Indrumator de Proiectare Cazan

UNIVERSITATEA TEHNICA DE CONSTRUCTII BUCURESTI
FACULTATEA DE INSTALATII
Conf.dr.ing. STANESCU PAUL-DAN
Conf.dr.ing. ANTONESCU N. N.
Asist.ing. POPESCU (OLEA) LELIA LETITIA
INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE
CAZANE
%8&85(7,
CONSPRESS
2006
UNIVERSITATEA TEHNICA DE CONSTRUCTII BUCURESTI

FACULTATEA DE INSTALATII
Conf.dr.ing. STANESCU PAUL-DAN
Conf.dr.ing. ANTONESCU N. N.
Asist.ing. POPESCU (OLEA) LELIA LETITIA
INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE
CAZANE
In memoria domnului profesor doctor inginer Vasile CALUIANU
%8&85(7,
CONSPRESS
2006
CUPRINS
1. CALCULUL ARDERII COMBUSTIBILULUI .........................................
1.1. Calculul arderii combustibilului gazos .....................................................
1.2. Calculul arderii combustibilului lichid sau solid .......................................
1.3. Diagrama I t ............................................................................................
1.4. Diagrama cp t ..........................................................................................
2. %,/$18/7(50,&$/&AZANELOR .................................................
2.1. Randamentul termic al cazanului ..............................................................
2.2. Consumul de combustibil ..........................................................................
2.3. %LODQ XOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL.............................................................
2.4. %LODQ XOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL .......................................................................
2.5. %LODQ XOSDU LDOSHelemente al cazanului - stabilirea temperaturilor
LHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX .................................................
3. CALCULUL TERMIC AL CAZANELOR
'($3&$/'6$8),(RBINTE ............................................................
3.1. Calculul termic al cazanelor ignitubulare cu ntoarcerea gazelor de
ardere n focar ............................................................................................
3.2. Calculul termic al cazanelor ignitubulare cXSLHVGHvQWRDUFHUHD
gazelor de ardere n focar ...........................................................................
3.3. Calculul termic al cazanelor acvatubulare din elemente cu
vQWRDUFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQIRFDULXQGUXPFonvectiv ...................
GRXGUXPXULFRQYHFWLYH...........................................................................
3.5. Calculul termic al cazanelor acvatubulare cu baterieGH HYLQHUYXUDWH
LDU]WRUDWPRVIHULFSHQWUXFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV cazan mural...............
3.6. Calculul termic al cazanelor acvatubulare verticale cu fascicol
GH HYLLDU]WRUDWPRVIHULFSHQWUXFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV.............................
3.7. Calculul termic al cazanelor ignitubulare verticale
FXXQGUXPLDU]WRUDWPRVIHULFSHQWUXFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV......................
3.8. &D]DQHDFYDWXEXODUHGHDSILHUELQWHGHWLS&$) ......................................
5
5
8
10
12
17
18
24
25
28
28
35
35
46
62
75
89
110
123
138
4. CALCULUL TERMIC AL CAZANELOR DE ABUR ............................... 151

4.1. Calculul termic al cazanului ABA (Agregat Bloc Abur) ........................... 151
4.2. &DOFXOXOWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLFX HYLFXLQFOLQDUHPDUHWLS&5 ................ 170
5. CALCULUL TERMIC AL CAZANELOR CU CONDENSATIE .............. 193
5.1. 'HVFULHUHDFD]DQXOXLHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQF LRQDUH............ 193
5.2. Tema de proiectare .................................................................................... 198
5.3. &DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO. 199
5.4. Calculul termic al cazanului ..................................................................... 200
6. CALCULUL TERMIC AL CAZANELOR

)81&,211'&8$5'(5($/(018/8,35,1 GAZEIFICARE
$5'(5(,19(56 ................................................................................
6.1. Analiza constructiv-IXQF LRQDODFD]DQHOor cu
combistibil solid lemne ..........................................................................
6.2. 6ROX LDFRQVWUXFWLYHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQF LRQDUH....
6.3. Tema de calcul de verificare ...................................................................
6.4. &DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLLDGebitului
de combustibil .........................................................................................
7. &$/&8/8/+,'5$8/,&*$=2',1$0,&,$/,167$/$,(,
DE EVACUARE A GAZELOR DE ARDERE ........................................
7.1. &DOFXOXOSLHUGHULORUKLGUDXOLFHGHVDUFLQ ................................................
7.2. &DOFXOXOSDUDPHWULORUGHED]DLLQVWDOD LHLGHDOLPHQWDUHFXDHU
de ardere .................................................................................................
7.3. &DOFXOXOSDUDPHWULORUGHED]DLLQVWDOD LHLGHWLUDM .................................
7.4. &DOFXOXOSDUDPHWULORUGHED]DLLQVWDOD LHLGHLQVXIODUH
la cazanele cu ardere sub presiune ..........................................................
&$/&8/8/'(5(=,67(1$/&$=$1(/25 ..................................
8.1. Date generale ...........................................................................................
8.2. 0DWHULDOHIRORVLWHSHQWUXH[HFX ia elementelor metalice ale cazanelor ...
8.3. &DOFXOXOJURVLPLLSHUH LORUFRUSXULORUFLOLQGULFH .....................................
8.4. &DOFXOXOJURVLPLLSHUH LORUWXEXULORUGHIODFU .......................................
8.5. &DOFXOXOIXQGXULORULal capacelor ..........................................................
8.6. &DOFXOXOSOFLORUWXEXODUH ........................................................................
219
219
225
226
226
239
239
247
249
253
254
254
254
257
260
262
263
1. CALCULUL ARDERII COMBUSTIBILULUI
CAPITOLUL 1
CALCULUL ARDERII COMBUSTIBILULUI
Prin tema de proiect VH G FRPSR]L LD FRPEXVWLELOXOXL SULQ FRmponentele
constitutive, masice sau volumiceIXQF LHGHWLSXOFRPEXVWLELOXOXLXWLOL]DW.
In cazul combustibilului gazos componentele se exprLP vQ SDUWLFLSD LL
volumice iar n cazul combustibilului lichid sau solid componentele se H[SULP n
SDUWLFLSD LLPDVLFH.
In cazul calculelor de proiectare, dimensionare, utilizndu-se Sistemul
,QWHUQD LRQDOGHXQLW LGHPVXUVHFRQVLGHUFDrderea are loc nFRQGL LLQRUPDOH
fizice: p 0 = 1,013 EDUL T0 = 273,15 K.
n FD]XO HYDOXULL SDUDPHWULORU GH IXF LRQDUH Di cazanelor ncercate, pentru
XXUDUHD FDOFXOHORU 6Wandardele Europene DGPLW L FRQGL LLOH WHKQLFH GH DUGHUH
p0 = 1,013 bar L T0 = 288,15 K (150C) .
1.1. Calculul arderii combustibilului gazos

Calculul arderii combustibilului gazos sH UHIHU OD DUGHUHD XQLW LL GH YROXP
(1 m3N )GHJD]vQFRQGL LLQRUPDOe fizice.
Se GHWHUPLQ:
a) Volumul teoretic de aer necesar arderii stoichiometrice ( V0 ) (teoretice, IU
exces de aer) a unui metru cub normal de combustibil :
V0 = 0,0476 0,5CO + 0,5 H 2 + 1,5 H 2 S + m + C m H n O2 [ m3N / m3N ]

(1.1)
4
Elementele componente ale combustibilului se introduc n UHOD LH cu valorile

procentuale, iar C m H n UHSUH]LQWexSUHVLDJHQHUDODKLGURFDUEXULORUFRPSRQHQWH.
b) Componentele gazelor de ardere pentru arderea stoichiometULF WHRUHWLF
IUH[FHVGHDHU)
Volumul de bioxid de carbon:
VCO2 = 0,01 CO2 + CO + mCm H n
[ m3N / m3N ]
(1.2)
INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE APARATE TERMICE

CAZANE
Volumul de bioxid de sulf din gazele de ardere:
VSO2 = 0,01[H 2 S ]
VRO2 :
[ m3N / m3N ]
(1.3)
Volumul gazelor triatomice CO2 L 622 din gazele de ardere VH QRWHD] FX
V RO2 = VCO + VSO

2
[ m3N / m3N ]
(1.4)
[ m3N / m3N ]
(1.5)
Volumul de azot din gazele de ardere:
VN 2 = 0,79V0 +
N2
100
9ROXPXOGHYDSRULGHDS din gazele de ardere:
n
VH 2O = 0,01[H 2 + H 2 S + C m H n ] + 0,016V0 [ m3N / m3N ]
2
(1.6)
Volumul teoretic de gaze de ardere fUH[FHVGHDHU( = 1 )
Vg = VRO + VN
0
+ VH 2O [ m3N / m3N ]
(1.7)
In cazul proceselor tehnice de ardere, specifice cazanelor, SHQWUXDVHRE LQHFt

PDLSX LQHSURGXVHGHDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWvQJD]HOHGHDUGHUHVHXWLOL]HD]DPHVWHFXUL
combustibile cu aer n exces$VWIHOGDFVHQRWHD]FX coeficientul de exces de
aer ca fiind raportul dintre aerul efectiv de ardere (Va ) L cel teoretic necesar arderii
XQLW LL GH FRPEXVWLELO 90), sH SRDWH VSXQH F YDORULOH X]XDOH DOH FRHILQFLHQWXOXL GH
exces de aer n focar sunt:
= 1,05 1,1 pentru focare cu ardere intensificaW
= 1,1 1,15 pentru focareFXDUGHUHQRUPDO
/D FD]DQHOH IXQF LRQkQG FX GUXPXULOH GH JD]H de ardere n depresiune, prin
SWUXQGHULOHGHDHUIDOVVHRE LQ valori ale coeficientului de exces de aer ODFRde 1,3
1,4.
La cazanele fuQF LRQkQG FX GUXPXULOH GH JD]H vQ VXSUDSUHVLXQH QX mai apar
SWUXQGHUL GH DHU IDOV L GHFL H[FHVXO GH DHU GLQ IRFDU VH PHQ LQH la aceeaL valoare
SkQODFR
- Calculul arderii cu exces de aer.
Volumul real de aer necesar arderii:
Va = V0
[ m3N / m3N ]
(1.8)
Volumul real al gazelor de ardere:

Vg = Vg 0 + ( 1)V0
[ m3N / m3N ]
(1.9)
c) 'HQVLWDWHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODVWDUHQRUPDO
0 =
unde
comb
comb + 1,293V
[kg/ m3N ]
Vg
(1.10)
este masaVSHFLILFDFRPEXVWLELOXOXL
3UHVLXQHDSDU LDODJD]HORU triatomice ( RO 2 ) din gazele de ardere:

VRO2
PRO2 =
pg
[bar]
Vg
(1.11)
3UHVLXQHDSDU LDODYDSRULORUGHDS:
PH 2O =
VH 2O
Vg
pg
[bar]
(1.12)
unde p g HVWHSUHVLXQHDDEVROXWDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH p g = p o 1 bar .

d) 3XWHUHDFDORULFLQIHULRDU a combustibilului gazos se deteUPLQFXUHOD LD:
H i = 126,4 CO + 107,9 H + 229 H 2 S + 358 CH 4 + 637,3 C2 H 6 +
+ 912,4 C3 H 8 + 1184 C 4 H 10 [kJ/ m3N ]
(1.13)
Componentele volumice ale combustibilului se introduc n procente.

Pentru cazul combustibilului gazos naturalXWLOL]DWvQUH HOHOHGHGLVWULEX LH, cu
FRPSR]L LDPHGLH
CH4
98,5
C2H6
0,8
O2
0,2
N2
0,5
SXWHUHDFDORULFLQIHULRDUeste H i = 36000 kJ/ m3N

3HQWUX FRPEXVWLELO JD]RV QDWXUDO vQ DPHVWHF FX JD] GH VRQG
GHJD]ROLQDWFXFRPSR]L LDPHGLH:
CH4
95,6
C2H6
2,8
C3H8
0,6
C4H10
0,6
SXWHUHDFDORULFHVWH H i = 37000 kJ/ m3N .
O2
0,1
N2
0,3

CAZANE
1.2. Calculul arderii combustibilului lichid sau solid .

Calculul arderii combustibilului lichid sau solid sHUHIHUODDUGereaXQLW LLGH
PDV (1kg) GH FRPEXVWLELO vQ FRQGL LL QRUPDOH IL]LFH (OHPHQWHOH FRPSRQHQWH ale
combustibilului se H[SULPvQWHP prinSDUWLFLSD LLPasice. DHRDUHFHVXOIXOVHDIO
vQ FDQWLWDWH PLF vQ FRPEXVWLELO VXE VH GHWHUPLQ DD ]LVXO FDUERQ redus (K)
DGPL kQG F SURGXVHOH DUGHULL FDUERQului sunt identice cu cele pentru carbonul
redus.
K = C + 0,375 S (%)
(1.14)
Se GHWHUPLQ:
a) Volumul teoretic de aer necesar arderii stoichiometrice ( V0 ) (teoretice, IU
exces de aer) a unui kg de combustibil:
V0 = 0,0889 K + 0,265 H 0,0333 O
[ m3N /kg ]
(1.15)
b) Componentele gazelor de ardere pentru arderea VWRLFKLRPHWULF WHRUHWLF
IUH[FHVGHDHU)
-
9ROXPXOGHELR[LGGHFDUERQLbioxid de sulf din gazele de ardere:

K
VRO2 = 1,866
[ m3N /kg]
(1.16)
100
Volumul de azot din gazele de ardere:
N
VN2 = 0,79V0 + 0,8
[ m3N /kg]
100
(1.17)
9ROXPXOGHYDSRULGHDS din gazele de ardere:

VH 2 O =
9H + W
+ 0,016V0
80,4
[ m3N /kg]
(1.18)
Volumul teoretic de gaze de ardere fUH[FHVGHDHU( = 1 )
Vg = VRO + VN
0
+ VH 2O [ m3N /kg]
Volumul real de aer necesar arderii cu exces de aer:

Va = V0 [ m3N /kg]
(1.19)
(1.20)
In cazul proceselor tehnice de ardere, specifice cazanelor,SHQWUXDVHRE LQHFvW

PDLSX LQHSURGXVHGHDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWvQJD]HOHGHDUGHUHVHXWLOL]HD]DPHVWHFXUL
combustibile cu aer n exces$VWIHOGDFVHQRWHD]FX coeficientul de exces de
aer ca fiind raportul dintre aerul efectiv de ardere (Va ) L cel teoretic necesar arderii
XQLW LL GH FRPEXVWLELO 90 VH SRDWH VSXQH F YDORULOH uzuale ale coefincientului de
exces de aer n focar sunt:
= 1,05 1,1 pentru IRFDUHFXDUGHUHLQWHQVLILFDW
= 1,1 1,15 pentru focareFXDUGHUHQRUPDO
/D FD]DQHOH IXQF LRQkQG FX GUXPXULOH GH JD]H de ardere n depresiune, prin
SWUXQGHULOHGHDHUIDOVVHDMXQJHca ODFRvalorile coeficientului de exces de aer VILH
de 1,3 1,4 .
/D FD]DQHOH IXQF LRQkQG FX GUXPXULOH GH JD]H vQ VXSUDSUHVLXQH QX mai apar
SWUXQGHUL GH DHU IDOV L GHFL H[FHVXO GH DHU GLQ IRFDU VH PHQ LQH la aceeaL valoare
SkQODFR
- Calculul arderii cu exces de aer.
Volumul real al gazelor de ardere:
Vg = Vg 0 + ( 1)V0
[ m3N /kg]
(1.21)
'HQVLWDWHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODVWDUHQRUPDO:
0 =
1 + 1,293 Va
Vg
[kg/ m3N ]
(1.22)
3UHVLXQHDSDU LDODJD]HORU522 n gazele de ardere:
PRO2 =
VRO2
Vg
pg
[bar]
(1.23)
3UHVLXQHDSDU LDODYDSRULORUGHDS:
PH 2O =
VH 2O
Vg
pg
[bar]
(1.24)
unde pgHVWHSUHVLXQHDDEVROXWDJD]elor de ardere:

p g = p o 1 bar .
c) 3XWHUHDFDORULFLQIHULRDU a combustibililor lichizi sau solizi este:
O
9
H i = 339,0 C + 1200 H + 104,7 S 25,1W O

8
8
[kJ/kg] (1.25)

CAZANE
vQ FDUH FRPSRQHQWHOH FRPEXVWLELOXOXL VH UHIHU OD PDVD GH OXFUX L VH H[SULP vQ
procente.
Pentru combustibilii lichizi uzuali SXWHUHD FDORULF LQIHULRDU DUH XUPWRarele
valori:
&RPEXVWLELOOLFKLGXRU (CLU)
42000 kJ/kg
3FXU
38000 39000 kJ/kg
Pentru lignit puterHDFDORULFLQIHULRDUYDULD]IRDUWHPXOW, astfel:
Lignit inferior
6700 7500 kJ/kg
Lignit superior
10000 14000 kJ/kg
1.3. Diagrama I - t
Valoarea entalpiei (I) a JD]HORU GH DUGHUH RE LQXWe GLQ DUGHUHD XQLW Li de
combustibil ( m3N VDXNJHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD:
I = VRO2 iRO2 + VN 2 iN 2 + VH 2 OiH 2 O + ( 1)V0iaer
(1.26)
unde iRO2 , iN 2 , iH 2O L iaer UHSUH]LQW HQWDOSLLOH specifice ale JD]HORU FRPSRQHQWH L
VXQWIXQF LHGHWHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHW
La diverse temperaturi ale gazelor de ardere (02000 0C) se GHWHUPLQ entalpia
amestecului utilizndu-se tabelul de calcul 1.1.
Conform tabelului 1.1., se
GHWHUPLQ valorile din coloanele
3, 5 L FDUH vQVXPDWH GDX
COMBUSTIBIL
I
4
entalpia gazelor de ardere n
C = ......... %
FRQGL LLWHRUHWLFH(Igo).
kJ . H = ......... %
3
3
Pentru diverse valori ale
mN
N= ......... %
kJ .
etc.
coeficientului de exces de aer
Vo = ..........
kg
(1=focar, 2>1; 3>2 etc.) se
2
Vgo = ..........
Hi = .........
RE LQ YDORULOH GLQ FRORDQHOH
Ii
14, 16 etc.
1
Se traVHD] GLDJUDPHOH
IXQF LHL
Ie
Ig=f( , t)
I = f(t, )
(1.27)
asemenea familiei de curbe de
parametru , reprezentate n
figura 1.1., XWLOL]kQG VFUi
convenabile (1:10; 1:20; 1:50
te
ti
t [oC]
sau multipli). Diagrama I-t este
Fig. 1.1. Diagrama I t
VSHFLILF FRPEXVWLELOXOXL SHQWUX
care a fost determinDW.
10
i RO2
170,0
357,5
771,8
1224
1704
2203
2716
3238
3772
4303
4843
0
100
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
tg
VRO2 =
i RO2 VRO2
129,5
259,8
526,5
804,0
1093
1391
1697
2008
2311
2643
2934
i N2
VN 2 =
11
i N 2 VN 2
150,5
304,4
626,2
968,5
1334
1722
2132
2558
3001
3458
3924
i H 2O
VH 2O =
VH 2O i H 2O
I g0 =
(i V )
Vg 0 = V
130,0
261,3
531,6
813,7
1107
1409
1719
2033
2353
2675
3001
i aer
V0 =
10
i aer V0 = I V0
g0
11
12
n
continuare
I= I + ptr. PULW
(-1)
din 0,1 n
( i aer V0 ) (-1)
0,1
( i aer V0 )
=
(-1)=
Tabelul 1.1.(QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHUH]XOWDWHGLQDUGHUHDXQLW LLGH combustibil (kJ/ m3N ) sau (kJ/kg)

CAZANE
ModDOLW LOH de utilizare a diagramei It sunt uUPWRDUHle:

a). DDF VH GDX, SHQWUX R VXSUDID GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU WHPSHUDWXULOH GH
LQWUDUH L LHLUHa a gazelor de ardere SUHFXP L FRHILFLHQ LL GH H[FHV GH DHU
FRUHVSXQ]WRUL, se poate determina fluxulGHFlGXUFHGDWGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUH:
- se citesc n diagrama I-t:
I i = f (t i , i ) L I e = f (t e , e ) , apoi VH GHWHUPLQ IOX[XO GH FOGXU
cedat de gazele de ardere.
Q = B( I i I e )
(1.28)
3
unde B este consumul de combustibil [kg/s sau m N /s].
b). DDF VH GDX SHQWUX R VXSUDID GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU fluxul GH FOGXU
cedat de gazele de ardere Q LSDUDPHWULLLQL LDOL ai gazelor de ardereWHPSHUDWXUDL
excesul de aer, se poate determina WHPSHUDWXUD GH LHLUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD XQ
coeficient de exces de aer cunoscut:
- se FLWHWHvQGLDJUDPD,-t:
I i = f (t i , i )
apoi se GHWHUPLQ entalpia :
Ie = Ii
LvQILQDOVHFLWHWHvQGLDJUDPD,-t valoarea:
Q
B
(1.29)
te = f (I e , e ) .
1.4. Diagrama cp t
In ca]XOFDOFXOHORUUDSLGHGHYHULILFDUHVDXFKLDULDFHORUGHGLPHQVLRQDUHIDU
SUHWHQ LL GH H[DFWLWDWH HVWH PDL FRPRG V VH OXFUH]H FX FOGXUL VSHFLILFH PHGLL ale
gazelor de ardere ODSUHVLXQHFRQVWDQW, n loc de HQWDOSLL5HOD LDGHOHJWXU,cp este:
I = Vg c p t = Vg0 + ( 1)V0 c p t
L
cp =
VRO2
Vg
cRO2 +
VH 2O
Vg
cH 2O +
VN2
Vg
cN2 +
(1.30)
( 1)V0
caer
Vg
(1.31)
'HRDUHFHYDULD LDFOGXULLVSHFLILFHFXFRPSR]L LDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHUHODWLY

PLFWDEHOHOHVDXGLDJUDPHOHGHFOGXULVSHFLILFHIXQF LHGHWHPSHUDWXUVXQWSUDFWLF
utilizabileSHQWUXWR LFRPEXVWLELOLLGLQDFHHDLFODV (gaz, lichid, solid).
n continuare se SUH]LQW WDEHOHOH L SHQWUX JD]HOH GH DUGHUH SURYHQLWH
GLQ DUGHUHD FRPEXVWLELOLORU JD]RL UHVSHFWLY OLFKL]L FX DMXWRUXO FURUD SRW IL WUDVDWH
diagramele cp=f(t,).
12
Tabelul 1.2.
&OGXULVSHFLILFHPHGLLvQkJ/ m K, pentru gaze de ardere provenite din arderea
FRPEXVWLELOLORUJD]RL
0
t ( C)
=1
=1,1
=1,2
=1,5
=2,0
0
1,3670
1,3582
1,3532
1,3435
1,3327
100
1,3762
1,3699
1,3645
1,3532
1,3410
200
1,3904
1,3837
1,3779
1,3653
1,3523
300
1,4067
1,3992
1,3929
1,3804
1,3657
400
1,4243
1,4164
1,4097
1,3946
1,3809
500
1,4432
1,4344
1,4277
1,4130
1,3967
600
1,4620
1,4532
1,4457
1,4306
1,4134
700
1,4808
1,4716
1,4641
1,4478
1,4306
800
1,4992
1,4905
1,4821
1,4653
1,4469
900
1,5177
1,5076
1,4997
1,4821
1,4628
1000
1,5348
1,5248
1,5160
1,4976
1,4783
1100
1,5516
1,5411
1,5319
1,5126
1,4925
1200
1,5675
1,5566
1,5474
1,5273
1,5064
1300
1,5825
1,5717
1,5616
1,5411
1,5198
1400
1,5968
1,5855
1,5754
1,5545
1,5319
1500
1,6102
1,5984
1,5884
1,5662
1,5436
1600
1,6231
1,6110
1,6005
1,5779
1,5541
1700
1,6361
1,6231
1,6123
1,5892
1,5645
1800
1,6470
1,6340
1,6231
1,5993
1,5746
1900
1,6575
1,6445
1,6336
1,6093
1,5838
2000
1,6675
1,6545
1,6428
1,6181
1,5922
3
N
Tabelul 1.3.
&OGXULVSHFLILFHPHGLLvQkJ/ m K, pentru gaze de ardere provenite din arderea
combustibililor lichizi
0
t ( C)
=1
=1,1
=1,2
=1,5
=2
0
1,3674
1,3595
1,3565
1,3444
1,3335
100
1,3825
1,3741
1,3703
1,3569
1,3440
200
1,3988
1,3892
1, 3854
1,3720
1,3590
300
1,4164
1,4055
1,4013
1,3860
1,3720
400
1,4356
1,4252
1,4201
1,4030
1,3850
500
1,4557
1,4453
1,4398
1,4214
1,4042
600
1,4766
1,4649
1,4586
1,4386
1,4206
700
1,4951
1,4850
1,4779
1,4561
1,4386
800
1,5135
1,5030
1,4955
1,4737
1,4545
900
1,5340
1,5206
1,5131
1,4905
1,4704
1000
1,5516
1,5378
1,5306
1,5072
1,4867
1100
1,5696
1,5549
1, 5476
1,5223
1,5018
1200
1,5830
1,5708
1,5645
1,5373
1,5152
1300
1,5995
1,5846
1,5763
1,5507
1, 5286
3
N
13

CAZANE
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
1,6143
1,6265
1,6411
1,6520
1,6646
1,6734
1,6822
1,6005
1,6123
1,6265
1,6378
1,6482
1,6545
1,6637
1,5909
1,6022
1,6169
1,6261
1,6386
1,6478
1,6570
1,5641
1,5754
1,5880
1,5976
1,6085
1,6181
1,6277
1,5411
1,5520
1,5637
1,5729
1,5834
1,5917
1,6018
Modurile de utili]DUH D FOGXULORU specifice ale gazelor de ardere n calculele

termice:
a) 'DF VH GDX SHQWUX R VXSUDID GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU WHPSHUDWXULOH GH
LQWUDUH L LHLUH ale gazelor de DUGHUH SUHFXP L H[FHVHOH GH DHU FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH VH
poate determina fluxulGHFOGXUFHGDWGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUH
UH]XOW
c pi = f (t i , i ) L c pe = f (te , e )
Q = B (Vgi c pi ti Vge c pe t e )
(1.32)
unde:
B debitul de combustibil (kg/s, m3N /s).
Vg volumul de gaze de ardere pentru unitatea de combustibil ( m3N /kg, m3N / m3N )
Vg = Vg 0 + ( 1)V0
b). DDF VH GDX SHQWUX R VXSUDID GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU fluxul GH FOGXU
FHGDW GH JD]HOH GH DUGHUH L SDUDPHWULL LQL LDOL ai gazelor de ardere WHPSHUDWXU L
exces de aer), se poate determina temperatura dH LHLUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD XQ
DQXPLWH[FHVGHDHUFXQRVFXWILLQGQHFHVDUHvQVLWHUD LL de clacul.
Cu valorile (ti, i), GLQ WDEHOH UH]XOW FOGXUa VSHFLILF a gazelor la intrare c pi . Se
presupune o valoare t 'e LFXDFHDVWYDORDUHLpentru excesul de aer eVHRE LQH c p e .
'
Se GHWHUPLQ t 'e' FXUHOD LD:
te" =
Vgi c p iti
Vg c 'pe
Q
B
(1.33)
GDF te GLIHU ID te cu mai mult de un gard, se reia calculul o cu noX valoare

'
''
t e' = t e'' . ,QILQDOVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDGHLHLUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH t e pentru c pe :

''
te =
Vg i c p i t i
Vge c 'p' e
Q
B
(1.34)
$YkQGvQYHGHUHFYDULD LDFOGXULLVSHFLILFHFXWHPSHUDWXUDHVWHIRDUWHPLF
QXVXQWQHFHVDUHQLFLRGDWPDLPXOWGHLWHUD LL
14
Pentru determinarHD FOGXULORU VSHFLILFH DOH componentelor gazelor de ardere

SRWILXWLOL]DWHXUPWRDUHOHUHOD LL:
c RO2 = 1,7003 + 4,1759 10 3 (t 100) 0,701 [kJ/ m3N K]
(1.35)
c H 2O = 1,5051 + 8,4142 10 5 (t 100)1,154 [kJ/ m3N K]
(1.36)
c N 2 = 1,2958 + 9,3464 10 6 (t 100)1,35
[kJ/ m3N K]
(1.37)
[kJ/ m3N K]
(1.38)
c aer = 1,3004 + 3,6974 10 (t 100)
1,169
sau pentru valori medii ale caldurii specifice a amestecului de gaze de ardere pentru
combustibili clasici (UHOD LLYDODELOHSHQWUXLQWHUYDOXOGHWHPSHUDWXUW=100900 0C):
5
- JD]RL: c pg = 4,186(0,31882 + 3,7393 10 t ) [kJ/ m3N K]
(1.39)
-
c pg = 4,186(0,32118 + 3,8107 10 5 t ) [kJ/ m3N K]
lichizi:
(1.40)
c pg = 4,186(0,32265 + 4,45 10 5 t ) [kJ/ m3N K]

- solizi:
(1.41)
Q ILJXULOH L VXQW SUH]HQWDWH GLDJUDPHOH GH YDULD LH D FOGXULL
VSHFLILFH PHGLL SHQWUX JD]H QDWXUDOH FRPEXVWLELOL OLFKL]L L XQ DQXPLW FRPEXVWLELO
solid.
$FHVWH WDEHOH L JUDILFH VXQW RULHQWDWLYH VXILFLHQW GH FRUHFWH SHQWUX FDOFXOH
SUDFWLFH LQJLQHUHWL 3HQWUX ILHFDUH FRPEXVWLELO vQ SDUWH FOGXULOH VSHFLILFH YRU IL
determinate folosind valorile din anexa 7 care reprezintFOGXULOHVSHFLILFHPHGLLDOH
gazelor componente.
cp
=1
=1,1
=1,2
=1,5
=2
=3
=4
kJ
3
m NK
1,6
1,5
1,4
1,3
500
1000
1500
Fig. 1.2. Diagrama cp t pentru gaze naturale
15
2000
t (oC)

CAZANE
cp
kJ
kg.K
=1
1,6
=1,1
=1,2
=1,5
=2
=3
=4
1,5
1,4
1,3
500
1000
1500
2000
t (oC)
Fig. 1.3. Diagrama cp t pentru combustibili lichizi

cp
kJ
kg.K
C =21,4 %
H = 2,7 %
S = 2,5 %
O = 14,8
%
1,7
=1
=1,1
=1,2
=1,5
=2
N = 1,4 %
A = 26,3 %
W = 30,9 %
1,6
1,5
1,4
1,3
500
1000
1500
Fig. 1.4. Diagrama cp t pentru combustibil solid
16
2000
t (oC)
2. BILANTUL TERMIC AL CAZANULUI
CAPITOLUL 2
%,/$18/7(50,&$/&$=$18/8,
%LODQ XO WHUPLF OD FD]DQXOXL H[SUHVLH D SULQFLSLXOXL FRQVHUYULL HQHUJLHL SXQH
vQ HYLGHQ fluxurile GH FOGXU LQWURGXVH IOX[XULOH XWLOH L SLHUGHULOH GH FOGXU ale
FD]DQXOXL ID GH FRQWXUXO GH ELODQ L SHUPLWH FDOFXOXO UDQGDPHQWXOXL WHUPLF L DO
consumului de combustibil.
Qcos
Qut
Qc
Qch
Qext
1. Cazan
2. Alimentare cu combustibil
*U WDU
Qa
Qmec
schimb de
6XSUDIH HGH
F OGXU
(YDFXDUHFHQX L]JXU
&RQWXUGHELODQ
Qev
3
Fig. 2.1.&RQWXUXOGHELODQ ODXQFD]an cu arderea

combustibilului solid n stratSHJUWDU
&RQWXUXO GH ELODQ vQFDGUHD] VXSUDID D H[WHULRDU D SHUH LORU FD]DQXOXL
7HPSHUDWXUDGHUHIHULQ HVWHWHPSHUDWXUDPHGLXOXLDPELDQWVDXFHDQRUPDO
(FXD LDELODQ XOXLWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLVHVFULe sub forma :
Qc + Qa = Qut + Qmec + Qcos + Qch + Qext + Qev (kW)
(2.1)
unde :
Qc
- HVWHGHELWXOGHFOGXUGLVSRQLELODFRPEXVWLELOXOXL;
Qa
-GHELWXOGHFOGXUDGXVGHDHUul utilizat la arderea combustibilului;
Q ut
Q mec
- debitul dHFOGXUXWLOSURGXVGHFD]DQ;
-GHELWXOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUPHFDQLF (este
specific numai combustibilului solid);
17

CAZANE
Q ch
-GHELWXOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF
Q cos
Q ext
Q cen
-GHELWXOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQHYDFXDUHDJD]HORUGHDrGHUHSHFR
- GHELWXOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQSHUH LLH[WHULRULDLFD]DQXOXL
- debitulGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQHYDFXDUHDSURGXVHORUVROLGHde ardere din

cazan (este specific numai combustibilului solid) .
2.1. Randamentul termic al cazanului

Randamentul termic al cazanului poate fi determinat :
a) ODXQFD]DQvQIXQF LXQH cnd,SULQPVXUUL,VHGHWHUPLQ Qut L Qc :

Q
A = ut 100 (%)
(2.2)
Qc
b) n faza de proiectare, cnd se impuneFDGDWGHSURLHFWDUH sarcina WHUPLF
XWLOWHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFRHWFLVHFDOFXOHD] :
B =
Qc Q pj
Qc
= 1 q j = 1 (qcos + qch + qmec + qext + qcen ) (%)
(2.3)
unde q j UHSUH]LQWSLHUGHULOHVSHFLILFHUHODWLYHID GH Qc GHFOGXU

n cazul general al unui cazan n ID] GH SURWRWLS, GXS FH V-a determinat
randamentul termic de proiectare DFHVWD YD WUHEXL YDOLGDW GH vQFHUFULOH WHUPRWHKQLFH
realizate conform standardului specific tipului constructiv de cazan. Randamentul
GHFODUDWGHIXQF LRQDUHDOFD]DQXOXLUHVSHFWLYQXYDSXWHDVGLIHUHFXPDLPXOWGH
ID GHFHORE LQXWvQFDGUXOvQFHUFULORUWHPRWHKQLFHGHWLSvQFHUFULFHVHHIHFWXHD]
n laboratoare independente acreditate n acest scop.
3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUPHFDQLF
( q mec )
Acest tip de pierdereGHFOGXUUHSUH]LQWSLHUGHUHDSULQQHDUGHUHDFDUERQXOXL
GLQFRPEXVWLELOFD]XWVXEJUWDUvQJOREDWvQ]JXUVDXDQWUHQDWFXFHQXD]EXUWRDUH
FD]XUL vQ FDUH GLQ OLSVD FRQGL LLORU GH DUGHUH DFHVWD QX PDL SRDWH HOLEHUD FDOGXUD GH
UHDF LH'HDFHHDDFHDVWSLHUGHUHGHFOGXUHVWHspecific numai pentru cazul arderii
combustibililor solizi SH JUWDU IL[ VDX PRELO SHQWUX FRPEXVWLELOL OLFKL]L L JD]RL
qmec =0)
18
q mec =
Qmec
Qmec
100 (%)
sau exprimat n procente q mec =
B * Hi
B * Hi
unde :
B * este consumul de combustibil (kg/s) ;
H i -SXWHUHDFDORULFLQIHULRDUDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLNJNJ
PierderHDVSHFLILFGHFOGXU q mec se determinFXUHOD LD
c zg
ccaz
c sb 32657 A
+ a zg
+ a sb
q mec = a caz
100 ccaz
100 c zg
100 c sb 100 H i
(2.4)
unde ajHVWHSURFHQWXOGHSDUWLFLSDUHvQFHQXHDGLIHULWHORUIUDF LXQL a j = 100 L

cjHVWHFRQ LQXWXOSURFHQWXaOGHFDUERQIL[GLQIUDF LXQHD aj. Valorile medii orientative
se SUH]LQW n tabelul 2.1. pentru combustibil ligniWSHGLYHUVHWLSXULGHJUWDUH
Cu A VHQRWHD]SURFHQWXOWRWDOGHFHQXHGLQFRPEXVWLELO.
&RPEXVWLELOLVLVWHPGHDUGHUH
/LJQLWSHJUWDUIL[SODQ
/LJQLWSHJUWDUvQFOLQDWIL[
/LJQLWSHJUWDUFXvPSLQJHUH
GLUHFW
/LJQLWSHJUWDUcu mpingere
UVWXUQDW
Lignit PFLQDWars n stare
pulverizat
&]XWVXE
JUWDU
Inglobat n
zJXU
Tabelul 2.1.
Antrenat cu
FHQXD
zEXUWRDUH
a caz
ccaz
a zg
c zg
a sb
c sb
4
2
10
10
76
78
15
15
20
20
9
8
15
55
10
30
20
10
50
10
30
10
10
90
n mod normal q mec poate avea valoarea FXSULQV vQ LQWHUYDOXO 12% pentru
FUEXQLL0,5 SHQWUXOHPQLYHJHWDOH uscate.
Consumul efectiv de combustibil (B) va fi :
B = B * (1 q mec )
[kg/s]
(2.5)
19

CAZANE
2.1.2.3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSUin evacuarea gazelor de ardere laFR q cos

sau q2 )
Se determinFXUHOD LD:
Qcos Qa
n valori absolute sau,
B * Hi
Q Qa
= cos
100 n %
B* Hi
q cos =
qcos
H[SOLFLWkQGWHUPHQLLUH]XOW
qcos =
unde :
I g cos
1 qmec
( Ig cos cos I cos )
Hi
(2.6)
VHRE LQHGLQdiagrama I-t pentru cos LWHPSHUDWXUD t cos ;
- este un parametru FDUH VH VWDELOHWH SULQ FDOFXOH HFRQRPLFH GDU SHQWUX
vQFHSHUHDFDOFXOXOXLVHDSUR[LPHD]ODYDORULX]XDOHIXQF LHGHWLSXOFD]DQXOXL$VWIHO,
OD FD]DQHOH GH DEXU IXQF LH GH WHPSHUDWXUD GH VDWXUD LH D DSHL GLQ FD]DQ (ts L GH
debitul de abur Dh [t/h] :
PHQWUXFD]DQHIUVXSUDIH HDX[LOLDUHHFRQRPL]RU SUHvQFO]LWRU :
tcos
t cos t s + 50 +
50
Dh
[0C]
(2.7)
PentrXFD]DQHFXVXSUDIH HDX[LOLDUH:
t cos 160 +
100
Dh
[0C]
(2.8)
Pentru cazane de apFDOGVDXILHUELQWH
t cos = t am + (80 120) [0C] unde t am =
ti + te
2
(2.9)
I aer UHSUH]LQWHQWDOSLDDHUXOXLGHDUGHUHODWHPSHUDWXUDDPELDQW (ta200&L
se determinFXUHOD LD
I aer = V0 c pa t a
[kJ/ m N3 ] sau [kJ/kg]
20
(2.10)
cu cpa=1,2971 [kJ/ m N3 K ] VHRE LQH:
cpa ta = iaer = 25,942 [kJ/ m N3 ]
(2.11)
Q FDOFXOXO FX FOGXUi specifice SLHUGHULOH GH FOGXU SULQ HYDFXDUHD la co VH
GHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD
1
q cos =
V g c pg t cos cosV0 c pa t a
(2.12)
Hi
(GDFVHDGPLWH qmec =0)
V g = V go + ( cos 1)V0
cu
q cos =
(2.13)
1
V go c pg (t cos t a ) + ( cos 1) V0 c pa (t cos t a )
Hi
(2.14)
5HOD LHSULQ care se punevQHYLGHQ

1. pLHUGHUHDGHFOGXU prin cantitatea miniPGe gaze rezultate din ardere;
2. pierderea GHFOGXUsXSOLPHQWDUSULQDHUXOvQH[FHV
Aceste pierderi VSHFLILFH GH FOGXU DX YDORUL X]XDOH GH vQ IXQF LH GH
WLSXOLQVWDOD LHLGHDUGHUHGHnatura combustibiluluiLGHWLSXOFD]DQXOXL.
2.1.3. PierdHUL VSHFLILFH GH FOGXU SULQ DUGHUH LQFRPSOHW GH QDWXU FKLPLF
( q ch sau q3 )
Aceste pierderi GH FOGXU DSDU GDWRULW IDSWXOXL F RPRJHQL]DUHD DPHVWHFXOXL
combustibil-DHUGHDUGHUHQXSRDWHILSHUIHFWRULFkWGHSHUIRUPDQWDUILLQVWDOD LDGH
DUGHUH $VWIHO F UHDOL]kQG FKLDU L DPHVWHFXUL FX H[FHV GH DHU n gazele de ardere
rezultate VH JVHVF FRPSRQHQWH JD]RDVH GH DUGHUH LQFRPSOHW combustibile, ca: CO,
H2, CH4 etc.
qch =
Qch
1 qmec
=
( 126 ,36 CO + 107 ,98 H 2 )Vg
usc
B* Hi
Hi
(2.15)
La proiectarea cazaneloUVHSRWDGPLWHXUPWRDUHOHYDORULRULHQWDWLYHSHQWUXqch:
-
vQFD]XOXWLOL]ULLXQHLLQVWOD LLGHDUGHUHSHUIRUPDQWH
la focare cu ecranarePLF (calde):
la focare cu ecranare medie:
21
qch 0 ;
qch 0,005 ;
qch 0,01 ;

CAZANE
la focare cu ecranare SXWHUQLF (reci):

ODIRFDUHFXJUWDUH
3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQSHUH LH[WHULRUL(qext
qch 0,015 ;
qch 0,02 .
sau q5)
Se determinFXUHOD LD
q ext =
Qext
=
B * Hi
S (t
i
pi
ta )
B * Hi
(2.16)
unde:
tpi tHPSHUDWXUDPHGLHDXQHLVXSUDIH HH[WHULRDUHi a cazanului;
Si PULPHDVXSUDIH HLH[WHULRDUHi a cazanului;
i FRHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUODVXUDID DH[WHULRDUi a acazanului.
5HOD LDSRDWHILXWLOL]DWQXPDLSHQWUXXQFD]DQH[LVWHQW pentru care s-au

determinatvQIXQF LRQDUHOD VDUFLQDQRPLQDOWHPSHUDWXULOHSHVXSUDIH HOHH[WHULRDUH
ale acestuia.
n faza de proiectare se XWLOL]HD]UHOD LLexperimentale:
-2
-0,6557
(2.17)
-2
-0,5185
(2.18)
- pHQWUXFD]DQHGHDEXUIU
qext= 5,4643 10 Dh
VXSUDIH HDQH[HDh debit de abur [t/h]);
- pentru cazane de abur cu
qext= 5,8797 10 Dh
VXSUDIH HDQH[HDh debit de abur [t/h]);
-2
qext= 4,6167 10 QMW - pentru cazane mariGHDSFDOGVDX(2.19)

fiebinte (QMW = 0,1 6 MW). QMW sarcina
WHUPLFDDFD]DQXOXLH[SULPDWvQ0:
SHQWUX FD]DQH GH DS FDOG VDX fiebinte, PLFL L PLMORFLL Q
<1000kW), se poate aprecia pentru qext o valoare n intervalul
(0,51,5 %) vQIXQF LHGHJUDGXOGHL]RODUHWHUPLF dorit.
22
3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQHYDFXDUHDSURGXVHORUVROLGHGLQFD]Dn (qcen
sau q6 )
$FHVWWLSGHSLHUGHUHGHFOGXUUHSUH]LQWFOGXUDHYDFXDWRGDWFXFHQXDL
zgura (produsele solide ale arGHULLFRPEXVWLELOLORUVROL]LODRWHPSHUDWXUPDLULGLFDW
dect cea de refeULQ GH ELODQ 'H DFHHD DFHDVW SLHUGHUH GH FOGXU HVWH specific
numai pentru cazul arderiiFRPEXVWLELOLORUVROL]LSHQWUXFRPEXVWLELOLOLFKL]LLJD]RL
qcen=0)
qcen =
A
1 asb
c pev (tev ta )
100 H i 1 ccaz czg
(2.20)
unde :
cpev HVWH FOGXUD VSHFLILF PHGLe D SURGXVHORU HYDFXDWH FHQXH L ]JXU FRQIRUP
tabelului 2.2.
tev temperatura de evacuare a produselor solide
Tabelul 2.2.
&OGXUD specific medie a zguriiFHQXLL
o
t ( C)
100
200
400
600
800
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
cpev(kJ/kgK) 0,801 0,842 0,899 0,930 0,956 0,980 1,001 1,130 1,172 1,212
n mod uzual pierderileVSHFLILFHGHFOGXU qcen nu depHVF
Pentru XQ FD]DQ FH XWLOL]HD] FRPEXVWLELO solid, randamentul termic de
proiectare al cazanului va fi:
= 1 ( qmec + qcos + qch + qext + qev )
(2.21)
cu valori uzuale n intervalul 0,70,85.

