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PRIMITIVE SI INTEGRALE NEDEFINITE Teoria La Toate Metodele de Integrare Si Exemple Cls 12
PRIMITIVE SI INTEGRALE NEDEFINITE Teoria La Toate Metodele de Integrare Si Exemple Cls 12
f ( x )dx = F ( x ) + C F ( x ) = f ( x )
'
Proprieti:
1. ( f ( x ) g ( x ))dx =
f ( x )dx g( x )dx
2. ( x )dx = f ( x )dx
3. f (ax + b )dx =
1
F (ax + b ) + c
a
Exemple:
1
1
23 x 2 )dx = x 3 dx + dx 2 3 x 2 dx;
x
x
1 ax +b
ax + b
2) e dx = e
+ c.
a
1) ( x 3 +
Obs:
() F derivabila si F ' = f
f admite primitive
f are proprietatea lui Darboux
'
nu exista F derivabila a. i. F = f
f nu admite primitive
f (x )dx
x n dx =
x n +1
+C ,
n+1
a x dx =
ax
+C ,
ln a
x R, n N
x R , a (0, ) {1}
dx
2
+a
dx
x +a
2
dx
x a
2
dx
a x
2
x I R
x
1
arctg + C ,
a
a
x R, a 0
= ln x + x 2 + a 2 + C ,
= ln x + x 2 a 2 +C ,
= arcsin
u n u' dx =
u n +1
+ C , x R, n N
n +1
a u u' dx =
au
+ C , a (0, ) {1}
ln a
dx = e x + C
dx
= ln x + C ,
x
Schimbarea de variabil
xR
x >a
x
+ C , x (a , a ), a > 0
a
xa
dx
1
ln
=
+C ,
2
2
x+a
2a
x a
x R {a}
u' dx = e u + C
u u dx = ln u + C
'
u' dx
2
+a
u' dx
u +a
2
u' dx
u a
2
u' dx
a u
2
u
1
arctg + C , a 0
a
a
= ln u + u 2 + a 2 + C
= ln u + u 2 a 2 + C
= arcsin
u
+C
a
ua
u' dx
1
ln
=
+C
2
2
2a u + a
u a
xR
sin u u dx = cos u + C
xR
cos u u dx = sin u + C
= tgx + C , x R (2k + 1) , k Z
2
2
cos x
dx
dx
sin
= ctgx + C , x I R {k / k Z }
'
'
u' dx
= tgu + C
cos 2 u
u' dx
= ctgu + C
sin 2 u
1
Ex: 1)Calculai x 3 x cos 5 x +
dx
x+2
4
4
+1
1
1
x3
1
3
x x cos 5 x + x + 2 dx = x 3 dx cos 5 xdx + x + 2 dx = 4 5 sin 5 x + ln x + 2 + C
+1
3
2) Calculai: I=
2x + 7
dx
x2 + 7 x 5
R: u = x 2 + 7 x 5 u = 2 x + 7
I=
2x + 7
u
dx = dx = ln u + C = ln x 2 + 7 x 5 + C ;
x2 + 7 x 5
u
R: u = x5 2 x + e u = 5 x 4 2
I= (5 x 4 2)sin (x5 2 x + e )dx = u sin udx = cos u + C = cos(x5 2 x + e ) + C
f (x )g (x )dx = f (x )g (x ) f (x )g (x ) , pe scurt
fg = fg f g
Integralele nedefinite (primitivele) de forma
dx , cu P funcie polinomial
1 4x
e +C
4
4x
e4 x
1
1
I = (2 x + 3) e 4 x 2 e 4 x dx =
(2 x + 3) 2 1 e 4 x + C = e 2 x + 5 + C .
2
4 4
4
4
4
4
R: f ( x ) = 2 x + 3 f (x ) = 2, g (x ) = e 4 x g (x ) = e 4 x dx =
D
R
= C + i descompunerea n fracii
I
I
Exemplu:
2 x 2 + 2 x + 13
.
(x 2 ) x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1
S se calculeze I =
2 x + 2 x + 13
2 x 2 + 2 x + 13
A
Bx + C Dx + E
+
.
