1+i, di4$otri5, ntre#g# l1i ex$erien
rit41rilor l1n#re s#1 A $rinci$i1l1i "e4inin; <$re7ent n ;$46nt; i
"e4eie=, o41l se desco4$1ne dintr+1n exces de ;14idit#te; s#1 de
;o9sc1rit#te;2 D#r se $o#te o9ser5#, c1 #cest $rilej, ce5# 4#i 41lt%
;4ec#nic#; 9io+4ent#i, c#re tinde s "ixe7e 1n o4 s#1 o c1lt1r <4#i
$recis% gr1$1l etnic cre#tor de c1lt1r= n #cel ni5el $e c#re i ,+# #les
n 4o4ent1l c6nd # r1$t ec8ili9r1l cos4ic i # #der#t, c1
excl1si5it#te, l# 1n sing1r $rinci$i12 A4 571t c14 inoc8entitii,
ex#lt6nd orgi# i nto#rcere# l# st#re# #4or", nedi"ereni#t + s1nt
#tr#i n c8i$ tot#l, 4ec#nic de s19ter#nele o9sc1re i c#lde #le
$46nt1l1i i tr#ns"or4#i n ;st#re#; $#r#disi#c d1$ c#re t6njete
teori# lor eretic% tr#ns"or4#i n se4ine2
0#4enii c1lt1rilor #gricole, n Igener#l, #cord st#re# #ce#st#
#4or", de se4ine, n14#i 4orilor2 ngro$#re# c#d#5relor #cest sens
#re% to$ire# o41l1i c#rn#l n 4#trice# c#re i+# d#t n#tere + i
tr#ns"or4#re# ;s1"let1l1i; n l#r5, n #dst#re# res1reciei2 In"ern1rile
$recretine se gsesc s19 $46nt2 I#d1l cretin tot s19 $46nt este
sit1#t2 Cee# ce grecii, 91no#r, n14e#1 ;l#r5e;, er# o st#re $re+
"or4#l # o41l1i, o st#re degr#d#t <de la ;"or4; l#
$re+"or4;=2 Egi$tenii cre#1, $rin #n14ite rit1#le, o ;so#rt #gricol;
s1"let1l1i 4ort1l1i
/
, tr#ns"or46nd1+, n ;s46n;2 C# i s46n#,
tr1$1l 4ort1l1i este ngro$#t n $46nt golF #dic de7golit de
;"or4e;, #4or"2 S ne #4inti4 c i M#rile Eeie orient#le s1nt
re$re7ent#te nude3 n1d L "r nici o "or4F 4et#"i7ic 5or9ind, .irtual.
C#d#5r1l este rentors n 4#re# 4#trice tel1ric, i75or1l t1t1ror
;E#l4oxis;, ,,<,(*W=, $2 N/.2
,.Q
"or4elor2
D#r cee# ce c1lt1r# #gricol #$lic# n14#i 4orilor, ere7iile
c1lt1rilor #gricole <91no#r inoc8entis41l= #$lic# o41l1i 5i12 Cee#
ce, ntr+o c1lt1r #gricol, se $r#ctic n #n14ite 4$rej1rri <orgii
cere4oni#le $entr1 $ro4o5#re# 5eget#iei, etc=, ntr+o ere7ie deri5#t
din c1lt1ri #gricole se $r#ctic $er4#nent, "r rit42 @i## o41l1i
nor4#l, n societile #r8#ice, este n str6ns legt1r c1 rit41rile
cos4ice2
0r, #ceste rit41ri n1 s1nt dirij#te excl1si5 de l1n, de no#$te, de
14idit#te, de nt1neric1l s19ter#n2 So#rele, l14in#, 1scci1ne#, etc2
#1 i ele $#rte# lor de rs$6ndire n cond1cere# 5ieii o4eneti2
Ji nc o o9ser5#ie, de 4#re nse4nt#te $entr1 tot ce 5# 1r4# de
#ici n#inte% ;$rinci$iile;, d#c s1nt nelese n sens1l lor i4edi#t i
n14#i ntr1c6t se 5eri"ic n ni5el1rile in"erio#re #le re#litii + d1c l#
ere7ie i l# degr#d#re2 rinci$i1l "e4inin, neles $e $l#n1rile l1i
s1$erio#re, "ec1nde#7 o$er# 1n1i Goet8e2 !r#d1s n sens1lA i4edi#t ,
sensori#l, e$ider4ic + cond1ce l# orgi# s19ter#n i l# desco4$1nere2
;!i4$1l; i ;Destin1l;
C1 c6t cercet4 4#i nde#$ro#$e c1ltele M#rilor Eeie e1r#si#tice
i #"r#si#tice, c1 #t6t #$#re 4#i cl#r "1nci# lor #49i5#len2 Aceste
AM#4e; #le !ot1l1i s1nt, n #cel#i ti4$ i c1 o eg#l "er5o#re, 7eiti
#le @ieii i #le Morii2
Antici$6nd o#rec14 concl17iile #cest1i st1di1, $1te4 s$1ne de $e
#c14 c 4inte# o4ene#sc # int1it di5init#te#, din cele 4#i 5ec8i
ti4$1ri, c# o tot#lit#te de #tri91te, c# o sum' n c#re to#te contr#riile
coincid2 C14 5o4 5ede# 4#i t6r7i1, "or41l# l1i 'icol#s de C1s#,
coincidcntia oppositorum, i gsete i75o#rele n1 n14#i n s$ec1l#i#
4et#"i7ic i ex$erien# 4istic # 1n1i Meister EcH#rt i se1do+
Areo$#git1l, ci n tr#dii# 4et#"i7ic # "o#rte 41lte c1lt1ri2 Cee# ce e
des$rit i #nt#gonic n re#lit#te# cos4ic + e 1ni"ic#t, ;tot#li7#t;, n
di5init#te2 Ace#st coinciden # contr#riilor n1 $o#te "i ;nele#s; de
4inte# o4ene#sc, ntoc4#i d1$ c14 n1 $o#te "i re#li7#t de
ex$erien# 14#n2 C14 s$1ne se1do + Areo$#git1l, este o tain'3
c#re i de75l1ie neles1l n14#i #n14itor o#4eni i n14#i n
#n14ite 4$rej1rri2
Taina #ce#st# # "ost c1nosc1t, "r ndoi#l, i de #dor#torii
M#rilor Eeie, din $reistorie i $6n n ti4$1rile i4edi#t
$re4ergto#re cretinis41l1i2 e 1n ni5el in"erior, desig1r, d#r tot1i
o tain'. entr1 c, ## c14 scri#4 4#i s1s, n c1lt1l M#rilor Eeie
;contr#riile; coincide#1 $e to#te $l#n1rile% 4or#l, religios, soci#l, etc2
?ecio#rele $r#ctic#1 $rostit1i# s#cr n te4$le, $entr1 $ro4o5#re#
rodniciei c64$1rilor2C1rte7#n# coincide# c1 "ecio#r# ne$ri8nit,
;s#cr1l; coincide# c1 ;$ro"#n1l;, o41l li9er coincide# c1 scl#51l
S#t1rn#liile er#1 o "or4id#9il rst1rn#re de 5#lori% Cee# ce er#
inter7is n ti4$1l #n1l1i er# ngd1it i c8i#r $ro4o5#t n ti4$1l
S#t1rn#liilor, scl#51l l1# loc1l st$6n1l1i, cinstit# 4#tro#n er# tot1n#
c1 des"r6n#t#2 Rst1rn#re# t1t1ror 5#lorilor, #4 $1te# s$1ne, "olosind
1n ter4en 4odern2 D#r "1nci# rit1#l i "1nd#4ent1l 4et#"i7ic #l
#cestei rst1rnri este li4$ede% S#t1rn#liile ;tot#li7#1; "r#g4entele
1nei societi 14#ne, ntoc4#i c14 cere4oni# #gricol c#re st l#
9#7# S#t1rn#liilor ;conto$e#; ger4enii n 4#re# 4#trice tel1ric2
!ot1l de5ene# c# l# nce$1t, a( initio# s#1, c# s #4inti4 ter4en1l
s#nsHrit, agre, in $rinci$io2 ;!ot#li7#re; re#li7#t $rin rst1rn#re#
t1t1ror 5#lorilor i coincidenti# o$$ositor142
Ace#st coinciden # contr#riilor se 5eri"ic c8i#r $e ni5el1l #4
s$1ne ;9iologic; #l c1lt1l1i M#rilor Eeie2 Cci, dei 7eiele
$46nt1l1i s1nt consider#te $ret1tindeni c# 1n i75or #l 9e#tit1dinii i
o$1lenei + c1lt1l lor c1$rinde $r#ctici s6ngero#se i rit1#le sl9#tice2
,.)
%i *%ia a&iati$+ %&t% nu#it+ Ardvi, .$%a (l,nd+ i dul$%." $ultul %i
pr%&upun% (i$iuir%a $u un &nop d% nui%l%" (i$iuir% p,n+ la &,n2%"
p%ntru pro#ovar%a '%rtilit+ii p+#,ntului
HH
1 Si a&%#%n%a ritual% $runt%
&% -nt,ln%&$ pr%tutind%ni -n !&ia i Eura&ia" totd%auna -n l%2+tur+ $u
Maril% 4%i%1 E/p%ri%na r%li2ioa&+ r%ali*at+ -n $ult%l% divinit+ilor
a2ri$ol% '+$%a &+ $oin$id+ &u'%rina trup%a&$+ $u (%atitudin%a
&piritual+1 -nto$#ai dup+ $u# puritat%a #oral+ $oin$id%a $u d%&'r,ul"
i non-valoar%a 0pro'anul< $oin$id%a $u valoar%a 0&a$rul< - tot aa
dur%r%a $oin$id%a $u (%atitudin%a1 E&t% li#p%d% $+" -n toat% a$%&t%
ritualuri i $%r%#onii" &% ur#+r%a o totali*ar% a .'or#%lor." o
$oin$id%na a $ontrariilor1
O alt+ Mar% 4%i+" al $+r%i $ult &% &+v,r%a -n Iran" &% nu#%a
An!$it-, .$%a i#a$ulat+.1 E&t% %vid%nt" dup+ tot $% ti# d%&pr%
Maril% 4%i%" $+ nu#%l% a$%&ta i &% potriv%a tot at,t d% (in% $a i
$ontrariul lui
1
K1 )!l*, populara *%i+ indian+" -n&%a#n+ .$%a (l,nd+ i
(in%voitoar%." dei i$ono2ra'ia ei este t%ri'iant+1 4%ia % plin+ d%
&,n2%" ar% un $oli%r '+$ut din $ranii o#%n%ti" o$7ii -i &unt in=%$tai"
in% -n #,n+ un potir '+$ut dintr-o e#st de o4, etc2 Eei# #ce#st# #re
cel 4#i s6ngeros $ult din Asi#A
/
+ i cel 4#i $o$1l#r n #cel#i ti4$2
@o4 4#i #5e# $rilej1l s re5eni4 #s1$r# #49i5#lenei $ultului ei2
Deoc#4d#t, s o9ser54 c ce# 4#i i4$ort#nt 7ei # Indi%i 5edice
se n14e# <diti, 4#4 # t1t1rorF c156nt1l aditi n 5edic nse#4n
;neli4it#t;, ;ine$1i7#9il;2 Acee#i idee # !ot1l1i, # M#rii Eeie n
c#ic to#te coincid i to#te se to$esc222
n 0rient, M#rile Eeie s1nt 1neori re$re7ent#te c1 1n "1s n 46n2
Ele torc "ir1l 5ieii2 A# e, 91no#r, 7ei# c1 "1s1l gsit l# !roi# i
#$#rin6nd e$ocii N/// c ,Q// n2C8r2 e 1nele 4onete greceti este
re$re7ent#t M#rc# Eei <de# S>r#=, c1 t o#t e #tri 91tel e ei %
$or149el1l, le1l, te4$l1l c1 o4$8#los i "1s1l2 #rcele #1 "c1t i ele
$#rte, odinio#r, din 2rupul #cestor 7eie2 C1 ti#pul" ns, "1nci# lor #
"ost ngrdit excl1si5 l# do4eni1l li#itat #l n#terii i destin1l1i
o#4enilor2
Ji n #ce#st "1ncie + $strto#re # .'irului 5ieii; + se g8icete
$ara$t%rul a#(ival%nt al Marilor 4%i%1 -nto$#ai dup+ $u# %l% $ondu$
rit#uril% $o&#i$% 0luna" apa" ploaia<T tot aa &t+p,n%&$ &oarta o#ului1
;irul p% $ar% -l tor$ este #ai lun2 &au #ai &$urt" dup+ voina lor1
.Voina. a$%a&ta nu ar% ni$i un $rit%riu" d% ni$i un '%l" i nu % int%2rat+
ni$i un%i l%2i1 %&tinul o#ului % tot at,t d% iraional $u# %&t% i &oarta
un%i -ntr%2i $o#unit+i u#an%" $ar% - prin voina Marii 4%i% - poat%
pi%ri d% 'oa#% 0&%$%t+< &au printr-un r+*(oi1 O p%r'%$t+ o#olo2i% -ntr%
5i## individului i viaa &p%$i%i" o#olo2i% r%ali*at+ &u( &%#nul Marii
4%i
K-
%
-
HE
Soarta o#ului % 'or#ulat+" #iti$" prin 'irul vi%ii1 O p%rioad+ #ai
lun2+ &au #ai &$urt+ d% ti#p1 E d% la &in% -n%l%& $+" -n anu#it%
/
ntoc4#i d1$ c14 Ielele s1nt n14ite, n #n14ite loc1ri, Milosti5ele2
1=
C"2 C#rte# no#str Coga, $2 N-. sR2
1OE
$ulturi" Mar%a 4%i+ a =u$at i rolul d% *%itat% a Ti#pului i
%&tinului1 Gun+oar+" -n India" ti#pul &% nu#%t% )ala, $uv,nt 'oart%
apropiat d% B,l-" nu#%l% Marii 4%i%1
S-au '+$ut $7iar apropi%ri -ntr% a$%&t% dou+ $uFint%C a&upra $+rora
nu % Ro$ul &+ &t+rui# ai$i
@
1 T%r#%nul Bala" .ti#pK -n&%a#n+ i
.n%2ru." RK-ntun%$at. .p+tat.1 Mult% &%n&uri &% pot 2+&i -n a$%&t%
$uvint%1 .Ti#pul. % Kn%2ru. p%ntru $+ % iraional" % dur" % n%i%rt+tor1
A%l $ar% tr+i%t% -n ti#p" &u( &t+p,nir%a Ti#pului" %&t% un o# &upu&
unui ir -ntr%2 d% &u'%rin%K
@
1
?% d% alt+ part%" tot dun+ $on$%pia indian+" o#%nir%a tr+i%t% d%
#ult -n B,l--Fu2a" adi$+ -n K%po$a -ntun%$at+. -n $ar% &unt po&i(il% tot
'%lul d% $on'u*ii &piritual% i d% $ri#%" %po$+ d% total+ d%$+d%r%
#%ta'i*i$+" ulti#a %tap+ a unui $i$lu $ar% &% -n$7%i%1 Si nu % d%lo$
-nt,#pl+tor $+ -n nu#%l% a$%&t%i %po$i $o&#i$% $o%/i&t+ noiunil%)
ti#p, *ntunecat i Mar%a 4%i+1
/
C"2 D2 r7>l1sHi, $ront the ;reat ;oddes to :ala <;t8e Indi#n Historic#l
]1#rtel>;, ,(*W, $2 .) sR2=
&=
Conce$i# #ce#st#, de #lt"el, st l# 9#7# ntregii g6ndirii indiene2 @e7i st1di1l
nostr1, @a conce"ione dela li(ert ' nel pensiero indiano, n ;Asi#tic#;, ,(*W,
$2*-Q+*Q-2
L1n# i 4o#rte#
L1n# este $ri41l 4ort <4#i de41lt #4eric#nist1l E2 Seler # scris%
;der Mond ist der erste Gestor9ene;=2 !rei no$i de+# r6nd1l cer1l
r46ne nt1nec#tF d#r, ## c14 l1n# ren#te n se#r# # $#tr#, tot #st"el
i 4orii 5or do96ndi o no1 4od#lit#te de existen2 Mo#rte#, ##
c14 5o4 5ede# 4#i de$#rte, n1 este o extincie, ci o 4odi"ic#re
+$ro5i7orie cel 4#i #dese# + # ni5el1l1i existenei2 Mort1l $#rtici$ l#
1n gen de ;5i#;2 I#r, d#torit "#$t1l1i c# #ce#st ;5i# n 4o#rte;
este 5#lid#t i 5#lori7#t $rin ;istori#; L1nii i + #56nd n 5edere
cores$onden# 46nt+L1n, $o$1l#ri7#t o d#t c1 desco$erire#
#gric1lt1rii + $rin #cee# # 46nt1l1i, de"1ncii trec n l1n s#1 re5in
s19 $46nt s$re # se regener# i # #si4il# "orele neces#re 1nei noi
existene2
De #cee# n14ero#se di5initi l1n#re s1nt totod#t indiene i
"1ner#re<ABiB), erse"on#, $ro9#9il Her4es etcF A2 H2 Gr#$$e,
;enese, $2 ,,.=2 De #se4ene#, n14ero#se credine indic l1n# c# #r
# 4orilor2 Uneori, dre$t1l l# odi8n post mortem in l1n este re7er5#t
cond1ctorilor $olitici s#1 religioiF #ce#st credin o 4$rtesc, de
$ild, cei din tri91l G1#>c1r1, $rec14 i $oline7ienii din !oHel#1 etc2
<E2!>lor, Primiti.e Cu1ture, II, $2 )/F A2H2Gr#$$e, $2 ,,)=2 'e #"l4
n "## 1nei conce$ii #ristocr#tice, eroice, c#re n1 #cord ne41rire#
dec6t $ri5ilegi#ilor <s15er#ni= s#1 inii#ilor <;4#gicieni;= i $e c#re o
regsi4 i n #lte cicl1ri c1lt1r#le2
Ace#st cltorie n l1n d1$ 4o#rte s+# $str#t i n c1lt1rile
e5ol1#te <Indi#, Greci#, Ir#n=, do96ndind ns o no1 5#lo#re2 L#
indieni e# este ;dr141l M#nilor; <$itr>#n#= i s1"letele se odi8nesc n
l1n n #te$t#re# 1nei renc#rnri, s$re deose9ire de c#le# so#rel1i s#1
;dr141l 7eilor; <de5#>n#= $e c#re+, 1r4e#7 inii#ii, #dic cei c#re
s1nt eli9er#i de il17iile ignor#ntei <c"2 &r8#d+3r#n>#H# U$2, @I, N,,.F
Chandogya U$, @, ,/+,F etc=2 In tr#dii# ir#ni#n, s1"letele 4orilor,
d1$ ce trece#1 $1nte# Cin5#t, se ndre$t#1 s$re stele i, d#c er#1
5irt1o#se, #j1nge#1 n l1n, #$oi n so#re, i#r cele 4#i 5irt1o#se
$tr1nde#1 $6n n garotman, l14in# in"init # l1i A81r#+M#7d
-)adistan + i-)iB%i, *-F Sest, Pahla.i-Texts, II, ).=2 Acee#i credin
s+# $str#t n gno7# 4#nic8ee#n <c"2 texte din ?2 C14ont, @e
sym(olisme Bneraire, $2 ,)(, n2*= i er# c1nosc1t n 0rient2
it#goreis41l d 1n no1 #56nt teologiei #str#le, $o$1l#ri76nd noi1ne#
de e4$ire1 1r#ni#n% n l1n se #"l#1 C64$iile Eli7ee, 1nde se
odi8ne#1 eroii i Ce7#rii <re"2 n ?2C14ont, $2 ,W-, n2-=2 ;Ins1lele
$re#"ericiilor; i ntre#g# geogr#"ie 4itic # 4orii #1 "ost $roiect#te
$e $l#n1ri celeste% l1n, so#re, c#le l#ctee2 E5ident, #5e4 de+# "#ce c1
170
"or41le i c1lte s#t1r#te de s$ec1l#ii #strono4ice i de gno7
es8#tologic2 D#r n1 este gre1 de identi"ic#t, n #se4ene# "or41le
t#rdi5e, 4oti5ele tr#diion#le% l1n# #r # 4orilor, l1n# rece$t#col
regener#tor #l s1"letelor2
S$#i1l l1n#r n1 er# dec6t o et#$ n c1rs1l 1nei #scensi1ni c#re
$res1$1ne# i #lte et#$e <so#re, c#le l#ctee, ;cerc s1$re4;=2 S1"let1l se
odi8ne# n l1n, d#r, c# " n tr#dii# U$#ni#delor, el #te$t# #colo o
no1 nc#rn#re, o nto#rcere n circ1it1l 9iocos4ic2 De #cee# l1n#
$re7ide#7 l# "or4#re# org#nis4elor, d#r i l# desco4$1nere# lorF
omnia animantium corpora et concepta procreat et generata dissol.it
l/
<?ir4ic1s M#tern1s, )e 8rrore, @I, ,,,=2 Destin1l s1 este de #
;resor9i; "or4ele si de # le recre#2 '14#i cee# ce se #"l dincolo de
l1n, ;tr#nscendeA de5enire#% supra lunam sunt aeterna omniaAAa
<Cicero, )e 7epu(lica, @I, ,), ,)=2 De #cee#, d1$ l1t#r8 =)e facie
in or(e lunae, (-N "F 1r4e7 edii# i co4ent#ri1l l1i 2 R#inge#rd,
#ris, ,(*Q, $2 -* sR2F ,-* sR2=, c#re tie c o41l este tri$#rtit, "iind
co4$1s din cor$ -soma/, din s1"let -psyche/ i din r#i1ne -noi1s/,
s1"letele dre$ilor se $1ri"ic n l1n, n ti4$ ce cor$1l este restit1it
$46nt1l1i, i#r r#i1ne#, so#rel1i2
D1#litii s1"letBr#i1ne i cores$1nde d1#lit#te# de itiner#r post-
mortem l1nBso#re, cee# ce re#4intete ntr1c6t5# tr#dii# din
U$#ni#de des$re ;dr141l s1"letelor; i ;dr141l 7eilor;2 irr>n#
este l1n#r $entr1 c ;s1"let1l; n1 # "ost l14in#t de ;r#i1ne;, #dic
o41l1i i+# r4#s nec1nosc1t re#lit#te# 4et#"i7ic 1lti4% &r#84#n2
041l c1no#te do1 4ori, scrie l1t#r8F $ri4# #re loc $e
$46nt, s19 #1s$iciile De4etrei, c6nd tr1$1l se se$#r de gr1$1l
psyche-nous i rede5ine r6n <de #cee# #tenienii n14e#1 4orii
Ade4etreioi;=F # do1# #re loc n l1n, s19 #1s$iciile ersc"onei, c6nd
psyche se det#e#7 de nous i se reso#r9e in s19st#n# l1n#r2
S1"let1l -psyche/ r46ne n l1n, $str6nd c6t5# ti4$ 5is1rile i
#4intirile 5ieii <(-- "=2 Dre$ii se ;1s1c; re$edeF s1"letele celor
#49iioi i ndrtnici, $rec14 i #le celor ndrgostii de $ro$ri1l lor
tr1$ s1nt nencet#t #tr#se s$re 46nt i resor9ire# lor $res1$1ne o
$erio#d "o#rte l1ng2 ous-ul este #tr#s i rein1t de so#re, r#i1ne#
cores$1n76nd s19st#nei #cest1i#2 roces1l n#terii se re#li7e#7 n
c8i$ in5ers <(-Q c d=F l1n# $ri4ete de l# so#re nous-u\, c#re,
ger4in6nd n e#, d n#tere 1n1i no1 s1"let -psyche/. 46nt1l o"er
cor$1l2 Se 5# re4#rc# si49olis41l "ec1ndrii l1nii de ctre so#re, n
5edere# regenerrii c1$l1l1i nous-psyche, $ri4 integr#re #
$erson#litii 14#ne2
?2 C14ont -@e sym(olisme <ineraire, $2 N// sR2= crede des$re
c1$l1l s$irit1#l psyche-nous c este de origine orient#l, res$ecti5
AO n ce $ri5ete to#te cor$1rile 5ie1ito#relor, le cree#7 $e cele conce$1te i le
distr1ge $e cele nsc1te <'ot# #$#rine ediiei ;H14#nit#s;, &1c1reti, ,((N, $2
,)/=2
1Z
De#s1$r# l1nii s1nt to#te cele 5enice2 <Ide4=2
,),
&%#iti$+" i a#int%t% $+ %vr%ii r%$unot%au un .&u'l%t v%2%tativ.
(nep$es$", $ar% T$ontinua &+ r+#,n+ p% p+#,nt un anu#it ti#p" i un
K &u'l%t &piritual. (rouati", $ar% &% &%para de trup nd#t d1$ 4o#rte2 ?2
C14ont gsete o con"ir4#re a #cestei origini exotice n teologi#
orient#l, $o$1l#ri7#t s19 I4$eri1l ro4#n, c#re de75l1ie in"l1en#
exercit#t de cele do1 $l#n1ri #t4os"erice, so#rele i l1n# co9or6nd
din E4$ire1 s$re 46nt <;0r#cole c8#ldeene;, o$2 cit2$2N0l=2 L#
#ce#st i$ote7 s+#r $1te# o9iect# c d1#lit#te# s1"letelor i d19l1l lor
destin d1$ 4o#rte se gsesc n ger4ene n cele 4#i 5ec8i tr#diii #le
elenilor2 l#ton rec1no#te i el d1#lit#te# s1"let1l1i -Phaidori/ i
se$#r#re# l1i 1lterio#r n trei Z=7epu(lica, I@, -*- e+--, cF P, .,, 9+
.,N #F Timaios, .( c+)N d=2 In cee# ce $ri5ete es8#tologi# #str#l,
trecere# s1ccesi5 # co4$lex1l1i #ni4ic de l# l1n l# so#re i .ice
.ersa n1 $o#te "i identi"ic#t n Timaios i e d#tor#t, $ro9#9il, 1nei
in"l1ene se4itice <# se 5ede# i G1> So1r>, @a demonologie de
Plutar4ue, #ris, ,(-N, $2 ,WQ=2 D#r cee# ce ne interese#7 $entr1
4o4ent este conce$i# des$re l1n c# reedin # s1"letelor 4orilor,
$e c#re o gsi4 "or41l#t iconogr#"ic n g8$tic# #siro9#9iloni#n,
"enici#n, 8itit, #n#toli#n + i c#re se tr#ns4ite #$oi 4on14entelor
"1ner#re din ntreg1l i4$eri1 ro4#n <c"2 ?2 C14ont, $2 N/* sR2=2
Si49ol1l "1ner#r #l se4il1nii este "rec5ent n ntre#g# E1ro$ <i9id, $2
N,* sR2=2 Ace#st# n1 nse4ne#7 c # "ost introd1s o d#t c1 religiile
ro4#no+orient#le l# 4od s19 i4$eri1F cci n G#li#, de $ild, <i9id,
$2 N,)=, l1n# er# 1n si49ol #1to8ton "olosit c1 41lt n#inte de
cont#ct1l c1 ro4#nii2 ;Mod#; s+# 41l14it s# re#d1c n #ct1#lit#te
conce$ii #r8#ice, "or41l6nd n ter4eni noi o tr#diie $reistoric2
M#ic# Do4n1l1i
M#ic# Do4n1l1i s+# desco$erit nt6i $ietii cretinilor rsriteni2
?#$t1l #cest# n1 e o si4$l nt64$l#re2 Aici, n rsrit1l E1ro$ei,
"e4ei# i 4#4# #1 "ost ntotde#1n# sl5ite2 A1 "ost sl5ite n1 n sens
$ro"#n, l14esc + nici n sens1l c#5#leresc #l E51l1i Medi1 ci, n #ceste
$ri rsritene, ?e4ei# i M#4# #1 "ost socotite din cele 4#i 5ec8i
ti4$1ri c# 1n 4ir#col di5in $e $46nt2 n "e4eie er#1 si49oli7#te
to#te 5irt1ile cre#to#re% l14in#, 91nt#te#, "ertilit#te#2 e #ceste $ri
rsritene s+#1 nsc1t i s+#1 rs$6ndit cele 4#i $1ternice c1lte #le
M#rii Eeie, #le Eeiei M#4e, $e c#re le+# c1nosc1t l14e# $recretin,
ndeose9i n j1r1l 4rii Egee i n ini4# Asiei Mici #1 "ost #dor#te
din ti4$1ri str5ec8i M#ri Eeie + c#re re$re7ent#1, $entr1 contiin#
i $iet#te# o#4enilor de+#t1nci, tot ce e l14inos, 91n i rodnic n
L14e2 C1lt1l M#rilor Eeie er# leg#t de c1ltele 5eget#iei +cci ce
#ltce5# si49oli7e#7 4#i "ericit "ertilit#te# dec6t rit41l #t6t de
dr#4#tic #l 4orii i n5ierii 5eget#iei:
n Rsrit exist# ##d#r, c1 41lt n#inte de cretinis4, o $iet#te
sincer i $o$1l#r "# de "e4eie i "# de 4#4F #dic "# de
$rinci$i1l rodniciei i #l 91ntii $e c#re M#4# l ntr1$#2 '1 este
deci nt64$ltor c toc4#i #ici, n Rsrit, cretint#te# se #$ro$ie
nt6i de M#ic# Do4n1l1i2 Istori# &isericii Cretine ne s$1ne c, nc
din sec2 Il+le# d2C8r2, credincioii cere#1 4#rtirilor, n r1gci1nile lor,
s inter5in $entr1 iert#re# $c#telor lor n "## 4$r#t1l1i Ceresc2
'dejde# c cine5# $o#te inter5eni $entr1 o4 n "## l1i Is1s
C8ristos # "ost ntotde#1n# 5ie n s1"let1l cretinilor2 L# nce$1t
inter5ene#1 4#rtirii2 C1r6nd, $iet#te# cretin # neles c exist
cine5# c1 41lt 4#i 4#re dec6t 4#rtirii c#re $o#te inter5eni "# de
Is1s Hristos + i #ce#st# este c8i#r M#ic# Do4n1l1i2 C1lt1l M#icii
Do4n1l1i n1 s+# nc8eg#t nc din $ri41l 5e#c, $entr1 c cretinii
tri#1 #t1nci c1 te#4# de # n1 cde# c145# n idol#trie2 Se
con5erte#1 l# cretinis4 4#sse consider#9ile de o#4eni si4$li i
$ioi, 4#i #les din regi1nile 1nde "1seser c6nd5# #dor#te M#rile Eeie2
Ase4ene# o#4eni si4$li, trind nc nconj1r#i de 1n $g6nis4
$1ternic, $1te#1 #l1nec#, "r 5oi# lor, n idol#trie2 De #cee#, s"inii
i c#$etele l14in#te #le cretintii din $ri4ele trei 5e#c1ri d1$
C8ristos #1 in1t o#rec14 n 149r $iet#te# $o$1l#r "# de M#ic#
Do4n1l1i;2 n secol1l @ d2C8r2, c6nd $g6nis41l "1sese $ret1tindeni
n"r6nt n #ce#st $#rte # l14ii, C1lt1l M#icii Do4n1l1i n1 4#i $1te#
$ricin1i ere7ii n 4#ssele si4$le i $io#se2 De #cee# sinod1l
ec14enic din E"es, in1t n -*,, 4#i #les 4$otri5# ere7iei l1i
'estorie, s"inete de"initi5 c1lt1l
173
?ecio#rei Mri#, 'scto#re de D+7e12 '1 este o#re se4ni"ic#ti5 c
toc4#i n cet#te# E"es1l1i + 1nde, c1 4ii de #ni n#inte de M6nt1itor,
"1seser cinstite i sl5ite Eeiele cele M#ri #le l14ii 4editer#neene
+toc4#i n #ce#st cet#te teologii i "ericiii rini #i &isericii Cretine
s"inesc c1lt1l M#icii Do4n1l1i : iet#te# rsrite#n "# de ?e4eie
i M#4 "1sese $#rc o $re"ig1r#re, o 4ilen#r #te$t#re # ?ecio#rei
Mri#, nscto#re# #de5r#t1l1i D+7e1
W/
2
De #c14 M#ic# Do4n1l1i i# loc1l de "r1nte n religio7it#te# i
c1lt1l $o$o#relor rsritene2 n#inte de sinod1l din E"es, ?ecio#r#
Mri# er# re"17#t iconogr#"ic c# "ecio#r #scet, #e7#t n gr1$1l
s"inilor2 D1$ sinod, e# e re$re7ent#t c# M#4 # l1i D14ne7e1,
#e7#t $e tron ceresc, c1 $r1nc1l n 9r#eF i n "## ei se $rosterne#7
cete nes"6rite de ngeri2 A# 5# r46ne de+# $1r1ri ?ecio#r# Mri# n
iconogr#"i# i $iet#te# rsrite#n% c# M#ic # Do4n1l1i, c1 $r1nc1l n
9r#e2 M#ternit#te# # "ost ntotde#1n# sl5it n Rsrit2 D#r #cest
res$ect religios "# de 4#ternit#te este #c14 tr#ns"ig1r#t i s"init n
$iet#te# "# de M#ic# Do4n1l1i2 ?ecio#r# Mri# n1 este n14#i M#ic#
s"6nt # M6nt1itor1l1i l14ii2 E# este i cel 4#i $1ternic #j1tor #l
o41l1i, #t6t $e $46nt c6t i d1$ 4o#rte2 Cci M#ic# Do4n1l1i se
ro#g necontenit $entr1 46nt1ire# ne#41l1i o4enesc, $entr1 iert#re#
$c#telor no#stre, #le t1t1ror#2
C6t de rsrite#n este; $iet#te# cretin "# de M#ic# Do4n1l1i o
do5edesc i #lte "#$te se4ni"ic#ti5e2 Ur4rii, 91no#r, c6t de lent i c1
c6te re7istene este #cce$t#t c1lt1l ?ecio#rei Mri# n 0ccident1l
c#tolic2 ?ericit1l A1g1stin, c#re $o4enete tot, n1 4enione#7
nicieri c1lt1l M#icii Do4n1l1i2 I#r #$# Gel#si1s, n -(., decl#r
#$ocri" credin# rsrite#n # ridicrii tr1$eti # M#icii Do4n1l1i n
Cer1ri2 iet#te# $o$1l#r #$1se#n $ri4ete i e#, c1 41lte 5e#c1ri
nt6r7iere, c1lt1l ?ecio#rei Mri#
W
A2 @ener#i# lit1rgic # M#icii
Do4n1l1i n 9iseric# ro4#no+c#tolic este ns c1 des56rire
de$endent de 4odel1l s1 occident#l2 oe7i# 4istic l#tin, ns, e
"o#rte "ertil2 ?ecio#r# Mri# e #dor#t n s$lendide 5ers1ri l#tineti n
c#re do4in nc, s+#r s$1ne, #ce# gra.itas # 5ec8ii Ro4e2 Misticii
ger4#ni 4edie5#li d1c i 4#i de$#rte #cest c1lt #l ?ecio#rei Mri#2
?#nt#stic# orn#4ent#re orient#l i gr#5it#te# ro4#n l#s #c14 loc1l
1n1i senti4ent#lis4 cordi#l, inti4, "#4ili#r, "# de M#ic# Do4n1l1i2
Cee# ce n $oe7i# lit1rgic 9i7#ntino+orient#l $#re extr#ordin#r i
sole4n + n $oe7i# 4isticilor ger4#ni 4edie5#li de5ine 1n senti4ent
14il, s#t1r#t de re#lit#te i con"or4 5ieii de to#te 7ilele2 Acel#i
senti4ent l 5o4 regsi n $oe7i# $o$1l#r ro46ne#sc2 In E51l
Medi1 occident#l, ns, cre#i# $ietii $o$1l#re se tr#ns"ig1re#7 $rin
nc do1 ele4ente2 Se #d#1g, 4#i nt6i, ide#l1l "r#nce7 #l Do#4nei
$re#i19ite2 Ide#l1l tr19#d1rilor i Minesingeri+lor este tr#ns"ig1r#t i
s"init $rin 4istic2 Do#4n# c#5#ler1l1i dis$#re, c1 ti4$1l, ls6nd loc
M#rii Do4nie Cereti, M#ic# Do4n1l1i2 Se #d#1g, #$oi, contri91i#
cl1grielor 4istice ger4#ne, c#re "#c nc 1n s#lt ntr1 nelegere#
,)-
4ir#col1l1i ?ecio#rei Mri#% #n14e, #ceste cl1grie + $rintre c#re
strl1cete M#tild# de M#gden91rg + n1 se rec1nosc n14#i 4irese #le
Do4n1l1i nostr1 Is1s C8ristos, ci c8i#r M#ic# Do4n1l1i2 Cee# ce
"ericit1l A1g1stin s$1ne# de C8ristos +non sol14 c8risti#ni sed
C8rist1s "#cti s141s, #dic% n1 ne+#4 "c1t n14#i cretini, ci #4
de5enit C8ristos + cl1griele ger4#ne #1 s$1s des$re ?ecio#r#
Mri#2 Adic #1 cre71t c orice s1"let cretin este o 'scto#re de D+
7e12 E51l Medi1 l#tin i c#tolic # ridic#t 1n 4#gni"ic 4on14ent
s$irit1#l c1lt1l1i ?ecio#rei Mri#F S"6nt1l ?r#ncisc i D#co$one d#
!odi #1 ex#lt#t 5#lo#re# 4istic # $ietii 4#ri#neF D#nte # c6nt#t+o n
ce# 4#i n#lt c1l4e # $oe7iei s#leF S"6nt1l !o4# din AR1ino #
j1sti"ic#t teologic 4#riologi#2 este #cest 4on14ent n1 s+#1 $1t1t
nl# dec6t 4isticele ger4#ne 4#i s1s 4enion#te2
Intorc6nd1+nc din 9og#t#, "#nt#stic#, $rodigio#s# $oe7ie lit1rgic
9i7#ntino+orient#l i din gr#5# $oe7ie l#tin 4edie5#l
+ntorc6nd1+ne $e $l#i1rile no#stre, l# co4orile "olclorice #le $o$or1l1i
ro46n, nt6lni4 ce# 4#i 5ie s1r$ri72 M#ic# Do4n1l1i s+# desco$erit
s1"let1l1i $o$1l#r ro46nesc s19 "or4# s# ce# 4#i 14#n, ce# 4#i
"#4ili#r2 Legendele ro46neti #s1$r# M#icii Do4n1l1i ntrec, n
"rge7i4e# senti4ent1l1i c#re le+# cre#t, c8i#r cele 4#i 14ile legende
4edie5#le ger4#nice2 Este o trst1r c#r#cteristic # s1"let1l1i
$o$or1l1i ro46nesc, de # se #$ro$i# de t#inele s1$r#"ireti #le
cretinis41l1i c1 14ilin, d#r i c1 o cordi#l s$ont#neit#te2 Este o
trst1r c#r#cteristic, #st#, d#r i o do5#d de tri# senti4ent1l1i
religios ro46nesc2 Cci $1tere# i #1tenticit#te# credinei se 5eri"ic
$rin "or4ele "ireti, 14ile, o4eneti, $e c#re le i# o religie2 De #cee#,
$o$or1l ro46nesc se #$ro$ie c1 "#4ili#r $iet#te "# de Do4n1l
D14ne7e1l s1, de M#ic# Do4n1l1iF cee# ce $redo4in este
4#ternit#te# dr#4#tic # ?ecio#rei Mri#2 o$or1l nostr1 c1no#te o
se#4 de legende #s1$r# M#icii Do4n1l1i + d#r #teni# s# # "ost
"er4ec#t 4#i #les de l#t1r# 14#n, 14il, # 4ir#col1l1iF $o$or1l s+#
nd1io#t 4#i #les de s1"erinele de 4#4 #le ?ecio#rei Mri#2 De
#cee#, dintr+1n 5ol14 de $este *// $#gini 4#ri n c#re $rintele
M#ri#n # c1les legende ro46neti #s1$r# M#icii Do4n1l1i + 4#i 41lt
de j14t#te e oc1$#t c1 5#ri#ntele 1n1i ti$ de 4#re circ1l#ieF #n14e,
legend# C1trii Do4n1l1i Is1s C8ristos2 ierdere# dr#4#tic #
"ecior1l1i # nd1io#t s1"let1l $o$1l#r 4#i 41lt dec6t oric#re #lt
4ir#col2 M#ic# nd1rer#t + c#re+i c#1t i i $l6nge "i1l + este
i4#gine# s#cr c#re # co$leit ntre#g# i4#gin#ie $o$1l#r2
Str5ec8e# sl#5 $entr1 "e4eie i $entr1 4#ternit#te i regsete n
M#ic# nd1rer#t din credinele $o$or1l1i ro46n ce# 4#i s19li4
ico#n2 I#t c14 i nc8i$1ie $o$or1l $e M#ic# Do4n1l1i2 Cite7 1n
"r#g4ent dintr+o 5#ri#nt c1le#s n G1r# H14or1l1i%
Colo n jos s$re rsrit
Este 1n $o4 46ndr1 n"lorit,
D#r n1+i $o4 46ndr1 n"lorit,
,)Q
C+i o s"6nt 4nstire
C1 $ereii n14#i "ire
De #1r i de #rgint
De s1s i $6n n $46nt,
C1 "ereti de #l46ie,
C1 1ile de t46ie
Ji c+1n $re# "r14os #lt#r
C1 $r#g de 4rgrit#r2
D#+n #lt#r cine se 5ede:
Cine+ntr+ns1l o#re ede:
Jede M#ic# re#c1r#t
In 8#ine #l9e 49rc#t
Ji necontenit tot c#t
Do#r #r d# de "i1l s1
Ji #l Do4n1l1i D14ne7e1,
C n14# 1n "i1 # #51t
Ji $e+#cel# ,+# $ierd1t
Ji oric6t e# ,+# ct#t
'icieri de el n+# d#t222
n #lt 5#ri#nt, din ?1nd1l Moldo5ei, M#ic# Do4n1l1i ne este
#rt#t%
!6ng1ind1+se
Ji 5icrind1+se
?# #l9 sg6riind
C1 $r g#l9en de$r6nd,
C1 oc8i negri lcr46nd,
C1 l#cri4i $6n n $46nt2
o$or1l i+o nc8i$1ie c# $e o 4ic1 jel1ind1+i "ecior1l2 Exist
c8i#r #n14ite 5#ri#nte #le Miori*ei n c#re 4#4# i c#1t cio9nel1l
1cis de to5#ri n #cel#i "el i #$ro#$e c8i#r c1 #cele#i 5or9e c1
c#re M#ic# Do4n1l1i l c#1t $e Is1s C8ristos2 D1rere# 1nei 4#4e
+$entr1 s1"let1l $o$or1l1iI + este #cee#i, "ie c e 5or9# de o 14il
r#nc, "ie c e 5or9# de 4$rte#s# L14ii, M#ic# Do4n1l1i2
Rtcire# ?ecio#rei Mri# ntr1 c1t#re# M6nt1itor1l1i, n ti4$1l
#ti4ilor, este ntr1c8i$#t n "el i "el1ri de ctre $o$or2 0 legend
s$1ne%
!oi#g n 46ini s$rijine#,
?6n#ele n5er7i#,
#srile gls1i#,
L#cri4ile+o n$di#,
Jiroi1 $e jos c c1rge#,
Mere de #1r c se "ce#T222
n #lte 5#ri#nte, l#cri4ile M#icii Do4n1l1i to$esc 41nii i
sleiesc 5ile2 ?ire# ntre#g e 7g1d1it i ntrist#t de ti4ire# ?i1l1i
l1i D+7e12
n to#te legendele, M#ic# Do4n1l1i gsete $e Is1s $e cr1ce i+L
,).
ntre#9 de ce s+# ls#t, c1 to#t $1tere# L1i, s "ie rstignit2 Is1s i
rs$1nde%
A8T + 4#ic# 4e# 41lt i19it
'1 "ii ## sc6r9itT
C e1 n1 4+#4 d#t,
'ici n1 4+#4 ls#t,
e 46n strin
Ji li49 $g6n
S 4 c8in1i#sc
Ji s 4 rstigne#sc2
'ici $entr1 4ine,
'ici $entr1 tine2
Ci c1 4+#4 d#t
Ji 4+#4 ls#t
C8in1it
Ji rstignit
entr1 to#t l14e#222
A# nelege $o$or1l + i nelege "o#rte 9ine + $ti4ire#
Do4n1l1i nostr1 Is1s C8ristos2 Ji M#ic# Do4n1l1i c1note# t#in#
#ce#st# # rstignirii2 D#r $o$or1l i nc8i$1ie $e ?ecio#r# Mri# 4#i
41lt c# o 4#4 dec6t c# 'scto#re de D+7e12 De #cee#, n liter#t1r#
$o$1l#r, M#ic# Do4n1l1i e tot #t6t de co$leit de d1rere i
nenelegto#re "# de necesit#te# Dert"ei Miel1l1i c# oric#re 4#4 de
$e $l#i1rile ro46neti2 Este cel 4#i s19li4 $rinos $e c#re l #d1ce
s1"let1l $o$or1l1i nostr1 M#icii re# C1r#te i 1r1re# ?ecio#rei
Mri#2
177
Androginie i !ot#lit#te
entr1 # ex$lic# #9sen# 8ierog#4iei n religiile #r8#ice s+#r $1te#
#5#ns# o # do1# i$ote7% ?iinele s1$re4e er#1 #ndrogine% 9r9#t i
"e4eie n #cel#i ti4$, Cer i 46nt2 Hicrog#4i# le+#r "i "ost #t1nci
inutil+ p%ntru a $r%a" -n&+i 'iina divinit+ii pri#ordial% $on&tituind o
liierog#4ic2 Ace#st i$ote7 n1 c de res$ins a priori. Se tie, ntr+
#de5r, c 1n #n14it n14r de ?iine s1$re4e #le $o$1l#iilor ar7ai$%
%rau andro2in%
1
K1 ar '%no#%nul andro2ini%i divin% % 'oart% co4$lexF el
se4ni"ic 4#i #ult dec6t coexisten# + s#1, #ai d%2ra(+" co#lcscen#
sexelor n "iin# di5in2 Androgini# este o "or41l #r8#ic i 1ni5ers#l
$entr1 # ex$ri4# totalitatea, coinciden# contr#riilor, coincidentia
oppositorum. M#i 41lt dec6t o st#re de $lenit1dine i de #1t#r8ie
sex1#l, #ndrogini# si49oli7e#7 $er"eci# strii $ri4ordi#le
necondiion#te2 Din #cest 4oti5, #ndrogini# n1 este li4it#t l# ?iinele
s1$re4e2 Uri#ii cos4ici s#1 Str4oii 4itici #i 14#nitii s1nt i ei
#ndrogini2 Ad#4 er# consider#t, de exe4$l1, 1n #ndrogin2 n 5ercshit
rfi((a <I, -, "ol2 ., col2 N= se #"ir4 c el Aer# 9r9#t $e $#rte# dre#$t
i "e4eie $e $#rte# st6ng, d#r D14ne7e1 ,+# des$ic#t n do1
n=
2 Un
Str4o 4itic si49oli7e#7 +nceputul 1n1i no1 4od de existen, i
orice nce$1t se $rod1ce ntr+o st#re de $lenit1dine # "iinei2
M#rile di5initi #le 5eget#iei i, n gener#l, #le "ertilitii s1nt
#ndrogine2 Ur4e #le #ndroginiei se gsesc #t6t l# 7ei c# Attis, Adonis,
Dion>sos + c6t i l# 7eie c# C>9el#
,
;A2 ?eno4en1l e 1or de neles%
5i## 6nete dintr+1n $re# $lin, dintr+o tot#lit#te2 Ji tre91ie s
#d1g4 i4edi#t% $entr1 o#4enii de c1lt1r tr#diion#l, 5i## er# o
8icro"#nic, o 4#ni"est#re # s#cr#litii2 Cre#i# + l# to#te ni5el1rile
cos4ice + $res1$1ne# inter5eni# 1nei $1teri s#cre2 n consecin,
di5initile 5ieii i #le "ertilitii re$re7ent#1 s1rse de s#cr#lit#tc i de
$1tereF #ndrogini# lor le con"ir4# c# #t#re2 D#r s1nt #ndrogine $6n i
di.init'*ile masculine i feminine prin excelen*'. Se nelege c
#ndrogini# de5ine o "or41l gener#l $entr1 # ex$ri4# autonomia,
for*a, totalitatea%, # s$1ne des$re o di5init#te c este #ndrogin,
nse#4n # 7ice c e# este "iin #9sol1t, re#lit#te# 1lti42 nelege4
#t1nci de ce #ndrogini# 1nei ?iine s1$re4e n1 4#i $o#te "i
consider#t c# o not s$eci"ic% deo#rece, $e de o $#rte, este 5or9# de
/
Ct;2 A2 &ert8olet, )as ;cschlecht der ;ottheit <!19ingen, ,(*-=F l1cr#re# no#str
Tr'ite d%llistoire des 7eligions, $$2 *Q( sR2 A se 5ede# #c14 Her4#nn &#141nn,
)us doppc&te ;eschlecht <&erlin, ,(QQ=2
;A A2H2 Gr#$$c, The 5utii ol% 8.e <G#ster Anni5ers#r> @ol14e, l2ondon ,(*.,
$$2*,N+*NN=2
O;A CtA2 Tiuite d%Pistoire des 7eligions, $$2 *Q( sR2, N*N sR2
1HE
un ar7%tip univ%r&al r+&p,ndit iar" p% d% alt+ part%" andro2inia d%vin%"
-n $%l% din ur#+" un atri(ut al divinit+ii i nu &% poat% &pun% ni4ic
des$re &tru$tura inti#+ # #cestei divinit+i1 Un 7e1, (+r(at $rin
excelen, $o#te "i #ndrogin l# "el de 9ine c# i Eei#+M#42 n
consecin, d#c se &pun% c ;iin%l% &upr%#% #le pri#itivilor &unt
+s#1 #1 "ost #ndrogine, #ce#st# n1 I excl1de n nici 1n "el
;4#sc1linit#te#; s#1 A"e4init#te#; lor2 n de"initi5, #ce#st # do1#
i$ote7 n1 #d1ce nici e# o sol1ie $ro9le4ei no#stre2
1H9
*2 EEI!3CI MIS!ERICE
Isis i 0siris
C1 to#te c c1lt1l lor se s56re# n 4it1l l1i Isis i 0siris, el er#
cel 4#i 4istic, #legori# t#inic, c#re #co$er 4istere nec1nosc1te
dec6t $reoilor, Isis i 0siris er#1 socotii $rintre 7eii cei 4#i $o$1l#ri
#i Egi$t1l1i2 Ace#st# $entr1 c 41li4e# sr#c c1 d181l n1 1it#
niciod#t c ci #1 rs$6ndit 9ine"#cerile ci5ili7#iei $e $46nt2
Mit1l #cest# l 5o4 $o5esti i noi #c14, "olosind1+ne, $e l6ng
l1crrile egi$tologilor 4oderni, i de o$1sc1l1l l1i l1t#rc, )e Isidc ct
6siride.
;a(ii - 46nt1l + i u1t - Cer1l + #1 nsc1t cei $#tr1 7ei #
cror #cti5it#te, $rsind Cos4os1l, se 5# #4estec# n rost1rile
$46nteti% 6siri%s i 9et-T1phon, Isis i ephtisL
>
. D1$ l1t#rc,
0siris, ndrgostit de sor# s# Isis, s+#r "i 1nit c1 c# c8i#r n#inte de #
5ede# l14in# 7ilei, d6nd n#tere l1i Parocris, s#1 Hor1s+cel+&tr6n2
@ersi1ne# #ce#st# n1 este ns nte4ei#t $e textele egi$tene, ci c
#lct1it de er1diii greci din e$oc# #lex#ndrin2
D#r, c14 Isis re1ete s c#$ete +$rin 5icle1g +$1teri di5ine de l#
R, rintele 7eilor, nce$e, 4$re1n c1 "r#tele i so1l s1 0siris,
tr1dnic# o$er# de ci5ili7#re # Egi$t1l1i +#$oi # ntreg1l1i $46nt2
0#4enii tri#1 $6n #t1nci c# do9ito#cele, 46nc6nd1+se 1nii $e #lii
i neres$ect6nd $e 7ei2 '1 ti#1 s se "olose#sc de ro#dele #rinilor,
nici n1 c1note#1 "r1ctele2 0siris i n5 #gric1lt1r#, silind1+i #st"el
s $rse#sc #ntro$o"#gi# i, n #cel#i ti4$, i iniic n c1lt1r# 5iei i
# or71l1iO
,
2
;M#i t6r7i1, s$1ne l1t#rc, el cltori $este tot $46nt1l $entr1
#+, ci5ili7#2 De "o#rte r#re ori "1 ne5oit s ntre91ine7e "or# #r4elor,
cci, de cele 4#i 41lte ori, #tr#se l# el 41li4e# o#4enilor $rin
con5ingere, $rin r#i1ne i c8i#r $rin "#r4ec1l c6ntecelor i t1t1ror
4ijlo#celor 417ic#le;2
D#r, n ti4$ ce 0siris cltore# ntr1 rs$6ndire# l14inii $e
$46nt, "r#tele s1 !i$8on;
-
+ cstorit c1 'e$8tis + $rinse $ic $e el
i 8otr s+, 1cid2 Ace#st# $entr1 c 0siris er# #c14 st$6n1l #9sol1t
#l $46nt1l1i, 1r46nd l# do4nie l1i G#91, 7e1l $46nt1l1i, J1,
A4or# i R, so#rele di5in2 !i$8on, c#re nce$1se s se identi"ice c1
,W/
7e1l r61l1i, c1t# deci s dr64e o$er# $o7iti5, cre#to#re # "r#tel1i
s1 + o4or6nd1+l i l16nd1+i $1tere#2 De #cee# $1se s i se "#c 1n
c1"r sc14$ 4$odo9it ce se $otri5e# ntoc4#i tr1$1l1i l1i 0siris, i#r
c6nd #cest# se nto#rse din cltorie l $o"ti l# 1n os$2 Se 4#i #"l#1
#colo tic #$te7eci i doi de to5#ri #i 4ielnic1l1i !i$8on2 Geni1l
r1l1i r1g $e toi 4esenii s ncerce d#c li se $otri5ete c145#
c1"r1l, $entr1 #+l c$t# n d#rF ns c14 #cest# er# croit, $e 4s1r#
l1i 0siris n1 i se $otri5i ni4n1i#2 At1nci l nce#rc i 0siris d#r,
nd#t ce se #e7 n1ntr1, cei )N de to5#ri #i l1i !i$8on srir
#s1$r#+i, nc8iser c1"r1l, ne$enir 9ine c#$#cele i l #r1nc#r n
'il2 C1"r1l $l1ti $e "l15i1 $6n n 4#re i de #colo "1 d1s de 5#l1ri
$6n l# cet#te# siri#n &i9los, 1nde se ne$eni ntr+1n t#4#rin2 C6nd
#"l Isis, i tie $e loc o 15i din $r i se n5est46nt# n doli12
A$oi $orni s+l c#1te i, c1 #j1tor1l ndr14rilor d#te de c6i5# co$ii
c#re 7riser c1"r1l, e# l gsete i c1 tr1d l #d1ce n Egi$t2 Din
$ricin# #ce#st# er#1 socotii co$iii c# nite or#cole ce tr#ns4ite#1
ex#ct g6nd1rile 7eilor2
C1 to#te c Isis se ngriji s #sc1nd $reios1l c1"r, !i$8on,
56n6nd ntr+o no#$te c1 l1n, l 7rete, se ns$i46nt i #t1nci,
desco$erind tr1$1l 4ort1l1i, l cio$6rete n $#tr1s$re7ece 91ci i+,
#756rle $e #$ele 'il1l1i2 De7#4git, ns "r s+i $i#rd c1r#j1l,
Isis se 1rc ntr+o 9#rc de $#$ir1s i nce$e s c1le#g r4iele
i19it1l1i ci 0siris2 Unde gse# c6te o 91c#t ridic# 1n te4$l1 i ## se
ex$lic c14 $#tr1s$re7ece or#e egi$tene se cert#1 ntre ele, "iec#re
$retin76nd c e $osesor1l tr1$1l1i osiri#n2 n re#lit#te, Isis n1 gsise
dec6t treis$re7ece, 1lti4# 91c#t + i toc4#i $#rte# c#re #lct1i#
5irilit#te# + "iind ng8iit de 1n oxirinch. '1 4#i e ne5oie s #d#1g c
#ni4#l1l #cest# # "ost de #t1nci 9leste4#t2
Ad1n6nd l# 1n loc to#te 91cile, Isis, c#re er# 4eter n t#inele
5rjitoriei, nce$1 c1 sor# s# 'e$8tis o$er#ii 4#gice $entr1 n5iere#
l1i 0siris i i791ti s+i de# 5i#2 !re91ie s se tie c 0siris # "ost cel
dint6i 7e1 c#re # c1nosc1t 4o#rte# i e5eni4ent1l #cest# # "ost de o
4#rc nse4nt#te $entr1 rest1l 7eilor2 El le do5ede# c oricine dintre
d6nii i n orice cli$ $1te# nd1r# #cee#i so#rt2 De #cee# s+#1
91c1r#t c6nd Isis re1i s+l #d1c l# 5i#2 0siris, ns, n1 se 4#i
ridic de $e $46nt, ci r4#se $entr1 totde#1n# St$6n1l In"ern1l1i2
M#i t6r7i1, "i1l s1 Porus <#j1t#t de 7eii Thot i <nu(1s/ 1r4rete i
$rsete $e Set+!i$8on, "r s+l 1cid ns, deo#rece Geni1l r1l1i
er# i el tre91incios n Ar4oni# Uni5ers#l2
C#4 #cest# e 4it1l osiri#n2 El # d#t n#tere 1n1i c1lt #i cr1i
$reoi 4i4#1, l# #n14ite sr9tori, 4o#rte# i n5iere# l1i 0siris2 Se
#d1ce# 1n coci1g i, $rin gest1ri, se #rt#1 1cidere# i 491ctire#
7e1l1i, #$oi 1r4#1 $l6ngerile l1i Isis i 'e$8tis i $#sele 4#gnetice
s56rite de cele do1 s1rori n#inte de n5iere2 D#r 0siris n1 ren#te
nc% s1"let1l l1i er# n l1n 1nde Set, s19 "or4# 1n1i 4istre, l 5#
ng8ii i de 1nde 5# "i eli9er#t de Hor1s+r791ntor1l2
,W,
0 d#t c1 s56rire# #cest1i c1lt + n #le cr1i 4istere s#5#nii
orient#liti n1 #1 $1t1t nc $tr1nde + se s#cri"ic#1 #ni4#le i4$1re,
#dic $rietene l1i Set% $orc1l, t#1r1l, 4g#r1l, c#re, $rin #ce#st
o$er#ie, se $1ri"ic#12 Ace#st# $entr1 c# 5i## jert"elor s nlesne#sc
n5iere# l1i 0siris2 M#i n#inte, $entr1 # se si49oli7# #ct1l #cest#
di5in, se se4n#1 l6ng coci1g 9o#9e de gr61 c#re, $rin ncolire#
lor, do5ede#1 ntregii l14i c 0siris s+# i795it din 4ori2
Mit1l #cest# egi$te#n, c#re ntr1$e#7 l1$t# dintre &ine i R1 e,
n #cel#i ti4$, i 1n si49ol c1 neles #d6nc2 C1 to#te c n1 $1te4
intr# #ici n #4n1nte <5e7i $entr1 #ce#st# 4in1n#t# c#rte # l1i
A2Moret, 7ois et dieux &%8gypte/, tre91ie s s$1ne4 c 41li
scriitori, $rintre c#re i l1t#rc, #1 socotit c Isis si49oli7e#7
46nt1l, 0siris, 'il1l i !i$8on, M#re#2 I$ote7# #ce#st# $#re
5erosi4il $entr1 c se gsesc "#$te c#re o con"ir4% ##, egi$tenii se
nc8in#1 'il1l1i c# 1n1i 7e1 i socote#1 M#re# + i n gener#l orice
l1cr1 sr#t + c# o $ri4ejdie2
D#r 4it1l osiri#n 4#i #re i o #lt ex$lic#ie% #strono4ic2 0siris
#r si49oli7# l1n# + $rinci$i1l 14iditii + i#r Jet+!i$8on, So#rele,
1scci1ne# de c#re se te4e#1 #t6t# egi$tenii2 0siris # trit + s#1, d1$
1nii, # do4nit + NW de #niF l1n# i des56rete n tot #t6te# 7ile
e5ol1i#2 Dintre #ceste NW de 7ile, n cele ,- din 1r4, l1n# dis$#re%
n14r1l #cest# e identic c1 cel #l 91cilor n c#re # "ost cio$6rit
tr1$1l l1i 0siris2
Ji #ce#st i$ote7 e inco4$let, $entr1 c e# n1 ex$lic de ce,
$rin 4o#rte# s#, 0siris i+# iert#t 1cig#ii <#ni4#lele i4$1re c#re se
$1ri"ic#1 $rin s#cri"ici1l lor, o d#t c1 4o#rte# l1i 0siris, 4i4#t de
$reoi=2 Ace#st# # ndrit1it $e 1nii egi$tologi 4oderni, dintre c#re i
Moret, s cre#d c 4it1l osiri#n si49oli7e#7 se4n#t1l i rsrit1l
gr6nelor2 C6nd 9o#9ele s1nt ngro$#te n #rini, ele i $ierd 5i## din
$ricin# $46nt1l1i c#re le n91, ns $este $1in ren#sc l# o no1
5i#2 Ace#st 4o#rte c#re #d1ce 5i##, #cest r1 neces#r + $46nt1l+#r
ex$lic# d1$ 1nii egi$tologi de ce i i#rt 0siris 1cig#ii2 ntr1
st#tornicire# #cestei i$ote7e 5ine i "#$t1l c# egi$tenii, c6nd #r#1 i
se4n#1 #rinile, s$1ne#1 c ngro#$ $e 0siris2
Ade5r1l e ns c 4it1l osiri#n + c#re se 4#i gsete s19 #lt
"or4 l# c8#ldeeni, l# "enicieni i l# greci + tre91ie inter$ret#t $rin
to#te #ceste trei i$ote7e, $o#te c8i#r i $rin 4#i 41lte $entr1 c el
co$rinde o lege 1ni5ers#l c#re se #$lic c1 #cee#i ex#ctit#te
Cos4os1l1i, c# i 46nt1l1i2
'1 r46ne ndoi#l c $reoii egi$teni, inii#i n s#nct1#rii,
c1note#1 i #lte #legorii osiriene i c $1te#1 deose9i #de5r#t1l
neles #l 4it1l1i2 'o1 ns n1 ne+# r4#s ni4ic des$re #ce#st#2
De #cee# tre91ie s ne 41l14i4 c1 inter$retrile scriitorilor
greci i #le orient#litilor 4oderni2
,WN
Misterele i iniiere# orient#l
!#in#
?% $oa&t%l% M$dit%ran%i" -n E2ipt" ;%ni$ia i Siria" -n int%riorul
!&i%i Mi$i" -n ar7ip%la2ul %2%%an" -n Lr%$ia - &% &+v,r%au a$u# #ai
41lte 4ii de #ni o serie de rit1ri c1 tot1l deose9ite de rit1rile religiilor
o"ici#le i $e c#re scriitorii #ntici le n14e#1 mistere. Mistere, $entr1
c co$rinde#1 cere4onii esoterice, nde$linite n t#in, ntr+1n cerc
restr6ns de inii#iF $entr1 c n1 $1te#1 "i c1nosc1te dec6t $rin
n"$t1ire# 1nor o$er#i1ni "erite c1 l1#re #4inte de $ri5irile 41li4ii2
Ji c de 4ir#re grij# c1 c#re # "ost res$ect#t t#in#2 Dintre #t6i#
scriitori #ntici, + de l# Herodot i $6n l# cei din 1r4 neo$l#tonici
+nici 1n1l n1 i+# ngd1it o re5el#ie co4$let2 Se 41l14esc, n cel
4#i 91n c#7, s indice $e ici $e colo #n14e trst1ri c#r#cteristice
cere4oniilor secrete i s s1gere7e co4$#r#ii c1 religi# gre#c2
'14#i scriitorii cretini, n l1$t# d1s 4$otri5# $g6nis41l1i i #
ere7iilor, de75l1ie #s$ecte din 4isterele orient#le s#1 elcnice, $entr1
# Ic 5di $rile ne5oi#e, ridic1le, indecente, + i # le s$1l9er#2 D#r
#ceti scriitori cretini n+#1 $1t1t c1no#te #de5r#t# esen # religiilor
4istenec2
n $ri4ele 5e#c1ri d1$ C8rist, ele i $ierd1ser $1rit#te# lor
origin#rF $ri4iser in"l1ene streine, degener#ser n rit1ri de o
o9scenit#te contient i 5oitF se $regte#1 s+i $i#rd s$eci"ic1l n
i4ens# 4#ree # sincretis41l1i religios conte4$or#n, din c#re #5e# s
se ridice + origin#l i org#ni7#t + Cretinis41l2 Din #ce#st $ricin,
re5el#iile #$ologeilor cretini + dei $reio#se + n1 $ot l41ri n tot1l
4isterele2 nelege4 4istere esoterice, rit1rile ce tre91i#1 "i s56rite
indi.idual de neo"it, $entr1 # $1te# c$t# co4$let# iniiere2 entr1 c
#cele#i 4istere co$rinde#1 sr9torile $19lice, + c8i#r o"ici#le + c1in
er# l# Ele1sis + sr9tori l# c#re l1# $#rte o 41li4e i4ens i c#re se
nde$line#1 #n1#l, de+# l1ng1l 1nei serii l1ngi de 7ile2
@l1l $e c#re #ntic8it#te# l ntinsese de#s1$r# religiilor s#le cele
4#i inti4e # "ost c1 $rice$ere ridic#t de er1diii cercettori
conti4$or#ni #i istoriei religiilor2 S#1, cel $1in, #ceti cercettori
$retind # "i l41rit #sc1n7i1rile t1t1ror religiilor 4isterice, c1
#j1tor1l 1nei 9inec156nt#te 4etode de in5estig#ie% ce# # compara*iei.
C6nd istori# religiilor s+# constit1it c# o tiin de sine sttto#re, c6nd
"#$tele #d1n#te #j1nseser dest1l de n14ero#se $entr1 # se i4$1ne o
,W*
cl#si"ic#re i o ex$lic#ie corect, s+# o9ser5#t c 4isterele #ntice n1
n14#i c se #se#4n ntre ele, d#r $ot "i #lt1r#te i c1 o s14 de
cere4onii s56rite n 7ilele no#stre de ctre "el1rite tri91ri i noro#de
$ri4iti5e2 Co4$#r#i# ntre rit1rile #ntice i cele 4oderne # "ost
"ec1nd n re71lt#te2 S+#1 #$rins cele dint6i l14ini n 8#os1l de
o9icei1ri, tr#diii, rit1ri i legende r4#se de $e 1r4# 4ent#litilor
$ri4iti5e2 S+#1 gsit c#17ele 41ltor conce$ii religio#se i s+#1
ex$lic#t 41lte contr#dicii2
nte4ei#i $e c6te5# din concl17iile tiinei 4oderne, 5o4 ncerc#
o l41rire # 4isterelor i 5o4 1r4ri o $#rte din e5ol1i# lor
s$irit1#l, de l# origini i $6n n 7orii Cretinis41l1i2 ncerc#re#
#ce#st#, "r ndoi#l, de$#rte de # "i co4$let, n1 5# c1$rinde dec6t
trst1rile cele 4#i de se#42 Ex$lic#iile n1 se 5or 91c1r# totde#1n#
de $reci7i# c1 c#re ne+#1 o9icin1it celel#lte tiine2 M1lte din ele s1nt
nc nesig1re, ins1"icient doc14ent#te, $ro5i7orii2 D#c $1te4 #"ir4#
c c1no#te4 origine# 4isterelor i de75olt#re# lor si4etric, #5e4
noi1ni neco4$lete n cee# ce $ri5ete res"r6ngere# lor #s1$r#
s1"let1l1i inii#ilor i n1 ti4 ni4ic din dog4ele lor #sc1nse2
Rit1l 4#gic i 4it1l
C1no#tere# 4itologiilor orient#le, 4#i 41lt c# # oricrei #lte
4itologii, n1 e lesnicio#s2 nelege4 c1no#tere# tiini"ic, c#17#l,
ex$lic#ti5, i#r n1 "r1n7rire# legendelor $o5estite liter#r i si4$li"ic#t
n 4#n1#lele did#ctice2 C# s ex$lic4 miturile, tre91ie s c1no#te4
riturile ce se s56re#1 n legt1r c1 ele2 Cei 5ec8i #"ir4#1 c #ceste#
din 1r4 #1 "ost produse de "el1ritele 4it1ri i legende, c 1n rit se
s56re# n amintirea 1n1i 4it, c i er# deci posterior. De "#$t, ns,
l1cr1rile s+#1 $etrec1t toc4#i di4$otri52 n 7orii ci5ili7#iei, o#4enii
s+#1 571t nconj1r#i de o s14edenie de cere4onii i o$er#ii 4#gice,
de rit1ri ci1d#te, # cror r#i1ne n1 o 4#i $rice$e#12 Er#1 r4iele
4ent#litilor $ri4iti5e, #9s1rde i contr#dictoriiF er#1 ns #t6t de
indisol19il leg#te de 5i## tri91l1i s#1 # n#i1nii, nc6t n1 $1te#1 "i
$rsite2 Ji #t1nci s+#1 c1t#t cau"e c#re s n1 contr#7ic re71lt#tele
o9in1te de e5ol1i# s$irit1#l2 S+#1 cre#t miturile.