Pentru XQFD]DQFHXWLOL]HD]FRPEXVWLELO lichid sau gazos, randamentul termic
de proiectare al cazanului va fi:
= 1 ( qcos + qch + qext )
(2.22)
cu valori uzuale n intervalul 0,880,93 (cazane clasiceIUFRQGHQVDUHDYDSRULORUGH

DSGLQJD]HOHGHDUGHUH.
23

CAZANE
2.2. Consumul de combustibil

2.2.1. Consumul de combustibil, pentru cazanele ce produc abur este :
B* =
D(i i0 ) + D p (i 'i0 )
[Kg/s, m3N/s]
H i
(2.23)
unde cu D s-a notat debitul de abur al cazanului [kg/s] GDWSULQWHP.

Un mod de exprimare tehnic curent al debitului de abur al cazanului este Dh ,
msurat vQ>WK@LDVWIHO:
[kg/s]
D = Dh 0,278
i HQWDOSLDILQDO a aburului la evacuare din cazan [kJ/kg];
i0 HQWDOSLDLQL LDODDSHLde alimentare a cazanului [kJ/kg];
io= cpa tal = 4,186 tai [kJ/kg]

cpa FOGXUDVSHFLILFDDSHL tal - temperatura apei de alimentare a cazanului
i, i HQWDOSLDDSHLLa aburului, ODVDWXUD LH [kJ/kg] ;
Dp debitul de purje (kg/s) pentru care se admite Dp =(0,030,05) D
3XUMDUHDFD]DQXOXLVHIDFHSHQWUXDVFGHDSHULRGLFduritatea apei din cazan sub
OLPLWDDGPLVLELOSHVWHFDUHVUXULOHGH&DL0JvQFHSVVHGHSXQSHVXSUDIH HOHGH
VFKLPEGHFOGXU
)USXUMDUHDSHUPDQHQWVDXSHULRGLFDDFHVWXLGHELW'pGHDSODVDWXUD LH
FD]DQXO QX DU SXWHD IXQF LRQD vQ PRG FRQWLQXX L GH DFHHD VH FRQVLGHU FOGXUD
HYDFXDWFXSXUMDFDILLQGWHKQRORJLFXWLO
Pentru aburul umed, cu titlul $ entalpia LVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
(2.24)
L L$L- i)
Pentru cazanele mari la care DU]WRDUHOHXWLOL]HD]DEXUVDWXUDWca agent motor
SHQWUXLQMHF LDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLOLFKLG
B* =
D ( i i0 ) + D p ( i ' i0 )
H i W inj ( i ' ' i0 )
24
(2.25)
Winj debitul relativ de abur XWLOL]DW GH FWUH injectorul de combustibil lichid
[kg.abur/kg.comb].
2.2.2. Consumul de combustibil, pentru cazaneleGHDSFDOGVDXILHUELQWH

Pentru cazaneleGHDSFDOGVDXILHUELQWHVH G,SULQWHP, debiWXOGHFOGXU
XWLO SURGXV de cazan VDUFLQD WHUPLF D FD]DQXOXL, Q [kW] L asfel se poate
determina consumul de combustibil al cazanului:
B* =
Q
H i
(kg/s, m3N /s)
(2.26)
Pentru cazanele mari GH DS FDOG VDX DS ILHUELQWH de peste 500 kW, debitul
util GHFOGXUQhVHH[SULPn [Gcal/h] sistem tehnic.
n acest caz, consumul de combustibil VHGHWHUPLQXWLOL]kQGUHOD LDRPRJHQ:
1,163 Qh 103
B* =
H i
(kg/s, m3N /s)
Debitul de combustibil consumat efectiv n cadrul procesului de ardere, n

cazan, este :
B = B * ( 1 qmec ) (kg/s, m3N /s)
(2.27)
B este debitul de combustibil ce se va utiliza n continuare n cadrul calculelor

de dimensionare necesare ntreguluiFD]DQvQFHHDFHSULYHWHGHWHUPLQDUHDGHELWHORU
de gaze de ardere.
%LODQ XOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL
%LODQ XOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXLsHHIHFWXHD]SHQWUXa se determina fluxurile
GHFOGXUDIHUHQWHILHFUHLVXSUDIH HGHVFKLPEGHFOGXU, n parte, a cazanului.
In cazul cel mai general de cazan, FXVXSUDIH HDQH[HLcu producere de abur
supraQFO]LW UHSUH]HQWDUHD VFKHPDWLF D ELODQ XOXL GH DQVDPEOX HVWH conform
figurii_2.2.
3HQWUX FD]DQHOH PDL VLPSOH VH HOLPLQ GLQ VFKHP HFRQRPL]RUXO L
preQFO]LWRUXOGHDHUVDXQXPDLXQDGLQDFHVWHVXSUDIH HDX[LOLDUHGXSFD]
'H DVHPHQHD SHQWUX FD]DQHOH GH DEXU VDWXUDW VH HOLPLQ GLQ VFKHP
VXSUDvQFO]LWRUXO
25

CAZANE
)OX[XOGHFOGXUWUDQVPLVn cadrul economizorului :

Qec = ( D + D p )(iec io ) (kW)
(2.28)
unde iec se FRQVLGHU pentru o tempeUDWXU D DSHL FX FFD o& PDL VF]XW GHFkW
WHPSHUDWXUDGHVDWXUD LHtec ts -100C) a aburului produs de cazan.
)OX[XOGHFOGXUWUDQVPLVn cadrul VLVWHPXOXLILHUEWRU
Qsf = [ D( isf iec ) + D p ( i' iec )]
tt
It
tf
If
tsfc
Isfc
(kW)
tsi
Isi
ILHUE WRU
Economizor
Focar
QPA
convectiv
QSFC
-
6XSUDvQF O
zitor
tpaAtcos
IpaAIcos
tec
Iec
BHi
Sistem
(2.29)
QPA
QEC
QSI
3UHkQF O]LWRU
de aer
QSFR
tEC
Abur
VXSUDvQ O]LW
Aer
preQFO]LW
Aer
tPA
ambiant
$S
ta
alimentare
Fig. 2.2.6FKHPDELODQ XOXLGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXLGHDEXUVXSUDvQFO]LW

GH PHQ LRQDW F GDF VH HIHFWXHD] R EXQ VHSDUDUH D SLFWXULORU GH DS OD VDWXUD LH
din aburul ce iese din tambur, se poate accepta isf = i ($=1).
)OX[XOGHFOGXUWUDQVPLVn cadrul supraQFO]LWRUXOXLHVWH
Qsi = D( i isf ) (kW)
(2.30)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWvQ cadrul preQFO]LWRUXOui de aer :

Q pa = B f V0 (iap i a )
(kW)
(2.31)
unde:
26
SURSRU LD de aer din aerul de ardere ce se prenFO]HWH, (50 100%);

entalpiile specifice ale aerului preQFO]LWUHVSHFWLYDPELDQWiap=cp ap tap;
ia=cpa ta).
&X DFHVWH GDWH VH vQWRFPHWH WDEHOXO GH ELODQ . pentru un caz de
exemplificare pentru care qmec=0 L qev=0.
Tabelul 2.3.
Q cedat de arderea
Q preluat de sXSUDIH Hle de
combustibilului pierderi
VFKLPEGHFOGXU
[kW]
[kW]
iap, ia
Qec
Qsf=Qsfc+Qsfr
Qsi
Qpa
QC=B*Hi
Qpa=B f V0(iap-ia)
-qFR B* Hi
-qch B* Hi
-qext B* Hi
Q' = Q
Q '' = Q
eroare max. 1%
(URDUHDUHODWLYGHvQFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLGHDQVDPEOXse determinFXUHOD LD
Q ' Q ' '
=
100 1 %
(2.31)
Q'
Q FD]XO FD]DQHORU GH DS FDOG VDX ILHUELQWH ELODQ XO HVWH PXOW VLPSOLILFDW
deoarece cazanul este compus numai din sistem radiant (focar)LVLVWHPFRQYHFWLYGH
vQFO]LUHDDSHL6FKHPDHVWHGDWvQILJXUD
5HOD LLOH GH ELODQ VXQW FRQIRUP WDEHOXOui SHQWUX FD]DQH IXQF LRQkQG FX
combustibil lichid sau gazos).
It
Ic A Icos
If
Convectiv
QC
Focar
QR
Fig. 2.3. 6FKHPDELODQ XOXLGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXLGHDSFDOGVDXDSILHUELQWH.

Tabelul 2.4.
Q cedat de arderea
Q preluat de sXSUDIH Hle de
combustibilului pirderi
VFKLPEGHFOGXU
[kW]
[kW]
+ B Hi
-qFR B Hi
Q ut = Q R + Q C
27

CAZANE
-qch B Hi
-qext B Hi
Q' = Q
2.4.
Q '' = Q
eroare max. 1%
%LODQ XOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL
%LODQ XO JUDILF DO Fazanului transpune grafic, la VFDU GHELWHOH GH FOGXU
conform celor din tabelele 2.3 sau 2.4.IXQF LHGHWLSXOFD]DQXOXLODFDUHVHUHIHU
DEBITE UTILE DE CALDURA
DEBITE DE CALDURA
INTRODUSE
QPA
B*cos Ia0
QR
QSFC
QSI
QEC
B*Hi
*
B*qevHi
B
q
H
ext
i
B qmecHi
B*qchHi
*
B*Icos
DEBITE DE CALDURA PIERDUTA
Fig. 2.4.%LODQ XOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL

Q ILJXUD VH SUH]LQW VFKHPDWLF ELODQ XO JUDILF DO XQXL FD]DQ GH DEXU
VXSUDvQFO]LWDOLPHQWDWFXFRPEXVWLELOVROLG
2.5.
%LODQ XOSDU LDO pe elemente al cazanului - stabilirea temperaturilor

LHQWDOSLLlor gazelor de ardere pe traseu.
A. Cazane de abur.
6HFRQVLGHU, ipotetic,FWHPSHUDWXUDGHvQFHSXWDSURFHVXOXLGHFHGDUHGHFOGXU
a gazelor de ardere,HVWHWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHre (tt), corespunzWRDUH entalpiei
teoretice de ardere (It):
It =
Hi
(1 qch qmec ) + f V0iap + (1 ) f V0ia
1 qmec
28
(2.32)
ODFD]DQHIUSUHvQFO]LWRUGHDHU =0)
It =
Hi
(1 qch q mec ) + f V0ia
1 q mec
(2.33)
7HPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHVHGHWHUPLQGin diagrama I-t, pentru entalpia

teRUHWLF de ardere ItLFRHILFLHQWXOGHH[FHVGHDHUSHQWUXIRFDU f.
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLD LHvQIRFDU
Q R = (1 q ext ) B ( I t I f ) [kW]
(2.34)
7HPSHUDWXUD OD FDSWXO IRFDUXOXL tf VH DOHJH LQL LDO vQWUH 60011000C n
IXQF LH GH Qatura combustibilului L GH GH tipul focarului, apoi se va verifica
(modifica) pe baza criteriilor economice VDX IXQF LH GH QHFHVLW LOH GH HFKLOLEUDUH
GLPHQVLRQDODVXSUDIH HORUGHVFKLPEGHFOGXU
Din diagrama I-t UH]XOW entalpia gazelor de ardere la iHLUHD GLQ IRFDU If,
pentru temperatura tf LQL LDOL]DW L excesul de aer de ardere FRUHVSXQ]WRU IRFDUXOXL
f.
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWvQVLVWHPXOILHUEWRUFRQYHFWLY
Qsfc = Qsf QR = B (1 qext )( I f I sfc ) (KW)
(2.35)
Entalpia JD]HORUGHDUGHUHGXSVLVWHPXOILHUEWRUFRQYHFWLYYDIL
I sfc = I f
1 Qsfc
1 qext B
(2.36)
Din diagrama I-t, pentru IsfcLsfcVHRE LQHtsfc .

$QDORJHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGXSVXSUDvQFO]LWRUHVWH
I si = I sfc
1 Qsi
1 qext B
(2.37)
Din diagrama I-t, pentru IsiLsiVHRE LQHtsi.
29

CAZANE
(QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGXSHFRQRPL]RU
I ec = I si
1 Qec
1 qext B
(2.38)
Din diagrama I-t, pentru IecLecVHRE LQHtec.

(QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGXSSUHvQFO]LWRUXOGHDHU
I g pa = I ec
1 Q pa
1 qext B
(2.39)
Din diagrama I-t, pentru IgpaLpaVHRE LQHtgpa.

9HULILFDUHDWHPSHUDWXULLJD]HORUGHFRGDFFDOFXOHOHDXIRVWFRUHFWHIHFWXDWH
t sf tcos
- SHQWUXFD]DQHIUVXSUDIH HDX[LOLDUH
-
pentru cazane cu economizor
SHQWUXFD]DQHFXHFRQRPL]RULSUHvQFO]LWRUGHDHU
t ec t cos
t g pa t cos
Eroarea DGPLVLELOGHvQFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLpaU LDOSHHOHPHQWH este de maxim

0,5 %LVHGHWHUPLQDVWIHO
I =
I c I cos
100 < 0 ,5%
I t I cos
t =
tc tcos
100 < 0,5%
tt tcos
B. &D]DQHGHDSFDOG
(QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHHVWH
It =
Hi
(1 qch qmec ) + 0V0iao
1 qmec
(2.40)
6HDOHJHODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXLRWHPSHUDWXUODOLPLWDLQIHULRDUDWHPSHUDWXULORU
uzuale :
30
tf =600 900 o& vQ IXQF LH GH FRPEXVWLELlul utilizaW L tipul focarului. Din
GLDJUDPD HQWDOSLH IXQF LH GH WHPSHUDWXUm VH GHWHUPLQm HQWDOSLD JD]HORU OD LHLUH GLQ
focar If=f(tf,af)
5H]XOW
QR = B (1 qext )( I t I f )
(2.41)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWn sistemul conectiv este :
Qc = Q QR
(2.42)
UH]XOWHQWDOSLD gazelor de ardereGXSVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLY
Ic = I f
1
Qc
(1 qext ) B
(2.43)
Din diagrama I-t, pentru IcLcVHRE LQHtc.

/D XQHOH FD]DQH H[LVW GRX sau mai multe sisteme convective. Pentru cazul
cazanelor cuGRXGUXPXULFRQYHFWLYHVHDSUHFLD] XUPWRDUHOHSRQGHUL:
QCI = (0,7 0,8) QC

QCII = QC - QCI
LVHFDOFXOHD]HQWDOSLLLWHPSHUDWXULLQWHUPHGLDUH
(URDUHD DGPLVLELO GH vQFKLGHUH D ELODQ XOXL SU LDO SH HOHPHQWH HVWH GH PD[LP
0,5 LVHGHWHUPLQDVWIHO
I =
I c I cos
100 < 0 ,5%
I t I cos
t =
tc tcos
100 < 0,5%
tt tcos
C. 0HWRGHGHFDOFXOFXFOGXULVSHFLILFH
7HPSHUDWXUD WHRUHWLF GH DUGHUH VH poate determina, prin calcul iterativ,
XWLOL]kQGUHOD LD:
31

CAZANE
Hi
(1 qch qmec ) + f V0c p aertap + (1 ) f V0c p aer tao
1 qmec
Qt
'
=
tt =
Vg c pg
Vg c pg
(2.44)
pentru cazul arderii FXDHUSUHvQFO]LWsau:
tt' =
H i (1 qch qmec ) + f V0c paer tao

Vg c pg
Q0
Vg c pg
(2.45)
SHQWUXFD]XODUGHULLIUDHUSUHvQFO]LW =0).
Volumul de gaze de ardere cu exces de aer:
Vg = V go + ( f 1 )V0
Deoarece YDORDUHD FOGXULL VSHFLILFH D JD]HORUGH DUGHUH cpg esWH IXQF LH GH
WHPSHUDWXUUH]XOWFvaloarea temperaturii teoretice de ardere tt trebuie LQL LDOL]DW.
'
Astfel, seDSUHFLD]YDORDUHD tt n intervalul 18002000 oC.
'
6H GHWHUPLQ GLQ c pg conform Cap. IXQF LH GH WHPSHUDWXUD WHRUHWLF GH
DUGHUHLQL LDOL]DWGXSFDUHVHFDOFXOHD] tt :
''
tt'' =
Qc
Vg c'pg
(2.46)
'DF t t FDOFXODWGLIHU de tt LQL LDO cu mai mult de 50 K se UHLWHUHD]FDOFulul

''
'
FX R QRX YDORDUH D FOGXULL VSHFLILFH cpg GHWHUPLQDW la temperatura tt L VH

GHWHUPLQtt :
''
tt =
Qc
Vg c pg
(2.47)
'HRDUHFHYDULD LDFOGXULLVSHFLILFHFXWHPSHUDWXUDHVWHIRDUWHPLFVXEOD

100 grd.), nuVXQWQHFHVDUHPDLPXOWGHGRXLWHUD LL pentru.
Pentru alegerea valorii de temperaturDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL
VHIRORVHVFLQGLFD LLOHGHOD Cap. 2.5.A. sau 2.5.B.
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLD LHvQIRFDUYDIL
32
QR = (1 qext ) BVg c pg (tt t f )
(2.48)
unde pentru determinarea valorii FOGXULL VSHFLILFH a gazelor de ardere s-a luat
valoarea medie aLQWHUYDOXOXLGHWHPSHUDWXU t mf =
tt + t f
2
Lcoeficientul de exces de
aer f .
FOX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWvQVLVWHPXOILHUEWRUFRQYHFWLYHVWH
Qsfc = Qsf QR
(2.49)
LWHPSHUDWXUDILQDOa gazelor de ardere:
t sfc = t f
Qsfc
(2.50)
(1 qext ) BVg c pg
unde c pg se GHWHUPLQ pentru sfcLWHPSHUDWXUDPHGLH t msfc =
tt + t sfc
2
Vg = Vgo + ( sfc 1 )V0

LvQDFHVWFD]VHSUHVXSXQHLQL LDORYDORDUHSHQWUX t sfc LVHUHFDOFXOHD] c pg
'
GDFYDORDUHDUH]XOWDWSHQWUX t sfc GLIHUGH t sfc cu mai mult de 50 K.

'
Temperatura gazelor de ardere ODHLUHGLQ supraQFO]LWRU
t si = t sfc
Qsi
(1 qext ) BVg c pg
(2.51)
cu
t +t
c pg = f t si = sfc si , si L Vg = V go + ( si 1 )V0

2
GXSHFRQRPL]RU
tec = t si
Qec
(1 qext ) BVg c pg
(2.52)
cu
t +t
c pg = f tec = si ec , ec L Vg = Vgo + ( ec 1 )V0

2
33

CAZANE
LGXSSUHvQFO]LWRUXOGHDHU
t pa = tec
Q pa
(2.52)
(1 qext ) BVg c pg
cu
t +t
c pg = f t pa = ec pa , pa L Vg = Vg + ( pa 1 )V0
o
2
&D L n cadrul cap. 2.5.A se face verificarea corectitudinii calculului prin

compararea temperaturii de iHLUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGHSHXOWLPDVXSUDID GHVFKLPE
GHFOGXUcu temperatura GHHYDFXDUHODFR
t =
tc tcos
100 < 0,5%
tt tcos
n cazul cazanelor de DS FDOG sau fierbinte GXS FDOFXOXO WHPSHUDWXULL
teoretice de ardere tt DD FXP V-D DUWDW PDL VXV L alegeUHD WHPSHUDWXULL OD FDSWXO
focarului tfVHFDOFXOHD]4R .
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWvQVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYeste :
Qc = Q QR
(2.53)
LWHPSHUDWXUDILQDODJD]HORUGHDUGHUH:
tc = t f
unde
Qc
(2.54)
(1 qext ) BVg c pg
c pg se GHWHUPLQSHQWUXFRQGL LLOH
t cm =
t f + tc
2
Lc
(2.55)
iar volumul real al gazelor de ardere este:
Vg = Vgo + ( c 1 )V 0
(2.56)
t =
tc tcos
100 < 0,5%
tt tcos
34
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
CAPITOLUL 3
CALCULUL TERMIC AL
&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
C$=$1(/25 '( $3
3.1. Calculul termic al cazanelor ignitubulare cu ntoarcerea gazelor de

ardere n focar
3.1.1. Descriere constructivHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQF LRQDUH
Acest tip de cazane au focarul sub forma unui WXE GH IODFU ODUJ IU
VWUSXQJHUH n LQWHULRUXOFUXLDgazele de ardereVXQWQHYRLWHVVHvQWRDUFvQGLUHF LH
LQYHUV MHWXOXL GH IODFU realiznd astfel XQ GUXP FRQYHFWLY )XQF LRQHD] FX
combustibil gazos sau OLFKLG L SURGXF DS FDOG 70 o& L PDL UDU DS ILHUELQWH
130/110 oC. Sunt de tip igQLWXEXODU FX YROXP PDUH GH DS LDU Srincipalele elemente
componente ale cazanului sunt prezentate n figura 3.1.
15
14
10
12
10
15
11
9
3
5
13
Fig. 3.1. Cazan ignitubular cu ntoarcerea gazelor de ardere n focar

1. corp cazan; 2. focar tubular HYLGHfumFXWXUEXOL]DWRULDU]WRUXL]RODWWHUPLFLQWUDUHDS
LHLUHDS FXWLHFROHFWDUHJD]HOHJ WXU ODFRL]ROD LHWHUPLF SODF WXEXODU ID
te; 13.vizor; 14. teac termostate; 15. panou comand i reglaj.

SODF WXEXODU VSD
$FHVWHFD]DQHVXQWDOFWXLWHGLQWU-un cilindru cu diametru mare (1), n interiorul

FUXLD VH DIO VXSUDIH HOH GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU WXEXO GH IODFU FX SHUHte neted,
ncastra L n SODFD WXEXODU ID L HYLOH GH fum cu turbulizatori, cu rol de
35

CAZANE
fascicul convectiv (3 HYLOH GH fum VXQW IL[DWH SULQ VXGXU VDX PDQGULQDUH vQ
SOFLOHWXEXODUHID LVSDWH.
IntUDUHDDSHLvQFD]DQVHIDFHSHODSDUWHDGHVXVVDXSHODSDUWHDLQIHULRDU
iar evacuarea apei calde (7) VHIDFHvQWRWGHDXQDSHODSDUWHDVXSHULRDU.
8D GH vQFKLGHUH a cazanului (5), L]RODW WHUPLF permite trecerea gazelor de
ardere din focar n siVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYLSR]L LRQDUHDDU]WRUXOXL.
/D DU]WRU HVWH DGXV FRPEXVWLELOXO iar ventilatorul DVSLU L LQWURGXFH aerul
necesar arderii n tubul de ardere din focar. ,Q LQWHULRUXO IRFDUXOXL VH DSULQGH L VH
VWDELOL]H] IODFUD GH]YROWndu-se debitul de gaze de ardere. Acestea ajung n partea
din spate a focaruluiLVXQWREOLJDWHVVHvQWRDUFspreSDUWHDGLQID .
'DWRULW XLL FD]DQXOXL JD]HOH GH DUGHUH VH vQWRUF FX 0 L LQWU vQ HYLOH
FRQYHFWLYH6XQWFROHFWDWHvQFXWLDLHYDFXDWHSHFRSULQWX XO.
3.1.2. Tema de proiectare
-
Prin tema de proiectare se dau:

Q -VDUFLQDWHUPLFDFD]DQXOXLvQN:
te / ti - temperatura apei laLHLUHLLQWUDUHvQFD]DQ70 oC) sau (80/60 oC);
naturaFRPSR]L Lei combustibilului.
Aceste cazaQH IXQF LRQHD] FX VXSUDSUHVLXQH vQ IRFDU GHFL FRHILFLHQWXO GH
excHVGHDHUHVWHFRQVWDQWSkQOD HYFXDUHDODFR:
= f = c = = 1,05 1,15 = ct.
FR
&RQIRUP LQGLFD LLORU GLQ FDSLWROXO VH HIHFWXHD] FDOFXOXO DUGHULL

FRPEXVWLELOXOXLLVHGHWHUPLQ: VO, Vgo, Vg, Hi, p H O , p RO VHWUDVHD]GLDJUDPD, t
sau cp t.
2
&DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO
$FHVWH FD]DQH IXQF LRQHD] QXPDL FX FRPEXVWLELO JD]RV VDX lichid, deci
pierderea specific GHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUmecanic (qmecLFHa
prin evacuarea produselor solide ale arderii din cazan (qcen) sunt nule.
De asemenea B* = B.
6HFDOFXOHD]SLHUGHULOHVSHFLILFHGHFOGXU:
a. PierdereaVSHFLILFGHFOGXUSULQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR
)LLQG XQ FD]DQ GH DS FDOG VH DGPLWH R WHPSHUDWXU OD FR FH VH SRDWH
GHWHUPLQDFXUHOD LD de aproximare:
t +t
t cos i e + (60 80) 0 C
(3.1)
2
Din diagrama I t se determinYDORDUHDHQWDOSLHLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR:
I = f (t , )
FR
FR
36
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Entalpia aerului teoretic de ardere se determin OD WHPSHUDWXUD DPELDQW

ta=20 C
I ao = Vo c pa t a
(3.2)
o
cu cpa = 1,2971 kJ/ m 3N K

5H]XOWSLHUGHUHDVSHFLILFODFR:
1
qcos =
( I cos I ao )
Hi
(3.3)
b. 3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF
n cadrul calculelor de proiectare GDWRULW SHUIRUPDQ HORU IXQF LRQDOH DOH
DU]WRDUHORUPRGHUQHVHDGPLWHRSLHUGHUHSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW de naturFKLPLF de
ordinul:
qch = 0,001 0,005
c. 3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQSHUH LLH[WHULRULDLFD]DQXOXL
n cadrul calculelor de proiectare SHQWUX FD]DQH UHODWLY PLFL vQ IXQF LH GH
gradul dorit de izolareWHUPLFDFD]DQXOXLse poate alege o valoare:
qext = 0,005 0,015
d. Randamentul cazanului
6HFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD:
LH[SULPDWvQYDORDUHSURFHQWXDO % = 100
e. Debitul de combustibil consumat
Q
B=
(kg/s) sau ( m 3N / s )
Hi
(3.4)
(3.5)
Fluxul util GHFOGXUDOFD]DQXOXLHVWH
)OX[XOGHFOGXUprodus
de arderea combustibilului:
)OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVFXDHUXOGHDUGHUH
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR:
Q GDWSULQWHP.
Qc = BH i
(3.6)
Qa = BVo c pa t a
(3.7)
Qcos = B I cos
(3.8)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW: Qinc = qch BH i

Qext = qext BH i
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWspre exterior:
5H]XOWtabelul deELODQ termic al cazanului:
37
(3.9)
(3.10)

CAZANE
Tabelul 3.1.
Fluxuri introduse pierdere
Qc
Qa
Q
Qinc
Qext
FR
Q = Q'
Util
Q = Q''
1RW: n acest bilDQ WHUPHQHXO qcosBHi s-a scris sub formaH[SOLFLW:

(BI + Bcoscpata= Q +Qa).
FR
FR
Q'Q"
100 1%
(3.11)
Q'
'DFHURDUHDUHODWLYGHvQFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLeste mai mare de 1% (cea maxim
DGPLVLELOSHQWUXDFHVWJHQGH calcule) vQVHDPQFV-DIFXWRJUHHDOGHFDOFXO sau
de citire n diagrama I-t.
(URDUHDUHODWLY: =
3.1.5. %LODQ XO SDU LDO SH VXSUDIH H FDOFXOXO WHPSHUDWXULORU L HQWDOSLLORU
gazelor de ardere pe traseu).
(QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHVHdeterminFXUHOD ia:
I t = H i (1 qch ) + f V0 c pa t a
(3.12)
DSRLVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHGLQGLDJUDPD,-t: t t = f (I t , ) .
2 LPSRUWDQW FDUDFWHULVWLF IXQF LRQDO D FD]DQHORU FX vQWRDUFHUH a gazelor de
ardere n focar,RUHSUH]LQWLQFUFDUHDWHUPLFVSHFLILFPDUHDVXSUDIH HLGHVFKLPE
GH FOGXU a focarului. De aceea intervalul de alegere a temperaturii OD FDSWXO
focarului este:
tf =500700 oC.
6H GHWHUPLQ DSRL GLQ GLDJUDPD ,-t entalpia gazelor de ardere OD FDSWXO
focarului If=f(tf,).
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLD LHvQIRFDUYDIL:
QR = (1 qext ) B ( I t I f ) (kW)
(3.13)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWn sistemul convectiv va fi:
Qc = Q QR
(3.14)
(QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODVIkULWXOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLv este:
Qc
Ic = I f
(3.15)
(1 qext ) B
38
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
LGLQGLDJUDPD,-WUH]XOW: tc = f ( I c , ) .
QFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLLPSXQH: IcI Ltct .
LVHDGPLWHURULOHUHODWLYH:
I Ic
I = cos
100 0,5%
I t I cos
L
t t
t = cos c 100 0,5%
t t t cos
FR
FR
(URULPDLPDULLQGLFRJUHHDOGHFDOFXOQILQDOVHvQWRFPHWHWDEHOXO2.
Tabelul 3.2.
Temperatura gazelor
)OX[GHFOGXU
6XSUDID D
Intrare
IHLUH
[kW]
o
[ C]
[oC]
Focar
QR
tt
tf
Convectiv
Qc
tf
tc
%LODQ XOJUDILFDOFD]DQului
'HELWHOH GH FOGXU GLQ WDEHOHOH L VH WUDQVSXQ JUDILF OD VFDU FD vQ
figura 2.3 (cu particularizarea: B*=B; Qpa=0; Qsfc=Qc, Qsi=0; Qec=0; qmec=0; qev=0).
3.1.7. Calculul termic al focarului
Acest calcul are ca scop determinarea supraIH HLGHUDGLD LH6RFDSDELOVSUHLD
GHELWXO GH FOGXU UDGLDQW 4R GH OD IODFU L JD]HOH GH DUGHUH. Deoarece n calcule
Vf
S R
L
OXQJLPHD
GH
UDGLD
LH
s
intervin gradul de ecranare =
=
3,6
) este
S per
S per
necesar un calcul iterativ. Se admite o valoare SUHOLPLQDU S'R care n final se va

FRPSDUDFXFHDUH]XOWDWGLQFDOFXO6R.
Valoarea SUHOLPLQDU S'R SRDWHILVWDELOLWSULQGRXPHWRGH:
a) Se admite un IOX[ XQLWDU UDGLDQW vQFUFDUH WHUPLF specific acestui tip de
focar:
qR = 3050kW/m2
Q
S R ' = R (m2)
astfel,
(3.16)
qS
E6HFDOFXOHD]VXSUDID DGHUDGLD LHvQIRFDUFXUHOD LDde aproximare:
39

CAZANE
S R' =
cu:
QR
(m2)
T 4 T 4
f
p
5,765
100 100
=0,65 pentru combustibil gazos

=0,75 pentru combustibil lichid
Tf=tf +273 (K)
t +t
Tp=tm +25+273 (K) unde tm = i e
2
Din punct de vedere geometric:
D 2
S R' = DL'R +
(m2)
4
(3.17)
(3.18)
LR
unde: D
'
LR
diametrul focarului [m].

lungimea SUHOLPLQDU a focarului [m].
Se impune un raportGHVXSOH HDIRFDUXOXL L' R / D=1,52 LVHGHWHUPLQ L' R L'.

