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ELEMENTE DEFINITORII
Cresterea rezistentei la flux a aerului prin cai
respiratorii
REVERSIBILA
-spontan /
-dupa tratament
Inflamatie -mastocit
-eozinofil
- limfocit/granulocit
Hiperreactivitate bronsica
La bolnav cu accese de dispnee si tuse
ETIOPATOGENIE
FENOMENUL IMUN-ALERGIC
a) alergeni
b) teren (ereditatea)
c) reactii alergice
HIPERREACTIVITATEA TRAHEO-BRONSICA
FACTORI PRECIPITANTI
FENOMENUL IMUN-ALERGIC
a).ALERGENII
SUBSTANTE EXOGENE(mai frecvent)
Inhalati-praf de casa(dermatofagoides)
-polenuri
-profesionali
Ingerati medicamente,alimente
Injectati medicamente ,intepaturi de insecte
SUBSTANTE ENDOGENE fungi=aspergilius
ROLUL DOMINANT ALERGENII INHALATI
CARACTER
PEREN SEZONIER
FENOMENUL IMUN-ALERGIC
b). TERENUL
-atopic
-neatopic
c) . R.ALERGICE
HIPERREACTIVITATEA BRONSICA
TESTUL DE PROVOCARE BR. NESPECIFICA CU :
HISTAMINA
PD2o VEMS ( 8/11 micrmol) METACOLINA
HISTAMINA
spasm,edem
-difuza
ingustarea lumenului br.
-bilaterala
-calibru mic
REVERSIBILA
ESTE COMUNA AMBELOR CATEG.(extrinsec,intrinsec)
Hiperreactivitatea
bronsica
REDUCERE FEV-1
PD 20=cantitatea de
Histamina/metacolina
capabila sa reduca
VEMS cu 20%
ASTM
MODERAT/
SEVER
ASTM
USOR
NORMAL
FACTORI PRECIPITANTI
1.ALERGENI PROFESIONALI peste 2oo -IgE sau
IgG
FACT.PRECIPITANTI
BETABLOCANTELE
Asthma Triggers
Respiratory
Infections
Irritants
Drugs:
NSAIDS
Beta blockers
Endocrine
Weather changes
Cold air
Airway
Inflammation
Allergens
Environment
Additives
Exercise
Emotion
Bronhoobstructia-tipuri
de reactii alerg.
Tip I =IMEDIAT
VEMS
timp 12o
Tip III=R.TARDIVA
Tip I+III comp.DUAL
4 8 12
2o
12
2o
Tip III+hiperreactivitate
br. exagerata =astm cu brohoobstr.permanenta
Alergen
-Reactii alergice
factor alergic
mastocit
leucotriene
atopie
.................. Cromoglicat
-Eo
DEGRANULARE
F.TARDIVA -Li
-histamina
descuamare ep.-Gr
BETA -2
-FCEo FCN
infiltrate cel.
agonisti
FAZA PRECOCE
bronhospasm
bronhospasm
permeabilit.mucoasa
FAZA DE INTRETINERE
hiperreactivitate br.
Early
events
Mast Cell
Eosinophil
Late
events
Neutrophil
Astm-CLASIFICARE
ASTM ALERGIC-EXTRINSEC
1.forma atopica
2.forma neatopica
3.forma mixta
ASTM CRIPTOGENETIC-INTRINSEC
astm alergic
1.F. ATOPICA astm cu reagine(IgE)
-R.imun-alergica de tip I
Caracteristici
-reactivitate anormala mostenita
-plamin exagerat de permeabil la subst.exterioare
-antigen anticorpi sp.(reagine IgE) degranulare M
rapid bronhoobstructie remisie rapida
-teste cutanate(inhalative)+90% la copii ,5o% adulti
-sputa Eo ,singe IgE
-apare in copilarie,tineri
-manif.alergice asociate-urticarie,exema,edem angioneurotic, soc anafilactic
.astm alergic
2.FORMA NEATOPICA astm cu precipitine(IgG)
.
3.Astm extrinsec(alergic)MIXT Tip I+III
-initial atopic
-ulterior se formeaza precipitine
-testul de provocare bronsica comportament dual
ASTM CRIPTOGENETIC-INTRINSEC
-debut in a doua parte a vietii
-alergenul nu poate fi identificat
-testarile neconcludente
-exista hiperreactivitate br.prin predominenta vagala
Simptomatologie-criza de astm
INTRE CRIZE-ASIMPTOMATIC
Conditii de aparitie
-stress emotional
-efort fizic
-aspirina,medicamente
-fara cauza evidenta
Criza de astm(atac)
Debut
succesive
Semne respiratorii-torace blocat in inspir
-tahipnee, murmur vezic Raluri
S.cardio-vasc.-cord pulmonar subacut
S.neurologice agitatie somnolenta coma exitus
Cauze -droguri inadecvate ,sistare medicatie ,expunere
brutala la alergeni
Astm- ex.complementare
Spirometria DG(+) si etiologic
.