0 $ild, #le#s l# nt64$l#re, 5# #j1t# $rice$ere# #cest1i #ct2 n
"#7# animist', c6nd se socote#1, #dic, to#te l1cr1rile ns1"leite i
st$6nite de 1n d18 + se #dor#1, $rintre #ltele 41lte, i75o#rele,
$d1rile i loc1rile n#lte2 Ment#lit#te# o4ene#sc e5ol16nd, s+#1
$rsit $e nesi4ite #ceste conce$ii, s+#1 1it#t2 'oile gener#ii #dor#1
i75o#rele i loc1rile 2n#lte $entr1 c ## #$1c#ser de l# $rini2
'e5oi#, tot 4#i t1l91rto#re, de c#17#lit#te i+# silit #t1nci s#
in5ente7e2 Ji #st"el s+#1 cre#t legende c#re $o5este#1 c14 i+# gsit
4o#rte# 1n #n14it ero1, str91n #l tri91l1i, l6ng 1n i75or s#1 c14
7e1l # $or1ncit $reoilor c# s#cri"iciile s se s56re#sc n14#i $e
nli4i, i#r te4$lele s n1 se ridice dec6t n 5ecint#te# #r9orilor2
Rit1rile nde$linite n j1r1l i75o#relor, #r9orilor, loc1rilor n#lte i
#5e#1 #c14 ex$lic#i#2
Mit1rile #ceste#, c#re l1#1 n#tere din rit1ri, er#1 #$oi 4odi"ic#te
de #lte gener#ii, #do$t#te $rogr#41l1i intelect1#l, co4$lic#te,
#si4il#te c1 #lte 4it1ri de origine 4#i recent2 Ast"el, n ti4$1rile
istorice, er# $este $1tin s se desco$ere 5ec8e# lor origine, 4#i #les
c nsei rit1rile nce$e#1 # "i tr#ns"or4#te $entr1 # cores$1nde noilor
"or4e l1#te de 4it1ri2222
ntrer1$e4 #ici consider#iile gener#le, c# s $o5esti4 legend#
celor trei 7ei orient#li, n j1r1l cror# s+#1 #lct1it cele 4#i 5ec8i
4istere2
,W-
,WQ
Ta##u*-O&iri &-!ttF&
Tr%i *%i tin%ri" din tr%i +ri ori%ntal%1 3a##u0, d% ori2in+
(a(ilonian+ 0nu#%l% (a(ilonian" Du#v0i" %ra adorat -n Siria i
;%ni$ia1 Aor+(i%rii '%ni$i%ni l-au adu& apoi -n Aipru" iar Lr%$ii l-au
nu#it !doni& i l-au a&i#ilat unui *%u d%-al lor" indi2%n" $u c#re #5e#
tr+&+turi $o#un%1
2siris, al $+rui nu#% % $uno&$ut tuturor" avu $%i #ai #uli i
7ot+r,i $r%din$ioi dintr% toi *%ii d% p% Val%a Nilului1 -n $%%a $%
priv%t% $ultul lui Atts, %l &% &+v,r%a -n p+ril% !natoli%i i ;ri2i%i"
p% l,n2+ ?ontul Eu/in1 ;ri2i%nii" d% n%a# tra$i$" n+v+lind p% Ia 1@@@
-n1 A7r1 -n !&ia Mi$+" 2+&ir+ a$i $ultul lui !ttF&" $e $ar% i+, #si4il#r,
d#torit a&%#+n+rilor $u *%ul lor naional" ionF&o&1
Mituril% $r%at% -n =urul a$%&tor tr%i *%i au #ult% tr+&+turi $o#un%"
dup+ $u# au i $u #itul *%ului tra$i$" ionF&o&-4a2r%u& - a&upra
$+ruia n% vo# opri -n arti$olul viitor1 Toi tr%i &unt tin%ri" 'ru#oi"
(in%'+$+tori ai o#%nirii i-i p%tr%$ viaa -n tov+r+ia un%i *%i% $%
&i#(oli*%a*+ '%$unditat%a Ta##u*-!doni& % iu(itul *%i%i Itar &au
!&tart%%a" nu#%l% (a(ilonian i '%ni$ian al A5roditei. O&iri& % 'rat%l%
i &oul *%i%i U&U&" iar !ttF&" iu(itul BF(%l%i" $ar%" $,t%odat+" $ privit+
dr%pt #a#+1
Si toi &unt r+pui d% o #oart% $runt+" &unt pl,ni d% *%i% i apoi
-nvia*,111 L%2%nd%l% #orii au pr%a #ult% variant% $a &+ l% put%#
pov%&ti -n -ntr%2i#%1 N% vo# #ulu#i &+ l% r%*u#+# nu#ai"
oprindu-n% #ai #ult a&upra lui O&iri&" $ar% av%a un #it #ult #ai (in%
'i/at1
Ta##u*" dup+ l%2%nda (a(ilonian+" %ra a#antul *%i%i Itar" *%ia
'%$undit+ii1 ?li$ti&it+ d% dra2o&t%a 'ru#o&ului adol%&$%nt" Itar -l
pr%'a$% -ntr-un #i&tr% i" &u( a$%a&t+ 'or#+" Ta##u* -i 2+&%t%
#oart%a1 L%2%nda '%ni$ian+ i 2r%a$+ pov%&t%au" di#potriv+" $+
Ta##u*-!doni& 'u&%&% u$i& d% un #i&tr%" p% $,nd &% a'la la
v,n+toar%1 Toat% v%r&iunil% a'ir#+ -n&+ $+" nu#aid%$,t dup+ #oart%a
*%ului" dra2o&t%a -n$%t+ d% a &% #ai &+v,ri printr% oa#%ni i ani#al%"
iar v%2%taia pi%ri $u totul1 Itar &% $o(or- atun$i -n Ara6u, in'%rnul
(a(ilonian i" $u int%rv%nia #arilor *%i" r+pi lui Ereki(al, St+p,na
Tartarului" p% 'ru#o&ul adol%&$%ntP
:
1
O dat+ $u r%v%nir%a lui Ta##u* la lu#ina *il%i" r%ap+ru i
v%2%taia" iar ani#al%l% i oa#%nii $uno&$ur+ din nou rodni$ia1
V%r&iun%a (a(ilonian+ &u'%r+ d% nu#%roa&% la$un%" -n&+ $o#parar%a %i
c1 ce# '%ni$ian+ i 2r%a$+ n% -ndr%pt+%t% &+ $r%d%# $+ &'atul *%ilor
&',ri prin a 7ot+r- $a Ta##u* &+ r+#,n+ o part% din an p% p+#,nt $u
Itar" iar $%alalt+ part% -n Tartar" l,n2+ Er%6i2al1 Iar atun$i $,nd
1EO
Ta##u* p+r+&%a lu#ina" v%2%taia di&p+r%a -#pr%un+ $u %l1
up+ o l%2%nd+ raportat+ d% 2%o2ra'ul 2r%$ ?au&ania&" !ttF& 'u
u$i&" d% a&%#%n%a" d% un #i&tr%1 L%2%nda a$%a&ta -l l%a2+ d% ce# al
lui !doni&-Ta##u*1 Lu$ian i !rno(iu& pov%&t%&$" ns, c Att>s
#uri s19 1n $in $entr1 c, c1$rins de ex#lt#re religio#s, se
%#a&$ula&%1 Mitul cores$1nde 1n1i s6ngeros rit, #s1$r# cr1i# 5o4
re5eni 4#i jos2
Legend# ce# 4#i 1nit#r, #4 4#i s$1s+o, e ce# # l1i 0siris i #
soiei s#le, Isis2 0siris +"i1l cer1l1i, '1it i #l 46nt1l1i, G#91, + #
"ost #cel# c#re # ci5ili7#t Egi$t1l, n56nd $e o#4eni s se4ene i s
str6ng recolt#, s c1lti5e 5i# de 5ie i s "#c 9ere#2 D1$ ce se
nto#rse dintr+o l1ng cltorie de ci5ili7#re n j1r1l $46nt1l1i, G#91
"1 #tr#s n c1rs de "r#tele s1, 5icle#n1l 9et-Tiphon i nc8is ntr+o
l#d2 Isis, #"l6nd c l#d# c1 tr1$1l so1l1i $l1tete $e 'il, i tie o
15i din $r n se4n de doli1 i $orni s+o c#1te2 0 gsi toc4#i n
or#1l "enici#n &>9los i o #d1se, de+# l1ng1l r41l1i, n Egi$t2 Set+
!i$8on, 56n6nd ntr+o no#$te c1 l1n, desco$eri l#d# i, d1$ ce tie
tr1$1l "r#tel1i s1 n $#tr1s$re7ece 91ci, le 756rli n 'il2
'e"ericit# Isis se 1rc ntr+o l1ntre de $#$ir1s i i791ti s #d1ne
treis$re7ece din di5inele 91ci, $e c#re le ngro$# n treis$re7ece
loc1ri, ridic6nd tot1i $#is$re7ece s#nct1#rii n cinste# l1i 0siris2
Set+!>$8on i gsi $ede#$s#, "iind 1cis de Hor1s, co$il1l nsc1t
de Isis d1$ ce # 791r#t s19 "or4# 1n1i 51lt1r de#s1$r# tr1$1l1i
nens1"leit #l l1i 0siris2 D1$ o #lt legend, Isis #d1n 91cile
so1l1i i, c1 #j1tor1l s1rorii ephtys i #l "r#tel1i s1 <nu(is, 7e1l c1
c8i$ de #c#l, i791ti $rin $r#ctici 4#gice s n5ie $e 0siris, c#re
r4#se de #t1nci 7e1l In"ern1l1i2
1EH
C#r#cter1l #gr#ri#n #l di5initilor 4isterice
Legendele #ceste# s1nt recente2 D1$ c14 #4 scris i 4#i s1s, ele
n1 s1nt dec6t ex$lic#i# t#rdi5 i 41lt e5ol1#t # 1nor str5ec8i
rit1ri2 I#r rit1rile $e c#re nce#rc # le ex$lic# 4it1rile celor trei 7ei
s1nt rit1ri 4#gice $entr1 rento#rcere# 5eget#iei2 !#4417, 0siris,
Adonis, Att>s #1 "ost, l# origine, 7ei #i 5eget#iei2 '14#i ## se
ex$lic 4o#rte#, ngro$#re# i n5iere# lor #n1#l2 E 5eget#i# c#re
4o#re i n5i#72 A# se ex$lic de ce, #t1nci c6nd !#4417 se
co9o#r n In"ern, 5eget#i# dis$#re2 !#4417 n1 # "ost #ltce5# dec6t
gr61l #sc1ns n $46nt o $#rte din #n i c#re rs#re n $ri45#r2
Rit1rile ce #1 cre#t legendele #cestor 7ei er#1 $rod1se #le
conce$iilor $ri4iti5e2 ri4iti5ii n1 er#1 sig1ri d#c $ri45#r# 5#
1r4# iernii, d#c s46n# 5# d# ne#$r#t recolt# i c1t#1 s #j1te
5enire# $ri45erii, # 5eget#iei, $rin cere4onii 4#gice2 Sr9torile l1i
!#4417, 0siris, Adonis, Att>s trde#7 c#r#cter1l lor #gr#ri#n2 Ele se
$etrece#1 o d#t $e #n, ntre do1 #noti4$1ri2 Er#1 nto5rite de
$l#nete, c8in1ri, 5rsri de s6nge i c8i#r s#cri"icii o4eneti2 n
?enici#, "e4eile 756rle#1 st#t1ete de #le 7e1l1i n 4#re, 4$re1n c1
5#se n c#re gr61l ncolit n $ri$, se o"ilise2 Mor46nt1l i4#gin#r #l
l1i !#4417 er# #lct1it n14#i din "lori i "r1cte2 D1$ 1n #n14e
n14r de 7ile $etrec1te n $l6ns, 7e1l n5i#, $ricin1ind o ne4rginit
91c1rie ce se 4#ni"est# $rin c6ntece i orgii2
Ase4ene# sr9tori #le 4orii i n5ierii 7e1l1i #tinge#1
$#roxis41l n ?rigi#2 C1lt1l cel 4#i "renetic din ntre#g# Antic8it#te
#colo se $etrece#, n j1r1l Gi9elei i #l l1i Att>s2 ?1ri# orgi#stic
trece# $este orice li4it2 ?o#rte 41li tineri cde#1 $r#d 1nei ex#ltri
"r 4#rgini, se e4#sc1l#1 i $orne#1 n go#n $rin or#, 756rlind
s6nger#tele r4ie de 7id1rile c#selor2 ro$riet#rii #cestor# er#1 c1
#de5r#t "ericii de cinste# "c1t i $roc1r#1 cel1i c1$rins de ne91ni#
s"6nt 8#in# de $reot #l Gi9elei2 C6nd trece# ent17i#s41l, ne"ericit1l
c$t# contiin de sine i $etrece# #$oi 7ile ntregi cind1+se2
?rigienii er#1 91c1roi de to#te s#cri"iciile s6ngero#se $e c#re le
$ricin1i# "1ri# Gi9elei2 Ei crede#1 c jert"# 5irilitii d $1teri no1
7e1l1i, d $1teri $ri45erii, promo.ea"' 5eget#i#2 Aici st t#in#
t1t1ror s#cri"iciilor s6ngero#se ce se nt6lnesc n #t6te# c1lt1ri
#gr#riene i 4isterice% conce$i# c s#cri"iciile "c1te dete#$t din
^ #4orire# iernii 7e1l 5eget#iei, l silete s #cti5e7e ro#d c64$1l1i2
Se gsesc 41lte #se4ene# c1lt1ri $e "## $46nt1l1i2 Ele n+#1
#j1ns ns dec6t n "#7# magic' i n14#i 1nele n "#7# mitic' A1, c1
#lte c15inte, rit1ri de de75olt#re # 5eget#iei + c14 #1, #st7i, "o#rte
41lte $o$o#re sl9#tice i ci5ili7#te + i mituri c#re $ersoni"ic
#legoric 4o#rte# i n5iere# 5eget#iei2 L# #ce#st # do1# "#7 s+#1
o$rit i 4isterele se4ite #le I1i !#44172 E ti1t #st7i c se4iii n+#1
#51t 4istere $ro$ri1+7ise2 '+#1 e5ol1#t, #dic, n # trei# "#7, "#7# de
iniiere, de conto$ire c1 7e1l, de 46nt1ire $erson#l, c14 s+# $etrec1t
n Egi$t, n ?rigi# i n Greci#2
Ce er#1 4isterele :
Cere4oniile $entr1 de75olt#re# 5eget#iei se s56re#1 n "olos1l
colecti5itii2 !o#te #ceste rit1ri, din c#re #1 deri5#t 4isterele, n1
1r4re#1 dec6t interes1l gener#l, #l tri91l1i s#1 #l cl#n1l1i2 C6nd s+#
#j1ns, ns, de l# cl#n l# st#t1l n#ion#l i, 4#i t6r7i1, l# st#t1l
1ni5ers#l, interes1l colecti5itii n1 4#i interes# n #cel#i gr#d $e
credincioi2 Se dete#$t i se des56rete interes1l indi.idual,
nte4ei#t $e contiin# $erson#litii2
E "o#rte interes#nt de # 1r4ri e5ol1i# religio#s de+# l1ng1l
#cestor c6te5# tre$te2 Eeii 5eget#iei, c#re 4or i n5i#7, s1nt $ri5ii
c1 4#i 41lt #tenie2 n s1"let1l credincios1l1i se nc8e#g o
conce$ie de o co$leito#re nse4nt#te, $entr1 c dintr+ns# 5#
ger4in# Cretinis41l% conce$i# m!ntuirii personale $rin 7e12 D#c
7e1l 4o#re i n5i#7, i o41l 5# $1te# s n5ie, o dat' cu "eul, d1$
4o#rte2 entr1 #ce#st# c ns ne5oie de o cere4onie 4#i inti4 dec6t
ce# # religiei o"ici#le, # 4#rilor 7ei2 0 cere4onie c#re s uneasc' pe
credincios c1 7e1l, s+i contopeasc', s6+l identifice c1 el2 Ji #t1nci s+#
#j1ns + $e nesi4ite i n dec1rs1l 41ltor 5e#c1ri + l# 4istere, l#
ini*ierea n 4istere, iniiere ce n1 c1$rinde# #ltce5# dec6t rit1rile $rin
c#re o41l $1te# de5eni 7e1l 5eget#iei2 I#r #ceste rit1ri n1 s1nt gre1
de g8icit% ele co$rinde#1 nsi 5i##, 4o#rte# cr1nt i n5iere#
7e1l1i2 'eo"it1l trece# $rin #cele#i "#7e $rin c#re trec1se i 7e1l,
s1"ere# + #legoric + #cee#i 4o#rte i #$oi rente# 4$re1n c1 el2 D#r
i $ierde# $erson#lit#te#2 Er# 1n 0siris, 1n Att>s, 1n Dion>sos2
n cee# ce $ri5ete 4isterele l1i !#4417, ele n1 i+#1 ns1it
"or4e de iniiere $erson#l, esoteric2 A1 r4#s n #cee#i "or4
4#gic $entr1 $ro4o5#re# 5eget#iei + $rin sr9tori $19lice + i l#
4it1rile $ro4o5#te de e#2
Concl17ii
Acest# e t6lc1l $e c#re tiin# 4odern l d 4isterelor <entr1
9i9liogr#"ie se 5# 5ede# #rticol1l 1r4tor, #s1$r# l1i
Dion>sos+E#gre1s=2 El ne l41rete + 4#i 41lt s#1 4#i $1in $recis
+sc8e4# lor e5ol1ti52
S$ect#col1l 5eget#iei c#re dis$#re i re#$#re #n1#l # cond1s 4#i
,W
(
nti I# rit1ri 4#gice c#re s6 o #sig1re i s o de75olte, i#r 4#i t6r7i1 l#
legend# 1nor 7ei tineri c#re 4or i n5ie2 n ti4$1ri 4#i recente, s+#
c1t#t n #ceste rit1ri 1n interes $erson#l, de 46nt1ire $rin conto$ire#
c1 7e1l i s+#1 4odi"ic#t, siste4#ti7#t, $1ri"ic#t #ceste rit1ri, c# s
cores$1nd noii conce$ii2 S+# des56rit doctrin# esoteric i s+#
des56rit, n #cel#i ti4$, experien*a religioas' s1"erit de inii#t2
n cee# ce $ri5ete #ce#st ex$erien, tiin# n1 ne $o#te d#
l41riri $recise2 '1 se tie cum se nde$line# conto$ire# c1 7e1l% $rin
8#l1cin#ie, $rin ex$erien s19iecti5 s#1 $rin #n14ite $r#ctici
oc1lte2 Un1l dintre cei 4#i il1tri cercettori #i 4isterelor, $ro"esor1l
it#li#n M#cc8ioro, crede # "i gsit c8ei# iniierii or"ice, c#re n1 $1te#
"i $re# deose9it de celel#lte iniieri2 D#r #s1$r# #cestor cercetri, c14
5o4 5ede# n #rticolele 5iito#re, s#5#nii n1 s1nt nc de #cord2
Cee# ce n1 tre91ie s 1it4 e, ns, "#$t1l c iniierile #ceste#,
de$#rte de # "i n14#i o serie de rit1ri o9scene + c14 tind # le socoti
1nii er1dii + $osed#1 doctrine secrete i c1t#1 # de75olt# n s1"let1l
inii#t1l1i ext#71l, $entr1 # se ridic# n l14ile de dincolo de si41ri2
Dre$t 4rt1rie st ntre#g# liter#t1r #ntic greco+orient#l, $6n l#
Cretinis42
,(/
Dion>sos+E#gre1s
@e#c1rile @II i @I n2 de C8rist2 + n c#re to#te ci5ili7#iile
nd1r#r re"or4e i rennoiri religio#se + crist#li7#r n Greci# cel 4#i
$1r, 4#i s19li4#t i 4#i des56rit 4isticis4 din c6te # #51t
#ntic8it#te#% orfismul. Ex$erien# interio#r i doctrinele or"ice n1 le
5o4 cercet# n #ceste note2 @o4 reine, ns, "#$t1l c 7e1l or"icilor,
n j1r1l cr1i# s+#1 org#ni7#t dog4ele i, $rin 1r4#re, se nde$line#
46nt1ire# inii#ilor, er# Dion>sos+E#gre1s2 Acel#i Dion>sos, din
rit1rile cr1i# #1 i75or6t i s+#1 de75olt#t tr#gedi# i co4edi# gre#cF
#cel#i c#re, 4$re1n c1 De4etcr, nte4eie 4isterele de l# Elc1sis i
c#re er# sl5it l# Del$8iO
.
222
Se $#rc c Dion>sos # "ec1nd#t, origin#l i tr#inic, ntre#g#
ci5ili7#ie elen2 S+# "1ri#t n to#te 1ng8erele 5ieii s1"leteti, #
i4$ri4#t $este tot 1n din#4is4 cre#tor, # lrgit ori7ont1rile, # rscolit
#d6nc1rile s1"let1l1i colecti5 i # d#t l# i5e#l "or4e i energii
nec1nosc1te2 C1lt1l l1i er# #lct1it din rit1ri c#re ent17i#s4#1 $6n l#
"1rie orgi#stic s#1 ex#lt#1 $6n l# ext#72 !#in# i796n7ii l1i Dion>sos
tre91ie c1t#t n $1tere# $e c#re o #5e# de # rscoli instinctele, 5r#j#
c1 c#re #6# "rene7i#, rs$6ndind ne#st64$r1l i t1l91r6nd c#l41l
contiinei de to#te 7ilele2 Cei c#re s56re#1 4isterele dionisi#ce
trece#1 $rin stri s1"leteti #t6t de ne#te$t#te, #t6t de noi $entr1
4inte# ce nce$e# # ndrgi logic# i 4oder#i#, nc6t n1 le 4#i $1te#1
$rsi2 L# rsti4$1ri, si4e#1 $or1ncitor ne5oi# de # se ls# t6r6i de
"1ri# orgi#stic, de cr1nt# 9eie 4istic, tr1dind1+se s #ting s19li41l
ext#7 n c#re i $ierde#1 $erson#lit#te# i se des"t#1 + "ericii i
incontieni + n "iin# l1i Dion>sos2
?r ndoi#l c n1 toi $rt#ii l# orgiile s"inte nd1r#1 #cele#i
e4oii, trece#1 $rin #cele#i stri s1"leteti2 Unii er#1 st$6nii de ce#
4#i sl9#tic 9esti#lit#te, 4#ni"est#t s6ngeros i s#dic, + n ti4$ ce
#lii se $1ri"ic#1 n orgii, c14 se $1ri"ic #st7i r#rii credincioi n
c#tedr#le2 Greci# er# #jct1it din in1t1ri 41lt deose9ite 1n1l de #lt1l
i loc1itorii "iecr1i# din ele nd1r#1 ntr+1n "el deose9it ex$erien#
dionisi#c2 este tot, ns, Dion>sos # "ost i75or1l de 5it#lit#te i
5irilit#te, s46n# $reio#s c#re # rodit c1 9el1g n s1"letele
credincioilor, "or# ce s+# 4#ni"est#t cre#tor n do4enii, n ri i n
5e#c1ri deose9ite2
,(,
II
Grecii 4rt1rise#1 c Dion>sos + c1 n14ele de 7e1 o"ici#l
&#cc81sO
)
+ 5enise din in1t1rile st6nco#se i 9t1te de 56nt de l#
'ord, din !8r#ci#2 C#r#cter1l sl9#tic #l rit1rilor s#le i existen# 1n1i
7e1 #se4ntor, 9a(a"io1
O
, l# t8r#ci, ne ndre$tesc s socoti4
ex#ct $rere# #ce#st#2 1te4 #"ir4#, "r te#4# 1n1i ne#de5r, c
Dion>sos # "ost #d1s din !8r#ci#2 D#r i#ri, el n1 s+#r "i 91c1r#t de
#t6t# i796nd d#c n1 nt6lne# n rile elene 7ei loc#li c1 c#re s #i9
41lte i eseni#le #se4nri2 De existen# #cestor 7ei str5ec8i, c1
c#r#cter dionisi#c, n1 ne $1te4 ndoi2 Dion>sos $osed# trst1ri c#re
#lct1i#1 cont1r1l 41ltor 7ei din "el1rite i de$rt#te in1t1ri%
trst1rile de 7e1 #l .egeta*iei. C# i 0siris, Att>s, !#4417, Adonis,
c# i #t6i# #li 7ei #i tri91rilor $ri4iti5e din 7ilele no#stre, Dion>sos
er# 1n 7e1 #l 5erdeei, c1lt1l l1i er# 1n c1lt #gr#ri#n, i#r rit1rile
inte#1 s $ro4o5e7e prim'.ara.
C# s tre7e#sc $e 7e1 + $ersoni"ic#re# 5eget#iei + din #4orire#
n c#re l ls#se i#rn#, t8r#cii i s#cri"ic#1 #$i2 S6ngele jert"elor,
stro$ind #rinile i cr6ng1rile, dde# $1teri no1, rscole# 5i## n
5inele 7e1l1i2 De #ici legt1r# ntre #$i i cer4oniile dionisi#ce, c#re
#1 d1s l# origine# tr#gediei2 Conce$i# des$re s#cri"ici1 se 4odi"ic,
ns, i t8r#cii nce$1r # crede c #$1l n1 4#i e o 5icti4 jert"it
7e1l1i, + ci ns1i 7e1l2 S#cri"ici1l "1 ex$lic#t #t1nci $rintr+1n 4it c#re
$o5este# 4o#rte# $rin s"6iere # l1i Dion>sos+E#gre1s2 nj1ng8iere#
#$1l1i se inter$ret# #st"el $rin #4intire, $rin comemorarea 4orii
cr1nte # 7e1l1i2 Ji n1 n14#i c se rs$6nde# s6ngele i c#rne# #$1l1i
$rin #rini, $entr1 o 91n recolt, + d#r se n"r1$t#1 i o#4enii
dintr+ns1l, "iind con5ini c se 4$rte#1 c1 tr1$1l 7e1l1i i c i
#si4ile#7 $1terile l1i2
Cele scrise 4#i s1s s1nt o reconstit1ire sc8e4#tic + i deci ide#l
+ # nce$1t1rilor orgiilor dionisi#ce2 Cee# ce n1 tre91ie s 1it4, ns,
din #ce#st reconstit1ire e conce$i# #si4ilrii $1terilor di5ine $rin
ng8iire# crnii #$1l1i ce $ersoni"ic 7e1l2 entr1 c, de l# s#cri"ici1l
colecti5 #l 1n1i #$ enor4 + s#cri"ici1 ce #5e# n 5edere interes1l
8o#rdei, n1 cel indi5id1#l + se #j1nse l# s#cri"icii $erson#le de ie7i,
s56rite n t#in, ntr+1n 4edi1 4#i $rielnic ex#ltrilor religio#se2
S19 "or4# 8i9rid de s#cri"ici1 colecti5 i indi5id1#l, $rin c#re se
4$c# interes1l gener#l c1 cel $erson#l, + c1lt1l l1i Dion>sos
$tr1nse n Greci# i se conto$i c1 #lte c1lt1ri loc#le2 0 d#t c1
#ce#st co9or6re s$re S1d, rit1rile orgi#stice + s56rite n !8r#ci# i
n Greci#, 4#i c1 deose9ire de "e4ei + se $otolir, se 14#ni7#r2 In
41nii !8r#ciei, l# cdere# no$ii, 8o#rde de "e4ei $orne#1 s$re
,(N
nli4i, c1 c6te 1n ied n 9r#e2 Dion>sos "iind 7e1l n#t1rii, #l
codrilor n7$e7ii, #l $r$stiilor #4eito#re, #l i75o#relor ce se re$ed
n$r#7nice $rintre stnci + "e4eile tr#ce socote#1 c i 5or "i $e $l#c
s56rind rit1ri tot #t6t de cr1nte i tot #t6t de sl9#tice2 De #cee#,
nce$e#1 go#n# n"rico#t ctre c1l4i, c1 ied1l c#ld l# s6n, n rcnete
i c8iote $rel1ngi, in joc1ri de "#cle, des$lctind1+se, r1$6nd1+i
5est4intele, 7g6r6ind1+se, c1t6nd d1rere# tr1$e#sc i 91c1r6nd1+sc
de 6nire# "ier9inte # s6ngel1i2
ncet1l c1 ncet1l, #lerg#re# #ce#st# de "#nt#s4e nce$e# #+i #rt#
e"ect1l2 ?e4eile er#1 co$rinse de "1rie orgi#stic, ex#lt#re# si41rilor
$ricin1i# 8#l1cin#ii, i $ierde#1 c1notin#, i #t1nci + con5inse c
str6ng n 9r#e ns1i tr1$1l l1i Dion>sos, cel 491ctit odinio#r de
!it#ni + s"6i#1 ied1l de 5i1 i r1$e#1 c1 dinii dintr+ns1l2
Acest# er# ext#71l "e4eilor t8r#cc, #ce#st# er# conto$ire# lor c1
7e1l, $rin c#re i #si4il#1 c6t 4#i 41lte din ns1irile l1i2
III
St#tornicit n Greci#, c1lt1l l1i Dion>sos n1 i+# $str#t dec6t
$1in ti4$ sl9tici# 'ord1l1i2 Legende din #cele ti4$1ri ne+#1
r4#s, ns, dest1le% Mini#dele i retidele, c#re s1nt $re"c1te n
9#c#nte de Dion>sos, $entr1 c n+#1 5oit s i# $#rte l# 4isterele s#leF
ente1 i 0r"e1, 1cii de 9#c#nte, etc2
n Greci#, orgi# dionisi#c $rsind1+i c#r#cter1l 9esti#l <c14 er#
n !8r#ci#= i sex1#l <?rigi#= + #j1nge # de7ln1i n credincioi n14#i
entu"iasmul, ins$ir#i# s"6nt2 rin rit se 1r4rete #cee#i 1nire c1
7e1l + te4eli# t1t1ror religiilor 4isterice i # 4isticii cretine + d#r n1
1nire# grosol#n, $rin c#rne, ci ce# s19li4#t, $rin d182 Se "#c $ri4ii
$#i de org#ni7#re # #cestor ex$eriene religio#se + de o nse4nt#te
$e c#re noi, 4odernii, n1 o $1te4 $rice$e n tot#lit#te# s# + i se
nete7ete c#le# re"or4ei din 5e#c1l @II, # or"is41l1i2 D#c n1 s+#
#j1ns 4#i de ti4$1ri1 l# #ce#st $1ri"ic#re # c1lt1l1i orgi#stic, $ricin#
tre91ie c1t#t, $o#te, n sr9torile 5iei de 5ie + $e c#re i le
#si4il#se, din 5ec8i ti4$1ri, Dion>sos2
D1$ 41lte tr#diii greceti, 5acchus - #dic Dion>sos + 5enise
din Indi# i n5#se $e o#4eni s c1lti5e 5i# de 5ie2 I$ote7# originii
indiene $#re # "i te4einic, 4#i c1 se#4# c# 9r#84#nii se "olosesc de
"o#rte 41lt 5re4e de o lico#re "er4ec#t, omaL
H
, $ersoni"ic#t de 1n
7e1 41lt #se4ntor l1i Dion>sos2
49in#re# s#cri"ici1l1i ied1l1i s#1 #$1l1i c1 sr9to#re# 5in1l1i #
49ogit n n1#ne orgi# i i+# o"erit $osi9iliti cre#to#re n s1"letele
credincioilor2 @in1l # contri91it, l6ng ent17i#s41l s#cri"ici1l1i, l#
nc8eg#re# o$ti4is41l1i grec, l# #gilit#te# cere9r#l, ncredere#, "or#
i origin#lit#te# d#te oricrei $reoc1$ri2 Cele do1 c#r#ctere eseni#le
+ de origine #gricol i 5iticol + din $erson#lit#te# 7e1l1i #1 rodit
nce$1t1rile #de5r#tei ci5ili7#ii greceti i, deci, e1ro$ene2
ns $re7en# 5in1l1i # "c1t i4$osi9il $1ri"ic#re# $rin #scetis4,
n"r6n#re# $o"telor tr1$eti, $1tere# de concentr#re interio#r i
791ci141l d1reros #l 4or#litii2 !o#te #ceste ns1iri + $e c#re
din#4is41l dionisi#c n1 le $1te# de75olt# + 5or "i #d1n#te,
concentr#te i s19li4#te n or"is42
9i9liogr#"i# cit#t n 5ol14e s$eci#le2 n li49# ro46n n1 #5e4 $6n
#c14 o 4onogr#"ie c#re s st1die7e 4isterele i in"l1en# lor #s1$r#
"iloso"iei $resocr#tice i originilor cretinis41l1i2 A1tor1l #cestor note
ndjd1iete c 5# $1te# $19lic#, i n1 $este 41lt ti4$, o l1cr#re
#4n1nit #s1$r# #cestor $ro9le4e2
BABBQten<&ologn#, ,(N-= de $ro"2 R2 ett#77oni, e cel 4#i recent
i 4#i co4$let tr#t#t2 De #cel#i, $entr1 Dion>sos i or"is4, @a
religioni nella ;recia antica <&ologn#, ,(N,=2 M#i ne4erit $entr1
iniiere# n #ceste st1dii este l1cr#re# l1i '2 !1rc8i% @a religioni
misteriosofiche del mondo antico <Ro4#, ,(NQ=2 Edii# $resc1rt#t #
colos#lei 7amure de #1r <#ris, ,(N-= de ?r#7er e neces#r c1no#terii
c#r#cter1l1i #gr#ri#n #l 4isterelor2 !ot l# ?r#7e", 5ol14ele se$#r#te
din edii# co4$let # 7amurei de aur, <donis, <ttys, 6siris <N 5oi2= i
The dyinggoo\@ondon, ,(,-=2
As1$r# iniierii n tri91rile sl9#tice% H2Se9ster, 9ociete seciete
primiti.e <&$logn#, ,(N*, tr#d2it#l2=2 entr1 rit1rile #siriene, A2
Moret% Mysteres egiptiens <,(,-=2 entr1 Dion>sos i or"is4, Ro8de,
Psyche -\ _HM/3 @2M#cc8ioro% Aagreus <,(N/, &#ri=F C#rolin# L#n7#ni,
7eligione dionisiaca <!orino, ,(NQ=, etc2
Din n14ero#sele l1crri #le l1i C14ont% @ea religions orientales
dans Ic paganisme romain <#ris, ,(/(= i sinte7#% @es mysteres de
Mithra <&r1xelles, ,(,*=2 De #se4ene#, l1crri c#$it#le% H2Gr#illot,
@e culte de Cy(ele <#ris, ,(,N= i &#1dissin, <donis und 8smun
<Lei$7ig, ,(,,=2
!re91ie co4$let#te 4#n1#lele gener#le de istori# religiilor% !iele,
C8#nte$ie, de l# S#1ss#>e, Moore, H19>, etc2
'oti 9i9liogr#"ic
C# s n1 ngre1ie7 text1l #cestor #rticole, 5oi rsti4$1ri
9i9liogr#"i# neces#r2 entr1 #4n1nte se $o#te "olosi
,(-
,(Q
]r"e1 i iniiere# or"ic Misterele
n1 er#1 re$re7ent#ii scenogr#"ice
S "ix4, $entr1 orient#re, cele c6te5# $1ncte st#tornicite $6n
#c14 n cee# ce $ri5ete esen# or"is41l1i2
l2c# oriice 4ister, or"is41l 1r4re# 46nt1ire# inii#t1l1i $rin
conto$ire#, $rin identi"ic#re# c1 7e1lF
N2#ce#st conto$ire se des56re# $rintr+1n rit ce si49oli7#
4o#rte# i n5iere# l1i Dion>sosF
*2rit1l, de$#rte de # "i o re$re7ent#re scenic l# c#re neo"it1l s
#siste c# s$ect#tor, er# s56rit c8i#r #s1$r# #cest1i#F
-2re71lt#t1l er# de75olt#re# 1nor stri s1"leteti c#re in"l1en#1
#t6t de $1ternic #s1$r# inii#t1l1i, nc6t #cest# r46ne# to#t 5i##
leg#t de sect# res$ecti52
C6te5# l41riri2
As1$r# celor dint6i $1ncte n1 se $ot "#ce o9iecii2 Se ridic, ns,
ndoieli n cee# ce $ri5ete c#r#cter1l su(iecti. #l 4ister1l1i or"ic, i
deci, #l cel1i de l# Ele1sis2 M#jorit#te# s#5#nilor #1 #cce$t#t i$ote7#
c 4isterele #ntice, c# i 4isterele cretine 4edie5#le, er#1 #lct1ite
dintr+o dr#4 s#cr c1 c#r#cter scenogr#"ic, n c#re se re$re7ent#1
5i## i 4o#rte# 7e1l1i2 Ad1ce#1 ntr1 s1sinere# #cestei i$ote7e
c6te5# scene #ntice c#re, ns, cercet#te "r $ti4ire, s+#1 do5edit
li$site de neles1l $e c#re Ii^, dde#1 #ceti s#5#ni <n "r1nte c1
Lo9ecHF 5e7i M#cc8ioro% @%essen"a delmis*ero, n 5ol141l 6rfismo e
Paolinismo/. ?onc#rt, er1dit1l istoric #l 4isterelor de # Ele1sis, s+#
tr1dit # do5edi c# n s#nct1#r se re$re7ent#, c1 4ijlo#ce te8nice
neo9icin1ite, dr#4# l1i De4eter, Dion>sos i erse$8on#, + nel16nd,
ns n se#4 c n14ero#sele colon#de 4$iedic#1 oriice des"1r#re
scenic2 Ji #$oi, d#c l# Ele1sis s+#r "i $1t1t re$re7ent# dr#4# s#cr
$rin 4ijlo#cele te8nice de c#re $o5estete ?onc#rt + c14 se $1te#
nde$lini #ce#st# n celel#lte s#nct1#rii 4#i sr#ce, n to#te celel#lte
s#nct1#rii din l14e# 5ec8e, 41lte #d$ostite ntr+o $eter :
rere# no#str este c re$re7ent#ii dr#4#tice se $1te#1 s56ri
#t6t l# Ele1sis, c6t i n #lte s#nct1#rii 4#i de se#4, d#r n1 crede4 c
$rin #ceste re$re7ent#ii se nde$linesc iniierile2 Re$re7ent#iile #5e#1
4#i de gr#9 1n c#r#cter exotenc i se s56re#1 $entr1 cei neinii#i2
#"l#1 "iloso"i, o#4eni de st#t, liter#i il1tri2 C14 $1te4 o#re #d4ite
c# toi #ceti# #1 r4#s #t6t de $ro"1nd i4$resion#i n14#i #sist6nd l#
des"1r#re# scenic # 1n1i 4it $e c#re, de #lt"el, l c1note#1 i
n#inte : Ji d#c l# Ele1sis #ce#st des"1r#re #r "i "ost + l1cr1, de
#lt"el, i4$osi9il + gr#ndio#s i #r "i $1t1t i4$resion# s1"letele
neo"iilor, c14 s+#r ex$lic# s1cces1l celorl#lte s#nct1#rii, sr#ce i
14ile:
S+# "c1t $6n #c14 o 4#re gree#l c6nd s+#A ncerc#t s se
ex$lice 4isterele% n1 s+# in1t se#4# de #t6i# inii#i, de+# l1ng1l
#t6tor 5e#c1ri, c#re #1 r4#s $6n I# 4o#rte de5ot#i sectei2 ?r
ndoi#l c #ltce5#, 4#i deose9it de religi# o"ici#l i de s$ect#colele
te#tr#le, #"l#1 neo"iii n 4istere2 Ex$erien# nd1r#t de ei n iniiere
er# de o esen 41lt deose9it de celel#lte ex$eriene 7ilnice s1"leteti2
Ext#71l c#re i c1$rinde# + $rin $ost1ri, d#ns1ri, c6ntece i, "r
ndoi#l, #lte $r#ctici oc1lte des$re c#re n1 ti4 ni4ic + "ce# s le
rs#r n s1"let, si44inte noi i, $o#te, stri de c1notin, noi
si41ri, de c#re ne 5or9esc oc1ltitii conte4$or#ni2
Cele scrise 4#i s1s n1 s1nt s$rijinite de "#$te2 n #de5r,
M#cc8ioro # do5edit tiini"icete + #t6t n Aagreus, c6t i n 6rfismo e
Paolinismo - c neo"it1l s1"ere# el ns1i $#ti4ile i n5iere# l1i
Dion>sos i c# er# #d1s, $rin #ce#st#, ntr+o st#re 8i$notic #se4ene#
ext#71l1i2 Aceste# s1nt "#$tele2 Ji "#$te s1nt, de #se4ene#, 4rt1riile
celor inii#i, #t6te# $erson#liti c#re 5or9esc c1 #d4ir#ie de 4istere2
Legt1r# $e c#re o "#ce4 noi, e, deci, $e de$lin j1sti"ic#t2 'oi
#"ir44 c ex$erien# s1"erit de75olt# n s1"letele inii#ilor
posi(ilit'*i de cunoatere ne4#int6lnite $6n #t1nci2 Jti4 c neo"iii
tre91i#1 s tre#c $rintr+o $erio#d de $regtire% 5i# #scetic,
r1gci1ni, c1no#tere# dog4elor, etc2 C1 sig1r#n c n #cest inter5#l
ci ncerc#1 i #lte $r#ctici oc1lte, c#re s le $regte#sc re5el#iile
iniierii2 n oriice c#7, tre91ie s #d4ite4 c cere4oni# iniierii
#d1ce# ce5# no1 i $reios $entr1 neo"it2 Ad1ce# o st#re s1"lete#sc
4istic#, $rin c#re neo"it1l se si4e# nl#t, s19li4#t2 'e5oi# de #
ex$lic# 4rt1riile excelente #le #t6tor scriitori #ntici ne silete s
ex$lic4 #ce#st i$ote72
;!8e G8ost + D#nce ReligionA
Mrt1riile inii#ilor
D#r 1n #lt #rg14ent se 4$otri5ete 4#i c1 $1tere conce$iei
o9iecti5e # 4isterelor2 At6i# scriitori #ntici c#re #1 "ost inii#i
5or9esc c1 41lt res$ect i c1 41lt te#4 de 4istere2 rintre ei se
,(.
Esen# or"is41l1i + c# i # t1t1ror 4isterelor, de #lt"el + er# deci
ext#71l2 rin ext#7 se de75olt#1 + n cei 4#i des56rii + $osi9iliti
noi de c1no#tereF $rin ext#7 s1"let1l $rse# <d1$ credin# lor=
tr1$1l i colind# $rin In"ern, con5or9ind c1 4orii2 ?#$t1l este
4rt1risit i de scriitorii 5ec8i, d#r este 4#i c1 se#4 do5edit $rin
co4$#r#i# c1 o religie # indienilor #4eric#ni 4oderni, c1 #s#+n14it#
the ghost-dance.
,()
!l+turar%a dintr% $%l% dou+ r%li2ii - at,t d% d%o&%(it% $a a&p%$t i
tot1i identice n ori2in% - a 'a$ut-o pro'%&orul Ma$$7ioro n noua
ediie, gr#ndio#s, a lui ;a(reus. Au# a$%a&t+ %dii% nu # -n$%put nc
# se ti$ri, pro'%&orul italian a avut d%o&%(ita 91n5oin de # ne
tri4ite 4#n1scris1l c#$2 res$ecti5 <c#$2 ,, $#rte# III<" $entr1 #+, "olosi
n #rticolele de "#2
Religi# ghost-dance # l1#t "iin $e l# s"6rit1l secol1l1i P@III n
A4eric# i s+# ntins re$ede 4intre tri91rile indiene2 n origine# i
"iin# ei, The ghost-dance reugion #re 41lte #se4nri c1 or"is41l2
'1 tre91ie s ne ls4 nel#i de #s$ect1l 9#r9#r #l #cestei secte
indiene i s n1 #d4ite4 nici o #lt1r#re ntre #ce#st# i $1rit#te#
des56rit # or"is41l1i2 L# origine, 4ent#lit#te# $ri4iti5 din c#re #
i75or6t or"is41l, ce# # tri91rilor $re8elenice + n1 se deose9e# de ce# #
indienilor de #st7i2 1rit#te# 4or#l i dog4ele or"is41l1i s1nt
$rod1sele 1nei ndel1ngi e5ol1ii2 D#c i the ghost-dance religion #r
#5e# $osi9iliti de de75olt#re, #r #tinge, $este c6te5# 5e#c1ri, o eg#l
$er"eci1ne 4or#l 1nit c1 1n siste4 teogonic i cos4ogonic
des56rit2
Religi# indienilor #4eric#ni # "ost nscocit de 1n $ro"et c1
ns1iri 4#gice i rs$6ndit de 4#i 41li #se4ene# $ro"ei, dintre
c#re tre91ie s reine4 n14ele l1i Sitting+&1ll2 Cere4oniile se
des"1r#1 #st"el2 L# rsti4$1ri, se #d1n toi credincioii dintr+o
regi1ne i nce$ s d#nse7e ntr+1n rit4 i d1$ o 4elodie #n14it2
D#ns1rile in 7ile ntregi i $rt#ii #j1ng ntr+o st#re de s1rescit#re
ner5o#s neo9icin1it2 At1nci, $ro"et1l +4#g nce$e s 4#gneti7e7e
$e c6i5# dintre d#ns#tori i #cei# c#d $e d#t ntr+1n so4n 8i$notic2
C6nd se dete#$t, $o5estesc celorl#li cltori# lor n l14e#
s19$46nte#n i con5ers#iile #51te c1 s1"letele r1delor i $rietenilor
4ori2 E interes#nt "#$t1l c 1n "r#nce7, #1l &o>ton, cr1i# i 41rise
de c1r6nd "r#tele, # cer1t s "ie i el 8i$noti7#t i # 4rt1risit, d1$ ce
s+# dete$t#t, c # nt6lnit n #de5r i # con5or9it c1 s1"let1l "r#tel1i2
C#r#cter1l eseni#l #l religiei ghost-dance st, I deci, n cltori#
s19$46nte#n $ricin1it $rin d#ns1ri "renetice2 ntoc4#i c# i l#
or"is42 !extele i 4on14entele #ntice ne #"ir4 cltori# s1"letelor n
c64$iile erse"onei, i#r legend# l1i 0r"e1, $ro"et1l + 4#g c#re # $1s
te4eli# religiei or"ice, e c1nosc1t t1t1ror2 Ji 0r"e1 # "ost n In"ern,
c# s+o c#1te $e E1r>dice2 D#r c1t#re# i19itei este 1n ele4ent #d1g#t
$osterior2 L# origine, 0r"e1 se co9o#r n In"ern, c14 se co9o#r orice
$ro"et #l religiei ghost-dance# n interes1l credincioilor de sect2
$on'undat+ $u a noa&tr+" -nt%#%iat+ p% t%/t% i p% $%r$%t+ri tiini'i$%1
Or'%u a -#pru#utat 'oart% #ult% %l%#%nt% din r%li2ia dionF&ia$+" l%-a
do2#ati*at" a introdu& $+l+toria iniiailor -n In'%rn prin %/ta* i a
$r%at or'i&#ul1
IpV%*a a$%a&ta a lui Ma$$7ioro % d%o&%(it+ d% %/alt% %/pli$aii
an'tt''lat%a,l% or'i&#ului1 E d%o&%(it+ prin 'ap'%= - aa*+ Ia t%#%lia
lui o #ar% p%r&onalitat%) a$%%a $ar% &% a&$und%a &u( nu#%l% l%2%ndar
al lui Or'%u1
erso#n# lui 0r"e1 +Concl17ii
0r"e1 n+# "ost n14#idec6t o "ig1r legend#r2 0r"e1 # "ost 1n
$ro"et i 1n 4#gici#n, n1 1n ;4#re inii#t;, d1$ ex$resi# l1i S81re, #
cr1i 4#nier $oetic de # nelege istori# religiilor n1 tre91ie de #lt"el
,(W
E#gre1s i $c#t1l origin#r
C# i 0siris, Adonis+!#4417, Att>s, Dion>sos 41ri de 4o#rte
cr1nt2 M1ri s"6i#t de 5i1 i ng8iit de !it#ni2
Dion>sos er# "i1l roser$inei i #l l1i Ee1s i c$t#se n d#r, de
l# $rintele s1, st$6nire# l14ii2 !it#nii $i741i#1 ns $1tere#
co$il1l1i 7eiesc i, nde4n#i de Her#, soi# legiti4 # l1i Ee1s,
8otr6r s+, 1cid2 Legend# $o5estete c 5rj4#ii s+#1 #$ro$i#t de
Dion>sos i i+#1 c6tig#t ncredere# c1 #j1tor1l 1nor j1crii, $rintre
c#re i o oglind2 A4n1nt1l #cest# n1 e li$sit de nse4nt#te $entr1
c to#te #ceste +;j1crii; er#1 "olosite + ti4 de l# Cle4ent
Alex#ndrin1l + n rit1rile de iniiere or"ic2 Ex$lic#i# e 1or de #"l#t2
'eo"it1l tre91ind s s1"ere n ntregi4e $#ti4ile l1i Dion>sos, er#
ne5oit + d1$ c14 #4 4#i scris + s 4o#r, #legoric, n #cele#i
4$rej1rri c# i 7e1l2
neleg6nd c !it#nii 5or s+, $i#rd, Dion>sos "1ge i nce#rc s#
sc#$e tr#n"or46nd1+se, $e r6nd, n "el1rite #ni4#le2 S19 "or4# 1n1i
t#1r este $rins, ns, de !it#ni, s"6i#t i ng8iit2 '14#i ini4# 7e1l1i
sc#$ i, gsind+o, Miner5# o d1ce l# Ee1s2 D1$ ce o ng8ite, Ee1s
#re legt1ri c1 7ei# 9emele i Dion>sos ren#te dintr+ns#2 n #cel#i
ti4$, Ee1s se g6ndete l# r791n#re i, 1r4rind1+i $e !it#ni, i
tr7nete 1n1l c6te 1n1l, $re"#c6nd1+i n $1l9ere2
Mit1l #cest# st l# te4eli# teologiei or"ice2 El ex$lic, n #cel#i
ti4$, "iin# d19l # o41l1i, enig4# 5ieilor s1ccesi5e i necesit#te#
iniierii n 4istere2 entr1 c or"icii socote#1 $e !it#ni str4oii
o4enirii2 Din cen1# tr1$1rilor tr7nite de Ee1s s+#1 nsc1t cei dint6i
o#4eni, c#re $str#1 n "iin# lor do1 ele4ente $otri5nice% 1n1l
titanic, 9esti#l, o9sc1r, $1rt6nd 5in# ce# 4#re # 1ciderii l1i Dion>sos,
5in is$it $rin nes"6rite ntr1$riF cell#lt dionisiac, di5in,
l14inos, tr#ns4is $rin tr1$1l l1i E#gre1s ng8iit de str4oi2 'ici 1n
o4 n1 se $o#te li9er# de #ce#st d19l o96rie2 !oi tre91i#1 s
5ie1i#sc i s s1"ere $e $46nt, is$ind $c#t1l !it#nilor2
Sin1cidere# n1 er# de nici 1n "olos, $entr1 c s1"let1l se ntr1$# i#ri
ntr+1n no1 tr1$, contin16nd nes"6rit# serie # nc#rnrilor2 Exist
n14#i o sing1r c#le de 46nt1ire% iniiere# n 4nstire2 De5enind
inii#t, o41l c1note# origine# 5ieii $46nteti i 4ister1l l1i
E#gre1s2 D#r c1note# c1 tot1l #lt"el dec6t c14 se c1nosc #se4ene#
l1cr1ri n 7ilele no#stre s#1 c8i#r c14 $1te#1 "i ele c1nosc1te de cei
neinii#i2 '1 er# o cunoatere r#ion#l, nte4ei#t $e 5edere# 1nor
re#liti o9iecti5e, + ci o experien*' su(iecti.', 1n ext#7, o des"1r#re
de scene "r s19str#t re#l, d#r de o ne4s1r#t 5#lo#re s1"lete#sc2
Cee# ce #"l# neo"it1l er# dest1l de $reios c# s+, in leg#t ntre#g#
200
5i# de 4ister1l n c#re "1sese inii#t2 @o4 5ede# c conce$i#
su(iecti.' # 4isterelor, st#9ilit de $ro"esor1l it#li#n @ittorio
M#cc8ioro + $e c#re, 4odi"ic#t $e #loc1ri de inter$retri $erson#le, o
de75olt4 n #ceste #rticole + dei ne#d4is nc de 41li s#5#ni, e
sing1r# c#re ne $o#te l41ri, n tot co4$lex1l lor, 4isterele2
Glori# i Adec#den# or"is41l1i
0r"is41l, c# religie dog4#tic, s+# #lct1it n secolele @II+@I, n
Attic#2 De #ici s+# rs$6ndit n to#te cetile greceti i # n"lorit n
Greci# M#re, $#r#lel c1 sect# $it#goricienilor, c1 c#re #5e#, de #lt"el,
41lte #se4nri n cee# ce $ri5ete org#ni7#i# D1$ c14 se tie,
ns, or"is41l # "ost l# origine n14#i 1n c1rent #9t1t din 9og#t#
re5rs#re # religiilor dionisi#ce2 C#r#cterele s#le de 9#7 #$#rin
4ent#litii $ri4iti5e, s1nt $rod1sele s$irit1#le #le tri91rilor
$re8elenice, c1 41lt n#inte# l1i 04er2
n notiele de "# s1nte4 ne5oii s trece4 $este 41lte l41riri
de 4#re nse4nt#te, c#re #r #d1ce l14ini i orient#re no1 n
$ro9le4ele religio#se2 Alt4interi, #4 "i ni4icit c1 tot1l 1nit#te#
#cestor $#gini i #4 "i introd1s o er1diie nengd1it re5istei n c#re
se ti$resc2 '1 $1te4, din #cest# $ricin, str1i nde#j1ns #s1$r#
r#$ort1l1i dintre religi# o"ici#l gre#c i or"is42 Ji #cest r#$ort e de
4#re nse4nt#te, $entr1 c ne l41rete #t6t c#17ele $entr1 c#re
or"is41l # dec71t $rin r79o#iele c1 $erii, c6t i r1in# I4$eri1l1i
ro4#n, $rin rs$6ndire# cretinis41l1i i # 4it8ri#cis41l1i2 R#$ort1l
#cest# er#, n $1ine c15inte, #cel# dintre o religie statal', c#re $ri5e#
interes1l colecti. i 1n# personal', $reoc1$#t de 46nt1ire#
indi5id1#l2 e de o $#rte Cetatea, deci na*iunea, c# 1n 7e1 de c#re se
leg# o tr#diie co41n i c#re er# #dor#t de toi cetenii, + i#r $e de
#lt#, @umea +ntreag', 1n 7e1 uni.ersal, $rin c#re se $1te# 46nt1i
oriicine, de ori1ndeF 1n 7e1 c#re r1$e# deci legt1rile religio#se
dintre loc1itorii 1nei# i #celei#i ceti2
De #cee# or"is41l, c# oric#re religie 4isteric, er# rs$6ndit
$rintre scl#5i i $rintre streini2 Cretinis41l + religie 1ni5ers#l + s+#
rs$6ndit l# nce$1t $rintre s1$1i, $rintre legion#rii neit#lieni2 I#r
c6nd # $tr1ns #d6nc n 5i## I4$eri1l1i Ro4#n, c6nd conce$i#
46nt1irii $erson#le # tri14"#t n loc1l conce$iei St#t1l1i + S15er#n,
I4$eri1l s+# $r91it2 ?r ndoi#l, n1 n14#i din $ricin# cretinilor,
c#re n1 c1te7#1 s ridice s#9i# s#1 # celorl#li inii#i n 4isterele
orient#le <isi#cii, 4it8ri#citii, etc=, c#re n1 4#i er#1 c1 ni4ic leg#i
de St#t + s+# $r91it I4$eri1l Ro4#nF d#r #ceste# #1 nr61rit
co56ritor2
&#r9#rii #r "i "ost c1 sig1r#n st$6nii, d#c exist# + cel $1in n
201
l%2iunil% d% la 2rani+ - $o%*iun%a &o$ial+ n%$%&ari" da$+ noiun%a
Statului n-ar 'i 'o&t at,t d% alt%rat+1
A,nd p%rii a#%ninau &+ $otrop%a&$+ p%nin&ula" 2r%$ii au uitat
or'i&#ul" r%li2ia p%r&onal+1 Int%r%&ul 2%n%ral a tr%$ut -ndat+ p% $%l
dint,i plan i p%rii au 'o&t -n'r,ni1 !r#at%l% 2r%$%ti ni$i nu &% pot
al+tura l%2iunilor ro#an% d% la 2rani+" -nvin&% d% 7oard% #ult #ai
puin nu#%roa&% 0% dr%pt" #ai r+*(oini$% i #,i $runt%< $a p%rii1 ar
l%2ionarii din a$ia" din Iliria" d% la Ri7n" - %rau toi iniiai n
#it7ria$i&# i $r%tini&#" a#,ndou+ r%li2ii univ%r&al%111
up+ r+*(oai%l% $u p%rii" or'i&#ul a intrat oar%$u# -n u#(r+"
-n&+ nu a -n$%tat a &% d%*volta" a &% r+&p,ndi i a in'lu%na1 ! d%v%nit
#ai %&ot%ri$" #ai ari&to$rat $a la -n$%put1 o2#%l% &-au a#pli'i$at i
&-au &u(tili*at1 Id%il% or'i$% au 'o&t a$$%ptat% d% #uli 'ilo&o'i i
oa#%ni al%i ai anti$7it+ii1 A%i n%linitii" $%i #i&ti$i ni$i nu put%au
2+&i altund%va #,ntuir% -n a'ar+ d% or'i&#1 R%li2ia o'i$ial+ nu-i put%a
&ati&'a$%" nu av%a ni$i un $oninut #i&ti$C %ra r%$%" $o#un+ i
aparin%a tuturor1
up+ $u# vo# ar+ta alt+dat+" or'i&#ul a -nr,urit $,iva din $%i
#ai #ari 'ilo&o'i 2r%$i1 Si tot or'i&#ul a 'o&t &in2urul $ur%nt #i&ti$
apropiat d% $r%tini&#" $ar% i-a anti$ipat -ntru$,tva %/p%ri%na
r%li2ioa&+ i i-a pr%2+tit $al%a1
Ao#unitat%a or'i$+
Co41nit#te# or"ic6 er# #lct1it din toi inii#ii dintr+o regi1ne2
0r"icii $osed#1 + c# oriic#re religie 4isteric6 + 9#silice n c#re se
nde$line#1 #t6t iniierile indi5id1#le, c6t i os$eele s#cre co41ne2
A5e#1 i o teologie, o c1legere de $oe4e n c#re se $o5este#, $rintre
#ltele, co9or6re# l1i 0r"e1 n In"ern i c#re trece#1 dre$t c8i#r o$er#
$ro"et1l1i2
@i## n s6n1l co41nitii n1 ne este $re# 9ine c1nosc1t2 Jti4
tot1i c inii#ii d1ce#1 o 5i# #scetic, nc8in#t c1 tot1l
des56ririi s1"leteti2 '1 46nc#1 c#rne, tri#1 retr#i din 5i##
$19lic i $ri5#t2 De #lt"el, $rin iniiere, #$ro#$e i $ierd1ser
$erson#lit#te#2 rsiser 5ec8ile credine, 5ec8ile conce$ii
r#ion#liste, 1it#ser legt1rile soci#le2 &ineneles, l1cr1l #cest# se
$etrece# n14#i c1 o $#rte din or"ici, cei c#re trec1ser $rrntr+o iniiere
s1$erio#r2 As1$r# #cestei iniieri n1 ti4 ni4ic $recis% ne+#1 r4#s
n14#i 1r4e n 4or4inte, $rin c#re $1te4 deose9i do1 tel1ri de
inii#i2 'e $1te4 nc8i$1i c iniiere# s1$erio#r const# ntr+o 4#i
ntins, 4#i #d6nc, 4#i de$lin ex$erien religio#s2
D1$ ce 41re#1, or"icii er#1 #ri i ngro$#i ntr+1n loc #n14it,
i#r lng ei se #e7#1 "oie de #1r c1 s"#t1ri $entr1 cltori# ce tre91i#
nde$linit, $rin c64$iile erse"onei2 Se $o4enete, n #ceste "oie, de
do1 crri $e c#re le 5# nt6lni d181l2 El 5# tre91i s #$1ce $e ce# din
dre#$t#
(/
, c#re l 5# d1ce srZre loc1l Me4oriei2 I#r c6nd $7itorii l 5or
o$ri, el tre91ie s s$1n% ;S1nt "i1l 46nt1l1i <Ge#= i #l Cer1l1i
<Ur#n1s= nstel#t2 S1nt deci i e1 de ne#4 ceresc i 5oi tre91ie s tii
#ce#st#T D#r sete# 4 c8in1ie i s"6rit1l 4i+e #$ro#$e2 D#i+4i re$ede
s 9e#1 din #$# rece c#re c1rge n l#c1l Me4orieiA -@ammiaeta dela
Petelia, 5e7i 9i9liogr#"i# n #rticol1l 5iitor=2
n or"is4, esc#tologi# + #dic tot cee# ce $ri5e# l14e#
s19$46nte#n, l14e# celor 4ori + #5e# 4#re nse4nt#te2 De #lt"el,
o $#rte din iniiere const# toc4#i n c1no#tere# #cestei l14i2 'eo"it1l
cde# ntr+o st#re de ext#7 n c#re nde$line# + c# #lt d#t 0r"e1
+cltori# n In"ern2 Cltori# #ce#st# "#nt#stic i l41re#, $o#te,
c6te5# din t#inele trec1t1l1i i 5iitor1l1i "iinei s#le2
M1lt nt1neric #$#s nc #s1$r# 4isterelor or"ice i 41lte
ex$lic#ii s1nt nc n14#i nite i$ote7e2 D#r c#r#cter1l #cest#
esc#tologic este $e de$lin do5edit i de el tre91ie s ine4 se#4#2
203
?ro'%&orul Ma$$7ioro i Vila It%#
Misticis41l or"c #l l1i Her#clit
C1 to#te c 5o4 re5eni #s1$r# esenei 4ister1l1i or"ic n #rticol1l
5iitor
/
, 1nde 5o4 #rt# i legt1rile c1 sect# indi#n the ghpst dance,
n1 $1te4 nc8ei# notiele #ceste# "r # $o4eni i ;@il# 4isterelor;
din o4$ei, 9#silic# or"ic desco$erit n ,(/) i #s1$r# crei#
$ro"esor1l M#cc8ioro # $19lic#t n ,(N/ o c#rte cele9r, Aagreus,
9tudi sull%orfismo <&#ri=2
ro"esor1l M#cc8ioro este 1n1l din cei 4#i er1dii istorici #i
or"is41l1i i se distinge $rintr+o $erson#l inter$ret#re $e c#re # d#t+o
4isterelor2 C#rte# $o4enit # "c1t 7go4ot #t6t n 4ediile s#5#nte,
c6t i n elit# intelect1#l de $ret1tindeni2 Din ne"ericire, l# noi,
Aagreus # trec1t + c# #t6te# #lte cri + c1 tot1l neo9ser5#t2
@il# Ite4 din o4$ei s+# do5edit # "i o 9#silic# or"ic, n c#re se
des56re#1 t#inic cere4oniile co41nitii loc#le2 Cee# ce ne
interese#7 4#i 41lt s1nt o serie de "ici1ni 71gr5ite de+# l1ng1l
celor $#tr1 $erei #i 1nei 4#ri sli, $ict1ri ce re$re7int rit1rile 1nei
iniieri or"ice2 '1 $1te4 #n#li7# #ici scen c1 scen $ict1rile i nici n1
$1te4 re$rod1ce #d4ir#9il# exege7 # $ro"esor1l1i M#cc8ioro2 Cee#
ce tre91ie s reine4, ns, e "#$t1l c iniiere# or"ic er# o ex$erien
$erson#l s19iecti5, $rin c#re neo"it1l se conto$e# c1 Dion>sos i
rente# o d#t c1 el2 Iniiere# er# 1n rit s56rit de ns1i neo"it1l i l
"ce# s tre#c $rin $1ternice stri s1"leteti, c#re i r$e#1
$erson#lit#te#2 Ade5r#t1l inii#t n1 4#i $1rt# 1n n14e i n1 se 4#i
91c1r# de o contiin $erson#l% er# 1n Dion>sos, er# (ac2os...