6HFDOFXOHD]:
D 2 '
LR (m3)
- volumul focarului: Vf =
(3.19
4
2D 2 2
'
- VXSUDID DSHUH LOor camerei de ardere: Sper=D LR +
(m )
(3.20)
4
Vf
- grosimea stratului radiant de gaze: s = 3,6
(m)
(3.21)
S per
-
SR
(3.22)
S per
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUH:
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
T
1 0,38 f ( p H 2O + p RO2 )
kg =
(3.23)
1000
( p H 2O + p RO2 ) s
gradul de ecranare: =
6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU:
40
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.24)
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLFXUHOD LDde aproximare:

Tf
0,5
k fl = 1,6
(3.25)
1000
LFRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULLFXUHOD LD:
a fl = 1 e
k fl s
(3.26)
3RQGHUHDDEVRUE LHLIOFULLID GH cea a mediului radiant de gaze de ardere din
focar VHIDFHGXSFriterii experimentale, considerndu-seRSURSRU LH, din volumul
IRFDUXOXLRFXSDWGHSDUWHDOXPLQRDVDIOFULL.
CoeficiHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULLLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD:
a = a fl + (1 ) a g
(3.27)
Valorile coeficientului de luminozitate sunt prezentate n tabelul 3.3.
Tabelul 3.3.
)ODFUQHOXPLQRDVGHFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV
= 0,2
)ODFUGHFRPEXVWLELOOLFKLG
= 0,6
CRHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUHDVXSUDIH HORUHVWH:
=0,7 0,9 combustibil gazos
=0,6 0,7 combustibil lichid
&XDFHVWHYDORULVHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIRFDUXOXL:
0,82a
af =
a + (1 a )
(3.28)
2DOWFDUDFWHULVWLFDIRFDUXOXLHVWHIDFWRUXOGHSR]L LHDIOFULLvQIRFDU M.
)DFWRUXOGHSR]L LHDIOFULLvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD
M = a M bM
L EM
h
Hf
Pentru combustibil lichid sau gazos constantele au valorile urmtoare: aM=0,54

L SHQWUX UDSRUWXO vQWUH vQO LPHD GH DPSODVDUH D DU]WRUXOXL L vQO LPHD
camerei de ardere (Hf=Df):
h
=VHRE LQH0 ,44.
Hf
Hf
h
&XDFHVWHGDWHVHGHWHUPLQVXSUDID DGHUDGLD LHDIRFDUXOXL:
41

CAZANE
QR
3
SR =
8
5,765 10 Ma f T f Tt 3
Tt
1 1
T
M2
f
(m2)
(3.29)
$FHDVWVXSUDID YDILGLIHULWGH S'R dHWHUPLQDWvQFDOFXOXOpreliminar'DF

GLIHUHQ D HVWH PDL PDUH GH 10% se reia calculul cu valori recalculate de Vf L 6per
SHQWUX QRXD YDORDUH D VXSUDIH HL GH UDGLD LH 6R (pentru calcule mai precise aceDVW
GLIHUHQ se poate impune la max. 2%).
RezultOXQJLPHDILQDOa focarului:
D 2
SR
4
LR =
(m)
(3.30)
D
3.1.8. Calculul termic al convectivului
Convectivul cazanului este determinat, din punctul de vedere al transferului de
cOGXU din calculele anterioare,SULQXUPWRULLSDUDPHtrii:
QC
GHELWXO GH FOGXU primit de agentul termic secundar de la sistemul
convectiv (kW) ;
tf
WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLQWUDUHvQ HYL0C) ;
tFR
WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQ HYLODFR0C) ;
te/ti temperatura apei (0C).
3HQWUXVWDELOLUHDVHF LXQLLGHWUHFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHVHDOHJHun diametru de
HDYGLQJDPDGH HYLX]XDOHGH). Pentru cazane caracterizate de o sarcin termic
mai mic de 1MW se pot alege:
42 3; 45 3; 51 3; 57 3; 60 3; 70 3,5.
'XS alegerea diametrului HYLORU VH alege viteza SUHOLPLQDU GH FLUFXOD LH D
gazelor de ardere w n intervalul economic pentru acest tip de cazan:
w = (2 4) m/s.
6HF LXQHDGHFLUFXOD LHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL:
B Vg t gm + 273
S circ =
(m2)
(3.31)
,
w
273
t f + tcos 0
t gm =
( C ) este temperatura media a gazelor de ardere.
2
1XPUXOGH HYLDOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYYDIL:
4S
n' = circ
, acesta VHURWXQMHWHsuperior sau inferior, la QXPUntreg par
d i2
LVHUHFDOFXOHD]YLWH]D deFLUFXOD LHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH:
42
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
w=
B Vg t gm + 273
d 2 273
n i
4
(3.33)
Pentru temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere tgm se GHWHUPLQ din anexa 9,

XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL:
- YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF
[m2/s]
- FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF
[W/mK]
- QXPUXO Prandtl
Pr
tp cu
De asemenea se GHWHUPLQ QXPUXO Prandtl perete Prp la temperatura peretelui

tp = tm +(1020) oC ; t m =
ti + t e
.
2
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LH se determinXWLOL]kQGUHOD LL

criteriaOHSHQWUXFLUFXOD LDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLQWHULRUXO HYLORUconform anexei 10.
wd i
> 3 10 4
De exemplu, pentru Re =
2/3
(Re 1000) Pr
di
8
Nu =
1 + C
(3.34)
2/3
1 + 12,2
(Pr 1)
8
Pr
cu = (1,82logRe 1,64) ; C =
Prp
0,11
, L = LR + (0,2...0,4 ) .
Pentru 2300 < Re < 3 104:

1/ 3

3
Nu = 0 49,37 + [1,615 A 0,7] +
B C
1 + 22 Pr
3
cu
1/ 2
Pr
d
d
i
i
3 Re Pr
=
;
B
Re
Pr
; C =
A=
L
L
Pr
(3.35)
0 ,11
o =1,2 UHSUH]LQW HIHFWXO WXUEXOizatorilor ce se vor monta la interorul
HYLORU FRQYHFWLYH IXQF LH GH JUDGXO GH WXUbulizare realizat ce depinde de IRUP L
pasulGHLFDQDUH.
Pentru regimul laminar: Re < 2300:
43

CAZANE
1/ 3

d
*
i
Nu = 0 49,37 + 1,615 3 Re Pr 0,7
L

*
cu 0 = 1,62,2.
Pr
Prp
0 ,11
(3.36)
*
Pentru turbulizatorii n zig-zag, FRHILFLHQ LL GH FRUHF LH 0 L 0 pot fi
determinD LFXUHOD LLOH experimentale:
2 ,142
= 0 ,2
pr
L
*
0
3,3 Re 0 ,2
0 = 0 ,2
5
pr
di
l
unde p r =
l
este pasul relativ, cu l pas zig-zaguri.
di
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LH
c =
Nu
lc
(3.37)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHPULPLOH:
-
WHPSHUDWXUPHGLHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH:
Tgm=tgm+273 (K);
grosimea stratului radiant:
s = 0,9 di (m);
SUHVLXQLOHSDU LDOHDOHJD]HORUGHDUGHUHWULDWRPLFH: pRO2 ; p H 2O
p RO2 =
VRO2
Vg
pg
[bar.]L pH 2 O =
VH 2 O
Vg
&RQVWDQWDGHUDGLD LHDJD]HORUVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD:
44
pg
[bar.]
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
kg =
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
( p H 2O
1 0,38 gm ( p H 2O + p RO2 )
1000
+ p RO2 ) s
(3.38)
iar coeficientul de emisivitate al gazelor de ardere:
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.39)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHdeterminFXUHOD LD:
r = 5,765 10 8
T 3, 6
1 p
Tgm
ap + 1
3
a g Tgm
T
p
1

T
gm
(W/m2K)
(3.40)
XQGHSHQWUXFRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOSHUHWHOXLVHFRQVLGHU valoarea ap=0,82 HDY

WUDVGHR HOLDUSHQWUXWHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXL HYLL:
Tp = t m + 20 + 273 (K)
Coeficientul de transfer GHFOGXULSHSDUWHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH va fi:
1 = c + r
Coeficientul GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU 2 pe partea apei, este mult mai mare (de
ordinul miilor de W/m2K) n compara Le cu 1 (de ordinul zecilor de W/m2K).
Q DFHVWH FRQGL LL FRHILFLHQWXO JOREDO GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU k este dat de
UHOD LD
1
kI =
(W/m2K)
(3.41)
1 + 1
n care s-a QHJOLMDWUH]LVWHQ DWHUPLF1/2).
Valorile coeficientului GH PXUGULUH pentru gaze de ardere, provenite din
arderea de combustibil gazos, sunt prezentate n tabelul 3.4.
Tabelul 3.4.
&RHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUH combustibil gazos
Viteza w (m/s)
3
6
9
12
15
18
3
2
5,233 3,837 2,791 2,093 1,628 1,395
10 (m K/W)
Se poateXWLOL]DLUHOD LDDQDOLWLF:
= 11,2110 3 w 0,6474
(m2K/W)
(3.42)
Pentru gaze de ardere provenind din arderea unui combustibil lichid se poate
considera:
0,0163 (m2K/W)
45

CAZANE
'LIHUHQ DPHGLHGHWHPSHUDWXUVHGHWHUPLQFRQIRUPIigurii 3.2.LUHOD LHL43):

t t min
t
t m = max
(3.43)
t
ln max
tf
t min
6XSUDID D GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU D
convectivului cazanului va fi:
tmax
tma
tc
tmin
SC
Sc =
Qc
= nd i Lc (m2) (3.44)
kt m
UH]XOW lungimea convectivului:

S
Lc = c (m) (3.45)
nd i
Fig. 3.2.
a) 'DF/c > LR, n limitele Lc = LR + (0,20,4) m, nseamnFGLVWDQ DGLQWUH
SOFLOHWXEXODUHDOHFD]DQXOXLHVWe suficient de mare, pentru a permite dilatarea
libera a focarului,GDUQXSUHDPDUHvQFkWVVHFUHH]Hun volum inutilizabil la
interiorul corpului cazanului;
b) 'DF/c < LRVHUHGXFHQXPUXOGH HYL sau diametrulDVWIHOvQFkWVVHDMXQJ
n cazul a);
c) 'DF/c >> LRVHPUHWHQXPUXOGH HYLDVWIHOvQFkWVVHDMXQJvQFD]XOD.
3.2. Calculul termic al cazanelor ignitubulare cu pies GH vQWRDUFHUH D
gazelor de ardere n focar
3.2'HVFULHUHDFD]DQHORUHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQF LRQDUH
6XQWFD]DQHFXIRFDUWXEXODULXQGUXPFRQYHFWLYLGHQWLFHFXFHOHSUH]HQWDWHvQ
FDSLWROXO $X vQ SOXV XQ FLOLQGUX GLQ R HO UHIUDFWDU PRQWDW vQ IRFDU SLHV GH
vQWRDUFHUH FDUH HWDQHD] SH XD GH vQFKLGHUH L DVLJXU XQ IRFDU FDOG SHQWUX
amestecul aer FRPEXVWLELO &D]DQHOH IXQF LRQHD] vQ VXSUDSUHVLXQH FX FRPEXVWLELO
OLFKLGVDXJD]RVLSURGXFDSFDOGWe / ti = 90 / 70 0C.
Aceste cD]DQHVXQWDOFWXLWHGLQWU-un cilindru cu diametru mare (1), n interiorul
FUXLD VH DIO VXSUDIH HOH GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU WXEXO GH IODFU FX SHUHWH QHWHG
vQFDVWUDWvQSODFDWXEXODUID SLHVDGHvQWRDUFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHL HYLOHGH
fXP FX WXUEXOL]DWRUL FX URO GH IDVFLFXO FRQYHFWLY HYLOH GH IXP VXQW
IL[DWHSULQVXGXUVDXPDQGULQDUHvQSOFLOHWXEXODUHID LVSDWH
,QWUDUHD DSHL vQ FD]DQ VH IDFH SH OD SDUWHD GH VXV VDX SH OD SDUWHD LQIHULRDU LDU
evacuarHDDSHLFDOGHVHIDFHvQWRWGHDXQDSHODSDUWHDVXSHULRDU
46
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
8DGHvQFKLGHUHDFD]DQXOXLL]RODWWHUPLFHWDQSHSLHVDIL[DWSULQ

DUFXOLDVLJXUmWUHFHUHDLQWUDUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDUvQVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLY
15
14
10
12
10
15
11
9
3
5
Fig. 3.3. Cazan igniWXEXODUFXSLHVGHvQWRDUFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQIRFDU

1. corp cazan; 2. focar tubular HYLGHfumFXWXUEXOL]DWRULDU]WRUXL]RODWWHUPLFLQWUDUHDS

LHLUHDS FXWLHFROHFWDUHJD]HOHJ WXU ODFRL]ROD LHWHUPLF SODF WXEXODU ID

te; 13.vizor; 14. teaca termostate; 15. panou comanda si reglaj; 16.SLHVGHvQWRDUFHUHJD]H
de ardere n focar.
SODF WXEXODU VSD
/D DU]WRU HVWH DGXV FRPEXVWLELOXO LDU YHQWLODWRUXO DVSLU L LQWURGXFH DHUXO
QHFHVDU DUGHULL vQ WXEXO GH DUGHUH GLQ IRFDU ,Q LQWHULRUXO IRFDUXOXL VH DSULQGH L VH
VWDELOL]H] IODFUD GH]YROWkQGX-se debitul de gaze de ardere. Acestea ajung n partea
GLQVSDWHDFDPHUHLGHDUGHUHSLHVDGHvQWRDUFHUHLVXQWREOLJDWHVVHvQWRDUFspre
SDUWHDGLQID ntreIRFDUXOSURSULX]LVLSLHVDGHvQWRDUFHUH.
'DWRULW XLL FD]DQXOXL JD]HOH GH DUGHUH VH vQWRUF FX 0 L LQWU vQ HYLOH
FRQYHFWLYH6XQWFROHFWDWHvQFXWLDLHYDFXDWHSHFRSULQWX XO.
-

Q
-VDUFLQDWHUPLFDFD]DQXOXLvQN:
te / ti
-WHPSHUDWXUDDSHLODLHLUHLLQWUDUHvQFD]DQ0C) ;
IHOXOLFRPSR]L LDFRPEXVWLELOXOXL.
$FHVWH FD]DQH IXQF LRQHD] GH RELFHL FX Vuprapresiune n focar, deci
FRHILFLHQWXOGHH[FHVGHDHUHVWHFRQVWDQWvQIRFDUvQFRQYHFWLYLODFR:
= g = c = = 1,05 1,15.
FR
47

CAZANE

FRPEXVWLELOXOXLLVHGHWHUPLQ: VO, Vgo, Vg, Hi, p H O , p RO ;VHWUDVHD]GLDJUDPD, t
sau cp t.
2
$FHVWH FD]DQH IXQF LRQHD] QXPDL FX FRPEXVWLELO JD]RV VDX OLFKLG GHFL
pierderile specifice mecanice (qmecLFHOHSULQHYDFXDUHDSURGXVHORUVROLGHGLQFD]DQ
(qcen) sunt nule. De asemenea B* = B.
6HFDOFXOHD]SLHUGHULOHVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUFDUDFWHULVWLFHFD]DQXOXL:
a. 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFGHFOGXUSULQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR
GHWHUPLQDFXUHOD LD de aproximare:
t +t
tcos i e + (60 80)0 C
(3.46)
2
Din diagrama I WVHDIOYDORDUHDHQWDOSLHLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR:
I = f (t , )
(QWDOSLDDHUXOXLWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]ODWHPSHUDWXUDDPELDQWWa=20 0C
I a 0 = Vo c pa t a
(3.47)
FR
FR
cu cpa = 1,2971 kJ/ m 3N K

5H]XOWSLHUGHUHDVSHFLILFODFR: qcos =
1
( I cos I a 0 )
Hi
(3.48)
b. Pierderi spHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF
Q FDGUXO FDOFXOHORU GH SURLHFWDUH GDWRULW SHUIRUPDQ HORU IXQF LRQDOH DOH
DU]WRDUHORUPRGHUQH,VHDGPLWHRSLHUGHUHSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF
de ordinul:
qch = 0,001 0,005
Q FDGUXO FDOFXOHORU GH SURLHFWDUH SHQWUX FD]DQH UHODWLY PLFL vQ IXQF LH GH
gradul dorit de izolarHWHUPLFDFD]DQXOXLVHSRDWHDOHJHRYDORDUH
qext = 0,005 0,015
6HFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
= 1 (qcos + qch + qext )
48
(3.4)
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(

Q
B=
(kg/s) sau ( m 3N / s )
H i
(3.5)
)OX[XOXWLOGHFOGXUDOFD]DQXOXLHVWH
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSURGXV
de arderea combustibilului:
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR
4GDWSULQWHP.
Qc = BH i
Qa = BVo c pa t a
Qcos = BI cos
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW Qinc = qch BH i
Qext = qext BH i
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWVSUHH[WHULRU
(3.51)
(3.52)
(3.53)
(3.54)
(3.55)
5H]XOWWDEHOXOGHELODQ WHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXL.
Tabelul 3.5.
Combustibil pierderi
Util
Qc
Qa
-Q
Q
- Qinc
- Qext
FR
Q = Q''
Q = Q'
1RWQDFHVWELODQ WHUPHQHXO qcosBHi s-DVFULVVXEIRUPDH[SOLFLW

FR
(URDUHDUHODWLYYDIL: =
FR
Q 'Q"
100
(3.56)
Q'
LVHYHULILFHURDUHDPD[LPDGPLVLELOGH.
'DFHURDUHDUHODWLYGHvQFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLHVWHPDLPDUHGHFkWYDORDUHDGH
FHD PD[LP DGPLVLELO SHQWUX DFHVW JHQ GH FDOFXOH vQVHDPQ F V-D IFXW R
JUHHDOGHFDOFXOVDXGHFLWLUHvQGLDJUDPD,-t.
&DOFXOXOWHPSHUDWXULORULHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX
(QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD:
49
(3.57)

CAZANE
apoi se deWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHGLQGLDJUDPD,-t: t t = f ( I t , ) .
2 LPSRUWDQW FDUDFWHULVWLF IXQF LRQDO D FD]DQHORU FX vQWRDUFHUH D JD]HORU GH
DUGHUHvQIRFDULSLHVGHvQWRDUFHUHRUHSUH]LQWLQFUFDUHDWHUPLFVSHFLILFIRDUWH
mare DVXSUDIH HLGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUDIRFDUXOXL'HDFHHDLQWHUYDOXOGHDOHJHUHD
WHPSHUDWXULLODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXLHVWH
tf =450550 oC.
6H GHWHUPLQ DSRL GLQ GLDJUDPD ,-W HQWDOSLD JD]HORU OD FDSWXO IRFDUXOXL
If=f(tf,).
QR = (1 qext ) B( I t I f ) (kW)
(3.58)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWGHVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYYDIL:
Qc = Q QR
(3.59)
(QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODVIkULWXOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYHVWH:
Ic = I f
Qc
I cos
(1 qext ) B
(3.59a)
LGLQGLDJUDPD,-WUH]XOW: t c = f (I c , ) t cos .
QFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLLPSXQH: Ic I Ltc t .
LVHDGPLWHURULOHUHODWLYH:
I I
I = cos c 100 0,5%
I t I cos
L
FR
t =
FR
tcos t c
100 0,5%
tt tcos
(3.60)
(3.61)
EroriPDLPDULLQGLFRJUHHDOGHFDOFXOQILQDOVHvQWRFPHWHWDEHOXO
6XSUDID D
Focar
Convectiv
Tabelul 3.6.
)OX[GHFOGXU
Temperatura gazelor
intrare
LHLUH
tc
tf
tf
tc
QR
Qc
=Q
50
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
%LODQ XOJUDILFDOFazanului
'HELWHOH GH FOGXU GLQ WDEHOHOH L VH WUDQVSXQ JUDILF OD VFDU FD vQ
figura 2.3 (cu B*=B; Qpa=0; Qspc=QcI+QcII, Qsi=0; Qec=0; qmec=0; qev=0).
Calculul termic al focarului este foarte complex GHRDUHFHWUDQVIHUXOGHFOGXU
GHODIODFULJD]HFWUHDSVHIDFHSULQLQWHUPHGLXOSLHVHLGHvQWRDUFHUHGLQIRFDU.
Un calcul exact se poate face utiliznd un program de calcul, lucrnd cu VXSUDIH HL
volume elementare.
QFHOHFHXUPHD]VHSUH]LQW un calcul simplificat bazat pe valori medii ale
SDUDPHWULORUWHUPLFLLJD]odinamici ce intervin n calcul.
'HELWHOHGHFOGXUFHGDWHvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUHinteriorul piesei de ntoarcere)
LvQWUHSLHVLIRFDUXOSURSULX]LVVXQWFHOHGLQILJXUD
1
tf
tcos
DC
QFND
QRC
tt
DF
tf
QGF
QRCF
QGC
Lf
Lc
Fig. 3.4. Schema de calcul termic a focarului

1.
IRFDUFDPHUDGHDUGHUHPDQWD HYLOHVLVWHPXOXLFRQYHFWLYDU] WRU
'HELWHOHGHFOGXUFRQIRUPILJXULLVXQW
QRC )OX[XOGHFOGXUFHGDWde mediul din focar SULQUDGLD LHvQFDPHUDGH
ardere ctre corpul de ntoarcere;
QRCF )OX[XO GH FOGXU WUDQVPLV SULQ UDGLD LHL de la corpul de ntoarcere
ctre pere LLfocarului ;
51

CAZANE
QGF )OX[XO GH FOGXU FHGDW GH JD]HOH GH DUGHUH IRFDUXOXL, convectiv, pe
drumul de ntoarcere;
QGC )OX[XOGHFOGXUFHGDWGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHcorpului de ntoarcere prin
FRQYHF LH;
QFND )OX[XOGHFOGXUFHGDWSULQVXSUDID DGHIXQGDIRFDUXOXL
QR
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWGHIRFDU 4RCF + QGF + QFND.
Transferul de cldur realizat n focar este caracterizat de trei temperaturi care

odata cunoscute definesc complet toate fluxurile de cldur enumerate anterior.
Aceste temperaturi sunt:
- tf temperatura gazelor de ardere la intrarea n drumul de ntoarcere;
- tf temperatura gazeloUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQIRFDU
- tp temperatura peretelui corpului de ntoarcere (valoare medie);
Pentru determinarea acestui complex de necunoscute este necesar un sistem de
WUHLHFXD LLFHHVWHSUH]HQWDWvQFRQWLQXDUH
- HFXD LD GH ELODQ D JD]HORU GH Drdere vQWUH VHF LXQHD DU]mWRUXOXL L VHF LXQHD GH
ntoarcere:
QRC + QFND = B (1 qext )( I t I 'f )
(3.62.1)
-
HFXD LDGHELODQ DJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHvQWUHJIRFDUXO
QRCF + QGF + QFND = B (1 qext )( I t I f )

-
(3.62.2)
HFXD LDGHELODQ Dcorpului de ntoarcere:
QRCF = QGC + QRCF
(3.62.3)
unde fluxurile au urmtoarele explicitri:
QRC = 5,765 10 8 a g
ap +1
2
S RC (Tt 2T f2' T p4 )
(3.63)
unde Tp este temperatura medie a peretelui camerei de ardere.
Q FND = 5,765 10 8 a g
cu
ap +1
2
S FND (Tt 2T f2' T pf4 )
(3.64)
QRCF = 5,765 10 8 C c. f S RC (T p4 T pf4 )
(3.65)
QGF = SRF kCF tmCF
(3.66)
kCF FRHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUvQVSD LXOLQHODU

tmCF GLIHUHQ DPHGLHORJDULWPLFGHWHPSHUDWXULvQVSD LXOLQHODU
52
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
QGC = SRC k*CF tmCF

-
(3.67)
Mrimile geometrice ce caracterizeaz focaUXOVXQWFXQRWD LLOHGLQILJXUD

suprafa a corpului de ntoarcere: SRC=dcLf
VXSUDID DIXQGXOXLGHIRFDU(util de transfer de cldur): SFND=
d 2f
4
VXSUDID DODWHUDO a focarului (util de transfer de cldur): S RF = d f L f
Intr-o variant simplificat a calculului se admite o predimensionare a focarului

urmnd a se face o verificare a parametrilor de transfer de cldur caracteriza LVLQWHWLF
SULQ WHPSHUDWXUD GH LHLUH GLQ IRFDU 7LQkQG FRQW GH FDUDFWHULRVWLFLOH IXQF LRQDOH DOH
focarului predimensionarea se va face mpr LQGIOX[XOWRWDOFHGDWGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUH
OD VWUmEDWHUHD IRFDUXOXL vQ FRPSRQHQWm UDGLDWLYm L FRPSRQHQWm FRQYHFWLYm $VWIHO VH
consider componenta radiativ ca fiind caracteristic pentru volumul interior al
FRUSXOXL GH vQWRDUFHUH FRQVLGHUDW FRQYHQ LRQDO OD WHPSHUDWXUD SHUHWHOXL GH IRFDU L
componenta convectiv ce ac LRQHD] pe suprafa DODWHUDO a peretelui focarului. Uzual
se admite o pondere a componentei radiative cuprins ntre 85-90% din fluxul de
cldur total cedat pe focar (restul fiind afectat componentei convective).
3HQWUXVWDELOLUHDPULPLORUpreliminare dCL/f se admite un flux radiant n camera
de ardere qR = 40 60 kW/m2.
6HGHWHUPLQFXRUHOD LHGHDSUR[LPDUe: SRC = (0,85 0,9)
QR
.
qR
Se admite Lf/dc = 1,5 LVHGHWHUPLQPULPLOHLf L dc.
3HQWUXFDPHUDGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]:
d c2
Lf ;
volumul focarului: Vf =
4
2d c2
;
VXSUDID DSHUH LORUFDPHUHLGHDUGHUH: Sper=dcLf +
4
Vf
grosimea stratului radiant de gaze: s = 4
;
S per
S RC
.
S per
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUH:
53

CAZANE
kg =
0,1 + 1,6 p H 2O
1 0,38 mg ( p H 2O + p RO2 )
1000
+ p RO2 ) s
( p H 2O
(3.68)
6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU:
ag = 1 e
kg s
(3.69)
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLFXUHOD LDde aproximare:
k fl = 1,6
Tf
1000
0,5
LFRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULLFXUHOD LD:
a fl = 1 e
k fl s
(3.70)
(3.71)
3RQGHUHDDEVRUE LHLIOFULLID GHFHDDPHGLXOXLUDGLDQWGHJD]HGHDUGHUHGLQ

IRFDUVHIDFHGXSFULWHULLH[SHULPHQWDOHFRQVLGHUkQGX-VHRSURSRU LH , din volumul
IRFDUXOXLRFXSDWGHSDUWHDOXPLQRDVDIOFULL.
CoHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULLLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD
a = a fl + (1 ) a g
(3.72)
Valorile coeficientului de luminozitate sunt prezentate n tabelul 3.3.
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDFDPHUHLGHDUGHUH:
0,82 a
a fc =
(3.73)
a + (1 a )
XQGHFRHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUH:
)DFWRUXOGHSR]L LHDIOFULLvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD:
M = a M bM
h
Hf
(3.74)
cu constantele: aM LEM=0,2 SHQWUXIODFUGHFRPEXVWLELOJD]RVVDXOLFKLGL

SHQWUXUDSRUWXOvQWUHvQO LPHDGHDPSODVDUHDDU]WRUXOXLLvQO LPHDFDPHUHL:
h
= 0,3 (Hf = dc)
Hf
Hf
h
54
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Diametrul corpului de ntoarcereVHGHWHUPLQLPSXQkQGRYLWH]DJD]HORUGH

DUGHUHvQVSD LXOLQHODU, wg = 4 6 m/s (cu valori mici pentru cazane mici):
BVg
wg' =
unde t gm =
2
(d f d c2 )
4
t gm + 273
273
t 'f + t f
2
5H]XOW: d f =
d c2 +
4 BVg t gm + 273
wg'
(3.75)
273
Diametrul focarului astfel determinat sHURWXQMHWHODYDORULvQWUHJL(de preferat

modul de 10 mm) LVHUHFDOFXOHD]YLWH]Dviteza gazelor de ardere (wg).
&XDFHVWHGDWHVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDXUDGHODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL
T*f =
Tt
Co a f Tt 3 S R
M
(1 q )B V c
inc
g
p
[oK]
0, 6
(3.76)
+1
unde T*f reprezint temperatura pe care ar avea-RJD]HOHGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQIRFDU

dac acesta ar fi n solu LHFRQVWUXFWLY cu strpungere. Pentru a verifica temperatura
UHDOmDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQIRFDUvQVROX LDFXvQWRDUFHUHYDWUHbui calculat
FRPSRQHQWD FRQYHFWLYm L GHWHUPLQDWm VFmGHUHD GH WHPSHUDWXUm FH FRUHVSXQGH
DFHVWHLD 7HPSHUDWXUD DVWIHO RE LQXWm YD IL FRPSDUDWm FX WHPSHUDWXUD GH LHLUH GLQ
focar impus n bilan XOSDU LDOSHVXSUDIH H
Coeficientul global de transfHUGHFOGXUkGFVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD:
kGF =
1
, cu GDWGHWDEHOXOVDXUHOD LLOHL.
1 + 1
1 = c + r
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LHVHGHWHUPLQXWLOL]kQGUHOD LL
criteriale pentru FLUFXOD LD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD LQWHULRUXO FDQDOHORU FX VHF LXQH
FLUFXODUFRQIRUPDQH[HLSXQFWXO pentru:
Re =
Wg l c
undeOXQJLPHDFDUDFWHULVWLF:
55

CAZANE
2
(d f d c2 )
= 4
= d f dc
(d f + d c )
4
4 S circ
P
De exemplu, pentru Re>3 104
lc =
2/3
(Re 1000) Pr
di
8
Nu = 0
1 + C
L
1 + 12,2
(Pr 2 / 3 1)
8
Pr
cu = (1,82 log Re 1,64) 2 ; C =
Pr p
(3.34*)
0 ,11
, L = LR + (0,2 0,4) , 0=1
Pentru 2300 < Re < 3 104:

1/ 3

Nu = 0 49,37 + [1,615 A 0,7]3 +
B C
1 + 22 Pr
3
1/ 2
Pr
d
d
3 Re Pr i ; B = Re Pr i
; C =
A=
L
L
Pr p
cu
(3.35*)
0 ,11
, o=1.

1/ 3
d
*
i
3
Nu = 0 49,37 + 1,615 Re Pr 0,7
L
Pr
Pr
p
0 ,11
(3.36*)
cu 0 = 1.
Practic se XWLOL]HD]UHOD LLOHLVDX,notate acum suplimentar cu (*)
*
pentru care L 0 sunt egale cu unitatea.
Nu
c =
lc
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHFDOFXOHD]utilizndUHOD LLOH
Lpentru care care grosimea stratului radiant este:
56
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
2
(d f d c2 ) Lg
4
s = 3,6
= 3,6
= 0,9(d f d c )
Sp
(d f + d c ) Lg
Vg
Tgm =
t* f + t f
+ 273
2
T p = 80 + 20 + 273 (K)
'LIHUHQ DPHGLHDWHPSHUDWXULORUVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD:
tmGF =
(t * f 80) (t f 80)
ln
t *f 80
t f 80
6HFDOFXOHD]QGF = k GF ( d f L f ) tmGF
*
Se calculeaz entalpia gazelor la LHLUH GLQ IRFDU I f = I f
QGC
; din
(1 qext ) B
diagrama I-W IXQF LH HQWDOSLH L FRHILFLHQWXO GH H[FHV GH DHU din focar se determin
WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUODLHLUHGLQIRFDU, tf.
Deoarece calculul este aproximativ eroarea admisibil este de 10%. In cazul
vQFDUHVHGHSmHWHDFHDVWmHURDUHVHYDUHGLPHQVLRQDVXSUDID DGHWUDQVIHUGHFldur
SULQ UDGLD LH GLDPHWUXO L OXQJLPHD corpului de ntoarcere ) cu o cot procentual
HJDOmFXUDGLFDOGHRUGLQXOGLQHURDUHDSHWHPSHUDWXUL7RWXLGDFmWHPSHUDWXUDGH
LHLUHGLQIRFDUFRUHVSXQGHGRPHQLXOXLHFRQRPLFVHSRDWHDFFHSWDFDDWDUHXUPkQGD
se modifica sarcina pe convectiv n conVHFLQ conform rela LLORU
cOGXUGLQFDOFXOHOHDQWHULRDUHSULQXUPWRULLSDUDPHWULL
QC
GHELWXOGHFOGXUutil preluat n sistemul convectiv (kW) ;
tf
tFR
WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQ HYLODFR0C) ;
te/ti temperatura apei (0C).
0HWRGRORJLDGHFDOFXOHVWHLGHQWLFFXFHDSUH]HQWDWvQFDSLWROXO.
3HQWUX VWDELOLUHD VHF LXQLL GH WUHFHUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH VH DOHJH GLDPHWUXO
HYLORUGLQJDPDGH HYLX]XDOHGH):
42 3; 45 3; 51 3; 57 3; 60 3; 70 3,5.
'XS DOHJHUHD GLDPHWUXOXL HYLORU VH DOHJH YLWH]D SUHOLPLQDU GH FLUFXOD LH D
gazelor de ardere w n intervalul economic pentru acest tip de cazan:
57

CAZANE
w = (2 4) m/s.
6HF LXQHDGHFLUFXOD LHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
B Vg t gm + 273
S circ =
(m2)
w'
273
t gm =
t f + t cos
(3.31)
( 0 C ) este temperatura media a gazelor de ardere.
2
1XPUXOGH HYLDOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYYDIL
4 S circ
n' =
d i2
Acesta VHURWXQMHWHVXSHULRUVDXLQIHULRUODQXPUvQWUHJSDULVHUHFDOFXOHD]
YLWH]DGHFLUFXOD LHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
B V g t gm + 273
w=
(3.33)
d i2 273
n
4
Pentru temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere tgm VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ DQH[D
XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL
[m2/s]
[W/mK]
- QXPUXO3UDQGWO
Pr
tp cu
'HDVHPHQHDVHGHWHUPLQQXPUXO3UDQGWOSHUHWHPrp la temperatura peretelui

tp = tm +(1020) oC ; t m =
ti + te
.
2
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LHVHGHWHUPLQXWLOL]kQGUHOD LL

FULWHULDOH SHQWUX FLUFXOD LD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD LQWHULRUXO HYLORU conform anexei 10
punctul 5.
wdi
> 3 10 4
2/3
(Re 1000) Pr
di
8
Nu =
1 + C
L
2/3
1 + 12,2
(Pr 1)
x
58
(3.77)
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Pr
2
cu = (1,82 log Re 1,64) ; C =
Pr p
0 ,11
, L = LR + (0,2 0,4) .
Pentru 2300< Re < 3 104LGi/L < 1:
1/ 3

Nu = 0 49,37 + [1,615 A 0,7]3 +
B C
1 + 22 Pr
3
1/ 2
Pr
d
d
i
i
A= 3 Re Pr ; B = Re Pr ; C =
L
L
Pr p
(3.78)
0 ,11
cu
o UHSUH]LQW HIHFWXO turbulizatorilor ce se vor monta la interorul

HYLORUFRQYHFWLYHIXQF LHGHJUDGXOGHWXOEXUL]DUHUHDOL]DWIRUPLSDVGHLFDQDUH
Pentru regim laminar Re < 2300

1/ 3
d
Nu = 0* 49,37 + 1,615 3 Re Pr i 0,7
L
*
cu 0 = 1,62,2.
Pr
Pr
p
0 ,11
(3.79)
*
Pentru turbulizatorii n zig-zag FRHILFLHQ LL GH FRUHF LH 0 L 0 pot fi
GHWHUPLQD LFXUHOD LLOHH[SHULPHQWDOH
2,142
3,3 Re 0, 2
*
0 = 0 , 2 L 0 = 0, 2
(3.37)
br
5
br
di
l
l
di
n toate cazurile:
unde br =
c =
Nu
lc
59

CAZANE
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHPULPLOH:
- WHPSHUDWXUPHGLHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH:
Tgm=tgm+273 (K) ;
- grosimea stratului radiant:
s=0,9 di (m) ;
- SUHVLXQLOHSDU LDOHDOHJD]HORUGHDUGHUHWULDWRPLFH: p RO2 ; p H 2O (bar).
&RQVWDQWDGHUDGLD LHDJD]HORUHVWH:
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
T
1 0,38 gm ( p H 2O + p RO2 )
kg =
1000
( p H 2O + p RO2 ) s
(3.81)
cu Tm = tm + 273 (K);
a g = 1 e kgs
(3.82)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD:

T 3, 6
1 p
Tgm
ap + 1
3
r = 5,765 10 8
a g Tgm
(W/m2K)
(3.83)
2
T
1 p
T
gm
XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUE LH DO SHUHWHOXL VH LD YDORarea ap = L SHQWUX
WHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXL HYLL:
T p = t m + 20 + 273 (0K)
Coeficientul de WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU pe partea gazelor de ardere (la interiorul
HYLORUYDIL:
1 = c + r
Coeficientul 2 (pe partea apei) este mult mai mare (de ordinul miilor de
2
W/m K) n comparate cu 1 (de ordinul zecilor de W/m2K).
QDFHVWHFRQGL LLFRHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUNHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD:
kI =
1
(W/m2K)
1 + 1
pentru care s-a neglijat 1/2
(3.84)
CoeficieQWXO GH PXUGULUH pentru gaze de ardere provenite din combustibil

gazos este dat n tabelul 3.7.
Tabelul 3.7
Viteza wI (m/s)
3
6
9
12
15
18
3
2
5,233 3,837 2,791 2,093 1,628 1,395
10 (m K/W)
60
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Se poaWHXWLOL]DLUHOD LDDQDOLWLF:
= 11,2110 3 w 0,6474 (m2K/W)
(3.85)
Pentru gaze de ardere provenind din combustibil lichid:

0,0163 (m2K/W)
(3.43):
'LIHUHQ D PHGLH GH WHPSHUDWXU VH GHWHUPLQ FRQIRUP ILJXULL L UHOD LHL
tf
tmax
tma
t m =
tc
tmin
SC
t max t min
t
ln max
t min
Fig. 3.5.
6XSUDID DGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUDGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYYDIL:
Q
S c = c = nd i Lc (m2)
kt m
UH]XOW:
S
Lc = c
(m)
nd i
a) 'DF/c > LR, n limitele Lc = LR + (0,20,4) m,vQVHDPQFGLVWDQ DGLQWUH
SOFLOHWXEXODUHDOHFD]DQXOXLHVWHVXILFLHQWGHPDUHSHQWUXDSHUPLWHGLODWDUHD
OLEHUD D IRFDUXOXL GDU QX SUHD PDUH DVWIHO vQFkW V VH FUHH]H XQ YROXP
inutilizabil la interiorul corpului cazanului;
b) 'DF/c < LR, se reduce numUXOGH HYLVDXGLDPHWUXODVWIHOvQFkWVVHDMXQJ
n cazul a);
c) 'DF/c >> LRVHPUHWHQXPUXOGH HYLDVWIHOvQFkWVVHDMXQJvQFD]XOD
61

CAZANE

vQWRDUFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQIRFDULXQGUXPFRQYHFWLY
3.3'HVFULHUHDFD]DQHORUHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQF LRQDUH
6XQW FD]DQH FX IRFDU FDPHU ODUJ vQ FDUH VH vQWorc gazele de ardere, au un
GUXP FRQYHFWLY L SRW IXQF LRQD att n suprapresiune FkW L vQ GHSUHVLXQH, cu
FRPEXVWLELOJD]RVVDXOLFKLG3URGXFDSFDOGWe / ti = 90 / 70 0C.
L
Principalele elemente componente ale cazanului sunt prezentate n figurile 3.6

10
13
10
11
2
13
12
5
3
11
14
Fig. 3.6. Schema unui cazan din elemente cu un drum convectiv.