2.teste cutanate-baza dg.de alergie
Contraindicatii
-episod acut
-gravide
-astm avansat
Astm nealergic
Teste de provocare br.nespecifice (+)
T.de provocare br. Specifice (-)
Anamneza (-), (+/-)
T.cutanate fals(+),echivoce,sau(-)
Astm -Evolutie-Prognostic
Posibilitati evolutive
Astm-tratament
MODALITATI TERAPEUTICE
Tratament preventiv etiologic
-evictia alergenilor specifici/iritanti
Trat.protector nespecific
-Stabilizatori ai membranei mastocitului
Cromoglicatul disodic(Intal); nedocromil;cromolin;
-Antagonistii receptorilor de Leucotriene :
montelukast(Singulair);omalizumab
Trat.patogenetic si simptomatic
.trat.protector
Tratamentul protector nespecific
1. Cromoglicatul disodic(Intal)
-stabilizarea membranei mastocitului(imp.degranularea
-fara efect direct bronhodilatator si antiinflamator
-stopeaza reactia alergica(imediata si tardiva)
INDICATII-astm alergic sezonier
-astm atopic la tineri
-astm la gravide
-astm indus de ef.fizic
Mod de adm.-capsule de inhalat(20mg) 4 x 1/zi
-spray(1 puf=5mg) 4 x 2 puf
trat.protector
Trat.patogenic
In orice forma de astm
Conditionat de gravitate
*CORTICOSTEROIZII(1-a intentie)
* BETASTIMULENTELE(a 2-a int)
*METILXANTINELE(alternativa)
*ANTICOLINERGICELE
De rezerva *LTRA-blocante de receptori leucotriene
-stabilizatoare mastocitare
Montelukast,Cromolyn,Nedocromil,Omalizumab
corticosteroizii
Inhalativi (de regula !)
abrevieri
ICS-corticoizi inhalativi
SABA-beta-2 adrenergici cu durata scurta de actiune
LABA-beta -2 adrenergici cu durata lunga de actiune
LTRA-antagonisti ai receptorilor de leukotriene
Anti-IgE-anticorpi monoclonali anti-IgE(omalizumab
ICS
DOZA /ZI
L.....M......H
Beclometasone
(QVAR 50,100 mcg
BECOTIDE)
<8oomcg
Fluticasone
Flovent-Flixotide
25,50,125,25o mcg
L...........M...........H..
<25o;250-500;>5oo
Budesonide
Pulmicort,100,200,
400 mcg
L............M...........H.
<4oo;400-800;>8o0
- simptomele
-exacerbarile
-spitalizarile
-mortalitatea
-Pt.prevenirea
recidivelor
-Doze M/H apte
pentru control
-Dublarea dozelor
nu rezolva
exacerbarea
CONSIDERATII
+Cure scurte
In control slab la
-uscarea gurii
doza M/H +
-ragusala(se recom.
-LABAsau LTRA
spacer)
+Cura lunga....
-osteoporoza
-cataracta
-glaucom
La doza >500mcg
Exacerbari:
-SABA
-prednison 7-10zile
Rezistenta la corticosteroizi
Reflux gastro-esofagian
Sinuzite
Aspergilioza alergica
Comorbiditati
Cardiace
Fumat
BETA-2 agonisti
Actiune efect bronhodilatator prin:
BETA-2 agonisti
ACTIUNE
SCURTA
ACTIUNE
PRELUNGITA
SELECTIVE
INALT
SELECTIVE
SALBUTAMOL
(Salbutamol)
SALMETEROL
(Serevent)
SALBUTAMOL
SALMETEROL
FENOTEROL
(Berotec)
FORMOTEROL
(Oxeze)
TERBUTALINA
(Bricanil)
FORMOTEROL
TERBUTALINA
Formoterol+budesonid=SYMBICORT
Salmeterol+Fluticazone=SERETIDE
3.Metilxantine 4.anticolinergice
METILXANTINE
-inhiba fosfodiesteraza
-a nu se depasi doza de 1,2g/24 ore
-se potentiaza cu beta-2 adrenergicele
-numai dupa coretarea hipoxiei
ANTICOLINERGICE
-receptori muscarinici(M3-br.mari, M3 si M1 br.mici)
-efect aditiv cu Beta-2
-bromura de ipratropium-Atrovent 3-4 x 1-2 puf
fara indicatie in astm.....doar in BPCO
persistent
INTERMITENT/
USOR
PERSISTENT
USOR
PERSISTENT
MODERAT
PERSISTENT
SEVER
SIMPTOME
1-2 ACCESE/sapt
Asimptomatic
intre crize
>2 /saptamina
Nu zilnic
Act.fizica minor
afectata
Zilnice
Beta-2 zilnic
Activitate fizica
afectata
Continue
PERMANENTE
Activ.fizica
limitata
SIMPTOME
NOCTURNE
<2 pe luna
3-4 /luna
>1 /saptamina
Nu in fiecare
>1 /saptamina .