Ace#st# e te4eli# $e c#re i cldete M#cc8ioro no1# inter$ret#re
d#t 4isterelor2 Se ti# $6n #c14 c 4ister1l conto$ete $e
credincios c1 7e1l i c #ce#st conto$ire #re de sco$ s tre#c
inii#t1l1i "ore di5ine2 Se crede#, ns, c inii#t1l #sist# l# o
re$re7ent#re scenic, si49oli76nd 4it1l 7e1l1i, c #sist# c# s$ect#tor2
Deose9ire# este enor42
e de o $#rte s$ect#col1l o9iecti5, exterior, re#l, $e de #lt#
ex$erien# s19iecti5, interio#r, ce cond1ce l# ext#72
n #rticol1l 5iitor, 1nde 5o4 ncerc# i o concl17ie gener#l
#s1$r# or"is41l1i + 5o4 #d1ce c6te5# $ro9e $entr1 teori# ex$erienei
s19iecti5e n 4istere2
; A4 in5ers#t ordine# 4#teri#lelor #$r1te n re5ist $entr1 res$ect#re# criterilor
c#re #1 st#t l# 9#7# str1ct1rrii #cestei cri <'ot# editorilor=2
9@>
n Antic8it#te, nc de l# Herodot, se crede# c 4#i toi "iloso"ii
greci #1 cltorit n drient, #1 "ost inii#i n 4istere i #1 $etrec1t #ni
ndel1ng#i n te4$lele egi$tene s#1 9#9iloniene2 !r#dii# #ce#st#,
c#re n71i# s lege c6t 4#i 41lt nce$1t1rile "iloso"iei elene de
nele$ci1ne# orient#l, # "ost n deose9ite "el1ri inter$ret#t de
s#5#nii 4oderni2 Unii #1 socotit+o ntr1 tot1l ex#ct i #1 ded1s
g6ndire# $resocr#tic din Cartea mor*ilor egi$te#n, din Aend-<.esta
$ers#n, din "r#g4entele #strono4ice c8#ldeene i crile "eniciene #le
l1i 9anchoniathou s#1 din cele indiene #le "iloso"ilor :apila, ,yasa,
;eming, :anada, etc2 I#r #lii, 8otr6i s do5ede#sc #9sol1t# $1rit#te
i origin#lit#te # geni1l1i elen, #1 neg#t 5#lo#re# rel#trilor #ntice i
n+#1 #d4is nici o in"l1en 5enit din 0rient2
Ex#gerri i ne#de5r1ri se nt6lnesc, din 9el1g i ntr+o $#rte i
n ce#l#lt2 n re#lit#te, gree#l# $e c#re o s56resc 4#jorit#te# celor
ce scri1 istori# "iloso"iei greceti e c $ornesc de l# 1n "#ls $1nct de
5edere i de l# o $rej1dec#t # c1lt1rii 4oderne2 e l6ng "#$t1l c cei
4#i 41li ignor c1 tot1l istori# i $si8ologi# religiilor, istori#
tiinelor i cercetrile conti4$or#ne #s1$r# ext#71l1i i # 1nor# dintre
"eno4enele 4et#$si8ice de 5#lo#re c1nosciti5, c14 #r "i, de $ild,
4onii1nile i $sic8o4etri# + istoricii 4oderni #i "iloso"iei #l1nec n
gree#l# de a socoti mentalitatea antic' identic', in esen*a ei, cu cea a
.eacurilor noastre <c6nd, n re#lit#te, e# se deose9ete co56ritor, $rin
"#$t1l c # s1"erit ex$erien# cretinis41l1i i des56rire# tiinelor
de o9ser5#ie din sec2 PIP + <#cti5iti s$irit1#le n14#i n ger4en
c1nosc1te #ntic8itii= i # ncerc#t s reconstit1i#sc #ce#st
4ent#lit#te "olosind1+se de "r#g4ente "iloso"ice p'strate +nt!mpl'tor
$6n n 7ilele no#stre2
'1 e loc1l s str1i4 #ici #s1$r# disc1iilor din j1r1l "iloso"iei
$resocr#tice2 n l1cr#re# no#str, 6riginile g!ndirii europene
HG
, 5o4
cons#cr# 1n 5ol14 ntreg nce$1t1rilor i de75oltrii "iloso"iei
greceti2 @o4 #rt# #colo c14 tre91ie nele#s in"l1en# orient#l i
5o4 ncerc# s reconstit1i4 i s ex$lic4 s$irit1l $ri4ordi#l
4#ni"est#t de ci5ili7#i# elenic i, ndeose9i, s$irit1l "iloso"iei
elenice2 Deoc#4d#t, ne 41l14i4 s #4inti4 c n14#i o $#rte
dintre "iloso"i + des$re c#re tr#dii# s$1ne c #1 "ost ;inii#i; + n
0rient s#1 l# Ele1sis + #1 ls#t s se ntre5#d #ceste in"l1ene n
siste4ele lor2 Dintre toi #ceti "iloso"i, n1 5o4 $o4eni n notele de
"# dec6t $e #cei c#re trde#7 1r4e de conce$ii s#1 ex$erien
205
4istic or"ic, o$rind1+ne #s1$r# l1i Her#clit $e c#re l 5o4 #n#li7# l#
l14in# cercetrilor $ro"esor1l1i M#cc8ioro2
Mister1l or"ic i "iloso"i# gre#c
De l# nce$1t tre91ie s #tr#ge4 #teni# #s1$r# 1n1i "#$t de 4#re
nse4nt#te% 1nii "iloso"i greci au cunoscut + direct s#1 $rin
$it#goricieni + p'r*i din orfism i le+#1 "olosit l# el#9or#re# siste4elor
lor $erson#leF #lii au suferit ei +nii experien*a religioas' orfic', au
fost, c1 #lte c15inte, inii#i n or"is4, #1 trec1t $rin $1ternicele stri
s1"leteti de c#re $o4ene#4 n #rticolele $recedente2 Deose9ire#
dintre ei e 5dit% cei dint6i $re7int 1r4e or"ice n teoriile lorF ceil#li
#1 ntreg siste41l "iloso"ic i75or6t din ex$erien or"ic2
8mpedocle # c1nosc1t #n14e idei or"ice $rin inter4edi1l
$it#goricieni lor, d#r esen# siste41l1i s1 n1 $o#te "i #lt1r#t de
or"is42 El # 4$r141t#t g!ndirile or"ice c# 1n #ct r#ion#l #l
s$irit1l1i2 M#i 41lt $o#te "i #$ro$i#t de or"is4 Peno"on, c#re #5e# o
de"initi5 conce$ie 4onoteist i er# ren14it $rin "1ri# c1 c#re
$redic# 4$otri5# "#91lelor scrise de $oei #s1$r# di5initilor2
A46ndo1 #ceste trst1ri se gsesc i l# Her#clit, "iloso" c#re #
s1"erit $erson#l + d1$ c14 se 5# 5ede# + ex$erien# or"ic2 Peno"on
se #r#t, de #se4ene#, sce$tic n cee# ce $ri5ete re#lit#te#
c1notinelor no#stre, #se4n6nd1+se $rin #ce#st# c1 #r4enide, #lt
"iloso" c#re # c1nosc1t + $ro9#9il tot $rin $it#goricieni + or"is41l2
#r4enide, n $oe41l s1, # descris n#tere# i origine# 7eilor d1$
conce$i# or"ic2 Ce5# 4#i 41lt, # d1s 4#i de$#rte sce$ticis41l l1i
Peno"on, #"ir46nd c d#tele si41rilor s1nt #$#rente, c #de5r1l $1r
tr#nscende#7 si41rile i n1 $o#te "i #"l#t $rin ele2 ndoi#l# #ce#st#
+c#re # #51t o in"l1en enor4, cre6nd $si8ologi# + i c8i#r dis$re1l
ctre si41ri, er# o 1r4#re # 4isticis41l1i de origine or"ic2
As1$r# #cestor "iloso"i + des$re c#re tr#dii# ne rel#te#7 c #1
c1nosc1t #d6nc doctrinele i c8i#r #1 "c1t $#rte din sect#
$it#gorici#n + s+#r $1te# "#ce o o9ser5#ie $e c#re n1 o gsi4 "r
interes i c#re, n l1cr#re# no#str, cond1ce l# concl17ii noi i
instr1cti5e2 E "#$t1l c toi #ceti "iloso"i se deose9esc de ceil#li
#nteriori s#1 conti4$or#ni $rin $1in1l interes ce+, #r#t fi"icii,
o9ser5#iei n#t1rii i nsei n#t1rii 4$rej41ito#re2
At6t E4$edocle, #r4enide, c6t i Her#clit n1 s+#1 distins $rin
c1notinele tiini"ice c#re nce$1ser + c1 co#l# ionic + s i# 1n
#56nt ne4#int6lnit $6n #t1nci2 !eoriile lor "i7ice s1nt 4$r141t#te
de l# ionici, de l# Peno"on i de l# $it#goricieni2 Aceti# din 1r4 le
l1#ser tot de l# ionici2 'ici Peno"on n1 s+# deose9it $rin 4erite
N/.
tiini"iceF tot1i, s+# oc1$#t $rintre cei dint6i c1 geologi# i
$#leontologi#2
n cee# ce $ri5ete $it#goricienii, ei #1 d1s tiinele 4#te4#tice i
#strono4ice l# o $er"ecie #le crei 4#rgini n1 le $1te4 c1no#te, din
$ricin# disci$linei strict esoterice ce do4ne# n sect2 'oi n1 $1te4
ti #st7i d#c c1note#1 s#1 n1 to#te teoriile 4#te4#tice
$it#goriciene, deo#rece ele er#1 rs$6ndite ntr+1n cerc "o#rte restr6ns
i n1 s+#1 tr#ns4is de ctre e$igoni s#1 de ctre cei "1gii din sect2
Ji, c6nd ti4 ce $rogres colos#l nse#4n tiin# $it#goric "# de
tiin# ti4$1l1i, ni4ic n1 ne $o#te ndre$ti s crede4 c o
c1no#te4 #st7i n ntregi4e2 o#te 41lte din #de5r1rile
4#te4#tice desco$erite 4#i t6r7i1 er#1 c1nosc1te $it#goricienilor2
?#$t1l c ele s+#1 $ierd1t d1$ ni4icire# sectei n1 tre91ie s ne
1i4e#sc, $entr1 c legile se o$1ne#1 c# t#inele tiinei di5ine,
M#te4#tic#, s "ie re5el#te neinii#ilor2 As1$r# #cestei secte + #t6t de
#se4nto#re celei or"ice + n1 ti4 dec6t "o#rte $1ine l1cr1ri i
s1nte4 ne5oii 4ere1 c#, $e 4rt1ri# 1n1i scriitor #ntic, s "#ce4
$res1$1neri2
n oriice c#7, e 1n l1cr1 #d4is #st7i de toi istoricii c tiinele
n#t1r#le $reoc1$#1 $re# $1in $e $it#goricieni2 Interes1l $entr1 "i7ic
<n neles1l 5ec8i #l c156nt1l1i= n1 se #r#t dec6t $este 1n 5e#c de l#
nte4eiere# sectei% l# <l2maion, $ri41l 4edic it#li#n i $rec1rsor1l
4edicinii 8i$ocr#tice <teori# "i7iologic # sen7#iilor i # gener#iei=F
l# $ilolaus <n cele $#tr1 $rinci$ii org#nice% creier1l, ini4#, 91ric1l,
s$er4#= i l# <rchytas <4ec#nic# $r#ctic=2 I#r c #ceste c1notine n1
er#1 eseni#le sectei, n1 $re7ent#1 $re# 41lt interes $entr1
$it#goricieni, o do5edete "#$t1l c +ele er#1 ls#te s se rs$6nde#sc
n 5oie, n ti4$ ce #de5r#t# tiin, M#te4#tic#, er# "erit c1 o r#r
strnicie de oc8ii 41li4ii2
L6ng Her#clit i $it#goricieni, c#re #1 s1"erit ex$erien# or"ic,
se $o#te #e7# l#ton, 1lti41l inii#t de geni12 Misticis41l l1i l#ton,
ent17i#s41l s1 $entr1 $rinci$iile $ri4e, $reoc1$#re# de l1cr1rile
extr#$46nteti, #rg14ent#re# n j1r1l ne41ririi s1"let1l1i i #lte
trst1ri eseni#le s1nt de origine or"ic2 l#ton 5or9ete ntotde#1n#
c1 res$ect de 4istere + "ie cele or"ice, "ie cele de l# Ele1sis + i#r
c#$odo$er# s#, Phaidon, e 1n di#log or"ic2
Her#clit ;o9sc1r1lA
D#r s ne nto#rce4 l# Her#clit, ;o9sc1r1l; "iloso" din E"es,
$entr1 tl4cire# cr1i# ne 5o4 "olosi n14#i de c#rte# $ro"esor1l1i
M#cc8ioro, 8rudito, uo.i, studi sull%orfismo <L#ter7#, &#ri, ,(NN=2
N/)
Des$re #cest Her#clit se c1nosc "o#rte $1ine l1cr1ri2 Diogcnc
L#erti1 s$1ne c ;n"lore#; n ti4$1l l1i D#ri1s, deci $rin j1r1l #nilor
Q// n2C8r2 Unii istorici #i "iloso"iei i socotesc 5i## ntre Q*Q+-)Q2
Se tie c er# de ne#4 regesc i descinde# dintr+o "#4ilie de s#cerdoi2
Se 4#i tie c er# 46ndr1, solit#r, c8i#r 4i7#ntro$, totde#1n#
nt1nec#t l# "# i i dis$re1i# str#nic conti4$or#nii2 A scris o c#rte
#l crei titl1 e, $o#te, )espre natur' i c#re er# 4$rit n trei
c#$itole% )espre uni.ers, Politica i )iscursul Teologic. Din #ce#ste
c#$itole ne+#1 r4#s 4#i 41lte "r#g4ente <,*/ n edii# l1i &>U#ter=,
#s1$r# cror# istoricii #1 cre#t n14ero#se i "#nt#stice inter$retri2
In st1di1l #cestor "r#g4ente s+# s56rit o 4#re gree#l,
4$otri5# crei# $ro"esor1l M#cc8ioro re#cione#7 $e 91n dre$t#te2
S+# 1it#t, #dic, 1n l1cr1 de o c#$it#l nse4nt#te% c "r#g4entele ni
s+#1 tr#ns4is +nt!mpl'tor, c ele n1 $ot "i cercet#te 1n1l c6te 1n1l, c#
nite #"oris4e, ci tre91iesc nelese n 1nit#te# lor org#nic2 '1 se
$o#te tr#ge o concl17ie de"initi5 dintr+1n "r#g4ent 8er#cliti#n, c6nd
n1 se c1nosc cele ce se s$1ne#1 n#inte i d1$ el2 S+#1 #d1s
4$otri5ire# c #ce#st unitate n1 $o#te "i reconstit1it, deo#rece
rest1rile s1nt $re# nense4n#te, i#r ceil#li "iloso"i s#1 istorici
<exce$t6nd Diogene L#erti1 + c#re n+# neles dec6t $re# $1in din
g6ndire# $ro"1nd # "iloso"1l1i e"esi#n= n1 5or9esc dest1l de l41rit
des$re siste41l l1i Her#clit2 4$otri5ire# #ce#st# n1 e ns j1st,
deo#rece exist o l1cr#re #ntic n c#re se cite#7 i se co4ente#7
"iloso"i# l1i Her#clit2 E o$er# 9f!ntului Pippolit <sec2III=, intit1l#t
7efutarea tuturor ere"iilor, c#re ni s+# tr#ns4is #$ro#$e n ntregi4e,
ntr+ns# #$ologet1l cretin c#1t s #r#te c to#te ere7iile i sectele
cretine n1 se nte4ei#7 $e E5#ng8elii, ci $e doctrinele "iloso"ilor
$g6ni2
n c#rte# P, Hi$$olit co49#te ere7i# noe*ian', i75or6t din
n5t1rile greite #le l1i oetius, i o co49#te #c176nd+o c n1 se
ins$ir din S"intele Dog4e, ci din "iloso"i# 1n1i $g6n, din ce# # l1i
Her#clit2 ?el1l c14 $rocede#7 Hi$$olit ne nde#4n s crede4 c #
c1nosc1t direct # trei# $#rte din l1cr#re# l1i Her#clit, )iscursul
Teologic + "o#rte 41lt rs$6ndit de ctre stoici2 A$ologet1l cretin
c#1t s reconstit1ie + c1 cit#te i co4ent#r + n to#t "iin# ei, "iloso"i#
teologic i cos4ologic # l1i Her#clit i s #r#te c, ntr+ns#,
g6nditor1l e"esi#n de75olt# #n14ite te4e c#re se #se4n#1 41lt i #1
in"l1en#t c8i#r n5t1rile l1i 'oeti1s2 Do5edete, deci, c n
)iscursul Teologic, Her#clit 5or9e# de 1n 7e1 !#t i de 1n ?i1 c#re
41re# i rente# d1$ 5oin# !#tl1i <M#cc8ioro, o$2 cit2, $2 **=2 Ji
c#re $1te# "i #cest 7e1 c#re 4o#re i n5i#7, d#c n1 E#gre1s, 7e1l
or"icilor, sing1r1l din to#t 4itologi# elen c#re s1"er 1n #se4ene#
l1cr1:
Ace#st do5#d + $e c#re n1 o $1te4 o9ine n14#i c1 "r#g4entele
$ro$ri1+7ise i c#re reiese li#p%d% din $o#%ntariul" din ntregire#
#$ologet1l1i + n% ndre#$t $+tr% o int%rpr%tar% '%$und+ i =u&t+ # $%lor
ce n%-au r+#a& din 2,ndir%a Iui 5%ra$lit1 N/W
Esen# or"c # "iloso"iei 8er#clitiene
D#c Her#clit $o4ene# de 4it1l l1i E#gre1s, d#c n )iscursul
s1 ;teologic; de75olt teoriile or"ice, 5# tre91i s gsi4 1r4ele
#cestei conce$ii i n celel#lte "r#g4ente2 L1cr1l #cest# # "ost c1
de$lin i796nd nde$linit de M#cc8ioro2 Din #d4ir#9il# s#
inter$ret#re, nte4ei#t $e o er1diie "ilologic i 1n s$irit critic c14
r#r se 4#i nt6lnete, s$ic1i4 c6te5# $ilde re"erito#re l# cele 4#i
cele9re "r#g4ente 8er#clitiene2
ntr+1n "r#g4ent <QN Diels=, Herodot $o4enete de 1n co$il ce se
jo#c n 7#r1ri i c#re st$6nete $46nt1l2 Cee# ce ne "#ce s ne
#4inti4 de co$il1l E#gre1s, cr1i# $rintele s1, Ee1s, i dr1ise
st$6nire# $46nt1l1i i c#re # "ost s1r$rins i 1cis de !it#ni $e c6nd
se j1c# n 7#r1ri2
n #lt "r#g4ent <Q* Diels=, se s$1ne c' ;ole4os e t#tl t1t1ror
l1cr1rilor;2 6n #c14 s+# tr#d1s ;ole4os; c1 ;r79oi;, d#r neles1l
#cest1i c156nt e, #ici, Ee1s% n14#i ## "r#g4ent1l #re 1n sens de$lin2
Crisi$ stoic1l #"ir4 1nde5# c Ee1s i ole4os s1nt #cel#i l1cr12
n "r#g4ent1l (., Her#clit s$1ne% Fcada.re1e merit' s' fie ".!rlite
afar' mai mult dec!t ('legarulF. Cee# ce tre91ie inter$ret#t $rin
dis$re1l or"ic1l1i "# de tr1$1l nens1"leit2 D1$ or"is4 + i
4$otri5# $rerii gener#le greceti + cor$1l i $ierde# orice $re
$rsit de s1"let i tre91i# #rs ntr+1n 4od s$eci#l2 Ardere# c#d#5r1l1i
o $o51i# i Her#clit2
D#r do1 "r#g4ente <N. i N) D2= s1nt de o 4#re nse4nt#te
$entr1 do5edire# esenei or"ice # g6ndirii I1i Her#clit2 Cel dint6i
s$1ne% ;o41l i #$rinde siei l14in n no#$te, 41rind 2 I#r cell#lt%
A $e cei 4ori i #te#$t l1cr1ri l# c#re n1 se g6nde#1 i $e c#re n1 le
s$er#1;2, Her#clit #5e#, ##d#r, 4#re ndejde n re5el#iile de d1$
4o#rte2 ntoc4#i c# i or"icii, el #"ir4 c tr1$1l, 4$iedic6nd s1"let1l
s c1no#sc #de5r1l, #cest# n1 $o#te "i re>el#t + $#ri#l i n14#i 1nor
#n14ii o#4eni + dec6t $rin iniiere# n 4istere i, tot#l, $rin 4o#rte2
E o g6ndire# eseni#l or"ic i $re# l41rit ex$ri4#t c# s+o 4#i
co4ent42
De or"is41l "iloso"1l1i din E"es cei 5ec8i n1 se ndoi#1 c14 se
ndoiesc 1nii dintre 4odernii istorici #i "iloso"iei2 'ote7 #ci c6te5#
$#s#gii c#re tre91iesc cons1lt#te% l1t#rc =)espre +ncetarea oracolelor,
,N=F l#ton -Cratylos/3 Cle4ent Alex#ndrin1l -9iromate, @I,N=, etc2
N/(
Rel#ti5is41l, 4isticis41l i dog4#tis41l l1i Her#clit
Un $#s#gi1 <41lt disc1t#t i n c#re Her#clit #"ir4 identit#te#
contr#riilor= $o#te "i neles n14#i l# l14in# or"is41l1i2 E 5or9# de
cele9r1l "r#g4ent N., c#re s$1ne% ;ne41ritorii s1nt 41ritori, 41ritorii
s1nt ne41ritori, 1nii trind 4o#rte# celorl#li, i#r ceil#li 41rind 5i##
lor; <#t8#n#toi t8netoi, t8netoi #t8#n#toi, 7ontes ton eHeion t8#n#ton
ton de eHeinon 9ion tet8neotes=2 M#cc8ioro l41rete #st"el $#s#gi1l%
;?iloso"1l en1n existen# 7eilor c#re 4or i # o#4enilor c#re de5in
ne41ritori, trind "iec#re reci$roc 5i## cel1il#lt;2 S c1t4
5eri"ic#re# "iecr1i 4e49r1 #l $ro$o7iiei n 4isterele l1i E#gre1s i
5o4 gsi c nemuritorii sunt muritori se $otri5ete "o#rte 9ine l1i
E#gre1s, c#re e toc4#i 1n 7e1 ce 4o#re i 1nic1l 7e1 41ritor #l
elenis41l1iF c' muritorii sunt nemuritori se $o#te $re# 9ine $otri5i
inii#t1l1i c#re o9ine n#t1r# di5in, #dic de5ine 7e1F c nemuritorii
ce tr'iesc moartea muritorilor con5ine din no1 l1i E#gre1s, 7e1l n #
cr1i 5i# e c1$rins i 4o#rte#, i c#re triete c1 #de5r#t 4o#rte#
$entr1 c ren#te din e#% i c muritorii care mor .ia*a "eilor se
$otri5ete c14 n1 se $o#te 4#i 9ine inii#ilor, c#re, "iind identi"ic#i
c1 7e1l i retrind "#7ele 5ieii l1i, 4or c# i el2 ?r#g4ent1l N.
ex$ri4, ##d#r, "#$t1l 4istic "1nd#4ent#l #l 4isterelor, #dic
identi"ic#re# o41l1i i 7e1l1i, $#lingene7# <sc8i49#re#= 4istic #
inii#t1l1i $rin $#ti4# i n5iere# l1i E#gre1s; <o$2cit2 W(+(/=2 Cee#
ce tre91ie rein1t e "#$t1l c i cei 5ec8i <Her#clit, #1tor1l #legoriilor
o4ericeF M#xi4 din !>rF Cle4ent Alex#ndrin1l= #1 $o4enit de
#ce#st re"erire # e"esi#n1l1i l# 4it1l l1i E#gre1s2
Un #lt "r#g4ent, tot #t6t de disc1t#t, e "r#g4ent1l Q,% ;ei n1
$rice$ c14 tot1l, "iind tot1i di5ers, concord c1 el ns1i% #r4onie
c#re consi4te i se 4$otri5ete, c# #cee# # #rc1l1i i # lirei;2 A do1#
$#rte # "r#7ei #re neles de ;#r4oni# tensi1nilor o$1se; <&1rnet=2 S+#1
d#t "o#rte 41lte inter$retri co4$#r#iei dintre #rc i lir2 Ce# # l1i
M#cc8ioro, nte4ei#t i $e o re"erire din l1t#rc, $#re # "i tot1i
sing1r# ex#ct2 Ele4ent1l co41n #l celor doi ter4eni e co#rd#, i#r
neles1l "r#g4ent1l1i e c #cel#i o4 ntinde, $e r6nd, i co#rd#
#rc1l1i, i ce# # lireiF c n #cee#i $erson#lit#te ne#$ do1 stri
s1"leteti c1 tot1l contr#rii% "1ri# r79oinic i ext#71l des"ttor #l
4elodiei2 Her#clit g6nde# c contr#riile s1nt identice, deo#rece dec1rg
1n1l dintr+#lt1l2 I#r origine# conce$iei contr#stelor tre91ie c1t#t n
or"is4, n ex$erien# 4istic # 4orii i n5ierii n E#gre1s2 De #lt"el,
Sext1s E4$iric1s s1gere#7 1nde5# #ce#st inter$ret#re2
Her#clit # c1nosc1t $erson#l ex$erien# or"ic, i#r nr61ririle
#cestei# se $ot deose9i n "o#rte 41lte #s$ecte #le "iloso"iei s#le2
N,/
Mister1l or"ic, c# oriice #lt 4ister "iind 1n #ct de credin, n1
conine# nici 1n ele4ent r#ion#l2 Cee# ce s$1ne i Aristot2
R#ion#lis41l er# o col#9or#re $osterio#r iniierii2 ?iloso"i# er#
4#ni"est#re# $e tr64 r#ion#l # 1nor stri s1"leteti nd1r#te s19iecti5
n ti4$1l cere4oniilor de iniiere2 Deci tot siste41l "iloso"ic #l l1i
Her#clit # i75or6t d1$ ce "1sese inii#t2 El e 1n $rod1s origin#l, d#r l#
te4eli# s# se rec1no#te ex$erien# or"ic% $esi4is4, dis$re ctre
ti4$, s$er#ne 1ltr#4ond#ne, identit#te# contr#riilor, 4it1l l1i
E#gre1s i #ltele, #s1$r# cror# 5o4 scrie 4#i jos2 ?iloso"i#
8er#cliti#n se $o#te socoti, deci, c# 1n #s$ect r#ion#l, o ntr1$#re
logic # ex$erienelor or"ice2 !rst1rile c#r#cteristice ce 1r4e#7
ntresc #"ir4#i# #ce#st#2
Her#clit er# 1n 4istic #s$r1 i nend1$lec#t2 ntr+1n "r#g4ent <,Q
D2=, #$r $rocesi1ne# 9#c8ic, ce #r "i $r1t i4$1dic d#c n+#r "i
l1#t $#rte Dion>sos2 Mistic1l e $re# contient de 5#lo#re#
c1notinelor #le + c$t#te ne4ijlocit $rin inter4edi1l Di5initii,
s#1 n ti4$ ce s1"let1l $rsete $ro5i7ori1 tr1$1l + c# s n1 "ie
dog4#tic i dis$re1itor "# de #de5r1rile celorl#li, c$t#te $rin
si41ri i $rin r#i1ne <"r#g42l, ,), *-, -/, )/, )W=2 Dis$re1l ctre
c1notin# logic e de o nse4nt#te co56rito#re i #d1ce o $ro9
te4einic $entr1 #"ir4#re# 4isticis41l1i or"ic #l l1i Her#clit2 entr1
c 1n 4istic se "olosete de c1notin# int1iti5, direct de l# D+7e1F
;o#4enii se n#l n c1no#tere# l1cr1rilor 5i7i9ile; <"r#g42 Q.=2 Ji e
cr1nt c6nd cine5# $1ne l# ndoi#l 5#lo#re# #cestei c1notine2
n s"6rit, o 1lti4 trst1r # 4isticis41l1i l1i Her#clit e
4odesti# s# n cee# ce $ri5ete $osesi1ne# #de5r1l1i2 entr1 4istic,
n1 r#i1ne# 5or9ete, ci D+7e1, @er91l Di5in2 I#r #cest 5er9 e
ne$rice$1t de 41li4e# celor neinii#i% ;o#4enii n1 neleg #cest
@er9, c#re exist totde#1n#, nici d1$ ce l+#1 #17it, c14 n1+,
nelege#1 nici n#inte de #+, "i #17it; <"r#g42 ,=2 Ji Her#clit n1 1it s
$o4ene#sc 1nde5# + "r ndoi#l c el 5# "i 5or9it 4#i 41lt n o$er#
$ierd1t + de ex$erien# iniierii% ;4+#4 c1t#t $e 4ine ns14i;2
E ti4$1l s nc8eie4 #ceste notie2 entr1 #4n1nte, c#rte# l1i
M#cc8ioro e ne$re1it2 n oriice c#7, cititor1l # $rice$1t, ns, de ce
$re# ;o9sc1r; celor 5ec8i "iloso"1l din E"es, Her#clit2
'oti 9i9liogr#"ic
!extele l1i Diels i &>U#ter2 C# l1crri gener#le, ren14itele
istorii #le l1i Eeller, Go4$re7, &1rnet2 Ad4ir#9il1l 5ol14 #l l1i Aldo
Mieii% @e scuole ionica, pythagorica ed eleata <,(N/= e $re# $1in
c1nosc1t i, $e nedre$t, celor ce st1di#7 istori# "iloso"iei greceti2 Ji
l1cr#re# l1i "leiderer% )ie Philosophie Peraclits im @ichte der
Mysterienidee <,W..=2 M1l14ito#re 4onogr#"i# l1i &odrero% 8raclito
<,(,/=, c#re d o 5ersi1ne it#li#n "r#g4entelor 8er#clitiene i "#lelor
e$istole2 entr1 9i9liogr#"i# co4$let, 5e7i M#cc8ioro2
N,,
Misterele or"ice l# o4$ei
n #$ro$iere# c1nosc1tei @i# dei Se$oleri, l# o4$ei, se
desco$eri, n ,(,., o 5il nc neco4$let de7gro$#t, 5il c#re #j1nse
re$ede cele9r2 eD1$ o cercet#re #4n1nit se c$t con5ingere# c
#ce#st# er# o 9#silic or"ic, #dic 1n loc 1nde se ntr1ne# i+i
s56re# cere4oniile religio#se co41nit#te# or"ic din o4$ei2 C14
or"is41l er# $e #ce# 5re4e 1n c1lt inter7is de o"ici#lit#te, #de$ii l1i
tre91i#1 s se nt6lne#sc n t#in i ntr+1n loc c#re s n1 de# de
9n1it2 A# c14 er# constr1it, 5il# $1te# #sc1nde $ri5irilor
nencre7to#re cele ce se nde$line#1 nl1ntr1l ei2
!o#t nse4nt#te# #cestei desco$eriri #r8eologice const ntr+o
s#l 4#re 4$rej41it de c6te5# slie i n c#re se #"l 71gr5ite $e
$erete o serie de scene2 St1diind c1 l1#re #4inte #ceste scene,
c1nosc1t1l istoric #l or"is41l1i, @ittorio M#cc8ioro # o9ser5#t c ele
seA contin1 1n# $e #lt# i c n "iec#re scen #$#r c#4 #cei#i
$rot#goniti% #1, deci, o 1nit#te de #ci1ne i o 1nit#te de $erso#ne2
'+# "ost gre1 l1i M#cc8ioro s se con5ing c se #"l n "## 1nor
scene ce re$re7int o ini*iere orfic', scene c#re co4$lete#7 i
l14ine#7 #n14ite $1ncte din c1no#tere# or"is41l1i2
An#li7# $ict1rilor $o4$ei#ne i concl17iile l# c#re cond1ce $e
orice c1nosctor #l 4isterelor or"ice, le+# d#t M#cc8ioro n c#rte# s#
r4#s cele9r -Aagreus# studi sul,orfismo, &#ri, ,(N/=, $rec14 i n
#lte st1dii i #rticole de $rin re5iste <'oi ne "olosi4 i de st1di1l s1,
@a .ila dei misteri a Pompei, #$r1t n ;Re5ist# dA It#li# e
dAA4eric#;=2 E ni4erit s 4#i #d1g4 tot #ici c M#cc8ioro #
cercet#t legt1rile or"is41l1i c1 cretinis41l $ri4iti5 n l1cr#re#
6rfismo e Paolinismo, l# c#re "r#nce71l Andre &o1l#nger i+# rs$1ns
$rin c#rte# 6rphee# rapports de l%orphisme et du christianisme <,(NQ=2
De #se4ene#, #cel#i M#cc8ioro # 4#i cercet#t legt1rile or"is41l1i
c1 nce$1t1rile "iloso"iei greceti, n st1di1l 8raclito e 1%orfismo <n
re5ist# AGnosis;, ,(N/=2 Cl17ii de #ceste cercetri #le s#5#nt1l1i
it#li#n, s tl4ci4 #c14 $ict1rile 41r#le $e c#re le re$rod1ce42 D#r,
4#i nt6i, c6te5# c15inte des$re or"is4
(N
2
A46n6nd $e #lt d#t #n#li7# 4etodic i #4n1nit # #cest1i
c1rent religios c#re str9t1 Greci# i coloniile greceti din secol1l @I
n2 C8r2 i $6n n 5re4e# cretinis41l1i + ne 5o4 4rgini s sc8i4
n14#i esen# 4itic i religio#s a or"is41l1i2
0r"is41l er#, n#inte de toat%" o religie esoteric', #sc1ns de oc8ii
41li4ii, c#re se s56re# taini$" nu#ai -ntr% iniiaiC ni#%ni n1 $1te#
p+trund% -ntr--n&%l%" '+r+ a tr%$% #ai -nt,i printr-o serie d% $regtiri,
'+r+ # n"$t1i o put%rni$+ %volui% &u'l%t%a&$+" '+r+ a 'i iniiat1 Iar n
N,N
$ri5in# #ce#st#, or"is41l se #se#4n c1 orice religie de 4istere, c1
rel#i# esoteric # l1i 0siris, de $ild, s#1 c1 rel#iile tot #t6t de
esoterice #le tri91rilor $ri4iti5e2
n cee# ce $ri5ete esen# s#, or"is41l este 1n c1lt deri5#t din
religi# dionisiac', din #ce# religie c#re se s56re# de ctre 9#c8#nte,
c#re cere# o ex#lt#re 4istic, "1rio#s2 0r"is41l # "ost ns 41lt 4#i
$otolit2 El n1 c1$rinde# 9#c8#ntele dionisi#ce, n1 c1$rinde# go#n#
ne91n d1$ 1n t#1r c#re er# s"6i#t de 5i1 i 491c#t cr1d,de ex#lt#ii
#de$i2 0r"is41l sile#, di4$otri5, l# #scetis4, l# dis$re1l 9ogiilor
i #l deertci1nilor l14etiF cere# o 5i# c1r#t, nc8in#t
r1gci1nilor, 4edit#iei, $er"ecionrii interio#re, $1ri"icrii de
ele4ente 9esti#le -titanice, c14 le n14e#1 ei=2 !o#te #ceste# $entr1 #
sc$# de 5in# str4oe#sc, de # se 46nt1i de ir1l nentrer1$t #l
existenelor $ricin1ito#re de s1"erine2 I#r #ce#st 5in str4oe#sc
er# 1r4to#re#% Dion>sos, "i1l l1i Ee1s, "1sese s"6i#t de 5i1 de
!it#niF Ee1s, d1$ ce n5i#7 $e Dion>sos+E#gre1s, din ini4# sc$#t
c# $rin 4in1ne de Miner5#, tr7nete $e !it#ni2 Din cen1# #cestor
!it#ni, s+#1 nsc1t o#4enii, #st"el c ei $o#rt n s6nge #t6t ele4ent1l
r1, titanic, c6t i o $#rte di5in, dionisiac', r4#s din tr1$1l l1i
Dion>sos s"6i#t de !it#ni
(*
2 0r"is41l #5e# de sco$ toc4#i $1ri"ic#re#
o41l1i de ele4ent1l tit#nic2 I#r c# s intre n co41nit#te# or"ic, er#
ne5oie de o iniiere2
D1$ c14 "o#rte 9ine o9ser5 M#cc8ioro -Aagreus, ,)*+N-*=
iniiere# er# o dr#4 s#cr, l# c#re l1# $#rte nc i neo"it1l2 Er# o
pantomim', 1n rol j1c#t c1 to#t #$rindere# de o "iin c#re nce$e# s
se con5ing c n1 4#i er# e#, ci 7e1l Dion>sos2 nsi iniiere# or"ic
n1 er# dec6t depersonali"area, 1it#re# de sine, contopirea cu "eul,
n#tere# n Dion>sos2 !o#te #ceste# n1 er#1 l1cr1ri con5enion#le, ci
sincere2 'eo"it1l er# con5ins de e5ol1i# l1i2 Er# o#rec14 4#gneti7#t,
s1gestion#t2 Er# $r#d 1nei ex$eriene 4istice, s19iecti5eF #5e#
5i7i1ni n c#re se rec1note# $e el, trec6nd $rin #cele#i e5eni4ente c#
i 7e1l2 I#r c6nd rit1l iniierii se s"6re#, neo"it1l i $ierd1se 4e4ori#
trec1t, 1it#se de .echiul 8u, n1 er# dec6t Dion>sos2 C#71ri de #ceste#
de de$erson#li7#re se nt64$l i n 7ilele no#stre2 <M#cc8ioro, $$2
NQ(+N.-=2
Ac14, s tl4ci4 $ict1rile de l# o4$ei2 Alegori# nce$e c1
scen# G, #e7#t n "## 1ii, c#re re$re7int o n5est46nt#re2 'eo"it#
se 49r#c "r14os, c# $entr1 o n1ntF n 4isterele 5ec8i, 1nire#
sex1#l c1 7e1l si49oli7e#7 iniiere# $rin excelen2 I#r lit1rg8i#
or"ic n1 er# dec6t o cere4onie n1$i#l2 n scen# A, 1n co$il, $reot
de+#l l1i Dion>sos, citete neo"itei c#rte# s#cr # iniierii2 Cateche"s.
n5t1r# rit1#l dog4#tic2 Scen# & re$re7int o agap' L1cr1l e
o9icin1it n 4istere, deo#rece #g#$# $recede i $re$#r iniiere#,
$1n6nd $e neo"it n legt1r c1 7e1l2
n scen# 1r4to#re, c#$r# p% $ar% o #l$te#7 o s#tirisc e ns1i
Dion>sos co$il2 'eo"it1l #sist la co$ilri# 7e1l1i i de5ine ns1i
913
4a2r%u&-ionF&o&1 ;lautul i $%l%lalt% in&tru#%nt% 0&irin2a<" -#pr%un+
$u lira %rau in&tru#%nt% o(i$inuit% -n $ulturil% #ntice2 Silen1l c#re se
5ede la &t,n2a e, prin tradii%" p%da2o2ul lui Dion>sos2 n scen# D, 1n
co$il priv%t% ntr+o oglind 0o(i%$t nse4n#t n or"is4=, n ti4$ ce
#lt1l i ine o 4#sc + ce re$re7int $e 7e1 + n#$oi# c#$1l1i2 0glind#
#d1ce 8#l1cin#ii, co$il1l se crede Dion>sos i $re7ice s"6rit1l tr#gic
#l 7e1l1iF silen1l c#re ine oglind# co41nic to#te #ceste $re5estiri
neo"itei din st6ng#, c#re % ngro7it2
Scen# E e scen# s1$re4% se $re7int 1nire# sex1#l c1 Ee1l,
si49oli7#t $rin desco$erire# 4#rel1i 8#llos2 'eo"it# st
ngen1nc8i#t i se $regtete s tr#g 5o#l1l, d#r 4#i n#inte de
#ce#st cere4onie n1$i#l tre91ie s tre#c $rin s1"erin# l1i
Dion>sos, s re$ete 4o#rte# tr#gic # l1i Dion>sos2 De #cee# e
9ici1it de o "iin ntr#ri$#t, c#re e c8i#r Telete, "iic# l1i Dion>sos i
iceia. ?l#gel#i# e 1n o9icei co41n t1t1ror c1lt1rilor orgi#sticeF er#
1n s#cri"ici1 14#n "r 4o#rte# 5icti4eiF #de5r#t# l1i r#i1ne er# #cel
e"ect 4istic de refnoire, de renatere. &ici1ire# er# 1lti4# tre#$t c#re
4#i des$#rte neo"it# de 5ec8e# ei $erson#lit#te2 n scen# 1r4to#re, #
rensc1t l# o no1 5i#, l# o no1 $erson#lit#te2 n s1"let1l ei s+#1
introd1s 5i##, 4o#rte# i n5iere# l1i Dion>sos2 Ac14 e o (achant', o
"iin #l crei s1"let e conto$it c1 s1"let1l 7e1l1iF e des$rit de"initi5
i co4$let de rest1l o4enirii2
A "c1t cel 4#i nse4n#t $#s n $er"eci1ne# ei% e o inii#t2
n 2#ceste $1ine r6nd1ri, #t6t or"is41l c6t i desco$eririle l1i
M#cc8ioro #$#r nc necl#re i li$site de #de5r#t# lor $re1ire2 @o4
re5eni ns #lt d#t2
91>
Dion>sos+C8rist
Alt1r#re# #cestor do1 n14e n1 e "ericit2 Se 5# crede, de ctre
cei 4#i 41li, c e 5or9# de mitul l1i Is1s2 n re#lit#te, $ro9le4#
mituluic8ristic e #$ro#$e re7ol5#t2 Istoricit#te# M6nt1itor1l1i n1 4#i
$o#te "i $1s l# ndoi#l, i#r crile #1torilor $#rti7#ni #i
nonistoricitii n1 4#i nt6lnesc + n r6nd1rile o#4enilor de tiin
+s1cces1l $e c#re+, re$1rt#1 #c14 do17eci de #ni2 S+# neles c
$re7en# ele4entelor 4itice, legend#re n1A 4$iedic#, n istori# l1i
CI8rist, existen# S# re#l2 S+# neles c 4#i to#te #se4nrile c1
di5initile orient#le se d#toresc in"l1enelor posterioare 5ieii
$46nteti # l1i Is1s2 Dei, n 1r4# #d4ir#9ilei cri # l1i C8o1c8o1d
-@e mystere de &esus, ,(NQ= i # tr#d1cerii c1nosc1tei l1crri # l1i
DreUs -@e mythe de Christ, ,(N.= $ro9le4# # nce$1t # "i i#ri
disc1t#t, te7# non+istoricitii n1 4#i $o#te c6tig# dec6t $e cei
neinii#i n istori# religiilor co4$#r#te2 De #lt"el, i$ote7# i1i
C8o1c8o1d # "ost 4#gistr#l co49t1t de M#1rice Gog1el -&esus de
a"aret, Mythe ou Pistoire, ,(NQ=2
n notiele de "#, deci, n1 ne 5o4 oc1$# de tnit1l l1i Is1s2 Ci
5o4 ncerc# s l41ri4 1n# din cele 4#i nse4n#te $ro9le4e din
cretinis41l $ri4iti5% cristologia 9fan*ului Pa.el. @o4 reconstit1i,
s14#r, conce$i# $e c#re A$ostol1l i+# "c1t+o des$re C8rist2 Ji 5o4
ex$lic# i796nd# $e c#re # re$1rt#t+o $ro$o5d1ind $g6nilor2
Cretinis41l s"6nt1l1i #5el e deose9it de cel #l A$ostolilor, de
cel $#lestini#n2 entr1 c e 1n cretinis4 uni.ersalist. Mrginit n
c#drele $ro$#g#ndei #$ostolice + Is1s n1 #$re# dec6t c# 1n Mesi#
5enit s 46nt1ie $o$or1l e5re12 Cretinis41l #$ostolilor er# i1d#ic2
Er# 4$linire# s$er#nelor $o$or1l1i #les2
ntre #cest cretinis4 i cel #l s"6nt1l1i #5el e o 4#re deose9ire2
Ls4 l# o $#rte "#$t1l c #5el se 4$otri5e# celor c#re s1sine#1 c
n1 se $o#te #j1nge cretin dec6t trec6nd $rin i1d#is4 + #"ir46nd c
credin*a sing1r e s1"icient $entr1 # se 46nt1i2 D#r nsi conce$i#
cretinis41l1i l# #5el e deose9it de ce# # A$ostolilor2 Aceti# + c#
i toi cretinii i1d#i7#ni din Siri# i #lestin# + socote#1 c 46nt1ire#
de $c#t1l #d#4ic s+# n"$t1it $rin nsi 5enire# M6nt1itor1l1i2 Cei
c#re cred n M6nt1itor i se 9ote#7 n n14ele l1i s1nt 46nt1ii2 S#1,
4#i ex#ct, cei c#re i #si4ile#7 lege# i1d#ic, c1$rins n ,echiul
Testament i #$oi cred n Mesi#, s1nt 46nt1ii2
L# #5el, di4$otri5, M6nt1ire# er# moartea i +n.ierea +n Christ
Adic o ex$erien religio#s c#re se 4$line# n c#dr1l 1n1i 4it2
C14 5o4 5ede# nd#t, #5el nelege# cretinis41l c# o actuali"are,
o re#li7#re # l1i C8rist n s1"let1l credincios1l1i2
91:
D#r #ce#st# n1 se nt6lnise $6n #t1nci n i1d#is42 M6nt1ire# $rin
identi"ic#re# c1 1n 7e1 er# strein 4onoteis41l1i intr#nsigent i
rit1#lis41l1i rigid e9r#ic2 C14 de se gsete, #t1nci, n cristologi#
S"6nt1l1i #5el: De 1nde # 4$r141t#t A$ostol1l #ce#st conce$ie,
d#c e# n1 #$#rine# e5reilor:
S+# s$1s c S+t1l #5el # s1"erit $1ternice in"l1ene elenistice2
Li49#j1l l1i ni+, #r#t c# $e 1n 9r9#t $rice$1t n "iloso"i# gre#c2
S1nt ter4eni i noi1ni $e c#re #5el n1 le+#r "i $1t1t 4#ni$1l#, d#c
#r "i $osed#t n14#i o #d6nc c1lt1r r#9inic2
D#r nici 4esi#nis41l i1d#ic, nici "iloso"i# gre#c n1 ne $ot
ex$lic# n ntregi4e $e #5el2 Conce$i# 4orii i ren#terii n C8rist
e o conce$ie religio#s2 E re71lt#t1l 1nei ex$eriene, i#r n1 #l 1nei
s$ec1l#ii teoretice2 E o conce$ie 4isteric2
A"ir4#i# #ce#st# n1 tre91ie s ne ns$i46nte2 E# n1 e ntr1
ni4ic "#nte7ist i credin# cretin n1 #re ni4ic de s1"erit din $ricin#
ei2 Di4$otri52
n !#rs, or#1l A$ostol1l1i, 96nt1i# $e 5re4e# #cee# + c# n to#t
Asi# + 1n $1ternic sincretis4 religios2 Eeci de c1lt1ri 4isterice i
#5e#1 #colo te4$lele i credincioii2 C1lt1l l1i Att>s, 0siris, Adonis
er# n "lo#re2 Exist# i 1n 7e1 loc#l, 9andron, c#re se #se4n# 41lt c1
ceil#li 7ei 4isterici2 A5e4 4oti5e s crede4 c #e74inte or"ice n1
$1te#1 li$si2 E $este $1tin c# #5el, 1n 9r9#t c1 o $ro"1nd i
#r7to#re 5i# interio#r, tort1r#t de 4isticis4 + s n1 "i c1nosc1t,
c8i#r "r s "ie inii#t direct, 1nele din #ceste c1lt1ri2
@o4 #rt# nd#t c el # c1nosc1t orf+smul. C # ex$eri4ent#t
4o#rte# i n5iere# l1i E#gre1s2 Ji c, c1nosc6nd cretinis41l
#$ostolic, # re$et#t c1 C8rist cee# ce desco$erise c1 Dion>sos+
E#gre1s <entr1 to#te #ceste# 5e7i M#cc8ioro% 6rfismo e Pao1inismo,
,(N*2 I$ote7# s#5#nt1l1i it#li#n # "ost co49t1t, ntre #lii, de A2
&o1l#nger% 6rphee, ,(NQ2 C#rte# #cest1i# din 1r4, ns, e de$#rte de
# se n14i tiini"ic2 @e7i recen7i# l1i M#cc8ioro n Ri5ist# Indo+
Greco+It#lic#;, ,(NQ, $$2 N(-+N(Q=2 '1 $1te4 $o4eni nici 1n# din
n14ero#sele l1crri #s1$r# #cestor "#$te2 A se 5ede# st1di1l nostr1,
Misticismul grec i originile cretinismului, c#re 5# #$#re2 <Ex$1neri,
disc1ii, 9i9liogr#"ie= 2
Esen# dog4ei $#1linice se $o#te re714# #st"el% 041l e $ctos
$entr1 c s+# nsc1t n c#rne# $ri8nit de Ad#4F c# s se 46nt1ie,
o41l tre91ie s se $1ri"ice de $c#t1l #d#4ic, rensc6nd l# o 5i#
no1, n C8rist2 Ace#st ren#tere e ex$eri4ent#re# 4orii i n5ierii
l1i C8rist2 E #ct1#li7#re# istoriei l1i C8rist2
Is1s C8rist # trit i # 41rit $entr1 $c#tele o#4enilor2 ri5it din
#cest $1nct de 5edere, Is1s e 1n 042 ri5it c# 1n "#$t religios, sim*it
#dic, experimentat + Is1s e 1n Ee12 entr1 c 5i## i 4o#rte# l1i
constit1ie 1n $roces "ec1nd i 9og#t n $osi9iliti 4istice2 Re$et6nd
l1ntric #ce#st 4o#rte + #ct1#li76nd+o + credincios1l se identi"ic c1
C8rist Ji ren#te c1 El + l# o 5i# no1, 5enic2 N,.
!o#te #ceste# le s$1ne ns1i S+t1l #5el n 8pistola c'tre
7omani. I#t cele $#tr1 4o4ente eseni#le2
#2 C8rist 4o#re $entr1 desct1#re# o41l1i de $c#t1l #d#4ic -8p.
7om. ,, .,(,,/,,N,,-,,Q,,),,W,,(=2
92041l se $o#te 46nt1i 41rind i rensc6nd n El <@I, ,+,,=%
c2!r1$1l e sl#1l $c#t1l1i <@II, Q,.,,-,,Q,,W+NQ=2
dRensc6nd n C8rrst, $c#t1l e ni4icit n tr1$ <@III, ,+
Q,,/,,,,,*,,-=2
!o#te ideile #ceste# s1nt or"ice <M#cc8ioro, $$2.)+),=2 S"6nt1l
#5el n1 le $1te# c1no#te din lege# i1d#ic2 E5reii, re$et4, n+#1
#51t niciod#t int1ii# 46nt1irii $rin ex$eri4ent#re# 4orii i
ren5ierii 1n1i 7e12 De #se4ene#, ele4entele #ceste# n1 se gsesc n
nici o #lt sect 4isteric orient#l2
#5el, inii#t n or"is4, # #d#$t#t ex$erien# or"ic "#$t1l1i cretin2
entr1 c C8rist er# 41lt 4#i $reios c# E#gre1s2 C8rist $1te# "i 4#i
lesne #ct1#li7#t $entr1 c er# 4#i #$ro#$e2 Ji re#lit#te# l1i C8rist er#
4#i $#l$#9il dec6t # 7e1l1i grec2
#5el # si4it i4ensele $osi9iliti 4isterice #le l1i C8rist2 De
#cee# # nloc1it, n c#dr1l 4ister1l1i, $e E#gre1s $rin C8rist2
Ace#st# ex$lic i796nd# l1i, #5el $rintre $g6ni i nen14r#tele
n"r6ngeri $rintre e5rei2 entr1 c $g6nii, ndeose9i grecii, er#1
o9icin1ii c1 4isterele2 ?#$t1l 46nt1irii $rin 7e1, $rin ex$erien le
er# c1nosc1t2 E5reilor, ns, li se $re# o ere7ie2
#1linis41l deose9ete cel dint6i cretinis41l de i1d#is42 Ii
ncredine#7 1n ele4ent "ec1nd, c#re n1 # nt6r7i#t s de# ro#de2
Cretinis41l occident#l se d#torete n 91n $#rte $#1linis41l1i2
A4 $1te# str1i 4#i 41lt2 A4 $1te# $o4eni de disc1rs1l
A$ostol18ii ctre 7e1l 'ec1nosc1t s#1 de ere7i# l1i M#rcion, de
5dit esen or"ic2 D#r $#ginile #ceste# #1 #51t o int 41lt 4#i
restr6ns2 n st1di1l nostr1 + $o4enit 4#i s1s +5o4 re5eni2
217
,(N-
ett#77oni, $ro"esor de istori# religiilor l# Uni5ersit#te# din
&ologn#, s+# "c1t c1nosc1t nc din ,(,N c6nd # ti$rit # s# @a
7eligione primiti.a in 9ardegna. Ade5r#t1l ren14e de s#5#nt i ,+#
c$t#t ns od#t c1 n"iin#re# coleciei de istori# religiilor, n c#re #
$19lic#t $6n #c14 @a religione di Aarathustra nella istoria religiosa
de1I% Iran <,(N/=, @a religione nella ;recia antica fino ad <lessandro
<,(N,= i, #c14 n 1r4, I misteri. n ,(NN # nce$1t ti$rire# 1nei
4#gni"ice o$ere% )io $orma"ione e s.iluppo del monoteismo nella
storia delle religioniVRo4#2 Societ# Editrice ;At8en#e14;=, din c#re
# #$r1t $6n #c14 n14#i 5oi2 nt6i
C#rte# l1i ett#77oni #n#li7e#7 origine# i de75olt#re# 4isterelor
n #ntic8it#te, nce$6nd c1 cele greceti i tr#cice <ele1sine, dionisi#ce,
or"ice, c#9irice, cele #le l1i S#9#7i1s=, trec6nd $rin cele "rigiene <Attis
i C>9el#=, egi$tene <Isis i 0siris=, se4itice <Adonis i It#r= i
s"6rind c1 cele $ers#ne <Mitr#=2 L# nce$1t1l i s"6rit1l crii s1nt
do1 c#$itole de sinte7 n c#re ett#77oni l41rete $roces1l de
"or4#ie #T 4isterelor i tendin# lor s$re s1$r#n#ion#lis4, s$re
sincretism, n e$oc# elenistic2 I$ote7# $e c#re o d ett#77oni
4isterelor n1 e $e de+#+ntreg1l origin#l, ns e de"initi5 $1s l#
$1nct2 0 o9ser5#ie 4#i #tent # rit1rilor 4isterice con5inge c ntre
to#te 4isterele #ntice exist 4#ri #se4nri, #t6t c# conce$ii c6t i c#
"or42 L1cr1l #cest# n1 se d#torete ns + d1$ #"ir4#re# l1i
ett#77oni + 1nor in"l1ene reci$roce #le 4isterelor, ci "#$t1l1i c to#te
s1nt $rod1sele #celor#i c#17e exercit#te #s1$r# 1nor 4#teri#le
identice <s1"letele o4eneti=2 D#c rit1l l1i isis i 0siris se #se#4n
c1 cel #l l1i Adonis i It#r, #ce#st# n1 e o do5#d c 1n1l din ele #
co$i#t $e cell#lt, ci c #t6t 4ent#lit#te# egi$tenilor c6t i ce# #
se4iilor 4editer#neeni # "ost i79it de #cele#i o9ser5#ii n#t1r#le,
$rod1c6nd conce$ii i rit1ri identice2 entr1 c, d#c #4 #d4ite
$osi9ilit#te# 1nor in"l1ene egi$tene #s1$r# 4isterelor "rigiene,
se4ite, greceti, tr#cice, n1 $1te4 #d4ite o in"l1en #1str#li#n
#s1$r# 1nor rit1ri $e c#re le gsi4 n #cel#i ti4$ n Sicili#, Scoi# i
Greci#2 I#t des$re ce e 5or9#2 n A1str#li#, exist o o$er#ie de
iniiere # #dolescenilor, $rin c#re li se "#c c1nosc1te c8esti1nile
sex1#le, dre$t1rile i d#toriile ctre "#4ilie i tri9, 4it1rile tri91l1i,
#le tote41l1i, #le "iinei s1$erio#re, etc2 0$er#i# #ce#st#, c#re const
n $ro9e "i7ice, d#ns1ri i c1t14e ci1d#te, sc8i49ri de n14e,
circ14scriere + to#te c# s se con5ing neo"it1l c e 1n altul + o$er#i#
N,W
#ce#st# e nsoit de 1n 7go4ot ci1d#t, $ricin1it de n56rtire# 1nei
91ci n "or4 de ro49, c1 #j1tor1l 1nei s"ori2 Acest 7go4ot, nsc1t
din n56rtire# ro491l1i, #4intete $re7en# 7e1l1i <$o#te o #se4n#re
c1 t1netele cer1l1i= i, deci, este str6ns leg#t de rit1rile inii#torii2
Cee# ce e interes#nt de ti1t e ns "#$t1l c #cest ro49 i #ce#st
legt1r # l1i c1 rit1rile de iniiere se gsesc i n Sicili#, Scoi# i n
Greci# 5ec8e2 este tot, c1 c6te5# $re"#ceri d#torite in"l1enelor
loc#le2 C14 s+#r $1te# ex$lic# #ceste identiti, d#c n1 $rin
#d4itere# 1nor c#17e identice, c#re s $rod1c e"ecte identice, c#17e
c#re #1 l1cr#t, ns, desp'r*ite 1n# de #lt#:
Acel#i l1cr1 s+# $etrec1t i c1 4isterele din #ntic8it#te2 ?iec#re
$o$or i+# #51t 4ister1l s1, "ie c el s+# de75olt#t co4$let, "ie c s+#
o$rit $e o tre#$t in"erio#r, c# cel se4it2 C#17# #cestor 4istere # "ost
cultul agrarian loc#l2 S$ect#col1l 4orii i n#terii 5eget#iei # "ost
#si4il#t c1 cel #l 4orii i n#terii 7e1l1i 5eget#iei <0siris, Attis,
Dion>sos, Adonis, !#4417, etc=, #$oi c1 #l 4orii i ren#terii
o41l1i2 !re$t#t, tre$t#t s+# #j1ns l# conce$i# c indi5id1l inii#t n
4isterele 4orii i ren#terii 7e1l1i <4isterele de l# Ele1sis, etc2= se
46nt1ie de 4o#rte, ren'sc!nd od#t c1 n5iere# 7e1l1i2 L# s"6rit,
c6te5# $#gini se oc1$ c1 in"l1enele i legt1rile 4isterelor c1
Cretinis41l2 D#r #ce#st# e o $ro9le4 $re# nse4n#t c# s "ie #tins
n14#i n tre#ct2
C#rte# l1i ett#77oni, c#re #n#li7e#7 rit1rile, e $re# 9og#t c# s
$o#t "i re714#t ntr+o sc1rt noti2 De #lt4interi, e# e dest1l de
c1nosc1t i #$reci#t n A$1s i recen7i# #ce#st# t6r7ie n+# "ost scris
dec6t c1 dorin# de # o "#ce c1nosc1t cetitorilor ro46ni2
N,(
R#""#ele ett#77oni% GMisteri 9toria delle religioni,
@II, *QN $2, t2 PPII, N/ L2 +&ologn#2 '2 E#nic8elli GYitore,
I@2 J!II'CA M0RCII
,2 M0AR!EA EPERIME'!A!A
I4#ginile 4orii l# $ri4iti5i
Li$sete o cercet#re de #ns#49l1 #s1$r# conce$iilor des$re
Mo#rte l# $o$o#rele $ri4iti5e
,
A2 Este #de5r#t c exist st1dii
re4#rc#9ile #s1$r# di"eritelor 4od#liti de n814#re, #s1$r#
di"eritelor credine $ri5ind 5i## de d1$ 4o#rte, n1 i 1n st1di1
gener#l i siste4#tic n c#re s "ie ex#4in#t conce$i# des$re Mo#rte
i "1nd#4entele ei ideologice, c# trecere de la un mod de existen*' la
altul. 0r, n l14e# ;$ri4iti5;, Mo#rte# este 5#lori7#t c# o trecere de
l# 1n regi4 existeni#l l# #lt1l2 nc @#n Genne$ a $1s dej# n
e5iden "o#rte 9ine i4$ort#n# ;rit1rilor de trecere; l# societile
tr#diion#leF Mo#rte#, c# i n#tere# s#1 n1nt#, co4$ort o serie de
rit1ri $rin inter4edi1l cror# trecere# de l# 1n ni5el ontologic l# #lt1l
se $o#te "#ce "r risc1ri, #t6t $entr1 cel c#re le $r#ctic e"ecti5, c6t i
$entr1 rest1l co41nitii2 D#r 1n rit deA trecere ec8i5#le#7 c1 o
ini*iere# n#tere#, n1nt# i 4o#rte#, de "#$t, s1nt deo$otri5, "or4e de
iniiereF i in5ers, n cere4oniile inii#tice, si49olis4ele 4orii i #le
ren#terii <L no1# n#tere= i #dese# #le n1nii <L sex1#lit#te#= jo#c
1n rol consider#9il2
0d#t nele#s $re7ent#re# Morii c# rit de trecere i sc8i49#re
de regi4 existeni#l, #$#re interes1l de # 1r4ri cercet#re# n do1
direcii% $e de o $#rte st1diere# 4it1rilor $ri5ind origine# MoriiF $e
de #lt $#rte $reci7#re# re$re7entrilor $e c#re societile tr#diion#le
i le+#1 "c1t #s1$r# $ost+existenei, n l14e# de ;dincolo; i,
AA C#rte# l1i D2!2Addison, @a .ie apres la mort dans Ies croyances de l%humanite
<tr#d2 "r2 Ro9ert Godet, #>ot, ,(*.=, o"er o $ri5ire "o#rte s14#r2 o#te "i
neglij#t con"erin# l1i ?r#n7 &o#s, The Idea of the $uture @ife among primiti.e
tri(es, $19lic#t n 5ol141l colecti5, 7eligion and the $uture @ife, edit#t de E2
Hers8e> Sne#t8 <'eU VorH, London, ,(NN, $$2 (+N.=2 Dis$1ne4 de 91ne
4onogr#"ii, 1nice, $ri5ind l14e# oce#ni#nF C"2 Sir D2G2?r#7er, The 5elief in
Immortality and the Sorship of the )ead <London, ,(,*+,(N-=, 5oi2 I, A1str#li#,
Totres straits Islands, eB ;uinea and Melanesia, 5oi2 0% ol>nesi#F 5oi2 HD%
Micronesi#F Ros#lind Mose, The @ife after )eath in 6ceania and the Malay
archipelago <0x"ord, ,(NQ=2
NN*
totod#t, cercet#re# conce$iei lor #s1$r# ti4$1l1i -duree/ #cestei 5iei
de d1$ 4o#rte2
'1 este 5or9# de # intre$rinde #ici, n c6te5# $#gini, #ce#st
co4$lex i n1#n#t 41ncF n1 este $osi9il dec6t sc8i#re# 4#rilor
direcii2 Se $o#te s$1ne, ntr+o "or41l s14#r, c l14e# ;$ri4iti5;
n1 conce$e Mo#rte# c# $e 1n fenomen natura1i necesar, e# este do#r
consecin# 1n1i #ccident
/
c#re # #51t loc in illo tempore, n !i4$1l
4itic #l nce$1t1rilor, i c #cest1i #ccident o4olog#t c1 o cdere se
#tri91ie nte4eiere# condiiei 14#ne #ct1#le, n 4od sensi9il srcit
n co4$#r#ie c1 st#re# $recedent2
A$ro#$e $este tot n l14e# ;$ri4iti5; exist o c#tegorie de
4it1ri $e c#re etnologii o n14esc A 4ir1ri $#r#disi#ce;% ele conser5
#4intirile 1nei e$oci $ri4ordi#le c6nd o41l ne41ritor, "r o9lig#i#
de # 41nci $entr1 # se 8rni, tri# n $#ce c1 #ni4#lele i $1te# s+,
nt6lne#sc $e D14ne7e1 in concreto, "# n "#2 C# 1r4#re # 1n1i
e5eni4ent ne$re571t, #ce#st e$oc # l1#t s"6rit i l14e# # de5enit
## c14 o c1no#te4 #st7iF #dic #ccident1l # 4odi"ic#t n1 n14#i
regi41l ontologic #l o41l1i <din ne41ritor, li9er i s1$erior
#ni4#lelor, el # de5enit 41ritor, scl#5 #l 41ncii s#le i se$#r#t de
l14e# #ni4#l=, ci nsi str1ct1r# Cos4os1l1iF cci Cer1l s+#
nde$rt#t de 46nt, ;Ax#; c#re 1ne# cele do1 ni5ele cos4ice + si
c#re er# "ig1r#t $rintr+1n Ar9ore, $rintr+o Li#n, 1n M1nte, etc2 + s+#
r1$t i, n consecin, ;co41nic#9ilit#te#; ntre Cer i 46nt # "ost
ntrer1$t2 In $l#n1l 5ieii religio#se, #ce#st r1$t1r cos4ic s+#
tr#d1s $rintr+o nde$rt#re de D14e7e1l celest2
n #cest gr1$ de 4it1ri $#r#disi#ce, Mo#rte# este consider#t c#
1n1l dintre se4nele $#rtic1l#re #le sc8i49rii #d1se de c#t#stro"#
$ri4ordi#l2 C6t des$re n#t1r# ;#ccident1l1i; c#re # $ro5oc#t
c#t#stro"#, descriere# l1i este di"icil n c6te5# c15inte% 1nele 4it1ri
5or9esc de o gree#l rit1#l s#1 des$re o ins1lt #d1s D14ne7e1l1i
celest ori lociitor1l1i s1F #ltele "#c #l17ie l# o 46nie di5in
4isterio#s s#1 l# o nt64$l#re de #se4ene# 4isterio#s2 !re91ie
#d1g#t c #ceste 4it1ri e5oc n#inte de to#te 1n illud tempus
$#r#disi#c i 4odi"icrile cos4ologice c#re #1 1r4#t ;cderii;F #cest#
este s19sidi#r1l c#re n"ie#7 gene7# Morii
,/
2
D#r exist i #lte 4it1ri n c#re este 5or9# n 4od s$eci#l de
origine# Morii% n #"#r de 4oti51l A#r#dis1l1i $ierd1t , #ceste
4it1ri ex$lic Mo#rte# $rintr+1n 4es#j incorect tr#ns4is s#1 $rintr+1n
#lt ;#ccident;, de #se4ene# st1$id2
S$re exe4$l1, D14ne7e1 tri4ite 1n #ni4#l c1 #cest 4es#j% ;o41l
n1 5# 41ri; i 4es#ger1l re$et greit text1lF s#1 1n #lt #ni4#l l
/
C"2 de exe4$l1, ?r#7er, The 5elicf in hnmortality, I, $$2Q(+W.F H#ns
A9r#8#4sson, The 6rigin of)eath, St1dics in A"ric#n M>t8olog> <U$$s#l#, ,(Q,=2 ;A
C"2 #rticol1l1i nostr1, @a ostalgie du Paradis dans Ies Traditions primiti.es,
Diogene, ,(**, $$2 *,+-Q2 NN-
de5#nse#7 i #n1n c D14ne7e1 # decis 4o#rte# etc2 F s#1, n #lte
4it1ri, Mo#rte# este ex$lic#t $rin ne$rice$ere# o41l1i c#re n1 # ti1t
s decri$te7e 1n si49ol #l i4ort#litii, $rin eec1l inii#tic #l 1n1i
Ero1 <L str4o 4itic=, $rin 5icleni# 1n1i #r$e, etc2 '+#5e4 inteni#
nici $osi9ilit#te# de # nregistr# to#te #ceste 4oti5e 4itice $ri5ind
origine# Morii
/
2 I4$ort#nt este, n#inte de to#te, s s19linie4
1r4tor1l "#$t% maQoritatea popoarelor arhaice consider' Moartea ca
un e.eniment accidental care, dei primordial, a fost posterior crea*iei
primului om -9tr'moul mitic/, i apari*ia Mor*ii este aceea care a pus
cap't perioadei paradisiace.