(OHPHQWvQFKLGHUHVSDWH$U]WRU9L]RU

3URPRWRULGHWXUEXOHQ 5DFRUGXULLQWUDUHLHLUHDSFDOGvQFO]LUH5DFRUGGHHYDFXDUHJD]HGH
DUGHUHODFR,]ROD LHWHUPLFLFDUFDVH[WHULRDU(DIRGDMGHVXV LQHUH
(OHPHQWFXUHQW(OHPHQWvQFKLGHUHID
3ODWEDQGHGHHWDQDUHvQWUHHOHPHQWH'LVWULEXLWRU&ROHFWRU7HDF SHQWUXWHUPRVWDWH
62
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Elementele WLS DOH FD]DQXOXL VXQW H[HFXWDWH GLQ HYL WUDVH L QHWHGH GLQ R HO
vPELQDWH vQWUH HOH SULQ VXGXU VXE IRUPD D GRX FDGUH GUHSWXQJKLXODUH XQXO
FRUHVSXQ]WRU IRFDUXOXL FHOODOW FRUHVSXQ]WRU VLVWHPXOXL FRQYHFWLY (OHPHQWHOH WLS
sunt asamblate ntre ele pULQ VXGXU SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQRU SODWEDQGH PHWDOLFH
DOFWXLQGX-VH DVWIHO XQ FD]DQ EORF FX IRFDU FDPHU IU VWUSXQJHUH L XQ GUXP
FRQYHFWLY 7RDWH VXGXULOH VH H[HFXW GLQVSUH H[WHULRUXO FRUSXOXL FD]DQXOXL LDU
FRUGRDQHOH GH VXGXU VXQW FRQWLQXH )LHFDUH HOHPHQW HVWH OHJDW SULQ WX XUL OD
GLVWULEXLWRUXOLFROHFWRUXOGHDSDOFD]DQXOXL
1
4
2
3
5
(a)
(b)
(c)
)LJ(OHPHQWWLSDHOHPHQWvQFKLGHUHID ELHOHPHQWvQFKLGHUHVSDWHF

ntre elemente.
HYLQHWHGHGLQR HO HDY RUL]RQWDO GHOHJ WXU IRFDU
VLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYSODWEDQGHGHOHJ WXU
,Q GUXPXO FRQYHFWLY DO FD]DQXOXL VH UHDOL]HD] LQWHQVLILFDUHD WUDQVIHUXOXL GH FOGXU
DFROR XQGH JD]HOH GH DUGHUH vQWkOQHVF XQ SDFKHW GH WXUEXOL]DWRUL VSHFLILFL H[HFXWD i
GLQWDEOGHR HOvQ]LJ-zag.
Trecerea gazelor de ardere din focar n drumul convectiv se face prin partea din
ID DFD]DQXOXL$LFLHVWHSUHY]XWRXGHvQFKLGHUHUDFLWmLR]RQmGHSULQGHUHD
arztoruluiFSWXLWFXL]ROD LHWHUPLFGLQILEUFHUDPLFUH]LVWHQWODWHPSHUDWXUL
ridicate.
)XQF LRQDUHD FD]DQXOXL SRDWH IL vQ HOHDV XUPULQG FHOH GRX FLUFXLWH DOH
DJHQ LORUWHUPLFLFLUFXLWXOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHLFLUFXLWXODSHi. Gazele de ardere formate
vQIRFDUSDUFXUJOXQJLPHDFD]DQXOXLLDMXQJvQSDUWHDGLQVSDWH'DWRULWWLUDMXOXLVXQW
REOLJDWH V VH vQWRDUF vQ GLUHF LH LQYHUV V SDUFXUJ GLQ QRX OXQJLPHD FD]DQXOXL
DMXQJkQGDVWIHOvQSDUWHDGLQID XQGHHOHPHQWXOGHvQFKLGHUHID OHREOLJVLQWUHvQ
drumul convectiv. Gazele de ardere parcurg din nou lungimea cazanului, apoi sunt
FROHFWDWHvQFXWLDGHFROHFWDUHLHYDFXDWHSULQUDFRUGXOODFR
63

CAZANE
$SDUHFHGLQUHWXUXOLQVWDOD LHLGHvQFO]LUHLQWUprin distribuitorul cazanului n

WRDWHHOHPHQWHOHLSHPVXUFHSDUFXUJH HYLOHVHvQFO]HWH$SDFDOGHVWHFROHFWDW
ODSDUWHDVXSHULRDUDFD]DQXOXLLWULPLVODFRQVXPDWRUL
&D]DQXO HVWH L]RODW WHUPLF FX YDW PLQHUDO L SURWHMDW OD H[WHULRU FX WDEO
VXE LUH 6HRE LQHDVWIHOXQFD]DQPRQREORFSHQWUXFDUHPRGLILFkQGGLPHQVLXQLOHGH
gDEDULWDOHHOHPHQWHORUGLDPHWUXO HYLORULQXPUXOGHHOHPHQWHVHSRWRE LQHGLYHUVH
YDULDQWHGHVDUFLQLWHUPLFHGXSQHFHVLW L
'HL FRQVXPXO GH PDWHULDO L GH PDQRSHU SHQWUX H[HFX LD DFHVWRU WLSXUL GH
cazane este mare, se impune avantajul de a se SXWHDLQWURGXFHSHHOHPHQWHSULQVSD LL
vQJXVWHLGHDVHPRQWDlaORFXOGHIXQF LRQDUH
-Q
VDUFLQDWHUPLFDFD]DQXOXLvQN:
- te / ti WHPSHUDWXUDDSHLODLHLUHLQWUDUHvQFazan, (90/70 0C sau 80/60 0C);
- QDWXUDLFRPSR]L LDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLOLFKLGVDXJD]RV
$FHVWH FD]DQH IXQF LRQHD] GH RELFHL FX VXSUDSUHVLXQH vQ IRFDU GHFL
FRHILFLHQWXOGHH[FHVGHDHUHVWHDFHODLSHQWUXIRFDUSHQWUXFRQYHFWLYLODFR
= f = cv = = 1,05 1,15 = ct.
FR

FRPEXVWLELOXOXLLVHGHWHUPLQVo, Vgo, Hi, p H O , p RO LVHWUDVHD]GLDJUDPD, t sau
cp t.
2
3.3.3. Calculul randaPHQWXOXLWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO

$FHVWH FD]DQH IXQF LRQHD] GH RELFHL FX FRPEXVWLELO JD]RV VDX OLFKLG SRW IL
DGDSWDWH L SHQWUX IXQF LRQDUH FX FRPEXVWLELO VROLG GHFLvQFD]XOGHID SLHUGHULOH
VSHFLILFH GH FOGXU SULQ DUGHUH LQFRPSOHW GH QDWXU PHFDQLF Tmec L FHOH SULQ
evacuarea produselor solide ale arderii din cazan (qcen) sunt nule. De asemenea B* =
B.
6HFDOFXOHD]SLHUGHULOHVSHFLILFHGHFOGXU
a). 3ULQHYDFXDUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHFR(q ):
FR
qcos =
1
( I cos I a 0 )
Hi
(3.86)
64
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
6HDOHJHRWHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR
t cos
ti + te
+ (60 80) 0 C
2
(3.87)
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WVHGHWHUPLQ, .
FR
Pentru temperatura aerului (ta 20 0& VH FDOFXOHD] HQWDOSLD DHUXOXL WHRUHWLF
necesar arderii:
I ao = Vo c pa t a
(3.88)
cu cpa = 1,2971 kJ/ m 3N K FOGXUDVSHFLILFDDHUXOXLOD0C.
b. PULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF
Q FDGUXO FDOFXOHORU GH SURLHFWDUH GDWRULW SHUIRUPDQ HORU GH IXQF LRQDUH Dle
DU]WRDUHORU PRGerne VH DGPLWH R SLHUGHUH SULQ DUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF
de ordinul:
qch = 0,001 0,005

c). 3ULQSHUH Li exteriori ai cazanului (qext):
gradulGRULWGHL]ROD LHWHUPLFDFD]DQXOXLVHSRDWHDOHJHRYDORDUH
qext = 0,005 0,015

Randamentul cazanuluiVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
= 1 (qcos + qch + qext ) L % =100 (%)
Debitul de combustibil consumat va fi:
B=
Q
(kg/s) sau ( m 3N / s )
Hi
)OX[XOGHFOGXUXWLODOFD]DQXOXLHVWH
Q;
)OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVGHFRPEXVWLELO
Qc = B Hi ;
)X[XOGHFOGXUDGXVGHDHUXOGHDUGHUH
Qa = B cpa ta ;
)X[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR
QFR = B IFR ;
)X[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW Qinc = qch B Hi.
65
(3.89)

CAZANE
5H]XOWWDEHOXOGHELODQ
Tabelul 3.8.
Fluxuri introduse
pierderi
Qc
Qa
-Q
- Qinc
- Qext
Q = Q'
FR
Fluxuri utile
Q = Q''

FR
(URDUHDUHODWLY
Q'Q"
Q'
FR
100 < 1%
3.3.5. Calculul temperDWXULORULHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX

(QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
I t = H i (1 qch ) + V0 c pa t a
(3.90)
Din digrama I WVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUH t t = f (I t , ) .

O imporWDQW FDUDFWHULVWLF IXQF LRQDO D FD]DQHORU FX vQWRDUFHUH D JD]HORU GH
DUGHUHvQIRFDURUHSUH]LQWLQFUFDUHDWHUPLFVSHFLILFPDUHDVXSUDIH HLGHVFKLPE
GH FOGXU D IRFDUXOXL 'H DFHHD LQWHUYDOXO GH DOHJHUH D WHPSHUDWXULL OD FDSWXO
focarului este:
tf =500700 oC.
Din diagrama IWVHGHWHUPLQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQIRFDU
I f = f (t f , ) .
QR = (1 qext ) B ( I t I f ) (kW)
66
(3.91)
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWGHsistemul convectiv va fi:
Qc = Q QR ,
(3.92)
(QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODVIkULWXOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYva fi:
Ic = I f
Qc
(1 qext ) B
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUD t c = f (I c , ) .
QFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLLPSXQe: Ic I LWc t LVHDGPLWHURULOHUHODWLYH
FR
I =
L
t =
I cos I c
I t I cos
FR
100
t cos t c
100
tt t cos
'HELWHOHGHFOGXUQR, Qc, QaLIOX[XULOHSLHUGXWHQ , Qinc, Qext se transpun
JUDILFDOVFDUFDvQILJXUDFXB* = B; Qpa = 0; Qsfc = 0; Qsi = 0; Qec = 0; qmec = 0
Lqev = 0).
FR
3.3.7. Calculul termic la focarului

$FHVWFDOFXODUHFDVFRSGHWHUPLQDUHDVXSUDIH HLGHUDGLD LH6RFDSDELOVSUHLD
GHELWXO GH FOGXU Uadiant QR GH OD IODFU L JD]HOH GH DUGHUe. Deoarece n calcule
S R
intervin gradul de ecranare =
LOXQJLPHDGHUDGLD LHeste necesar un calcul
S per
LWHUDWLY 6H DGPLWH R YDORDUH SUHOLPLQDU S'R care n final se va compara cu cea
UH]XOWDWGLQFDOFXO6R.
9DORDUHDSUHOLPLQDU S R SRDWHILVWDELOLWSULQGRXPHWRGH
D6HDGPLWHXQIOX[XQLWDUUDGLDQWvQFUFDUHWHUPLFVSHFLILF
qR = 30 50 kW/m2
'
L !
SR ' =
QR
(m2)
qS
(3.93)
67

CAZANE
sau
E6HGHWHUPLQVXSUDID DGHUDGLD LHvQIRFDUFXUHOD LDGHDSUR[LPDUH
S R' =
cu
QR
(m2)
T 4 T 4
f
p
5,765
100 100

= 0,75 pentru combustibil lichid
Tf = tf + 273 (0K)
Tp = tm + 20 + 273 (0K) unde
tm =
(3.94)
ti + te
2
)RFDUXOFXSHUH LPHPEUDQDUHIRUPDJHRPHWULFSUH]HQWDWvQILJXUD
Din punct de vedere geometric:
S R' = 2 L(a + h) + ah (m2)
(3.95)
Vg a h L (m3)
S per = 2 L(a + h) + 2ah (m2)
6HDOHJ HYLX]XDOHdin anexa 12:

57 3; 60 3,5; 70 3,5; 76 3,5 etc.
1
s1
)LJ)RFDUFDPHUFXSHUHWHPHPEUDQ
FDGUXGLQ HDY SODWEDQG GHOHJ WXU QHUYXU DU] WRUX
68
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Se impun valori uzuale pentru:
a = 300 800 mm
h = 600 900 mm
'LQUHOD LDVHGHWHUPLQOXQJLPHDIRFDUXOXL

&XGDWHOHSUHFL]DWHDQWHULRUVHFDOFXOHD]
s = 3,6
Vf
S per
(m)
S R'
- gradul de ecranare: =
S per
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU
kg =
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
( p H 2O
1 0,38 f ( p H 2O + p RO2 )
1000
+ p RO2 ) s
(3.96)
6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.97)
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLFXUHOD LDGHDSUR[LPDUH
Tf
0,5
k fl = 1,6
(3.98)
1000
LFRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULLFXUHOD LD
a fl = 1 e
k fl s
(3.99)
3RQGHUHDDEVRUE LHLIOFULLFXFHDDPHGLXOXLUDGLDQWGHJD]HGHDUGHUe se face

GXSFULWHULLH[SHULPHQWDOHFRQVLGHUkQGRSURSRU LHGLQYROXPXOIRFDUXOXLRFXSDW
GHSDUWHDOXPLQRDVDIOFULL
&RHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULORULJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD
a = a fl + (1 ) a g
(3.100)
Valorile coeficientului de luminozitate , sunt prezentate n tabelul 3.3.
&RHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUHDVXSUDIH HORUHVWH
69

CAZANE
&XDFHVWHYDORULVHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIRFDUului:
af =
0,82 a
a + (1 a)
(3.101)
2 DOW FDUDFWHULVWLF D IRFDUXOXL HVWH IDFWRUXO GH SR]L LH D IOFULL vQ IRFDU
)DFWRUXOGHSR]L LHDIOFULLvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD
M = a M bM
h
Hf
Pentru combustibil lichid sau gazos constantele:
aM L bM =0,2 iar
vQO LPHDGHDPSODVDUHDDU]WRUXOXLraportat lavQO LPHDFDPHUHL:
h
= 0,3 .
Hf
Hf
h
&XDFHVWHGDWHVHGHWHUPLQVXSUDID DGHUDGLD LHDIRFDUXOXL

2
QR
3
SR =
5,765 10 8 Ma f T f Tt 3
Tt
1 1
T
M2
f
(m2)
(3.102)
$FHDVW VXSUDID YD IL GLIHULW GH S R' GHWHUPLQDW vQ FDOFXOXO DSUR[LPDWLY
'DFGLIHUHQ DHVWHPDLPDUHGHVHUHLDFDOFXOXOFXYDORULPRGLILFDWHSHQWUX Vf
LSper SHQWUXFDOFXOHPDLSUHFLVHDFHDVWGLIHUHQ VHSRDWHLPSXQHODPD[
5H]XOWOXQJLPHDILQDODIRFDUXOXL
L=
S R ah
2(a + h)
FDUHQXWUHEXLHVGLIHUHGHFHDSUHOLPLQDUFXPDLPXOWGH5%.
70
(3.103)
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(

Convectivul cazanului este deteUPLQDW GLQ FDOFXOHOH DQWHULRDUH SULQ XUPWRULL
parametrii:
Qc GHELWXOGHFOGXUutil al convectivului (kW) ;
tf temperatura gazelor de ardere la intrareavQ HYL0C) ;
t WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQ HYLODFR
te/ti temperatura apei LHLUHLQWUDUH (0C).
FR
t gm
6HLPSXQHYLWH]DGHFLUFXOD LHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQOLPLWHOHw = 2 4 m/s.

6HF LXQHDGHFLUFXOD LHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
B Vg t gm + 273
S circ =
(m2)
(3.104)
w'
273
t f + t cos 0
=
( C ) este temperatura media a gazelor de ardere.
2
QO LPHDSUHOLPLQDUDGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYYDIL
S
b' = circ
a
6HURWXQMHWHODvQWUHJLVHUHFDOFXOHD]YLWH]D
B Vg t gm + 273
w=
(3.105)
ba
273
Pentru temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere tgm se GHWHUPLQ GLQ anexa 9,

XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL
[m2/s]
[W/mK]
- QXPUXO3UDQGWO
Pr
'HDVHPHQHDVHGHWHUPLQQXPUXO3UDQGWOODWHPSHUDWXUDSHUHWHOXL3rp cu:
tp = tm +20 0C ; t m =
ti + t e
.
2
&RHILFLHQWXO GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU SULQ FRQYHF LH VH GHWHUPLQ XWLOL]kQd
UHOD LLOHSUH]HQWDWHvQDQH[D pentru curgerea fluidelor transversal pe un fascicul de
HYLDH]DWvQOLQLHFRUidor).
n toate cazurile:
c = o
Nu
.
lc
(3.111)
71

CAZANE
&RHILFLHQWXO GH FRUHF LH o LQH FRQW GH H[LVWHQ D WXUEXOL]DWRULORU L, pentru
turbulizatori n zig zagDPSODVD LvQFDQDOUHFWDQJXODU, se poate determina utiliznd
UHOD LLOH:
0 =
2,142
pentru Re < 2300
b 0r, 2
(3.112)
0 =
3,3 Re 0, 2
pentru Re > 2300
b 0r, 26
5
(3.113)
unde br =
Curgerea
fluidelor
transversal pe un
rnd de
HYL
Curgerea
fluidelor
transversal pe un
fascicul
GH HYL
DH]DUH
coridor
l
b
P
Nu = 0,3 + Nu + Nu r
Pr
p
3
Nu l = 0,644 + Re Pr
2
l
lc =
de
2
Nu t =
de
lc =
2
2
t
0 ,12
(3.106)
(3.107)
0,037 Re 0,8 Pr
(3.108)
2
0
,
1
1 + 2,443 Re Pr 3 1
P
1 + (n 1)
Nu =
Nu1 r
Pr
n
p
b
0,3
a
0,7
= 1 1,5
2
b
+ 0,7
a
Re =
= 1
4a
10 < Re < 10 6
0,6 < Pr < 10 3
(3.109)
(3.110)
w lc
Re =
w lc
= 1
4a
pentru b1
m=0,25
pt.
inclzire fluid
m=0,11
pt.
U FLUHIOXLG
Nu1=Nu pentru un singur rnd de 10 < Re < 10 6

HYLFRQIRrm rel. (3.106)
72
*de diametrul
exterior
al
conductei
*s1 pasul dintre
HYL
*a=s1/de
*la
gaze
se
nlocuieWH
(Pr/Prp)^0,25
cu
(Tmg/Tp)^0,12
*de diametrul
exterior
al
conductei
*s1
pasul
transversal
*s2
pasul
longitudinal
* a = s1/de
* b=s2/de
* n QXPUXO GH
rnduri
*la
gaze
se
vQORFXLHWH
(Pr/Prp)^0,25
cu
(Tmg/Tp)^0,12
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHPULPLOH
- temperatura media a gazelor de ardere
Tgm = tgm + 273 (0C) ;
p RO2 , p H 2O ;
- SUHVLXQLOHSDU LDOHDOHJazelor triatomice
-
grosimea stratului radiant
s = 0,9 leh; leh =
4Vconv
S per conv
&RQVWDQWDGHUDGLD LHDJD]HORUHVWH
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
T
1 0,38 gm ( p H 2O + p RO2 )
kg =
1000
( p H 2O + p RO2 ) s
(3.114)
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.115)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD

T 3, 6
1 p
Tgm
ap +1
3
r = 5,765 10 8
a g Tgm
(W/m2K)
(3.116)
2
Tp
T
gm
XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUE LH DO SHUHWHOXL GH R HO DO HYLL se poate considera
valoarea ap LSHQWUXWHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXL HYLL
T p = t am + 20 + 273
(K)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUSHSDUWHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
1 = c + r
Coeficientul 2 (pe partea apei) este mult mai mare (de ordinul miilor de
W/m K) n coPSDUD LHFX1 (de ordinul zecilor de W/m2K).
QDFHVWHFRQGL LLFRHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUNHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD
(s-a neglijat 2 ):
2
kI =
1
2
1 + 1 (W/m K)
(3.117)
&RHILFLHQWXO GH PXUGULUH pentru gaze de ardere provenite din combustibil

73

CAZANE
Viteza w (m/s)
109 (m2K/W)
3
5,233
6
3,837
9
2,791
12
2,093
Tabelul 3.9.
15
18
1,628
1,395
6HSRDWHXWLOL]DLUHOD LDDQDOLWLF
= 11,2110 3 w 0,6474
(m2K/W)
Pentru gaze de ardere provenind din combustibil lichid:

= 0,0163 (m2K/W)
'LIHUHQ D PHGLD GH WHPSHUDWXU VH GHWHUPLQ FRQIRUP ILJXULL L UHOD LHL
(3.118):
tf
t m =
tmax
tma
tc
tmin
SC
t max t min )
t
ln max
t min
(3.118)
Fig. 3.8.
6XSUDID DGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUDGrumului convectiv va fi:
Sc =
'
nc =
Qc
kt m
(3.119)
Sc
'
; Lc = s1 nc'
0,75 (b + a ) 2d e
74
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Din calculul lungimii de focar se determin numrul de elemente ale focarului:

n 'f =
Lf
s1
. Numrul final de elemente al cazanului se ob LQH vQ XUPD FDlculului de
echilibrare ce se realizeaz conform rela LHL
3.4. Calculul termic al cazanelor acvatubulare din elemente cu GRX drumuri

convective
'HVFULHUHDFD]DQHORUHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQF LRQDUH
Sunt executate VXEIRUPGHFDGUHGUHSWXQJKLXODUHGLQ HYLQHWHGH, sudate ntre
ele pULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQRU SODWEDQGH RE LQndu-se cazane monobloc, cu focare tip
FDPHUFXGRXGUXPXULFRQYHFWLYHILJ)LHFDUHHOHPHQWHVWHOHJDWGHFROHFWRUXO
LGLVWULEXLWRUXOFD]DQXOXLSULQWX XUL
10
11
13
C2
2
C1
12
F
3
11
14
)LJ&D]DQDFYDWXEXODUGLQHOHPHQWHWLSFXGRXGUXPXULFRQYHFWLYH
(OHPHQWvQFKLGHUHVSDWH$U]WRU9L]RU

3URPRWRULGHWXUEXOHQ 5DFRUGXULLQWUDUHLHLUHDSDFDOGvQFO]LUH5DFRUGGHHYDFXDUHJD]HGH
DUGHUHODFR,]ROD LHWHUPLFLFDUFDVH[WHULRDU(DIRGDMGHVXV LQere.
(OHPHQWFXUHQW(OHPHQWvQFKLGHUHID
3ODWEDQGHGHHWDQDUHvQWUHHOHPHQWH'LVWULEXLWRU&ROHFWRU7HDF SHQWUXWHUPRVWDWH
75

CAZANE
6ROX LDFRQVWUXFWLYDDFHVWXLWLSGHFD]DQHVWHDVHPQWRDUHFXFHDSUH]HQWDW
n capitolul 3.3. Calculul termic al cazanelor acvatubulare din elemente tip cu
vQWRDUFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQIRFDULXQGUXPFRQYHFWLY cu deosebireaFIRFDUXO
estHFXVWUSXQJHUHvQSDUWHDVXSHULRDUVSDWHXQGHVHUHDOL]HD]LWUHFHUHDvQSULPXO
GUXP FRQYHFWLY 'XS FXP VH SRDWH REVHUYD vQ ILJXUD JD]HOH GH DUGHUH GXS FH
parcurg primul drum convectiv (CI DX SRVLELOLWDWHD V vQWRDUF L V WUHDF vQ DO
doilea drum convectiv (CIISULQVSD LXOOVDWOLEHUvQWUHHOHPHQteleID . In continuare
SDUFXUJGLQQRXOXQJLPHDFD]DQXOXLLVXQWHYDFXDWHODFR
$FHVWHFD]DQHIXQF LRQHD]FXJD]HQDWXUDOHVDXFXFRPEXVWLELOOLFKLGGDUSRW
IXQF LRQDLFXOHPQHEULFKHWHVDXFUEXQHVXSHULRUQDFHVWFD]vQORFXODU]WRUXOXL
VH PRQWHD] R X SHQWUXvQFUFDUHDIRFDUXOXLFXFRPEXVWLELOVROLG'HDVXSUD HYLORU
LQIHULRDUH DOH HOHPHQWHORU VH PRQWHD]XQJUWDUIL[VDXvQXQHOHFD]XULFKLDU HYLOH
innferioare ale cadreORU UHSUH]LQW JUWDUXO SODQ DO FD]DQXOXL /D SDUWHD LQIHULRDU VH
LQWURGXFFXWLLOHGHFROHFWDUHDFHQXLLFHQXDUXOFD]DQXOXL
VXE LUH 6HRE LQHDVWIHOXQFD]DQPRQREORFSHQtru care, modificnd dimensiunile de
JDEDULWDOHHOHPHQWHORUGLDPHWUXO HYLORULQXPUXOGHHOHPHQWH,VHSRWRE LQHGLYHUVH
YDULDQWHGHVDUFLQLWHUPLFHGXSQHFHVLW L
'HL FRQVXPXO GH PDWHULDO L GH PDQRSHU SHQWUX H[HFX LD DFHVWRU WLSXUL GH
cazane este mare, se impune avantajul de a se putea introduce pe elemente, prin
VSD LLOHvQJXVWHLGHDVHPRQWDGLUHFWODORFXOGHIXQF LRQDUH
-Q
- te / ti WHPSHUDWXUDDSHLODLHLUHLQWUDUHvQFD]DQ0C sau 80/60 0C);
- QDWXUDLFRPSR]L LDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLOLFKLGVDXJD]RV
$FHVWH FD]DQH IXQF LRQHD] GH RELFHL FX VXSUDSUHVLXQH vQ IRFDU GHFL
FRHILFLHQWXOGHH[FHVGHDHUHVWHDFHODLSHQWUXIRFDUSHQWUXGUXPXULOHFRQYHFWLYHLOD
FR
= f = CI = CII = cos = 1,05 1,15 .
FRPEXVWLELOXOXLLVHGHWHUPLQ Vo, Vgo, Hi, p H 2O , p RO2 LVHWUDVHD]GLDJrama I t
sau cp t.
76
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
&DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO
PentUX FD]XO GH IXQF LRQDUH D FD]DQXOXL FX FRPEXVWLELO JD]RV VDX OLFKLG
SLHUGHUHD VSHFLILF GH FOGXU SULQ DUGHUH LQFRPSOHW GH QDWXU PHFDQLF L FHD SULQ
evacuarea produselor solide ale arderii din cazan sunt nule (qmec=0; qcen=0).
Pentru calculul randamentului pe cale indirectVHFDOFXOHD]
a. 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFGHFOGXUSULQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR(qFR)
3HQWUXFD]XOGHID cazan de DSFDOG,VHDGPLWHRWHPSHUDWXUODFRFHVH
SRDWHGHWHUPLQDFXUHOD LDGHDSUR[LPDUH
t cos
ti + t e
+ (60 80) 0 C
2
(3.120)
Din diagrama I WVHGHWHUPLQYDORDUHDHQWDOSLHLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR
IFR = f (tFR, )
Entalpia aerului teoretic nHFHVDU DUGHULL VH GHWHUPLQ ODWHPSHUDWXUDDPELDQW
ta=20 C
I ao = Vo c pa t a
(3.121)
0
cu cpa = 1,2971 kJ/ m 3N K

FR
5H]XOWYDORDUHDSLHUGHULLVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHOD
qcos =
1
( I cos I ao )
Hi
(3.122)
b. 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFSULQDUGHUHDLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF(q inc)
Q FDGUXO FDOFXOHORU GH SURLHFWDUH GDWRULW SHUIRUPDQ HORU GH IXQF Lonare ale
DU]WRDUHORU PRGHUQH VH DGPLWH R SLHUGHUH SULQ DUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF
de ordinul:
(3.123)
qch = 0,001 0,005
c). 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFSULQSHUH Li exteriori ai cazanului (qext):
JUDGXOGRULWGHL]ROD LHWHUPLFDFD]DQXOXLVHSRDWHDOHJe o valoare:
(3.124)
qext = 0,005 0,015
= 1 (qcos + qch + qext ) ; % = 100
77
(3.125)

CAZANE
e. Consumul de combustibil
Deoarece qmec = 0; B*= B;
B=
Q
Hi
(3.126)
3.4.4. BilDQ XOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL

)OX[XOGHFOGXUXWLODOFD]DQXOXL
Q.
Qc = BH i
)OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVFXDHUXOGHDUGHUHLGHLQILOWUDUH
Qa = BVoc pata
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQ
DUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWFKLPLF
Qcos = BI cos
Qinc = qch BH i
Qext = qext BH i
Qc
Qa
- QFR
- Qinc
- Qext
Tabelul 3.10
Util
Q = Q'
Q = Q"
1RWQDFHVWELODQ q2BHi) s-a scris sub forma: (-BI

IRUPDH[SOLFLW
(URDUHDUHODWLYYDIL
Q'Q"
=
100 < 1%
Q'
FR
+ B Vocpata); deci
FR
(3.127)
'DFHURDUHDHVWHPDLPDUHHVWHRJUHHDOGHFDOFXO
&DOFXOXOWHPSHUDWXULORULHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX
(QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
78
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
(3.128)
apoi se determinWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHGLQGLDJUDPD,-t: t t = f ( I t , f ) .
6HDOHJHWHPSHUDWXUDODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL
tf = 700 900 oC,
YDORULOHDFHVWHDILLQGQRUPDOHSHQWUXFD]DQHFXGRXGUXPXULFRQYHFWLYH
Din diagrama I-WVHGHWHUPLQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXLIf=f(tf,).
QR = (1 qext ) B( I t I f ) (kW)
(3.129)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUFDUHVHSUHLDvQVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYvQDQVDPEOXYDIL
Qc = Q QR
(3.130)
6LVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYHVWHvPSU LWvQGRXGUXPXULGHJD]HGHDUGHUHDVWIHO
Qc = QCI + QCII .
(3.131)
Se admite:
QCI = (0,75 0,85)Qc

DSRLVHGHWHUPLQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHa din primul drum convectiv:
QCI
I CI = I f
(3.132)
B(1 qext )
Din diagrama I t. VH GHWHUPLQ WHPSHUWXUD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD LHLUH GLQ
drumul convectiv I ( tCI )
(QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODVIkULWXOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY,,
I CII = I CI
QCII
B(1 qext )
I cos
(3.133)
i din diagrama I-WUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUDODVIkULWXOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY,,
t CII = f ( I CII , ) t cos
(3.134)
QFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLLPSXQH
ICII IFRL tCII tFR
79

CAZANE
LVHDGPLWHURULOHUHODWLYH
I Ic
I = cos
100
I t I cos
L
t =
t cos tc
tt t cos
(3.135)
100
(3.136)
(URULPDLPDULLQGLFRJUHHDOGHFDOFXOQILQDOVHvQWRFPHWHWDEHOXO
6XSUDID D
)OX[GHFOGXU
Focar
Convectiv I Q C
Convectiv II Q C
II
QR
QcI
QcII
Tabelul 3.11.
Temperatura gazelor
intrare
LHLUH
tt
tf
tCI
tf
tCI
tFR
'HELWHOHGHFOGXUGLQWDEHOHOHLVHWUDQVSXQJUDILFODVFDUGXS
modelul general prezentat n capitolul 2 fig. 2.3. (cu B*=B; QSI=QPA=0; Qec=0;
qmec Lqcen=0).
)RFDUXOGHWLSFDPHUDUHXUPWRDUHOHGLPHQVLXQLFRQIRUPILJ
debitul de cOGXU UDGLDQW 4R. Deoarece n calcul intervine gradul de ecranare
= SR
S per
LOXQJLPHDGHUDGLD LHHVWHQHFHVDUXQFDOFXOLQWHUDWLY,QL LDOVHDGPLWHR
YDORDUHRULHQWDWLY6RFDUHYDILFRPSDUDWFXFHDILQDOSR.
80
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
4
h
s1
Fig. 3.10. Dimensiunile focarului

1.
FDGUXGLQ HDY SODWEDQG GHOHJ WXU QHUYXU DU] WRUX
SRSRDWHILDSUHFLDWSULQGRXPHWRGH
a) 6HDGPLWHXQIOX[XQLWDUUDGLDQWvQFUFDUHWHUPLFVSHFLILF
qR=3050 kW/m2
astfHOFUH]ultRYORDUHSUHOLPLQDUDVXSUDIH HLGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUDIRFarului:
Q
S R ' = R (m2)
(3.137)
qR
E6HGHWHUPLQVXSUDID DSUHOLPLQDUGHUDGLD LHvQIRFDUFXUHOD LD
S R' =
cu
QR
T 4 T 4
f
p
5,765
100 100

=0,75 pentru combustibil lichid
Tf = tf + 273 (oK)
ti + t e
2
Tp=tma+20+273 (oK)
t ma =
a = 400800 mm L
h
= 1,2 1,5.
a
(m2)
(3.138)
XQGH SHQWUX WHPSHUDWXUD SHUHWHOXL HYLL V-D DGPLV R WHPSHUDWXU FX 0C mai mare
dect temperatura fluidului interior.
Pentru alegerea dimensiunilor focarului se admitXUPWRDUHOHYDORUL:
81

CAZANE
Dimensiunile laturilor se rotunjesc la valori ntregi de zecimi de metru.

6XSUDID DSHUH LORUIRFDUXOXLHVWH
S per = 2 L(a + h) + 2ah (m2)
(3.140)
S R' = 2 L(a + h) + ah
(m2)
Grosimea stratului radiant de gaze este:
s = 3,6
Vf
(m)
S per
(3.141)
kg =
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
( p H 2O
1 0,38 f ( p H 2O + p RO2 )
1000
+ p RO2 ) s
(3.142)
ag = 1 e
kg s
(3.143)
&DUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LDGHDSUR[LPDUH
k fl = 1,6
Tf
1000
0,5
(3.144)
a fl = 1 e
k fl s
(3.145)
3RQGHUHDDEVRUE LHLIOFULLFXFHDDPHGLXOXLUDGLDQWGHJD]HGHDUGHUHVHIDFH,
GXSFULWHULLH[SHULPHQWDOHFRQVLGHUkQGRSURSRU LH GLQYROXPXOIRFDUXOXLRFXSDW
GHSDUWHDOXPLQRDVDIOFULL - coeficient de luminozitate).
&RHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULLLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
a = a fl + (1 ) a g
cu
= 0,20,4 SHQWUXIODFUGHFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV
= 0,6
SHQWUXIODFUSURGXVGHFRPEXVWLELOOLFKLG
(3.146)
Gradul de ecranare al focarului este:
S R'
=
S per
(3.147)
82
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Lcoeficientul de PXUGULUH DVXSUDIH HORU

&XDFHVWHYDORULVHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIRFDUXOXL
af =
0,82 a
a + (1 a)
(3.148)
2DOWFDUDFWHULVWLFDIRFDUXOXLIDFWRUXOGHSR]L LHDIOFULLvQIRFDU
M = a M bM
cu:
h*
Hf
(3.149)
aM = 0,52
bM = 0,3
pentru combustibil lichid sau gazos.
h vQO LPHDGHSODVDUHDDU]WRDrelor h* =
Hf vQO LPHDWRWDODIRFDUXOXL
Hf
2
Hf
h
SR =
QR
3
5,765 10 8 Ma f T f Tt 3
Tt
1 1
Tf
M2
(m2)
(3.150)
$FHDVWVXSUDID YDILGLIHULWGH S'R GHWHUPLQDWvQFDOFXOXODSUR[LPDWLY'DF

GLIHUHQ D HVWH PDL PDUH GH VH UHLD FDOFXOXO prin atribuirea valorii calculate SR
VXSUDIH HLGHSUHGLPHQVLRQDUH6R.
6HDOHJHXQGLDPHWUXGLQ HYLOHRELQXLWHGHd): 513; 573; 603,5;
76LXQSDVrelativ s1 / de = 1,25 1,5.

5H]XOWQXPUXOGHHOHPHQWHvQIRFDU:
L
N f = INT + 1
s1
(3.151)
83

CAZANE
3.4.8. Calculul termic al drumului convectiv I

Din calculele anterioare se cunosc: QCI, tf, tCI.
6H SVWUHD] DFHODL GLDPHWUX DO HYLORU GH OD IRFDU L DFHODL SDV s1. Este de
DVHPHQHDGHWHUPLQDWLO LPHDVHF LXQLLGHWUHFHUHDJD]HORUSULQVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLY
,6HVWDELOHWHvQO LPHDVLVWHPXOXLFRQYHFWLY,bILPSXQkQGRYLWH]GHFLUFXOD LHvQ
intervalul wI' = 2 4 [m s ] .
t + 273
BV g m
t f + tCI
273
t
=
bI =
, cu m
(3.152)
w' I a
2
6HURWXQMHWHODYDORULvQWUHJLLVHUHFDOFXOHD]YLWH]D wI.
Pentru temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere tm VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ anexa 9
XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL
- vscozitatea cinematiF
(m2/s)
(W/mK)
- criteriul Prandtl
Pr
&XUJHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHVHIDFHWUDQVYHUVDOSHXQLUGH HYLDH]DWHvQlinie.
QDFHVWFD]OXQJLPHDFDUDFWHULVWLFHVWH:
lc =
de
.
2
(3.153)
Se calcuOHD] PDL vQWkL FULWHULXO 1XVVHOW SHQWUX FXUJHUHD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH
WUDQVYHUVDOSHXQUkQGGH HYL
T
Nu1 = 0,3 + Nu l2 + Nu t2 m
T
p
d e
WI l c
cu Re =
L = 1
;
4s1
0,12
Nu l = 0,644 + Re 3 Pr pentru 10 < Re < 10 6

0,037 Re 0,8 Pr
Nu t =
2
0,6 < Pr < 10 3
1 + 2,443 Re 0,1 Pr 3 1
84
(3.154)
(3.155)
(3.156)
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Cu
Tp =
t e + ti
+ 20 + 273 (K)
2
(3.157)
Curgerea gazelor de ardere transversal pe un fascicul de n UkQGXUL GH HYL VH

admite N=Nf).
Nu =
cu
1 + ( N f 1)
Nf
T
Nu1 m
Tp
0 ,12
(3.158)
bI
0,3
0,7 s
= 1 1,5 1
2
b
I 0,7
s1
c =
n toate cazurile:
(3.159)
Nu
lc
(3.160)
&RHILFLHQWXO GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU SULQ UDGLD LH este determinat de parametrii:
p H 2O , p RO2 , Tgm LJURVLPHDVWUDWXOXLUDGLDQWs:
s
b
s = 1,87 1 + I 4,1 d e
de de
(m)
(3.161)
kg =
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
(p
H 2O
1 0,38 gm (p H 2O + p RO2 )
1000
+ p RO2 ) s
(3.162)
ag = 1 e
k g s

T 3, 6
1 p
Tgm
ap +1
8
3
a
T
r = 5,765 10
(W/m2K)
g gm
(3.163)
2
Tp
gm
XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUE LH DO SHUHWHOXL GH R HO se ia valoarea ap L
SHQWUXWHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXL HYLL
T p = t ma + 20 + 273 (0K)
(3.164)
85

CAZANE
Coeficientul de schimb deFOGXUSHSDUWHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
g = c+r.
Coeficientul
VFKLPEGHFOGXU:
tf
kI =
tcI
tmin
SC
1 + g
de
(3.165)
cu valorile pentru coeficientul de

PXUGULUH din tabelul 3.
tmax
tma
global
'LIHUHQ D
PHGLH
WHPSHUDWXULORU VH FDOFXOHD]
UHOD LD
S
t mI =
D
cu
(t f t ma ) (t CI t ma )
t f t ma
ln
t CI t ma
QILQDOVXSUDID DGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUDGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY,VHGHWHUPLQFX
UHOD LD
S cI =
QcI
k I tmI
(3.166)
Pentru un singur element,VXSUDID DGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUYDIL

S1e l = d e [2(a d e ) + 2(bI d e )]
(m2)
(3.167)
6HGHWHUPLQQXPUXOGHHOHPHQWHvQFRQYHFWLY
N CI =
S CI
S1el
(3.168)
'DFQXVHYHULILF NCI NfVHPRGLILFGLPHQVLXQLOHVLVWHPXOXLFRQYHFWLYL

se reia calculul.
3.4.9. Calculul termic al drumului convectiv II
Se cunosc: QCII, tCI, tcos.
&DOFXOXOHVWHLGHQWLFFXFHOSUH]HQWDWSHQWUXGUXPXOFRQYHFWLY,FXvQO LPHD
t +t
bII, t m = CI cos LUHOD LLOHFULWHULDOHVSHFLILFHSHQWUXFDOFXOXOOXLc.
2
86
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
De obicei tgm < 400 0& L vQ DFHVW FD] r 0 ceea ce nVHDPQ F VH SRDWH
neglija.
c
(t CI t ma ) (t cos t ma )
L t mII =
(3.169)
Deci: k II =
t CI t ma
1 + c
ln
t cos t ma
t
tcI
tma
tcII
tmin
SC
6HGHWHUPLQ
S CII =
QCII
k II t mII
(3.170)
Pentru un singur element:
S1*el = 2d e (a + bII 2d e ) .
(3.171)
1XPUXOde elemente n convectiv II va fi:
N CII =
S CII
*
S1el
(3.172)
De obicei NCI NCII Nf L VH SURFHGHD] OD R UHGLVWULEXLUH D VXSUDIH HORU

convective:
N CI S1el + N CII S1*el

NC =
(3.173)
S1el + S1*el
D'DF Nc Nf 1FD]DQXOYDDYHDQXPUXOGHHOemente cel mai mare, dintre
NCL1f.
E 'DF Nc Nf VH FDOFXOHD] VXSUDID D GH UDGLD LH SHQWUX XQ HOHPHQW DO
focarului.
87

CAZANE
S1fel = (d + s1 )(a + h) 2
(3.174)
6HFDOFXOHD]XQQXPUGHHOHPHQWHFRPXQSHQWUXRPHGLHSRQGHUDW:
N=
N CI S1el + N CII S1*el + N f S1fel

S1el + S1*el + S1fel
(3.175)
Se poate relua calculul de verificare al cazanului cu N elemente, fiind

cunoscute suprafe HOHGHVFKLPEGHFOGXU
6HGHWHUPLQtf, QR, tCI, QCILQCII.
6HYHULILFGDFQR + QCI + QCII = Q sau tCII=tcos initial.
88
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
3.5. Calculul termic al cazanelor acvatubulareFXEDWHULHGH HYLQHUYXUDWHL