=
+
=
4
2
( x 2 ) x + 2 x + 1 (x 2) x 2 + 1 2 x 2 x 2 + 1 x 2 + 1 2
Aducnd la acelai numitor
2 x 2 + 2 x + 13 = A x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1 + (Bx + C )(x 2) x 2 + 1 + (Dx + E )(x 2) .
2
R: Fie f (x ) =
= ln x 2
1
2x
1
x2 + 1 x2
4
ln x 2 + 1 2arctgx 3
dx
x 2 + 1 2 dx =
2 x2 + 1 2
2
= ln x 2
1
1
x
1 2x
dx 2 2
dx 4
dx =
dx 3
2
2
2
2
2
x +1
2 x +1
x +1
x +1
= ln x 2 ln x 2 + 1 2arctgx +
f (x )dx = ln
x2
x +1
2
(x 2 + 1)2
3 4x
4x + C .
2 x2 + 1
x2
3
1
2
4 x + 4
dx .
2
2 x +1
x2 + 1
x
1
1
1
dx
+
2 x2 + 1 2 x2 + 1
n cazul 1., t = tg
Exemple:
, x 0, ;
2
2dt
dt
x
x
1+ t2
R: Notnd t = tg I1 =
=
= ln 1 + t + C = ln 1 + tg + C ;
2
2t
1 t
2
1+ t
2
+
1+
1+ t2 1+ t2
sin 3 x
2) I 2 =
dx ;
1 + cos2 x
1) I 1 =
dx
1 + sin x + cos x
( sin x )3
sin 3 x
= r (sin x, cos x ) .
1 + cos 2 x
1 + cos 2 x
Notnd t = cos x dt = sin xdx
sin x sin 2 x
sin 2 x
=
( sin x )dx =
I2 =
dx
1 + cos 2 x
1 + cos 2 x
dt
t 2 1
1 t 2
= t 2arctg t + C = cos x 2arctg cos x + C ;
=
=
dt = dt 2 2
dt
2
2
t +1
t +1
1+ t
sin 2 x cos x
3) I 3 =
dx ;
2 + cos 2 x
sin 2 x( cos x )
2 + ( cos x )
sin 2 x( cos x )
= r (sin x, cos x )
2 + cos 2 x
t2 3+3
t2
dt =
dt
=
t2 3
2 +1 t 2
= t
3
t 3
sin x 3
3
3
dt = t
+C ;
+ C = sin x
ln
ln
t 3
2 3 sin x + 3
2 3 t+ 3
4) I 4 =
2 sin x + 3 cos x dx
3 sin x + 2 cos x
1
dt
1+ t2
r x ,
ax 2 + bx + c dx ,
ax 2 + bx + c = x a + t ,
2.
ax + bx + c = tx c ,
3.
ax 2 + bx + c = t ( x x 1 ) ,
Exemple:
1) S se calculeze I1 =
dx
(1 + x )
x2 + x + 1
x ( 1, ) ;
x 2 + x + 1 = x + t ; ridicnd la
t2 t +1
dt
t2 t +1
1
1 t2
(2t 1)2
1
dx = 2
=
+ dt =
I
x=
2
1
2
2
2
t
2
t
2t 1
(2t 1)
1 t
1 t
1 +
2t 1 2t 1 + 1
= ln t 2 ln t + C = ln x + 2 x 2 + x + 1 ln x 2 + x + 1 x + C ;
dx
2) S se calculeze I 2 =
, x (0, ) ;
x 3x 2 + 4
R:Deoarece c > 0 3x 2 + 4 = tx + 2 Ridicnd la ptrat:
x=
4 t2 +3
4t
dx
dt
=
2
3t2
3t2
I2 =
dx
x 3x 2 + 4
3) S se calculeze I 3 =
t2 +3
1 dt 1
1
3x 2 + 4 2
dt = = ln t + C = ln
+C ;
2
x
2 t
2
2
t 2t + 6
dx
1 + x x2
x (0,1] .
x x 2 = t (x 0) ,
adic x x 2 = tx
1
2tdt
x= 2
dx =
I3 =
2
2
t +1
t +1
= 2arctg
2t
dt
2
+1
= 2
t
1+ 2
t +1
(t
(t
tdt
+1 t 2 + t +1
)(
4
2 x x2 + x
x x2
arctg
+
+ C , cu x (0,1] .