Exist deci o #4intire des$re i4ort#lit#te # o41l1i $ri4ordi#l, d#r
#ce#st #4intire este con"17 i contr#diciile #91nd2 Adese# ;o41l
$ri4ordi#l; este "ig1r#t 4#i nt6i s19 #s$ect1l 1nei ?iine 4itice,
se4idi5ine, c#re # "ost #s#sin#t i # crei 4o#rte <5iolent=
nte4ei#7 regi41l cos4ic #l 7ilelor no#stre i decide, n #cel#i ti4$,
condii# 14#n #ct1#l% toc4#i $rin 4o#rte# ?iinei $ri4ordi#le i c#
1r4#re # #cestei 4ori, 14#nit#te# desco$er deod#t sex1#lit#te#,
necesit#te# de # se 8rni i $e #cee# de # 41ri2 Acest ;$ri4 #s#sin#t;
introd1ce sex1#lit#te# c# 4ijloc de re$rod1cere i totod#t c# o
condiie sine 4ua non de contin1it#te # 5ieii $rin #li4ent#ie2 Mit1l
jo#c 1n rol consider#9il $rintre c1lti5#torii de $l#nte #li4ent#re i
#gric1ltoriF el ex$lic n "#$t c#ni9#lis41l c# i nen14r#te cere4onii
n rel#ie c1 cretere# $l#ntelor, sex1#lit#te# i 4o#rte#A
/
2 De "#$t,
4o#rte# nsi este #si4il#t c1 s46n#% e# c1no#te o ;4o#rte
5eget#l; i, reintegr#t n 46nt, #te#$t ren#tere# c# orice $l#nt
# crei s46n# # ger4in#t n s6n1l 46nt1l1i+M#4;
/
2
A4 #4intit de #cest 4it de origine $entr1 # #rt# c idee# $e c#re
$ri4iti5ii i+#1 "c1t+o des$re ;ri41l Mort; # in"l1en#t
co4$ort#4ent1l "# de actul de # 41ri2 S $rsi4 deci Mitologi#
Morii $entr1 # cercet# cee# ce $ri4iti5ii g6ndesc des$re propria lor
moarte# ei s1nt de #cord s+o considere c# o sc8i49#re de regi4
existeni#lF 4o#rte# n1 este 1n sf!rit, ci o post-existen*'. Ace#st
existen post-mortem este tot1i de$#rte de # "i co4$#r#9il c1
;i4ort#lit#te#; de c#re se 91c1r# o41l $ri4ordi#l2 0ntologic, 4o#rte#
este conce$1t c# o $ierdere de s19st#n, c# o di4in1#re # "iinei2
Mo#rte# este de7inc#rn#re, ;s$irit1#li7#reA% de5enire n 149r#, s1"let,
/
De #lt"el, st1diile $reli4in#re indic 1n #n14e n14r de religii2 entr1 o 4#i
91n c1no#tere se nce$e c1 tr#diiile #"ric#ne% c"2 H2 &#14#nn, 9ch(pfung und
0r"eit des Menschen im Mythos afri2amscher ,ol2er <&erlin, ,(*.=, $$2 N.)F H2
A9r#8#4sson2 The 6rigin of)eath. o#te "i oric6nd cons1lt#t c1 $ro"it 9og#t#
4onogr#"ie # l1i D2 ?eld4#nn, Paradies und9iindenfall<M1nster i2U2,,(,*=2
U=
Acest
co4$lex 4itico+rit1#l # "ost #d4ir#9il st1di#t de ctre doi ele5i #i l1i ?ro9eni1s%
@ol8#rdt i Densen2 C"2 E2@ol8#rdt, :anni(alismus <St1tg#rdt, ,(*(=F Ad2 E2
Densen, PainuBele. ,ol2er"'hlungen .on der Molu22en- Insei- Ceram
<?r#nH"1rt#2Mein,,(*(=F id2 Mythos und :ult (ei atBr.ol2em <Sies9#den, ,(Q,=2
U=
C"2 #l nostr1 Tratat de istorie a religiilor<#ris, ,(-(=, $$2 N,, sR2
NNQ
s$irit, etc2 i to#te #ceste stri s1nt in"erio#re $lenit1dinii existenei
nc#rn#te2 Ace#st# este r#i1ne# $entr1 c#re gsi4 tot1i n l14e#
#r8#ic s$er#n#, 4#i 41lt s#1 4#i $1in cl#r ex$ri4#t, n
reintegr#re# n existen# renc#rn#t2
ro9le4# c#re se $1ne o41l1i societilor #r8#ice este de #
s56ri, n cele 4#i 91ne condiii, c1 #j1tor1l 1n1i rit1#l, #ce#st
trecere de l# 1n ni5el ontologic l# #lt1l + cee# ce se o9ine $rin #ct1l
de # 41ri2 Mo#rte# este o iniiere s$re 1n #lt 4od de existen2 entr1
# se $regti n #cest sens, $ri4iti5ii #1 el#9or#t 1n #n14e n14r de
rit1ri inii#tice $rin c#re ei n5# s ;4o#r; i s ;ren5ie;
i=
20r,
4#jorit#te# $ro9elor $e c#re #dolescenii le nd1r n $erio#d#
ncercrilor de iniiere <s#1 $e c#re o#4enii dej# 4#t1ri le n"r1nt n
iniierile din c#dr1l societilor secrete= se #se#4n $6n l#
con"1nd#re c1 $ro9ele $e c#re le #te#$t re$#17#ii i4edi#t d1$
4o#rte# lor2 Este 5or9# de o cltorie n nec1nosc1t, de tr#5ers#re#
$eric1lo#s # 1n1i l#9irint, de trecere# 1n1i $od ng1st ori inst#9il, de
nt6lnire# c1 4ontri, etc2
L# M#leH1l#, s$re exe4$l1, n14#i cel c#re # "ost inii#t + deci c#re
# n5#t s n1 se rtce#sc ntr+1n l#9irint + re1ete s sc#$e din
ncercrile $e c#re le #re de n"r1nt#t d1$ 4o#rte% cci, 41rind, el
nt6lnete #cel#i l#9irint i 1n C$c1n strj1iete intr#re# s#F d#c
4ort1l se do5edete inc#$#9il s+, str9#t, este de5or#t de C$c1nA
/
2
Iniiere# e"ect1#t n ti4$1l 5ieii #re, de "#$t, c# sco$ s#l5#re#
s1"letelor de7inc#rn#ilor de # ;do1# 4o#rte;2 Cci 41lte $o$o#re #1
credin# c #n14ii 4ori, n s$eci#l cei c#re n1 re1esc s de$e#sc
$ro9ele inii#tice post-mortem, s1nt ni4icii ntr+o 4#nier de"initi5,
c8i#r d#c #4n1ntele $ri5ind #ce#st n"r6ngere #$#r dest1l de
necl#re2 n orice c#7, re71lt din credinele res$ecti5e "1nci# inii#tic
# Morii% # 41ri nse#4n # risc# orice existen post-mortem $entr1 #
se $1te# 4enine l# ni5el1l $ost+existeneiF ## di4in1#t c14 se #"l,
tre91ie tiut 1n l1cr1 i f'cut 1n l1cr12 <!re91ie de #se4ene# c# al*ii,
cei 5ii, s "#c #n14ite l1cr1ri $entr1 # se #sig1r# $rel1ngire# $ost+
existenei% de 1nde 4#re# i4$ort#n, n to#te religiile, # rit1rilor i
o9icei1rilor "1ner#re=2 '14#i d1$ de$ire# $ro9elor inii#tice
<red1se 1neori l# $osesi1ne# 1n1i t#lis4#n, l# c1no#tere# 1nei
"or41le s#1 # 1n1i si49ol= nce$e $ost+existen# n C#r# Morilor2
@ol14e ntregi s+#1 scris #s1$r# di5erselor re$re7entri $ri5ind
#ceste Cri # le Morii i nc s1nte4 de$#rte de # #5e# o 91n
/
Sens1l "1nciilor iniierilor l# $ri4iti5i s1nt 4#i co4$lexe dec6t o $regtire
$entr1 5i## post-mortem. Iniiere# cond1ce l# 4#t1rit#te# s$irit1#l #
#dolescent1l1i i l "#ce #$t $entr1 5i## soci#l2 D#r tre91ie s19lini#t "#$t1l c se
o9ine 4#t1ri7#re# $rintr+1n rit #l 4orii i #l res1reciei si49olice2
U=
C"2 s$re
exe4$l1, A2&2De#con, Male2ula. < .anishing people of the eB Pe(rides
<London, ,(*-=, $$2 QQN+sR2F Do8n L#>#rd, Totenfahrt auf Male2ula <Er#nos+
D#8r91c8, ,(*), E1ric8, ,(*W $$2 N-N+N(,F id2, 9tone Mea of Male2ula <London,
,(-N=, $$2 *-/ sR2, .-( sR2
NN.
descriere # t1t1ror ;In"ern1rilor; i ;C64$iilor Eli7ee; i ;Ins1lelor
?ericiilor; c#re constit1ie geogr#"i# "1ner#r # 14#nitii $ri4iti5e2
Ar "i i4$r1dent red1cere# #cestei di5ersiti de $eis#je l# c6te5#
ti$1ri net deter4in#te, dei se $o#te distinge 1n o#rec#re n14r de
;4oti5e; do4in#ne% loc1in# n Cer, n L1n, dincolo de M#re, n
M1ni, etc222 i 4#i #les s19 46nt <## + 7isele ;In"ern1ri;, c#re n1
s1nt totde#1n# #t6t de teri"i#nte c14 l#s s se nele#g ter4inologi#
no#str% n ce# 4#i 4#re $#rte este 5or9# do#r de o ;#r; c# celel#lte,
s#1 c8i#r 4#i "r14o#s, i4#gin#t ntr+o regi1ne de$rt#t i
s19ter#n2 Acolo loc1iesc s1"letele de7inc#rn#te, s19 "or4 de 149re,
relic5e srcite de cor$1rile lor, s#1 dej# 4odi"ic#te, di4in1#te, c#
l#r5e, #ni4#le s#1 c8i#r $l#nte i o9iecte n #$#ren nens1"leite2
Ace#st $ost+existen n1 ngd1ie nicidec14 # " red1s l# 1n #n14e
n14r de ti$1ri% de l# #cti5it#te# ce# 4#i co4$lex l# #$#ti#
$ietri"ic#t, to#te ti$1rile de ;5i#; s1nt rel#ion#te c1 re$#17#ii2
Uneori este 5or9# de o re$etiie 4#i 41lt s#1 4#i $1in co4$let #
$r#cticii c1nosc1te din ti4$1l existenei terestreF #lteori s1$r#5ie1ire#
este, din contr#, 4#i ;s$irit1#li7#t;, e# este red1s l# 1n si49ol, l# 1n
se4n2 Ast"el, de exe4$l1, l# #1str#lieni + i #cest det#li1 este
i4$ort#nt, cci #1str#lienii re$re7int 1n# dintre c1lt1rile cele 4#i
#r8#ice + s1"letele 4orilor s1nt 4in1sc1le, #$ro#$e in5i7i9ile% ele se
#se#4n 9o#9elor de nisi$2 D#r se nelege de ce #ce#st i4#gine #
s"6rit $rin # se i4$1ne% deo#rece #1str#lienii cred c s1"letele
re$#17#ilor, $itite n cr$t1ri n j1r1l 1nor roci, n #r9ori, #te#$t c#
o "e4eie s tre#c $rin #$ro$iere, $entr1 c# ele s $o#t $enetr# $rin
o49ilic n 91rt# #cestei# i s se n#sc din no1
,
A2
Cci dorin# de re5enire l# 5i# este 1ni5ers#l #test#t, c8i#r d#c
n1 se 4#ni"est totde#1n# ntr+o 4#nier dest1l de $recis, c# l#
#1str#lieni2 M#i $este tot, #ce#st nto#rcere l# 5i# este i4#gin#t
ntr+o 4#nier dest1l de co4$lex i con"17, $entr1 c n1 se crede
n14#i ntr+o renc#rn#re # s1"letelor, d#r se s$er deo$otri5 ntr+o
res1recie # cor$1rilor2 L# $ri4iti5i se disting cel $1in do1 4#ri
ideologii $ri5ind s$er#n# n res1reci# crnii2 ri4# #r "i #cee# #
56ntorilor no4#7i $entr1 c#re ;esen# 5ieii;, se $res1$1ne, s+#r #"l#
concentr#t n o#se% $o$o#rele de 56ntori cred c nce$6nd toc4#i de
l# o#se ren#te tr1$1l #ni4#lelor i c n #cel#i "el 5or ren5i# ntr+o
7i i cele #le o#4enilor;AF # do1# ideologie # "ost el#9or#t de
; C"2 &#ldUin S$encer i ?2 D2 Gielen, ati.e Tri(es of Central <ustralia <London,
,W((=, $$2 ,,(+,,), **Q+**WF id2, orthern Tn(es of Central <ustralia <London,
,(/-=, $$2 ,-Q+,Q*, **/ sR2 --W+-Q,, etc2
;A C"2 Uno H#r5#, 0e(er die Qagdriten der nordlichen ,ol2er <siens und 8uropas
<;Do1rn#l de l# Soci.te ?inno+01grienne;, PLI2,,,(NQ=F Adol" ?nedric8, :nochen
und 92elett in der ,orstellungsBelt ord-asiens <;Siener &eitrge 71r
G1lt1rgesc8ic8te 1nd Ling1istiH;, @, ,(-*, $$2 ,W(+N-)=F Mirce# Eli#de, @e
chamanisme et Ies techni4ues archai4ues de l%extase. <#ris, ,(Q,=, $$2 ,Q* sR2F H2
'#c8tig#il, )ie :ulturhistorische Sur"el der 9chama nens2elettierung <;Eeitsc8ri"t
"1r Et8nologie;, Ed2 )), He"t N, ,(QN, $$2 ,WW+,()2
NN)
$o$o#rele c1lti5#torilor i #gric1ltorilor% o41l este #si4il#t c1 o
s46nF ngro$#t, el se desco4$1ne #se4ene# 9o91l1i i, l# "el,
re5ine l# 5i# ntr+o no1 ntr1$#re
/
2
M Din to#te #ceste credine i o9icei1ri se deg#j s$er#n# 1nei
eterne nto#rceri , # 1n1i circ1it nentrer1$t de existene re#li7#te l#
ni5ele di"erite2 D1$ ce # $ierd1t ne41rire# din c#17# c#t#stro"ei
$ri4ordi#le, o41l este sortit 4oriiF d#r, 41rind, el re1ete s se
4enin 1n ti4$ o#rec#re ntr+o $ost+existen di4in1#t i s$er s
regse#sc 5i##, "ie $rin nc#rn#re, "ie $rintr+1n "el de ;res1recie; #
$ro$ri1l1i s1 cor$2 Ast"el, n #cest ori7ont s$irit1#l, do4in#t 4#i #les
de 4itologiile l1n#re i de 4isticile c8tonico + #gr#riene s+#1 de75olt#t
dest1l de 9ine di5erse 4it1ri #le eternei nto#rceri, c# i conce$iile
$#n+jndiene des$re H#r4#i cicl1rile in"inite #e ren5ierii2
ntr1c6t credin# n $0st+existen i4$lic, ntr+o "or4 s#1 #lt#,
s$er#n# ntr+o re5enire l# 5i#, #$#re interes1l $entr1 st1diere#
conce$iilor $ri4iti5ilor $ri5ind &urata inter5#l1l1i c#re se$#r
moartea de resurec*ie. n c#71l renc#rnrii s1"let1l1i, c# l# #1str#lieni,
#cest inter5#l $o#te "i dest1l de sc1rt2 In gener#l, renc#rn#re# #re loc
d1$ do1 gener#ii% s1"let1l 91nic1l1i s#1 #l str91nic1l1i este #cel#
c#re se nc#rne#72 D#r 1nde #5e4 de+# "#ce c1 credine "o#rte
el#9or#te des$re C#r# Morilor, inter5#l1l dintre do1 existene de5ine
din ce in ce 4#i 4#re, i 1neori s$er#n# n ren#tere se con"1nd c1
s$er#n# n res1reci# "in#l i colecti5 # cor$1rilor2 Se nelege
#t1nci rol1l decisi5 #l iniierii e"ect1#te n ti4$1l 5ieii2 Un inii#t este
4#i 9ine $regtit $entr1 # n"r1nt# #ce#st $erio#d 4#i 41lt s#1 4#i
$1in l1ng de ti4$, c#re nce$e c1 4o#rte# i c#re 5# l1# s"6rit "ie c1
rento#rcere# indi5id1l1i l# 5i#, "ie c1 res1reci# "in#l2
Aici se 5eri"ic i4$ort#n# t1t1ror #cestor credine leg#te de
4o#rte i dorit# nto#rcere l# 5i#, $entr1 constit1ire# 4isticilor
!i4$1l1i i Eternitii;A2 Se $o#te l1# c1notin de #ce#st#
st1diind1+se re$re7entrile #r8#ice #le $ost+existenei + c#re rrn6ne
tot1i o existen +n timp, +i co4$#r6nd1+le $e de o $#rte c1 4it1l
$#r#disi#c i#r, $e de #lt#, c1 4it1rile esc#tologice de l# s"6rit1l l14ii%
n #ceste do1 cl#se de 4it1ri se const#t $ri4ele e"ort1ri #le
s$ec1l#iei 14#ne $entr1 re$re7ent#re# eternitii, #lt"el dec6t o
re$etiie, c# o etern nto#rcere2
; C"2 l1crrile dej# cit#te #le l1i @ol8#rdt i DensenF c"2 de #se4ene# #rticol1l l1i
D"ec8tig#ll2
;A A se 5ede# st1di1l nostr1 n $regtire Timpul i 8ternitatea +n mitologiile
Morpi.
NNW
Des$re 1n #n14it senti4ent #l 4orii
Mir#col1l 4orii n1+ const n cee# ce s"6rete e#, ci n cee# ce
nce$e2 '1 4 ns$i46nt ni4ic n "#$t1l c 4o#rte# $1ne c#$t
9iologiei, c nc8eie de"initi5 seri# ex$erienelor org#nice, c, ntr+1n
c156nt, o$rete $e loc .ia*a. S19 #cest #s$ect, c1nosc dej# 4o#rte#F
din ex$erienele 4ele, din cee# ce 5d l# #liiF 4+#4 nt6lnit de
nen14r#te ori c1 "eno4enele 4orii, c1 #goni#, c1 stingere#, c1
o$rire# $e loc2 A4 41rit de #t6te# ori $6n #c14, c# orice o4, nc6t
4o#rte# ce# #de5r#t n1 4 4#i $o#te ns$i46nt#2 ?iec#re c1no#te
4o#rte# n #cest sens2 Ce n1 c1no#te ni4eni este +nceputul de d1$
4o#rte2 Este #de5r#t c d1$ "iec#re 4o#rte n 5i#, i791ti4, ntr+1n
"el s#1 #lt1l, s ne n#te4 din no1, s rel14 #lt 5i#2 D#r to#te
#ceste ren#teri se $etrec n c#dr1l 5ieii org#nice i 4or#le, #1
conin1t identic, n1 5#ri#7 dec6t str1ct1rile2 Ren#te4 necontenit, d#r
ren#te4 c1 #cele#i 5#lori, c1 #cee#i ex$erien org#nic, #$ro#$e c1
#cele#i l14ini s$irit1#le2 '1 este o sc8i49#re decisi5, 1nic,
ire5ersi9il2
Sc8i49#re# #ce#st# ire5ersi9il o ex$eri4ent4 n14#i $rin
4o#rte2 Ji cee# ce este 4ir#c1los n 4o#rte este "#$t1l c nce$e
#t1nci ;ce5#; c1 des56rire deose9it de tot ce c1no#te4 noi, c1
des56rire deose9it de cee# ce ne #te$t4 s "ie2 Se contin1 ce5# $e
c#re noi n1 #5e4 oc8i s+, 5ede4 n ti4$1l 5ieii2 Se contin1 ce5# $e
c#re l-am fi putut cunoate, d#r $e c#re n1 ti4 s+, c1t4 n ti4$1l
5ieiiF 1n i4$onder#9il, o t#in, o #9s1rdit#te, ti1 e1 ce : Ade5r1l e
c% dei +ncepe ce5# co4$let deose9it de 5i#, 4o#rte# continu'
tot1i o contiin $e c#re am fi putut s-o int1i4 nc din ti4$1l 5ieii2
Acest# e i $#r#dox1l centr#l #l 4orii% altce.a dec6t 5i## i tot1i
ce5# $e c#re l+#4 $1te# c1no#te c8i#r c1 #j1tor1l 5ieii2
M ntre9 c8i#r d#c #de5r#t# esen # 5ieii n1 este tot1n# c1
esen# 4orii2 D#r n1 n sens1l $e c#re l d#i d+5o#str 4orii i 5ieii2
entr1 d14ne#5o#str, 5i## este $er4#nent trecere, 1n "l15i1
contin11 + i#r 4o#rte# este #cel#i l1cr1, cel $1in n "#$t1l ei inii#l,
este o trecere, o $ierdere dincolo2 D14ne#5o#str $1l5eri7#i 5i##, i
$roiect#i #ce#st i4#gine e5#nescent #s1$r# 4orii2 Indenti"ic#i
5i## i 4o#rte# n cee# ce #1 neeseni#l2 entr1 4ine, di4$otri5,
esen# 5ieii n1 este din#4is41l ei exterior ci o s#t1r#re, ce5# din c#re
n1 se 4#i $o#te scde# ni4ic, de l# c#re n1 se 4#i $o#te #d1g#
ni4ic2 Ji #t1nci 4 ntre9 d#c 4o#rte# n1 este #cel#i l1cr12
0#4enii c#re ex$eri4ente#7 de 4ilenii $#rte# neg#ti5 # 5ieii,
gol1rile ei, nefiin*a ei, o#4enii #1 conce$1t 4o#rte# c# 1n 4#xi414
de ne"iin, c# 1n 5#c114 etern, c# 1n #9sol1t neg#ti52 Ei #1 $roiect#t
NN(
n eternit#te, n 4o#rte #9sen# 5ieii din 5i## de to#te 7ilele2 D#c
cercet#i conce$iile <"iloso"ice i tiini"ice, cci cele $o$1l#re #1 4#i
41lt int1iie i s1nt, deci, 4#i #$ro#$e de #de5r= des$re 4o#rte, 5ei
gsi l# rdcin# lor inc#$#cit#te# de # 5ie1i, i4$oten#, ne"iin#2
D14ne#5ostr, c#re #5ei s1$erstii# "iloso"ilor i scieni#ilor, credei
c d#c 1n s#5#nt 5 $re7int o c#rte 9ine g6ndit <;$ro"1nd; g6ndit=
#s1$r# 5ieii + tre91ie s+, credei $e c156nt2 Di4$otri5F n1 credei
niciod#t #st"el de o#4eni, c#re triesc n 4#rgine# 5ieii, n #"#r de
5i#, triesc #9str#ct i li5resc, si4ind ce $ot si4i <deci "o#rte
$1in=, g6ndind n 4#nier# lor, #dic #t6t c6t $ot g6ndi2
rintre 4#rile #no4#lii #le l14ii 4oderne se n14r i "#$t1l c
tiin# i "iloso"i# ne n5# 5i## i moartea. G6ndii+5 o cli$ l#
#9s1rdit#te# #cest1i l1cr1% o#4eni c#re c1nosc 5i## din l#9or#tor, o
c1nosc $rin #n#li7e, i c1nosc "eno4enele ei, i o#4eni c#re g6ndesc
#s1$r# 5ieii dintr+1n c#9inet, toc4#i #ceti# s1nt c8e4#i s ne n5ee
cel 4#i eseni#l i cel 4#i decisi5 "#$t% existen# no#str, 4o#rte#
no#str2 De #lt"el, ei n1 "#c dec6t s co4$lete7e i s #rtic1le7e
ex$erienele no#stre neg#ti5e, ne"iin# no#str2
D#r s ne nto#rce42 S$1ne#4 c #4 $1te# c1no#te 4o#rte# nc
din 5i#F n1 4o#rte# ## c14 o ti4 toi <osi"icrile s$irit1#le, o$rire#
$e loc=, ci 4o#rte# n neles1l ei $ri4, de +ncepere, de in#1g1r#re
ire5ersi9il2 'e li$sete, $entr1 #ce#st#, 1n i4$onder#9il, o trire
co4$let # 5ieii, ne li$sete ce5# $e c#re n1+, c1no#te ni4eniF i de
#cee# 4o#rte# ni se $re7int c# 1n 4ir#col, cci ne introd1ce "iresc n
#cel i4$onder#9il $e c#re, $o#te, #t6i# din noi l c1t4 7#d#rnic n
ti4$1l 5ieii2
Mir#col1l const 4#i #les n tot#l# rst1rn#re de 5#lori2 @i##, ##
c14 o nelege4 noi, este o contin1 #scensi1ne, o contin1
$er"ecion#re 4or#l i s$irit1#l, 1n nentrer1$t ir de c1ceriri, de
$osesi1ni, de nelegeri, de ex$eriene2 Un o4 $er"ect, d1$ j1dec#t#
no#str, este #cel# c#re # c1nosc1t 4#i 41lt, s+# nl#t 4#i s1s c1
4inte# i c1 s1"let1l, # neles 4#i 41lt2 De l# ,N l# ./ de #ni, s
s$1ne4, o41l #cest# $er"ect se tr1dete necontenit s #j1ng 4#i s1s,
s se $1ri"ice, s nele#g, s c1no#sc2 Aj1nge n $r#g1l 4orii 1n
o4 $er"ect Ji #t1nci, $rintr+o si4$l ex$erien org#nic, el 4o#re, se
tre7ete deod#t ntr+o #lt l14e, 1nde nce$e #ltce5#, 1nde 5#lorile
s1nt #ltele i #scensi1ne# este nele#s #lt"el2
Acest# este 4ir#col1l2 Acest# este $#r#dox1lF c8elt1ieti o 5i#
ntre#g $entr1 # te nl#, # te $1ri"ic# i a cunoate, c# s #j1ngi, n
4o#rte, cine tie, l# ce# 4#i de jos tre#$t # $er"eci1nii2 rin si4$l1l
"#$t #l 4orii, o 9i#t "e4eie 9tr6n $o#te #j1nge 41lt 4#i s1s dec6t
1n &ergson, 1n Einstein, 1n Rodin
(Q
2 U49li $e str#d i nt6lneti $e
l# col1ri ceretori n 7drene, "e4ei sr4#ne s#1 #17i de o#4eni c#re
s1"er cele 4#i c14$lite 9oli, c#re i+#1 $ierd1t tineree# n s$it#le + i
i co4$ti4eti, "r s te g6ndeti o cli$ c $o#te o#4enii #ceti#
s1nt ngeri $rintre noi, s1nt #r8#ng8eli 5enii s ne is$ite#sc, s#1 s1nt
N*/
si4$le s1"lete c#re, #t1nci c6nd i 5or l1# 79or1l, se 5or #"l# 41lt 4#i
#$ro#$e de l14in dec6t cei 4#i 4#ri nele$i, cei 4#i 4#ri s"ini i
"il#ntro$i #i notri2 Este o si4$l nc8i$1ire # 4e#, "r ndoi#l, d#r
$#r#dox1l i 4ir#col1l 4orii ne d dre$t1l l# orice nc8i$1ire2 M
g6ndesc, ns, l# 7drnici# setei no#stre de $er"eci1ne, de #scensi1ne
+ #t6t ti4$ c6t exist o 4o#rte #le crei legi n1 le c1no#te ni4eni2
?r#g4ente ne"loso"ce
An1l ,(** # c1nosc1t cele 4#i 41lte ncercri liter#re, eseistice i
"iloso"ice #s1$r# 4orii2 !inerii scriitori i g6nditori ro46ni #1 l1#t
#tit1dine i "# de #ce#st $ro9le4 eseni#l2
A4 cre71t ntotde#1n# c cei c#re n1 se ntre#9 #s1$r# 4orii
n1+i $ot tri co4$let i co4$etent 5i##2 D#r, 4i se $#re c exist #ici
o 4#re nenelegere, c#re 7drnicete i cele 4#i s1$er9e e"ort1ri de #
c1$rinde re#lit#te# 4orii2 Cci toi cei c#re #1 scris des$re 4o#rte #1
$ornit de l# re"lecii "iloso"ice s#1 de l# ex$eriene $erson#le2 0r,
4o#rte# + c# i 5i## + i re"17 sens1l ei 1lti4 cel1i c#re este sing1r,
cel1i c#re o $ri5ete c# 1n ins2 Ex$erien# 4orii, dintr+1n $1nct de
5edere $erson#l, n1 re5ele#7 dec6t c#r#cterele ei s1$er"ici#le%
tr#nsitoriet#te#, e5#nescen#, $ierdere#2
I#r dintr+1n $1nct de 5edere "iloso"ic, r#ion#9il, #9str#ct, teoretic,
4o#rte# se rele5 "ie dre$t 1n "eno4en n#t1r#l <i c# #t#re
ne4#iinteres6nd contiin# inti4=, "ie dre$t 1n 4ister, 1n $#r#dox2 n
#49ele c#71ri, n1 se #j1nge l# realitatea 4orii, ci l# constatarea ei2
?iec#re const#t c exist 4o#rte i const#t#re# #ce#st# l cond1ce l# o
serie de l#4entri, de $re4oniii, de #"oris4e2 L1cr1ri "r14o#se, "r
ndoi#l, d#r c#re n1 #1 ni4ic de+# "#ce c1 re#lit#te# 4orii2
Ac14 c6i5# #ni, c6nd 4o#rte# n1 #j1nsese nc o 4od i n1 se
$1ne# c# $ro9le4 $ri4, #4 nce$1t # $19lic# o serie de #rticole
te8nice #s1$r# n5t1rii 4orii, # $ed#gogiei i artei de a muri (ine.
L1cr1rile #ceste# n1 er#1 in5ent#te de 4ine2 Le+#4 #d1n#t din
doc14ente #1tentice + i #si#tice, i e1ro$ene + i #4 ncerc#t s o9in
o $ri7 4#i direct i 4#i concret #s1$r# #cestei t#ine, dec6t # "i
$1t1t o9ine $rin ex$erien# 4e# $ro$rie i re"lecii teoretice2
Mo#rte# este 1n l1cr1 c#re se n5#2 L# nce$1t n1 nelegi ni4ic,
d1$ c14 ni4ic n1 nelegi nici din 5i#2 i #re o gr#4#tic # ei, 1ri
dicion#r #l ei2 Ji d1$ c14 ni4eni n1 $o#te n5# o li49 co4$let
deose9it #sc1lt6nd $e cei c#re o 5or9esc i ncerc6nd s g8ice#sc ce
s$1n + ci desc8id gr#4#tic# i dicion#r1l i nce$ # n5#, lecie d1$
lecie + tot ## n1 5ei #"l# ce este 4o#rte# #tt Di4$ c6t 5 5ei
41l14i s 5 d#i c1 $rere# c#4 ce $o#te "i e#2 <neleg $er"ect c
cee# ce 5re#1 e1 s co4$#r + 4o#rte# c1 o li49 strin + s1nt
inco4$#ti9ile2 Este n14#i 1n "el de # s1ger# i ni4ic 4#i 41lt=2
Doc14entele #ceste# exist2 Ele s1nt "olHlor1l i ;crile
4orilor; <egi$te#n, ti9et#n, celtic, i1d#ic=2 Mo#rte# n1 $o#te "i
nele#s de o4, ci de oameni. n o4, n ins, int1ii# "#nt#stic,
int1ii# c#re $o#te c1$rinde glo9#l i eseni#l re#lit#te# + este
232
"r64i#t, este 4#i #les #lter#t2 re7en# "#nt#stic ntr+1n ins este
ne5ro7
(.
F $re7en# "#nt#stic ntr+o colecti5it#te este "olHlor2
?#nt#stic1l, ir#ion#l1l <tel1ric s#1 ceresc= este #se4ene# 1nei li4"e
c#re str9#te $rin tot org#nis41l 5ieii #soci#teA
)
F nd#t ce se
i7ole#7, se indi5id1#li7e#7, li4"# #ce#st# se desco4$1ne, $1tre7ete2
o5estirile "#nt#stice, c8i#r scrise de 1n geni1 c# Edg#r oe, i
re$1gn $rin ex#l#iile lor ne1rotice, 9oln#5e, in14#ne, de4oni#ce2
?#nt#stic1l "olHloric, di4$otri5, te $1ne n cont#ct direct c1 o
re#lit#te ir#ion#l, d#r concret% c1 o ex$erien #soci#t n c#re s+#
concentr#t int1ii# glo9#l # 5ieii i # 4orii2
n5ei des$re 4o#rte n14#i de l# #cei# c#re #1 c1nosc1t+o, c#re #1
c1lti5#t+o, c#re s+#1 ntrein1t c1 e# n l1ngile secole de #te$t#re, n
no$ile #$oc#li$tice2 n5ei des$re 4o#rte n14#i de l# o#4enii c#re #1
c1nosc1t+o "r s 4o#r2 C6t de $#r#dox#l $#re l1cr1l #cest#, el este
tot1i #de5r#t, si4$l1 i #de5r#t2 ntr+o int1iie re#l, "olHloric,
nt6lneti re#lit#te# 4orii, c1noti 54ile ei, nelegi nt1nec#t1l ei
destin2 Un o4 c#re 4o#re ntr+o legend $re1iete 4#i 41lt <din #cest
$1nct de 5edere #l cunoaterii/ dec6t toi eroii c#re 4or n to#te
ro4#nele 4oderne2
Un o4 4o#re, ntr+1n ro4#n, indi.idual, 4o#re $e cont $ro$ri1%
ne d o e4oie estetic i #t6t# tot Un o4 c#re 4o#re ntr+o legend
ex$ri4 ntre#g# $ro9le4, real' <n1 #rtistic= # 4orii2 o5estire#
4orii l1i este #st"el red#t <c1 4ijlo#ce 4#gice, rit41l, sonorit#te#,
"#nt#stic1l=, nc6t ni se co41nic o e4oie re#l, o9iecti5 n1 1n#
estetic2 Mo#rte#, n "olHlor, este o c1no#tere tot #t6t de concret c#
i n religie2 entr1 c e ntr+1n cont#ct direct i 5i1 c1 nsi esen#
existenei o4eneti, cont#ct 4#gic, "#nt#stic, $e c#re n14#i 5i##
#soci#t l $o#te 4enine, $e c#re orice indi5id1#i7#re l #n1le#72
Re$re7ent#re# 4orii n "olHlor este cel 4#i 91n instr14ent de
c1no#tere
(
O $entr1 cercet#re# #cestei re#liti de c#re 5or9ete to#t
l14e# #st7i2 Citii 9ine i75o#rele i 5ei nelege c "iec#re o4 i
nt6lnete 4o#rte# n c#re # cre71t, 4o#rte# $e c#re i+# re$re7ent#t+o2
Ce deose9ete o o$er liter#r de #lt# din #cee#i #r, din #cee#i
e$oc : Ce #se#4n o cre#ie liter#r "olHloric #si#tic, 5ec8e de
N**
do1 4ii de #ni, de 1n# cre#t #c14 n irinei s#1 n @osgi : Doi
scriitori, din #cee#i #r, de #cee#i 56rst, de #cee#i 4eserie 5or
$rod1ce do1 o$ere liter#re "1nd#4ent#l deose9ite2 Acel#i l1cr1 c1
ceil#li #rtiti, $ictori, sc1l$tori, icon#ri2 Co4$#r#i i o$erele
"olHloriceF din orice ti4$ #r "i ele, din orice continente #r "i c1lese + #1
1n #er de "#4ilie $e c#re oricine l o9ser52
Ase4n#re# #ce#st# se d#tore#7 pre"en*ei fantasticului $str#t
de orice+ $rod1cie "olHloric2 @i## #soci#t c#re cree#7 "olHlor1l
+dei re6"e#re# este o9in1t ntotde#1n# de 1n indi5id, c#re tie s
concentre7e e4oi# #ce#st# colecti5 + i4$ri4 o #n14it 4#gie
"or4elor 5er9#le, rit41rilor, sc8e4elor din#4ice2 Cre#i# "olHloric
este 1n $roces nedisoci#t de s19contient1l 14#n <n1 indi5id1#l= din
to#te ti4$1rile2 Este 1n cont#ct direct c1 "#nt#stic1l2 0 cre#ie ;c1lt;
se r1$e din #ce#st t1r91re 4#gieF e# ex$ri4 o 5i7i1ne $erson#l #
l14ii, o e4oie o9in1t $e cont $ro$ri1, n1 $#rtici$6nd l# e4oi# 1nei
ntregi colecti5iti2
Este ce5# concret i $o7iti5 n #ce#st #se4n#re "1nd#4ent#l
dintre to#te $rod1ciile "olHlorice2 '1 tre91ie s 5or9i4 de
;4ent#lit#te $ri4iti5 A, de ;s1$erstiii;, etc2
Aceste# n+#1 ce c1t# #ici2 Ele s1nt 4edi1l n1triti5 n c#re i+#
n"i$t jdidcinile instr14ent1l de c1no#tere 4itic, si49olic,
"#nt#stic2 Este o c1no#tere concret n "olHlor, cee# ce n1 se gsete
n ojler# oricr1i 4#re liter#t s#1 #rtist2 !re91ie s "ii 1n D#nte, 1n
S8#Hes$e#re, 1n Goet8e, 1n Dostoie5sHi, c# o$er# s #j1ng 1n
instr14ent ,fle c1no#tere2 e c6t 5re4e orice $rod1cie "olHloric
$d[te "i 1n instr14ent de c1no#tereF $entr1 c $#rtici$ l# #ce#st
$re7en "#nt#stic, $rin c#re se #j1nge l# rdcinile l1cr1rilor, se
int1iete s19st#n# re#litii, se ex$ri4 li4itele 5ieii i ne4rginire#
4orii2 \
234
!r#gis4 ,(**
Cred c ti4$1rile $e c#re le tri4 #c14 ne silesc s ex$eri4ent4
1n #lt senti4ent #l tr#gis41l1i existenei dec6t senti4entele cl#sice,
n#inte de tr#gic1l cos4ic, de tr#gic1l condiiei no#stre cos4ice
+re71lt#t din ignor#n# c1 c#re s1nte4 9leste4#i s r46ne4 $6n l#
4o#rte, de li4it#re# $1terilor i nelegerii no#stre, de li$s# oricr1i
criteri1 #9sol1t c#re #r $1te# j1sti"ic# decisi5 #ctele no#stre + n#inte
de #cest tr#gic, s$1n, ex$eri4ent4 1n senti4ent tr#gic #l 5ieii
soci#le2 !ri4 #t6t# 4i7erie, ex$eri4ent4 c1 toii #t6te# l#iti i
#9dicri <1n o4 c1 #de5r#t cinstit, n sens1l cl#sic #l c156nt1l1i, #r
tre91i n 7ilele no#stre ori s #s#sine7e, ori s se sin1cidF re"176nd
$rin #cest gest de c1r#j s i# $#rte l# conte4$or#neit#te=F ne 5ede4
silii n "iec#re 7i s #sist4 l# #t6te# ticloii, l# #t6t# s1"erin
nedre#$tF nelege4 n "iec#re 7i c s1nte4 ne$1tincioi s #lin4
s1"erinele #ceste#, c orice #4 "#ce s1nte4 i r46ne4 ne$1tincioi
+nc6t #j1nge4 "iec#re s re#li74 condii# tr#gic # existenei no#stre
soci#le2 Ji d1$ c14, #lt d#t, re7isten# n "## destin1l1i tr#gic #l
o41l1i <"$t1r sortit ignor#nei, 4orii, li4itrii= i4$lic# rese4n#re
de"initi5 s#1 ndejde in"init + #st7i s1nte4 silii s ne rese4n4
s#1 s ndjd1i4 c8i#r 4$otri5# ndejdiiF d#r #tit1dinile #ceste# n1 le
l14 "# de condii# etern, cos4ic, # o41l1i, ci "# de condii# l1i
te4$or#l, istoricF "# de ntrist#t1l ce#s soci#l c#re ne+# "ost 1rsit
s+, tri42
Exist #st7i n l14e o s1"erin 4esc8in, cotidi#n, in"erio#rF o
s1"erin 9iologic, n1 1n# 14#n i s$irit1#l2 !r#gis41l #cest# de
"iec#re 7i $e c#re l tri4 c1 toii nici n1 ne #j1t, cel $1in, s ne
#d6nci4 s1"let1l nostr1, s+, cond1ce4 s$re 46nt1ire2 Un ?#1st, 1n
S"2 A1g1stin, 1n #sc#l, 1n G#r#4#7o"" + n1 4#i s1nt conte4$or#nii
notri n s$irit2 'oi s1nte4 1rsii s nelege4 ne$1tin# no#str
14#n, li4it# 5oinei no#stre, nedre$t#te# $redestin#t #cestei L14i
+#17ind c14 #lii #1 4ili#rde, i#r #lii 4or de "o#4e, #sist6nd c14 cele
4#i c1r#jo#se $orniri s1nt nec#te n ticloi# s"6rit1rilor, tiind ctt4
tot1l se c14$r, tot1l se 5inde2 Este o #te$t#re trist $ret1tindeni n
l14e2 0 #te$t#re # ntregii 5iei colecti5e nelinitit, c8in1it2 Ce
4ir#col 5# $1te# s$#rge 7id1l de noroi c#re ne s1"oc : nce$i s
dis$ere7i c8i#r l# $osi9ilit#te# #cest1i 4ir#col222
Ji i#t de ce, n loc de # 4edit# #s1$r# condiiei 14#ne c# s
nt6lneti 9leste4#t# ei li4it#re + #st7i #j1ngi l# #cee#i nelegere,
o9ser56nd $1r i si4$l1 5i## soci#l din j1r1l t12 In loc de # rel1#,
n s$irit, gest1l l1i ro4ete1 + #st7i t+e s1"icient +i $stre7i
sensi9ilit#te# i cinste# int#ct, $entr1 # s1"eri tot #t6t de 41lt, tot #t6t
N*Q
de ndel1ng2 C#71rile ;cl#sice; #le tr#gis41l1i + #st7i se gsesc oe
4i7ere, ro4#neti2 Ro46nii c#re #1 i791tit s se re"17e o 4ie de #n
senti4ent1l1i tr#gic #l existenei + nt6lnesc #st7i, $entr1 nt6i# o#r
1n #d5ers#r e"ic#ce nele$ci1nii lor2 S 5ede422
Des$re tineree i 9tr6nee
4i $l#ce s re5in 4ere1 l# $ro9le4e 9#n#le s#1 insol19ile <cee#
ce $o#te s nse4ne #cel#i l1cr1= i gsesc n conte4$l#re# lor o
8r#n $e c#re nici #ct1#lit#te#, nici $ro9le4#tic# de #5#ng#rd n1 4i+o
$1n l# nde46n2 Medite7 #dese#, de $ild, l# "o#rte 5ec8e# i "o#rte
co4$lic#t# $ro9le4 # tinereii2 !ineree#, n sine, r46ne $entr1
4ine o enig4F cci e# #re +ntotdeauna drept'*i i, tot1i, este
ntotde#1n# 4ediocr, $l#t, i4$otent2 n"iorto#re# i4$oten #
tinereiiT C6t eti t6nr, eti 1rsit $#rc 1nei inconsistene "1nci#reF n1
$oi reali"a ni4ic, d#c n1 $oi n#te din tine ni4ic org#nic, ci n14#i
"r#g4ente <c8i#r de geni1, d#r n14#i "r#g4ente= de 5i#, discontin1e,
ineg#le, "r stil2 In1til te 79#i, in1til g6ndetiF n1 nelegi 4#i
niciod#t ni4ic, n1 iei cont#ct c1 re#litile, n1 res$iri 5i##
,//
2 Greit
se s$1ne c tineree# e 4#i #$ro#$e de 5i#, c ntre e# i 5i# n1
inter5in dece$iile, ex$erienele, constr1ciile 4ent#le c#re
c#r#cteri7e#7 4#t1rit#te#2 Di4$otri5, tineree# #d1ce c1 sine 1n
4ilion de s1$erstiii, de idei g#t#, de s1gestii i il17ii + $e c#re le
inter$1ne ntotde#1n# ntre e# i 5i#2 Un cont#ct direct, n1d, n1+,
$o#te d# dec6t 4#t1rit#te# i, $er"ect, n14#i 9tr6nee#2 '1 nce$i s
trieti re#l dec6t n j1r1l 56rstei de $#tr17eci de #ni2 6n #t1nci, n1
trieti dect n gest1ri, n intenii, n nost#lgi# 5iitor1l1i i #4intire#
trec1t1l1i2
Este ci1d#t c tinerii #1 4#i decis si41l trec1t1l1i dec6t o#4enii
4#t1ri2 Un t6nr triete 41lt 4#i 41lt c1 #4intirile dec6t triete 1n
o4 de cinci7eci + #i7eci de #ni2 '1 n14#i #t6t% l# 1n t6nr, trec1t1l
este 1n ele4ent ntotde#1n# $re7ent, o6t de $#r#dox#l #r $re# #ce#st#2
Este $er4#nent leg#t, $rintr+o os4o7 nencet#t #li4ent#t de
#4intirile l1i2 '1 le 5ede ## c14 le $o#te 5ede# 1n o4 4#t1r2 '1 s+#
det##t nc de ele2
Cee# ce este de$ri4#nt n s$ect#col1l tinereii 4#ni"est#te este
tot#l# ei li$s de origin#lit#te
,/,
2 E #9s1rd s s$1ne4 c ;tinerii s1nt
origin#li, $erson#li, noi;2 0rigin#lit#te# lor const n "#$t1l c nu
+n*eleg 9ine #n14ite l1cr1ri, $e c#re 4#i t6r7i1 le 5or nelege $recisF
i #t1nci n1 le 5or 4#i s$1ne, $entr1 c n1 i 5or 4#i interes#2 !inerii
s1nt 1n 2soi de l1t#ri c#re tr#g c1 1rec8e# i #$oi re$rod1c
;#de5r1rile; d1$ 1rec8e, d6nd i4$resi# de origin#lit#te2
Cerei 1n1i t6nr s scrie o c#rte #s1$r# 5ieii i 5 5# #d1ce 1n
4#n1scris de o 4ie de $#gini, ntr+#t6t tie de 41lte i #t6t de
i4$ort#nte, de noi, de se4ni"ic#ti5e i se $#r to#te2 Un o4 4#t1r 5#
scrie o s1t de $#giniF 1n 9tr6n, cel 41lt do17eci2 Este n #ce#st
#necdot ntreg destin1l tinereiiF #cel# de # "i 49t#t $re# 41lt de
s$#i1 i de ti4$2
237
09in1iesc tinerii s+i 9#t joc de "ric# de 4o#rte # 9tr6nilor i
s se l#1de c1 c1r#j1l c1 c#re ei, de $ild, #r n"r1nt# 4o#rte#2 '1 e
gre1 s s#cri"ici cee# ce n+#i #51t nc ti4$1l s $re1ieti2 Ce+#r $1te#
$ierde 1n t6nr, 41rind : Ce c1no#te el din 5i# c# s+o i19e#sc :
D#r 4#i este ce5# % este de"initi5# o$#cit#te # tinereii "# de
senti4ent1l 4orii, "# de #gonie, "# de trecere2 Ji #ce#st o$#cit#te
trde#7 4ediocrit#te#F cci o contiin n c#re n1 s+# 79t1t, ntr+1n
"el s#1 #lt1l, $ro9le4# 4orii, 4#i #re nc de cresc1t $6n s se
#ting #cel 4ini4 de ele5#ie indis$ens#9il conte4$l#iei i nelegerii
5ieii2
Cine5# 4i s$1ne# c tineree# e 4ediocr $entr1 li$s# ei de
ex$eriene s#1 $entr1 $1int#te# #cestor ex$eriene2 o#te s "ie ##2
D#r, j1dec6nd d1$ $ro$ri# 4e# o9ser5#ie, n1 ex$erienele li$sesc
1n1i t6nr, ci nelegere# lor2 !inerii n1 ti1 ce s "#c i c14 s sc#$e
de ex$erien2 De #cee# c8i#r nt64$lrile cele 4#i extr#ordin#re le
r46n o#rec14 exterio#re, le $o#rt d1$ ei c# 1n lest, n1 le
tr#ns"or4 n 8r#n i n nelegere2 A4 c1nosc1t 1n t6nr g#7et#r
ce8oslo5#c c#re # "c1t de trei ori nconj1r1l l14ii, # c1nosc1t to#te
4i7eriile i to#te #5ent1rile, # str9t1t or#e de 5is i de co4#r i
c6nd s+# ntors, d1$ $#tr1 s#1 cinci #ni, er# tot #t6t de 4ediocr1, de
o$#c, de grosol#n s1"letete c# i 4#i n#inte2 ?ericit1l #cel# r4sese
1n $er"ect t6nr, #dic 1n $er"ect 4ediocr12
222 Ji, c1 to#te #ceste#, tinere*ea are +ntotdeauna dreptate. S te
4$otri5eti 1nei 4ediocriti tinereti $entr1 # s1sine o $er"eci1ne
9tr6ne#sc + e ce# 4#i 4#re cri4 # s$irit1l1i2 Ade5r#ii cre#tori
s1nt 4#t1rii i 9tr6nii, desig1r, i #de5r#ii i4$oteni s1nt tineriiF
tot1i, cei dint6i n1 in5ente#7, i#r cei din 1r4 tre(uie totde#1n# s
ne interese7e2 '1 $entr1 c s1nt 5iitor1l c1lt1rii, etceter#, etceter#2
Ci $1r i si4$l1 $entr1 c n1+i c1no#te4, nc, $e c6nd $e
4#t1ri i 9tr6ni i c1no#te42 '1 4 interese#7 $er"eci1ne# o$rit
$e locF 4 interese#7 ns totde#1n# o serie de e1ri, de 96j96ieli, de
cderi2 ntr+o $er"eci1ne, ntr+o certit1dine + gest1l 5ieii s+# 4$linitF
$rin ns1i "#$t1l c e ;$er"ect; i ;cert;, # 41rit, # ng8e#tF ce5#
no1 n1 se 4#i $o#te n#te de #colo2 Ji $re"er s #sist i s #j1t l#
n#tere# 14il i 4ediocr # 1nei "or4e $#s#gere, i4$er"ecte, + dec6t
s conte4$l1 l# nes"6rit o "or4 4#gni"ic d#r 4o#rt, des56rit2
Cine tie, #ce# n#tere 4ediocr 4i 5# $1te# #d1ce ntr+o 7i i o
n#tere c#re s re5ol1ione7e l14e# <i #t1nci "1nci# ei "iind
des56rit, se 5# o$ri, 5# $ieri= + $e c6nd 4on14ent1l $er"ect r46ne
4ere1 #cel#i 4on14ent $er"ect i ni4ic 4#i 41lt2
n "ond, $re1i4 tineree# toc4#i $entr1 c ti4 c ntr+o 7i 5#
#j1nge 9tr6nee2 Ji e $#r#dox#l #ce#st#F $entr1 c, o d#t 9tr6nee#
#j1ns, e# n1 ne 4#i interese#72 E $#r#dox#l s te strd1ieti, s l#17i
i s ii n 9r#e 1n ide#l, n1 $entr1 c e ;ide#l;, ci $entr1 c 5# #j1nge
ntr+o 7i #st"el222 I#r c6nd # #j1ns, n1 ne 4#i interese#7222
S+#r $1te#, tot1i, c# i tineree# i 9tr6nee# s "ie n14#i nite
N*W
destine #le 5ieii no#stre, din c#re 1nii o#4eni $ot e5#d#2 De $ild,
#cei $e c#re 9o#l# s#1 s1"erin# s#1 si41l 4orii i+# ntinerit l#
9tr6nee2 Mi se $#re c tineree# c# i 9tr6nee# #$#rin 4#i 41lt
s$irit1l1i dec6t tr1$1l1i2 '1 s$1n #ce#st# n sens1l c s1nt tineri
9tr6ni i 9tr6ni tineri2 S$eci4enele #ceste# 4i re$1gn $ro"1nd2 '1
$ot s1"eri 1n t6nr $re# nele$t s#1 1n 9tr6n 71r9#gi1, ;9i#t de
5i#;, #"e4ei#t, ne91n#tec s#1 t#ndr12 '1 4#i 5or9esc de "e4ei, c#re,
#t1nci c6nd nce#rc s $#r #lt"el dec6t #1 dre$t1l s $#r + s1nt
8otr6t de7g1stto#re2
S$1n c 9tr6nee# c# i tineree# #$#rin 4#i 41lt s$irit1l1i, n
sens1l c ele $ot "i + "o#rte r#reori, e dre$t + sinteti7#te s#1 #r4oni7#te2
D#c #r r46ne n14#i destine tr1$eti + orice ncerc#re de #$ro$iere i
1nire ntre ele, #r e1#2 Ji $ot "i #$ro$i#te, 1nite, n14#i #t1nci c6nd
ren1ni l# #46ndo1, c6nd n1 te 4#i interese#7 nici 1n#, nici #lt#,
c6nd n1 te 4#i st$6nete ti4$1l, n1 te 4#i o9sede#7 ;istori#;2
Exist #noti4$1ri tinere i #noti4$1ri 9tr6ne, i tot1i $e $46nt
este o $er4#nent $#lingene7, o #d4ir#9il i contin1 ren#tere2
D#c tii s# "#ci, dintr+1n sing1r ce#s, i tineree# i 9tr6nee#, #$oi
n1 4#i #i nici o te#4 de nici 1n# dintre ele
,/N
2 C6nd nici
4ediocrit#te# nici $er"eci1ne#, nici ero#re#, nici certit1dine# n1 te
4#i interese#7 + te+#i li9er#t de #ceste destine, $entr1 c #i r4#s,
n14#i t1 ns1i, "r de 9tr6nee i "r de 4o#rte2 M g6ndesc
#dese# l# #cel 9#s4 #l nostr1 c1 Atineree "r 9tr6nee i 9tr6nee
"r de 4o#rte;, $#re 4it1rile #ceste# n1 re$re7int ele nsei dr#4#
centr#l # 1nei ci5ili7#ii : De ce n1 nce#rc ni4eni s le nele#g :
N*(
Des$re 4o#rte i istorie liter#r
A4 recitit de c1r6nd 1n1l dintre cele 4#i "r14o#se i 4#i
$erson#le ese1ri #le l1i S#41el &1tler ;C14 s re#li7e7i o 5i#
$er"ect; <tr#d1cere #$roxi4#ti5F origin#l1l e PoB to ma2e the (est
life/. &1tler se sc17 de l# nce$1t c i s+# cer1t s 5or9e#sc des$re o
te4 #t6t de di"icilF cci el ns1i n1 e deloc sig1r c # re#li7#t tot ce
# $1t1t 4#i 91n din 5i## $e c#re # trit+o2 ;@i## e #se4ene# 1n1i#
c#re c6nt solo l# 5io#r n $19lic, d#r "r s tie s c6nte, ci n56nd
#t1nci, n "## $19lic1l1i2; !ot1i, n cele din 1r4, ne s$1ne c#re #r
"i, d1$ el, secret1l 5ieii $er"ecte, $line i rodnice% #cel# de # tri
d1$ 4o#rte, n dr#goste# $rietenilor, # ele5ilor, # 1r4#ilor2 ;
Mo#rte# d 1nor o#4eni o 5i# "# de c#re existen# lor $46nte#sc
#j1nge o si4$l 149r;2
A4 $o4enit de #cest ese1 #l l1i &1tler $entr1 c, dei "r
#$#rent legt1r c1 cele ce 5oi s$1ne 4#i l# 5#le, el este o #d4ir#9il
introd1cere n disc1i# rol1l1i 1n1i g6nditor s#1 scriitor c#re 4erge
4$otri5# ti4$1l1i s12
Adic 1n1l c#re trece $este ti4$2 ns1i &1tler # "ost 1n1l dintre
#ceti#2 Ce# 4#i 91n c#rte # s#, n+# $19lic#t+o n ti4$1l 5ieiiF i, de
"#$t, tot ce+# $19lic#t n ti4$1l 5ieii # trec1t nel1#t n se#42 '1
n14#i c n+# "ost re4#rc#t de $19lic2 Ast# n+#r "i nse4n#t $re# 41lt2
D#r n+# "ost re4#rc#t nici de critic, nici de elit, nici de $rieteni2 !oi
#1 571t n el 1n o4 ci1d#t i s+#1 o$rit l# ci1deniile l1i2 A1 tre91it
s tre#c do17eci de #ni c# s nce#$ s "ie cercet#t i tr#d1s2 @or
4#i trece nc cinci7eci $6n 5# #j1nge $o$1l#r2 6n ce 5# o9ine
#ce# ;5i# "# de c#re existen# $46nte#sc 5# "i o si4$l 149r 2
In tot ce #4 s$1s $6n #c14 este 5or9# des$re 4o#rte i #ce#st#
este o $ro9le4 c#re 4 de$ete2 D#r 4i se $#re c exist i #lte
s$ecii de 4o#rte2 0 4o#rte c#re se con"1nd n 91n $#rte c1 istori#
oricr1i o42 ?iec#re dintre noi #4 ls#t n 1r4 c6te5# 4ori, $entr1
c "iec#re #4 nce$1t de 4#i 41lte ori o #lt 5i#2 S1nt l1cr1ri $e
c#re eti c8e4#t o sing1r d#t s le "#ci s#1 s le s$1i + i d1$ #cee#
s 4i te 4#i interese7eF le+#i 1it#t, #1 trec1t n istori# t#, n 4o#rte# t#2
Ji se nt64$l c# toc4#i #ceste l1cr1ri + c#re $entr1 tine #1 41rit de
41lt + s "ie $rilej1ito#re de 5i#, s $ro5o#ce g6ndire# #ltor#, s le
dete$te c1rio7it#te#, "1ri# s#1 dr#goste#2
M g6nde#4 l# so#rt# #celor re5iste 91ne des$re c#re se #"l c
s1nt 91ne n14#i 1n s"ert de 5e#c de l# dis$#rii# lor2 M#i to#te
c1rentele liter#re s+#1 nsc1t i #1 "ost #li4ent#te de #se4ene# re5iste,
c#re #1 circ1l#t 1n n14r de #ni n cerc1ri "o#rte nc8ise i n14#i
nt64$ltor <c14 e c#71l l1i ;'o15elle Re51e ?r#nc#ise;= #1 #j1ns
240
$o$1l#re i $1ternice2 L# noi, o se#4 de re5iste de sc1rt i ner5o#s
#$#riie re$re7int #$ro#$e tot ce # "ost 4#i 91n n liter#t1r i g6ndire
de l# r79oi nco#ce2 '1 ti1 ce 5# cercet# istoric1l liter#r #l 5iitor1l1i
din r#"t1rile &i9liotecii Ac#de4iei2 D#r s1nt sig1r c l# 7ece #ni od#t
se 5or gsi o d17in de tineri c#re s c#1te, s s#51re7e, s sco#t note
din ;Cet#te# liter#r;
,/*
, de $ild2 Morile #ceste# $1n c#$t
e"e4er1l1i, di1rn1l1i, tr#nsitorietii + c# s "#c loc 1nei #de5r#te
5iei, $e c#re #1tor1l nici n1 # 9n1it+o, s#1 $e c#re, n cel 4#i 91n
c#7, # 1it#t+o2 S1nt sig1r c $als tratat pentru u"ul autorilor dramatici
se 5# 91c1r# n cinci7eci de #ni de o #tenie $e c#re scrierile do4n1l1i
C#4il etresc1 n1 #1 o9in1t+o niciod#t $6n #c14 i $e c#re, "o#rte
$ro9#9il, n1 o 5or o9ine nici de+#c14 n#inte2
E s1r$rin7tor 914 l1cr1rile cele 4#i $1in nse4n#te, cele 4#i
$1in sole4ne i cele c#re e5it c6t 4#i net eternit#te# + #1 #nse s
tri#sc cel 4#i 41lt2 C#71l j1rn#lelor inti4e, $o4elnic de 4ori, de
"#$te 4o#rte, de g6nd1ri 4o#rte2 'i4ic 4#i 5i1 i 4#i "#scin#nt,
tot1i, dec6t ci4itirele #ste#2 A1torii lor #1 ti1t #t6t de 9ine s 4o#r
n "iec#re 7i222 I#t sole4nele #4intiri #le l1i DA Ann1n7io % @e $a.ille
del Maglio, $#gini c6teod#t #d4ir#9il scrise + d#r 1sc#te, 1sc#te, n1
4o#rte2 Ji co4$#r#i+le c1 j1rn#l1l l1i 0tto &r#1n, #cel t6nr "iloso"
ger4#n, c#re # 41rit $e "ront i c#re 8#9#r n+#5e# de co4o#r# $e c#re
o $1rt# n r#ni2
Incontest#9il, tre91ie s #i t#lent, inteligen, geni12 D#r c6i n1 #1
i t#lent, i inteligen, i geni1 : Ast# n1 nse#4n #$ro#$e ni4icF
nse#4n do#r c etiA 1n c#ndid#t2 C#ndid#t l# oriice2 C# s treci 4#i
de$#rte, tre91ie s tii i #ltce5#% s 4ori2 Ji se $#re c tiin# #ce#st#
e 4#i gre1 de n5#t2 S 4ori n "iec#re 7i, c1 "iec#re o$er, c1
"iec#re $#gin scris2 Ce#s1l #cel# de 5i# s "ie c1 des56rire #rs
+c# s+, $oi 1it#, s n1+i 4#i #$#rin, s+, l#i n 1r4 c# $e 1n
c#d#5r12 De #cee# cred e1 c ;j1rn#l1l;, nse4nrile inti4e, notele
"r i4$ort#n + conin #t6t# trie i #t6t# sete de 5enicie2 entr1 c
s1nt scrise s19it c# i o 4o#rte, s#1 #goni7e#7 c# i o 4o#rte, s#1
s1nt dtto#re de se#4 c# des$re 4o#rte2 '1 #1 ni4ic din 5i1l
#cestei l14i n ele + i n1 s1nt ;"c1te;2 S1nt ## c14 le 5ede #1tor1l
n cli$# c6nd le scrie% $re# incendi#te, $re# c8in1ito#re, $re# niide c#
s $o#t exist# 41lt ti4$ n #ce#st l14e 5ie # tr#nsitorietii i #
inst#nt#ne1l1i2 Ji #t1nci, c# $rintr+o t#in, trec n ce#l#lt 5i#, #
l1cr1rilor 4o#rte, 4#ri s#1 4ici, d#r 4o#rte2
N-,
Si49olis41l 4orii inii#tice
Se nelege #c14 de ce ng8iire# de ctre 1n 4onstr1 # j1c#t 1n
rol "o#rte i4$ort#nt #t6t n rit1#l1rile inii#tice
/
c6t i n 4it1rile
eroice i 4itologiile Morii2 E 5or9# de 1n 4ister c#re co4$ort ce#
4#i teri9il $ro9 inii#tic, ce# # 4orii, d#r c#re e n #cel#i ti4$
sing1r# c#le $osi9il $entr1 # #9oli d1r#t# te4$or#l + c1 #lte c15inte,
existen# istoric + i de # reintegr# sit1#i# $ri4ordi#l2 E5ident,
st#re# ger4in#l # ;nce$1t1l1i; ec8i5#le#7 i e# c1 o 4o#rte% ntr+
#de5r, o41l i 1cide existen# $ro"#n, istoric, 17#t dej#, $entr1
reintegr#re# 1nei existene i4#c1l#te, ne#tinse de !i4$2
Reiese de #ici c n to#te contextele inii#tice 4o#rte# n1 #re
sens1l $e c#re s1nte4 is$itii s i+, d4 n gener#l + ci 5re# s s$1n
4#i #les 1r4tor1l l1cr1% se lic8ide#7 trec1t1l, se $1ne c#$t 1nei
existene $ro"#ne + $entr1 # rence$e o #lt#, regener#t2 Mo#rte#
inii#tic este deci 1n nce$1t, e# n1 este niciod#t 1n s"6rit2 'ici
ntr+1n rit1#l s#1 4it n1 nt6lni4 4o#rte# inii#tic n14#i c# sf!rit ci
c# o condiie sine 4ua non # 1nei treceri s$re 1n #lt 4od de # "i, $ro9
indis$ens#9il # regenerrii, #dic # nce$1t1l1i 1nei 5iei noi2 S
insist4 #s1$r# "#$t1l1i c si49olis41l nto#rcerii n 91rt# 4onstr1l1i
#re ntotde#1n# o 5#len cos4ologic2 0 d#t c1 neo"it1l, l14e#
ntre#g se rento#rce, si49olic, n 'o#$te# cos4ic $entr1 # $1te# "i
din no1 cre#t, #dic $entr1 # $1te# "i regener#t2
Ji ## c14 #4 s$1s n #lt $#rte 1n 4#re n14r de ter#$e1tici
#r8#ice const#1 n recit#re# rit1#l # 4ir1l1i cos4ogonic% c1 #lte
c15inte, $entr1 # 5indec# 1n 9oln#5, el tre91ie s se 4#i n#sc o d#t
+i 4odel1l #r8eti$#l #l n#terii este cosmogonia. !re91ie #9olit o$er#
!i4$1l1i i reintegr#t 4o4ent1l #1ror#l de din#inte# Cre#iei% $e $l#n
14#n e tot 1n# c1 # s$1ne c tre91ie reintegr#t ;$#gin# #l9; #
existenei, nce$1t1l #9sol1t, c6nd ni4ic n1 er# nc $t#t, $entr1 c
ni4ic n1 er# nc deterior#t2
A $tr1nde n 91rt# 4onstr1l1i ec8i5#l# c1 o regresi1ne n
indistinct1l $ri4ordi#l, n 'o#$te# cos4ic + # iei din 4onstr1
ec8i5#l# c1 o cos4ogonie% este trecere# de l# H#os l# Cre#ie2 Mo#rte#
inii#tic reitere#7 #cest ret1r exe4$l#r l# H#os, $entr1 # "#ce
$osi9il re$etii# cos4ogonic, #dic # $regti no1# n#tere2 Regresi#
n H#os se 5eri"ic 1neori $1nct c1 $1nct% este c#71l, de exe4$l1, #l
9olilor inii#tice #le 5iitorilor #4#ni, consider#te de nen14r#te ori
#de5r#te cri7e de ne91nie2 Se #sist ntr+#de5r l# o cri7 tot#l c#re
d1ce 1neori l# de7integr#re# $erson#litii2
/
entr1 inter$ret#re# $si8ologic # #cest1i si49olis4 # se 5ede# C8#rles
&#1do4, @e Mythe du heros <#ris, ,(QN=2
N-N
intr-un anu#it pun$t d% v%d%r% &% poat% o#olo2a .n%(unia.
iniiati$+ a a#anilor $u di&oluia v%$7ii p%r&onalit+i $ar% ur#%a*+
$o(or,rii -n In'%rn &au p+trund%rii -n (urta #on&trului1 ?iec#re #5ent1r
inii#tic de #cest ti$ se ter4in ntotde#1n# $rin # cre# ce5#, $rin #
"ond# ce5#, o l14e s#1 1n 4od de # "i2 'e #4inti4 c Maui c1t#,
$tr1n76nd n 91rt# str91nicii l1i, ne41rire#% cee# ce e tot1n# c1 #
s$1ne c el crede# c 5# $1te# "ond#, $rin "#$t# s# inii#tic, o no1
condiie 14#n, #se4nto#re c1 ce# # 7eilor2 'e 4#i #4inti4, de
#se4ene#, legend# #4#n1l1i l#$on c#re, n s$irit, r4sese trei #ni n
intestin1l 1n1i $ete 1ri#2 De ce # ntre$rins el #ce#st cltorie : Un
5ec8i 4it "inic, n legt1r c1 ,'inhQnoinen ne 5# d#, $o#te,
rs$1ns1l
,/*/
2 @in4oinen # cre#t c1 #j1tor1l 4#giei + c6nt6nd #dic +
o 9#rc, d#r $e c#re n1 o $o#te ter4in# $entr1 c+i li$sesc trei
c15inte2 C# s le #"le 5# $1rcede n c1t#re# 1n1i 5rjitor 5estit,
Antero, 1n 1ri# c#re stte# de #ni ndel1ng#i ne4ic#t, c# 1n #4#n
n tr#ns, n ## "el nc6t 1n co$#c i cresc1se din 14r, i#r $srile i
"c1ser c1i9 n 9#r9# l1i2 @in4oinen c#de n g1r# 1ri#1l1i i e
c1r6nd ng8iit2 D#r, od#t #j1ns n sto4#c1l l1i Antero, el i "1rete
o 49rc4inte de "ier i+, #4enin $e 5rjitor c 5# r46ne #colo
$6n 5# #"l# de l# el cele trei c15inte 4#gice c# s+i ter4ine 9#rc#
/
2
A5e4 de+# "#ce, n #cest c#7, c1 o #5ent1r inii#tic ntre$rins
$entr1 # o9ine o in"or4#ie secret
,/-
2
Se co9o#r n 91rt# 1n1i 1ri# s#1 # 1n1i 4onstr1 $entr1 #
de$rinde tiin#, nele$ci1ne#2 Din #cest 4oti5, #4#n1l l#$on
r46ne trei #ni n sto4#c1l $etel1i% $entr1 # c1no#te secretele
n#t1rii, $entr1 # desci"r# enig4# 5ieii i # #"l# 5iitor1l2 D#r, d#c
$tr1ndere# n 91rt# 4onstr1l1i ec8i5#le#7 c1 co9or6re# n In"ern
$rintre tene9re i 4ori, #dic, d#c e# si49oli7e#7 #t6t regresi# n
'o#$te# cos4ic c6t i n tene9rele ;ne91niei; n c#re orice 1r4 de
$erson#lit#te se di7ol5, d#c ine4 se#4 de to#te #ceste o4ologri
i de cores$onden# ntre Mo#rte + 'o#$te# cos4ic + H#os + ne91nie
+regresie l# o condiie e49rion#r + #t1nci se nelege de ce Mo#rte#
si49oli7e#7 i nele$ci1ne#, de ce 4orii s1nt o4niscieni i c1nosc
5iitor1l, de ce 5i7ion#rii i $oeii i c#1t ins$ir#i# $e l6ng
4or4inteF i $e 1n #lt $l#n de re"erin, se nelege de ce 5iitor1l
#4#n n#inte de # de5eni 1n nele$t tre91ie s c1no#sc ;ne91ni#; i
s co9o#re $rintre tene9re, de ce cre#ti5it#te# e n legt1r c1 o
#n14it ne91nie s#1 orgie, solid#re c1 si49olis41l 4orii i #l
tene9relor2 C2G2 D1ng ex$lic to#te #ceste# $rin re4$ros$t#re#
cont#ct1l1i c1 incontient1l colecti52 D#r, $entr1 # r46ne n
do4eni1l nostr1, se nelege 4#i #les de ce, l# $ri4iti5i, iniiere# este
ntotde#1n# n legt1r c1 re5el#i# tiinei s#cre, # nele$ci1nii2
!oc4#i n $erio#d# segreg#iei + #dic n ti4$1l n c#re &unt
$on&id%rai dis$r1i n (urta #on&trului s#1 -n In'%rn + n%o'iii &unt
M2 H##5io, ,'B'Bornen, $$2 ,/. sR2
243
instr1ii n tr#diiile secrete #le tri91l1i2 @erit#9il# tiin, ce#
tr#ns4is de 4it1ri i si49ol1ri, n1 este #ccesi9il dec6t n c1rs1l s#1
n 1r4# 1n1i $roces de regener#re s$irit1#l re#li7#t de 4o#rte# i
ren5iere# inii#tic2
S1nte4 #c14 n st#re s nelege4 de ce #cee#i sc8e4 inii#tic
+ co4$ort6nd s1"erin#, 4o#rte#, ren5iere# + se regsete n to#te
4isterele, #t6t n rit1rile $19ertii c6t n cele $rin c#re se #ccede l# o
societ#te secretF i de ce #cel#i scen#ri1 se l#s desci"r#t n
t1l91rto#rele ex$eriene inti4e c#re $reced 5oc#i# 4istic2 n#inte
de to#te nelege4 1r4tor1l l1cr1% o41l societilor #r8#ice s+#
strd1it s n5ing 4o#rte# #cord6nd1+i #t6t# i4$ort#n nc6t n cele
din 1r4 4o#rte# # ncet#t s 4#i nse4ne o oprire, de5enind 1n rit
de trecere3 c1 #lte c15inte, $entr1 $ri4iti5i, o41l 4o#re ntotde#1n#
$entr1 ce5# neeseni#l% 4o#re 4#i #les $entr1 5i## $ro"#n2 e sc1rt,
4o#rte# #j1nge s "ie consider#t c# o s1$re4 iniiere, c# nce$1t1l
1nei noi existene s$irit1#le2 M#i 41lt nc% gener#re, 4o#rte,
regener#re #1 "ost nelese c# cele trei 4o4ente #le #cel1i#i 4ister i
orice e"ort s$irit1#l #l o41l1i #r8#ic s+# strd1it s #r#te c ntre #ceste
4o4ente n1 exist r1$t1ri2 '1 te $oi opri n 1n1l dintre #ceste trei
4o4ente, n1 te $oi instala 1nde5# n 4o#rte, de exe4$l1, s#1 n
gener#re2 Mic#re#, regener#re# contin1 4ere1% se re"#ce "r
ncet#re cos4ogoni# $entr1 # "i sig1r c 1n l1cr1 e 9ine "c1t% 1n
co$il, de exe4$l1, s#1 o c#s, s#1 o 5oc#ie s$irit1#l2 I#t de ce #rn
nt6lnit $ret1tindeni 5#len# cos4ogonic # rit1rilor de iniiere2
nele$ci1ne# e# nsi i, $rin extensie, orice c1no#tere s#cr i
cre#to#re, s1nt conce$1te c# "r1ct1l 1nei iniieri, c# re71lt#t n #cel#i
ti4$ #l 1nei cos4ogonii i #l 1nei o9stetrici2 Socr#te n1 se co4$#r#
in1til c1 o 4o#% el #j1t# o41l s se n#sc l# contiin# de sine2 D#r
i 4#i cl#r 5or9ete S"6nt1l #5el n 8pistola c'tre Tit de ;"ii
s$irit1#li;, de "ii $e c#re el i+# $rocre#t $rin credin
,/Q
2 Acel#i
si49olis4 se regsete n tr#dii# 91dd8ist% cl1gr1l i
#9#ndone#7 n14ele de "#4ilie i de5ine ;"i1l l1i &1dd8#;
-sa2ya-putto/, cci el este nsc1t ;$rintre s"ini; -'riya/. C14 7ice#
G#ss#$# 5or9ind des$re el ns1i% ;?i1 n#t1r#l #l cel1i re#"ericit,
nsc1t din g1r# l1i, nsc1t din dhamma, cre#t de dhammaF etc2
-9amyutta i2aya, II, NN,=2 D#r #ce#st n#tere inii#tic i4$lic#
4o#rte# existenei $ro"#ne2 Sc8e4# s+# conser5#t tot #t6t de 9ine n
8ind1is4 c# i n 91dd8is42 Vogin1l ;4o#re $entr1 #ce#st 5i#; c#
s ren#sc ntr+1n #lt 4od de # "i % cel re$re7ent#t de eli9er#re2 &1dd8#
i #r#t c#le# i 4ijlo#cele de # 41ri $entr1 condii# 14#n $ro"#n
+#dic $entr1 scl#5#j i ignor#n + $entr1 # te ren#te l# li9ert#te#, l#
9e#tit1dine# i incondiion#re# ir.anei. !er4inologi# indi#n #
ren#terii inii#tice #4intete c6teod#t si49olis41l #r8#ic #l ;no1l1i
cor$ A $e c#re+, o9ine neo"it1l2 &1dd8# el ns1i $rocl#4% ;A4 #rt#t
disci$olilor 4ei 4ijlo#cele $rin c#re i $ot cre#, $lec6nd de l# #cest
cor$ <constit1it din cele $#tr1 ele4ente=, 1n #lt cor$ de o s19st#n
N--
intelect1#l -rupim manoniayan/, co4$let, c1 cele $#tr1 4e49re i
n7estr#t c1 "#c1lti tr#nscendent#le -a(hinindriyamf.