DU]WRUDWPRVIHULFSHQWUXFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV cazan mural
3.5.'HVFULHUHDFD]DQHORUHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQF LRQDUH
5
PRINCIPALELE ELEMENTE
COMPONENTE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
HYLQHUYXUDWH
focar;
DU]WRDUHDXWRDVSLUDQWH
LQWUDUHLHLUHSFDOGvQFO]LUH
SLHVGHHYDFXUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
cu rupere de presiune.
'HWDOLX HDY QHUYXUDW
D
d
Fig. 3.11. Schema unui cazan DFYDWXEXODUFXEDWHULHGH HYLQHUYXUDWHLDU]WRU

atmosferic pentru combustibil gazos cazan mural
&D]DQHOH VXQW GHVWLQDWH SURGXFHULL GH DS FDOG We / ti = 90 / 70 0C pentru
vQFO]LUHD XQRU VSD LL PLFL N: L VH mai numesc cazane de apartament.
&D]DQXO VH LQVWDOHD] vQ LQWHULRUXO DSDUWDPHQWXOXL GH RELFHL vQ EXFWULH IL[DW SH
SHUHWHSULQLQWHUPHGLXOXQHLUDPH8QHRULvQDFHLDLFDUFDVFXFD]DQXOVHDPSODVHD]
SRPSDGHFLUFXOD LHDDJHQWXOXLWHUPLFYDVXOGHH[SDQVLXQHvQFKLVLXQVFKLPEWRUGH
FOGXU FX SOFL SHQWUX SURGXFHUHD DSHL FDOGH GH FRQVXP ,Q DFHVW FD] DQVDPEOXO VH
FXQRDWHVXEGHQXPLUHDGHFHQWUDOGHDSDUWDPHQW
89

CAZANE
3HQWUX RE LQHUHD XQHL VROX LL LHIWLQH VH DGRSW VLVWHPXO GH DUGHUH FX DU]WRU
atmosIHULF 6XE DFHDVW GHQXPLUH VH vQ HOHJH DU]WRUXO GH JD] QDWXUDO FX DHU
DXWRDVSLUDW SULQ HMHF LH 'HRDUFHFH SULQ HMHF LH QX VH SRDWH DVSLUD PDL PXOW GH RUL
volumul de gaz combustibil, restul aerului de ardere se introduce ca aer secundar
aspirat prin depresiune n camera de ardere din mediul ambiant. Pentru un exces de
DHUX]XDOGH. UH]XOFWUHEXLHDVSLUDWFDDHUVHFXQGDUXQYROXPGHFFDRUL
volumul de gaz combustibil.
$FHVW VLVWHP GH IXQF LRQDUH LPSXQH H[LVWHQ D XQHL GHSUHVLXQL VXILFLHQte n
IRFDUSHQWUXRDEVRE LHGHDHU'HSUHVLXQHDVHFUHLD]SULQautotirajul drumului de
gazeDOFD]DQXOXLQILJXUDVHSUH]LQWVFKHPDIXQF LRQDO
he nO LPHtronson de evacuare

temperatura te GHQVLWDWHJD]H!ge
hc nO LPHconvectiv
temperatura tcGHQVLWDWHJD]H!gc
hfvQO LPHIRFDU
temperatura tfGHQVLWDWHJD]H!gf
fig. 3.12 Componentele autotirajului drumului de gaze al cazanului

DepUHVLXQHDHIHFWLYODED]DFD]DQXOXLUH]XOWGLQUHOD LD
H net = g h f ( o gf )+ g hc ( o gc )+ g he ( o ge ) p pi pe
XQGHSLHUGHULOHGHVDUFLQS sunt:
p SLHUGHUHGHVDUFLQvQIDVFLFROXOGH HYLQHUYXUDWHDOHFRQYHFWLYXOXL
pL SLHUGHUHGHVDUFLQORFDOHODLQWUDUHDDHUXOXi;
pH SLHUGHUHGHVDUFLQORFDOHODHYDFXDUHDJD]HORU
'HSUHVLXQHD HIHFWLY OD ED]D FD]DQXOXL WUHEXLH V ILH GH FFD 3DLVVH
PHQ LQ SH FkW SRVLELO FRQVWDQW SHQWUX D QX IL IOXFWXD LL PDUL GH H[FHV GH DHU vQ
WLPSXOIXQF LRQULL$FHVWDHVWHLPRWLYXOSHQWUXFDUHODLHLUHDgazelor de ardere din
90
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
FD]DQ VH IDFH R UXSHUH GH SUHVLXQH SHQWUX FD WLUDMXO FRXOXL YDULDELO FX WHPSHUDWXUD
H[WHULRDUVQXLQIOXHQ H]HGHSUHVLXQHDGLQFD]DQ
$U]WRUXOHVWHIRUPDWGLQWU-XQJUXSGHHOHPHQWHGHDU]WRUDWPRVIHULFDVIHOF
Y]XWGHVXVIODFUDDSDUHFDXQFRYRUGHPLFLIOFULLQGLYLGXDOHFDUHVHXQHVFvQWU-o
]RQGHDUGHUHFRPXQFXVXSUDID DHJDOSUDFWLFFXVHF LXQHDFDPHUHLGHDUGHUH
Pentru a rezista temperaturilor nalte din camera de ardere, aceasta este
FSWXLWLQWHULRUFXSOFLGHILEUFHUDPLFUH]LVWHQWODWHPSHUDWXULvQDOWH0C).
Q FRQWLQXDUHD FDPHUHL GH DUGHUH SH YHUWLFDO VH JVHWH IDVFLFROXO GH HYL
nervurate care are rolul de sistem convectiv al cazanului. n acest convectiv, gazele de
DUGHUH FHGHD] DSHL FOGXUD vQ LQWHUYDOXO GH WHPSHUDWXUL GH OD WHPSHUDWXUD FDSWXOXL
camerei de ardere tf la temperatura de la evacuare te HYLOH QHUYXUDWH FDUH
DOFWXLHVF VLVWHPXO FRQYHFWLY VXQW FRQIHF LRQDWH GH RELFHL GLQ FXSUX FX nervuri de
WDEOGHDOXPLQLXQXQHOHVROX LLILHFDUH HDYDUHQHUYXULFLUFXODUHvQDOWHVROX LLFkWH
GRX HYL DX QHUYXUL GUHSWXQJKLXODUH FRPXQH 6ROX LD WHKQLF GH QHUYXUDUH QX
LQIOXHQ HD]PXOWFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHGHIXQF LRQDUHGHDFHLDvQFDOFXOHVHLDILHFDUH DY
FXQHUYXUDFLUFXODUFDUH-LUHYLQHGLQSXQFWXOGHYHGHUHDOWUDQVIHUXOXLGHFOGXU
D
d
h
ILJ'LPHQVLXQL HDYDULSDW
3ULQFLSDOHOHGLPHQVLXQLJHRPHWULFHDSDUSHILJXU
GLDPHWUXOH[WHULRUDO HYLLG
diametrul exterior al nervurii D
vQO LPHDQHUYXULLK '-d)/2
grosimea nervurii g
pasul de nervurare s
91

CAZANE
*D]HOH VXQW HYDFXDWH OD FR SULQWU-un dispozitiv de rupere de presiune. Acest
GLVSR]LWLYFRQVLVWvQWU-RKRWvQFDUHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHLHVOLEHUGLQWX XOGHHYDFXDUH
DO FD]DQXOXL 'DWRULW FRPXQLFULL FX DWPRVIHUD D FDSWXOXL OLEHU GLQ WX XO GH
HYDFXDUH DLFL VH LQVWDOHD] SUHVLXQHD VWDWLF DPELDQW L WLUDMXO FRXOXL QX PDL DUH
nici-RLQIOXHQ DVXSUDUHJLPXOXLGHSUHVLXQLGLQFD]DQ
Apa cald SURGXV GH FD]DQ LQWU GH OD UHWXUXO LQVWDOD LHL GH vQFO]LUH OD
FDSWXOLQIHULRUDOEDWHULHLQHUYXUDWHLSHPVXUFHSDUFXUJH HYLOHVHvQFO]HWH$SD
FDOGHVWHFROHFWDWODSDUWHDVXSHULRDUDFD]DQXOXLLWULPLVODFRQVXPDWRUL
Cazanul este i]RODW WHUPLF FX YDW PLQHUDO L SURWHMDW OD H[WHULRU FX WDEO
VXE LUH6HRE LQHDVWIHOXQFD]DQPRQREORFFXGLPHQVLXQLUHGXVHvQUDSRUWFXVDUFLQD
WHUPLFSURGXV
-
Prin tema de proiectare se dau :

Q
sarcina termiFDFD]DQXOXLvQN:
te / ti WHPSHUDWXUDDSHLODLHLUHLLQWUDUHvQFD]DQ0C sau 80/60 0C);
QDWXUDLFRPSR]L LDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLJD]QDWXUDOVDXG.P.L.) .
Aceste cazane, cu depresiune n focar, au coeficientul de exces de aer relativ

marH GDWRULW VLVWHPXOXL DXWRDVSLUDQW FDUH QX DVLJXU R EXQ RPRJHQHL]DUH D
combustibilului cu aerul:
= 1,6 1,8.
FRPEXVWLELOXOXLLVHGHWHUPLQ VO, Vgo, Hi, p H 2O , p RO2 VHWUDVHD]GLDJUDPD, t
sau cp t .
3.5.&DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO
$FHVWHFD]DQHIXQF LRQHD]ntotdeauna cu combustibil gazos (gaz natural sau
G.P.L.) deci pierderile specifice mecanice (qmec L FHOH SULQ HYDFXDUHD SURGXVHORU
solide din cazan (qcen) sunt nule. De asemenea B* = B .
a). 3ULQHYDFXDUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHFRT ) :
FR
qcos =
1
( I cos I a 0 )
Hi
(3.176)
92
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
6HDGPLWHLPSXQHRWHPSHUDWXUDSUR[LPDWLYDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR
ti + t e
+ (60 80) 0 C
2
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WVHGHWHUPLQI .
t cos =
(3.177)
Pentru temperatura aerului (ta 20 0& VH FDOFXOHD] HQWDOSLD DHUXOXL WHRUHWLF
necesar arderii :
FR
I ao = Vo c pa ta
(3.178)
cu cpa = 1,297 kJ/ m 3N K FOGXUDVSHFLILFDDHUXOXLOD0C .

b). PULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF(qch) :
3HQWUXDU]WRDUHDXWRDVSLUDQWHFXRPRJHQHL]DUHGHFDOLWDWHmedie:
qch = 0,005.
c). 3ULQSHUH Li exteriori ai cazanului (qext) :
Pentru cazane mici, foarte compacte, cu putere sub 80 kW, bine izolate, n faza
de proiectare se poate adopta :
qext = 0,005 0,008.
'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHHQHUJHWLFFOGXUDSLHUGXWODH[WHriorul cazanului este tot
R FOGXU XWLO GHRDUHFH FD]DQXO IXQF LQHD] vQ LQWHULRUXO DSDUWDPHQWXOXL SH FDUH-l
vQFO]HWH 'LQ DFHVWH FRQVLGHUHQWH Text = 0 7RWXL SHQWUX LSRWH]D IXQF LRQUL
cazanului ntr-R FDPHU FDUH QX QHFHVLW vQFO]LUH VH SRDWH DFFHSWD L LSRWH]D
qext = 0,5 0,8 %.
= 1 (qcos + qch + qext ) L % = 100 (%)
(3.179)
Debitul de combustibil va fi :
B=
Q
( m 3N / s )
Hi
(3.180)
3.5.%LODQ XOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL
93
Q;
Qcomb = B Hi ;
Qa = B Vo cpa ta ;
Q =BI ;
FR
FR

CAZANE
)X[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW Qinc = qch B Hi .

Fluxuri introduse
pierderi
Fluxuri utile
Qcomb
Qa
-Q
- Qinc
- Qext
Q = Q'
FR
Q = Q''
(URDUHDUHODWLY
Q'Q"
Q'
100 < 1%
(3.181)
'LQ WDEHOXO VH SRDWH VFULH VXE IRUP H[SOLFLW SLHUGHUHD GH FOGXU OD
evacuare a gazelor:
- Qev = - q BHi = - BI
FR
FR
+ BVocpata = - Q
FR
+ Qa .
(3.182)
3.5.5. Calculul tHPSHUDWXULORULHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX

I t = H i (1 qch ) + V0 c pa t a
(3.183)
Din digrama I WVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUH
tt = f ( I t , )
.
6HLPSXQHDOHJHWHPSHUDWXUDODLHLUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU
tf = 900 1100 0C .
Aceste valorile ULGLFDWH GH WHPSHUDWXUD OD VIkULWXO IRFDUXOXL sunt specifice
FD]DQHORUFXIRFDUHIRDUWHSX LQUFLWH/DDFHVWHFD]DQHVXSUDID DGHUDGLD LH n focar
HVWH VXSUDID D VHF LXQLL VXSHULRDUH D FDPHUHL GH DUGHUH XQGH SDUWHD LQIHULRDU D
IDVFLFROXOXLFRQYHFWLYSULPHWHFOGXULSULQUDGLD LH
Din diagrama I WVHGHWHUPLQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQIRFDU
94
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
I f = f (t f , )
(3.184)
QR = (1 qext ) B ( I t I f )
(kW)
(3.185)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWGHVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYYDIL
Qc = Q QR ,
(3.186)
Entalpia gazelor de ardere la sfULWXOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYHVWH
Ic = I f
Qc
(1 qext ) B
(3.187)
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUD
t c = f ( I c , )
(3.188)
QFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLLPSXQHIc I
I =
L
t =
FR
L tc t LVHDGPLWHURULOHUHODWLYH
FR
I cos I c
100 maxim 0,5%
I t I cos
t cos tc
tt t cos
100 maxim 0,5%
(3.189)
3.5.%LODQ XOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL
'HELWHOH GH FOGXU Qcomb, QR, Qc, Qa L IOX[XULOH SLHUGXWH Q , Qinc, Qext se
WUDQVSXQJUDILFDOVFDUFDvQILJXUDFXB* = B; Qpa = 0; Qsfc = 0; Qsi = 0; Qec =
0; qmec Lqcen = 0) .
FR
3.5.7. Predimensionarea cazanului

6HF LXQHDLQWHULRDUD[EDFD]DQXOXLHVWHGHWHUPLQDQWSHQWUXWRDWIRUPD
FRQVWUXFWLYYILJ3.11).
3HQWUX DOHJHUHD DFHVWHL VHF LXQL VH DOHJ vQ SUHDODELO FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH HYLL
nervurate .
Dimensiunile (v. fig.3.13) X]XDOHDOH HYLLQHUYXUDWHVXQW
d = 16 25 mm
uzual d = 20 mm
D = (2 2,5) * d
uzual D = 50 mm
95

CAZANE
g = 0,8 1,2 mm
s = g + (1,5 2,5) mm
uzual g = 1 mm
uzual s = 3 mm
1XPUXOGH HYLSHUSHQGLFXODUSHGLUHF LDGHFXUJHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH11 se

DOHJHIXQF LHGHSXWHUHDFD]DQXOXLDVWIHO
Q = 20 30 kW --> N1=2
Q = 30 50 kW --> N1=3
Q = 50 80 kW --> N1=4
6HF LXQHD FDQDOXOXL GH gaze se FRQVLGHU GUHSWXQJKLXODU FX
raport
dimensional:
a / b = (3 5)
9LWH]D PHGLH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH vQ GUXPXO FRQYHFWLY VH LD UHODWLY PLF
wg PVGHRDUHFHGLVSRQLELOXOGHWLUDMHVWHPLFLSLHUGHULOHGHVDUFLQSULQ
IDVFLFROXO GH HYL WUHEXLH V ILH PLFL 3HQWUX FDOFXOHOH SUHOLPLQDUH VH FRQVLGHU F
temperatura medie a gazelor n drumul convectiv este tmg = 600 C.
Pentru a realiza viteza wgDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHQHFHVDURVHF LXQHOLEHUGH
curgere Slc :
S1c =
B (V go + ( 1) Vo ) t gm + 273
273
wg
[m2]
(3.190)
$FHDVWVXSUDID OLEHUHVWHGDWGHVXSUDID DFDQDOXOXLa b din care se scade

VXSUDID D GH VHF LXQH RFXSDW GH HYL L QHUYXUL 3HQWUX VLPSOLILFDUHD FDOFXOXOXL VH
GHWHUPLQXQJUDGGHVHF LXQHOLEHU 0 dHILQLWFDILLQGVXSUDID DOLEHUGHFXUJHUH
UDSRUWDWODVXUDID DWRWDODFDQDOXOXL
*UDGXO GH VHF LXQH OLEHU 0 SHQWUX vQWUHDJDVXSUDID HVWHDFHODLFDSHQWUXXQ
SDVGH HDYGHRDUHFHDFHVWSDVVHUHSHWSHWRDWVHF LXQHD
Scanal = D*s
Socupat = d*s + (D-d)*g
D
d
Sliber = Scanal Socupat
0 6liber / Scanal
s
Scanal = Sliber 0
Fig. 3.14.
96
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
/ LPHDFDQDOXOXLGHFLUFXOD LHDgazelor de ardereHVWHGDWGHQXPUXOGH HYL

N1 PXOWLSOLFDW FX GLDPHWUXO QHUYXULL ' VH FRQVLGHU F vQWUH FDSHWHOH QHUYXULORU L
SHUHWHOHFDQDOXOXLUHVSHFWLYvQWUHGRXFDSHWHGHQHUYXUQXH[LVWMRFVHPQLILFDWLY
b = N1 D
[m]
(3.191)
/XQJLPHDFDQDOXLHVWHVXSUDID DFDQDOXOXLUDSRUWDWODO LPHDFDQDOXOXL

a=
S1
b
(3.192)
Determinarea acestei cote GHILQHWH VROX LDGLPHQVLRQDOILQDODFD]DQXOXL

- lungimea canalului
-O LPHDFDQDOXOXL
-QXPUXOGH HYL
-GLDPHWUXO HYLL
- diametrul nerurii
- pasul nervurii
a
b
N1
d
D
s

Acest calcul are ca scop determinarea tePSHUDWXULL ILQDOH D IRFDUXOXL LQkQG
VHDPDGHIDSWXOFVXSUDID DHIHFWLYGHUDGLD LH6RHVWHVXSUDID DFDQDOXOXLFRQYHFWLY
$FHVW OXFUX HVWH HYLGHQW GHRDUHFH UDGLD LD HPLV GH IRFDU VSUH SDUWHD VXSHULRDU D
FDPHUHLGHDUGHUHHVWHLQWHJUDODEVRUELWGHSDUWHDYL]LELODVLVWHPXOXLFRQYHFWLYGHFL
GHvQWUHDJDVHF LXQHDFDQDOXOXLGHJD]H:
SR = b a .
(3.193)
Gradul de ecranare = R DOIRFDUXOXLUH]XOWGLQUDSRUWXOGLQWUHVXSUDID D

Sper
SHUH LORUFDPHUHLGHDUGHUHLVXSUDID DHIHFWLYGHUDGLD LH6R .
)RFDUXODUHIRUPDJHRPHWULFSDUDOHOLSLSHGLFFXVHF LXQHD abLvQO LPHD hf

din figura 3.11. pHQWUXGHVYROWDUHDFRPSOHWDIOFULLDVWIHOFDVIkULWXOSURFHVXOXLGH
DUGHUHVQXGHSHDVFvQO LPHDIRFDUXOXL
Se FRQVLGHUvQO LPHDIRFDUXOXL
hf = 0,250,35 m.
5H]XOWXUPWRDUHOHGLPHQVLXQLDOHIRFDUXOXL
97

CAZANE
- volumul focarului
-VXSUDID DSHUH LORU
-VXSUDID DHIHFWLYGHUDGLD LH
Vf = a b hf
S per = 2 (a + b ) h f + 2 a b
SR
S per
Vf
s = 3,6
S per
- gradul de ecranare
- grosimea stratului radiant :
focar:
SR = a b
(m)
6H FDOFXOHD] vQ FRQWLQXDUH FDUDFWHULVWLFD UDGLDQW D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH GLQ
kg =
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
( p H 2O
1 0,38 f ( p H 2O + p RO2 )
1000
+ p RO2 ) s
(3.194)
6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOJD]HORUGH ardere din focar :
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.195)
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLFXUHOD LDDSUR[LPDWLY
k fl = 1,6
Tf
1000
0,5
(3.196)
a fl = 1 e
k fl s
(3.197)
3RQGHUHDDEVRUE LHLIOFULLFXFHDDPHGLXOXLUDGLDQWGHJD]HGHDUGHUHVHIDFH
GXSFULWHULLexperimentale, considernd o pondere DSU LLOXPLQRDVHDIOFULL
3HQWUXIOFULSX LQOXPLQRDVHGHFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV
CoeficieQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULORULJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD
a = a fl + (1 ) a g
(3.198)
&XDFHVWHYDORULVHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWD focarului :
af =
0,82 a
a + (1 a)
(3.199)
98
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
2 DOW FDUDFWHULVWLF D IRFDUXOXL HVWH IDFWRUXO GH SR]L LH D IOFULL vQ IRFDU
pentru combustibil lichid sau gazos :
M = a M bM
h
Hf
(3.200)
XQGHSHQWUXIRFDUHYHUWLFDOHFXIODFUSHVXSUDID DLQIHULRDU
aM=0,54; bM=0,2; h/Hf = 0,2
&XDFHVWHGDWHVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDXUDGHODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL
Tf =
Tt
Co a f Tt 3 S R
M
(1 qinc )B V g c p
[oK]
0, 6
(3.201)
+1
Temperatura GHLHLUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDUn oC, este :
tf = Tf -273 [oC]
$FHDVWWHPSHUDXWUYDILGLIHULWGHWf DOHDVvQFDOFXOXOGHDSUR[LPDUH'DF
GLIHUHQ DHVWHPDLPDUHGHFFD.VHUHLDFDOFXOXOFXYDORDUHDWfUH]XOWDDW
GLQ FDOFXOXO ILQDO 'DF HURDUHD HVWH PDL PLF VH FRQWLQX FDOFXOXO FX WHmperatura
focarului tfUH]XOWDWGLQFDOFXOGDUQXVHPDLUHLDFDOFXOXOWUDQVIHUXOXLGHFOGXUOD
VXSUDID DGHUDGLD LH
3.5.9. Calculul termic al drumului convectiv
'UXPXO FRQYHFWLY HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GLQ FDOFXOHOH DQWHULRDUH SULQ XUPWRULL
parametrii :
Qc
GHELWXOGHFOGXUFHGDWGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHN:
tf
t
WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQ HYLODFR
te/ti
temperatura apei (0C) .
FR
Deoarece temperatura la FDSWXO IRFDUXOXL V-D PRGLILFDW ID GH FHD DOHDV
LQL LDO vQ FDOFXOHOH GH ELODQ VH UHFDOFXOHD] IOX[XO GH FOGXU SUHOXDW GH VLVWHPXO
convectiv.
I f = f (t f , ) .
(3.202)
99

CAZANE
QR = (1 qext ) B ( I t I f )
(kW)
(3.203)
Qc = Q QR ,
(kW)
(3.204)
6FKLPEXOGHFDOGXUFRQYHFWLYvQWUHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHLDSVHIDFHFXREDWHULH
FX HYLQHUYXUDWHDDFXPV-DSUH]HQWDWvQGHVFULHUHDVROX LHLFRQVWUXFWLYHDFD]DQXOXL
&XPVHFXQRDWHGLQWHRULDJHQHUDODVFKLPEWRDUHORUGHFOGXUVROX LDFRQVWUXFWLY
GH H[WLQGHUH D VXSUDIH HL GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU SH SDUWHD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH SULQ
QHUYXUDUHVHDSOLFSHQWUXDFRPSHQVDvQWU-RRDUHFDUHPVXUUDSRUWXOGHIDYRUDELOFDUH
H[LVWvQWUHFRHILFLHQWXOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXU de la gaze fa de cel de la ap.
Nervurile, circularH SWUDWH VDX GUHSWXQJKLXODUH VXQW GLVSXVH HFKLGLVWDQW SH
H[WHULRUXO HYLLVXEIRUPGHGLVFXUL'LPHQVLXQLOHX]XDOHDOH HYLORULQHUYXULORUV-au
ales n calculul de predimensionare.
Cotirea evilor se face prin coturi nenervurate, n exteriorul sec iunii de trecere a
gazelor de ardere.
Numrul de rnduri de evi vQ GLUHF LD GH FXUJHUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH 12 se
stabilete prin calculul termic al suprafe ei de transfer de cldur necesar.
Ecua ia de WUDQVIHUGHFOGXU este:
Qc = K g S g tm = K apa S apa tm [W]
(3.205)
unde :
Kg si Kapa reprezint coeficientul global de transfer de cldur, raportat fie la

suprafa a extins, pe parte gazelor de ardere, Sg , fie la suprafa a lis, pe partea apei,
Sapa;
tm UHSUH]LQW GLIHUHQ D PHGLH ORJDULWPLF GH WHPSHUDWXU vQWUH FHL GRL DJHQ L
termici, corectat cu un coeficient depinznd de geometria curgerii i parametri

agen ilor.
Temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere este tgm = (tf + t
Temperatura medie a apei este tapam = (ti + te )/ 2.
)/ 2.
FR
3HQWUXWHPSHUDWXULOHPHGLLDOHDJHQ LORUWHUPLFLVHGHWHUPLQFOGXULOHVSHFLILFH
cpaer si capaGLQDQH[HVDXGLQUHOD LLOHGHUHJUHVLHSUH]HQWDWHvQDQH[HOHUHVSHFWLYH
Debitul de ap FDUHSDUFXUJH HYLOHeste:
100
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
G=
Q
capa (te ti )
[kg/s]
(3.206)
Deoarece apa trece prin N1 HYLvQSDUDOHO HDYDDYkQGGLDPHWUXOLQWHULRUGi ,

YLWH]DDSHLVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
wapa =
4G
apa (N1 d i2 )
[m/s]
(3.207)
Deoarece s-au facut rotunjiri care afecteaz viteza de curgere a gazelor de ardere,
aceasta se recalculeaz:
wg =
B(Vgo + ( 1)Vo ) t gm + 273
273
S1c
[m/s]
(3.208)
TRANSFERUL DE CDUR DE LA GAZELE DE ARDERE LA PERETELE

METALIC
Transferul de cldur este de tip convectiv. Gazele circul prin canalele realizate
ntre nervuri, care au la imea (s-g). Considernd canalul format din doua evi alturate,
cealalt latur a sec iunii de curgere esteGXEOXOvQO LPLLQHUYXULL 2h .
Relatiile de calcul, de tip experimental, sunt date func ie de o lungime
caracteristic fix pentru baterie care este pasul nervurrii : s .
Pentru calcule este necesar cunoaterea unor parametri fizici caracteristici
gazelor de ardere care se determin din tabela anexa 9, pentru temperatura medie a
gazelor de ardere tgm:
- viscozitatea cinematic,
- conductibilitatea termic,
- criteriul Prandtl,
#g ;
g ;
Prg .
Coeficientul de convec ie g se calculeaz dup metodologia convec iei n

curgere for at prin canale i este acelai pentru partea de suprafa lis a evii i partea
de suprafa extins a nervurii.
101

CAZANE
Pertele evii are la suprafa a de contact cu aerul o anumit temperatur tp ,

care se regsete i la baza nervurii. Din cauza rezisten ei termice conductive,
temperatura peretelui nervurii tpn este din ce in ce mai ULGLFDW spre vrful nervurii.
Pentru a nu complica sistemul de calcul, se consider temperatura suprafe ei nervurii
constant, aceeai cu a peretelui evii, dar se afecteaz suprafa a nervurii cu un
"randament" subunitar nerv care face compensarea fluxului mai sczut de cldur a
suprafe ei cu temperatura mai ULGLFDW dect cea a evii.
Rela ia criterial pentru transferul de cldur este func ie de turbulen a curgerii,
deci de criteriul Re. Se calculeaza criteriul Reg , innd seama c lungimea caracteristic
este pasul de nervurare, din relatia:
Re g =
wg s
(3.209)
Coeficientul de transfer de cldur prin convec ie de la gazele de ardere la

peretele exterior se calculeaz cu rela iile peQWUXIDVFLFROGH HYLvQOLQLHFXQRWD LLOH :
Pnerv = s; Hnerv = h; de = d; Dnerv = D; Bnerv = g.
* evi cu nervuri rotunde
P
Nu g = 0,104 Re 0g, 72 nerv
de
0,54
P
nerv
H nerv
0,14
(3.210)
* evi cu nervuri ptrate
Nu g = 0,096 Re
0 , 72
g
P
nerv
de
0,54
P
nerv
H nerv
0,14
(3.211)
in continuare, pentru ambele cazuri :
g* =
Nug g
Pnerv
W
m2 K
(3.212)
Aa cum s-a artat, n metodica uzual de calcul se ine seama de un randament

subunitar al suprafe ei nervurilor. Acesta depinde de dou constante adimensionale ale
nervurii:
XD =
Dnerv
de
(3.213)
si
102
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
2 *g
X I = H nerv
nerv Bnerv
0,5
(3.214)
unde conductibilitatea termica a metalului nervurii este pentru o el nerv = 50 W/(m.K),

pentru cupru nerv = 300 iar pentru aluminiu nerv = 175 .
Curbele de randament se calculeaza, pentru XD > 2, cu relatiile :
pentru XI > 0.8 :
(3.215)
A = 0,8 - 0,05 (X D 2 )
0,797
B = 0,363 + 0,14 (X D 2)
-0,631
C = 0,525 - 0,071 (X D 2)
2,359
nerv = A B (X I 0,8)
C
pentru XI < 0.8 :
(3.216)
A = 1
B = 0,295 + 0,066 (X D 2 )
0,71
C = 1,737 - 0,093 (X D 2 )
1,13
nerv = A B (X I )
C
Cu acest randament, care ns afecteaz numai suprafa a extins, se determin

coeficientul corectat de transfer de cldur pe partea gazelor de ardere, dup cum
urmeaz:
- se determin suprafa a de schimb de cldur a unei nervuri :
S nerv = 2
2
(D nerv
d e2 )
[m ]
2
(3.217)
- suprafa a lis a evii pe partea gazelor de ardere ntre dou nervuri este:
Sl = (Pnerv Bnerv ) d e
[m ]
2
103
(3.218)

CAZANE
- suprafa a total pe un pas este suma celor dou suprafe e anterior calculate:
Stot = S nerv + Sl
[m ]
2
(3.219)
- iar coeficientul de transfer de caldura corectat se determin din rela ia:
g = g*
nerv S nerv+ Sl
Stot
W
m2 K
(3.220)
REZISTENTA TERMIC A PERETELUI EVII I A DEPUNERILOR DE

PE PEREI
Rezisten a termic a peretelui evii este (/per / per), n care /per este grosimea
peretelui evii i per conductibilitatea termic a metalului evii (pentru o el
per=50(W/m.K), pentru cupru per=300(W/m.K) iar pentru aluminiu per=
175(W/m.K)). $FHDVWUH]LVWHQ WHUPLFDUHvQVRYDORDUHIRDUWHPLFLGHRELFHLVH
neglijeaz n calculele curente.
5H]LVWHQ D WHUPLF a depunerilor de piatr (/p/p) pe pere ii evilor este foarte
mare, ea constituind principala rezisten n schimbul de cldur9DORULOHUH]LVWHQ HORU
WHUPLFH IXQF LH GH FDOLWDWHD DSHL GH YLWH]D GH FXUJHUH L GH WHPSHUDWXUD PHGLH D
agentului termic sunt prezentate n capitolul 1 DO ,QGUXPWRUXOXL Ge Proiectare pentru
6FKLPEWRDUH GH &OGXU 3HQWUX DSD GLQ LQVWDOD LL GH vQFO]LUH VH SRDWH considera ,
SHQWUXGHSXQHULOHGHSLDWU /p PLp = 1 W/(m K)
Rezistentele termice conductive se nsumeaz:

= per + p
per
p
m2 K
(3.221)
TRANSFERUL DE CLDUR LA PERETELE INTERIOR AL EVILOR

Transferul de cldur GH OD SHUHWHOH HYLL OD DS este de tip convectiv, n regim
permanent, fr schimbare de stare, curgere prin interiorul evilor.
Pentru calcule este necesar cunoaterea unor parametrii fizici caracteristici apei.
Acetia se determin din tabela anex pentru temperatura medie a apei tapam:
104
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
- viscozitatea cinematic,
- conductibilitatea termic,
- criteriul Prandtl,
#apa ;
apa ;
Prapa .
Rela ia criterial pentru transferul de cldur este func ie de turbulen a curgerii,

deci de criteriul Re. Se calculeaza criteriul Reapa, innd seama c lungimea
caracteristic este diametrul interior al evii, din rela ia:
Reapa =
wapa d i
(3.222)
apa
n func ie de valoarea ob inut pentru Reapa se aplic una din XUPWRUHOH rela ii
criteriale:
pentru Rea > 10000
Nu apa = 0 .024 Re 0 ,8 Pr 0 ,4
(3.223)
pentru 2300 < Rea < 10000
Nu apa = 0.024 Re 0 ,8 Pr 0 ,4 Re
unde
(3.224)
0Re = 1- 6.105 Re-1,8

pentru Re < 2300
Nuapa
d
0 ,0688 i Rea Pra
Lt
= 3,65 +
0 ,66
di
1 + 0 ,045 Rea Pra

Lt
(3.225)
Lungimea Lt a tevilor se FRQVLGHUDILlungimea unei evi nervurate.

Coeficientul de transfer de cldur de la ap la peretele interior al evii se
calculeaz cu rela ia:
apa =
Nu apa apa
di
W
m 2 K
105
(3.226)

CAZANE
COEFICIENTUL GLOBAL DE TRANSFER DE CLDUR

Se alege o suprafa de control deoarece suprafe ele de transfer de cldur nu
sunt egale pentru cele doua fluide.
Pentru un pas de nervur suprafa a pe partea scldat de gazele de ardere este:
S *g =
2
(D 2 d 2 ) + d (s g )
4
(3.227)
Tot pentru un pas de nervurare suprafa a pe partea interioar a tevii este:

S * apa = S d i
[m2]
(3.228)
Daca se alege ca suprafa de control interiorul evilor (suprafa a pe partea

apei), coeficientul global de transfer de cldur va fi:
K apa =
1
1
apa
1
+
S aer
aer
S apa
W
m 2 K
(3.229)
Dac se alege ca suprafa de control exteriorul evilor (suprafa a pe partea

gazelor de ardere), coeficientul global de transfer de cldur va fi:
Kg =
1
1
apa
Sg
1
+
S
apa g
W
m 2 K
(3. 230)
DIFERENA MEDIE DE TEMPERATURI I DIMENSION5, FINALE

Se consider un curent incruciat ntre ap i gazele de ardere i se utilizeaz
metoda 0 - NTC pentru determinarea diferen ei medii de temperatur.
Se consider diferen a medie de temperaturi n contracurent, urmnd ca aceasta
s fie corectat ulterior prin coeficientul de eficien 0 .
106
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Din diagrama de evolu ie a temperaturilor, se determin diferen ele de

temperaturi maxim i minim, tmax = tf ti si tmin = tFR te .
Se calculeaz diferen a medie de temperaturi n contracurent:
tf
tmax
tcos
tmin
te
ti
SC
t m cc =
t max t min
t
ln max
t min
[ C]
o
(3.231)
6XSUDID DVLVWHPXOXLFRQYHFWLYUH]XOW
Sbat =
Qc
K g t mcc
[m ]
2
(3.232)
Se determin echivalen ii termici ai celor doi agen iIXQF LHGH'g) :
Wg = D g c g
unde Dg [m3N/s] este debitul volumic de gaze de ardere ; Dg=B Vg
Wapa = Dapa c apa
unde Dapa>NJV@HVWHGHELWXOPDVLFGHDS.
(3.233)
Se identific dintre cei doi echivalen ivQDS Wmin i Wmax i se determin:

(3.234)
Wrap=Wmin/Wmax.
107

CAZANE
Se determin mrimile NTC (QXPUXOGHunit i termice) pentru cele doi agen i

termici din rela iile:
NTC g =
K g Sbat
K g Sbat
L NTC apa =
Wg
Wapa
(3.235)
Se identific NTCmin si NTCmax i n continuare, pe baza diagramelor de tipul

0 = f (NTCmax , Wmin/Wmax , schema de curgere - curent ncruciat) se poate determina
coeficientul de reducere 0.
ntr-un calcul numeric, n func ie de valorile relative ale W i NTC se aplic
urmtoarele rela ii:
Dac Wmax = Wapa ; Wmin = Wg :
B = 1 e
W
NTC max min
W
max
L = 1 e
W
B max
Wmin
(3.236)
Daca Wmax = Wg; Wmin = Wapa :
B = 1 e ( NTCmax )
Wmax
L =
Wmin
B min
W
1 e max
(3.237)
Cu valoarea 0 calculat se determin VXSUDID D GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU D

convecWLYXOXLOXkQGFDVXSUDID GHFRQWUROVXSUDID Dde pe partea apei:
S apa =
Qc
K apa t mcc
(3.238)
Deorace s-a ales suprafa a de control interiorul evilor (suprafa a pe partea apei),
coeficientul global de transfer de cldur va fi:
K apa =
apa
UHOD LD
W
m 2 K
(3.239)
Sg
S apa
6XSUDID D GH VFKLPE GH FOGUQHFHVDUSHSDUWHDDSHLVHSRDWHdeterminaLFX
108
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
S apa =
Qc (te ti )
K apa NTCapa
[m ]
2
(3.240)
Lungimea necesar de eavnervurat va fi:
Lteava =
S apa
di
[m]
(3.241)
LQXPUXOGHUkQGXULGH HYLvQGLUHF LDFXUJHULLgazelor de ardere:
N rand =
Lteava
a N1
(3.242)
FDUHVHURWXQMHWHODYDORDUHDvQWUHDJVXSHULRDU
Dac se alege ca suprafa de control exteriorul evilor (suprafa a extins, pe
partea gazelor de ardere), pentru care s-a calculat coeficientul global de transfer de
cldur Kg :
Sg =
Qc (t f tcos )
K g NTC g
[m ]
2
(3.243)
iar lungimea necesara de eav nervurat va fi:
Lteava =
Sg
Sg
Pnerv
[m]
(3.244)
i numrul de rnduri de evi n direc ia curgerii gazelor de ardere:
N rand =
Lteava
a N1
(3.245)
care se rotunjete la valoarea ntreag superioar.

