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Documente Cultură
ANTUTUBERCULOASELE
ANTILEPROASELE
ANTIPROTOZOICE
ANTIHELMINTICE
INA GUTU
asist. universitar
Tuberculoza
Tuberculoza apare prin infecia cu M.tuberculosis,
care se transmite prin contact direct pe cale
respiratorie.
v Bacilii ptrund n plamni sub form de picturi
aerosolizate, apoi sunt ngerai de macrofagi i
transportai la ganglionii limfatici regionali (aici
rspndirea este oprit), de asemenea Bacilii pot
trece n snge, iar prin intermediul sistemului
circulator disemineaz.
v
Tuberculosa - Clasificare
TBC primar-infecie asimptomatic, poate
evolua ca pneumonie nespecific nsoit de
limfoadenopatie hilar, poate evalua direct spre
boal clinic.
v TBC reactivat- boal cronic cu simptome ca:
pierdere n greutate, transpiraii nocturne, febr.
v TBC pulmonar: tuse cu expectoraie redus,
nepurulent, hemoptizie.
v TBC extrapulmonar- extinderea infeciei
(genitourinar, ocular, meningeal, GI, cutanat lupus
vulgaris, etc.)
v
Scurt Istoric
Up to 1940 there were no effective CT
agents for the treatment of TB, pacients
were shifted to Sanatorium immediately
after diagnosis.
In 1947 Streptomycin was the first drug
developed for the treatment of TB. It gave
very good results initially, but later, relapse
occurred even with continuation of therapy.
Scurt Istoric
In 1950s INH and PAS were developed.
Up to 1960s 3 AT drugs were available and the
patients were isolated in the Sanatorium.
In the later 1960s, after the development of
Ethambutol (E), domiciliary (home) treatment
was started.
In 1970s, after the development of R and
Z(pirazinamida) the total duration of treatment
was successfully reduced to 6-9 months.
Scurt Istoric
Subsequently, in later years,
FLUOROQUINOLONS and ansamycines
(Rifabutin and Rifapentin) were introduced
for the treatment of TB.
So, Newer Agents Fluoroquinolons
(Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Gatifloxacin)
and Claritromicin, Azitromycin, Rifabutin,
Rifapentin, etc)
A. Preparatele antituberculoase
I. CLASIFICAREA DUP PROVENIEN :
p. 845
A. Antibioticele:
1. Ansamicinele: rifampicin, rifabutin, rifamicin,
rifaximin
2. Aminoglicozidele: streptomicin, kanamicin, amicacin
3. Diverse: cicloserina, viomicina, capreomicina
B. Preparate sintetice:
1. Derivaii hidrazidei acidului izonicotinic: isoniazid,
ftivazida, metazida, fenazida
2. Derivaii butanolului: etambutol
3. Derivaii nicotinamidei: pirazinamida, etionamida
4. Fluorchinolonele: ofloxacina, ciprofloxacina, etc.
5. Diverse: acidul aminosalicilic, tioacetazona.
continuare:
C. Preparate combinate:
Izoniazida
H
N
NH2
Reaciile adverse
1) hepatotoxicitate cu o frecven de 1-2,5% de hepatit
manifestat clinic i pn la 10% anomalii subclinice;
2) din partea SNC i SNP: nevrit periferic cu o
frecven de 15%, care este redus la asocierea vit. B6;
- nervit optic; ameeli, ataxie; - euforie, agitaie,
- ischemie, diminuarea memoriei; - fenomene psihice;
- convulsii.
PIRAZINAMIDA AT major
Se utilizeaz numai n terapia combinat, ca
tratament iniial n forme grave de TP.
Regim de dozare aduli 1,5-2g/zi sau 30
mg/kg/zi n 3-4 prize, sau intermetent 2-3 ori
pe sptmn n doze de 40 mg/kg (fr a
depi 2,5g).
CI: afeciuni hepatice, sarcina, porfirie
Precauie: DZ
RA: hepatotoxicitate, hiperuricemie, accese
de gut, dereglri digestive, reacii alergice.
TB during pregnancy:
INH, R, Ethambutol along with pyridoxine
(50-100mg/day) for 9 months.
Steptomycin and Pyrazinamid should be
avoided due to the possible toxicity to the
mother and foetus even in therapeutical
doses.
6. Combinatii de antibiotice si nu
monoterapie
7. Administarea n priza matinala unica a
jeun!
8. Doze adaptate n functie de ritmul de
administrare: 7/7, 3/7
9. Tratament sub directa observare
(DOT)
10. Monitorizarea reactiilor adverse
11. Pacient declarat, inregistrat corect
12. Protectia Rifampicinei
Remediile Antileproase
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused
by Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) which
mainly affects the skin and peripheral nerves. The
treatment of leprosy has been revolutionized since
the introduction of multidrug therapy (MDT) in
1981, following the recommendation of the World
Health Organization (WHO).[1] The global
detection of new cases has declined by 4% during
2007 when compared to 2006.[2]
B. Preparatele antileproase
I. Preparatele de I linie
1. Sulfonii dapsona (diaminodifenilsulfona - DDS),
solasulfon, diucifona.
2. Fenazinele clofazimina (lampren).
3. Antibioticele - rifampicina.
II. Preparatele II linie
1. fluorchinolonele - ofloxacina, pefloxacina.
2. tetraciclinele minociclina.
3. macrolidele claritromicina, azitromicina.
MDT (DDS, R i Clofazimina) - Tratament polichimioterapic
ndelungat 2 ani
DDS FD
MA similar Sulfamidelor: bacteriostatic n C
obinuite, dar C max pot fi bactericide.
Efectul bacterian se datorete interferrii procesului
de sintez a acidului folic la nivelul
microorganismelor sensibile.
Molecula Sulfamidic prezint asemnri structurale
cu acidul p-aminobenzoic, pe care l antagonizeaz
competitiv. Consecutiv este blocat Dihidropteroat
sintetaz, en responsabil de ncorporarea ac. p-ab
n ac dihidropteroic, precursorul ac folic.
Sulfonamides
Dihydropteroic acid
Dihydrofolate
synthetase
Dihydrofolic acid
Dihydrofolate
reductase
Trimethoprim
Tetrahydrofolic acid
Methionine
Thymidine
Purines
DDS.
Datorit toxicitii relativ mari este utilizat
exclusiv n tratamentul leprei, unde e de I
alegere.
FC: absorbie practic complet din TGI, T1/2 28 ore. Distribuie bun, prezent n toate
esuturile. Adm oral, reinere n esuturi, relativ
bine suportat.
Doze mari-hemodializ, methemoglobinemie,
anemii, SNC- nervozitate, psihoze, polinevrit,
dereglri din partea TGI, hepatit, RA, etc.