!o#te #ceste# $ro9e#7, ni se $#re, c 5#lori7#re# #r8#ic # 4orii
c# s1$re4 4ijloc de regener#re +s$irit1#l constit1ie 1n scen#ri1
inii#tic c#re se $rel1ngete $6n l# 4#rile religii #le l14ii i $e c#re
cretinis41l ,+# 1tili7#t2 E 4ister1l "1nd#4ent#l, rel1#t i retrit,
re5#lori7#t de orice no1 ex$erien religio#s2 D#r s $ri5i4 4#i de
#$ro#$e consecinele 1lti4e #le #cest1i 4ister% d#c aici $e $46nt
c1no#te4 4o#rte#, d#c 41ri4 de nen14r#te ori, contin11, c# s
ren#te4 pentru altce.a - 1r4e#7 c o41l triete dej# #ici $e $46nt
ce5# c#re n1 #$#rine 46nt1l1i, c#re $#rtici$ l# s#cr1, l# di5init#te,
triete, s s$1ne4, un +nceput de imortalitate, se #tinge din ce n ce
4#i 41lt de i4ort#lit#te2 n consecin, i4ort#lit#te# n1 tre91ie
conce$1t c# o s1$r#5ie1ire post mortem, ci c# o sit1#ie c#re se
creea"' contin11, $entr1 c#re o41l se $regtete i l# c#re $#rtici$
c8i#r de $e #c14, din l14e# #ce#st#2
'e+4o#rte#, i4ort#lit#te# tre91ie s "ie conce$1t c# o sit1#ie
li4it, c# o sit1#ie ide#l s$re c#re o41l tinde c1 to#t "iin# l1i i $e
c#re el se strd1iete s+o c1cere#sc 41rind i ren5iind contin112
Ma==7i#a-Ni6aFa" II" 1HC $'1 Mii&%a Eliad%" Le 7o(. I##otta$te et Ubeiti pp1 1H9 &M1
N-Q
S%/ualitat%" #oart%" $r%ai%
Acest 4it j#$one7
,/.
este i4$ort#nt din 4#i 41lte $1ncte de
5edere% l2ne 5or9ete des$re sit1#i# $ri4ordi#l, totalitatea, c#re se
$re7int c# o coincidentia oppositonun, deci i c# #ndroginieF
N2 #ce#st tot#lit#te # $reced#t 8ierog#4i#, n1nt# ntre Cer i 46nt,
e# $1rt6nd tot1i n e# ;1n ger4ene;, 1n Urgnlnd c#re $o#te "i
consider#t c# $rod1s1l #ndroginiei di5ineF *2cos4ogoni# nce$e c1
se$#r#re# Cer1l1i de 46ntF ger4enele $ri4ordi#l se tr#ns"or4
ntr+o trestie din c#re se 5or n#te 1n #n14it n14r de 7eiF -2n14#i
d1$ se$#r#re# celor do1 $rinci$ii se $o#te 5or9i des$re 8ierog#4ie,
n c#re $rin 1ni1ne# celor do1 $rinci$ii cos4ice se des56rete
cre#i# l14ii i se 4#i n#sc i #li 7eiF Q2n s"6rit, este i4$ort#nt s
s19linie4 c 46nt1l+M#4 4o#re d6nd n#tere ?oc1l1i <o4olog1l
So#rel1i= i c din tr1$1l ei se n#sc di5initile "ec1nditii tel1rice i
5eget#le2 M#i #les #cest din 1r4 4oti5 ne interese#72 El se re"er l#
cre#re# $l#ntelor din c8i#r tr1$1l Eeiei i n1 n 1r4# 1nei 8ierog#4ii%
d#r cre#re# !or coincide c1 4o#rte# l1i @"anami, c1 s#cri"ici1l ei #dic2
Cci des$re 1n s#cri"ici1 este 5or9#, de o i4ol#re2 Ace#st# reiese
i 4#i li4$ede din istori# #ltei di5initi, 02emochi, "#t# l1i l7#n#4i2
D1$ ihonQi, UHe4oc8i # "ost #s#sin#t de 7e1l L1nii, Tsu2iyomi,
i#r din c#d#5r1l ei s+#1 nsc1t tot "el1l de s$ecii #ni4#le i 5eget#le%
9o1l i c#l1l #1 ieit din cretet1l ei, 4ei1l din "r1nte, 5ier4ele de
4t#se din s$r6ncene, o #lt s$ecie de gr1ne din oc8i, ore71l din
tr1nc8i, di5ersele 5#rieti de "#sole din 5#gin
/
2
Cre#i#, se o9ser5, se nc8eie i se des56rete "ie $rintr+o
8ierog#4ie, "ie $rintr+o 4o#rte 5iolent, cre#i# de$inde deci i de
sex1#lit#te d#r i de s#cri"ici1, 4#i #les de 1n s#cri"ici1 5ol1nt#r, ntr+
#de5r, 4it1l n#terii $l#ntelor #li4ent#re + 4it "o#rte rs$6ndit
+nscene#7 ntotde#1n# s#cri"ici1l s$ont#n #l 1nei "iine di5ine2
Ace#st# $o#te "i o 4#4, o "#t, 1n co$il s#1 1n 9r9#t2 n Indone7i#,
de exe4$l1, s1nt i4ol#te #$ro#$e ntotde#1n# o 4#4 s#1 o "#t
$entr1 O ore# din $ro$ri1l lor tr1$ di5ersele s$ecii de $l#nte
#li4ent#re;O F n 'o1# G1inee, n Mel#ne7i# i oline7i# e 5or9# n
gener#l de o "iin di5in 4#sc1lin;
/
2
91 MO!RTE SI ARE!IE
Cre#ie i s#cri"ici1
S ne o$ri4 1n 4o4ent #s1$r# #cest1i 4oti5 4itic $entr1 c
l1cr1rile nce$ s se co4$lice2 Se $#re c #5e4 de+# "#ce c1 1n 4it
extre4 de rs$6ndit, c#re se 4#ni"est ntr+1n 4#re n14r de "or4e i
5#ri#nte2 I#t eseni#l1l% Cre#i# n1 se $o#te des56ri dec6t $lec6nd
de l# o "iin 5ie c#re tre91ie i4ol#t% 1n 1ri# $ri4ordi#l, #ndrogin
s#1 &r9#t cos4ic, o Eei M#4 s#1 ?#t 4itic2 S $reci74 c
#ce#st Cre#ie se #$lic l# to#te ni5el1rile de existen% "ie c e 5or9#
des$re Cre#i# Cos4os1l1i, # 14#nitii s#1 n14#i # 1nei r#se 14#ne,
# #n14itor s$ecii 5eget#le s#1 #ni4#le2 Sc8e4# 4itic r46ne
#cee#i% ni4ic n1 se $o#te cre# dec6t $rin i4ol#re, $rin s#cri"ici12
An14ite 4it1ri ne 5or9esc des$re cre#re# l14ii c8i#r din cor$1l 1n1i
Uri# $ri4ordi#l s#1 dintr+1n Str4o 4itic s#cri"ic#t i
de74e49r#t
/
2 n s"6rit, ## c14 #4 571t, $l#ntele #li4ent#re #1 o
origine si4il#r% cresc din tr1$1l 1nei ?iine di5ine i4ol#te;A2
Mit1l cre#iei $rin 4o#rte 5iolent de$ete, $rin 1r4#re,
4itologi# 46nt1l1i+ M#42 Idee# "1nd#4ent#l este c 5i## n1 se
$o#te n#te dec6t dintr+o #lt 5i# s#cri"ic#tF 4o#rte# 5iolent e
cre#to#re n sens1l c 5i## s#cri"ic#t se 4#ni"est ntr+o "or4 4#i
strl1cit l# 1n #lt ni5el de existenF s#cri"ici1l o$ere#7 1n 1ri#
tr#ns"er% 5i## concentr#t ntr+o $erso#n de$ete #ce#st $erso#n
i se 4#ni"est l# sc#r cos4ic s#1 colecti52 0 sing1r "iin se
tr#ns"or4 n Cos4os s#1 ren#te 41lti$lic#t n s$ecii 5eget#le s#1
di5erse r#se 14#ne2 0 ;tot#lit#te; 5ie se de74e49re#7 i se
dis$erse#7 ntr+o 41ltit1dine de "or4e #ni4#te2 C1 #lte c15inte,
regsi4 #ici sc8e4# cos4ogonic 9ine c1nosc1t # ;tot#litii;
$ri4ordi#le distr1se i "r#g4ent#te $rin #ct1l cre#iei2
Ac14 se nelege de ce 4it1l cre#iei #ni4#lelor i $l#ntelor
"olosito#re din cor$1l 1nei "iine di5ine s#cri"ic#te # "ost ncor$or#t
@
Nu#a*aWa" pp1 9>>-9>:1 ! &% v%d%a i(id pp1 9>O &M1" #itul pov%&tit in Bo=i6i) *%ia
O7o-2%-t&u-7i#% % o#or,ta d% Su&anoWo1
iX
A'1 !1ER%n&%n" <a#u=ek 0;ran6'urt a1M" 1939<" pp1 :91 &M1" id1C Das =$(i!se >ettbild
e8per Moto t'utar0Stutt2art" 19>E<
PQ A'1 Oud#und 5att" . 3be %orn Motber ia A#erics iad ladoaesu .0!nt7ropo&" 3LVI" 19:1"
pp1 E:3-91><" pp1 E991
N-.
@
!&% v%d%a !1Y1Ma$donaldC Apropos de 4#,apsa0.Rou#al !&iatiMu%." t1AA3L" 19:9" pp1
393-33E<1
.K A'1 d% a&%#%n%a Mir$%a Eliad%" .La #andra2or% %t I%& #Ft7%& d% nai&&an$% #ira$ul%u&%.
0.4a#ol/i&.C III" Gu$ar%&t" 19>9" pp 3->E<" p%ntru &upravi%uir%a a$%&tui #otiv #iti$ -n 'ol6lor1
247
4itologiei 46nt1l1i+M#42 46nt1l este #ce# genetrix 1ni5ers#l
i Hrnito#re $rin excelen2 osi9ilitile ei de cre#ie s1nt neli4it#te%
cree#7 $rin 8ierog#4ie c1 Cer1l, d#r i $rin $#rtenogene7 s#1 $rin
i4ol#re# ei nsei2 Ur4e #le $#rtenogene7ei 46nt1l1i+M#4
s1$r#5ie1iesc c8i#r n 4itologiile deose9it de e5ol1#te c14 e
4itologi# gre#c% Her#, de exe4$l1, conce$e sing1r i d n#tere l1i
!>$8on
,/W
, He"#istos
,
A, Ares2 46nt1l+M#4 nc#rne#7 #r8eti$1l
?ec1nditii, #l cre#iei neex8#1sti5e2 Din #cest 4oti5 e# #re tendin#
s+i #si4ile7e #tri91tele i 4it1rile #ltor di5initi #le "ertilitii, "ie
c s1nt l1n#re, #c5#tice s#1 #gricole2 D#r se $rod1ce de #se4ene# i
"eno4en1l contr#r% #ceste di5initi i ns1esc #tri91tele
46nt1l1i+M#4 i re1esc c6teod#t s i se s19stit1ie n c1lt2 Se
nelege de ce% c# i 46nt1l+M#4, A$ele s1nt 9og#te n ger4eni,
L1n# si49oli7e#7 i e# de5enire# 1ni5ers#l, cre#i# i distr1ci#
$eriodic2 n cee# ce $ri5ete 7eiele 5eget#iei i #le #gric1lt1rii,A e
c6teod#t di"icil s le distingi de 7eiele tel1rice, 4it1rile lor rele56nd
#cel#i 4ister #l n#terii, cre#iei i 4orii dr#4#tice, 1r4#te de
res1recie2 4$r141t1rile reci$roce i 41lti$lele 4$letiri
c#r#cteri7e#7 4itologiile t1t1ror #cestor di5initi2 S+#r $1te# s$1ne
c 46nt1l+M#4 constit1ie ;o "or4 desc8is;, s1sce$ti9il de # se
49ogi l# in"init i din #cest 4oti5 e# #9so#r9e to#te 4it1rile leg#te
de @i# i Mo#rte, de Cre#ie i gener#i1ne, de sex1#lit#te i
s#cri"icii 5ol1nt#re2
/
%&pr% part%no2%n%*+ i autono#ia 7eielor greceti Fi 4editer#neene 3
?%&talo**a" Reli(ioae #editerane?pp. 191 &M1 ipa&&i#
N-W
C#s, Cor$, Cos4os
Soi# Meter1l1i M#no le i contin1 existen# n Cos4os ntr+1n
no1 tr1$, cor$1l #r8itectonic #l Mnstirii, $e c#re+, ns1"leete i l
"#ce s d1re7e2 roiect#t + $rin 4o#rte#+i rit1#l + ntr+1n #lt ni5el
cos4ic dec6t #cel# n c#re exist#se c# "iin 14#n, soi# Meter1l1i e
1rsit s c1no#sc o $erenit#te nengd1it o41l1i c# #t#re2 E#
durea"' incontest#9il 4#i 41lt dec6t $ot d1r# o#4eni c#re triesc i
4or c# o#4eni, do96ndind #st"el $erenit#te# i glori# eroilor2
Este e#, ns, #t6t de sing1l#ri7#t $rin no1l s1 ;cor$;
#r8itectonic : Este o#re e# #756rlit $e 1n ni5el cos4ic o#rec14
exterior dr#4ei i destin1l1i o41l1i, n #"#r de tr#iectori# s$eciei
14#ne i se #"l o#re e# + d#torit so#rtei s1i+generis $e c#re i+#
cre#t+o 4o#rte# rit1#l + i7ol#t de Cos4os1l l# c#re $#rtici$ rest1l
41ritorilor : ntre9rile i #1 rost1l lor, $entr1 c, d#c soi#
Meter1l1i se sing1l#ri7e#7 $rin $erenit#te# ei, "#$t1l #cest# #r $1te#
"i inter$ret#t c# 1n 9leste4, c# o i7ol#re $ernicio#s, c# o ;o$rire n
loc; n 4#rele circ1it cos4ic ce tinde l# reintegr#re# "in#l # o41l1i
n 1nit#te# din c#re s+# des$rins2 n ori7ont1l s$irit1#l co41n t1t1ror
#cestor 4it1ri #r8#ice i credinelor l#ter#le cror# le+# d#t n#tere, o
de$l#s#re de $e tr#iectori# reintegrrii #r ec8i5#l# c1 1n 9leste4, orice
;o$rire $e loc; "iind n1 n14#i o cri4 4$otri5# 5ieii, ci i 1n#
4$otri5# 46nt1irii2
So#rt# soiei Meter1l1i M#nole este ns n $er"ect concord#n
c1 4it1l i etic# reintegrrii2 A9#ndon6nd1+i tr1$1l o4enesc i
do96ndind 1n cor$ #r8itectonic, e# r46ne n #cel#i ori7ont s$irit1#l
#l 4it1rilor cos4ogonice i 4et#"i7icii $e c#re o i4$lic #ceste#2 S
ne #4inti4 c o41l #r8#ic se n"i# $e sine n ter4eni cos4ici i+i
5#lori"ic# 5i## red1c6nd to#te #ctele s#le l# #r8eti$1ri2 nset#t, ##
c14 l+#4 571t, de re#lit#te# 1lti4, #5e# grij s n1 se r1$ din
rit1rile cos4ice nici 4c#r n cele 4#i ;o#rec#re; gest1ri #le s#le2
M6nc6nd, indi#n1l din ti4$1rile 5edice n+#5e# contiin# c
nde$linete 1n #ct "i7iologic, ci c ;s#cri"ic; 7eilor dinl1ntr1l
tr1$1l1i s12 Eeii c#re i #5e#1 $rototi$1l n Cos4os i c#re #lct1i#1
centrele de intersecie i solid#ri7#re ntre 4icrocos4os <tr1$1l= i
4#crocos4os2 ?1nci1nile "i7iologice i #5e#1, de #se4ene#,
cores$ondenii lor cos4iciF cele cinci ;rs1"lri; cores$onde#1 celor
cinci 56nt1ri cos4ice, ir# s$inrii i #5e# $rototi$1l n <xis mundi,
#rterele i 5iscerele i #5e#1 cores$ondeni n Cos4os, #ct1l erotic
er# consider#t 1n rit1#l i4it#t d1$ 1n $rototi$ di5in <cos4ologic=2
D#r n1 n14#i #t6t% ; l1cr1rile; de c#re se nconj1r# el i #5e#1
cores$ondene cos4ice i er#1 constr1ite d1$ 1n $rototi$ #r8eti$#l,
24*
se 5ede# U49erto
cos4ologic2 C#r1l, 91no#r, # "ost "c1t d1$ 4odel1l So#rel1i i
s19 $resi1ne# conce$iilor religio#se $e c#re o41l c1lt1rilor
$reistorice, de l# nce$1t1l erei 4et#lice, le+# el#9or#t n legt1r c1
#str1l sol#rOA2 @est4intele, instr14entele de l1cr1, orn#4entele + to#te
er#1 "c1te n con"or4it#te c1 nor4ele cos4ice i #56nd grij s n1
de$rte7e $e o4 de realitate ci s+, solid#ri7e7e i s+, integre7e eiA
,
A2
Cee# ce deose9ete 5i## o41l1i #r8#ic de 5i## o41l1i 4odern este
contiin# #ntro$ocos4ic i $#rtici$#re# l# rit41rile cos4ice, c#re
dis$#re n E1ro$# 41nici$#l o d#t c1 re5ol1iile ind1stri#le2 041l
4odern este re71lt#t1l 1niii l1ng r79oi de ne#t6rn#re "# de Cos4os2
El # i791tit, ntr+#de5r, s se eli9ere7e n 91n $#rte de de$enden# n
c#re se #"l nl1ntr1l ;'#t1rii;, ns #ce#st 5ictorie # c6tig#t+o c1
$re1l i7olrii s#le n Cos4os2 Actelor o41l1i 4odern n1 le 4#i
cores$1nde ni4ic cos4icF c1 #t6t 4#i $1in o9iectelor $e c#re le
"#9ric el2
C#s# o41l1i #r8#ic n1 er# o ;4#in de loc1it;, ci, c# tot ce
i4#gin# i "ce# el, 1n $1nct de intersecie ntre 4#i 41lte ni5el1ri
cos4ice2 Ad$ostind1+se ntr+o c#s, o41l #r8#ic n1 se i7ol# de
Cos4os ci, di4$otri5, 5ene# s loc1i#sc n c8i#r centr1l l1i2 Cci
c#s# er# e# nsi o imago mundi, o ico#n # ntreg1l1i cos4ic2 A4
571t c r11l c#re se 9#te, n Indi#, s19 $i#tr# "1nd#4ent#l #
oricrei constr1cii, cores$1nde l1i axis mundr, c#s# se #"l, ##d#r, n
centr1l l14ii i este, ntr+1n #n14it sens, o ico#n red1s # l14ii2
Desc8i7t1r# $e c#re orice c#s #r8#ic o #5e# des1$r# ;#lt#r1l1i;
cores$1nde# A oc8i1l1i; din 4ijloc1l c1$olei cos4ice2 !e4$l1l + c# i
c#s# + re$re7ent# n #cel#i ti4$ #t6t Cos4os1l c6t i cor$1l 14#n2
Do41l nc$erii n c#re #rde "oc1l s#cr1, l# $#rsii din &o49#>,
n"ie#7 9olt# cere#sc2 Dionis din H#lic#rn#s <,,Q/= #"ir4 c
te4$l1l @estei er# circ1l#r $entr1 # i4it# glo91l $46ntesc2 Acestei
inter$retri rel#ti5 t#rdi5e i $1te4 #d1g# co4$#r#i# $e c#re l#ton o
"ce# ntre c#$1l o4enesc i cos4os1j s"eric -Timaeus, -- D sR2= i $e
c#re i+o ns1ise ntre#g# l14e 5ec8e
,
;A2
0 si4etrie nc 4#i cl#r ntre cos4os, c#s i cor$1l o4enesc o
nt6lni4 n Indi#2 D1$ credinele indiene, n cli$# 4orii s$irit1l
$rsete tr1$1l;
/
$rin s1d1r# cr#ni#n <"or#4en1l l1i Monro= n14it
(rahmarandhra. Lexic1l #r8itectonic indi#n n14ete 9r#84#r#nd8r#
desc8i7t1r# <;oc8i1l;= din 56r"1l t1rn1l1i s#1 din centr1l c1$olei 1n1i
te4$l1
5=
2 Constr1ci# este, #st"el, identi"ic#t cor$1l1i o4enesc, 9olt#
KP R1;orr%'" Les cbais cultuels prt$istori9ues et U%uU& s#vivants Mia epo9ues <istori9ues
0?r%7i&toir%." I" 1939" pp1 119 &M1" !1 Aoo#ara&Wa#F" &va@#*tnu=a'6anua %oeE0.4a#ol/i&."
II" 1939"p1>3<1
a<
E/%#pl% -n A#(#enUri=a, p 1:9 &M1" O@ &M1" 9@ &M1" %t$1
#
A'1 r%'%rin% -n S$ott" <er#etica 0O/'ord" 199:<" voi1 " p19>91
PK A'1 7o(a, p1 99E" 93@" 3@O1
. !1Aoo#ara&WaraF" &#bo$s# o5t$e Do#e, p >:
250
re$re7ent6nd cr#ni1l2 Tradiia a$%a&ta s+# $str#t i n l14e#
greco+l#tin2 $oramen %&t% desc8i7t1r# ls#t intenion#t n
#co$eri1l te4$l1l1i l1i D1$iter <05id, $asti, ,,,..)=2 e de alt+ $#rte,
regsi4 ter4enii #r8itectonici n "i7iologi# 4istic indi#n2 <ltareya
<ranya2a <,,,,N,,= s$1ne c rs1"l#re# este ;st6l$1l; c#re s1sine i
1ni"ic celel#lte si41ri, ntoc4#i c14 ntr+o c#s to#te 4#teri#lele
#r8itectonice s1nt s1sin1te de 1n st6l$2 I#r ;rs1"l#re#; # "ost nc din
ti4$1rile 5edice #si4il#t ;56nt1rilor; cos4ice -<t(ar.a ,eda, PI,
-,,Q=a2 Si4etri# ntre o4, c#s i cos4os se rent6lnete i4$lic#t
ntr+1n n14r consider#9il de texte2 Rest1ri din #ce#st str5ec8e
o4olog#re #1 s1$r#5ie1it $6n #st7i n li49#j1l c1rent2 Ex$resi# l1i
05idi1 -Metamorfo"e, ,,,*W=, ;4r1nt#iele $46nt1l1i; este nc
"rec5ent2 Se 5or9ete des$re cer1l g1rii;, des$re 1n ;oc8i de ge#4;,
etc2 <C156nt1l 9#9iloni#n, grecesc i l#tinesc $entr1 ;g1r; er# #cel#i
c# i $entr1 ;cer;=2
Conce$1t n ter4eni #nt8ro$ocos4ologici, #r8itect1r# #r8#ic nu
er# n14#i o tiin i o #rt s#cr, ci i 1n instr14ent de s#l5#re a
o41l1i2 A4 571t c o41l #r8#ic e c#r#cteri7#t $rintr+o o9sesie #
realului. Ar8itect1r#, o# i oric#re #lt te8nic str5ec8e, 1r4re#
$l#s#re# o41l1i n real ?or41lele #cest1i real s+#1 sc8i49#t n c1rs1l
4ileniilor, s19 $resi1ne# 5i7i1nilor $#rtic1l#re i # istoriei, d#r
s19st#n# # r4#s #cee#i2 Ar8itect1r# din ti4$1rile 5edice nser# $e
o4 n real, $l#s6nd1+, n ;centr1l l14ii;, s#1 o"erind1+i c# #d$ost o
c#s c#re er# n #cel#i ti4$ o ico#n # Cos4os1l1i i # 041l1i
$ri4ordi#l2 Ar8itect1r# greco+l#tin er# $reoc1$#t de ;$ro$oriile
di5ine;, s#1 ;#r4oni# s"erelor; + d#r 1r4re# #cel#i sco$% s $1n $e
o4 "# n "# c1 Logos1l2 0ric#re #r "i "ost 5i7i1ne# $#rtic1l#r a
l14ii el#9or#t de #ceste c1lt1ri, "1nci# #r8itect1rii, c# i # celorl#lte
#cte s#1 te8nici s$irit1#le, r46ne# #cee#i2 D#torit 1n1i co4$lex de
c#17e, #s1$r# cror# n1 $1te4 str1i #c14, #r8itect1r# # $str#t 5re4e
ndel1ng#t sens1rile s#le origin#re, cos4ologice, c8i#r #t1nci $,nd
celel#lte #rte conte4$or#ne cre#1 $e ni5el1ri n c#re &u'l%tul %tni$ i
istori# i i4$ri4#1 tot 4#i 5ig1ros $ecete#2 g
'1 este li$sit de se4ni"ic#ie #4n1nt1l c ro4#ntic1l 2%r#an
c#re # ;redesco$erit; i # retrit c1 o "1lg1r#nt intensit#te o &%ri% d%
4it1ri #r8#ice, c1 to#te i4$lic#iile lor #%ta'i*i$%K
@
" a intuit i
o4ologi# o4+c#s6+cos4os2 M%di$ul ro#anti$ Gores &pun% $+)
;sco$1l "i7iologiei %&t% &+ d%#on&tr%*% proi%$tar%a ar7it%$turii lu#ilor
n org#nis4, i &+ tran&port% raporturil% individual% al% vi%ii -n #ari
r#$ort1ri cos4ice, p%ntru $a intuiia &+ $ul%a2+ i ai$i r%laiil% #ai
1ni5ers#le al% $on$r%tului" &+ $it%a&$+ lu#ino& i $lar -n a&tr% $%%a $%
#ici =o& se a&$und% -n -ntun%ri$ul #at%ri%i p+#,nt%tiKP1 ;i*iolo2ia ar
tre91i &+ &ta(il%a&$+" aadar" &i#%tria $ar% %/i&t+ -ntr% l%2il%
cos4ologiei, #le #r8itect1rii i #le l14ii org#nice2
Si4etri# #ce#st# n+# "ost niciod#t de"initi5 1it#t de ctre
#r8itect1r# e1ro$e#n2 S+# nloc1it, do#r, i4#gine# #r8eti$#l #
cos4ologiei $rintr2+o "or41l estetic s#1 4#te4#tic2 S19 o "or4
s#1 #lt#, #r8itect1r# # r4#s $6n "o#rte t6r7i1, n E1ro$#, o ex$resie
n $i#tr # cor$1l1i 14#n, s#1 4#i 9ine 7is # m'surii 14#ne2 D#r
#ce#st ;4s1r; 14#n + de5enit 4#i t6r7i1 1n c#non
estetico+4#e4#tic, re$rod1ce# c1 "idelit#te #n14ite r#$ort1ri
cos4ice2 Ji $rin #r8itect1r o41l se reintegr# n Cos4os s#1 se
;#r4oni7#A c1 el, ## c14 "ce#, 91no#r, $rin 417ic, $rin "iloso"e
s#1 $rin iniiere2 ?ericit# "or41l $e c#re ne+# tr#ns4is+o Antic8it#te#
gre#c, ;417ic# s"erelor;, #re o "o#rte interes#nt $reistorie l# c#re
$#rtici$ i C8in# i Indi#, i $e c#re, 4#i t6r7i1, Isl#41l # $1rt#t+o
$ret1tindeni o d#t c1 c1ceririle l1i2 An14e% rel#i# ntre sc#r#
417ic#l i cos4ologie, #dic r#$ort1l ntre cele ) s1nete i cele )
$l#nete <cee# ce ne "#ce s 9n1i4 o origine 4eso$ot#4i#n=2 0rice
c6ntec er# o #scensi1ne, o ;$1ri"ic#re; $rin solid#ri7#re# c1 #strele i
rit41l lor2 ;Sc#r#; 417ic#l re$rod1ce# ;sc#r#; te4$l1l1i s#1 et#jele
7iRR1r#t+1l1i 9#9iloni#n c#re, d1$ c14 se tie, #5e# 1n 9og#t
si49olis4 cos4ologic
,
A2 n C8in#, o4olog#re# cos4ologic #
s1netelor # cond1s l# o teorie 417ic#l de o extre4 co4$lexit#te2 n
Indi#, c1 ti4$1l, #4intire# originii ;#str#le; # s1netelor s+# $ierd1t2
Un #1tor din secol1l PIII, S6rn#g#de5#, #"ir4 c s1netele scrii
417ic#le s1nt i4it#i# strigtelor #ni4#lelor+ s1$r#5ie1ire des"ig1r#t #
#ni4#lelor 7odi#c#le, deci # 1n1i siste4 cos4ologic2 A4 4enion#t
to#te #ceste# $entr1 # $1ne n l14in "1nci1ne# 4et#"i7ic i
soteriologic $e c#re # #51t+o 417ic# n c1lt1rile #r8#ice, i $e c#re
"o#rte t6r7i1 # $ierd1t+o, de+#9i# #r1nci c6nd e4oi# i cre#i#
417ic#l i+#1 c$t#t de$lin# #1tono4ie2
AY4$c#re#; o41l1i c1 ?ire# $rin "iloso"ie este 1n tr1is4 #s1$r#
cr1i# socoti4 c $1te4 trece "r # str1i2 D#r "iloso"i# "ce# 4#i
41lt dec6t s ;4$#ce; $e o4 c1 Cos4os1l, dec6t s+, ;#r4oni7e7e;
<ntre#g# s$ec1l#ie "iloso"ic c8ine7, #t6t ce# ortodox+con"1ci#nist,
c6t i ce# t#oist, #5e# c# sco$ 1lti4 $er"ect# #r4oni7#re # o41l1i c1
Cos4os1l=2 Indi# # $str#t c1 o cl#r $reci7i1ne, i de d#t# #ce#st#,
"1nci1ne# de reintr#re n Cos4os, $e c#re o #5e# "iloso"i#, cel $1in
$entr1 ortodoxi# tr#diion#l2 ;Cei c#re neleg;, #dic cei c#re
g6ndesc 4et#"i7ic, c#re g6ndesc #s1$r# re#litii 1lti4e i n
con"or4it#te c1 $rinci$iile, o9in nc din ti4$1l 5ieii lor o
reintegr#re n Cos4os, c#re $entr1 ceil#li <c#re ;n+#1 neles;= #re loc
n14#i d1$ 4o#rte2 ;@oce#; celor c#re ;neleg; de5ine ;"oc;F
;4iros1l; se tr#ns"or4 n ;56nt;F ;5edere#; nA so#re;, etc2 + #dic se
@
A'1 %os#olo(ie 5i alc$i#ie babilonian*, p131 &M1" . 3reptele BAii 6ulien /reen i .arabudur,
te#plu si#bolic r%pu(li$at% -n volu#ul Insul lui Eutbanasius 019>3<1
NQN
reali"ea"' #ce# restit1ire $e c#re o41l n1 o $o#te nde$lini dec6t $rin
4o#rte, <c"2c#$2(=2 Eli9er#re# $rin c1no#tere tr#ns"or4 o41l n
4#crocos4os + dei, ## c14 #4 re4#rc#t <n c#$2 (=, #ce#st
reintegr#re n Cos4os n+# 4#i s#tis"c1t, d1$ 1n #n14it 4o4ent
istoric, s$irit1l indi#n2 Cee# ce tre91ie, ns, 4enion#t este c, c8i#r
#t1nci c6nd s$irit1l inti4 # de$it "or41l# reintegrrii cos4ice, n+#
ncet#t de # o consider# c# o et#$ #9sol1t indis$ens#9il eli9errii
"in#le2 A4 #rt#t n Cosmical homology and Coga c, n#inte de #
ncerc# de$ire# ;Cos4os1l1i; i integr#re# s$irit1l1i n sine <$rin
re#li7#re# identitii atman-(rahman/, nele$t1l indi#n tre91ie s
do96nde#sc o $er"ect #r4oni7#re c1 Cos4os1l, $roces c#re $o#te "i
n14it ;#1to+cos4i7#re;2
Rentorc6nd1+ne l# ntre9#re# c1 c#re #4 desc8is c#$itol1l de "#,
este o#re soi# Meter1l1i M#noie #t6t de sing1l#ri7#t $rin no1l s1
;cor$; #r8itectonic, este e# o#re i7ol#t ntr+1n destin exterior dr#4ei
14#ne : !ot1l ne nde#4n s crede4 c n12 e de o $#rte, $entr1 c
1n ;cor$; #r8itectonic er# 1n1l din cor$1rile cele 4#i "#4ili#re
ori7ont1l1i s$irit1#l #r8#ic, $e de #lt $#rte, $entr1 c el n1 re$re7ent#
o o$rire $e loc n circ1it1l cos4ic, ci, #4 $1te# s$1ne, o reintegr#re n
Cos4os2 ntr+#de5r, d#c o c#s n"ie#7 o imago mundi i e
constr1it d1$ 4odel1l cos4ic + s1"let1l c#re 5ine s o loc1i#sc, s
o "#c 5ie i d1r#9il se $o#te s$1ne c se insere#7 n nsi ico#n#
l14ii2 ;ns1"leire#; constr1ciei $rin jert"ire# rit1#l este, n #cel#i
ti4$, o reintegr#re n Cos4os2 De$#rte, deci, de # "i ;i7ol#t;, soi#
Meter1l1i i contin1 existen# $e 1n ni5el cos4ic n c#re integr#re#
e 4#i 1o#r, #cest ni5el + cor$1l #r8itectonic + ngd1ind o cert
o4olog#re ntre 4icrocos4os i 4#crocos4os2 Existen# ei este tot1i
$#r#dox#l, $entr1 c, $e de o $#rte se contin1 ntr+1n cor$
#r8itectonic, i#r $e de #lt $#rte reintegr#t n Cos4os, cldire# "iind,
c14 #4 571t, o imago mundi. Legt1rile #t6t de org#nice ntre c#s,
o4 i Cos4os, legt1ri c#re #1 s1$r#5ie1it n "olHlor i, n $#rte, n
#r8itect1r i n li49#j1l $l#stic, se ex$lic $rin credine c#re #1
deri5#t, direct s#1 l#ter#l, din 4it1l cos4ogonic <#nt8ro$ocos4os1l=2
E5ident, #se4ene# credine #1 s1"erit nes"6rite cont#4inri c1 #lte
cicl1ri i n1 r#reori #1 "ost des"ig1r#te $rin $rocese de regresi1ne,
$rocese de in"#ntilis4 4itologic, d#r sens1l $ri4ordi#l s+# $str#t
dest1l de tr#ns$#rent n nen14r#te "r#g4ente i coeren# l1i #4
nt64$in#t+o $ret1tindeni2
'1 ti4 ce crede# ;$o$or1l; des$re legend# Meter1l1i M#noie,
n #"#r de "#$t1l c Mnstire# n1 s+# $1t1t ridic# dec6t $rin jert"ire#
soiei Meter1l1i2 D#r #4 571t c #ce#st credin n1 s+# nsc1t din
ni4ic, ci $res1$1ne n#$oi# ei o serie de #lte credine c#re n1+i $ot
gsi ex$lic#i# dec6t n 4it1l cos4ogonic2 n Comentariile de "#
NQ*
n+#4 1r4rit inter$ret#re# $e c#re ;$o$or1l; o d legendei + $entr1 c
n1 #5e4 doc14ente #1tentice #s1$r# #cestor l1cr1ri, i c8i#r d#c #4
"i #51t, ele n1 ne+#r "i #j1t#t $re# 41lt, ne$1t6nd ti ce se crede# #c14
do1 s1te s#1 o 4ie de #ni2 Li$sii de 4rt1rii #1tentice #le cre#torilor
i #sc1lttorilor Legendei, ne+#4 41l14it s consider4 legend# n
sine, c# 1n 1ni5ers s$irit1#l de sine stttor2
;!ero#re# istoriei; i rs$1ns1l $stor1l1i
Desig1r, #ce#st deci7ie de # #cce$t# destin1l n1 trde#7 o
conce$ie $esi4ist # existenei, nici $#si5it#te# de c#re #t6t s+# 5or9it
de l# Alecs#ndri nco#ce2 Criticile l1i C#r#coste#, H2 H2St#8l i
&riloi1 er#1 nte4ei#te2 D#r este n 7#d#r s se c#1te ;o$ti4is41l;
Miori*ei n dr#goste# $stor1l1i $entr1 41nc# l1i, s#1 n #$r#re#
celor 5ii 4$otri5# strigoilor2 '1 se $o#te 5or9i de o$ti4is4 $entr1 c
este 5or9# de o re5el#ie tr#gic2 Mes#j1l cel 4#i $ro"1nd #l 9#l#dei l
constit1ie 5oin# $stor1l1i de # sc8i49# sens1l destin1l1i s1, de #
$re"#ce ne"ericire# l1i ntr+1n 4o4ent #l lir1rgiei cos4ice,
tr#ns"ig1r6nd1+i 4o#rte# n ;n1nt 4istic;, c8e46nd $e l6ng el
so#rele i l1n# i $roiect6nd1+se $rintre stele, #$e i 41ni2 Desig1r,
noi #4 571t c tot #cest re$ertori1 de gest1ri, i4#gini i si49ol1ri
exist# dej#, cel $1in 5irt1#l, n rit1rile i credinele cere4oniilor de
n1nt $ost14e2 D#r $oet1l $o$1l#r # ti1t s tr#ns"ig1re7e #ceste
cliee tr#diion#le ntr+o ;n1nt 4ioritic; de str1ct1r cos4ic2 n
9#l#d, se4ni"ic#i# #cestei n1ni n1 4#i este s19stit1ire# ele4entelor
rit1#le c1 sco$1l de # e"ect1# si49olic o n1nt $ost14F 4rei#
"#91lo#s # cere4oniilor 4istice este rs$1ns1l d#t de $stor cr1nt1l1i
s1 destin2 El re1ete s' prefac' un e.eniment nefericit +ntr-o tain' a
nun*ii, $entr1 c 4o#rte# 1n1i t6nr $stor nec1nosc1t se tr#ns"or4
n cele9rri n1$i#le de $ro$orii cos4ice2
M#i #les se4ni"ic#i# #cest1i e$isod # "ost $1in c1nosc1t2 entr1
# 4s1r# consecinele 1nei #se4ene# 5oine de tr#ns"ig1r#re # 1nei
cond#4nri l# 4o#rte ntr+o ;n1nt 4ioritic;, e de #j1ns s+o
co4$#r4 c1 1nele re#cii ti$ice #le societilor 4oderne2 A"l6nd c
so#rt# i s+# decis, $stor1l n1 se l#4ente#7 i n1 se #9#ndone#7
des$errii, nici n1 nce#rc s #n1le7e sens1l l14ii i #l existenei,
;de4isti"ic6nd1+l; c1 t1r9#re iconocl#st i $rocl#46nd ni8ilis41l
#9sol1t c# sing1r1l rs$1ns $osi9il d#t re5el#iei #9s1rd1l1i2 n #li
ter4eni, $stor1l n1 se co4$ort c# #6i re$re7ent#ni il1tri #i
ni8ilis41l1i 4odern2 Rs$1ns1l s1 e c1 tot1l #lt1l % $re"#ce
nenoroc1l c#re+l cond#4n l# 4o#rte ntr+1n 4ister #l t#inei n1nii,
4#iest1os i "eeric c#re, n cele din 1r4, +i permite s' triumfe asupra
propriului destin.
S re$et4% #ce#st re5#lori7#re # te4ei tr#diion#le e"ect1#t de
9#l#d re$re7int o no1 cre#ie, c#re $roiecte#7 dr#4# $#stor#l
ntr+1n c1 tot1l #lt ori7ont s$irit1#l2 ;'1nt# 4ioritic; constit1ie o
sol1ie 5ig1ro#s i origin#l d#t 9r1t#litii de neneles # 1n1i
destin tr#gic2 ;Ade7i1ne#; #$ro#$e tot#l # $o$or1l1i i #
NQQ
intelect1#lilor ro46ni l# dr#4# 4ioritic n1 este deci li$sit de
r#i1ne2 Incontient, #t6t $oeii $o$1l#ri c#re c6nt#1 i #4elior#1
contin11 9#l#d#, c6t i intelect1#lii c#re o n5#1 l# co#l, si4e#1 o
#"init#te secret ntre destin1l $stor1l1i i cel #l $o$or1l1i ro46n2
Ero1l 4ioritic # re1it s gse#sc 1n sens ne"ericirii l1i #s146nd+o
n1 c# $e 1n e5eni4ent ;istoric; $erson#l, ci c# $e 1n 4ister
s#cr#4ent#l2 El a impus deci un sens a(surdului +nsui, rs$1n76nd
$rintr+o "eerie n1$i#l ne"ericirii i 4orii2
'1 #lt"el #1 re#cion#t ro46nii, c# i #lte $o$o#re #le E1ro$ei
orient#le, n "## in5#7iilor i c#t#stro"elor istorice2 Cee# ce #4 n14it
n #lt $#rte ;tero#re# istoriei; este ex#ct nelegere# #cest1i "#$t% dei
eti g#t# s s56reti orice, c1 to#te s#cri"iciile i oric6t erois4, eti
cond#4n#t de istorie, #"l6nd1+te l# rs$6nti# in5#7iilor <nen14r#tele
in5#7ii 9#r9#re de l# s"6rit1l Antic8itii $6n n E51l Medi1= s#1 n
5ecint#te# 4#rilor $1teri 4ilit#re din#4i7#te de "#n#tis4e
i4$eri#liste2 '1 exist #$r#re 4ilit#r s#1 $olitic e"ic#ce n "##
;tero#rei istoriei;, $rin si4$l1l "#$t #l ineg#litii 7dro9ito#re ntre
in5#d#tori i $o$o#rele in5#d#te2 '1 5re#1 s 7ic, desig1r, c #ceste#
din 1r4 n1 s+#1 #$r#t 4ilit#r i $olitic, i de 41lte ori c1 s1cces2
D#r, n cele din 1r4, sit1#i# n1 $1te# "i sc8i49#t2 Modestele
gr1$1ri $olitice de r#ni n1 $1te#1 s re7iste 41lt ti4$ 4#selor de
in5#d#tori2
0 sit1#ie si4il#r se nt6lnete i n #lte regi1ni #le l14ii i n
#lte e$oci istorice% s ne #4inti4 n14#i de e5rei i de 5ecinii lor #"l#i
l# con"l1en# i4$eriilor 4ilit#re2 Des$errii i ni8ilis41l1i n1 i se
$1te# rs$1nde dec6t $rintr+o inter$ret#re religio#s # ;tero#rei
istoriei;2 A4 disc1t#t n #lt $#rte rs$1ns1rile 1nor $o$o#re din
Antic8it#te i #le e5reilor
,
A2 C6t des$re $o$1l#iile r1r#le #le E1ro$ei
orient#le, ele #1 re1it s s1$orte de7#strele i $rescri$iile d#torit
4#i #les cretinis41l1i cos4ic l# c#re ne+#4 re"erit 4#i s1s2
Conce$i# 1n1i cos4os rsc14$r#t $rin 4o#rte# i ren5iere#
M6nt1itor1l1i i s#ncti"ic#t de $#ii l1i D14ne7e1, #i l1i Iis1s, #i
?ecio#rei i #i s"inilor, $er4ite s regseti, "ie c8i#r n14#i s$or#dic
i si49olic, o l14e ncrc#t de 5irt1ile i "r141seile de c#re teoriile
i in5#7iile des$1i#1 l14e# istoric2 '1 este loc1l #ici s #rt c o
#se4ene# conce$ie religio#s n1 i4$lic nici $esi4is4, nici
$#si5it#te2 Este 5or9# de o reinter$ret#re # cretinis41l1i, n c#re
4o4ente istorice s1nt #s14#te c# 4o4ente #$#rin6nd dr#4ei
cristologice i, n "in#l, tr#ns"ig1r#te2
0 #se4ene# re5#lori7#re # cretinis41l1i re$re7int o cre#ie c#re
# ser5it de 4odel s#1 de g8id #ltor cre#ii "olHlorice2 Ele4ent1l
eseni#l este constit1it de capacitatea de a anula consecin*ele aparent
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atunci necunoscute. '1 5o4 osteni niciod#t s$1n6nd c 1n #se4ene#
. A'1 Le Mt$e de lCEte#el Retour(Dans, 19>9<
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$roces, de$#rte de # trd# o rese4n#re $#si5, il1stre#7 di4$otri5
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$entr1 c#re D#n &ott# 5or9e# des$re ;t8r#ciA i ;Dion>sos;2 D#r
"or41l# $rin c#re $stor1l $re"#ce ne"ericire# l1i n ;n1nt 4ioritic;
este de #cel#i ordin c1 to#te celel#lte c#re #1 ser5it l# tr#ns"or4#re#
1nei #d5ersiti n contr#ri1l s12
n concl17ie, cee# ce #n#li7# no#str # scos 4#i #les n e5iden
este i4$ort#n# i contin1it#te# 4o4entelor cre#to#re n el#9or#re#
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rs$6ndit, $rin 4#n1#lele col#re, l# s#te, i c6teod#t c8i#r # nloc1it
ntr+o 4#nier de"initi5 5#ri#ntele loc#le <c"2 ?oc8i, $2 Q-)=2 Acest
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c1lt1r# ro46n 4odern se nscri1 $e #cee#i direcie # $roces1l1i
cre#tor i, ntr+1n "el, l $rel1ngesc2
n 1lti4 inst#n, d#c Miori*a i+# c1cerit 1n loc 1nic l# cele
do1 ni5ele #le c1lt1rii ro46neti + "olHlor i c1lt + nse#4n c
$o$or1l, c# i intelect1#lii, rec1nosc n #ce#st c#$odo$er # geni1l1i
$o$1l#r 4od1l lor de # exist# n l14e i rs$1ns1l cel 4#i e"ic#ce $e
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#ce#st c#$odo$er "olHloric r46ne tot1i se4ni"ic#ti5, i n1 se
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in1t1rile s#le2 I#r c6nd #ceste doc14ente #$#rine#1 te4$lelor s#1
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c#$it#l# Asiriei # ieit i e# l# l14in, c# 4#i to#te cetile de se#42
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orient#list George S4it8, c#re + c1 to#t o$er# ne"#st # s$torilor
neg1stori, ce c1t#1 #1r1l i neste4#tele regeti + # i791tit s #d1ne
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7i1# de * dec2 ,W)N, S4it8 co41nic desco$erire# l# ;Societ#te# de
#r8eologie 9i9lic; i "c1 41lt 7go4ot n l14e# intelect1#l2 !6nr1l
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#ce#st e$o$ee i c#rte# ;ene"ei din ,echiul Testament, d#r 4o#rte#
$re# ti4$1rie n1 i+# ngd1it s+i des56re#sc rest1l st1diilor2
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tr#d1ceri, co4ent#rii i $ole4ici, n j1r1l #cestei c#$odo$ere
9#9iloniene2
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G8ilg#4e, 5o4 cercet# i $1nctele $rinci$#le s1sin1te de s$eci#liti;
n #ce#st disc1ie2 Aci ne 5o4 4rgini s s$1ne4 c 4on14ent#l#
l1cr#re # c1nosc1t1l1i #siriolog DenSen% 8popeea lui ;hilgame +n
literatura mondial' <5oi2 I, ,/*/ $, ,(,.= ne+# #j1t#t "o#rte 41lt l#
$o$1l#ri7#re# n14el1i l1i G8ilg#4e, $rin $ole4icile st6rnite l#
#$#riie2
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#ci ediiile n c1ne"or4e $e c#re le+#1 $19lic#t s#5#nii streini i nici
tr#d1cerile 91ne i co4ent#riile istorico+liter#re #$r1te n di"erite
li49i2 De #lt"el, l1cr1l #cest# # "ost "c1t s1$er"ici#l, d1$ c14 i
tre91i# + de ctre tr#d1ctor1l e$o$eii n ro46nete, dl2 $ro"2 Io#n
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tr#d1cere# ger4#n # l1i Ungn#d, din ,(,,, o "olosi4 $entr1 cit#iile
de c#re #5e4 ne5oie, #"#r de $#s#j1l $oto$1l1i, 1nde #4 1r4#t, $e
#loc1ri, 5ersi1nile l1i D8or4e, Sc8r#der i I#stroU2
n cet#te# Ur1H do4ne# regele G8ilg#4e2 ;Do1 trei4i din el
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l1cr1 $or1nci scl#5ilor i cetenilor li9eri s 41nce#sc 7i i no#$te
l# 7idit2 0r#1l er# ns$i46nt#t de 8otr6re# regel1i, deo#rece toi
9r9#ii, tineri s#1 9tr6ni, er#1 de$rt#i $entr1 41lt 5re4e de
"#4iliile lor2 Ji #t1nci loc1itorii se $l6nser 7e1l1i <nd
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, c#re c8e4
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1n se4i7e12 An1 g6nde# s tri4it 1n to5#r l1i G8ilg#4e, c# #ceti
doi eroi s se 4$rietene#sc i s $orne#sc n l14e d1$ #5ent1ri2
Ar1r1 4$lini 5oin# 7e1l1i, creind $e Eng8id1
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#5e# nici o tiin de #r i o#4eniF c1 8#ine er# 49rc#t, c# 7e1l
9umu2an <"i1l so#rel1i, 7e1 #l 5eget#iilor, n2 tr2=2 C1 g#7elele
4n6nc el ier91ri, c1 do9ito#cele i $otolete sete#, c1 5ie1ito#rele
#$ei se 91c1r ini4# s#;2
Acest sl9#tic tri# n 4#re $rietenie c1 to#te 5ie1ito#rele,
#$r6nd1+le de c1rsele o#4enilor2 I#r 1n 56ntor de $rin $#rte#
loc1l1i, 576nd1+i c#$c#nele desco$erite i s"r64#te de Eng8id1, se
$l6nse t#tl1i s1, cer6nd1+i $o5#2 Acest# l s"t1i s 4e#rg l#
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s is$ite#sc $e sl9#tic, nstrin6nd1+, #st"el de #ni4#lele $rietene2
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o9in1 de l# G8ilg#4e o 8ierod1l2 D1$ ce i l41ri cele ce tre91i#
s "#c, o d1se l# i75or1l 1nde 5ene# Eng8id12 ;J#se 7ile i #$te
no$i $etrec1 Eng8id1 i se des"#t c1 eter#2 I#r d1$ ce se s#t1r de
gr#iile ei, i ndre$t $ri5ire# s$re #ni4#lele s#le2 A9i# l 7rir $e
Eng8id1 i g#7elele o l1#r l# "1g, i#r #ni4#lele c64$1l1i se "erir de
el2 Mir#t "1 Eng8id1, tr1$1l s1 $re# 5rjitF gen1nc8ele i se 41i#r
c6nd i 571 #ni4#lele "1gind2; A A
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"gd1ind1+i s+, d1c n cet#te# 1nde do4nete 5ite#71l G8ilg#4e,
$e c#re $1te# s+, n5ing c1 4#re 11rin2
;?r14os eti t1, Eng8id1T c# 1n 7e1 etiT De ce 5rei c1
do9ito#cele s c1treieri c64$i# : @inoT E1 5re#1 s te d1c n cet#te#
Ur1H, n c#s c1r#t, n loc1in# l1i An1 i # It#rei, 1nde triete
G8ilg#4e, nentrec1t n $1tere i c# 1n t#1r sl9#tic c1 strnicie
do4nete $este $o$or1l s1;2 Eng8id1 $ri4ete i $ornesc #46ndoi
s$re c#$it#l, 1nde #j1ng toc4#i $e c6nd se 4$line# 1n s#cri"ici12 C1
c6te5# no$i 4#i n#inte, regele G8ilg#4e 5is#se do1 5is1ri str#nii
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5# tre91i 4#i nt6i s se l1$te2 ntr+#de5r, c6nd Eng8id1 5oiete s
c8e4e $e rege l# l1$t, 8ierod1l i 4rt1risete cele do1 5is1ri,
5estind1+, c G8ilg#4e i+, 5# "#ce $rieten2 Aici inter5in n text
c6te5# 4#ri l#c1ne, din c#re $ricin n1 ti4 c14 s+# nde$linit
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7eiei It#r2 rieteni# # 1r4#t "ire#sc, c1 to#te c, ntr+1n "r#g4ent,
regele se $l6nge 9tr6nilor s"etnici c Eng8id1 n1 se $o#rt $re#
$rietenos c1 el2
ntr+1n #lt 4#re "r#g4ent, Eng8id1 9leste4 8ierod1l c#re ,+#
is$itit i ,+# de$rt#t de dr#gele l1i sl9tici1ni2 D#r S#4#, 7e1l
so#rel1i, #17ind1+,, l 41str din cer% ;entr1 ce, o Eng8id1, 9leste4i
t1 8ierod1l c#re i+# d#t s 4n6nci 46ncri c#re se c15in n14#i
N.
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u#n%*%irii" i-a d#t s 9ei 5in de c#re n14#i regii 9e#1, te+# 49rc#t
$u 7ain% strl1cite i $e "#lnic1l G8ilg#4e i ,+# d#t to5#r : ;
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rieteni# c1 regele G8ilg#4e e tr#inic leg#t i cei doi eroi 5or $orni
n c1r6nd, c14 se 5# 5ede# n #rticol1l 5iitor, n c1t#re# #5ent1rilor
#d1cto#re de "#l2
Is$r5ile l1i G8ilg#4e
Uri#1l Pum(a(a p'"ea 1n cedr1 n#lt i s"6nt de $e muntele
cedrilor. '1 se tie $re# 9ine ce nse4n# $entr1 9#9ilonieni $d1re#
#ce#st# de cedri i $e ce tr641ri se ntinde#2 !ot1i, 4#jorit#te#
#siriologilor o socotesc $#r#dis1l 9#9iloni#n, #l cr1i $#7nic,
Pum(a(a, n1 ngd1i# nici 1n1i 41ritor s se #$ro$ie de #r9orii
s"ini2
G8ilg#4e i to5#r1l s1 Eng8id1 se $regtesc s $orne#sc r#
dr14 i s 1cid $e Pum(a(a. ricin# $entr1 c#re s+#1 8otr6t l#
#ce#st# r46ne nc nel41rit, d#torit l#c1nelor nen14r#te ce se
nt6lnesc n text2 o#te n71inele de eroi #le celor doi $rieteni i
nde#4n s l1$te c1 "iinele cele 4#i 4onstr1o#se, 4#i #les c6nd
#5e#1 n s$rijin1l #cestor ex$ediii $e ns1i 7e1l 9ama. n 7#d#r
nce#rc 7iat-inlil, 4#4# l1i G8ilg#4e s+i o$re#sc "i1lF
nei791tind, se 41l14ete s ce#r s$rijin1l So#rel1i $entr1 cei doi
#5ent1rieri2
Aj1ng6nd l# 41ntele cedrilor, Eng8id1 este co$rins de o s$#i4
neex$lic#9il i tre91i 41str#re# i o$er#iile 4#gice #le l1i
G8ilg#4e $entr1 c# s+i redo96nde#sc c1r#j1l $ierd1t2 S1i1l se
nde$linete ncet, $rin loc1ri sl9#tice, c# Pum(a(a s n1 $rind de
5este2 n 5re4e# #ce#st#, Eng8id1 5ise#7 trei no$i de+# r6nd1l trei
5is1ri $e c#re G8ilg#4e le inter$rete#7 c# o $re5estire # i796n7ii lor2
n s"6rit, ;d1$ de do17eci de ori do1 ce#s1ri 46nc#r ei o
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s"r64#t, ti4 c 1ri#1l $7itor #l cedrilor # "ost 1cis, ;i#r tr1$1l l1i
#r1nc#t ntr+o $r$#stie;2
Ur4#re# l1$tei n1 ne este c1nosc1t, d1$ c14 n1 c1no#te4
ns1i sco$1l #cestei ex$ediii $ri4ejdio#se2 D#r, n c1r6nd, #"l4 $e
cei doi eroi n Ur1H2 ;El i s$l #r4ele, i c1r#i #r4ele, ls s+i
c#d $r1l $e s$#te, #r1nc 8#inele s#le 41rd#re, 49rc $e cele
c1r#te, leg6nd 4$rej1r $ie$t#r1lF G8ilg#4e i $1se coro#n#2 At1nci
ridic oc8ii s$re "r141see# l1i G8ilg#4e M#jest#te# ItareiF8i 9ineT
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?ii 9r9#t1l 4e1 i e1 "e4ei# t#T @re#1 c# t1 s cond1ci o trs1r de
$i#tr de l#71r;
*
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4e# c1 4iros de cedr1 intrT C6nd 5ei intr# n c#s# 4e#, cei ce st#1 $e
tron1ri i 5or sr1t# $icio#rele, se 5or $lec# n#inte# t# regi, st$6ni i
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8#r#ci1;2
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poat% opri v,ntul i 'urtuna.1 Eroul %ra prud%nt1 El c1note# $o5este#
celor #se i19iri #le 7eiei Itar i c1note# &oarta #4#nilor ei2 Jti# c
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#ceste# i $stre#7, n loc1l dr#gostei di5ine, $rieteni# l1i Eng8id12
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G8ilg#4e 4i+# n14r#t r1tile i 9leste4ele 4eleT !#t2 "# 1n t#1r
ceresc, c#re s ni4ice#sc $e G8ilg#4e, c1 "oc s+, 14$liA222
@oi# i "1 4$linit i t#1r1l ceresc n1 nt6r7ie s ns$i46nte $e
loc1itorii Ur1H1l1i, 1cig6nd c8i#r 1n n14r 4#re dintr+nii2
G8ilg#4e, nto5rit de Eng8id1 i de o ce#t de 5iteji se l1$t c1
t#1r1l ceresc i+, 1cid2 ;At1nci se ridic Itar pe 7id1rile cetii Ur1H,
sri $e 56r"1l t1rn1l1i i 9leste4% ;@#i de G8ilg#4e c#re 4+# jignit
i # 1cis t#1r1l cerescTA C6nd #17i Eng8id1 $l6ngere# 7eiei, n"#c
co#st# dre#$t # t#1r1l1i i o 756rli #s1$r+i% De+# $1te# $1ne 46n#
$e tine, ce i+# "#ceT i+# s$6n71r# 4r1nt#iele de g6t;2
Itar se rese4n# s #d1ne 8ierod1lele i $rostit1#tele te4$l1l1i i
s jele#sc 4ort1l t#1r2 I#r nici 1n 7e1 n1 se si4i jignit de #ce#st
ins1lt #d1s di5initii, deo#rece dre$t#te# "1sese, n #cest con"lict,
de $#rte# l1i G8ilg#4e2 EI i o$ri co#rnele t#1r1l1i i #d1se o"r#nd
7e1l1i s1 L1g#l9#nd#
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sr9to#re de 5eselieF se odi8nesc 9r9#ii $e $#t1l de no#$te ntini,
se odi8nete Eng8id1 5ise 5is6nd;% Ace#st# "1 1lti4# 7i "ericit # l1i
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el2
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s12 In #gonie, Eng8id1 5or9e# c1 1# din A41ntele c1 cedri;2 !o#te
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t6nr1l 4e1 $rieten, $#nter# c64$iei, nd#t ce 1rc#r4 de#l1l,
n"c#r4 t#1r1l ceresc i #$oi l 1ciser4, r$1ser4 $e H149#9#,
c#re loc1i# n $d1re# de cedri, ce "el de so4n e #cest#, c#re te
co$rinse : nt1nec#t eti l# "# i n1 4#i #17i gl#s1l 4e1T i $1se
46n# l# ini4, d#r n1 4#i 9te#2 0c8i1l n1+i 4#i ridic#;2
D1rere# co56ri $e G8ilg#4eF #lerg# ne91n $e c64$1ri, 7dro9e#
tot ce gse# n c#le2 J#se 7ile i $l6nse $rieten1l i, d1$ #se 7ile l
ngro$#F o tristee de 4o#rte i #$s# s1"let1l2 A D1rere# # $tr1ns
ini4#, "ric# 4orii 4+# co$rins, de #cee# rtcesc $e c64$ie, ctre
$1tere# l1i Ut+'#$iti4, n1l l1i U9#r#+!1t1, #4 #$1c#t dr141l i
4erg n gr#9;2 Acest U+'#$iti4 er# 1n str4o #l l1i, $e c#re 7eii
l dr1iser c1 5i# 5enic2 Loc1i# dincolo de 8ot#rele $46nt1l1i i
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ncerc#se, d#r $e G8ilg#4e n1+, desc1r#j "#$t1l #cest#2
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ctre soi# s#% ; Cel c#re # 5enit l# noi #re tr1$ din c#rne de 7ei;2 Ji n1
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#s1$r# celor ce #5e# de "c1t2 Do17eci i $#tr1 de ce#s1ri 149l
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#i crei #r9ori #5e#1 "r1ctele de $ietre neste4#te2 L# c#$t1l #cestei
grdini + $e c#re Densen, "r dre$t#te, # socotit+o ?enici# + se ntinde#
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49rc#t n $iei de #ni4#le, se s$i46nt i se #sc1nse n c#s2
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Eis+# S#9it1 ctre el, ctre G8ilg#4e% ;entr1 ce+i s1nt 1sc#i
o9r#jii, $ri5ire# $lec#t, ini4# t1r91r#t, st#t1r# g6r9o5it : entr1 ce
e j#le n ini4# t#, c# # 1n1i cltor de de$#rte este n"i#re# t#, de
gro#7 este #rs "## t#,222 "1gi gr9it $e c64$ie :; Ji regele Ur1H1l1i
$o5esti 4o#rte# l1i Eng8id1 i dorin# de # se 46nt1i de #ce#st
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$rieten1l1i 4e1 4 #$#s gre1, dr14 l1ng #4 #lerg#t din #ce#st
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i19esc, s+# "c1t $46ntT '1 5# tre91i c# i e1 s 4 c1lc c# el, "r s
4 scol n 5ecii 5ecilor : ; Ji+i cer1 l41riri #s1$r# dr141l1i s$re Ut+
'#$iti4, $e 1sc#t s#1 $e 4#re2 Eei# l tri4ise l# Ur+S#n#9i,
l1ntr#1l, c#re l $1te# trece $este #$ $6n l# ne41ritor1l
N.)