'HVLJXUDPEHOHVLVWHPHGHFDOFXOVXQWHFKLYDOHQWHGHFLFXRULFHVXSUDID GH
FRQWUROVHOXFUHD]QXPUXOGHUkQGXULGH HYLUH]XOWDWHGLQFDOFXOXOILQDOHVWHDFHODL
109

CAZANE
3.6. Calculul termic al cazanelor acvatubulareYHUWLFDOHFXIDVFLFROGH HYLL

DU]WRUDWPRVIHULFSHQWUXFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV
Cazanele sunt dHWLSYHUWLFDOFXIRFDUXODPSODVDWvQSDUWHDGHMRVLGHVYROWDUHD
IOFULL SH YHUWLFDO $YDQWDMXO DFHVWRU FD]DQH HVWH F RFXS R VXSUDID PLF vQ
FHQWUDODWHUPLF(OHSRWILIRORVLWHGUHSWFD]DQHGHvQFO]LUHSHQWUXRFDVFXSX LQH
apartamente (sarciQD WHUPLF XWLO 80 kW) sau drept cazane separate pentru
SURGXFHUHGHDSFDOGGHFRQVXPvQWU-RFHQWUDOPDLPDUHSkQODN:$VWIHO
GHFD]DQHVHDPSODVHD]vQFHQWUDODWHUPLF
Din punct de vedere constructiv, deasupra focarului, n cotinuarH SH DFHODL
FDQDO VH JVHWH GUXPXO FRQYHFWLY UHDOL]DW VXE IRUPD XQXL IDVFLFRO GH HYL QHWHGH
'HDVXSUDFRQYHFWLYXOXLJD]HOHGHDUGHUHVXQWFROHFWDWHLHYDFXDWHODFR
Principalele elemente componente ale cazanului sunt prezentate n figura 1
s2
2
3
s1
'HWDOLXGHDH]DUHD HYLORUvQHLFKLHU
Fig. 3.15. Schema unui cazan acvatubular vertical cu fascicolGH HYLLDU]WRU

autoaspirant pentru combustibil gazos
orizontale convectiveIRFDUDU]WRDUHDXWRDVSLUDQWHLQWUDUHLHLUHaS

; 5. pieVGHHYDFXUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHFXUXSHUHGHSUHVLXQH
HYL
&D]DQHOH VXQW GHVWLQDWH SURGXFHULL GH DS FDOG te/ti = 90/70 oC pentru
vQFO]LUH Uneori, pentru puteri relativ mici vQ DFHLDL FDUFDV FX FD]DQXO VH
DPSODVHD] SRPSD GH FLUFXOD LH D DJHQWXOXL WHUPLF YDVXO GH H[SDQVLXQH vQFKLV L XQ
VFKLPEWRU GH FOGXU FX SOFL SHQWUX Sroducerea apei calde de consum. Pentru
RE LQHUHD XQHL VROX LL LHIWLQH VH DGRSW VLVWHPXO GH DUGHUH FX DU]WRU autoaspirant
(atmosferic) 6XE DFHDVW GHQXPLUH VH vQ HOHJHDU]WRUXOpentru combustibil gazos
cu aer primar de ardere DXWRDVSLUDW SULQ HMHF LH 'HRDUFHFH SULQ HMHF LH QX VH SRDWH
FDOG vQF O]LUH
110
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
aspira mai mult de 4 ori volumul de gaz combustibil, restul aerului de ardere se
introduce ca aer secundar aspirat din mediul ambiant prin depresiuneD UHDOL]DW n
camera de ardere. Pentru un exces de aer uzual, pentru acest tip de cazane, . = 1,4
UH]XOW F WUHEXLH DVSLUDW FD DHU VHFXQGDU XQ YROXP GH FFD RUL YROXPXO GH JD]
combustibil.
$FHVW VLVWHP GH IXQF LRQDUH LPSXQH H[LVWHQ D unei depresiuni suficiente n
focar pentru absorE La de aer de ardere 'HSUHVLXQHD VH FUHLD] SULQ autotirajul
drumului de gaze DO FD]DQXOXL L SULQ FRXO OD FDUH HVWH UDFRUGDW 8QHRUL WLUDMXO HVWH
DFWLYDWGHXQH[KDXVWRUGDFvQO LPHDFRXOXLQXHVWHVXIicient de mare. Este de aceia
QHFHVDU V VH IDF XQ FDOFXO JD]RGLQDPLF ULJXURV DO FD]DQXOXL SHQWUX WRDWH FRQGL LLOH
posibile de fuQF LRQDUH
$U]WRUXOHVWHIRUPDWGLQWU-XQJUXSGHHOHPHQWHGHDU]WRUDWPRVIHULFDVIHOF
3HQWUX D UH]LVWD WHPSHUDWXULORU vQDOWH GLQ FDPHUD GH DUGHUH L SHQWUX D SUHOXD
FOGXUXWLOSULQUDGLD LHSHUH LLIRFDUXOXLVXQWVXEIRUPGHFKHVRQUFLWFXDSDGLQ
FLUFXLWXOGHvQFO]LUH
netede care are rolul de sistem convectiv al cazanului. n acest convectiv, gazele de
DUGHUH FHGHD] DSHL FOGXUD vQ LQWHUYDOXO GH WHPSHUDWXUL GH OD WHPSHUDWXUD FDSWXOXL
camerei de ardere tf la temperatura de la evacuare tFR HYLOH FDUH DOFWXLHVF
VLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYVXQW HYLRELQXLWHGHR HOFXGLDPHWUXOH[WHULRU 42 mm.
3DVXOGHDH]DUHD HYilor n fascicol este:
pasul perpendicular pe curgerea gazelor de ardere s1 = ( 1,4 2 ) d
SDVXOSHGLUHF LDGHFXUJHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHs2 = ( 1,2 1,6 ) d
SDLLVHDOHJDVWIHOFDJURVLPHDPLQLPGHPHWDOvQWUHGRX HYLVILH 10 mm
Apa FDOG GH vQFO]LUH GH OD UHWXUXO LQVWDOD LHL LQWU SH lD FDSWXO LQIHULRU DO
FD]DQXOXLLGXSFHDFHDVWDSUHLDFOGXUDXWLOGHODIODFULGHODJD]HOHGHDUGHUH
HVWHFROHFWDWODSDUWHDVXSHULRDUDFD]DQXOXLLWULPLVODFRQVXPDWRUL
Cazanul esWH L]RODW WHUPLF FX YDW PLQHUDO L SURWHMDW OD H[WHULRU FX WDEO
WHUPLFSURGXV
-

sarcina termicDFD]DQXOXLvQN:
Q
WHPSHUDWXUDDSHLODLHLUHLLQWUDUHvQFD]DQ0C sau 80/60 0C);
te / ti
111

CAZANE

mare GDWRULW VLVWHPXOXL DXWRDVSLUDQW FDUH QX DVLJXU R EXQ RPRJHQHL]DUH D
= 1,6 1,8.
FRPEXVWLELOXOXL LVHGHWHUPLQ VO, Vgo, Hi, p H O , p RO VHWUDVHD]GLDJUDPD I t
2
sau cp t .
$FHVWH FD]DQH IXQF LRQHD] GH UHJXO FX FRPEXVWLELO JD]RV JD] QDWXUDO VDX
solide din cazan (qcen) sunt nule. De asemenea consumul de combustibil B* = B .
Se determinSLHUGHULOHVSHFLILFHGHFOGXU
FR
1
( I cos I ao )
Hi
(3.246)
ti + t e
+ ( 60 80 ) oC
2
(3.247)
qcos =
t cos =
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WVHGHWHUPLQIFR .
Pentru temperatura aerului (ta 20 0& VH FDOFXOHD] HQWDOSLD DHUXOXL WHRretic
necesar arderii :
I a 0 = Vo c pa t a
(3.248)
cu
cpa = 1,297 kJ/ m 3N K FOGXUDVSHFLILFDDHUXOXLODoC .

3HQWUXDU]WRDUHautoaspirante cu omogeneizare de calitate medie:
qch = 0,005
c). 3ULQSHUH Li exteriori ai cazanului (qext) :

Pentru cazane mici, foarte compacte, cu putere sub 80 kW, bine izolate, n faza
de proiectare se poate adopta o valoare:
qext = 0,0050,008.
112
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Randamentul cazanului se calculHD]FXUHOD LD

= 1 ( qcos + qch + qext ) L% = 100 (%)
(3.249)
Debitul de combustibil va fi:
B=
Q
( m 3N / s )
Hi
(3.250)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUXWLODOFD]anului este :
Q;
Qcomb = B Hi ;
Qa = B cpa ta ;
Q =BI ;
)X[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW: Qinc = qch B Hi .
FR
FR
Fluxuri introduse
pierderi
Fluxuri utile
Qcomb
Qa
-Q
- Qinc
- Qext
FR
Q = Q''
Q = Q'
(URDUHDUHODWLYGHvQFLGHUHDELODQ XOXL:
Q' Q"
Q'
100 < 1%
(3.251)
evacuare a gazelor:
Qev = q B Hi = B I
FR
+ B Vo cpa ta = Q
FR
FR
113
+ Qa .

CAZANE
3.6.&DOFXOXOWHPSHUDWXULORULHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX
Entalpia WHRUHWLFDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
I t = H i ( 1 qch ) + V0 c pa t a
(3.252)
Din digrama I WVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUH t = f ( I t , ) .

6HLPSXQHDOHJHWHPSHUDWXUDODLHLrea gazelor de ardere din focar:
tf = 600 800 oC.
9DORULOH DFHVWHD VXQW VSHFLILFH FD]DQHORU FX IRFDUH IRDUWH UFLWH /D DFHVWH
FD]DQH VXSUDID D GH UDGLD LH vQ IRFDU HVWH VXSUDID D SHUH LORU ODWHUDOL DL IRFDUXOXL L
VHF LXQHD VXSHULRDU D FDPHUHL GH DUGHUH XQGH SDUWHD LQIHULRDU D IDVcicolului
FRQYHFWLYSULPHWHFOGXULSULQUDGLD LH
Din diagrama I WVHGHWHUPLQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQIRFDU:
t t = f ( I t , ) .
QR = ( 1 qext )B( I t I f )
(kW)
(3.253)
Qc = Q QR ,
(3.254)
Entalpia gazelor de ardere la sfkULWXOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYHVWH:
Ic = I f
Qc
( 1 qext )B
(3.255)
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUa : t c = f ( I c , ) .
QFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLLPSXQHIc
I cos I c
100 0,5%
I t I cos
t t
t = cos c 100 0,5%
t t t cos
I =
Ltc
FR
114
FR
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
'HELWHOHGHFOGXU QR, Qc,Qcomb,QaLIOX[XULOHSLHUGXWH QFR, Qinc, Qext
VHWUDQVSXQJUDILFDOVFDUFDvQILJXUDFXB* = B; Qpa = 0; Qsfc = 0; Qsi =
0; Qec = 0; qmec = 0 L qcen = 0) .
)RFDUXOGHWLSFDPHUDUHXUPWRDUHOHGLmensiuni conform fig. 3.16.
a
h
a
A
A-A
6HF LXQH
Fig. 3.16. Dimensiunile focarului

GHELWXO GH FOGXU UDGLDQW 4R. Deoarece n calcul intervine gradul de ecranare
= S R
S per
LOXQJLPHDGHUDGLD LHeste necesar un calcul interativ.
,QL LDOVHDGPLWHRYDORDUHRULHQWDWLY SR FDUHYDILFRPSDUDWFXFHDILQDO
S R.
SR poatHILDSUHFLDWSULQGRXPHWRGH:
a) Se admite un flux unitar radiant qR =30 50 kW/m2
S R' =
sau
QR
qR
(m2)
(3.256)
b) 6HFDOFXOHD]VXSUDID DSUHOLPLQDUGHUDGLD LHvQIRFDUFXUHOD LD
S 'R =
QR
T 4 T 4
f
p
5,765
100 100
115
(m2)
(3.257)

CAZANE
cu
= 0,65 pentru combustibil gazos

Tf = tf + 273 (0K)
t ma =
Tp = tma + 20 + 273 (0K)
ti + t e
2
dect temperatura fluidului interior .
6HDOHJHRVHF LXQHSWUDWGHIRFDUFXODWXUDa.
QO LPHDIRFDUXOXL se alege n domeniul:
h
= = 1,5 2
a
(3.258)
&RPSRQHQWHOHVXSUDIH HLGHUDGLD LHYRUIL

- VXSUDID DSHUH LORUODWHUDOL:
S R lat = 4 a h = 4 a 2
(3.259)
- VXSUDID DWDYDQXOXLXQGHIDVFLFROXOGH HYLSUHLDFOGXUDLSULQUDGLD LH:
S R tav = a a
(3.260)
- sXSUDID DWRWDOGHUDGLD LH:
(3.261)
SR = SRlat + SRtav.
5H]XOWODWXUDLvQO LPHDIRFDUXOXL
a=
S 'R
4 + 1
[m]L h = a
[m]
(3.262)
LVHURWXQMHVFYDORULOHODXQQXPUvQWUHJGHFP
CALCULUL EXACT AL FOCARULUI
S per = 4ah + 2a 2
(m2)
(3.263)
(m2)
(3.264)
6XSUDID DGHUDGLD LHHVWH
S 'R = 4ah + a 2
116
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Volumul focarului este:
V f = h a2
(m3)
(3.265)
Grosimea stratului radiant de gaze este :
s = 4
Vf
S per
(m)
(3.266)
kg =
0 ,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
( p H 2O + p RO2
1 0,38 f ( p H 2O + p RO2 )
1000
)s
(3.267)
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.268)
&DUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LDDSUR[LPDWLY
k fl = 1,6
Tf
1000
0,5
(3.269)
a fl = 1 e
k gl s
(3.270)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULLLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
a = a fl + (1 ) a g
(3.271)
cu SHQWUXIODFUQHOXPLQRDVGHFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV
Gradul de ecranare al focarului este :
S R'
=
S per
(3.272)
iarJUDGXOGHPXUGULUHDVXSUDIH HORU
= 0,7 0,9 (pentru combustibil gazos)
Cu acHVWHYDORULVHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIRFDUXOXL
117

CAZANE
af =
0,82 a
a + ( 1 a )
(3.273)
2DOWFDUDFWHULVWLFDIRFDUXOXLHVWHIDFWRUXOGHSR]L LHDIOFULLvQIRFDU
b*
M = aM bM
Hf
(3.274)
unde pentru combustibil lichid VDX JD]RV L SHQWUX IRFDUH YHUWLFDOH FX IODFU SH
VXSUDID DLQIHULRDU
cu : aM=0,52; bM=0,3; b*/H = 0,2 vQO LPHDUHODWLYDIOFULL
2
QR
3
SR =
5,765 10 8 Ma f T f Tt 3
Tt
1 1 2 (m2)
Tf
M
(3.275)
AceDVW VXSUDID YD IL GLIHULW GH S R GHWHUPLQDW vQ FDOFXOXO DSUR[LPDWLY
'DF GLIHUHQ D HVWH PDL PDUH GH 10% se reia calculul cu valori modificate ale
geometriei.
'

HYLOH VXQW GLVSXVH vQ HLFKLHU FRQIRUP VFKL HL JHQHUDOH D FD]DQXOXL GLQ
fig.3.15.
s2
N1
HYLSHXQUkQG
s1
'LUHF LHGHGHSODVDUHD
gazelor de ardere
)LJ'HWDOLXGHDH]DUHD HYLORUvQHLFKHU
parametrii :
118
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Qc
tf
t
te/ti
FR
GHELWXOGHFOGXUFHGDWGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHN:
temperatura gazelor de ardere la intrare n sistemul convectiv (0C) ;
WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQsistemul convectivODFR
temperatura apei (0C) .
3HQWUX VWDELOLUHD VHF Lunii de trecere a gazelor de ardere se alege diametrul

HYLORUGUXPXULORUFRQYHFWLYHGLQJDPDGH HYLX]XDOHSHQWUXFD]DQHOHGHDSFDOG
24 3
28 3
32 3
42 x 3
6HDOHJHSDVXOUHODWLYGHDH]DUHWUDQVYHUVDOD HYLORU
pasul perpendicular pe curgerea gazelor de ardere s1 = ( 1,4 2 ) d
SDVXOSHGLUHF LDGHFXUJHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHs2 = ( 1,2 1,6 ) d
SDLLVHDOHJDVWIHOFDJURVLPHDPLQLPGHPHWDOGHSODFWXEXODUvQWUHGRX HYL,V
fie 8 10 mm
6HFDOFXOHD]QXPUXOGH HYLSHXQUkQG N1:
a = N1 s1 +
s1
+ ss L N1 =
2
s1
ss
2
s1
(3.276)
DSRLVHURWXQMHWHSDVXOs1 al HYLORUDVIHOvQFkWQXPUXON1VILHvQWUHJ
5H]XOWRDH]DUHSHSULPDOLQLHD HYLORUFRQIRUPILJXULL3.18.
s1/ 2
s1
N1
HYL
ss
Fig. 3.18$H]DUHD HYLORUvQIDVFLFRO
119

CAZANE
6HFDOFXOHD]DSRLVHF LXQHDOLEHUGHWUHFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQLSRWH]aF
VHF LXQHDEUXWDIRFDUXOXLUPkQHQHVFKLPEDWLvQGUXPXOFRQYHFWLYa a) :
s d
d
= a 2 1 (m2)
S circ = a 2 1
(3.277)
s1
s1
s1 d
UHSUH]LQW UHGXFHUHD VHF LXQLL de trecere GDWRULW HYLORU
unde termenul
s
1
convective.
Debitul de gaze ce trece prin convectiv este :
Dg = B Vg
t gm + 273
273
(Nm3/s)
(3.278)
unde tgm este temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere :
t gm =
t f + t cos
2
(0C)
(3.279)
5H]XOWYLWH]DJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
W=
Dg
S circ
(m/s)
(3.280)
Pentru temperatura media a gazelor de ardere tgm se GHWHUPLQ GLQ DQH[D
XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL
(m2/s)
-
FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF
criteriul Prandtl
Pr
(W/mK)
6H DOHJH SDVXO vQ GLUHF LD FXUJHULL JD]HORU GH DUGHUH s2 = ( 1,2 1,6 )
d. Se
FDOFXOHD] FRHILFLHQWXO GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU c) pentru curgerea gazelor de ardere
transversal pe un fasciFXOGH HYLDH]DWHvQHLFKLHU
QDFHVWFD]OXQJLPHDFDUDFWHULVWLFYDILGLDPHWUXOH[WHULRUDO HYLLd .
Criteriul hidrodinamic este:
Re =
w d
(3.281)
Pentru 10 < Re < 106 L Pr < 10, curgerea fluidelor transversal pe un
IDVFLFROGH HYLvQHLFKLHU
120
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Nu = 0 ,157 Re 0 ,6 Pr 0 ,4 c s
(3.282)
unde csHVWHRFRUHF LHSHQWUXSDVXO HYLORU

cs = 1 + 0,1 (s1/d) pentru (s1/d) < 3
cs = 1,3 pentru (s1/d) > 3
5H]XO c =
Nu
.
lc
(3.283)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHSDUDPHWULL
p H 2O , p RO2 L s - grosimea stratului radiant :

s s
s = 1,87 1 + 2 4 ,1 d e
d d
(m)
(3.284)
kg =
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
T
1 0,38 m p H 2O + p RO2
1000
p H 2O + p RO2 s
(3.285)
Coeficientul de emisie al gazelor de ardere :
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.286)
T p 3 ,6
1
+
a
1
T
p
r = 5,765 10 8
a g Tm3 m
(W/m2K)
2
T
1 p
T
(3.287)
unde pentru coeficientul GH DEVRUE LH DO SHUHWHOXL VH LD YDORDUHD ap L SHQWUX
WHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXL HYLL
T p = t am + 20 + 273 [K]
Coeficientul de transfer deFOGXUHVWH:
i = c + r.
121
(3.288)

CAZANE
&RHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUHVWH
k=
i
1 + i
(3.289)
FXYDORULOHSHQWUXFRHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUHconform tabelului 3.9.

'LIHUHQ D
PHGLH
D
WHPSHUDWXULORU VH GHWHUPLQ FRQIRUP
UHOD LHL
tf
tmax
tcos
tma
t m =
tmin
SC
t max tmin
t
ln max
tmin
(3.290)
Fig. 3.19.'LIHUHQ DPHGLHa temperaturilor

Q ILQDO VXSUDID D GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU D GUXPXOXL FRQYHFWLY VH GHWHUPLQ FX
UHOD LD:
Sc =
Qc
(m2)
kt m
(3.291)
Determinarea geometriei drumului convectiv se face astfel :

- QXPUXOGH HYLSHXQUkQG11 (perpendiculDUSHGLUHF LDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
s-DGHWHUPLQDWLQL LDO
- QXPUXOGHUkQGXULGH HYL12vQGLUHF LDFXUJHULLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHUH]XOW
GLQUHOD LD
Sc = N1 N 2 d a
=>
N2 =
Sc
N1 d a
(3.292)
VHURWXQMHWHODYDORDUHDvQWUHDJVXSHULRDU
6H UHPDUF IDSWXO F V-D QHJOLMDW SUHOXDUHD FOGXULL GH FWUH SHUH LL GH WDEO
OLPLWDWRULDLGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY'HRELFHLVHFRQVLGHUFDUH]HUYGHVXSUDID VHSRW
OXDvQFDOFXOFD]vQFDUHLQWUvQFRPSRQHQ DVXSUDIH HLSc .
122
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
&X QXPUXO GH UkQGXUL GH HYL SH YHUWLFDO VH FDOFXOHD] OXQJLPHD GUXPXOXL
convectiv:
Lc = N 2 s2
(3.293)
LVHGHWHUPLQvQO LPHDWRWDODFD]DQXOXL
3.7. Calculul termic al cazanelor ignitubulare verticale
FXXQGUXPLDU]WRUDWPRVferic pentru combustibil gazos
&D]DQHOHVXQWGHWLSYHUWLFDOFXIRFDUXODPSODVDWvQSDUWHDGHMRVLGHVYROWDUHD
IOFULL SH YHUWLFDO $YDQWDMXO DFHVWRU FD]DQH HVWH F RFXS R VXSUDID PLF vQ
FHQWUDODWHUPLF(OHSRWILIRORVLWHGUHSWFD]DQHGHvQFO]LUHSHQWUXRFDVFXSX LQH
DSDUWDPHQWHVDUFLQDWHUPLFXWLO 30 kW) sau drept cazane pentru producere de
DSFDOGGHFRQVXP'DFVXQWFD]DQHSHQWUXSURGXFHUHGHDSFDOGGe consum se
DPSODVHD]vQEDLHLXQHRULFDSWGHQXPLUHDGHFD]DQGHEDLH
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH FRQVWUXFWLY GHDVXSUD IRFDUXOXL vQ FRWLQXDUH SH DFHODL
FDQDOVHJVHWHGUXPXOFRQYHFWLYUHDOL]DWVXEIRUPDXQXLIDVFLFROGH HYLQHWHGHFDUH
VWUEDW XQ FLOLQGUX FX YROXP PDUH GH DS 'HDVXSUD FRQYHFWLYXOXL JD]HOH GH DUGHUH
VXQWFROHFWDWHLHYDFXDWHODFR
Principalele elemente componente ale cazanului sunt prezentate n figura 3.19.
4
2
3
,81(A - A
6(&
Fig. 3.19. Schema unui cazan acvatubular vertical ignitubular

FXXQGUXPLDU]WRUDWPRVIHULFSHQWUXFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV
HYLYHUWLFDOHLJQLWXEXODUHFRQYHFWLYHIRFDUDU] WRDUHDXWRDVSLUDQWH
a
e
rupere de presiune.
LQWUDUHLHLUH S FDOG vQF O]LUHSL V GHHYDFXUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHFX
123

CAZANE
3HQWUX RE LQHUHD XQHL VROX LL LHIWLQH VH DGRSW VLVWHPXO GH DUGHUH FX DU]WRU
atmosferic 6XE DFHDVW GHQXPLUH VH vQ HOHJH DU]WRUXO GH JD] QDWXUDO FX DHU
DXWRDVSLUDW SULQ HMHF LH 'HRDUFHFH SULQ HMHF LH QX VH SRDWH DVSLUD PDL PXOW GH RUL
volumul de gaz combustibil, restul aerului de ardere se introduce ca aer secundar
aspirat prin depresiune n camera de ardere din mediul ambiant. Pentru un exces de
DHUX]XDOGH. UH]XOWFWUHEXLHDVSLUDWFDDHUVHFXQGDUXQYROXPGHFFDRUL
volumul de gaz combustibil.
$FHVW VLVWHP GH IXQF LRQDUH LPSXQH H[LVWHQ D XQHL GHSUHVLXQL VXILFLHQWH vQ
IRFDU SHQWUX R DEVRE LH GH DHU 'HSUHVLXQHD VH FUHLD] SULQ autotirajul drumului de
gaze DO FD]DQXOXL L SULQ FRXO OD FDUH HVWH UDFRUGDW 5H]LVWHQ HOH KLdraulice ale
WUDVHXOXLGHJD]HGHDUGHUHVXQWPLFLIDVFLFROVFXUWGH HYLLYLWH]HPLFLGHFXUJHUHD
JD]HORUGHDFHLDQXHVWHQHFHVDUDFWLYDUHDWLUDMXOXLFXXQH[KDXVWRU3HQWUXUHGXFHUHD
WHPSHUDWXULLJD]HORUODFRGHRDUHFHYLWH]HOHGHFXUJHUHvQ HYile convective sunt mici
VHSRWLQWURGXFHvQLQWHULRUXO HYLORUWXUEXOL]DWRULFDUHLQWHQVLILFWUDQVIHUXOGHFOGXU
GH SkQ OD RUL (VWH QHFHVDU V VH IDF XQ FDOFXO JD]RGLQDPLF DO FD]DQXOXL SHQWUX
WRDWHFRQGL LLOHSRVLELOHGHIXQF LRQDUH
$U]WRUXOHVte format dintr-XQJUXSGHHOHPHQWHGHDU]WRUDWPRVIHULFDVIHOF
Pentru a rezisWDWHPSHUDWXULORUvQDOWHGLQFDPHUDGHDUGHUHSHUH LLIRFDUXOXLVXQW
UFL LFXDSDGHDOLPHQWDUHDFD]DQXOXL
QHWHGHVWUEWXWODLQWHULRUGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHFDUHDUHUROXOGH sistem convectiv al
FD]DQXOXL Q DFHVW FRQYHFWLY JD]HOH GH DUGHUH FHGHD] DSHL FOGXUD vQ LQWHUYDOXO GH
WHPSHUDWXUL GH OD WHPSHUDWXUD FDSWXOXL FDPHUHL GH DUGHUH Wf la temperatura de
evacuare tFRHYLOHFDUHDOFWXLHVFVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYVXQW HYLRELQXLWHGHR HOFX
diametrul interior 35 PPHYLOHVWDQGDUGX]XDOHVXQW:
42 x 3 ; 48 x 3,5 ; 54 x 4.
3DVXO GH DH]DUH D HYLORU vQ VHF LXQH HVWH DOHV DVWIHO FD JURVLPHD PLQLP GH
PHWDOvQWUHGRX HYLVILH 15 mm.
1XPUXOGH HYLVHDOHJHDVWIHOFDVVHRE LQRDH]DUHXQLIRUPD HYLORUSH
VHF LXQH1XPUXOX]XDOGH HYLHVWHGDWvQWDEHO
N -QXPUGH HYL
3
7
12
19
PRGGHDH]DUH
triunghi echilateral
R HDYFHQWUDOL HYLSHXQKH[DJRQ
WUHL HYLSHXQWULXQJKLHFKLODWHUDOFHQWUDOL HYLSHXQFHUF
KH[DJRDQHFXR HDYFHQWUDO HYLSHSULPXOKH[DJRQL
HYLSHDOGRLOHDKH[DJRQ
$SD UHFH LQWU OD FDSWXO LQIHULRU DO FD]DQXOXL $SD FDOG LHVH SH XQ WX OD
SDUWHDVXSHULRDUDFD]DQXOXLLHVWHWULPLVODFonsumatori .
124
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
WHUPLFSURGXVLFXRUH]HUYUHODWLYPDUHGHDSFDOG
-

Q
te / ti
WHPSHUDWXUDDSHLODLHLUHLLQWUDUHvQFD]DQ

PDUH GDWRULW VLVWHPXOXL DXWRDVSLUDQW FDUH QX DVLJXU R EXQ RPRJHQHL]DUH D
= 1,4 1,8.
FRPEXVWLELOXOXLLVHGHWHUPLQVo, Vgo, Hi, p H O , p RO VHWUDVHD]GLDJUDPD, t sau
cp t .
2
$FHVWH FD]DQH IXQF LRQHD] GH UHJXO FX FRPEXVWLELO JD]RV JD] natural sau
solide din cazan (qcen) sunt nule. De asemenea B* = B .
FR
qcos =
1
( I cos I a 0 )
Hi
(3.294)
t cos =
ti + te
+ ( 60 80 ) 0C
2
(3.295)
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WVHGHWHUPLQIFR .
Pentru temperatura aerului (ta 20 0& VH FDOFXOHD] entalpia aerului teoretic
necesar arderii :
I a 0 = Vo c pa t a
(3.296)
cu cpa = 1,297 kJ/ m 3N K FOGXUDVSHFLILFDDHUXOXLOD0C .
125

CAZANE
3HQWUXDU]WRDUHDWPRVIHULFHFXRPRJHQHL]DUHGHFDOLWDWHVODE
qch = 0,005
c). 3ULQSHUH LH[WHULRULDLFD]DQXOXL (qext) :
Pentru cazane mici, n faza de proiectare se poate adopta :
qext = 0,0050,008.
= 1 ( qcos + qch + qext ) L% = 100 (%)
(3.297)
Debitul de combustibil va fi :
B=
Q
3
( mN / s )
H i
(3.298)
Q;
)OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXs de combustibil :
Qcomb = B Hi ;
Qa = B cpa ta ;
Q =BI ;
)X[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW Qinc = qch B Hi .
FR
Fluxuri introduse
pierderi
Fluxuri utile
Qcomb
Qa
-Q
- Qinc
- Qext
FR
Q = Q'
Q = Q''
(URDUHDUHODWLY
126
FR
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Q' Q"
Q'
100 < 1%
(3.299)
evacuarea gazelorGHDUGHUHODFR:
-Qev = q B Hi = -B I
FR
+ B Vo cpa ta = - Q
FR
FR
+ Qa .
3.7.&DOFXOXOWHPSHUDWXULORULHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX
I t = H i ( 1 qch ) + V0 c pa t a
(3.300)
Din digrama I WVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUH t = f (I t , ) .

6HLPSXQHDOHJHWHPSHUDWXUDODLHLUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDUWf = 900
0
1100 C . Valorile acestea sunt specifice cazanelor cu focare mici UFLWH /D DFHVWH
FD]DQHVXSUDID DGHUDGLD LHvQIRFDUHVWHVXSUDID DODWHUDOLFHDDVHF LXQLLVXSHULRDUH
DFDPHUHLGHDUGHUHXQGHSDUWHDLQIHULRDUDFRUSXOXLFD]DQXOXLFXIDVFLFROXOFRQYHFWLY
SULPHWHFOGXULSULQUDGLD LH
tt = f (It, ).
(kW)
(3.301)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWGHVLVWHPXOconvectiv va fi :
Qc = Q QR ,
(3.302)
(QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODVIkULtul drumului convectiv este:
Ic = I f
Qc
( 1 qext )B
(3.303)
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUDtc
QFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLLPSXQe : Ic
I =
I cos I c
It
= f (Ic, ).
Ltc
FR
100 0,5%
127
FR

CAZANE
t =
t cos t c
100 0,5%
tt
(3.304)
'HELWHOHGHFOGXU QR, Qc, Qa, Qcomb LIOX[XULOHSLHUGXWH QFR, Qinc, Qext
se transpun JUDILFDOVFDUFDvQILJXUDFX B* = B; Qpa = 0; Qsfc = 0; Qsi = 0;
Qec= 0; qmec Lqcen = 0) .
)RFDUXOGHWLSFDPHUDUHXUPWRDUHOHGLPHQVLXQLFRQIRUPILJ3.20.
Fig. 3.20. Dimensiunile focarului.

$FHVW FDOFXO DUH FD VFRS GHWHUPLQDUHD WHPSHUDWXULL ILQDOH D IRFDUXOXL LQkQG
VHDPD GH IDSWXO F VXSUDID D HIHFWLY GH UDGLD LH SR HVWH VXSUDID D VHF LXQLL FRUSXOXL
cazanuluiSOXVVXSUDID DODWHUDODIRFDUXOXL. Acest lucru este evLGHQWGHRDUHFHUDGLD LD
HPLV GH IRFDU VSUH SDUWHD VXSHULRDU D FDPHUHL GH DUGHUH HVWH LQWHJUDO DEVRUELW GH
SDUWHDYL]LELODFRUSXOXLFD]DQXOXLLVLVWHPXOXLFRQYHFWLYGHFLGHvQWUHDJDVHF LXQHD
canalului de gaze:
D2
SR = D h f +
4
SR
Gradul de ecranare =
S per
(m2)
(3.305)
DO IRFDUXOXL UH]XOW GLQ UDSRUWXO GLQWUH
VXSUDID DSHUH LORUFDPHUHLGHDUGHUHLVXSUDID DHIHFWLYGHUDGLD LHSR .
128
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
)RFDUXO DUH IRUPD JHRPHWULF FLOLQGULF FX GLDPHWUXO D L vQO LPHD hf din
figura 3.20 3HQWUX GHVYROWDUHD FRPSOHW D IOFULL DVWIHO FD VIkULWXO SURFHVXOXL GH
DUGHUHVQXGHSHDVFvQO LPHDIRFDUXOXLVHLDvQO LPHDIRFDUXOXL:
hf = 0,250,35 m.
5H]XOWXUPWRDUHOHGLPHQVLXQLDOHIRFDUXOXL
- volumul focarului
-VXSUDID DSHUH LORU
-VXSUDID DHIHFWLYGHUDGLD LH
- gradul de ecranare
s = 3,6
- grosimea stratului radiant :
focar:
D 2
Vf = hf
(m3)
4
D 2
S per = Dh f + 2
(m2)
4
2
D
S R = Dh f +
(m2)
4
S
= R
S per
Vf
S per
(m)
Se caOFXOHD] vQ FRQWLQXDUH FDUDFWHULVWLFD UDGLDQW D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH GLQ
kg =
0 ,8 + 1,6 pH 2O
( pH 2O + pRO2
1 0 ,38 f ( pH 2O + pRO2 )
1000
)s
(3.306)
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.307)
k fl = 1,6
Tf
1000
0,5
(3.308)
a fl = 1 e
k fl s
(3.309)
3RQGHUHDDEVRUE LHLIOFULLFXFHDDPHGLXOXLUDGLDQWGHJD]HGHDUGHre se face

3HQWUXIOFULSX LQOXPLQRDVHGHFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV se poate considera:
129

CAZANE
= 0,2
&RHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULORULJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHOD ia :
a = a fl + (1 ) a g
(3.310)
=0,7 0,9 , pentru combustibil gazos.
af =
0,82 a
a + ( 1 a )
(3.311)
2DOWFDUDFWHULVWLFDIRFDUXOXLHVWHIDFWRUXOGHSR]L LHDIOFULLvQIRFDU
b*
M = aM bM
hf
(3.312)
XQGH SHQWUX FRPEXVWLELO OLFKLG VDX JD]RV L SHQWUX IRFDUH YHUWLFDOH FX IODFU SH
VXSUDID DLQIHULRDU
cu : aM=0,54; bM=0,2; b*/hf = 0,2 vQO LPHDUHODWLYDIOFULL
&XDFHVWHGDWHVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDXUDGHODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL:
Tf =
Tt
Co a f Tt 3 S R
M
(1 qinc )B V g c p
[oK]
0, 6
(3.313)
+1
7HPSHUDWXUDGHLHLUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDUvQoC, este :
tf = Tf -273 [oC]
$FHDVWWHPSHUDXWUYDILGLIHULWGHWf DOHDVvQFDOFXOXOGHDSUR[LPDUH'DF
GLIHUHQ DHVWHPDLPDUHGHFFD.VHUHLDFDOFXOXOFXYDORDUHDWfUH]XOWDDW
GLQ FDOFXOXO ILQDO 'DF HURDUHD HVWH PDL PLF VH FRQWLQX FDOFXOXO FX WHPSHUDWXUD
focarului tf rezuOWDW GLQ FDOFXO L QX VH PDL UHLD FDOFXOXO WUDQVIHUXOXL GH FOGXU OD
VXSUDID DGHUDGLD LH
HYLOH VXQW GLVSXVH vQ LQWHULRUXOFRUSXOXLFD]DQXOXLDDFXPse poate observa
n fig.3.19.
130
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Drumul convectiv esWH GHWHUPLQDW GLQ FDOFXOHOH DQWHULRDUH SULQ XUPWRULL

parametrii :
Qc GHELWXOGHFOGXUFHGDWGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHN:
tf
tFR WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQ HYLODFR) ;
te /ti temperatura apei (0C) .
HYLORUGUXPXULORUFRQYHFWLYHGLQJDPDGH HYLX]XDOHSHQWUXFD]DQHOHGHDSFDOG
42 x 3
di = 36
48 x 3,5
di = 41
54 x 4
di = 46
60 x 4
di = 52
6H FDOFXOHD] QXPUXO GH HYL 1t GLQ FRQGL LD FD YLWH]D PHGLH D JD]HORU GH
DUGHUHVILHwg = 1,5 3 m/s
Debitul de gaze de ardere, la temperatura medie din convectiv t gm =
Dg = B Vg
t gm + 273
273
(Nm3/s)
t f + tcos
2
, este:
(3.314)
6HF LXQHDQHFHVDUGHFXUJHUH
Sc =
Dg
wg
(m2)
(3.315)
1XPUXOpreliminar GH HYL
N t' =
4S c
d i2
(3.316)
DSRL VH URWXQMHWH SDVXO s1 al HYLORU DVIHO vQFkW QXPUXO 11 V ILH XQ QXPU vQWUHJ
acceSWDELOSHQWUXDH]DUHDDOHDV1t = 3, 7, 12, 19 etc.)
6H FDOFXOHD] DSRL YLWH]D JD]HORU vQ VHF LXQHD OLEHU GH WUHFHUH D JD]HORU GH
DUGHUHSHQWUXQXPUXOILQDOGH HYLDOHVNt .
wg =
4 Dg
N t d i2
(m/s)
(3.317)
131

CAZANE
Pentru temperatura media a gazelor de ardere tgm VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ anexa 9,
XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL
(m2/s)
criteriul Prandtl
Pr
(W/mK)
6H FDOFXOHD] FRHILFLHQWXO GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU (c) pentru curgerea gazelor
GHDUGHUHvQLQWHULRUXO HYLORU
QDFHVWFD]OXQJLPHDFDUDFWHULVWLFYDILGLDPHWUXOLQWHULRUDO HYLL di
Criteriul hidrodinamic este:
Re =
w di
(3.318)
3HQWUXFXUJHUHDIOXLGHORUSULQLQWHULRUXO HYLORUUHOD LLOHFULWHULDOe de transfer de

FOGXUVXQW
* pentru Re > 10000
Nu = 0 .024 Re 0 ,8 Pr 0 ,4
(3.319)
* pentru 2300 < Re < 10000
Nu = 0.024 Re0 ,8 Pr 0 ,4 Re
unde
0Re = 1- 6.10 .Re

5
(3.320)
-1,8
* pentru Re < 2300
d
0,0688 i Re Pr
Lt
Nu = 3,65 +
0 ,66
di
1 + 0,045 Re Pr
Lt
(3.321)
Lungimea Lt a tevilor se ia Lt di L OD DFHVW RUGLQ GH PULPH GH YDORUL

LQIOXH DOXQJLPLL HYLLDVXSUDOXLNuHVWHQHJOLMDELO
5H]XO c =
Nu
di
(3.322)
132
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Coeficientul de schimb GHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHPULPLOH

-
WHPSHUDWXUPHGLHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
Tgm=tgm+273 (K);
s = 0,9 di (m);
SUHVLXQLOHSDU LDOHDOHJD]HORUGHDUGHUHWULDWRPLFH pRO2 ; p H 2O
p RO2 =
VRO2
Vg
[bar@L pH 2 O =
pg
VH 2 O
Vg
pg
[bar.]
(3.323)
&RQVWDQWDGHUDGLD LHDJD]HORUVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD
kg =
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
( p H 2O
1 0,38 gm ( p H 2O + p RO2 )
1000
+ p RO2 ) s
(3.324)
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.325)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD
T 3, 6
1 p
Tgm
+1
8 a p
3
r = 5,765 10
a gTgm
(W/m2K)
2
T
1 p
T
gm
(3.326)
XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUE LH DO SHUHWHOXL GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU VH FRQVLGHU
valoarea ap HDYWUDVGHR HOLDUSHQWUXWHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXL HYLL
Tp = t m + 20 + 273 (K)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUSHSDUWHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
1 = c + r
(3.327)
CoeILFLHQWXO GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU 2 pe partea apei, este mult mai mare (de
ordinul miilor de W/m2.vQFRPSDUD LHFX1 (de ordinul zecilor de W/m2K).
UHOD LD
kI =
1
1 + 1
(W/m2K)
133
(3.328)

CAZANE
n care s-a neglijat UH]LVWHQ DWHUPLF1/2).