(FRECVENTE)
>8o%
6o-8o%
<6o%
2o-30%
>3o%
>3o%
PEF/ideal >80%
Variabilitate
PEF<2o%
.tratament-functie de severitate
FORMA CLINICA
TRATAMENT IN CRIZA
TRATAMENT DE FOND
ASTM INTERMITENT
SABA- LA NEVOIE
-inainte de efort
-inainte de expuneri
NU NECESITA
ASTM PERSISTENT
USOR
SABA
NU peste 3-4 ori/zi
ASTM PERSISTENT
MODERAT
SABA
1-2 x 3-4 ori/zi
CS per os 7-10 zile
ICS 25o-500mcg/zi
+LABA
TEOFILINA RETARD
ASTM PERSISTENT
SEVER
ICS 500-1000mcg/zi
+LABA
+CS PARENTERAL /OS
Summary of the
EVALUARE
MANAGEMENT
SEVERITATE
GRAVITATEA
INTRINSECA
INITIEREA TRAT.
DUPA GHIDURI
CONTROLUL
GRADUL DE REDUCERE A
FIECARUI SIMPTOM
RASPUNS
(RESPONSIVITATE)
STABILIREA GRADATA A
STEP-UP/STEP-DOWN
DOZELOR MINIME CE
TERAPIE PENTRU
CONTROLEAZA ASTMUL CONTROL ASTM
Step 6
Step 5
Step 4
Step 3
Step 2
Step 1
Preferred:
SABA prn
Preferred:
Low-dose ICS
Alternative:
LTRA
Cromolyn
Theophylline
Preferred:
Medium-dose
ICS
Preferred:
Medium-dose
ICS+LABA
Alternative:
Medium-dose
Low-dose ICS+ ICS+either
either LABA,
LTRA,
LTRA,
Theophlline
Theophylline Or Zileutin
Or Zileutin
OR
Preferred:
High dose ICS
+ LABA
Preferred:
High-dose ICS
+ LABA + oral
Corticosteroid
AND
AND
Consider
Olamizumab for
Consider
Olamizumab for patients with
allergies
patients with
allergies
Step up if
needed (check
adherence,
environmental
control and
comorbidities)
Assess
Control
Step down
if possible
(asthma well
controlled
for 3
months)
Intermittent
Persistent
Mild
Moderate
Severe
Step 2
Step 3 or 4
Step 5 or 6
Step 1
INSUFICIENT
Controlat
Controlat
Mentinerea treptei
terapeutice
Creste 1 treapta
Alternative
terapeutice...pentru
NESATISFACATOR
Controlat
Consider necesara
cura scurta de cortico
Control peste 2-6 sapt
per os.
URCA 1-2 trepte.
Reevaluare la 2 sapt
Efecte secundare
astmului
Componenta 2: Masuri de educare si angajare
Componenta 3: Controlul factorilor de mediu si
comorbiditatilor
Componenta 4: Medicatia
!!!
Intermittent
Persistent
Mild
Moderate
Severe
Step 2
Step 3 or 4
Step 5 or 6
Step 1
Monitoring Asthma
Control
EPR-3, Page 78
Intreaba pacientul
Atitudini recomandate
pastreaza controlul
Strategii de protectie(fact.de mediu)
NAEPP Draft Report, ERP 2007
ReducereaRiscurilor
Treatment Strategies
Cistiga controlul !!!...
Mentine controlul
Vizite frecvente cu evaluare clinica si functionala
Modificarile terapeutice depind de evolutie
Scaderea treptei terapeutice-dupa minim 3 luni de
control simptome;
doze minime utile-a se evita ef.sec.
EPR-3, p121-139
EPR-3, p115-123
EPR-3, p177-184
Concluzii
Step 1
Preferred:
SABA prn
Preferred:
Low-Dose ICS (A)
Alternative:
Cromolyn (B),
Nedocromil (B),
LTRA (B),
or
Theophylline (B)
Preferred:
Medium-Dose ICS
(A)
or
Low-Dose ICS +
LABA (A)
Alternative:
Low-Dose ICS
and either
LTRA (A),
Theophylline (B),
or Zileuton (D)
Preferred:
Medium-Dose ICS
+ LABA (B)
Alternative:
Medium-Dose ICS
and either
LTRA (B),
Theophylline (B),
or Zileuton (D)
Preferred:
High-Dose ICS
+ LABA (B)
Preferred:
High-Dose ICS +
LABA
+ Oral
Corticosteroid
and
and
Consider
Omalizumab
for Patients
Who Have
Allergies (B)
Consider
Omalizumab for
Patients Who
Have Allergies