Ut+'#$iti42 Ur+S#n#9i $1se #cele#i ntre9ri l1i G8ilg#4e i #51
#cele#i rs$1ns1ri2
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c1rent1l1i + G8ilg#4e tre91i s t#ie $rjini de c6te #i7eci de coi2
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$l1te#1 #d1ce# 4o#rte de c14 er# #tins2
Ut+'#$iti4 7rise de de$#rte 1n strein n 9#rc i se 4in1n#se,
4#i #les c li$se#1 i $ietrele2 C6nd G8ilg#4e $1se $icior1l $e 4#l,
l ntre9 din ce $ricin #r#t #t6t de sl9it i de sl9#tic i c$t
#cel#i rs$1ns% 4o#rte# l1i Eng8id1 nelinitise $e G8ilg#4e,
silind1+, s# c#1te ne41rire#2 ; Eis+# G8ilg#4e ctre el, ctre Ut+
'#$iti4 cel de$rt#t% M 1it I# tine, Ut+'#$iti42 Md1l#rele t#le n1
s1nt #lt"el, ntoc4#i c# 4ine eti, "iin# 4e# e n tot1l s$re #ce#st#
croit, c# s se l1$teF t1 ns eti tr6nd#5, st6nd ntr+o r6n2 C14
intr#i t1 n s"#t1l 7eilor i $ri5eti 5i##: A Ji #r1nci Ut+'#$iti4 i
desco$eri t#in# ne41ririi s#le% "1sese sc$#t de l# 1n 4#re $oto$,
d#torit c1reniei s#le s1"leteti2 oto$1l de c#re $o4enete #re "o#rte
41lte #se4nri c1 cel din 5i(lie <c14 5o4 5ede# ntr+1n #rticol
#$#rte=, d#r 1n #se4ene# e5eni4ent n1 se 5# 4#i $etrece2 ; Ac14
ns, n ce te $ri5ete $e tine, cine dintre 7ei te 5# d1ce c1 sine, $entr1
c# i t1 s #"li 5i## ce c#1i : entr1 #ce#st# n1 te #e7# jos #se 7ile
i #se no$i2; e d#t, ns, G8ilg#4e #do#r4e, 5dind sl9ici1ne#
"irii o4eneti i ne$1tin# o41l1i de # 5ie1i 5enic2 nd1io#t, Ut+
'#$iti4 $or1nci #t1nci soiei s#le s co#c #$te $6ini i s i le $1ie
s19 c#$, $entr1 c# + $rintr+1n $roces 4#gic deseori nt6lnit n
credinele $ri4iti5ilor + so4n1l s tre#c din ero1 n $6ini2 G8ilg#4e
se dete#$t, ns ne41rire# n1 o $o#te c$t#2 G#7d# s# l d1se l#
r41l 4rii s+i c1ree i s+i le$ede $ieile ns$i46ntto#re,
de5enind i#ri 9r9#t1l "r14os din#inte2 e c6nd G8ilg#4e se
$regte# s $lece, Ut+'#$iti4, ced6nd r1g4inilor soiei,
ncredine#7 strne$ot1l1i s1 t#in# ;ier9ii 5ieii;, $e c#re tre91i# s+o
sco#t din "1nd1l 4rii2 C6nd # #d1s+o l# l14in, G8ilg#4e gri
ctre Ur+S#n#9i% ;E1 ns14i 5oi 46nc#+o, s$re # 4 nto#rce l#
tineree;2
e dr14, ns, G8ilg#4e 5r1 s "#c 9#ie n #$# li4$ede # 1nei
$eteri i, ls6nd ;i#r9#+5ieii; $e 4#l, 1n #r$e i+o 4#nc2 E
interes#nt de ti1t c, n to#te legendele orient#le $ri5ito#re l#
$ierdere# ne41ririi de ctre o4, inter5ine #r$ele2 A!ent#i cine, Ur+
S#n#9i, s+#1 tr1dit 9r#ele 4ele : '+#4 "c1t 9ine $entr1 4ine
ns14i, $entr1 le1l $46nt1l1i #4 "c1t 9ineT;
Dr141l $6n l# Ur1H 1r4e#7 trist i l1ng, + i, #j1ns n cet#te,
G8ilg#4e l#1d 7id1rile l1i Ur+S#n#9i, l1ntr#1l2 D#r g6nd1l regel1i
r46ne 4ere1 l# 5i## de dincolo de 4o#rte, i + c# s #"le #de5r1l
#s1$r# ei + G8ilg#4e se $regtete s #sc1lte 5eti din In"ern2
N.W
Glose $entr1 G8ilg#4e
;222 i#r H1s # nsc1t $re 'i4rod, c#re nce$1 # "i
$1ternic $e $46nt i "1 1n $1ternic 56ntor n
"## Cel1i @enic;2
;ene"a, P, W+(
Doritor # $tr1nde t#in# 4orii + de c#re n1 se $1te# 46nt1i
+G8ilg#4e nce#rc s c8e4e din In"ern 149r# l1i Eng8id12 In"ern1l
c8#ldee#n + <ralu + er# nc8i$1it c# 1n in1t #e7#t de$#rte de l14e,
s19 $46nt s#1 l# nord2 C6nd 5oi $o5esti 4it1l l1i Tammu" i
cltori# 7eiei Itar n In"ern, se 5or c1no#te i #lte #4n1nte #s1$r#
#cestor credine c8#ldeene
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2
C# s+i nde$line#sc dorin#, G8ilg#4e tre91ie s se s1$1ie
rit1rilor in"ern#le $e c#re i le destin1ie 1n $erson#gi1 nec1nosc1t2;
Arc1l s n1+, #e7i $e $46nt, #lt"el te 5or nconj1r# cei 1cii de #rcF
Sce$tr1l s n1+, iei n 46n, #lt"el s$iritele celor 4ori 5or tre41r#
n#inte# t#2 Ci74e s n1+i $1i n $icio#re, s n1 tro$i $e $46nt2
?e4ei# t#, $e c#re o i19eti, s n+o sr1i, "e4ei# t# $e c#re n+o i19eti
s n+o 9#i, co$il1l t1 $e c#re n1+, i19eti s n1+, 9#i, co$il1l t1 $e
c#re l i19eti s n1+, sr1iF #lt"el 4i7eri# $46nt1l1i te 5# c1$rindeA%
!o#te #ceste# c# s n1 #tr#g #teni# celor 4ori i s n1+i
ns$i46nte2
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celor $o51ite2 49r#c c4# c1r#t, se 1nge c1 1lei de #l#9#str1,
#rc1l l ##7 $e $46nt, sce$tr1l l ine n 46n, se nc#l c1 ci74e
i tro$ie c1 ele $e $46nt, etc2 D#r ncerc#re# s# de # co41nic# c1
s1"let1l l1i 2Eng8id1 n1 i791tete i #t1nci ero1l se $l6nge $e r6nd l1i
<nu - 7e1l cer1l1i + i l1i 8nlil <&el;=, 7e1l $46nt1l1i i st$6n1l
41ritorilor2 Aceti# n1+i rs$1nd, i G8ilg#4e n1 gsete s#tis"#cere
dec6t #dres6nd1+se di5in1l1i $rieten #l o#4enilor 8a, 7e1l 4rilor,
c#re $or1ncete l1i ergal + $7itor1l din In"ern + s desc8id o
cr$t1r n $46nt2 e #ici se i5ete 149r# l1i Eng8id1 ;c# 1n 56nt;
i G8ilg#4e l co$leete c1 ntre9rile2 ;S$1ne, $rieten1l 4e1:
s$1ne, $rieten1l 4e1, r6nd1i#l# i#d1l1i $e c#re #i 571t+o, s$1ne+o;2A
'1+i >oi1 s$1ne, $rieten1l 4e1, n1+i 5oi1 s$1ne% d#c r6nd1i#l#
i#d1l1i, $e c#re #4 571t+o, i+# s$1ne+o, to#t 7i1# te+#i tr6nti l#
$46nt i #i $l6nge;2 D#r Eng8id1 cede#7 r1g4inilor i i
4rt1risete c $e $rieten1l $e c#re l 49rie7i de se 91c1r ini4#
t#, $e #cest#+, 4n6nc 5ier4ii c# $e o 8#in 5ec8e;2 !o#t $l#c#
#ce#st# este 9r7d#t de s$t1ri c#ri 4$iedic $rice$ere# text1l1i2 e
#loc1ri li$sesc 7eci de r6nd1riF nici n1 9n1i4 nc#i cele ce i+#r "i
$1t1t s$1ne Eng8id12
N.(
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c64$1l de l1$t e "ericit i c Eng8id1 s1"er n In"ern n14#i $entr1
c # #51t o 4o#rte r1ino#s, 9olind l# $#t i #goni76nd c# orice
;91rg8e7; de $e 4#l1l E1"r#t1l1i2 G8ilg#4es cere #4n1nte2 ;Cine de
4o#rte de #r4 # 41rit, #i 571t 1n1l de #ceti# : + A4 571tF $e $#t
4o#le se odi8nete, #$ $ro#s$t 9e#2 + Cine # "ost o4or6t n l1$t,
#i 571t 5re1n1l de #ceti# : + A4 571t% t#tl i 4#4# s# i in c#$1l
i soi# l1i este $lec#t #s1$r# l1i2 + Al cr1i c#d#5r1 # "ost #r1nc#t $e
c64$ie, #i 571t 5re1n1l de #ceti# : + A4 571t% s1"let1l s1 n1
odi8nete n i#d2 + Al cr1i s1"let n1 e ngrijit de ni4eni din cei 5ii, #i
571t 5re1n1l de #ceti# : + A4 571tF cee# ce r46ne n o#l,
r4i de 46nc#re #r1nc#t $e dr14 4n6nc #cel#;2
Rest1l e$o$eii e "r64#t2 D#c #4 #d4ite i$ote7# l1i R#Ulinson,
d1$ c#re #r 1r4# c #ce#st $l#c # do1s$re7ece# #r "i i 1lti4#
<5e7i 4#i jos=, text1l $ierd1t n+#r "i $re# l1ng2 El n1 #r trece $este N//
de 5ers1ri2 Cele ce+#r $o5esti #ceste 5ers1ri, ns, n1 $1te4 ti2
ierdere# n1 este ire$#r#9il deo#rece s+#1 rs$6ndit 41lte co$ii d1$
e$o$ee, i se $o#te desco$eri din 7i n 7i 1n text li$sit de l#c1ne2 A$oi
se #"l nc $6n #st7i n $rinci$#lele 417ee, 9i9lioteci, $rec14 i n
n14ero#se colecii $#rtic1l#re, + s14edenie de cr4i7i #co$erite c1
c1nei"or4e, nc nedesci"r#te2 '1 este excl1s c# $rintre ele s se
ntlne#sc i "r#g4entele $ierd1te2
De c14 # "ost c1nosc1t #siriologilor i de c14 tr#d1cerile #1
"6c1t+o c1nosc1t istoricilor i intelect1#lilor, e$o$ee# 8ii G8ilg#4es
# #tr#s #s1$r#+i nen14r#te 5ol14e, st1dii, #rticole, co4ent#rii, n
c#re #ne5oie se $ot gsi cinci #se idei de #cel#i "el2 M#i toi #1torii
#1 $lec#t de l# o concl17ie i s+#1 tr1dit s inter$rete7e, s
ngen1nc8e, s #d#$te7e textele #cestei concl17ii $reconce$1te2 L1cr1l
n1 er# gre1 $entr1 c e$o$ee# co$rinde ele4ente co41ne t1t1ror
$o$o#relor i e str9t1t de credine i s1$erstiii $rin c#re trece orice
societ#te 14#n n de75olt#re# ei2 I#r, c14 5o4 5ede# n c1r6nd,
ideile "ixe, $rej1decile, li$s# de s$irit critic i de 4oder#ie n
gener#li7ri #1 d1s l# inter$retri "o#rte ci1d#te, c# s n1 s$1ne4
#9s1rde2 n $ri5in# #ce#st#, #siriolog1l Densen e cel 4#i interes#nt2
De l# nce$1t s+# ncerc#t s se #"le, c14 er# i "iresc, origine# i
5ec8i4e# e$o$eii2 Ji s+# #j1ns l# concl17i# c o 91n $#rte din
ele4entele ei s1nt s14eriene, deci de o ndoielnic 5ec8i4e2
S14erienii er#1 $ri4iti5e gr1$ri o4eneti c#re, 4$re1n c1
#cc#dienii, de ne#4 se4it, #lct1i#1 ## n14it1l $o$or #l
c8#ldeenilor2 Aceti s14eri #$#rin 1nei r#se nc nede"init de
#ntro$ologi, d#r c#re n1 e, n orice c#7, se4it2 Ei, cei dint6i, #1 "c1t
s rs#r n Meso$ot#4i#, 1nde co9or6ser c1 41lte 4ii de #ni
n#inte, o ci5ili7#ie 1i4itor de 9og#t <c1note#1 i scris1l=, $e c#re
4#i #$oi #1 #si4il#t+o i #1 de75olt#t+o se4iii #cc#dieni2 M#jorit#te#
orient#litilor socotesc #st7i legendele ce #lct1iesc e$o$ee# l1i
G8ilg#4es cre#te de s14erieni2 I#r ce# 4#i interes#nt legend, ce# #
N)/
$oto$1l1i, $e c#re o $o5estete Ut+'#$iJtitn n $l#c# Pl+#, e i ce#
4#i 5ec8e2
C6i5# s#5#ni #1 ncerc#t s st#9ile#sc i "or4# $ri4iti5# #
ele4entelor constit1ti5e2 A#, de $ild, Lois> # $retins -@es Myt(es
(a(iloniem et les premiers chapitres de la ;entse/, c 4it1l l1i
Eng8id1 er# des$rit l# nce$1t de cel #l l1i G8ilg#4es i c Eng8id1
c1 8ierod1l# c#re ,+# nde4n#t s $ct1i#sc #lct1iesc o $erec8e
"o#rte #$ro$i#t de $erec8e# 9i9lici !o#te #ceste# c# s do5ede#sc
c Ad#4 i E5# n1 s1nt dec6t o tr#ns"or4#re # 4it1l1i c8#ldee#n
Eng8id1+ Hierod1l#2 Ase4n#re# dintre cele do1 $erec8i $#re #
do5edi o nr61rire, 4#i #les c se c1no#te $1ternic# in"l1en
c8#ldee#n #s1$r# legendelor e9r#ice2 D#r $entr1 #ce#st# n1 este
ne5oie s "ie des$rit 4it1l l1i G8ilg#4es de cel #l l1i Eng8id1, cci
l1cr1l #cest# e i4$osi9il2 Cei doi eroi s1nt nedes$rii n e$o$ee,
n#terile lor s1nt nde$linite din 5oin# #celei#i 7eie, Ar1r1, i o
91n $#rte din text co$rinde $o5este# $rieteniei lor i d1rere# l1i
G8ilg#4es d1$ 4o#rte# l1i Eng8id12
C1 to#te #ceste# n1 e 4#i $1in #de5r#t c, n dec1rs1l ti4$1l1i, s+#1
#li$it e$o$eii ele4ente streine, conto$ind1+se ntr+ns# 41lte legende
De $ild, d#c circ1l#1 $e #t1nci legende #s1$r# 5itejiei s#1
#5ent1rilor #ltor eroi $o$1l#ri, ele se #d1g#1 cicl1l1i G8ilg#4es, i#r
#ceti eroi er#1 1it#i2 ?eno4en1l #cest# se o9ser5 l# "or4#re#
oricrei legende $o$1l#re, de l# e$o$eile 8o4erice $6n l# Sil8el4
!eii2 Ace#st circ1l#re nentrer1$t # ele4entelor e$ice "#ce c# 4#rile
legende $o$1l#re s se #se4ene ntre ele i 1nii cercettori s1nt or9ii
de #ceste 4$r141t1ri deseori recente + #j1ng6nd l# concl17ii #9s1rde2
C6nd #4estec1l s14ero+#cc#di#n er# $e de$lin nde$linit <Q+-/// n
C82=, c6nd s+# i5it #dic $o$or1l c8#ldee#n + n14it i4$ro$ri1
9#9iloni#n, d1$ n14ele c#$it#lei + s+# d#t i "or4# de"initi5 e$o$eii2
A$oi, n Meso$ot#4i#, e# s+# $1t1t rs$6ndi, in"l1en6nd legendele
e9r#ice, indiene, 4editer#neene2 In #rticolele 5iito#re, c6nd 5o4
c1no#te cos4ogoniile #si#tice i nr61rire# dintre ele, 5o4 $1te#
#$reci# co56rito#re# in"l1en $e c#re #1 exetcit#t+o #n14ite $ri din
e$o$ee #s1$r# 4itologiilor 5ec8ilor $o$o#re orient#le2
N),
ole4ici n j1r1l l1i G8ilg#4e
o4ene#4, n #rticol1l trec1t, de i$ote7# l1i R#Ulinson2 Acest
orient#list, 1n1l din il1trii desci"r#tori #i c1nei"or4elor, # #j1ns l#
concl17i# c 8popeea lui ;hilgame n1 e n14#i o si4$l $rod1cere
$o$1l#r c1le#s i tr#nscris de 1n scri9, ci e 4it #d#$t#t de $reoi
ideilor lor cos4ogonice2 G8ilg#4e #r re$re7ent# so#rele, i#r cele
do1s$re7ece t9lii #le text1l1i $e c#re se $o5estesc is$r5ile l1i,
cltori# #n1#l $rin cele do1s$re7ece se4ne #le Eodi#c1l1i2 S ne
#4inti4 c ero1l nostr1 se l1$t c1 1n t#1r, trece $e s19 1n 41nte
$7it de doi scor$ioni, etc2 I$ote7# l1i R#Ulinson $#re n 4#re $#rte
#de5r#t, 4#i #les de c6nd s+# #"l#t c # 1ns$re7ece# l1n din #n1l
c8#ldee#n, ce# 4#i 9dg#t n $loi i n in1nd#ii, cores$1nde t9liei
PI, ce# c1 $o5estire# $oto$1l1i2 C1 #lte c15inte,2 e$o$ee# l1i
G8ilg#4e # "ost l# origine 1n 4it sol#r2
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l1i, dr141l 5ictorios #l #str1l1i2 'e$rice$1t ns de 41li4e, 4it1l #
"ost "#ls inter$ret#t, si49ol1rile l1i #1 "ost 1it#te, #legoriile nesocotite
i, stri5it s19 ele4entele streine #si4il#te de $le9e, el # $str#t n14#i
$e #loc1ri 1r4e din $ri4iti5# l1i s$lendo#re2
I$ote7# l1i R#Ulinson i+# gsit 41li s$rijinitori2 '14#i c#
$ro9le4# e #t6t de nc6lcit, i#r $osi9ilitile no#stre de cercet#re #t6t
de red1se, nc6t n1 $1te4 #"ir4# d#c #re $este tot dre$t#te2 S+#r
$1te# o9iect# i$ote7ei #cestei# "#$t1l c G8ilg#4e #re rel#ii 9ine
de"inite c1 7e1l so#rel1i, 9ama. S+#r $1te# o#re c#, ntr+1n 4it sol#r,
ero1l + #dic So#rele ns1i + s "ie n #cel#i ti4$ 1n s1$1s #l
So#rel1i, #l l1i S#4#: C1 to#te #ceste#, o9ieci# s+#r $1te# rst1rn#,
#d4i6nd c s+#1 s1$r#$1s $este 5ec8e# legend #lte legende i c,
1it#t "iind "iin# sol#r # l1i G8ilg#4e, el "iind socotit n14#i 1n
ero1 de se#4, # tre91it s i se gse#sc i 1n s$rijinitor di5in i # "ost
#les cel 4#i $1ternic, So#rele2 De #cee# #4 s$1s c e "o#rte gre1 de #
conc8ide n $ri5in# #ce#st#2
R46ne s #lege4 ntre do1 i$ote7e ex$lic#ti5e% ce# # l1i
R#Ulinson + contin1#t de SincHler i #lii + i ce# # l1i I#stroU
=7eligion of 5a(yloni!/, L#gr#nge -@es religions semites/ etc, c#re
cred c G8ilg#4e #r "i 1n rege di5ini7#t Aceti# din 1r4 5d n
G8ilg#4e 1n $1ternic rege din Ur1H, c#re # ridic#t, $o#te, 7id1rile
dr64#te de el#4ii i # cr1i 5i# #5ent1ro#s # r4#s n #4intire#
1r4#ilor2 Din gener#ie n gener#ie, "iin# l1i G8ilg#4e # cresc1t, #
ntrec1t 4#rginile $1terii o4eneti i # c$t#t n s"6rit trei s"ert1ri
d14ne7eire2 09icei1l #cest# de # idol#tri7# o#4enii e co41n l#
orient#li i n1 $1ini regi egi$teni i c8#ldeeni #1 c1nosc1t di5ini7#re#
N)N
d1$ 4o#rte2 n 1r4 s+#1 #d1g#t $o5etii 5ieii l1i #lte legende 4#i
5ec8i i s+# c$t#t e$o$ee# de l# nce$1t1l 4ileni1l1i II2
A46ndo1 #ceste i$ote7e + n1 str1i4 #s1$r# criticii lor, c#re #r
iei din c#dr1l #rticolelor no#stre + s1nt n st#re s l41re#sc
ntr1c6t5# gene7# e$o$eii2 ?olosind1+ne i de #rg14entele 1nei# i de
#rg14entele celeil#lte + ncerc4 #ici o reconstit1ire # e5ol1iei s#le,
ls6nd l# o $#rte orice 1r4 de er1diie2
E$o$ee#, s19 "or4# n c#re o #5e4 #c14, e re71lt#t1l nr61ririi
reci$roce # do1 ele4ente% legend# $o$1l#r # 1n1i rege di5ini7#t, $e
de o $#rte, i 4it1l #legoric #l so#rel1i, s19 c8i$ de o4, #lct1it de
$reoi, $e de #lt#2
Se c1no#te #d6nc# tiin #strono4ic # s#nct1#riilor c8#ldeeneF
de #colo s+#1 rs$6ndit n E1ro$# se4inele "ec1nde #le tiinei
4ode4e2 Se c1no#te, n #cel#i ti4$, o9icei1l $ro"1nd orient#l #l
#legoriei, #l si49ol1l1i, #l #de5r1l1i tin1it i #l cheii $entr1
tl4cire# #cest1i #de5r, ncredin#t n14#i inii#ilor2 Cele c6te5#
ele4ente cos4ice din e$o$ee o #lt1r de 1n 4it sol#r $ri4iti5,
#ne5oie de reconstit1it n "or4# #ct1#l ,# e$o$eii2 C #cest 4it
#legoric er# c1nosc1t $o$or1l1i nici n1 tre91ie s ne 4#i ndoi4,
deo#rece toc4#i $entr1 # "i 4$rtit celor 41li "1sese cre#t2 C n
$o$or circ1l#1 legende #s1$r# regilor de se#4 + c14 circ1l#1 i n
It#li# #s1$r# l1i Ro41l, i n E1ro$# 4edie5#l #s1$r# l1i C#rol
M#gn1l + i#ri e l1cr1 ti1t2 '1 tre91ie s ne 4ire c #ceste do1
ele4ente + s$1ne4 dou' c# s 11r4 $rice$ere#, n re#lit#te ele er#1
s14edenie + s+#1 #lt1r#t, s+#1 in"l1en#t, i+#1 gsit $ri co41ne i
#1 s"6rit $rin # se con"1nd#2 Creier1l orient#l e $ro$ice $entr1
#se4ene# "eno4ene, 4#i #les n ti4$1ri #t6t de $ri4iti5e2 !o#t
sc8i49#re# #ce#st# s+# "c1t $1in c6te $1in, #4estec1l de5enind din
ce n ce 4#i o4ogen2
n c#71l #cest#, #46ndo1 i$ote7ele s1nt j1ste2 Ji n1 se $o#te
#lt"el, c6nd gsi4 n e$o$ee l1cr1ri c#re ne con5ing c G8ilg#4e #
"ost l# origine 1n rege n Ur1H i tot #colo c # "ost 7e1l so#rel1i2
?iec#re s#5#nt, ns, c#re 5oi# s "ie origin#l $ri5e# e$o$ee# n14#i
dintr+o #n14it $#rte, ignor6nd tot rest1l, c# s #j1ng l# concl17i#
i4$1s de 4#i n#inte2
273
Densen i G8ilg#4e
I#r #c14, c6nd c1no#te4 ce5# din #de5r1l #s1$r# l1i G8ilg#4e
s s$ic1i4 i din #"ir4#iile ci1d#te #le l1i Densen2
Acest# socotete 4it1l c8#ldee#n c# 1n "er4ent 1ni5ers#l, $rin
c#re # l1#t n#tere 4#i tot rest1l 4itologiei orient#le, 4itologiei I
greceti, o 91n $#rte din @ec8i1l i 'o1l !est#4ent i #lte legende, j
n cele trei cri $rinci$#le $e c#re le+# scris c# s+i s1sin teori# F
-8popeea lui ;hilgame +n literatura uni.ersal', ,(/.F < tr'it cu A
ade.'rat Isus din 8.anghelie, ,(,/F Moise, Isus, Pa.el, trei legende
.ariate ale omului-"eu (a(ilonian ;hilgame, ,(,/=, Densen $retinde
c D#co9, Es#1, losi", Moise, A#ron, S#1l, S#41el, S#4son, G8edeon,
Eli7ei, Elie, Herc1le, I#son, Ulise, Ag#4e4non, Menel#s, Ac8ille,
Alex#ndr1+cel+M#re, Enei#, Io#n &ote7tor1l, Is1s i #li eroi #i
$o5etilor ger4#ne, + n1 s1nt #ltce5# dec6t i4#ginile 4#i 41lt s#1
4#i $1in rec1nosci9ile #le celor doi eroi c8#ldeeni2 ?o#rte er1dit i
1n1l dintre cei 4#i de se#4 #siriologi #i ti4$1l1i, Densen # $ricin1it
$ole4ici nes"6rite c1 teori# s#
D#r $1nct1l de $lec#re #l l1i Densen er# "#ls2 El er# or9it de
#se4nri dis$#r#te ntre legende, 1it6nd c do1 + trei #4n1nte
identice n1 do5edesc ni4ic #ltce5# dec6t 1n 4$r141t recent i 4#i
1it6nd c 4#rile "ig1ri nc8i$1ite de 4inte# o#4enilor de+# l1ng1l
5e#c1rilor tre(uie s se #se4ene, $entr1 c ele re$re7int ide#l1l d1$
c#re t6njete "#nte7i# $o$1l#r, ero1l $er"ect ce ntr1c8i$e#7 to#te
ns1irile l# 4#xi414 de concentr#re2 entr1 c doi 91ni $rieteni
+G8ilg#4e i Eng8id1 + s56resc 4in1ni de 5itejie i 1n1l din ei
4o#re nd1rer6nd $e cell#lt, n1 nse#4n c $erec8e# Ac8ille
+#trocle # "ost ticl1it d1$ 4odel1l lor2 erec8ile #ceste#
ntr1c8i$e#7 #de5r#t# $rietenie i $rieteni# $o#te "i "o#rte 9ine
conce$1t de orice $o$or, n1 n14#i n C8#ldee#2 0rient#list1l gerrn#n
G1nHel # "c1t 4#i 41lt dec6t o gl14 9ine re1it c6nd # do5edit l1i
Densen c, "olosind1+se de 4etod# s#, $o#te do5edi "o#rte lesne c14
Goet8e + Sc8iller e 1n G8ilg#4e + Eng8id1 i c14 &is4#rH
+Sil8el4 e tot 1n# c1 G8ilg#4e + Eng8id12
C# s d#1 o $ild de "el1l l1i Densen de # gsi ;#$ro$ieri;, tr#d1c
d1$ $ c#rte # l1i G1igne9ert -@e pro(leme de &esus/, 1n1l din cele
4#i re1ite "r#g4ente N)-
L# nce$1t1l $o5etii l1i Is1s, L# nce$1t1l legendei l1i
Io#n <Eng8id1 #l legendei l1i Is1s= G8ilg#4e, Eng8id1 <5iitor1l
e conce$1t $rintr+1n 4ir#col, ## to5#r #l ero1l1i= e cre#t
d1$ c14 s+# 5estit de ctre nger, $rintr+1n 4ir#col, din $or1nc#
7eilor2
Io#n triete n deert #$ro#$e Eng8id1 triete de$#rte de
de Iord#n2 o#4eni, n deert2
Io#n, c# 1n '#7ir <e5re1 $ios Eng8id1 e $ros i #re
c#re s+# 8otr6t l# #9stinen= $r1l l1ng $e c#$2 ro9#9il c
$o#rt $r1l neti#t i se 49r#c c1 $iei de #ni4#le2
l1ngF5est46nt1l s1 e "c1t din $r de c4il i+i ncinge #lele c1
o c1re# de $iele s#1 de 9l#n de "i#r2
Io#n triete din cee# ce Eng8id1 triete c#
gsete n deert, din lc1ste i #ni4#lele deert1l1i, c1 i#r9,
4iere sl9#tic i, c# 1n '#7ir, n1 91r1ieni i #$2
9e# 5in2
Io#n c1no#te, $rin re5el#ie i Un 5is 5estete l1i
$ro"eie, c Is1s 5ine s$re i2 G8ilg#4e sosire# l1i Eng8id12
Cred c n+# con5ins $e ni4eni, c1 to#te c e 1n# din $#ginile cele
4#i 9ine doc14ent#te2 Densen # greit i c6nd # ;deri5#t; 0disee# din
cltori# l1i G8ilg#4e s$re Ut+'#$iti42 E dre$t, cte5# ele4ente
s1nt co41ne i L#gr#nge #d4ite c8i#r o o#rec#re in"l1en #s1$r#
grecilor, $rin "enicieni, d#r #"ir4#i# l1i Densen trece $este li4it#
criticii2
!ot #st"el greete Densen c6nd crede c codr1l cedrilor $7ii de
Pum(a(a si49oli7e#7 $#r#dis1l c8#ldee#n, i#r cedr1l ar(orele .ie*ii,
din c#re 5or s se n"r1$te7e cei doi eroi2 ?r1ct1l cedr1l1i n1 e
co4esti9ilF #$oi, nici 1n c156nt des$re c1t#re# 5ieii 5enice, #s1$r#
crei# se 5# re5eni ns $e l#rg n # do1# $#rte # e$o$eii2 E dre$t,
ex$edii# 4$otri5# l1i H149#9# r46ne o9sc1r% n1+i $rice$e4
c#17# i n1 $rice$e4 de ce 9ama #j1t $e eroi2 o#te e 5or9# de o
N)
Q
$d1re in#ccesi9il, de 1n t#91, cr1i# 9ama 5re# s+i "ore7e
intr#re#, d1$ c14 crede L#gr#nge2 D#r n1 tre91ie s ne gr9i4 i s
tr#ge4 concl17ii "#lse, c14 "#ce Densen2 Acest#, ; 8i$noti7#t de
st1diile s#le ; <G1igne9ert= n1 5ede $este tot loc1l dec6t G8ilg#4ei2
Ji, c1 to#te criticile #d1se, Densen gsete i #st7i ele5i2 M#rele critic
d#ne7 &r#ndes, ntr+o c#rte recent -)ie &esus 9age, ,(NQ=, #"ir4 c
Is1s $l1tete linitit n cor#9ie $e 4#re, n ti4$1l 1nei "1rt1ni, c14
$l1te# Ut+'#$iti4 n cor#9ie $e 5re4e# $oto$1l1i + deci i#ri
in"l1en 9#9iloni#n2
E$o$ee# #ce#st# # nr61rit 41lt n 0rient, 4#i c1 se#4 n cee# ce
$ri5ete $oto$1l2 D#r, de l# in"l1enele $e c#re le 5o4 #rt# n #lte
#rticole i $6n l# in"l1enele s1sin1te de Densen, e o c#le l1ng2 De
#cee# #4 str1it #t6t #s1$r# greelii n c#re # #l1nec#t 4#rele
#siriolog2 entr1 c, de #lt"el, dr141l $e c#re $lec#se Densen + cel #l
4itologiei co4$#r#te + e dr141l cel 4#i 91n n #n#li7# 1nei legende2
'14#i c1t6nd origine# ele4entelor 1nei credine $o$1l#re, 5ec8i4e#
lor, nr61rire# reci$roc i 4$r141t1rile ce i le+#1 "c1t 1n# #ltei#,
+$1te4 tr#ge "olo#se din st1di1l 1nei credine2 Alt4interi ne+#4
4rgini s s$1ne4 ce #1 4#i s$1s i #lii i n1 #4 $rice$e
nse4nt#te# legendelor2 nte4ei#t $e o critic rig1ro#s i $e 1n
4#teri#l 9ine c1les, 4itogr#"1l s#1 orient#list1l $o#te deter4in#
de75olt#re# c1lt1r#l # $o$or1l1i #le cr1i legende s1nt st1di#te2 !o#te
#ceste credine $o$1l#re s1nt nite 1r4e #d4ir#9ile d1$ c#re se $ot
reconstit1i 5ec8ile ci5ili7#ii2 Ji tot ele ne de75l1ie 4$r141t1rile i
in"l1enele res$ecti5e2
Metod# co4$#r#ti5 e "olosit #st7i de toi 4itogr#"ii, c1
#d4ir#9ile re71lt#te i e# ne 5# cl17i i $e noi n #rticolele
1r4to#re2
N).
N2 CALEA ASCEEEI JI A MEDI!ACIEI
Met#"i7ic# 0panishadelor <I=
Ce# 4#i cl#r "or41l#re # $ro9le4#ticii 4et#"i7ice $e c#re
nce#rc s+o de7lege 0panishadele se gsete n e$isod1l l1i
'#c8iHet#s, n :atha 0panishad. V#4#, 7e1l Morii, i #cord
4$linire# # trei 5reri i $e ce# de # trei# '#c8iHet#s o rostete #st"el%
;Cnd o41l 4o#re exist #ce#st ndoi#l% 1nii s$1n ;el exist;, #lii,
di4$otri5, s$1n%; el n1 exist;2 Ace#st# # 5re# s ti1, n5#t de
tine, o8 V#4#T; =:atha, ,,N/=2 Mo#rte# i 5# rs$1nde c $ro9le4# e
;"o#rte s19til i di"icil de neles; cci ;7eii nii s+#1 ndoit;
#s1$r#+i i i cere s #le#g o #lt 5rere2 ;Alege "ii i ne$oi c#re s
tri#sc o s1t de #ni, t1r4e de 5ite, ele"#ni, c#i i #1rF #lege 1n in1t
ne4rginit $e $46nt i t1 ns1i triete c6t 5ei 5oi222 0rice dorin
gre1 de 4$linit # 41ritorilor 4i $oi cereF i 5oi d# "e4ei 4in1n#te
c1 c#rele lor i instr14ente 417ic#le, ## c14 o#4enii n1 $ot o9ine
i t1 5ei "i sl1jit de #st"el de "e4ei2 D#r, o8T '#c8iHet#s, n1 4 ntre9#
des$re 4o#rteA2
V#4# nce#rc s+, tente7e c1 ide#l1l 5edic, longe5it#te, "ii i
9ogii, ide#l $e c#re #rienii l $ot re#li7# $rin s#cri"icii corecte i 5i#
conson#nt c1 instit1i# soci#l res$ecti52 D#r 7drnici# 1nei #st"el
de existene e dej# $#tent n e$oc# 1$#nis8#dic i o excelent critic
# conce$t1l1i de "ericire sc8ie#7 '#c8iHet#s n rs$1ns1l ctre V#4#
% ; !o#te #ceste# s1nt e"e4ere, o8, Mo#rteT Ele s1g 5igo#re#
41ritor1l1i2 De #lt"el, orice 5i# e sc1rt2 A#d#r, $6stre#7+i c#ii,
d#ns1rile i c6ntecele $entr1 tine2 041l n1 e niciod#t st1r#t de
9ogii222 Ce 41ritor, $osed6nd nele$ci1ne i $ri4it "iind n
to5ri# ne41ritorilor, s+#r $1te# 91c1r# de o 5i# l1ng d1$ ce #
c1nosc1t 91c1riile d#ns1l1i i 417icii : L41rete+4i, o8T V#4#,
5i## #cee# s1$re4 de d1$ 4o#rte, #s1$r# crei# se ndoiesc ei; <I,
N.+N(=2
Ace#st# e ntre9#re# l1i '#c8iHet#s, l# c#re nce#rc s rs$1nd
:atha 0panishad. S19 "or4# soteriologic6 din c#$itol1l I, s+#r $1te#
crede c e n14#i o dorin $ri4#r de ne41rire, n c#re ele4ent1l
4et#"i7ic e nul. D#r '#c8iHet#s e de"initi5 n ,alii II, ,-, c6nd se
277
ndre#$t cercettor s$re tr#nscendent, const#nt i #9sol1t, nei4$lic#t
n c1rgere# in"or4 # cos4os1l1i i constr1ciile 4ent#le #le
41ritor1l1i2 ; Cee# ce cre7i t1 c e di"erit de 5irt1te =dharma/ c# i de
5ici1 -adharma/, di"erit de c#17 -a2ritam/ c# i de e"ect -2ritam/,
di"erit de cee# ce # "ost -(hut!t/ c# i de2cee# .a fi -(ha.y!t/, #ce#st#
rog1+te s$1ne+4i, o8T V#4#;2
'#c8iHet#s # neles c', dei ;1n l1cr1 e (inele -s(reya/ i #lt1l
pl'cutul -preya/ ;, tot1i ;#46ndo1 le#g s1"let1l n tr#ns4igrri "r
n14r ; <II, ,=2 &inele i $lcere# se $re7int 4$re1n n "## o41l1i,
d#r +n*eleptul -dhira/ #lege 9inele2 <II, N=2 Ast"el, '#c8iHet#s,
ren1n6nd l# o9iectele $lcerilor i ;c#le# 9ogiei $e c#re $ier 41li
o#4eni; <II, *=, e 46nt1it de samsara n c#re se n56rtesc ne(unii
-manda/. D#r cee# ce cere el Morii e nsi c8ei# nele$ci1nii, t#in#
ne41ririi $rin c1no#tere2 ; C8i#r de #17it n1 e ngd1it 41ltor#F i
c8i#r #17ind, ei n1 o neleg;2 <,,,)=, cci e nsi ntre9#re# i sing1r#
neces#r2 ; Acest !tman n1 $o#te "i niciod#t neles d#c e ex$lic#t
de o $erso#n in"erio#r, c8i#r d#c se g6ndete 41lt #s1$r#+i <,,,W=222
Ace#st c1no#tere, $e c#re #i o9in1t+o, t1, n1 se #tinge $rin si4$l
#rg14ent#ie -naish' tar2ena matir'paney' <,,,(= ;2 E# e c8ei# ce
desc1ie t#inele cre#iei i #le s1"let1l1i, nlt1r 5o#l1l il17iei
"eno4enice, $1ri"ic 4inte# de sete# 7drniciilor i $#ci"ic
41ritor1l $6n l# $l#cidit#te# st#tic # ;46nt1it1l1i de 5i#;
-Qi.anmu2ti/. E# e #de5r#t# n5t1r, ;$rin c#re ne#17it1l #j1nge
#17it, ne571t1l #j1nge 571t i nec1nosc1t1l #j1nge c1nosc1t;
-Chh'ndogya 0panishad, @I,I,*=2
Ade5r#t# "ericire + i #cest# e leit + 4oti51l g6ndirii indiene + n1
se $o#te #"l# n "init1dine2 ; In"init1l -(hum'/ e "ericire#2 '1 exist
"ericire n cee# ce e "init -alpa/. Sing1r in"init1l e "ericire#;
-Chh'hdogya,,\\, PPIII, ,=2 ; Acolo 1nde <o41l= n1 5ede ni4ic
#ltce5#, n1 nelege ni4ic #ltce5#, + #colo e In"init1l222 Cee# ce e
in"init e ne41ritor, cee# ce e "init e $ieritor -ya .ai (hum'
tadamritamatha yadalpam tanmrityamF =Chhand @II, PPI@, ,=2
'14#i eternit#te# $o#te dr1i "ericire# -:atha, @, ,N,,*F S5ets5#t#r#
U$2, @I, ,N, ,Q=2 A#d#r, n1 n14#i $lcerile si41rilor i 5ol1$t#te#
r#i1nii tre91iesc de$ite, ci ns1i 9inele i r1l2 !r#nscendere# e
tot#l i de"initi5, cci e# nse#4n 1n s#lt c#lit#ti5 de l# 5#lorile
14#ne + e"e4ere i i4$lic#te n d1rere# samsarei - l# 5#lo#re#
#9sol1t, etern, i41#9ili
At6t ti4$ c6t o41l r46ne n societ#te i #cce$t legile instit1iei
res$ecti5e <c#st i ashram/, el tre91ie s e5ite r1l <4or#l s#1 soci#l=
i s $r#ctice 9inele, 5irt1ile i s#cri"iciile2 El tre91ie s "ie 1n
#de5r#t cete#n res$ect6nd legile str4oeti, exercit6nd $1tere# i
d#toriile 1n1i pater familias, creind i ed1c6nd "iii, #d1n6nd 9ogii,
$entr1 c $rin 9ogii <s#cri"icii= se $o#te #$ro$i# 4#i 1or de 7ei2 D#r
o 5i# $er"ect 4or#l e, tot1i, #ntren#t de H#r4# n lege# i4#nent
N)W
# #ci1nilor s56rite c1 dorin# "r1ctelor -(hoQeccha/, <c#, de $ild,
s#cri"icii, don#ii, etc=, $#rtici$ l# samsara i, ##d#r, n1 $o#te dr1i
46nt1ire# -mu2ti/, li9er#re# "in#l2 S1"let1l 1n1i #se4ene# o4 se
d1ce, n s$1s# 0panishadelor, $e 1n1l din cele do1 dr141ri cereti,
pitrilo2a s#1 de.alo2a, #ting6nd 1n $ro5i7ori1 c#l4 $#r#disi#c,
$ro5i7ori1 cci n1 d1re#7 dec6t $6n l# s"6rit1l cre#iei $re7ente <o
2alpa/.
Chh'ndogya s$1ne c cei c#re $r#ctic s#cri"icii -yagn!/, st1dii
s#cre -adhyaya\ d#nii -dana/, #sce7 -tapas/ i #9stinen sex1#l
-(rahmacariy!/ ; #ting n14#i l14ile 5irt1ilor -pucyalo2!/, d#r n14#i
cel c#re e "er4 n &r#84# #tinge ne41rire# ; <II, PPIII, ,=2
S1$eriorit#te# c1no#terii 4et#"i7ice e e5ident c8i#r n cele 4#i 5ec8i
0panis(ade. Desig1r c o #sce7 $reli4in#rie e indis$ens#9il #cestei
re5el#ii 4et#"i7ice, cci n14#i ;cel c1 si41rile n"r6n#te $rin >og#;
$o#te c#n#li7# #"l1en# 4ent#l i cercet# cile c#re cond1c l#
&r#84#n2 Chh'ndogya <@HU@,*= #"ir4 c #$ro$iere# de &r#84#n
se 4$linete $rin (rahmacariy!3 #ce#st 5i# de st1dent religios e
s1"icient n sineF n1 s1nt neces#re s#cri"iciile <i92 @III,@, ,=, nici
d#niile, nici $ost1rile <i92 @III,@, N,*=2 D#r, n gener#l 5or9ind, #sce7#
n1 e o9lig#torie sannyasilor, #dic celor c#re #1 ren1n#t l# tot, triesc
n solit1dine i s1nt ;indi"ereni n contr#rii; <n "rig extre4 i #ri
torid, "o#4e i sete, etc=2 ;D#tori# #scetis41l1i c#de n14#i #s1$r#
celor c#re #1 noi1ne# di5ersitii <ntre o4 i D14ne7e1, ntre 'tman
i 5rahman/F, s$1ne S8#nH#r# <#d2 Chh'ndogya II,PPIII,,=2
M6nt1ire# e consecin# integrrii ntr+o Contiin s1$re4, $rintr+1n
$roces gnostic+4edit#ti5 #s1$r# cr1i# ne 5o4 o$ri nd#t2 Ji sete#
$entr1 #ce#st li9er#re s1$re4 e inerent n#t1rii 14#ne, $entr1 c
!tman e 5irt1#l identic c1 5rahman i n14#i il17i# existenei n c#re e
#ntren#t de 2arma nt1nec #ce#st contiin2 041l, nici c8i#r n cel
4#i $er"ect ec8ili9r1 etic, n1 e 41l14it2 ; 0ricine n l14e dorete s
#j1ng ce5# 4#i 41lt i 4#i s1s dec6t e;, s$1ne S8#nH#r# <#d2 :atha
0panishad, ,,NW=, cci d#tori# "iecrei s$ee e s de$e#sc li4itele
s$eci"ice, d1rero#se toc4#i $entr1 c s1nt li4ite2
Acei rshi 5edici, #le cror ex$eriene s1nt not#te n 0panishade c#
ntr+1n 4e4ori#l s$irit1#l, #1 $ost1l#t ire#lit#te# l14ii "eno4enice,
$entr1 c l14e#, ## c142 o $erce$e4, e inconsistent,
#1tocontr#dictorie, "iind li4it#t i indi5id1#t, i#r noi1ne# de
$l1r#lit#te e de+sine contr#dictorie2 Conson#nt c1 #ce#st
inconsisten 4et#"i7ic # l14ii "eno4enice, e d1rere# ei2 C8i#r o
s1$er"ici#l #n#li7 # 5ieii re5ele#7 c#r#cter1l ei tr#nsitori1 i
d1reros2 I#r, d1$ c14 s$1ne cit#t1l din Chh'ndogya, ni4ic d1reros i
"init n1 $o#te c1$rinde n el #de5r1l -satya/. Ade5r1l 4et#"i7ic,
n1d inii#ti5 i $o7iti5it#te, n1 $o#te exist# conj1g#t c1 "eno4enele,
N)(
$ontni c nsi noi1ne# de "eno4en e contr#dictorie <$l1r#lit#te,
tr#n7itori1, d1reros=2 A#d#r #de5r1l -satya, i#r n1 #de5r1l rel#ti5 i
$r#g4#tic #l 5ieii e4$irice, .y!.ah'ra/, d#t1l $ri4 i ne1tr1 #l
oricrei s$ec1l#ii 5#lide, tre91ie s+i #i9 5#lidit#te# n rel#ii
con#ti5e i cognosciti5e2 Ji e e5ident c s1"let1l -'tman/, $rin nsi
sit1#i# l1i n $l#n1l rel#ti5itilor, n1 $o#te #"l# #de5r1l dec6t
$rintr+o tr#nscendere # 5#lorilor "eno4enice2 ;Acest senin i "ericit
o4 ce s+# ridic#t de#s1$r# <lit2 din #cest= cor$1l1i i # o9in1t l14in#
s1$re4 i #"l $ro$ri#+i "or4 re#l -s.ena rupen'((inishpadyata/#
#cest# e s1"let1l2 I#r #cest ne41ritor i "r + de + te4ei s1"let e
5rahman -etadamrtama(hayametad (rahmeti/3 i n14ele l1i
5rahman e satya, cel #de5r#t;2 -C(h'hdogya 0panishad, @ni,III,-=2
;Cel c#re l 5ede n1 5ede 4o#rte# <e 96nt1it de il17i# "init1dinii=, nici
9o#l# <disoci#7 satya de 4o9ilit#te# i 8#7#rd1l 5ieii=, nici
d1rere# <disoci#7 s1"let1l de 4ent#l=F cel c#re l 5ede, 5ede to#te
l1cr1rile i o9ine to#te l1cr1rile, $e orice c#le222;2 -Chh'ndogya,
@II,PP@I,N=2
Met#"i7ic# 0panishadelor -&l/
Re#lit#te#, ##d#r, tre91ie s "ie o #ct1#lit#te consistent, 5#lid
$rin sine i nei4$lic6nd nici o noi1ne contr#dictorie c1 e# nsi
<di"ereni#re, li4it, 4o9ilit#te=F #ce#st n1d i #9sol1t re#lit#te e
n14it sa* -esse/. Exist6nd $rin sine, "r c#li"ic#ti5e, necondiion#t
de ni4ic exterior, $1r #1todeter4in#re, sa* e nto5rit <n1 c# de 1n
#tri91t, ci c# o i4$lic#ie= de #1to + contiin st#tic, glo9#l i
etern2
Ace#st contiin de sine # re#litii, #ct $1r i, de "#$t, identic
<c1= ns1i #ct1l existenei s#le + e cit, i l# #ce#st contiin $er"ect,
ind1cti9il i in"init $#rtici$ n14#i #cei# dintre o#4eni c#re #1
re5el#t n inele s#2 Cee# ce se n14ete 4inte i 4ent#l, intelect i
intelecie -manas, (uddhi, citta-,`tti/ n1 genere#7 cit, ci o
$res1$1nere2 ?irete, 9ino41l #cest# sa* i cit i4$lic 1n #lt #ct $1r,
'nanda, ;"ericire#; nele#s n1 c# o s#tis"#cie $len#r gener#t de
si41ri, de 4inte, de 7ei s#1 de 5irt1i ci c# o i4$ron1nci#9il
$osesi1ne de sine, 9e#tit1dine concret i ire5ersi9il, coexistent
;4otor1l1i i4o9il; c#re e sa*. Ace#st sinte7 #9sol1t s19 c#re se
$re7int i41t#9il# re#lit#te s#ccidn#nd# <s#B i cit i n#iS#= e ni5el1l
l# c#re nce#rc s tri#sc rishii 1$#nis8#dici2 C#le# e #1tore5el#i#
contiinei nedi"ereni#te -cit/, c#re exist o9sc1r i li4it#t n ni5el1l
5ieii cotidiene i c#re n1 se 4#ni"est n $ro$ri#+i "or4 -s.arupa/, ci
#rtic1l#t n contingene i li4ite, con"17 i il17orie, nt1nec#t de
"#ls# noi1ne # d1#litii -may!/.
Act1l #cest# de $rogresi1ne c#lit#ti5 i $#rtici$#re l# o re#lit#te
tr#nscendent e $osi9il, n s$1s# 0panishadelor, $rin il14in#re#
4et#"i7ic -prayana/, $ro4o5#t de 4edit#ii, ren1n#re, etc2
Integr#re# s1"let1l1i n saccid'nanda e $osi9il $entr1 c, n conce$i#
inii#l # Indiei, n1 exist #nt#gonis4 ntre &r#84#n -saccid'nanda/ i
'tman, n1 e o incon5erti9il# eterogenit#te, ci o identit#te 5irt1#l c#re
se 4#ni"est s$ont#n i concret nd#t ce se re#li7e#7 sol1i# de
contin1it#te2 D#r, n 5i## cotidi#n i #soci#t, sinte7# #ce#st#
#9sol1t e 9#r#t de existene H#r4ice, "1nci1nile 4ent#le st#9ilind o
#tenie c1 oc1l#rele "ix#te 5ertiginos #s1$r# 1nei in"initi de o9iecte
externe -(ahimu2hi/. '14#i $rintr+o intro5ersi1ne s1$re4
-antarmu2i/ e $osi9il integr#re# n saccid'nanda.
E instr1cti5 #cest $#s#gi1 din 9(an2afa, c#re 5i71#li7e#7 c1 1n
s$eci"ic re#lis4 dr#4# s1"let1l1i n ;ro#t#; existenelor2 ;E1l e l1#t de
8oii s19 "or4# 5irt1ii, 5ici1l1i, etc2, de l# $1r1l esse, s1"let1l
Uni5ers1l1i, n $d1re# tr1$1l1i, ce consist din "oc, #$ i 8r#n,
NW,
14$l1t c1 56nt, lic8id 9ilios, "leg4, grsi4e, c#rne, o#se, 4d15,
s$er4, 5ier4i, 1rin i "ec#le, i $lin de tot "el1l de contr#rii, c# "rig
i c#ld + #56nd oc8ii 9#nd#j#i de nelci1ne, + leg#t de dorine $entr1
o soie, "i1, $rieten, t1r4, r1de i #lte 571te i ne571te, o9iecte #le
si41rilor, + strig6nd 4ii de excl#4#ii c#%
;Acest# s1nt e1, #cest# e "i1l 4e1F #ceste# r1dele 4eleF s1"r
d1rere i ncerc $lceriF s1nt n5#tF s1nt ignor#ntF s1nt dre$tF #4
n14ero#se r1deF s1nt nsc1tT s1nt nsc1tT s1nt 4ortT s1nt 9tr6nTF "i1l
4e1 s+# nsc1t, 9ogiile 4ele s+#1 ni4icit, o8T s1nt $ierd1tT c14 #4
s triesc:T c#re 5# "i so#rt# 4e#:T 1nde 5# "i sc$#re# 4e#:T ;
=9han2ara re714 #ici to#te strile s1"leteti c#re c8in1iesc $e o41l ce
triete n il17i# L14ii, con"1nd6nd #dic 'tman, $rinci$i1 i41t#9il i
$1r, c1 "#lse $osesi1ni +i d1reri #le "eno4enelor, mayac, de "#$t,
s1"let1l n1 e cont#4in#t de to#te rel#iile n c#re e i4$lic#t 4inte#, ci
el n14#i crede, $clit de il17i# ignor#nei, c e #t##t ire4edi#9il de
l14e# "eno4enic=2 I#r, $rin 5reo nt64$l#re noroco#s, d#torit 1nei
$recedente existene 5irt1o#se, el gsete o $erso#n si4$#tic ce
c1no#te #de5r#t1l s1"let 5rahman, c#re # #756rlit legt1r# ce+i
#st1$# 5ederile i, c# #t#re, triete n 5rahman. Ji #ce#st $erso#n
9ine5oito#re i #r#t dr141l $e c#re, 149l6nd, el $o#te rec1no#te
inconsistentele #cestei l14i <i indic 4etodele di#lectice $rin c#re se
re5ele#7 ire#lit#te# 4et#"i7ic # #cestei l14i ce $#rtici$ l# $l#n1l
rel#ti5itilor=, c6nd e1l i $ierde to#te #"eci1nile $entr1 o9iectele
l14ii i nlt1r 9#nd#j1l c#re l or9e#, $rin #st"el de strigri% ;t1 n1
eti de n#t1r# #cestei l14i <inst#9ile i tr#n7itorii, ire#le i d1rero#se=,
"i1l, etc, n1+i #$#rin ie <$entr1 c= t1 eti inded1cti9il1l 8sse, #cest#
eti t1 -tatt.am asi/ etc, etc2; n cele din 1r4 <re#li76nd tot 4#i
concret i 4#i #d6nc identit#te# 'tman-5rahman/, el #tinge #de5r#t1l
S1"let, n1d1l 8sse... -9han2ara, ad Chh'ndogya 0panishad,
@I,PI@,N=2
E de re4#rc#t n #cest l1ng $#s#gi1 c, n conce$i# 5ed#ntin,
#"l#re# #de5r#t1l1i s1"let i 46nt1ire# de samsara n1 e 1n 91n #l
t1t1ror, ci se d#torete 2armei $recedente2 Ast"el se ex$lic de ce
c8e4#re# ren1nrii n1 e #17it dec6t de o elit i de ce n14#i "o#rte
$1ini dintre cei ce #1 ren1n#t #ting des56rit# li9er#re n 5i#
-Qi.an-mu2*i/. 0 5i# e $re# sc1rt $entr1 # #tinge #9sol1t1l2
Acest inex$lic#9il esse, $re7en #9sol1t i concret, e5ident n
to#te "or4ele de existen i tot1i necondiion#t de ele, i4#nent i
tot1i tr#nscendent + e &r#84#n2 este $1tin de "or41l#t, &r#84#n e
descris $rin $roxi4i, $rin identi"icri nes"6rite <i n #cest c#7 e
i4#nentis4= s#1 $rin eli4inri c#tegorice <tr#nscendent#lis4=2 Se
regsesc n 0panishade, c# i n ntre#g# liter#t1r 5ed#ntin, #cele#i
ex$resii 4istice #le Incognosci9il1l1i i I4$ens#9il1l1i c#re se
nt6lnesc l# $#nteiti, n "iloso"i# t#oist s#1 c8i#r n 4istic# Cretin
<se1do+Areo$#git1l, Meister EcH8#rdt= i n 1nii din "iloso"ii
Ren#terii <'icol#s de C1s#, etc=2 e c#le de #$ro$iere di#lectic,
NWN
&r#84#n e inco4$re8ensi9il + i de #cee# e n14it ;negr1;
-Chhandogya, @III,PIII,,=2 Se $ot distinge et#$e i $er"ecionri n
"or41l#re# #cestor neg#ti5is4e c1 re"erin l# n#t1r# l1i &r#84#n
,,.
2
L# nce$1t i se ne#g #s$ecte sensori#le i di4ensi1ni, #$oi
neg#i# se $1ri"ic $rintr+o #scensi1ne conte4$l#ti5, &r#84#n "iind
li9er#t c8i#r de 1lti4ele c#li"ic#ti5e noion#leI2
El n1 #re cor$, nici cor$ s19til, n1 e nici l1ng, nici l#rg, nici ro1,
etc2 El n1 cons14 ni4ic i ni4eni n1+, cons14 -5rhad'ranya2a
0panishad III,@III,WF Prasma 0panishad, I@,(F Munda2a 0panishad,
,,Q=2 ;D1$ c14 $i#njenele genere#7 din "oc, tot #st"el genere#7
din #cest s1"let to#te org#nele, to#te l14ile, toii 7eii i to#te
existenele2 Ce# 4#i #$ro$i#t conce$ie # l1i e #ce#st#, c el e
#de5r1l #de5r1l1i; -5rhad'ranya2a 0panishad, ,,,,,N/=2 El e ;1n1l,
i4o9il <i tot1i 4#i r#$id dec6t 4inte#222=2 Dei e i4o9il, #le#rg 4#i
re$ede dec6t cei ce #le#rg d1$ el; -Isha 0panishad, -=F $#rte# # do1#
# sentenii se re"er l# 'tman c#re, dei e i41t#9il, n1 $o#te "i $rins de
din#4ic# senso"i#l+4ent#l
,,)
2 0ri1nde #r "i c1t#t, $re7en# L1i e
indisc1t#9il i tot1i El e de negsit2 ; Cel c#re sl1ind n 46nt e
46nt, $e c#re 46nt1l n1+, c1no#te, #l cr1i tr1$ e 46nt, c#re
dinl1ntr1 do4nete 46nt1l #cel# e s1"let1l t1, Do4n1l L1ntric,
ne41ritor2 Cel c#re sll1iete n A$e222 n ?oc222 At4os"er222 @6nt222
Cer1ri222 So#re222 etc2 Cel c#re sll1iete n to#te Ele4entele, $e c#re
Ele4entele n1+, c1nosc etc222 Cel c#re loc1iete n @i#222 n
@or9ire222 n oc8i, etc2 -5rhad'ranya2a 0panishad, III,@II, *+NN=2
;'e571t, el 5edeF ne#17it el #1deF neg6ndit, el g6ndeteF nec1nosc1t,
el c1no#te2 '1 e ni4eni #lt1l c#re 5ede, ci elF n1 e ni4eni #lt1l c#re
#1de, ci elF n1 e ni4eni #lt1l c#re c1no#te, ci el;2 -5rhad'ranya2a,
III,@II,N*F III,I@,NF :atha 0panishad, @I, ,NF Munda2a 0panishad,
III, WF Taittirya 0panishad,,,-F Tala.atara 0panishad, ,,*, etc=2
Moti51l re$et#t $6n l# s#t1r#ie n 0panishade e #dii1ne#
contr#riilor2 ;El e 4o9il i tot1i i4o9il, e de$rt#t <i n #cel#i ti4$=
#$ro$i#t2 E sit1#t nl1ntr1l t1t1ror, i tot1i se #"l n #"#r# t1t1ror;
-Isha 0panishad,[3 5haga.ad 6it',?l0,l[/.8i e descris n1 c# s "ie
neles, ci c# o41l s ren1ne l# o nelegere r#ion#l, di#lectic # l1i2
E incognosci9il, tot1i n1 e inex$1gn#9il2
@
Iat+ un t%/t taoi&t $ar% %/pri#i o po*ii% id%nti$+" r%'%riadu-&% la Tao" prin$ipiu i#an%nt i
i#p%n%tra(il to$#ai p%ntiu $+ pr%*%ntN tai % #ani'%&ta oriund%) .%a&upra totului % ?rin$ipiul"
$o#un tuturor" $onin,nd i &tr+(+t,nd totul" a $+rui in'initat% % propriul atri(ut" &in2urul prin
$ar% poat% 'i &%#nalat" $+$i El nu an nun% propriu.1 03cbo'*n( 3s#, %71 33V<1
-n $%%a $% priv%t% i#prooun$ia(iiitat%P nu#%lui ?rin$ipiului ivin i" totui" auto&uii$i%na
a$%&tui Nu#% &% pot anuni dou+ t%/t% d% tradiii div%r&%1 . !&t'%l r+&pun&% !7ur#a*da) pri#ul
#%u nu#% % !luni- Eu ##t... iar al dou+*%$il%a nu#% % !toni Fad !luni Ma*dao- Eu sunt cel
c# sunt (AvesU, 3VIITR1 in ZP/U0111"13-1><" Moia% -ntr%a(+ p% -*%u d% Nu#%l% &+u" iar
r+&pun&ul %) B.u ##t eel %U. Et#A.
283
Des$re &r#84#n n1 se $o#te s$1ne dec6t c e2 L# nce$1t # "ost
#cest $1r esse, ;1n1l "r #l doile#; -sade.a edamagra 'sit e2am e.a
ad.itiyam/. Unii s$1n c l# nce$1t # "ost non-esse, sing1r, 1n1l "r
#l doile#F i din #cest non-esse s+# nsc1t esse -tasm't asatah sat
Q'yata/. D#r c14 s+#r $1te# n#te esse din non-esse : De "#$t, er# sat
sing1r, ;1n1l, "r #l doile#; =Chhandogya 0panishad, @I,II,l+N=2
C6teod#t, 4ijloc1l de #$ro$iere e #dii1ne# t1t1ror c#li"ic#ti5elor, c#
s se ex$ri4e #ce# e4oie $#nt8eist c#re e l# 9#7# i4$ron1nci#9ilei
ex$eriene de #"ir4#re # Existenei #9sol1te, n1de, i4#nente2 Altd#t
se "olosete $6n l# stereoti$ 4etod# #"oristic # eli4inrii oricr1i
c#li"ic#ti52 D#r e 1n text t#ntriH c#re l14ine#7 $o7iti5it#te# #cestor
neg#ti5is4e% ;C6nd se s$1ne c &r#84#n e "r #tri91te n1 tre91ie s
se "lele#g c El n1 le #re, ci c n1 e leg#t de nici1n1l din ele n
$#rtic1l#r; -Tantratatt.a, ed2 A5#lon, 5oi2 I,$2*.,=2 S#1, c14 s$1ne
Mah'nir.'na-Tantra des$re D1rg#% ;!1 eti "r "or4 $entr1 c
$ose7i orice "or4;2
A n1 "i ni4ic #ltce5#, ci El ns1i n1 nse#4n c e s$eci"ic#t $rin
pri.a*iuni -stheresis #ristotelici#n=, ci c existeni#lit#te# s# e $1r, ne-
alterat'. '1 e o c#ntit#te neg#ti5, ci 1n #ct concret, sintetic, n c#re
n1 se $ot distinge r#$ort1ri, toc4#i $entr1 c le tr#nscende2 n #cel#i
ti4$, n1 e o noi1ne #9str#ct, conglo4er#t ide#l #l t1t1ror
existenelor, sinte7 4ent#l i "#ctice, co4$re8ensi9il $rin 41til#re#
g6ndirii s#1 $rin exces de st1di12 Cee# ce s$1ne :atha 0panishad II,
NN i Munda2a 0panishad III, N,* #s1$r# s1"let1l1i, e #de5r#t i
des$re &r#84#n% ;#cest t4#n n1 se #tinge $rin st1diile ,edelor, nici
$rin intelect, nici c8i#r $rin re$et#t# #17ire # Scri$t1rilor s#creF
'tman e re#li7#t de cel $e c#re El l #lege, l1i i re5ele#7 'tman
$ro$ri#+i "or4;2 n 0panishade se nt6lnesc 41lte i $itoreti
#necdote, c6nd n5#ii 9r#84#ni se d1c l# regi c# ;s le ex$lice
'tmanF, s#1 #necdote il1str6nd 7drnici# tr#diiei2 'ici n5t1r#,
nici 5irt1te#, nici s#cri"iciile n1 #$ro$ie s1"let1l de &r#84#n2 E c# i
c6nd o41l s+#r s1i $e 41nte c# s #ting cer1l, c14 s$1ne o 7ic#l #
4isticis41l1i s1"ist2 Re5el#i# #cest1i esse incognosci9il i tot1i
condiion6nd orice c1no#tere dincolo de 5i# i tot1i gener6nd 5i##
+ se re#li7e#7 $rintr+1n $1r #ct de intros$ecie -antarmu2hi/, n1
#n#litic i disoci#ti5 -tar2a/, ci sintetic -(h!.a/, .iolent!nd il17ori#
constr1cie 4ent#l, rele56nd o i4#nent $re7en2
Moti5e religio#se n 0panishade
Rit1#l1l 5edic i liter#t1r# #derent s1nt $er4e#te de s$irit1l
4#gic #l s#cri"ici1l1i2 S#cri"ici1l e o "or o9iecti5, c#lc1l#9il c1 o
$reci7i1ne tiini"ic i $roiect#t 5ol1nt#r n 5#st# 4$letire de
energii # l14ii2 !ot1l "iind dirij#t de 2arma + $otent i4#nent i
$o7iti5 + orice #ct s#cr1 s56rit contient i rig1ros + i $rin c#re se
cere ce5# + e o "or indisc1t#9il i e"ecti52 E"ectele s#cri"iciilor
5edice se re#li7#1 c8i#r n #ce#st, existen <$ros$erit#te, "ii,
longe5it#te= s#1 $ost+4orte4, cond1c6nd o"ici#nt1l ntr+o s"er de
91c1rii $#r#disi#ce -chandra-&o2a/.
At6t doctrin# s#cri"ici1l1i c6t i $si8ologi# 4#gic s1nt $e de$lin
consistente c1 $re4i7# inii#l # 2armei. rin "or# concret i
ne$ierito#re # s#cri"ici1l1i se tr#ns4it ordine 7eilor i se st$6nesc
o#4enii2 Uni5ers1l 5edic er# #soci#i# $otentelor ele4ent#le i #
o#4enilor, #cce$t6nd toi, o#4eni i 7ei, #cee#i lege ne1tr # 2armei.
ns1i r1l, cri4# s#1 $c#t1l se $ot c1r#i $rin s#cri"icii, $entr1 c
$c#t1l n1 e #ltce5# dec6t irit#re# 1nei "ore ele4ent#le s#1 gener#re#
inst#nt#nee # 1nei #lte "ore c#re se cere #n1l#t2 0r, s#cri"iciile
$or1ncesc #ni8il#re# #celor "ore i4$1re, 4#ni"est#te $rintr+1n
s#crilegi12
ro9e de o #st"el de 4ent#lit#te 4#gic se gsesc c8i#r n
0panishade. ;0ric#re #r "i $c#t1l s56rit de el, n 7i s#1 n no#$te,
se risi$ete c1 des56rire d#c tie c14 s #dore So#rele <#dic $rin
in5oc#re# ;!1 eti Risi$itor1l, risi$ete $c#tele 4eleT;=, s$1ne 1n
text din :aushita2i 5rahmana 0panishad <II,:=2 ; ntoc4#i c14
$l$6ndele "ire de ishi2a #rd 756rlite n "oc, tot #st"el s1nt #rse
$c#tele #cel1i# c#re, c1nosc6nd #ce#st#, o"er s#cri"ici1l Agni8otr#;
-Chh'ndogya 0panishad,,,??S,N/.
D#r s#cri"ici1l, c1 to#te 9ine"#cerile l1i $o7iti5e, e tot o #ci1ne i
ns46ne#7 ##d#r n1clei H#r4ici c#re se cer #ct1#li7#i n #lte
existene2 9amsara, ;ro#t# tr#ns4igrrilor;, contin12 0r, n e$oc# de
tr#n7iie de l# ide#l1l 5edic l# re"or4# 91dd8ist, 0panishadele
4#rc8e#7 $recis 4o4ent1l critic #l contiinei 7drniciei 5ieii
"eno4enice i #l dete$trii l# o 5i# s$irit1#l 4#i #9str#ctF sol1i#
de contin1it#te de l# 1n ide#lis4 4#gic l# 1n ide#lis4 4et#"i7ic22
nd#t ce s+# st#9ilit o no1 str1ct1r # s$ec1l#iei, 5#lorile $recedente,
#1 "ost #n1l#te s#1 trec1te $e 1n $l#n sec1nd#r2 entr1 1n rishi
1$#nis8#dic, #t6t ide#l1rile 5edice c6t i 7eii i $ierd 5#lo#re#, toc4#i
$entr1 c s1nt cont#4in#i de rel#ti5it#te2 C1 c6t se #d6ncete 4#i
$o7iti5 Contiin# ce $#rtici$ l# saccid'nanda, c1 #t6t "ericire#
$46nte#sc i 5dete 4#i cr1d tr#n7itoriet#te# i d1rere#2
284
0panishadele s1nt $rel1di1l 91dd8ic1l1i sar.am du2ham, sar.am
anityam <;tot1l e d1rere, tot1l e trector;=2 Ide#l1l ren1nrii
<.air'gya/ se $o$1l#ri7e#7 i o ntre#g liter#t1r l j1sti"ic religios,
soci#l, etic, "iloso"ic2 !r#nscendent1l + c#re n "iloso"i# 1$#nis8#dic
n1+i $ierde niciod#t i4#nen#, sc#r# de l# D+7e1 l# o4 "iind
contin1, i#r n1 1n ;s#lt c#lit#ti5; + #j1nge #c14 sing1r1l ide#l
consistent c1 ex$erien# s1"let1l1i2 'ici 5irt1te#, nici religio7it#te#,
nici glori# n1 4#i is$itesc $e 1n rishi, c#re # de$it rel#ti5it#te#
c1no#terii "eno4en#le $rin #cel e"ort de integr#re ntr+o contiin
s1$re4, st#tic i #9sol1t2
entr1 U$#nis8#de, ##d#r, 7eii n1 4#i s1nt $1terile teri"i#nte #le
si49olis41l1i 5edic, ci si4$le entiti c#re o9in di5init#te# $rin
nsei rit1rile nde$linite de o4 =5rhad'ranya2a 0panishad, I@, III,
**F Taittiryia 0panishad, II, W=2 Eeii nii se te4 de 4o#rte i
$er"or4e#7 #ci1nile $rescrise de @ed#s c# 1n 4ijloc de $rotej#re
4$otri5# 4orii =Chh'ndogya U$2, I,I@,N=2 D#r nici $rin #cele #ci1ni
n1 c6tig ne41rire#, cci dis$#rii# de"initi5 i #te#$t d#c greesc
rit1#l1rile2 De #cee#, 7eii $rsesc cele trei ,edas i se retr#g n s.ara,
sil#9# ;o4; <4#ntr#=, c1 $1teri s1$re4e <i9id2 I,I@,*=2 E5ident, 7eii
de c#re $o4enesc 0panishadele n1 s1nt di5initile Indiei 4edie5#le
i nici $erson#giile #nt8eon1l1i elen2 Ei n1 s1nt ntotde#1n#
$ersoni"icri si49olice, ci indic ;"or# s19til; ce condiione#7 o
existen s#1 o #n14it 4#ni"est#re # #celei existene <52
5rhad'ranya2a 0panishad, IH,IP, $#ss2 #s1$r# 7eilor, ele4entelor,
org#nelor, so#rel1i, etc=2 !re91ie #4intit c#r#cter1l #cest# #l
4itologiei indiene, c# s n1 se j1dece re"or4# 1$#nis8#dic c# $e o
re"or4 religio#s s#1 1n# #teist2 Religio7it#te# n1 s1"er $rin critic#
di5initilor 5edice2 Eeii s1nt "ore s1$erio#re o#4enilor, desig1r, d#r
$#rtici$6nd l# #cele#i legi #le cre#iei2 Ei se te4 s "ie in5oc#i c1
n14ele lor $ro$ri1 i le $l#ce s "ie c8e4#i indirect =5rhad'ranya2a
0panishad, I@, ,,,NF <ittiriya U$2, I, *, ,-=, toc4#i $entr1 c $#rtici$
l# #cel $l#n 4#gic 1nde A n14ele; -sho(da T logos/ este o mantra,
#dic n1 n14#i noi1ne# o9iect1l1i, ci nsi $oten# indi5id1#l,
;5oin# de # "i el ns1i; # #cel1i o9iect2
De #lt"el, d1$ ce se re#li7e7#7 #ce# $re7en i4#nent # l1i
&r#84#n+"cn#n, o ini4#gin#9il "or se co41nic inst#nt#ne12 El
#j1nge2 st$6n1l $oteni#l #l tot1l1i2 !r#d1ce4 #ici 1n extre4 de
i4$ort#nt text din 5rahad'ranya2a 0panishad, ce ex$ri4 de"initi5
r#$ort1rile dintre o4 i 7e12 ;0ricine c1no#te #cest &r#84#n n "el1l
E1 s1nt &r#84# ;, c8i#r 7eii s1nt c1 #de5r#t ne$1tincioi s+,
4$iedice de l# $osesi# <t1t1ror strilor i l1cr1rilor=2 entr1 c el
#j1nge S1"let1l lor
/
2 Ji oricine #dor o 7eit#te n #cest "el % El e altul,
11
Ain% $unoat% a=un2% %l -n&ui o(i%$tul $uno&$ut1 .A%l $ar% $unoat% #int%a dr%pt $raini$ul
lui Gra7#a" -n 'or#a &a d% pnna, a=un2% %l -n&ui &t+p,nul a$%&tui $raini$" %t$1. ()aus$itM6a'
.ra$#aaaUpa#sbad, 11"1<1
NW.