9DORULOH FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH PXUGULUH pentru gaze de ardere, provenite din
arderea de combustibil gazos, sunt prezentate n tabelul XUPWRU
Viteza w (m/s)
3
6
9
12
15
3
2
5,233 3,837 2,791 2,093 1,628
10 (m K/W)
18
1,395
= 11,21 103 w0 ,6474
(m2K/W)
(3.329)
considera:
0,0163 (m2K/W)
(3.330)
'LIHUHQ DPHGLHGHWHPSHUDWXUVHGHWHUPLQFRQIRUPILJXULL21LUHOD LHL331):
t m =
tf
tmax t min
t
ln max
tmin
(3.331)
6XSUDID D GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU D

convectivului cazanului va fi:
tmax
tma
tc
tmin
Sc =
Qc
= N t d i Lc (m2).
kt m
(3.332)
SC
RezuOWOXQJLPHDFRQYHFWLYXOXL
Sc
Lc =
(m)
(3.333)
Nt di
Fig. 3.21.
Lungimea LcVHURWXQMHWHODo valoarevQWUHDJGHFP
134
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
INTENSIFICAREA TRANSFERULUI DE C/'85&8785%8/,=$725,

'DF OXQJLPHD HYLORU UH]XOW SUHD PDUH FRQVWUXFWLv L/D = 3 4 ) se poate
PULFRHILFLQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUFRQYHFWLY .c SULQLQWURGXFHUHDvQ HYLDXQRU
turbulizatori.
&HLPDLXWLOL]D LVXQWWXUEXOL]DWRULLEDQGvQGRLWVDXWXUEXOL]DWRULLHOLFRLGDOL
7XUEXOL]DWRULL GH WLS EDQG vQGRLW SURGXF R intensificare mai mare a
WUDQVIHUXOXLGHFOGXUODDFHLDLFUHWHUHGHSLHUGHUHGHVDUFLQFXWXUEXOL]DWRULLGHWLS
EDQGHOLFRLGDO
6FKHPDWXUEXOL]DWRUXOXLFXEDQGRQGXODWHVWHGDWvQILJ3.22.
di
p
di
di cos450
pasul relativ: prel = p / di UH]XOW prel = 1,41 WJ
fig. 3.22 Schema turbulizatorului dinEDQGRQGXODW

Intensificarea WUDQVIHUXOXL GH FOGXU SULQ FRQYHF LH VH GHILQHWH FD UDSRUWXO
, .int . vQWUH WUDQVIHUXO GH FOGXU FX WXUEXOL]DWRU L WUDQVIHUXO GH FOGXU IU
turbulizator.
Pentru regim laminar de curgere (Re < 2300) coeficientul de intensificare a
VFKLPEXOXLFRQYHFWLYGHFOGXUHVWHQXPDLIXQF LHGHSDVXOUHODWLYprel :
135

CAZANE
I=
int 2 ,142
= 0 ,3
prel
(3.334)
Pasul relativ este dat n fig. 3.22.

Pierderile relative de sarciQLQGXVHGHWXUEXOL]DWRUVXQW
Srel SS0 = 6,53
(3.335)
n tabelul XUPWRUVHGDXFkWHYDYDORULSHQWUXJUDGXOGHLQWHQVLILFDUHLSHQWUX
SLHUGHULOHUHODWLYHGHVDUFLQIXQF LHGH.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
prel
prel
prel
prel
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------90
1.41
1,93
6,53
125
2,72
1,59
6,53
95
1.54
1,88
6,53
130
3,03
1,54
6,53
100
1,69
1,83
6,53
135
3,41
1,48
6,53
105
1,84
1,78
6,53
140
3,89
1,43
6,53
110
2,02
1,73
6,53
145
4,49
1,37
6,53
115
2,22
1,69
6,53
150
5,28
1,30
6,53
120
2,45
1,63
6,53
155
6,38
1,23
6,53
160
8,02
1,14
6,53
--------------------------------------------------------------------
6H UHPDUF R LQWHQVLILFDUH D WUDQVIHUXOXL GH FOGXU DSURDSH GH Gublare

(la = 90oGDULRSLHUGHUHGHVDUFLQPDLPDUHGHRUL
'H UH LQXW F R PLFRUDUH D XQJKLXOXL GH vQGRLUH D SODWEDQGHORU GXFH OD R
FUHWHUH D WUDQVIHUXOXL GH FOGXU GDU QX L OD R FUHWHUH D SULHUGHULORU GH VDUFLQ
DILUPD LHYDODELOvQGRPHQLXOH[SHULPHQWDWGHXQJKLGHvQGRLUH 1600 ).
Pentru regim tranzitoriu de curgere (2300 <Re < 10000) coeficientul de
LQWHQVLILFDUHDVFKLPEXOXLFRQYHFWLYGHFOGXUHVWHIXQF LHGHSDVXOUHODWLYSrelLGH
criteriul Re:
int
3,3 Re 0 ,2
= 1,26
I=
5
prel
(3.336)
3LHUGHULOHUHODWLYHGHVDUFLQLQGXVHGHWXUEXOL]DWRUVXQW
Srel SS0 =
17
Prel0 ,35 Re 0 ,1
(3.337)
n XUPWRUXOWDEHOVHGDXFkWHYDYDORULSHQWUXJUDGXOGHLQWHQVLILFDUHLSHQWUX
piHUGHULOHUHODWLYHGHVDUFLQ
136
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
prel
Re
90
1.41
100
Srel
prel
Re
Srel
3000
4000
5000
6000
2,02
1,97
1,92
1,88
7,25
7,04
6,89
6,76
95
1.54
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,96
1,90
1,85
1,80
7,15
6,94
6,80
6,67
1.69
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,89
1,83
1,78
1,74
7,05
6,86
6,71
6,58
105
1.84
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,82
1,76
1,71
1,68
6,96
6,77
6,62
6,50
110
2,02
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,76
1,70
1,65
1,61
6,87
6,67
6,53
6,41
115
2,22
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,69
1,63
1,58
1,54
6,77
6,58
6,44
6,32
120
2,45
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,62
1,56
1,52
1,47
6,67
6,48
6,34
6,23
125
2,72
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,55
1,49
1,44
1,41
6,57
6,38
6,24
6,13
130
3,03
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,48
1,42
1,37
1,33
6,46
6,28
6,14
6,03
135
3,41
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,41
1,35
1,30
1,26
6,35
6,17
6,03
5,92
140
3,89
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,33
1,27
1,22
1,18
6,23
6,05
5,92
5,81
145
4,49
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,24
1,18
1,14
1,09
6,09
5,92
5,79
5,69
150
5,28
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,15
1,09
1,04
1,00
5,95
5,78
5,65
5,55
155
6,38
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,05
1,00
1,00
1,00
5,78
5,62
5,49
5,39
160
8,02
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
5,59
5,43
5,31
5,21
,QWHQVLILFDUHD WUDQVIHUXOXLGDFOGXUFRQYHFWLYHVWHFHDPDLPDUHvQUHJLm de
FXUJHUH ODPLQDU L HILFDFLWDWHD VFDGH FX FkW WXUEXOHQ D HVWH PDL ULGLFDW $SDUH DVIHO
UHJXODGHFDUHWUHEXLHVVH LQVHDPDWRWGHDXQDSURPRWRULLGHWXUEXOHQ QXVXQW
HILFDFHvQUHJLPXULGHWXUEXOHQ ULGLFDW
Q UHJLPXUL GHWXUEXOHQ ULGLFDWpromotorii nu fac altceva dect V PUHasc
semnificativSLHUGHULOHGHVDUFLQ
2 DOW UHJXO HVWH F XWOL]DUHD SURPRWRULORU GH WXUEXOHQ GXFH WRWGHDXQD OD
FUHWHUHD SLHUGHULORU GH VDUFLQ vQ FRQVHFLQ calculul gazodinamic al cazanului
WUHEXLHVYHULILFHGDFWLUDMXOSHUPLWHLQWURGXFHUHDSURPRWRULORUGHWXUEXOHQ .
137

CAZANE
3.8&D]DQHDFYDWXEXODUHGHDSILHUELQWHGHWLS&$)
3.8.1. 'HVFULHUHDFD]DQHORUHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQF LRQDUH
6XQWFD]DQHGHUDGLD LHFXSXWHULWHUPLFHPDULLXWLOL]HD]FRPEXVWLELOLOLFKL]L
LJD]RL
&D]DQXOHVWHGHVWLQDWSURGXFHULLGHDSILHUELQWHvQUHJLPGHED] 0C
sau n regim de vrf 110 / 150 0& 6XQW FD]DQH PRGHUQH FX SHUH L PHPEUDQ
DOLPHQWDWHFXDU]WRDUHSHGRLSHUH LRSXLLVXSUDSUHVLXQHvQIRFar.
'UXPXULOHGHJD]HVXQWGLVSXVHSHYHUWLFDO
/D FD]DQHOH PDUL 4 ! 0: VHF LXQHD IRFDUXOXL HVWH PHQ LQXW L FD
VHF LXQH D GUXPXOXL FRQYHFWLY /D FD]DQHOH PDL PLFL GXS IRFDU DSDUH R vQJXVWDUH D
drumului de gaze.
6FKHPDFRQVWUXFWLYDFD]DQXOXLHVWHGDWvQILJXUD3.23.
6
4
5
8
B-B
B
3
2
A-A
Fig. 3.23. Cazan CAF

DU] WRUIRFDUFROHFWRUIDVFLFXOFRQYHFWLYFROHFWRUFRQYHFWLY
OHJ WXU ODFRQHUYXULL]ROD LHWHUPLF
138
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
6LVWHPXO FRQYHFWLY FRQWLQX IRFDUXO SH YHUWLFDO LHVWHIRUPDWGLQSDQRXULGH

EXFOHGH HYLFDUHSRUQHVFDOWHUQDWLYGLQFROHFWRDUHOHGHSHSHUHWHOHGUHDSWDLVWkQJD
6ROX LD FX SHUHWH PHPEUDQ HOLPLQ VROX LLOH VFXPSH L JUHOH GH vQ]LGLUH L
DVLJXUun VFKLPEGHFOGXUSXWHUQLFSULQUDGLD LH
&D]DQXOQHFHVLWRVXSUDID PLFGHDH]DUHLVHGH]YROWPXOWSHYHUWLFDO
3ULQWHPDGHSURLHFWDUHVHLPSXQXUPWRDUHOHGDWH
- GHELWXOGHFOGXUDOFD]DQXOXL
Q (kW) ;
- WHPSHUDWXUDDSHLODLHLUHGLQFD]DQ
te (0C) ;
- temperatura de intrare a apei n cazan:
ti (0C) ;
- FRPEXVWLELO FX FRPSR]L LH ILH XQ FRPEXVWLELO OLFKLG ILH XQ FRPEXVWLELO
gazos)
- FD]DQFXSHUH LPHPEUDQvQFRQVWUXF LHHWDQFXVXSUDSUHVLXQHvQIRFDU
&D]DQXOHVWHGHWLSHWDQFXSHUH LPHPEUDQvQFRQVHFLQ H[FHVXOGHDHUQX
VHPRGLILFSkQODFR'HDOWIHOdUXPXULOHVXQWvQVXSUDSUHVLXQHLGHFLQXSRDWHIL
vQQLFLXQFD]YRUEDGHSWUXQGHULGHDHUIDOVGLQH[WHULRU
Astfel n tot cazanul excesul de aer este = 1,05 1,15.
FRPEXVWLELOXOXL6HGHWHUPLQ VO, Vgo, Hi, p H 2O , p RO2 , VgLVHWUDVHD]GLDJUDPD
I t sau cp t.
3.8&DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO
3HQWUX FDOFXOXO UDQGDPHQWXOXL SH FDOH LQGLUHFW VH FDOFXOHD] SLHUGHULOH
VSHFLILFHGHFOGXU
a. 3LHUGHUHDGHFOGXUSULQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUODFR
)LLQG XQ FD]DQ GH DS ILHUELQWH GHFL FX WHPSHUDWXU relativ MRDV D agentului
termic secundar, se DGPLWHLQL LDORWHPSHUDWXUODFRGDWGHUHOD LDGHDSUR[LPDUH:
tFR = tam + 80 100 (0C); n care temperatura medie a apei este:
t am
te + ti 0
( C)
2
(3.338)
Entalpia aerului de ardere stoichiometric VH FDOFXOHD] OD WHPSHUDWXUDDPELDQW

ta = 20 0C L cpa = 1,2971 kJ/ m 3N K .
I a 0 = Vo c pa t a
(3.339)
139

CAZANE
5H]XOWSLHUGHUHDVSHFLILFODFR
qcos =
1
( I cos 1 I a 0 )
Hi
(3.340)
b. 3LHUGHUHDGHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF
n SURLHFWDUH VH DGPLWH R SLHUGHUH SULQ DUGHUHD LQFRPSOHW FD]DQXO ILLQG FX
HFUDQDUHSXWHUQLF
qch = 0,005
(3.341)
c. 3LHUGHULOH GH FOGXU SULQ DUGHUH LQFRPSOHW GH QDWXU PHFDQLF L SULQ
HQWDOSLDFHQXLL
Combustibilul nefiind de tip solid:
L
(3.342)
qcen = 0;
qmec = 0
d. 3LHUGHULOHGHFOGXUSULQVXSUDID DH[WHULRDUDFD]DQXOXL
)XQF LHde debitul cazanului Q 0:VHFDOFXOHD]
0 ,6569
qext = 4 ,6167 10 2 QMW
(3.343)
e. Randamentul cazanului
(3.344)
DSRLVHFDOFXOHD]LYDORDUHDSURFHQWXDO
% = 100 (%)
(3.345)
f. Consumul de combustibil
Q 103
B=
H i
(3.346)
B* = B deoarece qmec = 0.
3.8%LODQ XOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL
)OX[XOGHFOGXUutil al cazanului este:
FluxulGHFOGXUDGXVGHFRPEXVWLELO:
140
Q (MW)
Qc = B H i
Q = B Vo c pa t a
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Qcos = B I cos
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW Qinc = qch B H i
Qext = qext B H i
FlX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR
Util
Qcomb
Qa
-Q
- Qinc
- Qext
FR
Q = Q'
Q = Q''
1RW Q DFHVW ELODQ q2BHi) s-a scris sub forma: (-BI

IRUPDH[SOLFLW
FR
+ BVocpata), deci
(URDUHDUHODWLYGHvQFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLva fi:
Q'Q"
=
100 (%)
Q'
LVHYHULILFHURDUHDPD[LPDGPLVLELOGH
(3.347)
3.8&DOFXOXOWHPSHUDWXULORULHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX
(QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
I t = H i ( 1 qch ) + V0 c pa t a
(3.348)
apoi sHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHGLQGLDJUDPDI-t: t t = f ( I t , ) .
6HDOHJHWHPSHUDWXUDODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL:
tf = 900 1100 0C
L VH GHWHUPLQ apoi, din diagrama I t, HQWDOSLD JD]HORU OD FDSWXO IRFDUXOXL If =
f(tf,).
FluxulGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLD LHvQIRFDUYDIL
(kW)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUFDUHVHSUHLDvQVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYHVWH
141
(3.349)

CAZANE
Qc = Q QR , cu Q exprimat n (kW)
(3.350)
(QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODVIkULWXO drumului convectiv este:
Ic = I f
Qc
( 1 qext )B
(3.351)
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUDODVIkULWXOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY:
t c = f ( I c , )
(3.352)
Ic = IFRLtc = tFR
LVHDGPLWHURULle relative:
=
=
tabel:
I cos I c
It
t cos t c
tt
100 (%) 0,5%
100 (%) 0,5%
(3.353)
(URUL PDL PDUL LQGLF R JUHHDO GH FDOFXO Q ILQDO VH vQWRFPHWH XUPWRUXO
6XSUDID D
)OX[GHFOGXU
Focar
Temperatura gazelor
intrare
LHLUH
QR
Qc
Convectiv
tc
tf
tf
t
FR
3.8%LODQ XOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL
'HELWHOHGHFOGXUVHWUDQVSXQJUDILFODVFDUGXSPRGHOXOJHQHUDOSUH]HQWDW
n capitolul 2 fig. 2.3. (cu B*=B; QSI=QPA LTmec=qcen=0).
)RFDUXOGHWLSFDPHUGLQSHUHWHPHWDOLFFRQWLQXXDUHXUPWRDUHOHGLPHQVLXQL
h
h
a
a
a
142
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Fig. 3.24. Focarul unui cazan CAF
6HFDOFXOHD]VXSUDID DSUHOLPLQDUGHUDGLD LHvQIRFDUFXUHOD LD
S R' =
cu
QR
T 4 T 4
f
p
5,765 10 3
100 100

Tf = tf +273 (0K)
Tp = tma +20+273 (0K)
t ma =
(m2)
(3.354)
ti + t e
2
dect temperatura medie a fluidului interior.
Se poate calcula S R DGPL kQGXQIOX[UHODWLYXQLWDUqR=30 50 kW/m2
'
S 'R =
QR
(m2)
'
qR
(3.355)
S per = a 2 + 4ah + a
a
ah'
+2
cos
2
(3.356)
cu 10 .
Grosimea stratului radiant de gaze de ardere este:
s = 4
Vf
S per
(m)
(3.357)
kg =
0,8 + 1,6 pH 2O
T
1 0,38 f ( pH 2O + pRO2 )
1000
( pH 2O + pRO2 ) s
6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOJD]HORUGe ardere din focar :
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.358)
143

CAZANE
k fl = 1,6
Tf
1000
0,5
a fl = 1 e
k fl s
(3.359)
GXSFULWHULLH[SHULPHQWDOHFRQVLGHUkQGRSRQGHUHDSU LLOXPLQRDVHDIOFULL
&RHILFLHQWXOGHOXPLQR]LWDWHDOIOFULLHVWH
combustibil gazos
= 0,7
= 0,9
combustibil lichid
SHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLLJD]HORUGLQIRFDU
a = a fl + (1 ) a g
(3.360)
S R'
Gradul de ecranare al focarului este =
S per

Se impune coeficientul de murdULUH alVXSUDIH HORU

=1 combustibil gazos
=0,9 combustibil lichid
&XDFHVWHYDORULVHFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHal focarului:
af =
0,82 a
a + ( 1 a )
(3.361)
2 DOW FDUDFWHULVWLF D IRFDUXOXL IDFWRUXO GH SR]L LH D IOFUii n focar, pentru
combustibil lichid sau gazos:
M = a M bM
cu:
a
Hf
aM = 0,52, bM = 0,3 ,
(3.362)
a
0,2 0,3
Hf
144
(3.363)
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Tt
1 1
T
M2
f
QR
3
SR =
5,765 10 8 Ma f T f Tt 3
(m2)
(3.364)
$FHDVW VXSUDID YD IL GLIHULW GH S R GHWHUPLQDW vQ FDOFXOXO DSUR[LPDWLY
'DF GLIHUHQ D HVWH PDL PDUH GH VH UHLD FDOFXOXO FX YDORUL SHQWUX Vf L Sper
FRUHVSXQ]WRDUHOXLSR.
6HUHFDOFXOHD]dimensiunile reale ale focarului:
'
6XSUDID D HFUDQDW D IRFDUXOXL ILLQG VXSUDID PHWDOLF FRQWLQX JUDGXO GH

ecranare este x = 1 L GHFL SR UHSUH]LQW L VXSUDID D HIHFWLYGHUDGLD LHLVXSUDID D
JHRPHWULF

parametrii :
Qc IOX[GHFOGXU (kW)
temperatura gazelor la intrare (0C)
tf
tFR WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUODLHLUH (0C)
tam temperatura media a apei n cazan (0C)
PenWUX VWDELOLUHD VHF LXQLL GH WUHFHUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH VH DOHJH GLDPHWUXO
HYLORUGUXPXULORUFRQYHFWLYGLQJDPDGH HYLX]XDOHSHQWUXFD]DQHOHGHDSILHUELQWH
24 3, 28 3, 32 3.
PentruFD]DQHOHGHFRQVWUXF LHURPkQHDVFV-DXWLOL]DW HDY 28 3.
'DWRULWIDSWXOXLFVHUSHQWLQHOHSOHDFDOWHUQDWLYGLQFROHFWRDUHGLVSXVHID vQ
ID SDVXOWUDQVYHUVDODO HYLORUSRDWHILPDLPLFILJ
145

CAZANE
s2
s1
Gaze de
ardere
Fig. 3.25. Sistemul convectiv

6HDOHJHSDVXOUHODWLYGHDH]DUHWUDQVYHUVDOD HYLORU
s1
= 1,2 1,5
d
6HFDOFXOHD]DSRLVHF LXQHDOLEHUGHWUHFHUe a gazelor de ardere n ipotezaF
VHF LXQHDEUXWDIRFDUXOXLUPkQHQHVFKLPEDWLvQGUXPXOFRQYHFWLYD a):
s d
d
= a 2 1 (m2)
Scirc = a 2 1
s1
s1
s1 d
UHSUH]LQWUHGXFHUHDVHF LXQLLGDWRULW HYLORU
unde termenul
s
1
(3.365)
Debitul de gaze ce trece prin convectiv este:
Dg = B V g
t m + 273
273
(m3/s)
(3.366)
unde tm este temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere:
tm =
t f + t cos
(0C)
5H]XOWYLWH]DJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
W=
Dg
S circ
(m/s)
(3.367)
'DFYLWH]DJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHvQLQWHUYDOXO 20 (m/s) se poate accepta

DFHLDLVHF LXQHEUXWD a) UH]XOWpentru sistemul convectivFDLSHQWUXIRcar.
146
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
'DF W ! PV FDQDOXO WUHEXLH PULW L VH UHLD FDOFXOXO IRFDUXOXL FX R
VHF LXQHPULW
'DFW < 12 (m/s) canalul convectiv trebuie ngustat. PHQWUXFDOFXOXOvQJXVWULL
VHDOHJHYLWH]DGHFLUFXOD LH
W = (12 20) (m/s)
(3.368)
LVHGHWHUPLQVHF LXQHDOLEHUQHFHVDUGHFXUJHUH
S circ =
Dg
W
(m2)
(3.369)
8QDGLQODWXULOHIRFDUXOXLUPkQHQHVFKLPEDWaLDUFHDODOWVHPLFRUHD]OD
valoarea (a5H]XOWODWXUD
d
Scirc = a a ' 1
s1
S circ
a' =
d (m)
a1
s1
L
(m2)
(3.370)
(3.371)
Pentru temperatura media a gazelor de ardere tm VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ anexa 9,
XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL
(m2/s)
criteriul Prandtl
Pr
(W/mK)
Se alege pasul longitudinal s2 = (1,5 2,5) de6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGH

VFKLPEGHFOGXUc) pentru curgerea gazelor de ardere transversal pe un fascicul de
HYLDH]DWHvQFRUGRQOLQLH
QDFHVWFD]OXQJLPHDFDUDFWHULVWLFYDIL
l=
de
2
(3.372)
Criteriul hidrodinamic:
Re =
cu = 1
Wlc
(3.373)
d e
.
4s1
147

CAZANE
Pentru 10 < Re < 106L3U3L curgere a gazelor de ardere transversal

SHXQUkQGGH HYL
T
Nu1 = 0,3 + Nul2 + Nut2 m
T
p
unde:
0 ,12
(3.374)
0 ,037 Re 0 ,8 Pr
Nul = 0,644 + Re 3 Pr L Nut =
23
0 ,1
1 + 2 ,443 Re Pr 1
Pentru n UkQGXULGH HYL (n = 40 60):
T
1 + ( n 1 )
Nu =
Nu1 m
T
n
p
0 ,12
(3.375)
s2
0 ,3
0,7 s
= 1 1,5 1
2
s
2
+ 0,7
s1
cu
Se determin:
c =
Nu
lc
(3.378)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LH HVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHPULPLOH
-
p RO2 =
VRO2
Vg
pg
[bar@L pH 2 O =
VH 2 O
Vg
Tgm=tgm+273 (K);
pg
[bar.]
(3.379)
s s
s = 1,87 1 + 2 4 ,1 d e
d d
148
(m)
(3.380)
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
kg =
0,8 + 1,6 pH 2O
(p
H 2O + p RO2
1 0,38 m pH 2O + pRO2
1000
s
(3.381)
Coeficientul de emisivitate al gazelor de ardere:
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.382)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHdeterminFXUHOD LD
T p 3 ,6
1
+
1
a
T
r = 5,765 10 8 p
a g Tm3 m
(W/m2K)
2
T
1 p
T
(3.383)
XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUE LH DO SHUHWHOXL VH LD YDORDUHD ap L SHQWUX
T p = t am + 20 + 273
CoeficienWXOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUHVWH:
i = c + r
(3.384)
k=
i
1 + i
(3.385)
n care s-DQHJOLMDWUH]LVWHQ DWHUPLF1/2).

Valorile coeficientului de PXUGULUH pentru gaze de ardere, provenite din
DUGHUHDGHFRPEXVWLELOJD]RVVXQWSUH]HQWDWHvQWDEHOXOXUPWRU
Viteza w (m/s)
3
6
9
12
15
3
2
5,233 3,837 2,791 2,093 1,628
10 (m K/W)
18
1,395
Se pRDWHXWLOL]DLUHOD LDDQDOLWLF
= 11,21 103 w0 ,6474
(m2K/W)
(3.386)
considera:
149

CAZANE
0,0163 (m2K/W)
(3.387)
'LIHUHQ DPHGLHDWHPSHUDWXULORUVHGHWHUPLQFRQIRUPUHOD LHL
t m =
t max t min
t
ln max
t min
(3.388)
Q ILQDO VXSUDID D GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU D GUXPXOXL FRQYHFWLY VH GHWHUPLQ FX
UHOD LD
Sc =
Qc
(m2)
k t m
(3.389)
Determinarea geometriei drumului convectiv se face astfel:

- QXPUXOGH HYLSHXQUkQG ntrSHUSHQGLFXODUSHGLUHF LDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
este:
ntr =
a
a'
sau ntr =
s1
s1
(3.390)
GXSFXPFDQDOXODIRVWQHvQJXVWDWVDXvQJXVWDW
ntrVHURWXQMHWHODYDORDUHDvQWUHDJSDULQIHULRDU
- QXPUXOGHUkQGXULGH HYLnvQGLUHF LDFXUJHULLJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
n=
Sc
ntr d e a
(3.391)
VHURWXQMHWHODYDORDUHDSDUVXSHULRDU
6H UHPDUF IDSWXO F V-D QHJOLMDW SUHOXDUHD FOGXULL GH FWUH SHUH LL PHPEUDQ
limitaWRULDLGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY'HRELFHLVHFRQVLGHUFDUH]HUYGHVXSUDID VHSRW
OXD vQ FDOFXO FD] vQ FDUH LQWU vQ FRPSRQHQ D VXSUDIH HL GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU D
convectivului cazanului Sc.
$H]DUHDQXPUXOui de rnduri nSHYHUWLFDOVHIDFHvQSDFKHte cuprinznd 8,
VDX HYLDGLFVDXEXFOH
3DFKHWHOH QX WUHEXLH V DLE DFHODL QXPU GH HYL SDFKHWXO FX XQ QXPU PDL
PLF GH HYL VHDHD]SULPXOGXSIRFDUGHRDUHFHDUHRFLUFXOD LHLQWHULRDUDDSHL
PDLLQWHQV
'LVWDQ D vQWUH SDFKHte este de (4 8) s2 iar pasul la bucla din mijlocul unui
pachet este de 2 s2SHQWUXDSHUPLWHvQGRLUHD HYLLOD0).
&XDFHVWHGDWHVHFDOFXOHD]OXQJLPHDGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY
150

CAZANE
CAPITOLUL 4
CALCULUL TERMIC AL CAZANELOR DE ABUR
4.1. Calculul termic al cazanului ABA (Agregat Bloc Abur)
'HVFULHUHDFD]DQXOXLHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQF LRQDUH
(VWH XQ FD]DQ LJQLWXEXODU FX WXE GH IODFU L GRX GUXPXUL FRQYHFtive.
)XQF LRQHD]FXFRPEXVWLELOJD]RVVDXOLFKLGLSURGXFHDEXUVDWXUDW
)DFHSDUWHGLQFDWHJRULDFD]DQHORUFXYROXPPDUHGHDS3ULQFLSDOHOHHOHPHQWH
component ale cazanului sunt prezentate n figura 4.1.
11
10
13
12
1
F
6
C1
C2
13
13
7

ntoarcereID
FierEWRUFRQYHFWLY,,&R7DPEXU6XSDSGHVLJXUDQ ,QGLFDWRUGHQLYHO&RQGXFWGHDEXU
$U] WRU7XEGHIODF U DPRWDUH&XWLHvQWRDUFHUHVSDWH)LHUE WRUFRQYHFWLY,&XWLH
Fig. 4.1. Schema conven LRQDODFD]DQXOXLABA

$OLPHQWDUHFXDS
151
4. CALCULUL TERMIC AL CAZANELOR DE ABUR
Cazanul ABA HVWH DOFWXLW GLQWU-un tambur (9) cu diametru mare n interiorul
FUXLDVHDIOVXSUDIH HOHGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUWXEXOGHIODFUFXSHUH LLRQGXOD L
FXUROGHIRFDUL HYLOHGHIXPFXUROGHIDVFicoOILHUEWRUFRQYHFWLYL
ntoarcerea gazelor de pe un drum pe altul se face prin cutii de ntoarcere. Cutia
GH vQWRDUFHUH VSDWH HVWH UFLW FX HYL GH DS LDU FHD GH vQWRDUFHUH ID HVWH
UHDOL]DWGLQWDEOFSWXLWFXPDWHULDOUHIUDctar.
9ROXPXO PDUH GH DS OD VDWXUD LH GLQ FD]DQ DVLJXU R PDUH LQHU LH WHUPLF
DGLFRPDUHFDSDFLWDWHGHDFXPXODUHGHFOGXUFHHDFHRIHUDYDQWDMXOSRVLELOLW LL
pUHOXULLIOXFWXD LLORUGHVDUFLQSULQYDULD LLPLFLGHSUHVLXQHvQWDPEXU
Volumul mDUH GH DS QHFHVLW vQV WLPS vQGHOXQJDW GH SRUQLUH L LQWUDUH vQ
regim.
&D XUPDUH D IDSWXOXL F WRDWH HOHPHQWHOH FD]DQXOXL VH DIO LQ LQWHULRUXO
tamburului, acesta are dimensiuni foarte mari (diametre de 1600 PP L
lungimi de ordinul 1600 4600 PPFHHDFHDQWUHQHD]FRQVXPXULPDULGHPHWDOL
iPSXQHOLPLWDUHDGHELWHORUODFFDWKLDSUHVLXQLORUGHOXFUXODFFDEDU
$VDPEODUHDULJLGvQWUHWDPEXUWXEGHIODFUL HYLGHIXPHOHPHQWHcare se
GLODWGLIHULWGDWRULWWHPSHUDWXULORUGLIHULWHGHOXFUXDQWUHQHD]DSDUL LDvQIXQF LRQDUH
L vQ VSHFLDO OD YDULD iL GH VDUFLQ LQFOXVLY SRUQLUH D XQRU VROLFLWUL PHFDQLFH PDUL
FDUHGXFXQHRULODGLVWUXJHUHDHWDQULORU(OLPLQDUHDvQSDUWHDDFHVWXLLQFRQYHQLHQWVH
UHDOL]HD]SULQXWLOL]DUHDWXEXULORUGHIODFUGHWLSHODVWLF tuburi ondulate LSULQ
ULJLGL]DUHDVXSOLPHQWDUD HYLORUGHIXPvQSOFLOHWXEXODUHSULQ HYLDQFRU
Dh
debitul de abur saturat produs, n t/h sau D=0,278 Dh, n kg/s ;
p
presiunea aburului, n bar ;
ti
temperatura apei la intrare n cazan;
$
titlul de vapori;
compozi LD combustibilului utilzat.
combustibiluOXLLVHGHWHUPLQ V0 , Vg , H i .
'DF IXQF LRQDrea cazanului este cu suprapresiune n focar, coeficientul de
H[FHV GH DHU HVWH FRQVWDQW L HJDO FX FHO GLQ IRFDU FFD SH WRW WUDVHXO
gazelor de ardere.
'DF IXQF LRQDUHD FD]DQXOXi este n depresiune (cu exhautor la evacuarea
JD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHFRVHDGPLWHGHH[HPSOX
f n focar = 1,1 (1)
n fiecare FXWLHGHvQWRDUFHUHVHDGDXJ=0,1.
o
152

CAZANE
5H]XOW
- CI ( 2 ) GXSSULPDFXWLHGHvQWRDUFHUHvQ HYLOe fascicolului convectiv I: 2=1,2 .
- CII ( 3 ) GXSDGRXDFXWLHGHvQWRDUFHUHvQ HYLOHIDVFLFROXOXLFRQYHFWLY,,3 L
HVWHSUDFWLFHJDOFXFRHILFLHQWXOGHH[FHVGHDHUODFRFR).
Fiind VFldare interioar, coeficientul de exces de aer mediu pe un drum este
cel de la intrare.
6HWUDVHD]GLDJUDPHOH,-t sau cp-t.
$FHVWH FD]DQH IXQF LRQHD] QXPDL FX FRPEXVWLELO JD]RV VDX OLFKLG SLHUGHULOH
specifice GHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUmecanic qmecLSULQHYDFXDUHD
produselor solide din cazan qcen sunt nule).
a) 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFGHFOGXUSULQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUde ardere ODFR
)LLQGXQFD]DQGHDEXUIUVXSUDIH HDX[LOLDUHVHDGPLWHLQL LDORWHPSHUDWXU
ODFRGHWHUPLQDWGLQUHOD LD :
t cos t s + 50 +
50
Dh
[0C]
(4.1)
Din diagrama I-WVHDIOYDORDUHDHQWDOSLHLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR
I cos = f ( t cos , cos )

(QWDOSLD DHUXOXL WHRUHWLF GH DUGHUH VH FDOFXOHD] SHQWUX WHPSHUDWXUD DPELDQW
(de exemplu ta=20 0C).
I ao = V0 c pa t a
(4.2)
qcos =
1
( I cos cos I ao )
Hi
(4.3)
b) 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFGHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF
n proiecWDUH VH DGPLWH R SLHUGHUH SULQ DUGHUH LQFRPSOHW FD]DQXO ILLQG FX
ecranare medie)
qch= 0,0010,008
c) 3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQVXSUDID H[WHULRDUDFD]DQXOXL
153
6HSRDWHXWLOL]DUHOD LDH[SHULPHQWDO (2.17) ;
qext = 5,4643 10 2 Dh0 ,6577
(4.4)
SHQWUXFD]DQHGHDEXUIUVXSUDIH HDQH[H
d) Randamentul cazanului
L
(4.5)
% = 100 %
(4.6)
e) Consumul de combustibil
Se admite debitul de purje al cazaQXOXL vQ FRQGL LLOH DSHL ELQH WUDWDWH GH
din debitul cazanului :
(4.7)
Dp=0,03D
Din tabelele de SURSULHW LWHUPRGLQDPLFHDOHaburului (Anexa 4VHGHWHUPLQ
SHQWUXSUHVLXQHDDEXUXOXLSXUPWRDUHOHPULPLL
- WHPSHUDWXUDGHVDWXUD LHWsat
- entalpia aburului saturat uscat i
- HQWDOSLDDSHLODVDWXUD LHL
- HQWDOSLDDSHLODLQWUDUHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHWHPSHUDWXULLti : io=4,186 ti (kJ/kg)
Deoarece aburul are un titlu $HQWDOSLDILQDODDEXUXOXLHVWH
i = i' ' +( 1 ) i'
(4.8)
DHRDUHFHSHQWUXFD]DQHGHDFHVWWLSQXVHXWLOL]HD]LQMHFWRDUHGHFRPEXVWLELO
lichid cu agent de pulverizare aburUH]XOW Winj (YLGHQWLvQFD]XOFRPEXVWLELOXOXL
gazos Winj=0.
'H DVHPHQHD VH LD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH F SHQWUX FRPEXVWLELO OLFKLG VDX JD]RV
qmec LGHFLB*=B .
5H]XOWGHELWXOGHFRPEXVWLELO consumat de cazan:
B=
D( i io ) + D p ( i' io )
Hi
(4.9)
154

CAZANE
Qut = D( i io ) + D p ( i' io )
[kW]
(4.10)
Fluxul deFOGXUDGXVGHFRPEXVWLELO
Qc = B H i
(4.11)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVFXDHUXOGHDUGHUHLGHQHHWDQHLW L :
Qa = B cosV0 c pa t a
(4.12)
Qcos = BI cos
(4.13)
FluxulGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW
Qinc = qch BH i
(4.14)
Qext = qext BH i
(4.15)
5H]XOWWDEHOXOGLQELODQ
Qc
Qa
- QFR
- Qinc
- Qext
Q = Q'
Tabelul 4.1.
Util
Qut
Q = Q''
1RWvQDFHVWELODQ (qFRBHi) s-a scris sub forma: (BIFR-BVoFRcpata ).