x
x 3
3
INTEGRALE DEFINITE
n acest caz
I=
f ( x )dx
a
( , f , ) = f ( x i )( x i x i 1 ) ,
i =1
f (x )dx = I )
f integrabil i
s( f , ) =
m (x
i
i =1
unde mi = inf f (x ) ;
x[ xi 1 , xi ]
S( f , ) =
M (x
i
i =1
unde M i = sup f ( x ) .
x[ xi 1 , xi ]
Rezultate remarcabile:
f : [a, b] R , integrabil, f 0
f , g : [a, b] R, integrabile,
f ( x )dx 0 ;
f g f ( x )dx g ( x )dx ;
8
f (x )dx = f ( )(b a )
a
f ( x )dx = F ( x )
b
a
= F (b ) F (a ) ,
f ( x )g ( x )dx = f ( x )g ( x ) a f ( x )g ( x )dx ;
b
u (b )
ua
a, b I , t = u ( x ) ;
i =1
i
f =
n
f ( x )dx ;
0
10.Dac f : [ a, a ] R , integrabil
a
este par
f ( x )dx = 2 f ( x )dx ,
0
a
este impar
f ( x )dx = 0 ;
f ( x )dx =
T
2
f ( x )dx =
a +T
f ( x )dx,
a R .
Exemple:
n
1
;
k =1 n + k
1
R: Fie f : [0,1] R, f ( x ) =
x +1
n
n
1
1
1 n k
= lim
= lim f =
lim
n
n
k n n k =1 n
k =1
k =1 n + k
n 1 +
n
1) S se calculeze: lim
n
n2
2) S se calculeze: lim
n
k =1
R:Fie f : [0,1] R, f (x ) =
(n + k )3
x + 1 dx = ln 2 ;
0
n
n
1
n2
lim
=
S
=
lim
3
n
n
(1 + x )3
k =1
k =1 (n + k )
1 n
1
1 n k
lim
=
fn =
3
n n
n n
k =1
k =1
k
1 +
n
= lim
t=1+x S =
1
1
t 3 dt = 2t 2
1
n2
k
n 1 +
n
1 1 3
= + = ;
8 2 8
1
k
sin n
n k =1
R: Fie f : [0,1] R, f (x ) = sin x
n 1
3) S se calculeze: lim
1 n
k
1 n 1
k
1 n k 1
sin
= lim sin
= lim f = sin xdx
n n
n n n k =1
n n n k =1 n 0
k =1
S = lim
sin t dt = cos t 0
0
1 2
= .
a 2 x 2 se recomand substituia
10
A=
f ( x ) dx
a
Dac f , g : [a, b ] R sunt funcii continue, atunci aria mulimii plane dintre
graficele lor (limitate de dreptele x = a, x = b ) este:
b
A=
f ( x ) g( x ) dx
a
V =
f ( x ) dx
2
xG =
x f ( x ) dx
a
b
f ( x ) dx
yG =
1
2
f ( x ) dx
2
a
b
f ( x ) dx
a
cos x sin x,
R: sin x cos x =
sin x cos x,
x 0,
4
x ,
4
A=
sin x cos x dx =
11
2.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1.Andrei Gh., Caragea C.,Ene V., Bordea Gh. Algebr, Culegere de probleme
pentru examene de admitere i olimpiade colare, Editura Scorpion,
Bucureti,1995.
2.Aram Lia i Morozan Toader Culegere de probleme de analiz matematic,
Editura Universal Pan, Bucureti, 1997.
3.Brnznescu V., Ianu St., Ionescu B., etc. Culegere de probleme, Editura
tiinific i Enciclopedic, Bucureri, 1989.
4.Demidovich B, Baranenkov G., etc. Recueils d Exercices et de problemes
danalyse matematique, Editions Mir Moscou, 1972.
5.Ganga M. Matematic, clasa a X-a, Editura Mathpress, Ploieti, 2000.
6.Nstsescu C., Ni C., Brandiburu M., Joia D. Exerciii i probleme de
algebr, Editura Didactic i Pedagogic, Bucureti, 1982.
7.Panaitopol L., Blun M. Matematic, clasa a X-a, Editura Gil, Zalu, 2000.
8.ena M. Matematic, clasa a XII-a, Editura Gil, Zalu, 2002.
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