#lt1l s1nt e1; n1 c1no#te <secret1l l1i &r#84#n=2 Ase4ene# 1n1i
#ni4#l de $o5#r, el e u"at de 7ei2 D1$ c14 5itele 4enin $e o4, tot
#st"el "iec#re o4 4enine 7eii2 E ne$lc1t s $ier7i c8i#r o 5it, d#r
c6nd $ier7i 4#i 41lte : De #cee# e ne$lc1t 7eilor c# o#4enii s
c1no#sc #ce#st#; <I,I@, ,/=2
E e5ident din #cest $#s#gi1 c idee# $l1r#litii 7eilor i deose9irii
s19st#ni#le ntre o4 i 7e1 e consider#t dre$t s1$erstiie $rod1s de
il17i# inii#l # d1#litii2 '14#i ntr1c6t e or9it de ignor#n, o41l
socotete 7e1l o $1tere r#dic#l di5ers de # s# i i $roiecte#7 n
conce$i# di5initii $ro$ri#+i inc#$#cit#te de # re5el# di5in1l n s1"let2
Moti51l #cest# #l identitii "onci#re o4 +7e1 i necesit#te#
#9sol1t de # "i contient de #cest# eg#lit#te s19st#ni#l l nt6lni4 n
41lte coli 4istice i gnostice occident#le2 D#r 1n "r#g4ent din
Corpus Permeticum $re7int o s1r$rin7to#re identit#te c1 g6ndire#
indi#n i ex$ri4 "ericit #cest# idee 1$#nis8#dic% ; D#c t1 n1 tii s
te "#ci 1n1l c1 7e1l, n1 l $oi nelege2 Si4il#r1l nelege si4il#r1l2
Crete t1 ns1i ntr+o 4ri4e i4ens, ntrece to#te cor$1rile, str9#te
$este to#te ti4$1rile, de5ino eternit#te i 5ei nelege $e D14ne7e12
'i4ic n1 te 4$iedic de # te i4#gin# ne41ritor i c1nosctor #l
t1t1ror #rtelor, tiinelor i #$1ct1rilor oricr1i #ni4#l2 n#l+te
de#s1$r# oricrei #lte nli4i, co9o#r+te 4#i #d6nc dec6t oric#re #lt
#d6nci4e2 Ad1n n tine to#te sen7#iile l1cr1rilor cre#te + # #$ei, #
"oc1l1i, # 1sc#t1l1i, # 14ed1l1i2 nc8i$1iete+i c eti si41lt#n $este
tot, $e $46nt, 4#re i cerF c t1 n1 #i "ost niciod#t nsc1t, c eti
nc 1n e49rionF c eti t6nr i 9tr6n, 4ort i dincolo de 4o#rte,
nelege tot1l deod#t, ti4$1rile, loc1rile, l1cr1rile, c#litile,
c#ntitile + i 5ei nelege $e D+7e12 D#r d#c, di4$otri5, te nc8i7i
n "$t1r# t# tr1$e#sc, d#c te sco9ori 14ilit i s$1i % ;E1 n1 neleg
ni4ic, e1 n1 $ot ni4ic, e1 n1 ti1 ce l1cr1 s1nt i ce 5oi "i;, + #t1nci
ce #i t1 co41n c1 7e1l :222 er"eci1ne# r1l1i e de # n1 c1no#te
di5in1l; <!r#d2 Men#rd, $2 ))=2
Un rishi 1$#nis8#dic n1 #dor 7eii 5edici $rin s#cri"icii sc14$e i
co4$lic#te, #t6t $entr1 4oti51l c orice s#cri"ici1 o9iecti5 $#rtici$ l#
2arma, c6t i $entr1 "#$t1l c el # desco$erit cos4os1l <##d#r
di5initile c#re l dirije#7, de.ata/ n $ro$ri1l s1 cor$ ns1"leit de
prhna <energi# 5it#l 4#ni"est#t $rin rit41l res$ir#tori1= i il14in#t
de intelect2 Sing1r# d#torie # 1n1i rishi e re5el#re# l1i &r#84#n n
s1"let, i #ce#st# n1 se $o#te o9ine $e nici o c#le religio#s,
s#cri"ici#l, toc4#i $entr1 c to#te #ceste #ci1ni s1nt c#li"ic#te, i#r
&r#84#n e nec#li"ic#t2 Desig1r, ns, c n1 oricine i n1 dintr+o d#t
$o#te o9ine #ce#st c1no#tere 4et#"i7ic, 1ni5ers#l2 n #cest c#7, o
#n14it religio7it#te e neces#r celor c#re, dei #1 $ornit $e dr141l
c1no#terii interio#re # l1i &r#84#n, n1 l+#1 re#li7#t nc, #dic n1 #1
#tins ni5el1l 5ie1irii n saccid'handa. Ace#st ;#dor#re;, ns, n1
i4$lic idee# d1#litii, s$eci"ic oricrei religio7iti2 E o 4etod de
identi"ic#re c1 7e1l $rin ns1i #ct1l religios, d#r n1 de identi"ic#re
NW
)
#9str#ct, ci de rec1no#tere 5ictorio#s # 7e1l1i n $ro$riile #cti5iti
5it#le, n $ro$ri1l ti4$2
?iec#re org#n i #re 7e1l s1, #dic energi# s$eci"ic $rin c#re
org#n1l exist i "1ncione#72 ntre #ceste energii i energiile cos4ice
n1 exist di"eren c#lit#ti5, ci 1n# c#ntit#ti52 ?oc1l res$ir#iei, s$1n
textele, e #cel#i c# i "oc1l #lt#r1l1i s#cr1, #cel#i c# i 4#ss#
inc#ndescent # So#rel1i2 Se distinge #ici ;$rinci$i1l; "oc1l1i,
sing1r1l c#re interese#7 ntr+1n rit1#l2 A#d#r, cei c#re 5oiesc s o"ere
o"r#nde s#cri"ici#le "oc1l1i n1 s1nt d#tori s #rd 1n "oc re#l, o9iecti5F
$ro$ri# lor res$ir#ie e de #j1ns2 Se rec1no#te #cel#i ;s#cri"ici1
4ent#l;, "1nd#t $e senti4ent1l identitii 4#crocos4os18ii i
4icrocos4os1l1i2
I#t o $ild de 1n2 #st"el de s#cri"ici1, $e c#re textele l n14esc
;Agni8otr# intern; <hgni8otr# e 1n1l dintre s#cri"iciile centr#le
rit1#l1l1i 5edic=2; C6t ti4$ o41l 5or9ete, el n1 $o#te res$ir#F #t1nci
el o"er res$ir#i# n 5or9ire2 C6t ti4$ res$ir, el n1 $o#te 5or9iF
#t1nci o"er 5or9ire# res$ir#iei2 Aceste s1nt cele do1 "r + s"6rit i
ne41rito#re #9l#ii <i $rin #cest ter4en se neleg to#te o"r#ndele i
$iesele #ctelor s#cri"ici#le= #1 1n s"6rit i $#rtici$ l# n#t1r# #cti5itii
14#ne <#dic s1nt deter4in#te i dirij#te de 2arma/. Cei 9tr6ni
-rishii/, c1nosc6nd #cest #de5r#t s#cri"ici1, n1 o9in1i#1 s o"ere
<gnihotraF. -:aushita2i- 5rahmana 0panishad, III, Q=2
Desco$erind1+se c $r6n# e $rinci$i1l "1nd#4ent#l #l oricrei
existene i c e identic c1 5i## cos4ic + se inst#1re#7 #cest
ind19it#9il i concret $rinci$i1 c# 9#7 # oricr1i s#cri"ici1, #dic #
oricr1i #ct $rin c#re o41l nce#rc s intre n legt1r# direct c1 7e1l2
E5ident, ns, c ns1i #cest soi de religio7it#te tre91ie s "ie
#9#ndon#t de 1n #de5r#t rishi, c#re desco$er n sine n1 n14#i
4#teri#lele $rin c#re $o#te #"l# 7e1l, ci $e 7e1 ns1i2 I#r #cest 7e1 n1
4#i e di5init#te 5edic, $ersoni"ic#re # energiilor n#t1r#le, "or
integr#t n etern# ro#t # 2armei - ci s1$re41l Ish.ara, 1n1l "r #l
doile#, dincolo de orice 4#ni"est#re <"r c#li"ic#ti5e, nirguna/,
&r#84#n2
At6t ti4$ c6t o41l $#rtici$ l# 5i## terestr, c1 d#toriile i
o9sc1ritile s#le, &r#84#n e $entr1 el 1n altul, or9it de il17i#
d1#litii, de joc1l 4#rii nelto#re, M'y', el se socotete di"erit fie
&r#84#n i scl#51l s12 entr1 1n #st"el de o4, &r#84#n e tero#re% ;o
$1ternic tero#re, tr7net1l ridic#t; -:atha 0panishad, @I,N=2 041l, n
ignor#n, se identi"ic el ns1i n1 c1 Cre#tor1l, c1 &r#84#n, ci c1
cre#i#, c1 "or4ele c#re se te4 de cel ce le+# "1rit% ;De "ric# l1i, "oc1l
#rdeF de s$#i4, so#rele strl1ceteF de "ric, Indr#, i @6nt1l,,i
Mo#rte# i nde$linesc d#toriile lor; -:atha, @I,*=2 S#1, c14 s$1ne
5rhad'rapya2a@ A$rin $or1ncile #cest1i $1ternic Do4n, o8T G#rgi,
so#rele i l1n# s1nt $str#te n loc1rile lor, $rin co4#nd# l1i cer1rile i
$46nt1l, 4in1tele i orele, 7ilele i no$ile, etc222 s1nt $str#te n
loc1rile lor;2 <III, @III,(=2 NWW
Se $o#te desci"r# #ici #cel senti4ent #l n14inos1l1i #t6t de
origin#l ex$lic#t i cl#si"ic#t de 0tto n D#s Peilige, $entr1 c
S8#4H#r#, co4ent6nd text1l din :atha PI, N s$1ne% ;Acest &r#84#n,
c#17# originii, conser5rii i distr1gerii 1ni5ers1l1i, e mahat (haya
<#dic 4#re i teri"i#nt=2 E #se4ene# "1lger1l1i ridic#t, $entr1 c, d1$
c14 l# 5edere# st$6n1l1i c1 9ici1l ridic#t n 46n, ser5itorii i
res$ect ordinele, tot #st"el l14e# #ce#st#, c1 5oie5o7ii ei i c1
so#rele, l1n#, $l#netele, constel#iile i steleje, etc222 n ordine i "r o
cli$ nt6r7iere #sc1lt lege# <st$6n1l1i=;2 D#r senti4ent1l #cest#
cre#t1r#l de tero#re di5in n1 ex$ri4 dec6t #tit1dine# ignor#nilor,
c#re socotesc $e &r#84#n altul dec6t ei nii2 &r#84#n $o#te "i oric6t
de teri"i#nt n di5init#te# s#, d#r exist, n #cel#i ti4$, n ;ini4#
cre#t1rilor;, n1 $rintr+1n r#$ort de gr#ie s#1 i19ire, ci existeni#l2
At6t ti4$ c6t il17i# d1#lis41l1i i di"erenei o4+&r684#n str1ie, e
c1 ne$1tin de nlt1r#t te#4#, res$ect1l legii, d#toriile ctre
societ#te, etc2 + ntreg con5oi1l de s#rcini i d1reri o9lig#torii 1nei
5iei 41nd#ne2 entr1 1n rishi, ns, orice d#torie soci#l, etic,
religio#s #j1nge in1til2 El n1 se ro#g $entr1 c 7e1l e n sineF n1
s#cri"ic, $entr1 c #lt#r1l e ns1i tr1$1l l1i, i#r "oc1l s#cri"ici#l,
res$ir#i#% n1 se te4e, $entr1 c e "r te#4 -nir(han/, d1$ c14 e
&r#84#n ns1i2
<SU#rg# As8r#4+Hi4#l#>#, Dec, ,(**=
'ote de iconogr#"ie indi#n
n "oileton1l $recedent #4 5or9it des$re esen# #rtei indiene,
des$re "el1l n c#re nelege cre#i# 1n #rtist indi#n i des$re e"ort1l de
#9str#ci1ne $e c#re l necesit conte4$l#i# 1nei o$ere $l#stice
indiene2 De #st d#t, ne li4it4 n14#i l# 1n #s$ect #l cre#i1nii
$l#stice% l# iconogr#"ie, #dic l# o #cti5it#te cre#to#re n c#re #rtist1l
n1 #re nici o inii#ti5, gsete $ro9le4ele i sol1iile de 41lt
s#ncti"ic#te, #sc1lt de 1n 9ine+st#9ilit c#non 8ier#tic i n1 ex$ri4
nici e4oiile l1i $erson#le, nici "r141seile n#t1rii2 E cee# ce se
n14ete #rt# ortodox s#1 cl#sic -shastr!ya/, c#re n1 cree#7 o$ere
de #rt, ci 4odele s$irit1#le, i4#gini c#re tre91iesc interiori7#te $rin
4edit#ie + i # cror #ci1ne #s1$r# o41l1i n1 cond1ce l# o e4oie
estetic, ci l# 1n senti4ent de 4$c#re i des56rire, $1nct de
$ornire ctre o #scensi1ne s$irit1#l ce de$ete c1 41lt #rt#2
De #cee#, c# s $o#t re#li7# n 4#teri#le 4odel1l indic#t n
tr#t#tele iconogr#"ice, 4eter1l tre91ie s d1c o 5i# $1r i senin,
i#r n#inte de # se #$1c# de l1cr1, tre91ie s+i cl#ri"ice 5i7i1ne# $rin
4edit#ie i yoga. El n1 cree#7 n s$#i1l "eno4enelor n#t1r#le,
c1lorile i liniile l1i n1 5or "i cele #te$t#te de int1ii# l#ic,
"r141seile l1i n1 5or oglindi "r141seile #ntro$o4or"e2 M1nc# l1i de
4eter e e# nsi o conte4$l#ie, o i4it#ie # 4odelelor cror# le d
"or42 S194itere# l1i tot#l c#non1l1i e ce# 4#i $1r #sce72
entr1 c #sce7# n1 i4$lic totde#1n# s1"erin# crnii i 9ici1ire#
s$irit1l1iF exist o #sce7 n orice ren1n#re l# inii#ti5# $erson#l, n
orice #9#ndon#re l1cid # s$irit1l1i, $entr1 # "i 4odel#t de o 5oin
s1$r#14#n, 4#ni"est#t n gest1ri st#tice, 8ier#tice2 Meter1l indi#n,
n 41nc# l1i de oglindire # gest1l1i 8ier#tic, s56rete o $r#ctic
>og#, c#re nse#4n n #cel#i ti4$ ;n"r6n#re; i ;1nire;F n"r6n#re #
#cti5itii de7ordon#te, # din#4icii 4ent#le de to#te 7ilele + i 1nire c1
di5init#te# #le#s $entr1 4edit#i# l1i -+shtade.'ta/.
!extele s1nt "o#rte $recise n #ce#st $ri5in2 9hu2r!ch!rya scrie%
;Icon#r1l s #e7e ico#ne n te4$le $rin 4edit#i# #celor di5initi
c#re s1nt o9iect1l de5oi1nii s#le2 entr1 "ericit# 4$linire # #cestei
yoga, el tre91ie s 1r4e7e $#s c1 $#s descriere# i4#ginii ## c14 se
gsete n cri2 e nici 1n #lt"el de dr14, nici c8i#r $rin 5i7i1ne#
direct i i4edi#t # 1n1i o9iect re#l, n1 e $osi9il o #9sor9ie #t6t de
$ro"1nd n 4edit#ie, c14 e #cee# o9in1t "c6nd ico#ne; <cit#t din
Coo4#r#s8U#4>, @a danse de 9hi.a, $2QN=2 N(/
Concentr#i# 4ent#l #s1$r# ico#nei di5initii ce 1r4e#7 # "i
oglindit n 4#teri#le + n1 e $r#ctic#t n14#i de 4eter2 E# e
indis$ens#9il i de5ot1l1i, cel1i c#re conte4$l i4#gine# d1$ ce e#
# "ost introd1s n te4$l1 s#1 n s#nct1#r2 0rice #$ro$iere de
di5init#te "c1t $rin i4#gini <cci exist i o #$ro$iere direct, "r
i4#gini, i e# e consider#t s1$erio#r= n1 $o#te "i re#li7#t t#r o
$re#l#9il interiori7#re # ico#nei, #dic "r ;4edit#re#; ei,
tr#ns$1nere# ei $e 1n $l#n de 5i7i1ne interio#r2 L1cr1rile #ceste#
ele4ent#re #1 "ost 1it#te de #cei s#5#ni i 4ision#ri e1ro$eni, c#re s+
#1 gr9it s 5or9e#sc de ;idol#tri#; i idolii; Indiei2 De "#$t, n1
exist idoli n ex$erien# religio#s indi#n2
I4#ginile 7eilor s1nt n14#i s1$ort1l 4edit#iei, $1nct1l de
$lec#re o9iecti5 #l 1nei ex$eriene c#re se rs"r6nge n contiin#
de5ot1l1i2 I4#gine# e 1n $retext, 1n 5e8ic1l c#re cond1ce ntr+o #lt
trire, o trire #r4onio#s, nsenin#t, li9er2 0"r#ndele #d1se ctre
;idoli; n1 s1nt dec6t 1n gest de dr1ire i ren1n#reF de ren1n#re,
ntr1c6t de5ot1l ren1n l# dre$t1l l1i de inii#ti5 i $r#ctic 1n rit1#l
i4$1s de dogm', #dic de o lege c#re l tr#nscende i l #$#s2
0"r#nd# + "iind cel dint6i $#s ctre desct1#re + $rod1ce inst#nt#ne1 o
4$ros$t#re # contiinei, o li9er#re de indi5id1#lis4 i "#ce $osi9il
o #$ro$iere de #lte stri de contiin, o #lt trire2
Iconogr#"i# indi#n re$re7int #st"el o serie de $otente c#re
tre91iesc #ct1#li7#te, scen#rii ce tre91iesc dr#4#ti7#te, ex$eri4ent#te
$rintr+o trire # lor n #lt $l#n dec6t $l#n1l contiinei di1rneF cee# ce e
8ier#tic i #lge9ric n gest1l i tectonic# lor tre91ie din#4i7#t, n5i#t
i trit $rintr+1n e"ort sincer de interiori7#re i 5oin de s"inenie2
ild# 1nei st#t1i s#1 ico#ne indiene n1 tre91ie nele#s si49olic2
Gest1l lor e sing1r# in5it#ie% "ii c# noiT C6nd 1n indi#n 4edite#7 $e
o te4 iconogr#"ic, el n1 "#ce #ltce5# dec6t s' urme"e indic#i#
gest1l1i, d#r n1 $rintr+o i4it#ie exterio#r, ci c1t6nd 4ie71l, rod1l
ex$eri4ent#l i concret #l gest1l1i2
?iec#re te4 iconogr#"ic e, n #cel#i ti4$, i o te4 lit1rgic2
De #cee# 4edit#i# $rin conte4$l#re# i4#ginilor n1 se "#ce nici o d#t
sing1r, ci nto5rit de o lit1rg8ie 4ent#l s#1 or#l <re$et#re#
mantrei/. Medit#i# const toc4#i n interiori7#re# lit1rgic # i4#ginii
i # mantrei + $entr1 # $ro5oc# o st#re de contiin li9er#t de
din#4ic# 4ent#l, de cee# ce e "eno4en i il17ie n contiin#
o4ene#sc i # o9ine o st#re de coinciden $er"ect c1 di5init#te#2
Gest1l iconogr#"ic, ##d#r, n1 e dec6t 1n i49old l# ex$erien, l#
trire# netir9it de il17ii i $#si1ni2 Gest1l1i 8ier#tic + de $e $l#n1l
di5in + i cores$1nde 5oin# de s"inenie, $e $l#n1l 14#n2 De5ot1l se
#$ro$ie de i4#gine c1 5oin# de li9er#re, de de$ire # il17oriei 5iei
N(,
p% $ar% o vi%ui%t%1 M%ditaia" int%riori*ar%a" i#itar%a divinit+ii
-a$%&t%a &unt $orolariil% ori$+r%i t%#% i$ono2ra'i$%1 ?unt% $on$r%t+
-ntr% $%l% dou+ lu#i1 L%&t $ar% &% $%r% i#itat i %/p%ri#%ntat1 Rod
&u'l%t%&$ intradu$ti(il $%lui c#re n-a ncerc#t el ns1i #scensi1ne#
#ce#st# $rin 4edit#re2
Iconogr#"i# indi#n, n i4ensele ei "or4e, n1 e dec6t o serie
in"init de dr#4e #le #scensi1nii 14#ne ctre $er"eci1ne, #scensi1ne
cond1s de 5oin# de s"inenie <li9ert#te i 4il $entr1 to#t "$t1r#= #
o41l1i2 De #cee# "iec#re te4 iconogr#"ic + n legt1r "iind c1 o
4edit#ie, c1 o #n14it ex$erien + i #re c8ei# ei #$#rte2 E cee# ce
e1ro$enii n14esc ;si49olis41l; iconogr#"iei indiene2 De "#$t n1 e
dec6t "or41l#re# ei #lge9ric, #dic n ter4eni cons#cr#i i lesne+
nelei de cei ce c1nosc #l"#9et1l li49ii #cestei# "#nt#stice2
A4 4#i s$1s+o i c1 #lt $rilej% n1 exist si49olis4 orient#l, ci
n14#i 1n li49#j s$eci"ic, cores$1n76nd 1nei ex$eriene "#nt#stice #
ntregii 5iei #scetice <5e7i #rticolele des$re ;D#d; i ;M1dr#; din
;C156nt1l;, ,(*N=
,,(
2
Ji n 91d8is4, i n 8ind1is4 + c# s 5or9i4 n14#i de
$rinci$#lele c1rente religio#se c#re #1 #li4ent#t Indi# + "iec#re
di5init#te <n 91d8is4, "el1ritele i$ost#7e #le l1i &1dd8# #j1ng c1
ti4$1l 7eiti #$#rte= i #re c1lo#re# ei s$eci"ic, gest1l i si49ol1l ei2
'1 n14#i #t6t2 n "iec#re rit1#l + #dic n "iec#re sc8e4 de 4edit#ie
de ex$eri4ent#re + c1lo#re# se sc8i49, se 49in, gest1l se 4odi"ic,
si49ol1rile 5#ri#72 Iconogr#"i# c1no#te #st"el o in"init#te de n1#ne,
"iec#re indic6nd o tre#$t #n14it, 1n st#di1 9ine st#9ilit #l
#scensi1nii s$irit1#le2 Dr#4# li9ertii se ex$eri4ente#7 $rintr+o
serie in"init de #cte i de scene2 D#r, s 9g4 9ine de se#4,
iconogr#"i# n1 e dec6t #lge9ric# #cestei dr#4e, "or41l#re# 8ier#tic #
strilor de s1"let ce tre91iesc trite $6n # #j1nge $er"ect #r4onios,
$er"ect li9er, $er"ect senin2 '1 toi $ot 1rc# sc#r# $6n l# c#$t2 Cei
4#i 41li n1 c#1t li9ert#te#, ci #r4oni# c1 tr#nscendent1l, c1 dog4#
i c1 $1terile s1$r#"ireti2 Aceti# constit1ie i4ens# 4#jorit#te #
$o$or1l1i indi#n2 e ei i n14i4, de o9icei, idol#tri2
N(N
Ci1#ng + Ce
0 "ig1r re$re7ent#ti5 + #t6t $entr1 t#ois4, c6t i $entr1 ntre#g#
"iloso"ie c8ine72 n A$1s, # $tr1ns 4#i lesne dec6t ceil#li g6nditori
#i I4$eri1l1i Ceresc2 ro7# l1i e li$sit i de rigidit#te# l1i Confucius,
i de o9osito#rele #9str#cii #le l1i @ao-`e. E o $ro7 s$rinten,
5io#ie, rit4#t, color#t2 Dei o$er# s#, aa-Poa-Cen-:ing, $re7int
nen14r#te gre1ti $entr1 tr#d1ctorii e1ro$eni + e# $o#te, tot1i,
ent17i#s4# ?iloso"i# $e c#re o 5dete e 1i4itor de $ro"1nd i de
origin#lF i#r "or4# n c#re este ex$1s ntrece, $rin eleg#n i
si4$lit#te, c8i#r i $e #cee# # l1i Mencius, cel 4#i il1str1 stilist #l
co#lei con"1ciene i #l ntregii liter#t1ri c8ine7e2
A 5or9i des$re Ci1#ng+Ce nse#4n # 5or9i des$re taoism, des$re
religi#+"iloso"ie c#re i+# l1#t n14ele de l# !#o, c156nt 9og#t n
noi1ni, c#re se tr#d1ce, de o9icei, $rin Cale i Principiu.
I#r des$re t#ois4 n1 se $o#te 5or9i "r # $o4eni de nte4eietor1l
s1, de @ao-`e. L#o+Ce, cel c#re # scris o9sc1r# c#rte Tao-`e-:ing
<#dic% Cartea Principiului i a ,irtu*ii/, ce# 4#i o9sc1r i tot1i ce#
4#i interes#nt c#rte din liter#t1r# c8ine72
Doctrinele l1i L#o+Ce <sec2 @I n2 C8r2= #1 "ec1nd#t $ro"1nd#
c1get#re # l1i Ci1#ng+Ce <sec2I@+III n C8r2= i #1 silit+o s se
"r46nte $entr1 te4einic# i de"initi5# consolid#re # t#ois41l1i2
Ci1#ng+Ce e socotit, din $ricin# #ce#st#, c# 1n #l doile# "ond#tor #l
t#ois41l1i, #l religiei+"iloso"ice c#re s+# 4$otri5it 5e#c1ri de+# r6nd1l
religiei o"ici#le # con"1ci#nis41l1i2
!#ois41l # nde$linit n Extre41l + 0rient rol1l 91d8is41l1i n
Asi# Centr#l, #l religiilor 4isterice n Greci# i 0rient1l
4editer#ne#n, i #l sectelor gnostice din rile cretine% # "ost o religie
de m!ntuire personal'. !#ois41l s#tis"ce# #ce# ne5oie nnsc1t de
$er"eci1ne i 46nt1ire indi5id1#l2 Se 4$otri5e#, deci,
con"1ci#nis41l1i + c#re socote# religi# o "1ncie soci#l, 1n 4ijloc de
# exercit# #1torit#te# i4$eri#l, o $l1r#lit#te de rit1ri "r nici 1n
conin1t 4istic i #l cror 1nic sco$ er# de # str6nge co8e7i1ne#
cel1lei soci#le2 !#ois41l, deci, er# o religie i o "iloso"ie c#re indic#
oricr1i# c#le# $entr1 # se 46nt1i, $entr1 # $1te# c1no#te #de5r1l
s1$re42
At6t L#o+Ce c6t i Ci1#ng+Ce se #se#4n n esen# doctrinelor $e
c#re le 4$rtesc n crile lor2 L#o+Ce, ns, e so9r1, de o conci7ie
c#re #j1nge #deseori o9sc1rit#te2 C#$itolele din 3ao'Fe')in( &unt
concentr#te l# exces, s1nt 4$6n7ite d% noiuni i di&$uii #%ta'i*i$%
993
c#re, $rin #9str#ci1ne# i ci1deni# lor, o9osesc $e cetitor2
Di4$otri5, c#rte# l1i Ci1#ng+Ce e n #cel#i ti4$ i o o$er
liter#r2 C1getrile n1 s1nt nir#te 1n# d1$ #lt#, c# n Tao-&e-:ing
ci s1nt nto5rite de lin co4ent#ri1 l41ritor2 Co4ent#ri1l, de cele
4#i 41lte ori, l "or4e#7 $erson#j1l c1 c#re disc1t ;ero1l;
res$ecti5elor c#$itole din an-Pao-Cen-:ing. '1 li$sesc descrieri
j1ste i se4ni"ic#ti5e, ex$resii "ericite, #legorii ns1"leite de 1n
$ro"1nd i #1tentic s$irit $oetic2 ro7# l1i Ci1#ng+Ce 4$rtie n
s1"let o sen7#ie de $ros$ei4e, de tineree, de l14in $ri45r#tic2
A4 s$1s c doctrinele l1i L#o+Ce i Ci1#ng+Ce s1nt #$ro#$e
identice n cee# ce $ri5ete conin1t1l lor2 ntr+#de5r, #46ndoi
socotesc c 46nt1ire# s1"let1l1i n1 se $o#te o9ine dec6t $e o sing1r
c#le% c1no#tere# rinci$i1l1i Tao. !#o e 1nit#te# s$irit1#l #
Uni5ers1l1i2 E esen# l14ii, contient i din#4ic2 E 1n s$irit
$ri4ordi#l, din c#re to#te s+#1 re#li7#t $rin di"ereniere2 E o noi1ne
c#re + dei 41lt 4#i co4$lex + se $o#te #lt1r# Logos1l1i
greco+cretin2
!#ois41l n5# c rost1l o41l1i $e $46nt e de # se conto$i n
!#o, de # se nto#rce l# origine# L1cr1rilor2 ?r ndoi#l, #ce#st
conto$ire n !#o n1 $o#te "i re#li7#t $rin 4ijlo#ce o9icin1ite, $rin
si41ri s#1 r#i1ne2 !#o "iind de o esen s1$r#sensi9il,
tr#nscendent, + el n1 $o#te "i nici c8i#r ex$ri4#t c1 #j1tor1l r#i1nii2
C1 #t6t 4#i 41lt n1 $o#te "i ex$eri4ent#t2
Deo#rece c1no#tere# rinci$i1l1i !#o e #de5r#t1l sco$ #l 5ieii
+to#te celel#lte $reoc1$ri c#re de$rte#7 $e o4 de e#, s1nt
r1"cto#re2 Cel c#re 5re# s #ting !#o + tre91ie s dis$re1i#sc
to#te celel#lte $osi9iliti $e c#re i le o"er societ#te#% "ericire#
"#4iliei, sl1j9ele st#t1l1i, 9ogiile, des"trile tr1$eti, $rietenii2 S+#
#d1s n5in1ire# + 4#i #les de ctre $otri5nici, doctorii con"1ci#niti
+c t#ois41l e o religie + "iloso"ie $ri4ejdio#s societii2 E dre$t2
Credincioii 1r4rind 46nt1ire# $erson#l neglije#7 tot 4#i 41lt
d#toriile soci#le, #j1ng6nd c1 ti4$1l s le nde$rte7e2 0 societ#te
t#oist #r "i o societ#te de #n#8orei2 n5in1ire# #ce#st# se $o#te #d1ce,
ns, i 91d8is41l1i, i cretinis41l1i2 Un #de5r#t 91d8ist, c# i 1n
#de5r#t cretin+ n1 $o#te "i dec6t 1n #n#8oret2 Se $o#te rs$1nde c
se nt6lnesc "o#rte r#r #cei c#re #1 dorin# i $1tere# de # nde$lini
integr#l doctrinele crilor s"inte2 Cei 4#i 41li se 41l14esc s+i
ns1e#sc 1n n14r restr6ns de #de5r1ri 4or#le, o concentr#ie
"iloso"ic, s#1 c8i#r n14#i "r#g4ente de doctrin2
D#r s ne nto#rce4 l# Ci1#ng+Ce2 De #lt"el, ex$1n6nd credinele
t#oiste + #4 ex$1s, n #cel#i ti4$, i o 91n $#rte din c1get#re# s#2
@o4 #d1g# #c14 c6te5# #4n1nte 4enite s+, co4$lete7e2
N(-
nele$ii #1 #d1s n l14e, s$1ne Ci1#ng+Ce, c1lt1l r#i1nii2 Ji
nele$ii s1nt 5ino5#i de to#te relele ti4$1l1i i de to#te s1"erinele
$o$or1l1i2 entr1 c r#i1ne# # de75olt#t contiin#, i#r contiin# #
nde$linit tot 4#i 41lte di"erenieri n !#o, n Unit#te# $ri4iti52
Contiin# # $ricin1it #st"el d1rere#F $entr1 c # cre#t contr#riile
+$6n #t1nci nedi"ereni#te n !#o i # "c1t $osi9il li9er1l #r9itr12
n#inte de nele$i, n l14e do4ne#1 int1ii# i instinct1l2
04enire# $ri4iti5 er# #st"el 4#i #$ro#$e de !#o2
Contiin# indi5id1#litii ne"iind nc tre7it + o41l se $1te# c1
11rin #"1nd# n Unit#te# S$irit1#l # Uni5ers1l1i, se $1te# conto$i
c1 4edi1l 4$rej41itor, $1te# #tinge !#o2 De #ici dis$re1l l1i
Ci1#ng+Ce ctre r#ion#lis4, ctre con"1ci#nitii rigi7i i li$sii de
5i# interio#r, i ctre ntre#g# ci5ili7#ie, re71lt#nt # 1nei
4or#liti 5ici#te2 Sing1r 46nt1ire# e rento#rcere# l# st#re#
$ri4iti52 D#r $ri4iti5it#te + n1 nse#4n sl9ticie i 9esti#lit#te2
ri4iti51l, d1$ credin# l1i Ci1#ng+Ce $osed ns1iri s1"leteti c#re
#1 "ost 4#i t6r7i1, n ci5ili7#ie, ni4icite de r#i1ne2
M6nt1ire#, deci, n1 $o#te "i #tins dec6t $rin 4ijlo#ce 4istice
oc1lte, #s1$r# cror# Ci1#ng+Ce, c# i L#o+Ce d#1 $re# $1ine
#4n1nte2 L1cr1, de #lt"el, ex$lic#9il $rin li$s# de c15inte c#re s
ex$ri4e stri s1"leteti nec1nosc1te2 !ot1i, $1te4 s g8ici4 n ce #r
const# #tingere# rinci$i1l1i2 !#o $o#te "i c1nosc1t n14#i $rin
4edit#ii $rel1ngite, intros$eci1ne i #lte $r#ctici $e c#re le "olosesc
sutrele 91d8iste i oc1ltitii conte4$or#ni + # 1nor "ore i $osi9iliti
$si8ice #tro"i#te din $ricin# s1$re4#iei r#i1nii2
Ci1#ng+Ce i gsete c6te5# cores$ondene i n A$1s2 ?r #
$o4eni de Ro1sse#1 <ex#lt#re# o4enirii $ri4iti5e=, ne $1te4 g6ndi l#
lotin i &ergson2 De 1n1l l le#g 4isticis41l $ron1n#t, nto5rit
de ntinse constr1cii 4et#"i7ice2 De cell#lt, dis$re1l ctre
r#ion#lis4 i c1lt1l $entr1 int1iie2 Aceste#, c1 to#te restriciile ce
i4$lic o #lt1r#re ntre 0rient i 0ccident2
N(Q
Sete# 4ort1l1i
Utili7#re# #$ei "1ner#re se ex$lic $rin #cel#i #ns#49l1 c#re
5#lide#7 "1nci# ei cos4ogonic, 4#gic i ter#$e1tic% #$ele
;$otolesc sete# 4ort1l1i;, ele l di7ol5, l solid#ri7e#7 c1 se4ineleF
#$ele ;1cid 4ort1l;, #n1l6nd de"initi5 condii# s# 14#nAA, $e c#re
in"ern1l i+o l#s l# 1n ni5el sc71t, l#r5#r, $str6nd1+i #st"el int#ct
$osi9ilit#te# de s1"erin2 n di5ersele conce$ii des$re 4o#rte,
de"1nct1l n1 4o#re de"initi5, ci do96ndete n14#i 1n 4od ele4ent#r
de existenF este o regresi1ne, n1 e o extincie "in#l2 n #te$t#re#
re5enirii n circ1it1l cos4ic <tr#ns4igr#re#= s#1 # eli9errii de"initi5e,
s1"let1l 4ort1l1i sufer' i #ce#st s1"erin este ex$ri4#t ndeose9i
$rin sete.
&og#t1l, din "lcrile i#d1l1i, i cere l1i A5r##4% ;?ie+i 4il de
4ine i tri4ite $e L#7r s+i 1de 56r"1l deget1l1i n #$ i s+4i
rcore#sc li49#, cci 4 c8in1iesc n #ce#st 5$#ie; -@uca, ,., N-=2
e o t#9let or"ic <Ele1t8e4e= se #"l inscri$i#% ;Ard i 4
$r$desc de sete222;2 C1 $rilej1l cere4oniei H>dro$8ori#, se 5rs#
#$ $entr1 4ori $rin cr$t1ri =chasmata/, i#r n ti4$1l
Ant8esteriilor, n $re#j4# $loilor de $ri45#r, grecii crede#1 c
4orilor le er# sete <re"erine n L2Gernet, ;eme grec, $2 N.NF
2M2Sc818l, @a formation de la pensee grec4ue, $2 ,,(, n2 N, $2N,/=2
G6nd1l c s1"let1l 4orilor s1"er de sete # terori7#t n s$eci#l
$o$1l#iile #4enin#te de #ri i secet2 <Meso$ot#4i#, An#toli#,
Siri#, #lestin#, Egi$t1l= i 4#i c1 se#4 n #ceste regi1ni se $r#ctic#1
li9#i1nile $entr1 de"1nci i se nc8i$1i# "ericire# ;de dincolo; c# 1n
refrigerium <c"2 A2#rrot, @e refrigeriuni, $#ssi42F M2 Eli#de,
Aalmoxis I, ,(*W, $2N/* sR2=2 S1"erinele post mortem #1 "ost
ex$ri4#te n ter4eni concrei, ## c14 se "or41le#7 orice ex$erien
14#n i orice teorie #r8#icF ;sete# 4ort1l1i; i ;"lcrile; in"ernelor
#si#tice s1nt nloc1ite n conce$iile nordice $rin ter4en1l c#re
ex$ri4 ;te4$er#t1r# sc71t; <"rig, 9r14, 4l#tini ng8e#te2
etc2Fc"2 M2 Eli#de, Insula lui 8uttaoasius,p.H[3 Aahnox1s,l,p.>a/[/.
D#r #t6t sete# c6t i "rig1l trde#7 s1"erin#, dr#4#, neodi8n#2
Mort1l n1 $o#te r46ne necontenit ntr+o #se4ene# st#re, c#re este
n14#i o tr#gic degr#d#re # condiiei s#le 14#ne2 Li9#i1nile #1 dre$t
sco$ ;$otolire#; l1i, #dic s1$ri4#re# s1"erinelor, regener#re#
4ort1l1i $rintr+o ;disol1ie; tot#l n #$2 n Egi$t 4ort1l este 1neori
#si4il#t l1i 0siris i, c# #t#re, $o#te ndjd1i ntr+o ;so#rt #gricol;,
tr1$1l l1i ger4in6nd #se4ene# se4inelor2 e o stel "1ner#r de l#
&ritis8 M1se14, de"1nct1l #drese#7 l1i R r1g4inte# c# ;tr1$1l l1i
s $o#t ger4in#; <A2#rrot,$2l/*, n2*F Aalmoxis, I, $2N/., c1
re"erine co4$le4ent#re=2 D#r li9#i1nile n1 tre91ie ntotde#1n#
inter$ret#te ntr+1n sens ;#gricol;, sco$1l lor n1 este ntotde#1n#
;ger4in#re# 4ort1l1i;, tr#ns"or4#re# l1i n ;s46n; i neophytos
<neo"it, ;i#r9 no1;=, ci, n $ri41l r6nd, ;$otolire#; l1iF #dic
extinci# rest1l1i de condiie 14#n ce i+# 4#i r4#s, i4ersi1ne# l1i
tot#l n ;#$e;, $entr1 # $1te# do96ndi o no1 n#tere2 ;So#rt#
#gricol;, $e c#re o $ro4o5e#7 1neori li9#i1nile "1ner#re, n1 este
dec6t o consecin # #cestei de7integrri "in#le # condiiei 14#neF e# e
1n 4od no1 de 4#ni"est#re "c1t $osi9il $rin 5irt1ile di7ol5#nte, d#r
i ger4in#ti5e, #le #$elor2
/
Ace#st conce$ie s+# $str#t i n s$ec1l#i# "iloso"ic2 ;entr1 s1"lete, 4o#rte# nse#4n s
de5in #$;, s$1ne Her#clit <"r2 .W=2 De #cee# ;s1"let1l 1sc#t e cel 4#i nele$t i cel 4#i 91n;
<"r2 )-=2 !e#4# c 14e7e#l# ;di7ol5; s1"letele de7inc#4#te, "6c6nd1+le s ger4ine7e i
$roiect6nd1+le din no1 n circ1it1l "or4elor de 5i# in"erio#r, er# "rec5ent n soteriologi#
gre#c2 Un "r#g4ent or"ic <Cle4ent, 9trom. @I, N,,), l,?2Gern, $2NN.= s$1ne c ;$entr1 s1"let
#$# este 4o#rte;, i#r or"ir -)e antro nymp(., ,/+,,= ex$lic tendin# s1"letelor de"1ncte ctre
14idit#te $rin dorin# lor de rentr1$#re2 S$ec1l#i# 1lterio#r # de$reci#t "1nci# ger4in#ti5 #
#$elor deo#rece sit1# ce# 4#i 91n so#rt post mortem, n1 n reintegr#re# n circ1it1l cos4ic, ci,
di4$otri5, n e5#d#re# din l14e# "or4elor org#nice ctre e4$ire1, ctre regi1nile celeste2 De
#ici i4$ort#n# c#$it#l #cord#t itiner#relor sol#re, ;1scci1nii;2
N(.
Concl17ii
A4 #tr#s #teni# #s1$r# si49olis41l1i >ogic #l 4orii i #l
ren#terii% 4o#rte "# de condii# 14#n $ro"#n, ren#tere l# o
4od#lit#te tr#nscendent2 Vogin1l se strd1iete s ;rsto#rne;
co4$let co4$ort#4ent1l nor4#l% el i i4$1ne o ne4ic#re
$ietri"ic#t # cor$1l1i -asana/, rit4#re# i o$rire# s1"l1l1i
-pntin'QBna/, "ix#re# "l1x1l1i $si8o4ent#l -e2'gr'ta/, i4o9ilis41l
g6ndirii, ;o$rire#; se4inei2 L# to#te ni5el1rile ex$erienei o4eneti,
el "#ce contrariul # cee# ce 5i## i cere s "#ci 0r, si49olis41l
;contr#ri1l1i; indic n #cel#i ti4$ condii# post-mortem i condii#
di5in% se tie c dre#$t# $e $46nt cores$1nde st6ngii dincolo, 1n
5#s s$#rt #ici ec8i5#le#7I c1 1n1l int#ct n l14e# de dincolo de
4or46nt i # 7eilor, etc2 ;Rst1rn#re#; co4$ort#4ent1l1i nor4#l l
sit1e#7 $e >ogirt n #"#r# 5ieii2 El n1 se o$rete ns l# j14t#te#
dr141l1i% 4orii i 1r4e#7 o ren#tere inii#tic2 Vogin1l i "1rete
1n ;cor$ no1;, tot ## c14 se consider c neo"it1l societilor #r8#ice
o9ine 1n cor$ no1 n 1r4# iniierii2
L# $ri4# 5edere, refu"ul .ie*ii i4$1s de Vog# #r $1te# s $#r
teri"i#nt, deo#rece co4$ort 4#i 41lte si49olis4e "1ner#re%
ex$eriene c#re s1nt tot #t6te# #ntici$ri #le 4orii2 roces1l #ne5oios
i co4$lic#t de det##re i eli4in#re "in#l # t1t1ror conin1t1rilor
c#re #$#rin ni5el1rilor $si8o"i7iologice #le ex$erienei o4eneti n1
#d1ce o#re #4inte de $roces1l 4orii : entr1 Indi#, 4o#rte# se
tr#d1ce ntr+1n #de5r $rintr+o se$#r#re 9r1t#l # S$irit1l1i de to#te
ex$erienele $si8o"i7iologice2 Ji, $ri5ind l1cr1rile 4#i nde#$ro#$e,
4ister1l eli9errii, nto#rcere# ele4entelor -tatt.a/ n pra2Qti #1 de
#se4ene# se4ni"ic#i# 1nei #ntici$ri # 4orii2 An14ite exerciii
>ogico+t#ntrice n1 s1nt dec6t o ;5i71#li7#re #ntici$#t; #
desco4$1nerii i re5enirii ele4entelor n circ1it1l n#t1rii, 1n "eno4en
$e c#re l decl#ne#7, n 4od n#t1r#l, 4o#rte#2 '14ero#se ex$eriene
de d1$ 4o#rte descrise n 5ardo Thodol, Cartea Ti(etan' a Mor*ii,
cores$1nd n c8i$ str#ni1 exerciiilor de 4edit#ie >ogico+t#ntrice2
Jti4 #c14 c #ce#st 4o#rte #ntici$#t este o 4o#rte inii#tic,
"iind 1r4#t deci c1 necesit#te de o ren#tere2 !oc4#i n 5edere#
#cestei ren#teri l# 1n #lt 4od de # "i, s#cri"ic >ogin1l tot cee# ce
$#re i4$ort#nt l# ni5el1l ex$erienei $ro"#ne2 S#cri"ici1 #l ;5ieii;, d#r
i #l ;$erson#litii; s#le2 Din $ers$ecti5# 1nei existene $ro"#ne #cest
s#cri"ici1 de5ine de neneles2 Se c1no#te ns rs$1ns1l "iloso"iei
indiene% $ers$ecti5# existenei $ro"#ne este "#ls2 Ji #ce#st# dintr+1n
d19l1 4oti5% 5i## des#cr#li7#t este s1"erin i il17ie i, $e de #lt
N(W
$#rte, nici 1n# din $ro9le4ele 1lti4e n+#r $1te# "i sol1ion#t din
$ers$ecti5# 1nei #se4ene# 5iei2 S ne #4inti4 rs$1ns1l d#t de 9'm-
2hya-Coga $ro9le4elor re"erito#re l# c#17# i nce$1t1l
$se1doscl#5iei S$irit1l1i n circ1it1l 4#teriei i #l 5ieii% s1nt
$ro9le4e insol19ile n #ct1#l# condiie 14#nF #lt"el s$1s, ele
constit1ie ;4istere; $entr1 orice inteligen c#re n1 este eli9er#t
<$entr1 orice inteligen c71t, #4 s$1ne noi=2 D#c dori4 s
nelege4 #ceste ;4istere;, tre91ie s ne nl4 l# 1n #lt 4od de # "i
i, $entr1 # #j1nge #colo, se i4$1ne s ;41ri4; "# de #ce#st 5i#
i s ;s#cri"ic4A $erson#lit#te# i5it din te4$or#lit#te i cre#t de
istorie <$erson#lit#te# "iind, n#inte de orice, 4e4ori# $ro$riei no#stre
istorii=2 Ide#l1l Vogi, st#re# de Q+.anmu2ta, este de # tri ntr+1n
;$re7ent etern;, n #"#r# ti4$1l1i2 ;Eli9er#t1l n 5i# ;n1 se 4#i
91c1r de o contiin $erson#l, #dic #li4ent#t de $ro$ri# s#
istorie, ci de o contiin+4#rtor, c#re nse#4n l1cidit#te i
s$ont#neit#te $1re2 '1 5o4 ncerc# s descrie4 #ce#st st#re
$#r#dox#l% cci, o9in1t c# 1r4#re # ;4o"ii; "# de condii# 14#n
i # ren#terii l# 1n #lt 4od de # "i tr#nscendent, e# este ired1cti9il l#
c#tegoriile no#stre2 S s19linie4 tot1i 1n "#$t, de interes 4#i c1r6nd
istoric% Vog# rei# i $rel1ngete si49olis41l i4e4ori#l #l iniieriiF c1
#lte c15inte, e# se integre#7 1nei tr#diii 1ni5ers#le # istoriei
religio#se # o4enirii% ce# c#re const n # #ntici$# 4o#rte# n 5edere#
#sig1rrii ren#terii l# o 5i# s#ncti"ic#t, #dic "c1t real' $rin
ncor$or#re# s#cr1l1i2 Indi# s+# #56nt#t ns extre4 de de$#rte $e #cest
$l#n tr#diion#l2 Ren#tere# inii#tic se tr#d1ce $entr1 Vog# $rin
o9inere# ne41ririi s#1 # li9ertii #9sol1te2 Ex$lic#i# coexistenei n
Vog# # ;4#giei; iA # ;4isticii; tre91ie c1t#t n c8i#r str1ct1r#
#cestei stri $#r#dox#le, sit1#t dincolo de existen# $ro"#n% tot1l este
n "1ncie de sens1l c#re i se #tri91ie li9ertii2
N((
'ote
l2Este o 4od#lit#te egi$te#n de tr#ns$1nere # H#r4ei2 N2@rjitori# er#
"o#rte de75olt#t l# egi$teni, 52 i ro4#n1l $o$1l#r <lexandria# 1n1l
dintre eroi este 5estit1l 5rjitor 'etin#5, regele Egi$t1l1i2 otri5it
#cestei scrieri $o$1l#re "#nt#stice, Alex#ndr1 #r "i odr#sl# n#t1r#l #
5rjitor1l1i2
*2Un "el de t#9l de legi s19 "or4 de interog#ie retoric <"or41l liric
"rec5ent l# s14erieni i n liter#t1r# Egi$t1l1i de #ltd#t, 9#7#t $e
neg#ie2 Registr1l etic este ns "o#rte #$ro$i#t de text1l s#cr1 $ri4it
de Moise $e 41nte, cele9rele ;t#9le #le legii;2
-2Mirce# Eli#de o9ser5 c n Textele piramidelor se #"l o 5#ri#nt
"1ner#r n c#re 4o#rte# "#r#on1l1i, c# "i1 #l l1i R6, 4#rele 7e1 ceresc,
este di5ini7#t i se$#r#t de ce# # o#4enilor i # elitelor egi$tene2 C1 #lte
c15inte, ;4o#rte#; "#r#on1l1i #$#re+ sol#ri7#t, n1 osiri#ni7#t% ; Ii desc8i7i
loc1l t1 n cer $rintre Stelele din Cer, cci t1 eti o ste#222 !e 1ii $este
14r1l l1i 0siris, co4#n7i celor deced#i, te ii de$#rte de d6nii, n1 eti din
#i lor222; <C"2 Mirce# Eli#de, Istoria credin*elor i ideilor religioase, I,
&1c1reti, ,(W,, $2 ,//=2 ?iind co9or6tor din 7e1l s1$re4, d1c6nd o co$ilrie
s1$r#"ire#sc <n cer er# 8rnit de 4#re# 5#c # 9oarelui, Patori, i se #"l#
$er4#nent s19 ocrotire# #cestei#=, ?#r#on1l se 91c1r de ;ne41rire;,
#se4ene# t#tl1i s1 di5in% ;Regele 4ort se identi"ic c1 R6, c#$t #cee#i
$erso#n c# i t#tl s1, "iindc n 1nele !exte #le $ir#4idelor se s$1ne%
;!12R6, eti regele, i regele eti t1222 !1 strl1ceti l14in6nd n rege i
regele l14ine#7 n tine;2 Mo#rte# i con"er "#r#on1l1i deced#t
identit#te# de$lin c1 t#tl s1; <C"2 Const#ntin D#niel, Cultura
spiritual' a 8giptului antic. &1c1reti, ;C#rte# Ro46ne#sc;, ,(WQ,
$2N(Q=2 Q2Un# dintre 8iero"#niile regel1i n cltoriile s#le $ost+4orte4,
$rintre
stele2
.2Este 1n #s$ect #l oc1ltrii $rin #sc1ndere# n s$#tele 4#i 41ltor n14e
<secrete= s#1 $rin circ1l#re# e$itetelor <s1$erl#ti5e=, "eno4en "iresc o
d#t c1 de75olt#re# 4or#lei religio#se2
)2Este #de5r#t, i #ce#st# $entr1 c religi# osiri#n# er# "o#rte $o$1l#r, 4#i
no1 i de4ocr#t <c# oric#re credin 9#7#t $e c1lt1l 5eget#iei, #l
4orii i #l res1reciei $l#ntei s#1 o41l1i=, s$re deose9ire de 5#ri#nt#
t8#n#tic, #ristocr#ti7#t, # Regel1i+?#r#on2
W2Liter#t1r# de #dor#ie constit1ie cel 4#i consistent c#$itol #l liricii
$ri4iti5eF n ,ede $redo4in ex$resi# i4nicF n textele
s14ero+ir#niene "r#$e#7 4ir#re# i l#1d# #dres#t 7eilor
#totst$6nitoriF n $#$ir1s1rile egi$tene, de #se4ene#F Ho4er cel din
imnuri nu-i $o#te st#$6$i e4oi# direct i nc6nt#re# "# de $1terile
cos4iceF n1 n 1lti41l r6nd, ,echiul Testament este str9t1t $este
tot de #ccente lirice i erotis4e di5ine exe4$l#re2
(2!re91ie s ne o9in1i4 c1 no4in#li7#re# 7a <indi"erent d#c se 4#i
ortogr#"i#7 i #lt"el% R6, Re, R# <etc2= $entr1 c#71rile n c#re *//
nde$linete "1nciile% #= 7e1 #l so#rel1i i #l ordinii cereti2 n #ce#st
c#lit#te, el str9#te cer1l c# #str1 l14inos, cond1c6nd, c# 56sl#,
;9#rc# 7ilei;, de l# rsrit1l so#rel1i l# #s"initF #$oi trece n ;9#rc#
no$ii; i str9#te c1 e# nt1neric1l, re$re7ent#t, n 4istic# egi$te#n,
c# 1n #r$e 1ri#2 Acest 4o4ent #l cltoriei ne571te # #str1l1i+7e1
este ec8i5#l#t l# indieni c1 so4n1l s#1 c1 4o#rte# so#rel1i, ce se
s56rete ndrt1l 41ntel1i ceresc Mer12 Exist 9#s4e ro46neti
c#re e5oc odi8n# no$t#tec # So#rel1i <re$re7ent#t c# 1n t6nr 9lond=
l# c#s# S"intei @ineri, 9= ?1nci# A44on # l1i 7a#. inii#l <mmon
exist# c# 7e1 o9sc1r i loc#l <do#r n !e9#= i re#li7# legt1r# ntre
Cer i 46nt2 Ase4ene# l1i E#l4oxis #l nostr1, i #5e# reedin# $e
1n 41nte 4itic, A44on c141l6nd "1nci# de 7eit#te # #er1l1i2
Ace#st "1ncie #49ig1 i+# $er4is sol#ri7#re#, 4#i $recis #sociere#
c1 R6, d1$ nte4eiere# Reg#t1l1i no1, ## c14 l# geto+d#ci s+#
$rod1s co#lescen# E#l4oxis+Ge9elei7isF c= ?1nci# R#+A44on,
#dic de rege #l 7eilor i #l "#r#onilor, # "ost i4$1s ni 5i## religio#s
egi$te#n de A4eno$8is #l III+le#2 R#+A44on de5ine st$6n $este
cele do1 i4$erii% #l 7ilei, co4$1s din do1s$re7ece st#te <orele 7ilei=
i #l no$ii, c1$rin76nd, de #se4ene#, do1s$re7ece st#te <orele
no$ii=F d= ?1nci# S1 <S81= # l1i R#, #dic ;so#rele din ti4$1l 7ilei;F
R# nde$linete rol1l de st$6n $este ;to#te; 1ni5ers1rile 571te i
ne571te, n ti4$ ce S1, #se4ene# l1i A44on de #ltd#t, re$re7int
1n i$ost#7 #l l1i R#, i #n14e #er1l2 Deri5#re# "1nciilor # contin1#t
n e$oc# sincretis41l1i religios, c6nd 0siris re$re7ent# Mo#rte#, i#r
Isis, M#ternit#te#2 De #cee# gener#i# osiri#n# se re5endic#, c14
"ce#1 i "#r#onii, din R#+A44on2
,/2A# c14 #4 4#i #rt#t <l# not# W=, este 5or9# de 1n ;s$eci"ic; #l liricii
#r8#ice2 E# se constit1ie i constit1ie 1n li49#j $ro$ri1, de #cee# n1
$o#te "i r#$ort#t dec6t l# sine2 A o co4$#r# c1 liric# 4odern, c14
se "#ce #dese#, n1 este dec6t o gree#l n logic# #rtistic i n
ter4eni2
,, 2Este o religie de ;$rinci$ii;, c1nosc1t l# to#te c1lt1rile #"l#te l# #cel#i
ni5el 4itic i de existen istoric% 46nt1l, Cer1l, 'o#$te#, So#rele,
J#r$ele, L1n#, Le1l, !#1r1l, etc2 s1nt $rinci$ii neno4in#li7#te i se
scri1 c1 4#j1sc1le2A;Ulterior; #ceste# s1nt no4in#li7#te, #dic #$#re
o #n14e contienti7#re i org#ni7#re cos4ic% r#$ort1l cer+$46nt
<de5enite n14e co41ne=, 7e1l cos4ocr#tor, $#nteon1l ti$ic 1nei
religii, $oliteis41l s#1 4onoteis41l, etc2 0 do5edete i "#4ili#
#r$el1i $ri4ordi#l A$o$2 Acest# #re cores$ondeni direci n to#te
4#rile religii $ri4iti5e i e5ol1e#7 de l# $rinci$i1 l# indi5id1#li7#re,
i#r #$oi se liter#t1ri7e#7, c# n c#71l #r$el1i 9i9lic2
,N2Exe4$le de recitri rit1#lice% liric# i to#te c#tegoriile #rtei #1 l# origine
"or4e #le g6ndirii c1ltice2
,*22- cere, a adora, a uri s1nt senti4ente "1nd#4ent#le c#re s1sin i
j1sti"ic registr1l 5#ri#t i $lin de 5i5#cit#te #l liricii ;$ri4iti5e;2
,-2Eli#de crede c orice religie # "ost l# nce$1t1l ei 4onoteistF n1 #
do5edit con5ingtor #ce#st te72
,Q2Un crocodil riritic i $ri4ordi#l, din c#tegori# "iinelor 4#le"ice de ti$
A$.$ ori !i#4#t2
,.2Din #ce#st $ers$ecti5 #r tre91i s# reg6ndi4 i desc6ntecele ro46neti,
ntr1c6t re$re7int o $oe7ie 4#gic de #cee#i 56rst 4itic c1
301
$o4enitele texte egi$tene2
,)2,nc 1n exe4$l1 de $olise4#ntis4 4itic2
,W2C1 titl1rile Cartea mor*ilor ti(etan' i Cartea ti(etan' a mor*ilor =5ardo
Thodol/ #1 #$r1t i n ro46nete ediii co4$lete #9i# n ,((N l#
Edit1r# ;Moldo5#; din I#i i l# Edit1r# ;Arc#; din Ar#d2 ri4# n
tr#d1cere# scriitor1l1i 'icol#e Ionel, c1 1n st1di1 de s$eci#lit#te de C2
G2 D1ngF ce#l#lt tr#d1cere #$#rine l1i Hori# Al2 C91i, c#re
se4ne#7, totod#t, 1n #4$l1 i co4$etent st1di1 introd1cti52
,(2Eli#de este #ici $ole4ic i $e 91n dre$t#te% crile de c1lt de5eniser
o9iecte $1r co4erci#leF n $#ginile #nterio#re tot el se4n#l#se, cel
$1in $entr1 $ro$ri1l s1 cititor, c doc14entele "1ner#re nce$1ser
s #i9, l# 1n 4o4ent d#t, o circ1l#ie s1s$ect n #ntic8it#te#
egi$te#n2
N02Eli#de # oscil#t ntre ortogr#"iere# M1nro <din tineree= i Monro de 4#i
t6r7i12 0 reine4 $e #ce#st# din 1r42
N,2G#r4#, ter4en de 9#7 n 4or#l# teologic indi#n i re$er decisi5 n
destin1l dr#4#tic #l indi5id1l1i s$re 46nt1ire i conto$ire c1
$rinci$i1l2 St#re# H#r4# 5i7e#7 r#$ort1l dintre "#$tele 91ne i rele
s56riteF d#c $ri4ele $rec14$nesc, indi5id1l #re #nsele s se
renc#rne7e, d1$ 4o#rte, ntr+o "iin s1$erio#r, 4#i #$ro#$e de
At4#n2 L# egi$teni, religie in"erio#r, se $o#te identi"ic# c1 9#l#n#
s1$r#5eg8e#t de 0siris2 ornind de l# ;ramatica l1i #nini, Sergi1 Al+
George ec8i5#le#7 ;H#r4#n; c1 ;$#cient;, n sens1l de #ci1ne
4or#l i conc8ide%; Rit1l 5edic este 1n #ct si49olic, deci #ct i
se4io72 C# #ct, el re$re7int "or4# ce# 4#i ex$#nsionist # #cest1i#,
1n s$ect#col n c#re s1nt $re7ente to#te ele4entele $osi9ile c#re s
intre n re$re7ent#re# 1n1i #ct2 De #cee# s#cri"ici1l 5edic este n14it
H#r4#n, ;#ct;, constit1ind #ct1l $rin excelen, 4odel1l s1$re4 #l
oricr1i #ct 14#n; <Sergi1 Al+George, @im(' i g!ndire +n cultura
indian', &1c1reti, ,()., $2 -N=2
NN2?or41lele #ntice #le ele4entelorF l# greci, o41l er# 5i7#t, n1 "iin#
<conce$tele "iind di"erite existeni#l=F Ase 4o#re; n ele4ente%#$, #er,
$46ntF #ce#st# n#inte de #$#rii# ideii de tr#ns"or4#re 8er#cliti#n2
N*2Si49ol1ri H#r4#2
N-2Un# dintre #cce$i1nile t#ntrice #le H#r4ei2
NQ2S#4s#r#, ;ro#t# tr#ns4igrrilor;, c14 o de"inete Mirce# Eli#deF ter4en
#$#rin6nd de #se4ene# 4or#lei teologice indiene, str6ns leg#t de
H#r4#, disc1t#t de reg1l n r#$ort c1 nir5#n# i c1 46nt1ire#2
S#4s#r# re$re7int ntreg1l l#n #l renc#rnrilor, n $ers$ecti5#
cicl1l1i 4o#rte+ ren#tere+ 46n+ t1ire2 D#c reine4 nse4n#re#
indi#nist1l1i Sergi1 Al+ George, #4intit de noi l# not# N,, re71lt c,
$otri5it s#4s#rei, l1ng1l ir #l existenelor se des"o#r c# 1n
gr#ndios i gr#5 rit1#l de #cte H#r4ice2
N.2!re91ie rein1t c Mirce# Eli#de i de$ete interloc1torii toc4#i
$rintr+o inedit i s1r$rin7to#re in"or4#ie tiini"ic, $e c#re ti# s+o
org#ni7e7e c1 $rice$ere n #cti5itile s#le $ole4ice, #dese#
rs1nto#re2 El l #tr#ge $e Ion &i9eri, c1 91n tiin, $e 1n teren
c#re n1+i er# $ro$ri1 #cest1i# din 1r42 A# # $roced#t i n #lte
r6nd1ri, c1 '2C#rtoj#n, Al2Iord#n, 22'eg1lesc1, C2Rd1lesc1+Motr1
i c8i#r c1 Iorg#2
N)2Eli#de #re dre$t#te%;cli$# de s$#i4; n1 este de"initorie $entr1 ntre#g#
102
"eno4enologie # 4orii2 A# c14 ;st#re# de #gonie; este do#r o
sec5en, 1n seg4ent dintr+d rit1#listic 4#i co4$lic#t, nici spaima
n "## 4orii n1 tre91ie $ri5it #lt"el2 M#i 41lt dec6t #t6t, s$#i4# n
"## 4orii n1 este c#r#cteristic ?iinei, $entr1 c n1 legiti4e#7 1n
#ct de de4nit#te i de contienti7#re2 De #cee# Eli#de n1 # insist#t, n
4edit#iile s#le, $e ele4entele te8nice "1rni7#te de ;crile 4orilor;
<ti9et#n, egi$te#n=, ci s+# ls#t #tr#s 4#i c1r6nd de 4it1rile
ro46neti, ndeose9i de Miori*a, 4#i enig4#tice, 4#i "iloso"ice2 D1$
ce G8ilg#4e s41lge i#r9# ne41ririi din "1nd1l oce#n1l1i i s$1ne
cor9ier1l1i Ur#n#9i%
+ Ur#n#9i, 91r1i#n# #st# este 1n le#c 4$otri5# s$#i4eiF $rin e#
o41l 5# do96ndi 5indec#re# des56ritT 0 5oi d1ce+o n Ur1H1l cel
4$rej41it,
i 5oi $1ne $e o#4eni s 4n6nce din e#, $entr1 #+i ncerc# $1tere# de
5indec#re,
n14ele ei 5# "i ;9tr6n1l+ntinerete;2
De o9ser5#t% 91r1i#n# este 1n le#c 4$otri5# spaimei, n1 # mor*ii, e#
#re 1n e"ect $si8ologic i ter#$e1tic, ntr1c6t n"r1nt#re# s$#i4ei este
condiion#t de o serie de #cte inii#tice2 '14ele $e c#re
intenione#7 s i+, de# ero1l se #"l n $er"ect concord#n c1 sens1l
"iloso"ic #l 9#s41l1i ro46nesc, Tinere*e f'r' ('tr!ne*e i .ia*' f'r' de
moarte.
NW2Exist do1 c#tegorii de tiine tr#diion#le $e c#re le 5i7e#7 Mirce#
Eli#de2 A9ord#re# lor c1 serio7it#te i c8i#r c1 $#ti4, l# 5re4e#
res$ecti5, i+# oc#t n1 n14#i $e liter#i ori $e c1lt1rologi, d#r c8i#r i
$e o#4enii de tiin2 Este 5or9# de o serie de tiine te8nice
<#lc8i4i#, 4et#l1rgi#= i 14#niste <#n#to4i#, "i7iologi#=2 rin
#9#ndon#re# 1nor l#t1ri s$irit1#liste, ele #1 de5enit, c1 ti4$1l, tiine
n #de5r#t1l sens #l c156nt1l1i, $r#ctice i ex$eri4ent#le2 Ce#l#lt
serie de tiine ine de do4eni1l $#r#$si8ologici2 Ele s1nt 4et#$si8ic#
i 4#gi#2 A1tor1l er# con5ins c o41l din c1lt1rile #r8#ice, integr#t
de$lin n cos4icit#te, er# n7estr#t c1 puteri n#t1r#le deose9ite, c#re l
#j1t#1 s c1no#sc i s existe l# 4od1l $l#net#r2 El s+# #1tode$osed#t
de #cele $1teri d#torit nstrinrii de cos4os, $rin de75olt#re#
g6ndirii r#ion#le i # te8nicis41l1i 4odern2
De rein1t n #cest context i $rere# l1i '#e Ionesc1,
ex$ri4#t #$roxi4#ti5 n #cee#i $erio#d de ti4$% ;A4 #rt#t
c #cti5it#te# 4#gic se cldete $e 5oin, i#r sco$1l #cestei
#cti 5iti este o c1no#tere rece # re#litii2 Ace#st# ex$lic
"#$t1l c l# origine# tiinei 4ode4e st #lc8i4i#, c#re #re o
#cti5it#te 4#gic, c1 #cee#i orient#re s$irit1#l c# i #cti5it#te#
tiini"ic n genere2 Jtiin# 4odern s+# de75olt#t din #lc8i4ie
i din #lte #cti5iti #n#lo#ge, $entr1 si4$l1l 4oti5 c n1 este
deose9ire str1ct1r#l ntre #ceste #cti5iti 4#gice i #tit1dine#
tiini"ici ; <'#e Ionesc1, Curs de metafi"ic', ;H14#nit#s;,
&1c1reti, ,((,, $2 ,-Q=2
N(2&eroseB &erosieB &erosi1s2
N6.9ippar, 5ec8i or# s14eri#n $ros$ect#t #r8eologic $ri4# d#t de
"r#nce71l @2Sc8eil, $e loc1l den14it ;colin# A91+H#99#;2 e ##+7is#
303
list de l# L#rs#; "ig1re#7 $rintre or#ele 4itice #le S14er1l1i,
existente n#inte de $oto$2 Se $#re c istori# s# # d1r#t N,2/// de #ni
*,2Se do5edete c Mirce# Eli#de # "ost $rintre $ri4ii s1sintori + d#c n1
1nic1l de l# noi, din $erio#d# inter9elic + #i istoricitii textelor
s14eriene c1nosc1te s19 den14ire# ;t9liele de l1t;2 Dei #5e# l#
dis$o7iie 1n 4#teri#l doc14ent#r restr6ns, cercetrile s#le #1 "ost
orient#te "er4, nc de #t1nci, n s$irit1l 4odernitii2
*N2Exist di"erene n ortogr#"iere# #cest1i n14e, "#$t ex$lic#9il $rin
di"ic1ltile ridic#te de lect1r# textelor 5ec8i, #dese# deterior#te2
0rient#list1l "r#nce7 Rene L#9#rt 1tili7e#7 "or4# 0t-apitim <i ##
s+# tr#ns4is i n ro46nete, $rin tr#d1cere# $oe41l1i de Al2 Di4# i
@irgini# Jer9nesc1, din ,(..=F Const#ntin D#niel i Ion Acs#n l
tr#nscri1 0tnapitim -T'(li*ele de argil'. 9crieri din 6rientul antic,
&1c1reti, ,(W,=F l# "el i @ojtec8 E#4#ro5sH> -@a +nceput a fost
9umerul, &1c1reti, ,(W,=2
**28a, di5init#te s14eri#n, t#ce $#rte din tri#d# cos4ic # celor 4#i 5ec8i
7ei, #lt1ri de <nu i de 8nlil, #dese# in5oc#i n 8popeea lui
;hilgame i n textele s#cre2 Er# 7e1l cel 4#i $o$1l#r, toc4#i de
#cee# i se s$1ne# ;cel 91n;, ;9ine"ctor1l;2 Ace#st $o$1l#rit#te se
ex$lic $rin "#$t1l c 8a re$re7ent# $rinci$i1l #c5#tic, cee# ce i
#sig1r# 5irt1i 4#gice i ter#$e1tice2 e l6ng #ce#st#, #se4ene# l1i
A$ollo #l grecilor, 8a $#tron# g6ndire# nele#$t <"iloso"i#=,
c1notinele <tiin#=, 4ete1g1rile <#rtele=, de 1nde $1te4 ded1ce
totod#t c#r#cter1l i o96ri# #cestor #cti5iti 14#ne2 Risc6nd
conse4n1l 7eilor, el ,+# s"t1it $e Ut+'#$iti4 s+i $regte#sc din
5re4e cor#9i# $entr1 # se s#l5# de $oto$ i tot el ,+# 4$c#t c1
#$rig1l 8nlil.
ID<.8nlil er# 7e1 #l $46nt1l1i i+i #5e# loc1in# $e 1n 41nte n#lt,
#se4ene# d#c1l1i E#4olxis2 0#4enii i se nc8in#1 c1 "ric $entr1 c
7e1l, dei i #5e# n grij, 4$re# 9inele i r1l2 C1 #lte c15inte,
8nlil # introd1s 1n $rinci$i1 4or#l n 5i## o#4enilor de r6nd, d#r #
"c1t+o l# 1n 4od $ri4iti5% n1 $rin legi, ci $rin $ro5oc#re# 1nor
"eno4ene cos4ice, c# 7e1 #l $46nt1l1i, d#r i #l 57d181l1i2 R1l
#$#re $rin c#t#clis4e, 9inele $rin recolte 9og#te2 Re4iniscene de
#cest "el se 5or conser5# i n ;leg46nt1l; e9r#ic2 8nlilA# $1s l# c#le,
d1$ legend, $oto$1l i 4$re1n c1 7ei# Ishtar, s+# 46ni#t $e Ut+
'#$iti4, sing1r1l s1$r#5ie1itor, $entr1 c #cest# # #d1s o"r#nde de
41l14ire 7eilor2
*Q2#s#j1l cores$1n7tor din E$o$ee, 5ersi1ne# l1i Rene L#9#t% ;A4
ncrc#t cor#9i# c1 tot ce #5e#4% B #4 ncrc#t+o c1 toi 9#nii $e c#re
i #gonisise4, B #4 ncrc#t+o c1 tot #1r1l $e c#re+, st$6ne#4, B #4
ncrc#t+o c1 tot cee# ce er# dttor de 5i#% B 4i+#4 1rc#t $e cor#9ie
to#te ne#41rile i $rietenii, B #4 1rc#t t1r4e rtcito#re, "i#re
sl9#tice, $rec14 i $e toi 4ete1g#rii;2
NE.Kama -9hamash, 9hama/ este 1n1l dintre cei trei 7ei din tri#d# #str#l
4ixt, 9in, Kama, Itar -Ishtar/. Exist o ci1denie n legt1r c1
#ce#st tri#d% Sin este 7e1 #l l1nii, i#r J#4# re$re7int so#rele2 C1
to#te #ceste#, Sin deine $1tere# s1$re4, J#4# "iind1+i s19ordon#t2
M#i 41lt dec6t #t6t, dei 7e1 #l l1nii, Sin ntr1c8i$e#7 1n $rinci$i1
4#sc1lin i A di1rnA $entr1 c, l# se4iii din ti4$1rile $reistorice #le
s14erienilor, "iua nce$e# o d#t c1 #$1s1l so#rel1i2 De #ici dec1rge
1n #n14e si49olis4 #str#l c#re, 4#i t6r7i1, s+# tr#ns"or4#t Qn
si49olis41l ;s1s; B ;jos;, teoreti7#t de Le5i+Str#1ss, s#1 ;centr1; B
;$eri"erie;, des$re c#re 5or9e# Leo ?ro9eni1s% se4iii er#1 loc1itori #i
l1nii i #i ;no$ii;, #ntise4iii <nese4iii= er#1 o#4enii so#rel1i i #i
7ilei2
*)2!ext $#r#lel % ;Cli$# 8otr6to#re 4i+o sorocise J#4#% ;+ M#7re,
di4ine##, $lo#ie de gr6ne, se#r#, 5oi "#ce s $lo1, B intr n cor#9ie
i "erec# 9ine 1#;2 De o9ser5#t di"eren# dintre cele do1 tr#d1ceri
d#tor#t <c14 #4 4#i s$1s= n14r1l1i 4#re de 5#ri#nte, 41lte dintre
ele deterior#te de 5re4e, din c#re # "ost reconstit1it e$o$ee#2
N9.<nu este $ri41l din tri#d# cos4ic # 7eilor s14erieni, c#re # 1r4#t 1nei
di#de #c5#tice, A$s1+!i#4#t2 An1 #$#re c# $ri4 di5init#te # Cer1l1i
i re$re7int o e5ol1ie n "eno4enologi# cos4ogonic s14eri#n, n
r#$ort c1 di#d# #c5#tic2 A5e# s de5in deus otiosus, "1nciile s#le
1r#niene "iind $rel1#te de 4#i tinerii Enlil ori J#4#2
*(2,s8t#r B It#r este 7ei# dr#gostei i # "ec1nditii i, d1$ c6te se $#re,
$ri4# di5init#te "e4inin# $e se#4# crei# s+# $1s nte4eiere# 1n1i
rit1#l #l $rostit1iei s#creF rit1#l1l #5e# loc n 4#rele te4$l1 din Ur1H2
Ei i se d#tore#7 i si49olis41l 9i+1ni5oc, c1nosc1t 4#i t6r7i1, de l#
Hesiod $6n l# 05idi1, s19 den14ire# ;Eros+Ares;, $entr1 c, n ti4$
de r79oi <o s$1ne i Eli#de= 7ei# trece# dre$t 5i5#ndier# ost#ilor2
A4n1nt1l ni se $#re i4$ort#nt din do1 4oti5e% It#r i extinde
"1nci# ei de 7eit#te # 4orii si49olice de l# regn1l 5eget#l l# cel
14#nF #$oi de5ine eroin# 1n1i# dintre cele 4#i c1nosc1te $oe4e #le
str5ec8ii Meso$ot#4ii, Co(or!rea Aei*ei Itar +n Infern, i
in#1g1re#7 4#re# te4 1ni5ers#l # c1no#terii 4et#"i7ice, cltori#
i4#gin#r n l14ile ne571te2
-/2Deose9irile s1nt i 4#i 4#ri de l# o tr#d1cere l# #lt#, ce# ro46ne#sc, #
teolog1l1i I2Mi8lcesc1 <"olosit de Mirce# Eli#de= i 5ersi1ne#
"r#nce7, cit#t dej#, # l1i Rene L#9#t2 I4$resi# este c se $ornete de
l# 5#ri#nte di"erite% ;C6nd n s"6rit # 5enit 7i1# # #$te#, B "1rt1n# #
sl9it n l1$t# $e c#re o $1rt#se, B c# o "e4eie #$1c#t de d1rerile
"#cerii2 B S+# linitit 4#re#, # tc1t 56nt1l n$r#snic i # nce$1t
$oto$1l2 B C6nd #4 5r1t s cercete7 5re4e#, se #tern1se tcere#, B i
din to#t s1"l#re# n1 4#i r4sese ni4ic2; <Ed2 $entr1 lit2 1ni5ers#l,
&1c2 ,(..=2
-,2; + 0, t1, cel 4#i nele$t dintre 7ei, Enlil cel @ite#7, C14 #i
de7ln1it $oto$1l, "r s te g6ndeti : ede$sete+, $e $ctos
$entr1 $c#tele s#le, $ede$sete+, $e 1cig# $entr1 nelegi1irile
s#le, d#r n1 "i $ti4#, c# s s1"ere cel ne5ino5#t, c8i971iete din
ti4$,c# cel ne5ino5#t s n1 s1"ere $e nedre$tT;
-N2,n"or4#i# i #rg14entele l1i Mirce# Eli#de s1nt con"ir4#te de
cercet#re# conte4$or#n de s$eci#lit#te2 Citi4 n c#rte# l1i @ojtec8
E#4#ro5sH>, $ri5ind 5ec8i4e# $oe4ei s14eriene% ;Ce# 4#i 5ec8e
5ersi1ne # ei, c1nosc1t $6n #7i, d#te#7 din 5re4e# regel1i
9#9iloni#n <mmisadu2c#re # do4nit ntre #nii ,)/N+ ,.W, 2e2n2 <222=2
'oile cercetri #1 #rt#t, ns, c nici ce# 4#i 5ec8e 5ersi1ne #
8popeii lui ;hilgame, d#t6nd din 5re41ri c6nd nici 5i(lia n1
$l#se#7 #$#rii# C'r*ii ;ene"ei, n1 # "ost ce# origin#r2 '1cle1l ei
s14eri#n, res$ecti5 8popeea lui Aiusudra este c1 cel $1in Q// de #ni
4#i 5ec8e; <l1cr2 cit2,$2 N-/+N-,=2
-*2Reine4 i nse4n#re# 4#i no1+, #$ro#$e identic, din Istoria
credin*elor i ideilor religioase, I <Edit1r# tiini"ic i enciclo$edic,
&1c1reti, ,(W,, 5ol2l=% Aro9le4ele $1se de i75o#rele i red#ct#re#
Pentateuhului, #dic $ri4ele cinci cri #le Legii <t6r8=, s1nt
consider#9ile2 entr1 sco$1l nostr1, este s1"icient s #4inti4 c
s1rsele #1 "ost dese4n#te $rin ter4eni de% s1rs iah.ist', $entr1 c
#cest i75or, cel 4#i 5ec8i <sec2 #l P+le# s#1 #l IP+le#=, l n14ete $e
D14ne7e1, I#85e, elohist' <ce5# 4#i recent% e# "olosete n14ele
Elo8i4, ;D14ne7e1;=, sacerdotal' <ce# 4#i recentF o$er# $reoilor,
e# insist #s1$r# c156nt1l1i i # Legii= i deuteronomic' <#cest i75or
se gsete excl1si5 n c#rte# )euteronomului/. S #d1g4, tot1i, c
$entr1 critic# 5ec8i+test#4ent#r conte4$or#n, #n#li7# text1#l este
4#i co4$lex i 4#i n1#n#t2 ?r indic#ie contr#r, noi cit4 @a
5i(1e de &erusaIemF-\ucT. cit2, $2 ,)/=2
--2roto4eso$ot#4ienii er#1 $o$o#re s14eriene i loc1i#1 n s1d1l #gr#r,
1nde de75olt#ser totod#t o ci5ili7#ie 1r9#n2 @ie1i#1 l# c64$, d#r
i n or#e gr#ndio#se, 9ine org#ni7#te 4ilit#r, #d4inistr#ti5 i
religios2 C1note#1 scriere# i "iec#re or# i #5e# 7e1l s1 loc#l,
sit1#ie c#re s+# 4enin1t $6n n e$oc# i4$eri#l # 4e7o+$erilor2
Ace#st $o$1l#ie se 4#i n14e# i nese4it2 este e# #1 n5lit n
5#l1ri, n 4#ri rsti4$1ri, din nord1l 41ntos, se4iii #HH#dieni2
M[.7ii,-7i-+\ rs8i= nele$i din e$oc# U$#nis8#delor, co4$#r#9ili c1 7eii,
c#re #tinseser 1n n#lt gr#d de s"inenie $rin #sce7 i 4edit#ie2
ME.<nanta# orice religie de 4#re tr#diie c1no#te l# nce$1t1rile ei
constit1ti5e <deci n e$oc# 7eitilor+ $rinci$ii=, #lt1ri de #lte #s$ecte
i seg4ente 4itice, i 1n ele4ent o"idi#n, "o#rte $1ternic, 1neori
deter4in#nt2 S$re exe4$l1, 5ec8e# di#d #c5#tic # s14erienilor er#
re$re7ent#t de di.init'*ile-principii A$s1 i !i#4#t2 ri41l si49oli7#
0ce#n1l cos4ic <$ri4ordi#l=, cee# ce nse4n# apa dulce, c1 #lte
c15inte, ele4ent1l cre#tor, co#g1l#nt, gene7ic, de ti$ ErosF cell#lt er#
1n i4#go #l m'rii cos4ice, #dic apa s'rat', 4#le"ic, t8#n#tic i
res1recion#l2 rinci$iile A$s1 B !i#4#t, oce#n B 4#re, d1lceB sr#t,
ErosB !8#n#tos, @i#B Mo#rte er#1 #st"el corel#te nct "ce#1 $#rte
din 9i+1nit#te# cos4ic i #ndroginic2 n #lt 56rst 4itologic din
#cel#i s$#i1 tr#diion#l #l s14ero+4eso$ot#4ienilor, se 5# trece de
l# di#d# interog#to#re i co$1l#ti5 A$s1+!i#4#t, l# di#d# r79oinic
i disj1ncti5 M#rd1H+!i#4#t2 De d#t# #ce#st# !i#4#t este consider#t
;4#rele #r$e;, $rinci$i1 4#le"ic ire5ersi9il, c#re $o#te "i integr#t
n14#i $rin de4ol#re, $rin s#cri"ici1 s6ngeros2 De #ici i sens1l
si49olic #l r79oi1l1i cos4ic, n 1r4# cr1i# i# n#tere o ;#lt
o4enire, d#torit n"r1ntrii dintre t6nr1l i 5ite#71l 7e1
4eso$ot#4i#n M#rd1H i #d5ers#r1l s1 o"idi#n, !i#4#t2 L# indieni,
#r$ele @rtr# este d19l1l #totst$6nitor1l1i @#r1n# <1n 7e1 t6nr i
24#ri#l $rin de"iniie, #se4ene# l1i M#rd1H=, ntr+1n no1 eon religios,
c6nd di5initile trec1ser dincolo de $rinci$ii, "iind no4in#li7#te2
#r#lelis41l $o#te "i extins l# egi$teni <$rinci$i1l #ntino4ic R#+
A$6$+'e$8tis= s#1 l# greci <Ee1s+!>$8on=2
-)20g>ges <0gig= "ost rege 9eoi#n, #nterior $oto$1l1i l1i De1c#lion2
Legend# l 4enione#7 dre$t c$etenie # tit#nilor n l1$t# lor c1
3@O
o#ste# l1i Ee1s, n seri# de n"r1ntri i c#t#clis4e cos4ice c1nosc1t
s19 den14ire# de titanomahie. 0g>ges este, tot1i, r#reori $o4enit n
4itologi# gre#c $ost8o4eri#n2 Cel 4#i 5ec8i dintre tit#ni # "ost
0He#nos, i#r cel 4#i $o$1l#r, ro4ete12 De l# Hesiod #"l4 c Ge#,
4#4# tit#nilor, # de5enit rodito#re n14#i d1$ 1nire# c1 Cer1l <"i1l
ei=, 1r46nd d1$ #ce#st# gener#i# tit#nilor i # tit#nidelor2
-W2De1c#lion% nici 0g>ges, nici De1c#lion n1 s1nt c1nosc1i c# di5initi
$o$1l#re n Greci# #r8#ic, cel $1in d1$ in"or4#i# l1i HesiodF
#ce#st#, $ro9#9il, $entr1 c 4it1l $oto$1l1i n1 # #51t o inci7ie
$1ternic n 4e4ori# loc#lF nc o do5#d c $oto$1l $o#te "i
consider#t 1n i4$ort #si#tic2
-(2D#rd#n1s, "i1 #l l1i Ee1s, origin#r din S#4otr#He i nte4eietor #l cetii
D#rd#ni#, din $#rte# #si#tic # Greciei2
S02Ast#rtee#, 7eit#te siri#n din "#4ili# M#gn#BM#ter2 C1lt1l ei # "ost
rs$6ndit de legi1nile ro4#ne n e$oc# sincretis41l1i religios, "iind
c1nosc1t s19 den14ire# i4$eri#l De# S>r# <s#1 D#s1ri#, S#1r#=2 C#
M#gn# M#ter $1rt# n14e loc#le, Ist#r, De4eter, C>9eDe, etcF c#
Ast#rtee, er# consider#t nscto#re de 7ei i de eroi2
Q, 2entr1 potop tre91ie 571t #rticol1l l1i @ictor Gern9#c8 din )ic*ionar de
mitologie general' <&1c1reti, ,(W(, $$2 -)(=, 1nde ni se #d1ce o
in"or4#ie #ct1#li7#t, #4$l i n det#li12 !re91ie rein1t i
cercet#re# #r8eologic2 De $ild, De#n Mrie C#s#i, Ci.ili"a*ia
Indusul ui i eni gmel e ei <&1c1ret i , I ,()W, $2 QQ i 1r42 =,
c#$2;)ilu.iulF sau Fdilu.iileF i intrarea +n istorie. Aici s1nt $1se n
c14$n cele do1 i$ote7e $osi9ile, in5oc#te i de Eli#de, 4itic i
n#t1r#l2
QN29ahaQly'3 #4 col#ion#t ortogr#"iere# #cest1i c156nt <i # #ltor ter4eni,
ndeose9i te8nici= c1 "or4# de"initi5 d#t de Mirce# Eli#de n c#rte#
Coga i n PatanQali i Coga. De $ild, n Vog# scrie% ;o1rt#nt le
maithuna #tteint 1n $l1s gr#nd role d#ns lAecole 9ahaQiya, de5elo$$ee
d#ns le &eng#le, d#ns leR1el Ies ele4ents t#ntriR1es et 5is8n1ites sont
s>nt8etises et lA.rotiR1e 4>stiR1e est #4$li$8iee en $r$$ortions
in#ttend1es;2 <l1cr2 cit2, &1c1reti+#ris, ,(*., $2 N-N=2 In Coga,
#1tor1l introd1ce $#s#je din #rticolele des$re erotic# 4istic indi#n,
$19lic#te #nterior i incl1se de noi n #ntologie% ;Le sens erotiR1e de
R1elR1es 1nes des $rinci$#les ex$ressions d1 9o1dd8is4e
4#8l>niR1e est 9ien conn12 Le 4ot Alot1s; -padma/ # d#ns Ies
!#ntr#s 1ne 5#le1r s$eci#le% (haga <l# 4#trice=2 De 4er#e R1e le 4ot
;"o1dre; -.aQr!/ signi"ie ling' <4e49r14 5irile=2 &o1dd8#
-.aQrasatt.a/ re$ose d#ns le (haga 4>sterie1x des &8#g#5#ts2 M#is l#
liste des ex$ressions, 6 $l1sie1rs sens, est 9ien $l1s long1e2 En 5oici
R1elR1es 1nes, dA#$r"es S8#8id1ll#8% .aQra, ;"o1dre; L ling', sunya,
r#5i, s1r>#, ;soleil; L r#j#s des "e44esF pingala3 l# n#rine droite2
sa!in, candra, ;D1ne; L s1Hr# <s$er4e=% +d9, l# n#rine g#1c8e2
lalan', ;"e44e; L id'3 r#s#n L ;l#ng1e; L $ing#l#2 #5#d81t ;l#
"e44e #sc"cte; L s1s14n#2 (odhicit*a, ;l# $ens.e de
lAIDl14in#tion; L s1Hr# <s$er4e=2 tanml, ;je1ne "ille; L
mahamudra. grhinl, e$o1se; L mahamudra3 di.yamudra,
inanamudn.
samarasa, ;identit. de jo1iss#nce; L coitF l# s1$$ression de l# $ensee
o1 d1 so1""le en 4e4e te4$s; <l1cr2 cit2 $2 NYQ+N*.=2
Alt exe4$l1% ; ens1ite elle est collee etroite4ent 6 l# c1isse
g#1c8e <de 8o44e= et !on recite l# "or41le% Pllng 2llng
:andarpa s.'hir, l# "e44e est #ssise s1r le t#9o1ret o1 elle #
rec1 les o""r6ndes, les 9r#s le5es, $1is, #$r6s R1elR1es rites, elle
est $ortee d#ns les 9r#s, s1r le lit2 Les cor$s sont 4#inten#nt !1n
en "#ce de l A#1tre et, d#ns 1ne $#r"#ite concentr#tion, le je1
sex1el co44ence; <$2 N--=2
Q*2Mitologi# indi#n #re 4#i 41lte 56rste, deci n1 tre91ie $ri5it glo9#l, ci
c# serie de seg4ente, 1neori di"ereni#te cronologic, #lteori $#r#lele n
ti4$2 Ade5r#tele religii indiene s1nt .edismul, teoreti7#t i sinteti7#t
de exegeii U$#nis8#delor i (rahmanismul, cee# ce s+# des$rins din
#ceste orientri de ce# 4#i #d6nc tr#diie, #dic Qainismul i
(udismul, s1nt religii re"or4#to#re i $ro"eti7#to#re2 Hind1is41l
conte4$or#n re$re7int o ex$erien s$irit1#l eclectic2 n interior1l
"iecrei religii ori re"or4e exist 4#i 41lte siste4e "iloso"ice, incl1se
ntr+o "or4 s#1 #lt# n 4#re# tr#diie indi#n2
Q-2Existen# te4$or#l er# 4s1r#t n tr#dii# 4itologic indi#n n "or4e
eonice, yuga. Acest c156nt #5e# sens1l ;erelor 4et#lice; <#1r+#rgint+
#r#4+"ier=, din istori# 4itic # ro4#nilor2 !i4$1l se #"l# s19
do4in#i# 7eiei G#li, ce# $1rtto#re de er$i i $1te# "i 91n <;de
#1r;= s#1 re#2 Ulti4# "#7 istoric <ce# conte4$or#n= $1rt#
den14ire# :ali-yuga <e$oc# de "ier=, de nc8idere # 1n1i cicl1 4itic2
QQ2:rishna, 7eit#te i4$ort#nt n $#nteon1l 8ind1is41l1i conte4$or#n,
re#cti5#re # "orelor l1i @is8n12 o$1l#rit#te# l1i este s1sin1t de
4it1l eroticI$e c#re i ,+# #sig1r#t n 1r4# #5ent1rilor g#l#nte c1 n#i5#
$stori Rd8#2 D#c #r "i s rec1rge4 l# o4ologri, Gris8n# #r "i 1n
#nti+Indr#, ## c14 C1$idon este #nti<i n #cel#i ti4$ 1n corel#t #l
l1i= Ares% 1n c#7 de $olise4#ntis4 ori de coincidentia oppositorum.
Q.2:ama, 7e1l dr#gostei sen71#le2 I5ire# l1i n $#nt8eon1l indic este
#se4nto#re c1 ce# # l1i Eros din 4itologi# gre#c2 C1 #lte c15inte,
G#4# # #$r1t c# o necesit#te cos4ic de #tr#cie i 1ni"ic#re2
G6ndire# indi#n n1 i+# ngd1it legend# de # "i ;cel 4#i $1ternic
dintre 7ei; <Hesiod=, cr1i# s i se s1$1n ;deo$otri5; ne41ritorii i
o#4enii2 De #cee# # introd1s n 9iogr#"i# l1i G#4# <G#4#de5#=
##+7is1l ;#ccident S8i5#;, d1$ c#re "eno4enologi# eros1l1i,
#soci#t c1 4et#"i7ic1l t#$6s c141le#7 "1ncii 4istico+teolog#le2
Q)2A se 5ede# n Coga des$re tantrismul erotic, c#$2 @es idees et Ies
techni4uesyoga dans le tantrisme <$$2 ,((+NQ*=2
QW2Mit1l #ndrogin1l1i # "ost tr#t#t $entr1 $ri4# d#t de Mirce# Eli#de n
Mitul reintegr'rii <c#$2 Ser#$8it#=, i#r in extenso, n 5ol141l
Mephistophelts et l%<ndrogyne <#ris, G#lli4#rd, ,(.N, NW/ $,=2
'#tere# E5ei din co#st# l1i Ad#4 de75l1ie o 4ent#lit#te
#ndroginic2 ro9le4# #$#re n#inte de to#te n 5anchetul l1i l#ton
1nde, din $ers$ecti5# l1i Eros, se ntre5ede tendin# nost#lgic #
indi5id1l1i $entr1 re"#cere# 9i+1nitii $ri4ordi#le2
QW#2 g#1n# B 9#8># <9#8>#F 41H8># <41>#= B 4#r4#2
Q(2S#nd#l <s#nt#l :=% ter4en1l este o4is <n1 i sec5en# rit1#lic
res$ecti5=, din Coga. 8ssai sur les origines de la mysti4ue indieoner,
3@E
el n1 #$#re nici n text, nici n glos#r2
./2Ee1l dr#gostei 4istice2 '14ele s1 #$#re, c14 s+# 571t l# not# QN, n
"or41l# rit1#lic Pl+ng :llng :andarpa s.'h'.
.,2!ri4itere# 4#i sig1r este l# Coga, l1cr#re c#re sinteti7e#7 ntre#g#
ex$erien indi#nistic # l1i Mirce# 2 Eli#de, din ;$erio#d#
ro46ne#sc; # existenei s#le2
.N2I#t 1n text nec1nosc1t de Eli#de, #lt"el #r "i "ost 4#i reticent% ;Mirele
4e1, sc14$ ini4ii 4ele, B M#re i d1lce c# 4iere# e "r141see# t#T B
Le1l 4e1 dr#g ini4ii 4ele, B M#re i d1lce c# 4iere# e "r141see# t#T
BB G6nd1l t1, g6nd1l t1 e1 ti1 s+, 4$#c, B Mirele 4e1, r46i
$6n+n 7ori n c#s# 4e#T B Ini4# t#, ini4# t#, e1 ti1 c14 s+o 91c1r, B
Le1l 4e1, r46i $6n+n 7ori n c#s# 4e#T ) Ji "iindc 4 i19eti,
4irele 4e1, B De74i#rd6+4, te rogT B Do4n1l 4e1 "ii i $rotector1l
4e1, B J1in #l 4e1, t1 c#re 91c1ri ini4# l1i Enlil B !e rog,
de74i#rd+4T ; -C!ntecul de iu(ire al lui Kuin din secol1l #i
PPI+le# 2e2n2F "r#g4ent din C!ntecul miresei d1$ S2'2Gr#4er i
D2Gli4#=2
A se 5ede# i C!ntarea C!nt'rilor. ;I19it1l 4e1 e+#l 4e1 i e1 s1nt #
l1i2 El $rintre crini i $#te 4ieii2 B6n n1 se rcorete 7i1#, $6n n1
se+ntinde 149r# serii, B5ino, dr#g1l 4e1, slt6nd c# o c$rio#r, Bc# 1n
$1i de cer9, $este 41nii ce ne des$#rt;2 Eli#de #re dre$t#te% C!ntarea
C!nt'rilor #re l# origine 1n 4odel 4#i 5ec8i2 oe41l e9r#ic se
desc8ide #t6t ctre C!ntecul de iu(ire al lui Kuin, d#r i s$re
conce$i# erotic # t#ntris41l1i colii S#8#ji>#, ndeose9i $rin
4o4ent1l rit1#lic den14it Qapa# este 5or9# de 4o4ent1l des$ririi
#4#nilor ;6 lA#19e, R1#nd c8#c1n sAen 5# 5ers s# 4#ison; -Coga,
l1cr2 cit2,$2N-Q@
.*2;Li49#j1l secretA n1 este s$eci"ic n14#i textelor indiene cl#sice s#1
4oderne2 El #$#rine oricrei 4itologii, #colo 1nde 1n# i #cee#i
7eit#te nde$linete 4#i 41lte "1ncii se4#ntice2 ?#$t1l # "ost
o9ser5#t $ri4# d#t de l#ton, cel 4#i i4$ort#nt 4itogr#" i
se4iotici#n #l Antic8itii2 A se 5ede# n #cest sens di#log1l Cratylos,
n s$eci#l disc1iile c1 c#r#cter eti4ologic n legt1r c1 P#nt8os,
0reste, Her4es, #n, A$ollo, etc2
.-2Hor B Hor1s, "i1l l1i 0siris i #l s1rorii s#le, Isis <s#1, d1$ 1nele i75o#re,
#l celeil#lte s1rori, 'e$8t>s=2 Er# consider#t c6nd 7e1 #l cer1l1i, c6nd
4es#ger #l 4oriiF $entr1 #ce#st din 1r4 "1ncie, 1nii 4itogr#"i l
#soci#7 c1 7e1l Her4es #l grecilor2 Hor B Hor1s <l# 5ec8ii egi$teni
horT "#= er# re$re7ent#t 1neori c1 c#$ de oi4 <i4#gine# s# sol#r=,
ndeose9i n rit1rile "1ner#re, i n #cest `#7 se consider# c# "iind
$rogenit1r# c1$l1l1i di5in 0siris+Isis, c6nd s19 "or4 de c6ine, cee#
ce nse4n#, $entr1 egi$teni, c er# 1r4#1l c1$l1l1i 0siris+'e$8t>s2
.Q2,ns1lele din ntinderile #c5#tice s1nt, d1$ Eli#de, ;"r#g4ente cos4ice;
-<specte ale mitului, &1c1reti, ,()W,$2.=, #dic re#liti eterne ce in
de imago mundi. Acolo se #"l re$#os1l odi8n# $ost+4orte4= eroilor
i #l inii#ilor2 Eli#de # $oeti7#t te4# A ins1leiA n ro4#n1l Karpele
<$#s#j1l "in#l Andronic+An#= i # identi"ic#t+o teoretic, $rintre #ltele,
n st1di1l s1 des$re $oe41l n $ro7, Insula lui 8uthanasius.
..2S se rein ec8i5#len# #rtist+#lc8i4ist2 E# este rele5#t, $e 91n
dre$t#te, de Mirce# Eli#de n 9#7# #cel1i#i $olise4#ntis4 "1ncion#l%
#lc8i4ist1l + #rtist1l + 5rjitor1l + c6ntre1l + t#14#t1rg1l er#1
3@9
rec1nosc1i c# #56nd #cee#i n7estr#re i "c6nd $#rte din #cee#i
"#4ilie se4#ntic2
.)2A1tor1l 5or9ete 4ere1 des$re #n#to4i# 4itic indi#n2 A i scris n
#cest sens 4#i 41lte st1dii $e te4# o4ologiei cor$+cos4os2 n
g6ndire# 4itologic, #n#to4i# 14#n se nte4ei#7 $e str1ct1ri
s$eci"ice corel#te c1 #n#to4i# cos4ic, ntre cor$1l 14#n i cel
cos4ic exist6nd identiti "or4#le, "1ncion#le i s$irit1#le2
.W2;Si l# 5ie est d#ns l# no1rrit1re, d#ns l# no1rrit1re est #1ssi le $rinci$e de
4ort et de corr1$tion2 !o1t re$#s est 1ne ord#lie, et, $l1s encore, to1te
9e15erie, c#r l# 9oisson est 1n extr#it, extr#it de 5ie et de2 4ort, R1i
exec1te Ies co1$#9les et recon"orte Ies 9ons;2 <M#rcel Gr#net, @a
pensee chinoise, #ris, ,(*-, $2 *()=2 Co4ent6nd #cest $#s#j, 4#rele
orient#list "r#nce7 este de $rere c ## se j1sti"ic nsi #$#rii#
#lc8i4iei c8ine7e c# tiin, #rt i te8nic oc1lt n o9inere#
ne41ririi2
.(2;De crois #5oir et#9li R1e Ies notions directrices de Vin et de V#ng
<$rinci$es sex1es, #""rontes, #ltern#nts, c#tegories #nt#gonistes R1i se
distri91ent lAense49le des c8oses et sA1nissent 6 te4$s regles=,
ex$ri4ent, $#r tr#ns$osition ideologiR1e, 1ne org#nis#tion o1 l# 5ie
soci#le res1lt#it de lA#cti5ite #ntit8etiR1e et solid#ire de de1x
gro1$e4ents sex1els2 l1s s$eci#le4ent, l# 8ier#rc8ie des idees
incl1ses d#ns Ies notions de Vin et de V#ng sAex$liR1e enti"cre4ent
$#r le dis$ositi" des ?etes R1i o$$os#ient, en 1ne jo1te ter4inee $#r
des 1nions exog#4es, des 9#ndes d#ns#ntes de je1ns jens et de je1nes
"illes; <M#rcel Gr#net, )anses et legendes de la Chine <ncienne
<!o4e Seconde=, #ris, ?elix Ale#n, ,(N., $2 .,Q=2
)/2Este j1sti"ic#t in5oc#re# tiinelor $si8ologice $entr1 c religi# e,
n#inte de to#te, o st#re de contiin i de trire existeni#l2
?#n#tis41l n1 $o#te "i consider#t 1n "eno4en religios, ci o
#nor4#lit#te2 Credin# se do5edete 7idito#re de "iin n14#i c6nd
"#$t# #re c# te4ei ex$erien# #s14#t, contienti7#t2
),2Acel#i Le5>+&r18l, critic#t nc de &l#g# $entr1 teoriile s#le
4ini4#li7#to#re des$re ##+7is1l $relogis4 #l g6ndirii $ri4iti5e2
)N2;S#5#nii e1ro$eni; 5i7#i #ici er#1, n #"#r de Le5>+&r18l, i
re$re7ent#nii colii #ntro$ologice engle7e, de l# !#>lor l# ?r#7er2 C1
to#t #d4ir#i# $entr1 #1tor1l 4on14ent#lei cri Creanga de aur,
Eli#de # #51t #dese# re7er5e "# de 4od1l c14 #cest# #9ord#
c1lt1rile tr#diion#le, din $ers$ecti5# rigid # e1ro$ocentris41l1i i #
scientis41l1i de 9i9liotec2
)*2Mic#re# teo7o"ic # l1#t "iin n # do1# j14t#te # secol1l1i trec1t,
nt6i n A4eric#, c$t6nd #$oi 4#re $o$1l#rit#te n E1ro$# i in
Indi#2 E# i extr#ge doctrin# din i75o#re di5erse <gnostici, 4istici,
ec2= i 1r4rete ;c1no#tere# direct # esenei di5ine $rin il14in#re
i int1iie 4istic, d#r i $tr1ndere# $rin re5el#i# s1$r#n#t1r#l n
4ie71l secretelor n#t1rii; <@ictor Gern9#c8, )ic*ionar de mitologie
general', &1c1reti, ,(W(,$2 QW/+QW,=
)-2Gris8n#41rti, re$re7ent#nt #l societii teo7o"ice, n Ro46ni#, indi#n de
origine2 D1$ ce # $ro5oc#t o ere7ie de conce$ie l# M#dr#s i i+#
$rsit $#tri#, s+# cons#cr#t, n #r# no#str i n E1ro$# A$1se#n,
1nei #cti5iti s#lon#rde i #5ent1riere, cee# ce # tre7it ne41l14iri
ndre$tite2 0 $re7ent#re # $ro9le4#ticii teo7o"ice # "c1t+o Mirce#
*,/
Eli#de n ;C156nt1l; I din NN oct2 ,(N), #rticol re$rod1s n 5oi2
Profetism rom!nesc, I, ;2Ro7# 56nt1rilor;, &1c1reti, ,((/, $$2 -)+Q,2
)Q 2ri4ele 7eiti s1nt $rinci$ii cos4ice neno4in#li7#te% 'o#$te#, A$#,
Cer1l, 46nt1l, Aer1l <ce 5or de5eni conce$te i s19st#ne
constit1ti5e #le l14ii l# g6nditorii greci=2 Hesiod nce$e #st"el
Theogoniar. ;H#os # "ost l#+nce$1t2 46nt1l c1 l#rgele+i co#$se, B
C#s te4einic d#t ne41ritorilor c#re B A1 st$6nire $e c1l4e#
0li4$1l1i $lin de troiene222;, etc2
).,Eli#de "or41le#7 #ici o de"iniie c#4 li9er # ere"iei. Exist 4#i 41lte
ti$1ri de ere7ii i5ite n istori# &isericii i ele re$re7int de "iec#re d#t
#9#teri de l# esen# cretinis41l1i, 4#i $recis de l# dog4ele s#le
nte4eieto#re2 Ere7iile s1nt ;conce$te $#rtic1l#re;, 1r4rind1+se n
4od tendenios A2A4ini4#li7#re# 14#nitii l1i Hristos s#1 neg#re#
1nei "iri 14#ne #1tentice n $erso#n# S#;<r2 ro"2 Dr2 Ion &ri#,
)ic*ionar de Teologie ortodox'. Edit1r# Instit1t1l1i &i9lic, &1c1reti,
,(W,, $2 ,QN+,Q*=2
))20 "or4 de 4o#rte 5iolent i cre#to#re <s6nger#re# 7eiei i # celor c#re
$r#ctic#1 c1lt1l;=, totod#t 1n exe4$l1 de 4#gie i4it#ti5% i5oi1l de
s6nge ;c8e#4A, $rin si4$#tie, i5oi1l de $lo#ie2
)W2Ase4n#re $er"ect c1 Ursito#rele din "olclor1l ro46nesc2
)(2o#te "i identi"ic#t i C1lt1l M#icii Do4n1l1i, ## c14 l inter$rete#7
Mirce# Eli#de, cercet6nd legendele s"inte c1lese de Si4eon ?lore#
M#ri#n2
W/2n $er"ect concord#n c1 teologi# cretin% o4enire# # "ost de 41lt
5re4e $regtit, $rin #ctele de re5el#ie di5in, s nt64$ine
4ir#col1l '#terii M6nt1itor1l1i dintr+o "ecio#r ne$ri8nit2
W,2Este #de5r#t c l# cel de #l treile# sinod ec14enic, de l# E"es, din -*,,
e$isco$1l 'estorie # #t#c#t dog4# s#cr#litii M#icii Do4n1l1i, s19
$retext1l c n1 #r "i ;'scto#re de D14ne7e1;, ci de 042
'estori#nis41l # n5ins, $entr1 4o4ent, n 0ccident, c14 o9ser5 i
Eli#de, $6n l# org#ni7#re# #$1se#n # cr1ci#delor2 De$endent de
cr1ci#de, gotic1l "r#nce7 s+# ls#t s19ordon#t c1lt1l1i ?ecio#rei, ntr+o
4#nier tot#l di"erit de #cce$i1ne# rsrite#n # ?ecio#rei+ M#gn#
M#ter2 C#tedr#lele "r#nce7e din e$oc# "e1d#l <secolele ,*+,)= $o#rt
den14ire# #$ro#$e in5#ri#9il ;'otre D#4e; <de #ris, de Ro1en, de
'4es=2
WN2Ace#st# este seri# de 7eiti #le 5eget#iei, si49ol1ri #le 5ieii i #le
4orii2 Ele se de"inesc $rintr+1n 4it "o#rte 9ine #rtic1l#t i $rintr+1n
siste4 1nit#r de "or4e rit1#lice de ti$ 4 isteric2 Alt serie de 7eiti se
org#ni7e#7 n j1r1l l1i R#+A44on, c#re deter4in 1n gr1$ de
si49ol1ri i de #legorii 4itice 5i76nd di$tic1l ?#r#on+So#re2
W*2Este, $rin 1r4#re, 1n 7e1 c1lt1r#li7#tor, de 1nde i $o$1l#rit#te# l1i2
W-2Set8+!i$8on% # n1 se con"1nd# c1 Set $o4enit n ,echiul Testament
<1n1l dintre "iii l1i Ad#4=, c1 Set8, "or 4#le"ic n 4itologi#
egi$te#n, din #cee#i "#4ilie o"idi#n c1 !>$8on din t8eogoni#
gre#c2
WQ2D1417i+!14417+Attis+Adonis <Is8t#r+C>9ele+De4eter=, 7eiti #le
$ri45erii i 5eget#iei2 Ele #1 in#1g1r#t o serie de rit1ri 4isterice n
orient1l s14eri#n i "rigi#n, c# i o $oe7ie "1ner#r ti$ic, $e te4#
co9or6rii n In"ern <EreHig#l, erse$8one=2
W.2Dion>sos <L E#gre1s= este 1n #s$ect #l l1i puer aetomum, des$re CU& #
i
scris #dese# Mirce# Eli#de%;0c1lt#re# i e$i"#ni# l1i Dion>sos,
co9or6rile s#le n In"ern <co4$#r#9ile c1 o 4o#rte 1r4#t de o
res1recie= i, 4#i #les, c1lt1l l1i Dion>sos+co$il, c1 rit1ri cele9r6nd
;tre7ire#; s# + ls6nd deo$#rte te4# 4itico+rit1#l # l1i
Dion>sos+E#gre1s, #s1$r# cr1i# 5o4 insist# nd#t, indic 5oin# i
s$er#n# 1nei nnoiri s$irit1#le2 Co$il1l di5in este, $ret1tindeni n
l14e, ncrc#t de 1n si49olis4 inii#tic re5el6nd 4ister1l 1nei
;ren#teri; de ordin 4istic; <Mirce# Eli#de, Istoria ideilor i
credin*elor religioase, I, &1c1reti, ,(W,, $2 *WW=2
W)2&#Hos l# t8e9#ni i &#cc81s l# ro4#ni er# cores$ondent1l l1i Dion>sos2
Ro4#nii l+#1 tr#ns"or4#t dintr+o di5init#te dr#4#tic i 4isteric
ntr+1n si49ol #l "esti5itilor 5iticole2
WW2S#9#sios, 7e1 "rigi#n i tr#cic, #soci#t s#1 #colit #l 4#rii 7eie #
5eget#iei, G>9ele <Ci9ele, C>9ele=2 Misterele c1$l1l1i
S#9#sios+C>9ele s+#1 sincreti7#t c1 cele dion>si#ce2
W(2Jo4# <5edic=, 8#o4# <ir#ni#n=, #49ro7ie <grecesc=, 91t1r # 7eilor s#1
lico#re rit1#l $entr1 o9inere# ne41ririi n 4od lit1rgic2 Cine se
4$rte# din #cest elixir de5ene# eg#l c1 7eii, 4#i 41lt dec6t #t6t,
ne41ritor2
(/2Ji n liric# "1ner#r ro46ne#sc, n 9ocete, #$#re o to$ogr#"ie
#se4nto#re # tr641l1i de dincolo% ;d#l91l1i de $ri9e#gA, #dic
4ort1l1i, i se recit, ntr+o 4#nier #4intind de Cartea ti(etan' a
mor*ilor, c n cltori# s# sing1r#tic i $lin de $eri$eii, i se 5or
desc8ide l# 1n 4o4ent d#t, do1 crri% 1n# d1c6nd s$re st6ng#
<I#d1l=, ce#l#lt s$re dre#$t# <R#i1l=2
(,2L1cr#re# # r4#s n st#re de $roiect, c# i Mitologia mor*ii. L# Eli#de
s1nt 4#i 41lte c#71ri de #cest "el% cri $roiect#te, #n1n#te s #$#r,
d#r c#re n1 s+#1 4#i nsc1t2
(N2ro9le4# este rel1#t i #ct1#li7#t n Istoria ideilor i credin*elor
religioase, II, &1c1reti, ,(W., $2 ,))+,W.2
(*2Este o 5#ri#nt # 4#ni8eis41l1i 71r5#nit2 Acolo, cele do1 $rinci$ii,
(inele i r'ul, #1 l# origine $i74# di5in # "r#ilor ge4el#ri, 0r417d
i A8ri4#n2
(-2Din c6te c1no#te4, l1cr#re# # "ost do#r #n1n#t2
(Q2S se $1n n corel#ie #ce#st idee # l1i Mirce# Eli#de c1 cee# ce #5e#
s scrie 4#i t6r7i1 coleg1l s1 de gener#ie, etre C1e#% ; Dintre
disci$line, tiin# 4odern # nloc1it toc4#i "iloso"i#2 '1 4#i e
ne5oie + l# "#nt#stic1l $rogres #l tiinei 4oderne + de "iloso"i#
s$ec1l#ti52 I#r religi# se sit1e#7 $este 1lti4ele s$ec1l#ii teoretice
#le tiinei, $rin Ade5r1l #9sol1t 1nic, c#re e D14ne7e1,
tr#nscendent n esen, $rinci$i1 1nic #l t1t1ror l1cr1rilor2 S 5in 1n
l#1re#t #l $re4i1l1i 'o9el #te1, $e c#re s+, sc1i$ n oc8i2 Ce+o s+4i
s$1n el : 0 9#9 c#re c#de n "## ico#nei M#icii Do4n1l1i e o4 i
l# e di8or l#1re#t; -Intre )umne"eu i neamul meu, ?1nd#i#
;An#st#si#;, Edit1r# Art# Gr#"ic, ,((N, $2 ,/,2
(.2;C#r loin R1
,
6 $ro$re4ent $#rler o1 en 4e4e, o1 R1e ce 4#l "inisse
#5ec l# 4ort $8>siR1e, s# tort1re, #1 contr#ire, cAest de ne $o15oir
4o1rir, co44e d#ns lA#gonie le 4o1r#nt R1i ce de9#t #5ec l# 4ort
s#ns $o15oir rno1rir2 Ainsi etre malade 6 mort, cAest ne $o15oir
4o1rir, 4#is ici l# 5ie ne l#isse dAes$oirs, et l# deses$er#nce, cAest l#
4#nR1e d1 dernier es$oir, l# 4#nR1e de l# 4ort; <Soren GierHeg##rd,
Trait9 du disespoir, #ris, G#lli4#rd, ,(*/, $2),=2
()2rin ;5i## #soci#t;, Mirce# Eli#de nce#rc s #credite7e o teorie
$ro$rie $ri5ind s$eci"ic1l cre#iei n s$#i1l tr#diiei2 @igo#re#
#cestei# s+#r ex$lic# $rin c#$#cit#te# s$irit1l1i colecti5 de # se sit1#
si41lt#n i $er4#nent l# di"erite ;ni5ele 4itice;, re1ind #st"el s se
cos4ici7e7e i s+i re4$ros$te7e $1terile, rescriind ;etern#
nto#rcere;2 n ZF n
(W2Eli#de # #9ord#t "olclor1l c# ;instr14ent i "or4 de c1no#tere
si49olic, ntr+o 4#nier s$irit1#list $ro"1nd origin#l, d#r, din
$c#te, "r # gsi eco1rile c15enite n 5re4e2 Se reco4#nd st1di1l
$ol2lorul ca instrument de cunoatere, din 5oi2 Insula lui 8uthanasius,
,(*-, $$2 NW+-(2
((2A1tor1l $rei# o $ro$o7iie de5enit cele9r # l1i '#e Ionesc1, $e c#re
#cest# o roste# #dese# n "## st1denilor% ;!ineret1l #re totde#1n#
dre$t#te;2 Sens1l l#tent este c tineret1l dis$1ne de ti4$1l neces#r
$entr1 corect#re# $ro$riilor greeli inerente 56rstei2 De #cee# tineree#
este, $rin de"iniie, cre#to#re2
l002!re91ie corel#te #ceste g6nd1ri eli#deti des$re tineree i des$re
4o#rte c1 seri# de #rticole $e te4# gener#iei tinere, c#re # $ro5oc#t
41lt t1l91r#re n $res# #nilor trei7eci2
,/,2A1tor1l n1 este corect #ici2 entr1 co4$#r#ie, s cit4 do#r 1n1l
dintre "r#g4entele de j1rn#l, $ri5ind gener#i# de lO;Criterion;% ; Ce
R1Aon #$$el# $l1s t#rd ,A A es$rit; d1 ;Criterion; sAecler#it et se
dessin#it dA#1t#nt $l1s R1e no1s #5#ncions d#ns notre $rogr#44e2 D.s
nos $re4i"cres se#nces, le $19lic #5#it $ressenti R1Ail sA#giss#it dA1ne
ex$erience c1lt1relle $#rtic1li"ere4ent origin#le, et dA1ne #4$le1r
inso1$eonnee, de soite R1e s# "idelite ne se de4eni j#4#is;
-Memoires,l,p.N>H/.
,/N2/ 5#ri#nt # conce$t1l1i ;coincidenti# o$$ositor14 2 ,/*219lic#ie
cond1s de C#4il etresc1, n $erio#d# ,( dec2 ,(NQ + i1lie
,(N. <52I2H#ngi1, )ic*ionar al presei literare rom!neti, &1c1reti,
,(W), $2 )Q=2
,/*#2 Mirce# Eli#de "#ce tri4itere# l# $ro$ri# s# l1cr#re Mituri, .ise
i mistere, 5#ri#nt# ro46ne#sc <&1c1reti, ,((,= tr#d1s de Mri#
I5nesc1 i Ce7#r I5nesc12
,/*92 Acee#i tri4itere c# l# not# ,/*2#2
,/*c2 erson#j din e$o$ee# "inl#nde7 :ale.ala. ,/-2 @in64oinen l
o9lig $e 1ri#1l 5rjitor Antero s roste#sc 1n text
cos4ogonic n c#re er#1 c1$rinse i c15intele 4#gice c1t#te2
Re$et6nd1+le #c#s, $e ;#ntier1l $lin de 5or9e;, ero1l i ter4in
l1cr#re# "r #j1tor1l 1neltelor de t64$lrie, ci $rin c6nt#re 4#gic%
;L6ng l1ntre# l1i se d1se+n
J#ntier1l $lin de 5or9eF
I1te "1 gtit 9#rc#,
Se 4$re1n#r 4#rgini,
n s"6rit, "1 njg8e9#t
#rte# din#$oi # l1ntrii,
Se+nl c#t#rt1l $1$ei,
Se nsc1 #ce#st l1ntre
?r+# "i de loc cio$lit,
?r+o #c8ie s s#r;2
*,*
<Eli#s Lonnrot, )alevala. Epop%% $o$1l#r "inl#nde7, &1c1reti,
,(Q(, $$2 N.Q+N..=2
,/Q2S+# cit#t din 4e4orie% E$istol# S"6nt1l1i #5el ctre 4#rele 1cenic i
credincios )B) n1 con"ir4 tri4itere# res$ecti52
,/.2Se re"er l# $erec8e# 4itic j#$one7 I7#n#gi i I7#n#4i des$re c#re ni
se 5or9ete, $rintre #ltele, n 5oi2 Mituri, .isuri i mistere. Este 5or9#
de 1n 4it cos4ogonic, cele do1 $rinci$ii, I7#n#gi i I7#n#4i
re$re7ent6nd 1n ti$ de 9i+1nit#te $ri4ordi#lF d1$ o serie dr#4#tic
de 8iero"#nii se re#li7e#7 se$#r#re# si49olic # Cer1l1i de 46nt, #
@ieii de Mo#rte2
,/)2Petra genetrix, 4#trice# gener#to#re de di5initi $ri4ordi#le% ;i#tr#
<st6nc#=, er# sexuat' i creatoare. Ee1l 4editer#ne#n i #si#tic se
nte# dintr+o petra genetrix, #si4il#t M#rii Eeie, c#re er#, d1$
c14 se tie, i4#gine# 4#tricei 1ni5ers#le, matrix mundiF <52
Cosmologie i alchimie (a(ilonian', c#$2 Petra ;enetrix. Ji n
"olclor1l ro46nesc% ;'1 #4 4#4, B '+#4 nici t#t B #rc s1nt
nsc1t din $i#tr;2 rin 1r4#re, n1 n14#i logosul, apa, haosul, h'ul,
.alea, d#r i piatra, BeBnn1Ber#1 g6ndite c# 4#terii gene7ice2
,/W2S1nt do1 5ersi1ni n legt1r c1 n#tere# 4onstr1l1i !>$8on din
4itologi# gre#c% #= n ce# 4#i 5ec8e i gener#li7#t #$#re c#
$rogenit1r # G#iei, 7eit#te tel1ricF !>$8on 5# de5eni 1n1l dintre cei
4#i n5er1n#i #d5ers#ri #i l1i Ee1s, $e lini# 5ec8i1l1i con"lict
er$esc de tr#diie orient#l M#rd1H B !i#4#t, @#r1n# B @rtr#F 9= n #
do1# 5#ri#nt, !>$8on #re o origine #49ig1% G#i#+Her#2 Her#,
c1$rins de "1rie, i79ete c1 $icior1l n $46nt, #dic n #d5ers#r# s#,
G#i#2 Din #ce#st n"r1nt#re 4#gic i# n#tere 4onstr1l o"idi#n c#re,
l# r6nd1l s1, 5# gener# #li 4ontri% Cer9er1l, Le1l din 'e4ee#,
Gorgonele, etc2
,/(2L14e# di54 s14eri#n # s1$r#5ie1it n cee# ce Mirce# Eli#de
n14ete ;sinte7#; s14ero+#HH#di#n% ;!ri#d# s1$re4 # r4#s
#cee#i% An1, En+lil, E# <L En+Hi=2 !ri#d# #str#l # 4$r141t#t, n
$#rte, n14ele se4itice #le di5initilor res$ecti5e% L1n#, Sin <c#re
deri5 din s14eri#n1l S1en=F So#rele, J#4#F Ste#1# @en1s,
It#rLIn#nn# =Istoria credin*elor i ideilor religioase, I, &1c1reti,
,(W,, $2 ),=2
,,/2Eng8id1+Enc8id12
,,, 2n tr#d1cere# l1i Al2 Di4# i col#92%
J#se 7ile i #se no$i o st$6ni EnHid1 $e "iic# $lcerii,
C6nd n s"6rit se s#t1r de $lcere# $e c#re i+o s41lge#,
5r1 s se d1c l# t1r4# s# de "i#re sl9#tice2
ar" 576nd1+, p% EnHid1, 2a*%l%l% o iau la "1g,
"i#rele sl9#tice se "eresc de #$ro$iere# l1i2
EnHid1 5r1 s s#r, d#r tr1$1l i er# 5lg1it,
gen1nc8ii i er#1 ne$enii,
n ti4$ ce t1r4# s# de "i#re sl9#tice se nde$rt#;2
<loc2 cit2, $2*(+-/=2
Exist o $o5estire $o$1l#r ro46ne#sc, din 9i9liogr#"i# Miori*ei,
c#re #4intete $er"ect de #ce#st sec5en% ntr+o d14inec $stor1l,
nc ;nel14it;, l#s t1r4# $e 41nte i co9o#r n s#t, l# 8or% ;A
j1c#t, # 91t, 9# i+# gsit i+o drg1 p% $ar% o l1 $u d,n&ul1 A+tr%
se#r $orni l# st6n2 C6nd #j1nse l# $6r61 i ntinse gl1g#, n+# 4#i
31>
$1t1t tr%$% $a -naint%1 Era &+ &% -nn%$%.0Mi7ai Lup%&$u" 3ei'Le(-nat+
Runi#%a.C Iai" 19H:" p1 >1<1
1191Ma#%l% lui L7il2a#%) !ruru 0.divina #a#+ P< i Riat-N#(l1 In po%#
&% nar%a*+ $+" -naint% d% -nt,lnir%a $u En6idu" %roului i &-a ar+tat n
4#i 41lte r6nd1ri o ste#+9olo5#n $a*,nd din $%r" i d%" a&%#%n%a" o
sec1re2 Aceste 5is1ri i+#1 'o&t t+l#+$it% d% Riat-Ninlil <'ins1n=,
4#4# l1i ;4ilosti5; i .atottiutoar%.C $%alalt+ #a#+" !ruru" %&t%
7ei#+4#4, ;74islito#re#;2
,,*2!re91ie s "ie l#$isl#71ri din "#4ili# si49olic Qad i petra genetrix. ,
H2L1g#l9#nd# "#ce $#rte din pri#a dina&ti% # r%2ilor &u#%ri%ni i #i
Ur1H+1l1i, i#r legendele 4itologice l socotesc t#tl l1i G8ilg#4e2 ,,Q 2I#t
1n "r#g4ent din c6ntec1l Co(or!rea Aei*ei Itar +n Infern. ;C6nd # sosit It#r
l# $o#rt# din C#r#+"r+c#le+nto#rs I+# s$1s strjer1l1i a$%&t% vor(%)
ort#r1le, desc8ide+4i $o#rt#, Desc8ide+4i $o#rt#, vr%au &+ intru8 % n1+4i
d%&$7i*i tu poarta i n1 4 l#i s intr1, i s$#rg c#n#t1l 1ii, 75or1l i+,
s"r64, C1lc l# $46nt 1orii, do9or c#n#t1l 1iiT Din so4n tre7i+5oi 4orii,
s+ng8it $e cei 5ii, Cei 4ori 5or d%v%ni #ai nu#%roi c# 5iii; =T'(li*ele
de argil', loc2 cit2, $2 .-=2 ,,.2n #cee#i 4#nier# este conce$1t i L1ci"er din
Paradisul pierdut #l l1i
Do8n Milton2
,,)2n r%'onnular%a 4oderni7#t # l1i 'ic8it# Stnesc1% !rece# "o#rte
r%p%d% r,ul" d%i B n14#i %l exist#2 B Exist6nd, %l tr%$%a $u %/i&t%n+ $u
tot. (biseripGie nedescitat-".
11E1L%o#%tri*+ri a&%#+n+toar%" -n &i#(oli$a un%i &pirituali*+ri a&$%ti$% la
a$%lai Ni$7ita St+n%&$u)K.N-a# $%r1 A% % #ai d%part% d% #in% U &unt
%u" n%2rul i -nl+untrul1 U A%rul #%u %&t% d% $arn% n%a2r+1 B A%r
-n2ropat. (Lupta inimii cu s!n(ele".
U911[> M't'$r .!# al%& =adul $a v%7i$ol al &i#(oli&#ului $7in%* to$#ai
p%ntru $+ % #ai puin $uno&$ut i" -n $% #+ priv%t%" #ai 'a&$inant1
Radul % &i#(olul &uv%ranit+ii i al put%rii -n ordin%a &o$ial+" iar -n
ordin%a $o&#i$+ %l -ntru$7ip%a*+ %&%na purit+ii prin$ipiului #a&$uSn
0Fan2<" al &tati$ului" al %t%rnului1 % ai$i l%2+tura dintr% =ad i
n%#urir% p% $ar% au r%v%lat-o al$7i#itii $7in%*i 0art1 Ud din
.Auv,ntul." 9H '%(r1 ,(*N, p1 1-9<C iar d%&pr% &i#(olul indiani&ti$
.Mudra." a &% v%d%a art1 Mudra, -n .Auv,ntul." 19 #arti%" 1939
0p11-9< &i .Auv,ntul."1H #arti%" 1939 0p1 1-9<1
31:
Indice de titl1ri
<lchimie chine"', din 5oi2 )rumul spre centru. Antologie #lct1it de G#9riel
Liice#n1 i Andrei le1, Ed2 ;Uni5ers;, &1c, ,((,, $2 Q.N+Q.*2 <ndroginie i
totalitate, din 5oi2 8seuri. Mitul eternei +ntoarceri. Mituri, .ise i mistere.
!r#d1cere de Mri# I5nesc1 i Ce7#r I5nesc12 Edit1r# tiini"ic, &1c1reti,
,((,, $$r N.N+N.*2
Carnet de iarn', ;Ro46ni# liter#r;, ,. #$rilie, ,(*(,$2 Q
Cartea mor*ilor, ;Jti1+tot;, ,Q4#i,,(NQ, $2 ,/+,,
Cartea mor*ilor ti(etan'. <gonia i trecerea, ;C156nt1l;, W i1nie, ,(*N, $2 ,+N2
Cartea mor*ilor ti(etan'. 7aiul i Iadul, ;C156nt1l;, ,W i1nie, ,(*N, $2 ,2 Cas', corp,
cosmos, din 5oi2 Comentarii la @egenda Meterului Manole, Edit1r#
;19lico4;, &1c1reti, ,(-*,$$2 ,,.+,N.2
Ciuang-`e, ;C156nt1l;, N) noie49rie, ,(N., $2 ,+N
C6nt#re# c6ntrilor, ;Ade5r1l liter#r i #rtistic;, N- octo49rie, ,(N., $2-2
Concl17ii, din 5oi2 PatanQali i Coga. !r#d1cere de S#lter ?otesc1, ;H14#nit#s;,
&1c1reti, ,((N, $$2 ,(W+N/N2
Crea*ie i sacrificiu, din 5oi2 8seuri <l1cr2 cit=, $$2N)/+N),2 )e la ;ang "u den
Muttern la Magna Mater, din 5oi2 Mitul reintegr'rii, Edit1r#
;@re4e#;, &1c1reti, ,(*(, $$2 ,.+N*2 )espre moarte i istorie literar', din
5oi2 6ceanografie, Edit1r# ;C1lt1r#
$o$or1l1i;, &1c1reti, ,(*-, $$2 ,/(+,,N2 )espre tinere*e i ('tr!ne*e, ;@re4e#;,
,( "e9r1#rie, ,(**, $2 )2 )espre un anumit sentiment al mor*ii, din 5oi2
6ceanografie, loc2 cit2, $2(/+(-2 )estinul culturii rom!neti, n ;Destin;2
Re5ist de c1lt1r ro46ne#sc,
M#drid, ,(Q*,#1g1st,<C#iet1l nr2.+)=, $$2N/+*N2 )eucalion, ;0ri7ont1l;, ,,
"e9r1#rie, ,(N., $2 WN2 )ionysos-Christ, ;0ri7ont1l;, * "e9r1#rie, ,(N), $2QN2
)ionysos-Aagreus, ;Ade5r1l liter#r i #rtistic;, , #1g1st, ,(N., $2*2 8popeea lui
;hilgame, ;0ri7ont1l;, ,Q octo49rie, ,(N., $2 -(-2 8rotica mistic' +n 5engal,
;@re4e#;, ,N i1nie, ,(*,, $2 .2 8rotica mistic' +n 5engal#$emeia i dragostea,
;@re4e#;, N. i1nie, ,(*N, $2 .2 8rotica mistic' +n 5engal. @im(aQul secret al
misticii indiene. ;@re4e#;, *
i1lie, ,(*N, $2 )2
8rotica mistic' +n 5engal. Magie i erotic', ;@re4e#;, ,(*N, N- i1lie, $2 )2
8rotica mistici +n 5engal. 7ituale erotice, ;@re4e#;, ,( i1nie, $2 .2
$ragmente nefiloso;oc, ;@re4e#;, NN octo49rie, ,(**, $2 .+)2 ;lose la
;hilgame, ;0ri7ont1l;, ,( noie49rie, ,(NQ, $2 Q.N2 Isis i 6siris, ;Jti1+
tot;, ,Q i1nie, ,(NQ, $2 -+Q2 Ispr'.ile lui ;hilgame, ;0ri7ont1l;, NN
octo49rie, ,(NQ, $2 Q/(2 +n c'utarea lui 0i-apitim, ;0ri7ont1l;, N(
octo49rie, ,(NQ, $2 QN.2
*,.
&ensen fi ;hilgame, ;0ri7ont1l;, * dece49rie, ,(NQ
@egende dilu.iene +n <merica, ;0ri7ont1l;, ,, 4#rtie, ,(N., $2 ,N-2
@egenda luioe, ;0ri7ont1l;, ) i#n1#rie, ,(N., $2 NN2
@iteratura celui mai religios norod din lume, ;L14e#, 9#7#r s$t46n#l;, ,- 4#rtie,
,(N., $2 ,,+,N2
@iteratura mistic-erotic'. ,oca(ularul inten*ional, ;@re4e#;A, ,/ i1lie, ,(**, $2.2
@una i Moartea, din 5oi2 Tratat de istorie a religiilor. Edit1r# ;H14#nit#s;,
&1c1reti, ,((N, $$2 ,.(+,),
Magie imetapsihic', ;C156nt1l;, ,) i1nie, ,(N), $2 ,+N2 Maica )omnului,
;?#4ili#;, ,(*., nr2 . <i1lie+#1g1st=2$2 **+*W2 Metafi"ica 0panishadelor=\/,
;C156nt1l;, ,W 4#rtie, ,(**, $2 ,+N2 Metafi"ica 0panishadelor-\l/, ;C156nt1l;, NQ
4#rtie, ,(**, $2 ,+N2 Misterele de la Pompei, ;0ri7ont1l;, N) 4#i, ,(N., $2NQW2
Misterele i ini*ierea oriental', ;Ade5r1l liter#r i #rtistic;, ,W i1lie, ,(N., $2Q+.
Misticismul orific al lui Peraclit, ;Ade5r1l liter#r i #rtistic;, N* i#n1#rie, ,(N),
2Q+.2 FMoarteaF i F+n.iereaF metalelor, din 5oi2 Cosmologie i alchimie
(a(ilonian',
;@re4e#;, &1c1reti, ,(*), $2 (Q+()2
Moti.e religioase +n 0panishade, ;@re4e#;, N* #$rilie, ,(**, $2 )2 Mutter8rde, din
5oi2 Ese1ri <loc2 cit=, $$2 NQ*+NQQ2 ote de iconografie indian', ;C156nt1l;, N/
octo49rie, ,(*N, $2 , +N2 6 carte a mor*ilor, ;C156nt1l;, N, 4#i, ,(*N, $2 ,+N2 6
carte despre moarte, ;Re5ist# ?1nd#iilor Reg#le;, ,(*., nr2 W #1g1st, $$2
-*(+--Q2
6gyges i )ardanus, ;0ri7ont1l;, ,W "e9r1#rie, ,(N., $2 (,2 6rfeu i ini*ierea orfic',
;Ade5r1l liter#r i #rtistic;, N. se$te49rie, ,(NW, $2 *2 Pe marginea unor c'r*i de
metapsihic', ;Re5ist# 1ni5ersit#r;, ,(N., <An1l I=, nr2 ,
<i#n1#rie=, $2 ,Q+,(2
Polemici +n Qurul lui ;hilgame, ;0ri7ont1l;, N. noie49rie, ,(NQ, $2 Q..2 Potopul
australian i melane"ian, ;0ri7ont1l;, - 4#rtie, ,(N., $2 ,--2 Potopul chaldeean,
;0ri7ont1l ;, N- dece49rie, ,(NQ, $2 .,(2 Potopul din 9'tapatha 5rahmana,
;0ri7ont;, N, i#n1#rie, ,(N., $2-/2 Potopul +n <sia i arhipelagul asiatic,
;0ri7ont1l;, NQ "e9r1#rie, ,(N., $2 ,/Q2 Potopul +n 8gipetX, ;0ri7ont1l;, ,W 4#rtie,
,(N., $2 ,*W2 Potopul +n Pari-Purana, ;0ri7ont;, NW i#n1#rie, ,(N., $2 QQ2 Potopul
+n Mah'(h'rata i 5haga.ata Pur!na, ;0ri7ont1l;, - "e9r1#rie, ,(N., $2.N2 R#""#ele
ett#77oni% B Misteri, ;Re5ist# 1ni5ersit#r;, ,(N. <An1l I=2 nr2 N
<"e9r1#rie=, $2 .)+.(2 7epre"ent'rile mor*ii la primiti.i, din ;C#8ier de l#
ierre+R1i+5i5re;F nr2 -,,
j#n5ier, ,(Q-, $$2 ,..+,)-
7ituri ale P'm!ntului-Mam', d\n\o\. Ese1ri, loc2 cit, $2 N)N+N)*2 9etea mortului
din 5oi2 Tratat de istorie a religiilor. Ed2 ;H14#nit#s;,
&1c1reti,,((N,$$2 ,(,+,(N
9exualitate, moarte, crea*ie, din 5oi2 8seuri, loc2 cit, $2 N.(+N)/2
9im(olismul mor*ii ini*iatice, din 5oi2 8seuri, loc2 cit, $2 */-+*/W2
*,)
9im(olul religios i .alori"area angoasei din 5ol141l 8seuri <loc2cit= $2$2 ,Q-+,.Q2
9piritualitate i mister feminin, ;A7i; <An1l I=, nr2N <#$rilie=, $2 N/N+N/Q2
FTeroarea istorieiF i r'spunsul p'storului, din 5oi2 )e la Aalmoxis la ;enghis-Pan,
;Edit1r# tiini"ic i enciclo$edic;, &1c1reti, ,(W/, $$2 N-W+NQ/2 FTimpulFi
F)estinulF, din Mitul reintegr'rii, Edit1r# ;@re4e#;, ,(*(, &1c1reti,
$2 */+*Q2
Tragism, ;C156nt1l;, N- se$te49rie, ,(**, $2 ,2
Tumul lui 5a(ei, ;Jti1+tot;, 4#rtie, ,(N., $2 N+*2
Aagreus i p'catul originar, ;Ade5r1l liter#r i #rtistic;,Q #1g1st, ,(N., $2 *2
Aei*ele p'm!ntului, din Mitul reintegr'rii, loc2 cit2, $2 N*+*/2 Aiudsuddu i
0t-apitim, ; 0ri7ont1l;, , i#n1#rie, ,(N., $2 Q2
AU?RINS
REG3!IREA E'!RU M0AR!E 2222222222222222222222@
,2Mo#rte# n5ins 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222@
N20 5i# i c1 # 4orii do1 222222222222222222222222222222P
*2Mo#rte# $l1r#l 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 PII
'0!A EDICIEI 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 P@
I2 !HA'A!0S 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 PIP
,2 Crile 4orii 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 PPI
C#rte# 4orilor 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222 PPI
Liter#t1r# cel1i 4#i religios norod de
$e "## $46nt1l1i 222222222222222222222222222222222222222 N-
0 c#rte # 4orilor 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222 N(
Cartea mor*ilor ti(etan'. Agoni# i
trecere# 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 *N
Cartea mor*ilor ti(etan'. R#i1l i I#d1l 2 2 2 *Q
0 c#rte des$re 4o#rte 222222222222222222222222222222222 *)
N2 Mo#rte# cos4ic 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 --
oto$1l c8#ldee#n 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222 --
Ei1ds1dd1 i Ut+'#$iti4 22222222222222222222222222 -)
Legend# l1i 'oe2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 Q/
oto$1l din 9!tapatha 5rahmana ................. Q-
oto$1l n Pari-Purana ................................ Q)
oto$1l n Mah'(h'rata i
5hag'.ata-Purana ........................................ Q(
&i9liogr#"ie 222222222222222,2222222222222222222222222222222222 .,
)eucalion ....................................................... .N
oto$1l n Asi# i #r8i$el#g1l #si#tic 22222222 .Q
oto$1l #1str#li#n i 4el#ne7i#n 222222222222222 .)
Legendele dil15iene n A4eric#2222222222222222222 .(
oto$1l n Egi$t : 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ),
ri5ire gener#l #s1$r# ins1lelor i
#r8i$el#g1rilor #si#tice 222222222222222222222222222222 )*
0g>ges i D#rd#n1s 2222222222222%2222222222222222222222 )Q
!1rn1l l1i &#9ei 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ))
*2 !ero#re# ti4$1l1i 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 )(
?r#g4ente ne"iloso"ice 2222222222222222222222222222222 )(
Destin1l c1lt1rii ro46neti 222222222222222222222222222 W,
C#rnet de i#rn 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 (N
II2 ER0S222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 (Q
,2 Rit1#le erotice 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ()
Erotic# 4istic n &eng#l 2222222222222222222222222222 ()
Erotic# 4istic n &eng#l2 Rit1#le
erotice 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ,/N
#2 Exerciii $regtito#re 22222222222222222222222222 ,/N
92 Rit1#l1l dr#gostei 4istice 22222222222222222 ,/*
Si49olis4 religios i 5#lori7#re#
#ngo#sei 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ,/Q
Erotic# 4istic n &eng#l2 ?e4ei# i
dr#goste# 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ,,.
#2 @#lo#re# inteniei 2222222222222222222222222222222 ,,.
92 re7en# "#nt#stic # "e4eii 2222222222222 ,,)
Erotic# 4istic n &eng#l2 Li49#j1l
secret #l 4isticii indiene 222222222222222222222222222 ,,(
Desci"r#re# C!ntecelor lui :anha ........... ,N,
Liter#t1r# 4istic+erotic2 @oc#91l#r1l
intenion#l 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ,N*
Poemele lui :anha i 9araha ..................... ,NQ
N2 Mistic# erotic 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ,N)
M#gie i erotic 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ,N)
C!ntarea C!nt'rilor...................................... ,*/
Inter$retrile #legorice222222222222222222222222222222222 ,*,
I$ote7ele dr#4ei + Isis + S1l#4it# : 22222222222 ,**
nc8eiere22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ,*Q
III2 REI'!EGRAREA Y' C0SMICI!A!E 2 2 2 2 ,*)
,2 retiine% #lc8i4i#, 4et#$si8ic# 222222222222222 ,*(
Alc8i4ie c8ine7 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ,*(
;Mo#rte#; i ;n5iere#; 4et#lelor 222222222222 ,-*
M#gie i 4et#$si8ic# 22222222222222222222222222222222 ,--
e 4#rgine# 1nor cri 4et#$si8ice22222222222 ,-)
Spiritualitat% i #i&t%r '%#inin 11111111111111111 ,Q,
N2 Eeiti+$rinci$ii 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ,QQ
De l# ;ang "u den Mii ttern l# Magna
Mater............................................................... ,QQ
;M1tter Erde; 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ,Q(
Rit1ri #le 46nt1l1i + M#4 22222222222222222222 ,.,
Eeiele $46nt1l1i2222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ,.*
;!i4$1l ; i ;Destin1l; 222222222222222222222222222222 ,.)
L1n# i 4o#rte# 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ,)/
M#ic# Do4n1l1i 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ,)*
Androginie i !ot#lit#te2222222222222222222222222222222 ,)W
*2 Eeiti 4isterice 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ,W/
Isis i0siris222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ,W/
Misterele i iniiere# orient#l22222222222222222222 ,W*
!#in# 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ,W*
Rit1l 4#gic i 4it1l 22222222222222222222222222222222222 ,WQ
!#4417+0siris+Att>s22222222222222222222222222222222222 ,W.
C#r#cter1l #gr#ri#n #l di5initilor
4isterice 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ,WW
Ce er#1 4isterele : 222222222222222222222222222222222222 ,W(
Concl17ii 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ,W(
Dion>sos+E#gre1s 2222222222222222222222222222222222222 ,(,
0r"e1 i iniiere# or"c2
Misterele n1 er#1 re$re7ent#ii,
scenogr#"ice2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ,(.
Mrt1riile inii#ilor 2222222222222222222222222222222222 ,(.
;!8e G8ost + D#nce Religion; 2222222222222222 ,()
erso#n# l1i 0r"e1 +Concl17ii 22222222222222222222 ,(W
E#gre1s i $c#t1l origin#r 2222222222222222222222222 N//
Glori# i dec#den# or"is41l1i 22222222222222222 N/,
Co41nit#te# or"ic 222222222222222222222222222222222222 N/*
ro"esor1l M#cc8ioro i @il# Ite4 2222222222 N/-
Misticis41l or"ic #l l1i Her#clit 222222222222222 N/Q
Mister1l or"ic i "iloso"i# gre#c 2222222222222 N/.
Her#clit ;o9sc1r1l; 2222222222222222222222222222222222222 N/)
Esen# or"ic # "iloso"iei 8er#clitiene jjjj N/(
Rel#ti5is41l, 4isticis41l i
dog4#tis41l l1i Her#clit222222222222222222222222222 N,/
Misterele or"ice l# o4$ei 222222222222222222222222 N,N
Dion>sos+C8rist 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 N,Q
R#""#ele ett#77oni% IMisteri 9toria delle
religioni, @II, *QN $2k, t2 PPII, N/
L2 +&ologn#2 '2 E#nic8elli Editore, ,(N- 2 N,W
IV1 J!II'CA MORII11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 NN,
11 Moart%a %/p%ri#%ntat+ 1111111111111111111111111111111111 NN*
I#a2inil% #orii la pri#itivi 111111111111111111111 NN*
Des$re 1n #n14it senti4ent #l 4oriijjjj NN(
?r#g4ente ne"iloso"ice 22222222222222 22222222222 N*N
!r#gis4 ,(** 22222222222222222222222222222222222 22222 N*Q
Des$re tineree i 9tr6nee 222222222222 2222222 N*)
Des$re 4o#rte i istorie liter#r 2222222222222 N-/
Si49olis41l 4orii inii#tice 222222222222222222 N-N
Sex1#lit#te, 4o#rte, cre#ie 222222222222 2222222 N-.
N2 M0AR!E JI CREACIE 2222222222222222222222 222222 N-)
Cre#ie i s#cri"ici1 2222222222222222222222222222222 22 N-)
C#s, Cor$, Cos4os 2222222222222222222 22222222222 N-(
;!ero#re# istoriei; i rs$1ns1l
$stor1l1i 22222222222222222222222222222222222222 222222 NQQ
,2 C#le# #5ent1rii eroice 2222222222222222222222 222222222 N.,
8popeea lui ;hilgame ......................... N.,
Is$r5ile l1i G8ilg#4e 2222222222222222222222222 N.Q
In c1t#re# l1i Ut '#$iti4222222222222222222222 2 N.)
Glose $entr1 G8ilg#4e 22222222222222222222222 N.(
ole4ici n j1r1l l1i G8ilg#4e 222222222222 N)N
Densen i G8ilg#4e 2222222222222222222 222222222222 N)-
N2 C#le# #sce7ei i # 4edit#iei 222222222222222222222 N))
Met#"i7ic# 0panishadelor <I= 2222222222222 22222 N))
Met#"i7ic# 0panishadelor <II= 2222222222222222 2 NW,
Moti5e religio#se n 0panishade............. NWQ
'ote de iconogr#"ie indi#n
Ci1#ng + Ce
2222222222222222222222 22222222222222222222
Sete# 4ort1l1i
22222222222222222222222 2222222222222222222
Concl17ii
222222222222222222222222222222 222222222222222222222
'ote 22222222222222222222222222 22222222222222222
Indice de titl1ri
222222222222222222222222222222222 222222222222222222
..
290
..
293
..
296
..
298
..
300
..
316
C#s# Editori#l M0LD0@A &+d1l
C00U nr2 * ..// I#i + Ro46ni#
Red#ctor% Mioara-<dina <.ram
!e8nored#ctor% Mihail-<lexandm Popa
C1legere co4$1teri7#t%
)aniela Cio(otam
Ioana Mim @ili-
Mariana Tura
Corector% Corina Marian
?or4#t% Q-xW-B,.F Coli ti$o% N/,Q
&1n de ti$#r% noie49rie ,((*
!i$#r exec1t#t l# !i$ogr#"i# M0LD0@A I#i
s19 co4#nd# nr2 ,,)