6HGHILQHWHHURDUHDUHODWLY:
Q'Q' '
100%
Q'
,DUGDF eroarea este mai PLF de 1% calculul este corect .
155
(4.16)
4.1.5. CDOFXOXOWHPSHUDWXULORULHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX
(QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXIRUPXOD
I t = H i ( 1 qch ) + f V0 c pa t a
(4.17)
DSRLVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHGLQGLDJUDPD,-t : t t = f ( I t , f )
6HDOHJHWHPSHUDWXUDODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL:
tf = 900 1100 0C ,
cu valori mici pentru debite mici. Aceste valori nalte sunt specifice cazanelor cu tub
GHIODFU
6H GHWHUPLQ DSRL GLQ GLDJUDPD ,-W HQWDOSLD JD]HORU OD FDSWXO IRFDUXOXi
If=f(tf,f) .
[kW]
(4.18)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUFDUHVHSUHLDvQVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLY&,L&,,HVWH

Qc = Qut QR
(4.19)
Acest flux convectiv VHvPSDUWHSHFHOHGRXIDVFLFROHDVWIHO
QcI = ( 0 ,7 0,85 ) Qc L QcII = Qc QcI
(4.20)
$FHDVW UHSDUWL LH DSDUH deoarece pe primul drum convectiv temperaturile

gazelor de ardere sunt mai ridicate FHHDFH GHWHUPLQ XQ IOX[ XQLWDU GH FOGXU PDL
mare.
Entalpia gazelor de ardere lDVIkULWXOSULPXOXLGUXPFRQYHFWLYHVWH
I cI = I f
QcI
( 1 qext )B
(4.21)
LGLQGLDJUDPD,-WUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUD
t cI = f ( I cI , cI )
(4.22)
(QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODVIkULWXOFHOXi de-al doilea drum convectiv este :
I cII = I cI
QcII
( 1 qext )B
(4.23)
156

CAZANE
t cII = f ( I cII , cos )
(4.24)
IcII=IFR
L tcII=tFR
Se admit erorile relative :
t =
tcos tcII
100 0,5%
tt tcos
(4.25)
I =
I cos I cII
100 0,5%
I t I cos
(4.26)
L
(URULPDLPDULLQGLFRJUHHDOGHFDOFXOQILQDOVHvQWRFPHWHWDEHOXO
6XSUDID D
)OX[GHFOGXU
Focar
Convectiv I
Convectiv II
QR
QcI
QcII
Tabelul 4.2.
Temperatura gazelor
intrare
LHLUH
tc
tf
tcI
tf
tcI
tFR
= Qut
'HELWHOH GH FOGXU GLQ WDEHOHOH L 2 VH WUDQVSXQ JUDILF OD VFDU FD vQ
figura 2.3 (cu B*=B; Qpa=0; Qsfc=QcI+QcII, Qsi=0; Qec=0; qmec=0; qcen=0) .
GHELWXO GH FOGXU UDGLDQW 4R. Deoarece n calcule intervine gradul de ecranare
= S R LOXQJLPHDGHUDGLD LH s = 4 f , este necesar un calcul interativ. Se
S per
S per
SRUQHWHFXRYDORDUHDSUR[LPDWLY6RFDUHvQILQDOVHYDFRPSDUDFXFHDUH]XOWDW
din calcul SR.
157
9DORDUHDLQL LDO S R poate fi stDELOLWSULQGRXPHWRGH

'
a) Se admite un flux unitar radiant qR =30 50 kW/m2
S R' =
QR
qR
[m2]
(4.27)
E6HFDOFXOHD]VXSUDID DGHUDGLD LHvQIRFDUFXUHOD LDDSUR[LPDWLY
S 'R =
cu
QR
[m2]
T f 4 T p 4

5,765
100 100
(4.28)

Tf = tf+273 [K]
Tp= tsat+273 + (20 40) [K]
)RFDUXOGHWLSWXEGHIODFUDUHXUPWRDUHOHGLPHQVLXQLILJXUD
60
D
LS
LR
L
Fig. 4.2. FocaruOWLSWXEGHIODFUFXSHUH LRQGXOD L

6H DOHJH GLDPHWUXO WXEXOXL GH IODFU GXS PULPHD FD]DQXOXL FRQIRUP
LQGLFD LLORURULHQWDWLYHGLQWDEHOXO
Tabelul 4.3.
Diametru D [m]
0,400 0,600
0,600 0,900
0,700 1,500
Debit Dh [t/h]
0,4 1
14
4 10
158

CAZANE
6HGHWHUPLQOXQJLPHDDFWLYGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUDIRFDUXOXLGLQUHOD LD
D 2
S
'
4
LR =
D
'
R
[m]
(4.29)
preia
S-D FRQVLGHUDW F VXSUDID D FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH fundului focarului
4
FOGXU SULQ UDGLD LH deoarece la cazanele bloc-abur cutia de ntoarcere spate este
UFLWFX HYLGHDS
D 2
9ROXPXOIRFDUXOXL LQkQGVHDPDGHROXQJLPHGHDPRWDUHL = 0,61,2 m

LRJURVLPHGHDPRWDUH =0,060 m , este :
D 2
( D 2 )2
+ Ls
Vf = L
4
4
'
R
[m3]
S per = [ D L'R + ( D 2 ) Ls ] + 2
(4.30)
D2
[m2]
4
(4.31)
Grosimea stratului radiant de gaze este :
s = 3,6
Vf
S per
[m]
(4.32)
kg =
0,1 + 1,6 p H 2O
(p H 2O
1 0,38 f (p H 2O + p RO 2 )
1000
+ p RO 2 ) s
(4.33)
3UHVLXQLOHSDU LDOHDOH gazelor triatomiceVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LLOH

p H 2O =
VH 2O
Vg o + ( f 1)V0
p g [bar] ; p RO 2 =
unde : pg=1 bar.
159
VRO 2
Vg o + ( f 1)V0
p g [bar] (4.34)
ag = 1 e
k g s
(4.35)
k fl = 1,6
Tf
1000
0,5
(4.36)
a fl = 1 e
k fl s
(4.37)
PonderarHD DEVRUE LHL IOFULL FX FHD D PHGLXOXL UDGLDQW GH Jaze de ardere se
IDFH GXS FULWHULL experimentale, FRQVLGHUkQG R SURSRU LH din volumul focarului
RFXSDWGHSDUWHDOXPLQRDVDIOFULL
&RHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULLLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD
a = a fl + ( 1 ) a g
(4.38)
Coeficientul de luminozitate este dat n tabelul 4.4.

)ODFUQHOXPLQRDVGHFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV
)ODFUGHFRPEXVWLELOOLFKLG
Tabelul 4.4.
= 0,2
= 0,6
S R'
=
S per
(4.39)
LPXUGULUHDVXSUDIH HORU
= 0,7 0,9 combustibil gazos
= 0,6 0,7 combustibil lichid
0 ,82 a
af =
a + ( 1 a )
(4.40)
FDFWRUXOGHSR]L LHDIOFULLvQIRFDUSHQWUXFRPEustibil lichid sau gazos, este

GDWGHUHOD LD:
160

CAZANE
M = aM bM
cu :
aM=0,52; bM=0,3L
h
= 0,43
Hf
(4.41)
h
= 0,3 pentru focare orizontale
Hf

2
QR
1
2
3 t 1
SR =
8
3
2 [m ] (4.42)
5,765 10 M a f T f Tt
Tf
M
unde TtHVWHWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHWt+273) [K].
$FHDVWVXSUDID YDILGLIHULWGH S'R GHWHUPLQDWvQFDOFXOXODSUR[LPDWLY'DF
GLIHUHQ DHVWHPDLPDUHGHVHUHLDFDOFXOXOFXYDORULPRGLILFDWHSHQWUX9fL6per
(pentru calcule mai precise efectuate pe calculator aceast GLIHUHQ se impune la
max.1%).
5H]XOWOXQJLPHDDFWLYGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUDIRFDUXOXL:
D 2
SR
4
LR =
D
[m]
(4.43)
4.1.8. Calculul termic al drumului convectiv I

'UXPXO FRQYHFWLY , HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GLQ FDOFXOHOH DQWHULRDUH SULQ XUPWRULL
parametrii :
QcI GHELWXOGHFOGXUFHGDWGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUH[kW] ;
tf
WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLQWUDUHvQ HYL[0C] ;
tcI
temperatura gazelor de ardere la LHLUHGLQ HYL[0C] ;
tsat
WHPSHUDWXUDDSHLODVDWXUD LH[0C];
HYLORUGLQJDPDGH HYLX]XDOH 513; 573; 603; 703,5; 763,5 mm .
Se alege viteza de circXOD LHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQOLPLWHHFRQRPLFH
WI=10 18 m/s
6HF LXQHDGHWUHFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
SI =
B Vg t m + 273
WI
273
[m2]
161
(4.44)
unde:
Vg VHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD:
Vg = Vg o + ( cI 1 )V0
tm este temperatura media a gazelor de ardere :

t f + tcI
tm =
[0C]
2
1XPUXOGH HYLDOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY,
nI =
4 SI
-VHURWXQMHWHODQXPUntreg par
d i2
(4.45)
QILQDOVHUHFDOFXOHD]YLWH]DJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
WI =
B Vg
d i2
nI
4
t m + 273
273
[m/s]
(4.46)
Pentru temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere tm VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ anexa 9,
XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL
[m2/s]
-
criteriul Prandtl
Pr
[W/mK]
DSRLVHGHWHUPLQFULWHULXOKLGURGinamic :
Re =
WI d i
LVLPSOH[XOGHOXQJLPL
3
Cl =
( L / d i )0 ,25
(4.47)
pentru L/di < 80
(4.48)
Cl = 1
pentru L/di > 80
unde L este lungimea cazanului, care se ia HJDOFXcea a focarului.
Se calculeD]DSRLFRHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LH
GDF Re > 10000 :
162

CAZANE
Pr0 ,35
c = 0 ,0263 Cl
Re 0 ,8
di
[W/m2K]
(4.49)
iar n cazul 2300 < RHVHIRORVHWHUHOD LD
Pr0 ,35
c = 0,0263 Cl
Re 0 ,8
di
[W/m2K]
(4.50)
cu
6 105
=1
Re1,8
(4.51)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHPULPLOH
- WHPSHUDWXUPHGLHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH7gm=tgm+273 [K]
- grosimea stratului radiant : s = 0,9 . di [m]
- SUHVLXQLOHSDU LDOHDOHJD]HORUtriatomice n gazele de ardere:
p RO2 =
VRO2
Vgo + ( cI 1 )V0
pg
[bar]; p H 2O =
VH 2 O
Vgo + ( cI 1 )V0
pg
[bar] (4.52)
cu pg 1 bar.
&RQVWDQWDGHUDGLD LHDJD]HORUeste :
Kg =
0 ,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
( p H 2O + p RO2
Tgm
( p H 2O + p RO2 )
1 0 ,38
1000
) s
(4.53)
iar coeficientul de emisie al gazelor de ardere :
ag = 1 e
k g s
CRHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
T
1 p
T
a +1
gm
3
r = 5,765 10 8 p
a g Tgm
[W/m2K]
(4.54)
3 ,6
2
Tp

1
T
gm
XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUE LH DO SHUHWHOXL VH LD YDORDUHD Dp L SHQWUX
T p = t sat + 20 + 273 [K]
163
Coeficientul de WUDQVIHUGHFOGXU pe partea gazelor de ardere va fi :
i = c + r
Coeficientul e (pe partea apei) este mult mai mare (de ordinul miilor de
W/m K) n comparate cu i (de ordinul zecilor de W/m2K).
n aceVWHFRQGL LLFRHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUNHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD
(s-a neglijat 1/e n raport cu 1/i) :
2
kI =
i
1 + i
[W/m2K]
(4.55)
&RHILFLHQWXO GH PXUGULUH pentru gaze de ardere provenite din combustibil

Tabelul 4.4.
Viteza [m/s]
3
6
9
12
15
18
3
2
5,233 3,837 2,791 2,093 1,628 1,395
10 [m K/W]
6HSRDWHXWLOL]DLUHOD LDDQDOLWLF:
= 11,21 103 Wg 0 ,6474 [m2K/W]
iar pentru gaze de ardere provenind din combustibil lichid :
= 0,0163 [m2K/W]
'LIHUHQ DPHGLHGHWHPSHUDWXUVHGHWHUPLQFRQIRUPILJXULLLUHOD LHL
t mI =
t max t min
t
ln max
t min
(4.56)
164

CAZANE
t
tf
tmax
tc1
tsat
SC1
tmin
)LJ'LIHUHQ D medie de temperatur t mI

QILQDOVXSUDID DGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUDGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY,VHGHWHUPLQFX
formula :
S cI =
QcI
k I t mI
[m2]
(4.57)
[m]
(4.58)
LUH]XOWOXQJLPHD HYLORU
LcI =
S cI
d i nI
4.1.9. Calculul termic al drumului convectiv II

Drumul convectiv II HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GLQ FDOFXOHOH DQWHULRDUH SULQ XUPWRULL
parametrii :
QcII IOX[GHFOGXU[kW] ;
tcI
temperatura gazelor la intrare;
tFR
WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUODLHLUH
tsat
temperaturDIOXLGXOXLODVDWXUD LH
Diametrul HYLORUVHDOHJHDFHODLFDSHGUXPXO,GLQPRWLYHWHKQRORJLFH
9LWH]DGHFLUFXOD LHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHVHLDvQOLPLWHOH
WII=8 12 m/s
165
6HF LXQHDGHWUHFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
B Vg t m + 273
WII
273
S II =
[m2]
(4.59)
unde: VgVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD Vg = Vgo + ( cII 1 )V0
tm este temperatura media a gazelor de ardere :
tm =
t cI + t cos
2
[0C]
1XPUXOGH HYLDOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY,,
4 S II
-VHURWXQMHWHODvQWUHJQXPUSDU
d i2
nII =
(4.60)
9D UH]XOWD XQ QXPU GH HYL PDL PLF GHFkW OD GUXPXO , GLQ FDX]D GHELWXOXL
volumic mai mic de gaze de ardere.
'XSVWDELOLUHDQXPUXOXLGH HYLVHUHFDOFXOHD]YLWH]DJD]HORUGHDUGHUH :
WII =
B Vg
d
nII
4
2
i
t m + 273
273
[m/s]
(4.61)
Pentru temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere tm VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ anexa 9
valoriOHXUPWRULORUSDUDPHWULL:
[m2/s]
criteriul Prandtl
Pr
[W/mK]
DSRLVHGHWHUPLQFULWHUiul hidrodinamic :
Re =
WII d i
(4.62)
9DORDUHDVLPSOH[XOXLGHOXQJLPLHVWHDFHODLFDSHGUXPXOFRQYHFWLY,
CI =
3
(L / d i )0 ,25
CI = 1
pentru L/di < 80

pentru L/di > 80
166
(4.63)

CAZANE
6HFDOFXOHD]DSRLFReficientul de sFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LH n ipoteza

Re > 10000 :
Pr0 ,35
c = 0 ,0263 C I
Re 0 ,8 [W/m2K]
di
(4.64)
LDUvQFD]XO5HVHIRORVHWHUHOD LD
Pr0,35
c = 0,0263 CI
Re0,8
di
[W/m2K]
(4.65)
cu
6 105
= 1 1,8
Re
(4.66)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHFDOFXOHD]QXPDLGDF
tm =
tcI + tcos
> 400 0C
2
(4.67)
FD]vQFDUHPHWRGLFDHVWHDFHLDLFDFHDIRORVLWODGUXPXOFRQYHFWLY,VFKLPEkQGX-se
PH O , PRO L Tg .
2
'DFtm < 400 0&HIHFWXOUDGLD LHLVHQHJOLMHD]Lr=0.

Coeficientul de WUDQVIHUGHFOGXU este :
i = c + r
(4.68)
k II =
i
1 + i
[W/m2K]
(4.69)
cXYDORULOHSHQWUXFRHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUHGLQWDEHOXO
'LIHUHQ D PHGLH GH WHPSHUDWXUL VH GHWHUPLQ FRQIRUP VFKHPHL ILJXULL L
UHOD LHL
t mII =
t max t min
t
ln max
t min
(4.70)
167
t
tc1
tmax
tcos
tsat
SC2
tmin
)LJ'LIHUHQ DPHGLHDWHPSHUDWXULORU t mII

QILQDOVXSUDID DGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUDGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY,,VHGHWHUPLQFX
formula :
S cII =
QcII
k II t mII
[m2]
(4.71)
LUH]XOWOXQJLPHDGUXPXOXLconvectiv:
LcII =
S cII
[m]
d i n II
(4.72)
&DOFXOXOGHHFKLOLEUDUHDVXSUDIH HORU
'LQ ILJXUD UH]XOW FRQGL LD FRQVWUXFWLY Fa lungimea focarului
L=LR+LDP V ILH HJDO cu lungimea drumurilor convective (L DFHVWHD HJDOH vQWUH
ele) :
(4.73)
L = LI = LII
Dintr-XQ SULP FDOFXO DFHDVW FRQGL LH QX HVWH vQGHSOLQLW L DWXQFL VH
SURFHGHD]ODRechilibrareDVXSUDIH HORU
168

CAZANE
6H LD vQ SULPXO UkQG FD OXQJLPH D GUXPXULORU FRQYHFWLYH PHGLD UDSRUWDW OD
VXSUDID DFHORUGRXGUXPXUL
nI LI + nII LII = ( nI + nII )Lconv
(4.74)
deci :
Lconv =
nI LI + nII LII
n I + nII
(4.75)
n acest fel s-DPHQ LQXWVXSUDID DGHVFKLPEGDUV-a repartizat altfel ntre cele

GRXGUXPXUL
2 D GRXD HFKLOLEUDUH WUHEXLH IFXW vQWUH OXQJLPHD IRFDUXOXL / L OXQJLPHa
drumurilor convective Lconv .
D 'DF /conv este mai mic dect L, dar mai mare dect LR, atunci partea
IRFDUXOXL FDUH GHSHWH OXQJLPHD FRQYHFWLY VH VFRDWH vQ DIDUD FD]DQXOXL VXE IRUP
de antefocar.
E'DF/convHVWHPDLPLFGHFkW/LPDLPLFFKLar ca LRDWXQFLVHSURFHGHD]
OD VFGHUHD WHPSHUDWXULL OD FR WFR DVWIHO vQFkW QHFHVDUXO GH VXSUDID FRQYHFWLYV
FUHDVFLVDMXQJvQOLPLWHOH/ Lconv LR .
Se poate, GH DVHPHQHD PUL GLDPHWUXO HYLORU FRQYHFWLYHGiVDXLPULYLWH]D
de ciUFXOD LHDJD]HORUIUDVHGHSLOLPLWHOHHFRQRPLFH
c'DF/convHVWHPDLPDUHGHFkW/VHSURFHGHD]ODRULGLFDUHa temperaturii la
FRDVWIHOvQFkWQHFHVDUXOGHVXSUDID FRQYHFWLYVVFDGLVDMXQJOD/ Lconv
LR .
Se poate de asemenea PLFRUD GLDPHWUXO HYLORU FRQYHFWLYH VDXL YLWH]H GH
FLUFXOD LHDJD]HORUIUDGHSLOLPLWHOHHFRQRPLFH
2 DOW PHWRG GH HFKLOLEUDUH vQ DFHVW FD] GDF /conv L) este repartizarea
drumurilor convective pe 3 fascicole.
$FHDVWGLQXUPVROX LH neFHVLWRLQYHVWL LHVXSOLPHQWDUSULQSODFDWuEXODU
FH WUHEXLH SXV OD FDSWXO IRFDUXOXL FD]DQXO GHYHQLQG FX WXE GH IODFU L HYL vQ
prelungire.
6ROX LLOHGHPDLVXVVXQWVROX LLGHHFKLOLEUDUHvQFDGUXOXQXLSURLHFWWHKQLF
/D SURLHFWXO GH H[HFX LH VH PDL LDX vQ GLVFX LH L HOHPHQWHOH HFRQRPLFH DOH
ILHFUHLVROX LL
2 DOW SRVLELOLWDWH GH HFKLOLEUare este aceea n care se iau n considerare
VXSUDIH HOH GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU FX IOX[XULOH GHFOGXUUHVSHFWLYH'DFVHQRWHD]
IOX[XULOHGHFOGXU
169
qf =
Q
Q
QR
; qcI = cI ; qcII = cII
SR
S cI
S cII
[kW/m2]
(4.76)
UH]XOW
D2
QR
q f + D f q f Ls + QcI + QcII
4
L=
D f q f + d ( n I q cI + n II q cII )
[m]
(4.77)
'DF VH UHLD FDOFXOXO GH YHULILFDUH FX DFHVWH GLPHQVLXQL VH UHFDOFXOHD]
Q , Q , Q 'cII LVHGHWHUPLQ t 'f L t 'cI .
'
R
'
cI
&DOFXOXOWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLFX HYLFXLQFOLQDUHPDUHWLS&5

'HVFULHUHDFD]DQXOXLHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQF LRQDUH
&D]DQHOH FX HYL FX vQFOLQDUH PDUH WLS &5 FD]DQH GH UDGLD LH sunt cazane
DFYDWXEXODUH FX GRX WDPEXUXUL XQ GUXP FRQYHFWLY L SUHvQFO]LWRU GH DHU 3URGXF
DEXU VDWXUDW L IXQF LRQHD] FX JD]H QDWXUDOH VDX FX FRPEXVWLELO OLFKLG 3ULQFLSDOHOH
elemente componente sunt prezentate n schema din figura 4.5.
$FHVWHFD]DQHDX HYLOHILHUEWRDUHDOHHFUDQHORULVLVWHPXOXLFRQYHFWLYOHJDWH
GLUHFWODWDPEXUXULLRvQFOLQDUHPHUJkQGSkQODYHUWLFDOLWate. Acest mod de prindere
DVLJXUREXQFLUFXOD LHLQWHULRDUDDSHLLHPXOVLHLvQFD]DQ
QWHKQLFDPRGHUQDXOXDWH[WLQGHUHWRWPDLPDUHFD]DQHOHFX HYi cu nclinare
PDUHFXSHUHWHPHPEUDQDYkQG HYLOHDOWXUDWHVXGDWH cu platbande. Se nlRFXLHWH
DVWIHO ]LGULD JUHRDLH D FD]DQXOXL FX XQ VWUDW WHUPRL]RODQW SURWHMDW FX WDEO L VH
PUHWHVXEVWDQ LDOWUDQVIHUXOUDGLDQWvQIRFDUGHDLFLLGHQXPLUHDGH cazare tip CR).
7HKQLFD VXGXULL DXWRPDWH FX VWUDW SURWHFWRU GH IOX[ VDX vQ FXUHQW GH vQDOW
IUHFYHQ HVWH ELQH SXVODSXQFWLDVWIHOSHUH LLPHPEUDQVXQWHFRQRPLFLLIU
defecte.
(WDQHLWDWHDSHUIHFWvQIRFDUSHUPLWHDUGHUHDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLOLFhid sau gazos
VXESUHVLXQHvQYHGHUHDLQWHQVLILFULLSURFHVHORUGLQIRFDULUHDOL]ULLXQRUYLWH]HPDUL
GHFLUFXOD LHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQdrumurile convective.
*D]HOH GH DUGHUH VFKLPE FOGXU SULQ UDGLD LH vQ IRFDU, parcurg lungimea
IRFDUXOXLLGDWRULWWLUDMXOXLVXQWREOLJDWHVWUHDFvQVLVWHPXOILHUEWRUFRQYHFWLYDe
aici parcurg GLQ QRX OXQJLPHD FD]DQXOXL L VXQW SUHOXDWH GH canalul de colectare L
LQWURGXVHvQ HYLOHSUHvQFO]LWRUXOXLGHDHU/DLHLUHsunt aspirDWHGHFWUH un exhautor
LHOLminate laFR
Astfel de cazane pot produce 5 50 t/h abur cu presiuni de 8 30 bar.
170

CAZANE
12
14
3
hF
hC
lF
1
2
10
7
13
11
HFUDQODWHUDOHFUDQVSDWHILHUE WRUFRQYHFWLYFDQDOJD]HVSUH3$SUHvQF O]LWRUGHDHUWDPEXUVXSHULRU
tambur iQIHULRUFRQGXFWGHDEXUFDQDOGHDHUFROHFWRUHFUDQVSDWHDU]WRUDOLPHQWDUHFXDS13. purje.
)LJ&D]DQFX HYLFXvQFOLQDUHPDUH
7HPDGHSURLHFWDUHLPSXQHXUPWRDUHOHGDWH
- debitul cazanului : Dh [t/h] sau D [kg/s] ;
- presiunea aburului saturat : ps [bar] ;
- titlul aburului: $;
- temperatura apei la intrarea n cazan: ti [0C];
- FRPSR]L LDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLXWLOL]DWOLFKLGVDXJD]RV;
- IRFDUXOIXQF LRQHD]vQVXSUDSUHVLXQHVDXvQGHSUHVLXQH;
- cazaQFXSUHvQFO]LWRUGHDHU;
- temperatura de prHvQFO]LUHD aerului: tpa [0C];
- WHPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXLLQWURGXVvQSUHvQFO]LWRUWa [0C];
&D]DQXO IXQF LRQHD] vQ VXSUDSUHVLXQH L FRHILFLHQWXO GH H[FHV GH DHU HVWH
constant pe traseul gazelor de ardere f = sfc = 1 =1,05 1,15. Coeficientul de exces
GH DHU vQ SUHvQFO]LWRUXO GH DHU SRDWH V FUHDVF PA = 2 = 1 GDF
VXSUDSUHVLXQHD GLQ IRFDU DVLJXU R SUHVLXQH ]HUR VDX QHJDWLY OD LHLUHD JD]HORU GLQ
focar.
171
ConforP LQGLFD LLORU GLQ FDSLWROXO se HIHFWXHD] FDOFXOXO DUGHULL

FRPEXVWLELOXOXL6HGHWHUPLQ V0 , Vg , H i LVHWUDVHD]GLDJUDPHOH,-t sau cp t.
o
$FHVWHFD]DQHIXQF LRQHD]QXPDLFXFRPEXVWLELOJD]RVVDXOLFKLGGHFLTmec=0
LTcen=0) .
a). 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFGHFOGXUSULQHQWDOSLDJD]HORU de ardereODFR
)LLQGXQFD]DQGHDEXUFXVXSUDIH HDX[LOLDUHVHDGPLWHLQL LDORWHPSHUDWXUOD
FR FDOFXODW cu formula H[SHULPHQWDO de optimizare :
tcos 160 +
100 0
[ C]
Dh
(4.78)
Din diagrama I-WVHDIOYDORDUHDHQWDOSLHLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR
I cos = f ( t cos , cos )

(QWDOSLD DHUXOXL WHRUHWLF GH DUGHUH VH FDOFXOHD] SHQWUX WHPSHUDWXUD DPELDQW
ta=20 0C; I ao = V0 c pa t a
1
qcos =
( I cos cos I ao )
Hi
(4.79)
b) 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFGHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF
n proiectare se admite o pierdere prin arGHUH LQFRPSOHW FD]DQXO Iiind cu
HFUDQDUHPDUHLDU]WRUXOGHvQDOWSHUIRUPDQ :
qch = 0,001
c) 3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQVXSUDIe ele exterioare ale cazanului

6HSRDWHXWLOL]DUHOD LDDSUR[LPDWLY
qext = 5,8797 10 2 Dh0 ,5185
pentru cazane de abur cuVXSUDIH HDQH[H
d) Randamentul cazanului
L

% = 100 %
172

CAZANE
e) Consumul de combustibil
$GPL kQGFGHELWXOGHSXUMvQFRQGL LLOHXQHLDSHELQHWUDWDWHeste de 3% din
debitul de abur al cazanului:
Dp=0,03D .
'LQWDEHOHOHGHSURSULHW LWHUPRGLQDPLFHDOHDEXUXOXL(Anexa 4VHGHWHUPLQ
pentru presiunea aburului ps XUPWRDUHOHPULPL
- WHPSHUDWXUDGHVDWXUD LH
- ts
- entalpia aburului saturat uscat - i
- HQWDOSLDDSHLODVDWXUD LH
- i
- HQWDOSLDDSHLODLQWUDUHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHWHPSHUDWXULL ti :
io=4,186ti (kJ/kg)
Deoarece aburul are un titlul cHQWDOSLDILQDODDEXUXOXLHVWH
i = i' ' +( 1 ) i'
(4.80)
Deoarece pentru cazanele de acHVWWLSQXVHXWLOL]HD]LQMHFWRDUHGHFRPEXVWLELO

OLFKLG FX LQMHF Le de abur UH]XOW Winj (YLGHQW L vQ FD]XO FRPEXVWLELOXOXL JD]RV
Winj =0. 'H DVHPHQHD VH LD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH F SHQWUX FRPEXVWLELO OLFKLG VDX JD]RV
qmec LGHFLB* =B .
5H]XOWF:
B=
D ( i io ) + D p ( i' io )
Hi
[u.c.*/s]
(4.81)
*(unitati de combustibil)
Qut = D ( i io ) + D p ( i' io )
(4.82)
FluxulGHFOGXUDGXVGHFRPEXVWLELO:
Qc = B H i
(4.83)
Fluxul de cOGXUDGXVFXDHUXODWPRVIHULF:
Qa = B cos V0 c pa t a
(4.84)
173
)OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVSULQSUHvQFO]Lrea aerului:
QPA = B f V0 c pa ( t pa t a )
(4.85)
Qcos = B I cos
(4.86)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUpierdutSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF :
Qch = qch B H i
(4.87)
Qext = qext B H i
(4.88)
5H]XOWWDEHOXOGeELODQ
Tabelul 4.5.
Util
Qc
Qa + QPA
- QFR
- Qinc
- Qext
Q = Q'
Qut
QPA
Q = Q''
1RW vQ DFHVW ELODQ -q2BHi) s-a scris sub forma: (-BIFR+BFRV0cpata); deci
IRUPDH[SOLFLW
6HGHILQHWHHURDUHDUHODWLY =
Q'Q' '
100%
L VH YHULILF HURDUHD
Q'
PD[LPDGPLVLELOGH 'DFHURDUHDHVWHPDLPDUHH[LVWRJUHHDOGHFDOFXO
&DOFXOXOWHPSHUDWXULLLHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX
(QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXIRUPXOD
I t = H i ( 1 qch ) + f V0 c pa t a
[kJ/u.c.]
DSRLVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHGLQGLDJUDPD,-t :
t t = f ( I t , f ) [oC].
174
(4.89a)

CAZANE
6HDOHJHWHPSHUDWXUDODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL tf = 900 1100 0C aceste valori fiind

normale pentru focare de cazane mari de abur. Se GHWHUPLQ apoi din diagrama I-t
entalpia gazelor de ardere ODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL If =f(tf,f) .
QR = ( 1 qext ) B ( I t I f )
[kW]
(4.89b)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUFDUHVHSUHLDvQVLVWHPXOILHUEWRUvQDQVDPEOXHVWH
Qsf = D ( i io ) + D p ( i' io )
[kW]
(4.90)
iarIOX[XOGHFOGXUFDUHVHSUHLDvQVLVWHPXOILHUEWRUFRQYHFWLYHVWH:
Qsfc = Qsf QR [kW]
(4.91)
Entalpia gazelor de ardere lDVIkULWXOVLVWHPXOILHUEWRUconvectiv este:
I sfc = I f
Qsfc
[kJ/u.c.]
( 1 qext ) B
t sfc = f ( I sfc , sfc )
(4.92)
[0C].
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWGHSUHvQFO]LWRUXOGHDHUHVWH
QPA = B f V0 c pa ( t PA t a )
[kW]
(4.93)
Entalpia gazeORUGHDUGHUHODVIkULWXOSUHvQFO]LWRUXOXLGHDHUHVWH
I PA = I sfc
I PA
( 1 qext )B
[kJ/u.c.]
(4.94)
LGLQGLDJUDPD,-WUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUD t PA = f ( I PA , PA ) [0C].
IPA=IFRLtPA=tFR
LVHDGPLWHURULOHrelative :
I I PA
I = cos
100 (%) 0,5 %
It
L
t =
tcos t PA
100 (%) 0,5 %
tt
(4.95)
(URUL PDL PDUL LQGLF R JUHHDO GH FDOFXO Q ILQDO VH vQWRFPHWH WDEHOXO
centralizator 4.6.
Tabelul 4.6.
175
6XSUDID D
)OX[GHFOGXU
Focar
Convectiv I
Convectiv II
QR
Qsfc
QPA
Temperatura gazelor
intrare
LHLUH
tt
tf
tf
tsfc
tsfc
tFR
'HELWHOH GH FOGXU GLQ WDEHOHOH L VH WUDQVSXQ JUDILF OD VFDU GXS
modelul general prezentat n capitolul 2 figura 2.3 (cu B*=B, QSI=0; Qec=0; qmec L
qcen=0).
)RFDUXOGHWLSFDPHUDUHXUPWRDUHOHGLPHQVLXQL
Sectiunea A-A
0
~500
h h
L
l
A
Fig. 4.6. Dimensiuni focar

Acest calcul are ca scop determinarea suprafH HLGHUDGLD LHSRFDSDELOVSUHLD
GHELWXO GH FOGXU UDGLDQW QR. Deoarece n calcule intervine gradul de ecranare
V
= S R LOXQJLPHDGHUDGLD LH s = 4 f , este necesar un calcul interativ. Se
S per
S per
SRUQHWHFXRYDORDUHDSUR[LPDWLY SRFDUHvQILQDOVHYDFRPSDUDFXFHDUH]XOWDW
din calcul SR.
S R' SRDWHILDSUHFLDWSULQGRXPHWRGH
a) Se admite un flux unitar radiant qR=30 50 kW/m2
176

CAZANE
LUH]XOW
cu :
S R' =QR /qR [m2]
b) Se calFXOHD]VXSUDID DSUHOLPLQDUGHUDGLD LHvQIRFDUFXUHOD LD

QR
S R' =
[m2]
(4.96)
T f 4 T p 4

5,765
100 100

Tf = tf + 273 [K]
Tp = ts + 273 [K]
Pentru alegerea dimensiunilor focaUXOXLVHFDOFXOHD]YROXPXOIRFDUXOXLGLQWURFRQGL LHGHvQFUFDUHWHUPLFYROXPHWULFDGPLVLELO

qv = 150 250
[kW/m3]
(4.97)
LUH]XOW
Vf =
Qc B H i
=
qv
qv
[m3]
(4.98)
Se alege apoi un raport de laturi h (3 4) A
Vf = A h L
LVHGHWHUPLQODWXULOHGLQUHOD LD
/DWXULOH VH URWXQMHVF OD YDORULOH vQWUHJL GH ]HFLPL GH PHWUX 'DF ODWXULOH DX
GLPHQVLXQLSUHDGLIHULWHGHVROX LLOHX]XDOHVHDOHJHDOWvQFUFDUHWHUPLFDIRFDUXOXL
&XQRVFkQGFVXSUDID DSHUH LORUIRFDUXOXLHVWH
A
S per = h" L + h' L + 2
L + 2 A h
cos 6 o
[m2]
LFJrosimea stratului radiant de gaze este :
s = 4
Vf
S per
[m]
(4.99)
sHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
Tf
( p H 2O + p RO2 ) (4.100)
1 0 ,38
kg =
1000
( p H 2O + p RO2 ) s
Valorile lui p H 2O L p RO2 s-au calculat pentru 1 = fFXUHOD LLOH
177
p H 2O =
VH 2O
Vgo + ( f 1 )V0
p g ; p RO2 =
VRO2
Vgo + ( f 1 )V0
p g (4.101)
cu : pg =1 bar.
6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOJD]HORUGe ardere din focar :
ag = 1 e
k g s
(4.102)
T
k fl = 1,6 f 0,5
(4.103)
1000
a fl = 1 e
k fl s
(4.104)
PondHUHDDEVRUE LHLIOFULLFXFHDDPHGLXOXLUDGLDQWGHJD]HGHDUGHUHVHIDFH
GXSFULWHULLexperimentaleFRQVLGHUkQGRSURSRU LHGLQYROXPXOIRFDUXOXLRFXSDWGH
SDUWHDOXPLQRDVDIOFULL - coeficient de luminozitate) .
&RHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULLLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
a = a fl + ( 1 ) a g
(4.105)
cu
= 0,2 SHQWUXIODFUOXPLQRDVGHFRPEXVWLELOJD]RVL
SHQWUXIODFUSURGXVGHFRPEXVWLELOOLFKLG
S R'
=

S per
(4.106)
LPXUGULUHDVXSUDIH HORU
= 0,7 0,9 combustibil gazos
= 0,6 0,7 combustibil lichid
af =
0,82 a
a + ( 1 a )
(4.107)
2 DOW FDUDFWHULVWLF D IRFDUXOXL IDFWRUXO GH SR]L LH D IOFULL vQ IRFDU SHQWUX
combustibil lichid sau gazosVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD:
178

CAZANE
M = a M bM
cu :
harz
H foc
aM = 0,52; bM = 0,3;
(4.108)
harz
1
=FRQIRUPVFKL IRFar .
H foc
3

2
QR
1
SR =
3 t 1 2
8
3
T
M
5,765 10 M a f T f Tt
f
[m2]
(4.109)
unde TtHVWHWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHtt+273) [K].

'
$FHDVW VXSUDID YD IL GLIHULW GH S R GHWHUPLQDW vQ FDOFXOXO DSUR[LPDWLY
'DFGLIHUHQ DHVWHPDLPDUHGH % se reia calculul cu valori modificate pentru

(pentru calcule automateGLIHUHQ DHVWHGHPD[ 1 % ).
6XSUDID D SHUH LORU HFUDQD L VROX LD FX ]LGULH YD IL GLIHULW GH SR datRULW
FRHILFLHQWXOXLVXEXQLWDUGHHILFLHQWDHFUDQHORUGHSHUHWH( ).
Amplasarea ecranelor se face astfel :
a) Ecranul de tavan
(VWH FRQVWLWXLW GLQ HYLOH VHPLvQJURSDWH DOH WDYDQXOXL HYLOH GH HFUDQH OD
FD]DQXOFX HYLFXvQFOLQDUHPDUHDXGLPHQsiunea :
513; 515; 573; 575; 603; 605
Se alege pasul ecranelor :
s
= 1,2 1,8 cu d GLDPHWUXOH[WHULRUDO HYLL
d
Pasul este IRDUWH PLF SHQWUX FD UFLUHD ]LGULHL V VH IDF IRDUWH LQWHQV L
JURVLPHDQHFHVDUa ]LGULHLVILHPLF
$VWIHO OD FD]DQHOH &5 JURVLPHD ]LGULHL IRFDUXOXL HVWH PP ID GH DOWH
cazane la care grosimea ajunge la 300 500 mm.
Din diagrama din figura UH]XOW YDORDUHD FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH HILFLHQ al
ecranului.
179
(ILFLHQ HFUDQGHUDGLD LHGLVWDQ DW
0.9
0.8
X 0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
1
1.5
2.5
3.5
s/d
4.5
5.5
(ILFLHQ HFUDQGHUDGLD LHVHPLvQJURSDW
0.9
0.8
0.7
X
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
1
1.5
2.5
3.5
s/d
4.5
5.5
)LJ'LDJUDPHGHFDOFXOSHQWUXFRHILFLHQ LLGHHILFLHQWDLHFUDQHORU
6XSUDID DHFUDQDWHVWH: S a = A L
1
cos 6 0
(4.110)
b) Ecranul lateral stnga

eVWH vQ FRQWLQXDUHD HFUDQXOXL GH WDYDQ GDU HYLOH Qu mai sunt semingropate ci sunt
GLVWDQ DWHID GHSHUHWHODGLVWDQ Ds =(1,2 1,8)d.
'LQGLDJUDPDILJXULLUH]XOWFRHILFLHQWXOGHHILFLHQ al ecranului.
180

CAZANE
6XSUDID DHFUDQDWHVWH S b
Cu:
= h" L
(4.111)
A
0
h=h+2 tg 6
2
c). Ecranul lateral dreapta
Este un ecran independent, legat la tamburi.
'LQ PRWLYH FRQVWUXFWLYH GLDPHWUXO L SDVXO HYLORU VH SVWUHD] DFHODL FD OD
HFUDQXOVWkQJD7RWXLGDFHVWHQHFHVDUVHSRDWHPULSDVXOQHILLQGLPSXVHFRQGL LL
GHUFLUHD]LGULHL
'LQGLDJUDPDILJXULLUH]XOWFRHILFLHQWXOGHHILFLHQ al ecranului.
6XSUDID DHFUDQDWHVWH S b
Cu:
h=h-2
= h' L
(4.112)
A
tg 60
2
d) Ecranul spate
(VWH XQ HFUDQ OHJDW SULQ GRX colectoare exterioare de tamburi. Montarea lui
DUHvQVSHFLDOUROXOGHUFLUHDSHUHWHOXLGLQVSDWHGDUSRDWHVLOLSHDVF
TotGLQPRWLYHFRQVWUXFWLYHVHUHFRPDQGPHQ LQHUHD diametruluiLSDVului de
DH]DUHGHOD celelalte ecrane de perete.
DinGLDJUDPDILJXULLUH]XOWFRHILFLHQWXOGHHILFLHQ al ecranului.
6XSUDID DHFUDQDWHVWH S b = h L
e) Ecranul ID
(VWH XQ HFUDQ OHJDW SULQ GRX FROHFWRDUH H[WHULRDUH GH WDPEXUL 0RQWDUHD OXL
DUHvQVSHFLDOUROXOGHUFLUHDSHUHWHOXLID DYkQGX-VHJULMVVHSUHYDGVSD LLvQWUH
HYL SHQWUX DPSODVDUHD DU]WRDUHORU 6SD LLOH GLQWUH HYL VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ VFGHUHD
SDVXOXL GH DH]DUH GH R SDUWH L GH DOWD D ]RQHL GH DPSODVDUH D DU]WRUXOXL )RUPD
HYLORUQXYDPDLILGUHDSWci va avea bucle cu ndoiri specifice rezultate constructiv.
6XSUDID DHFUDQDWHVWHDFHHDvLFXFHDDSHUHWHOXLVSDWH
181
n final se vQWRFPHWH un tabel centralizator (4.7) al ecranelor .
Amplasare ecran
Dimensiuni
[m]
Tavan
Perete lateral stnga
Perete lateral dreapta
Perete spate
3HUHWHID
6XSUDID D
Si [m2]
Tabelul 4.7.
6XSUDID DGH
Coeficient de
UDGLD LHSi i
HILFLHQW i
[m2]
S x
i i
7UHEXLHVVHUHDOL]H]H
S x
i i
SR
(4.113)
'DF VH UHQXQ OD VROX LD GH ]LGULH vQ IDYRDUHD VROX LHL GH SHUHWH PHPEUDQ
FDOFXOHOH UPkQ YDODELOH FX SUHFL]DUHD F SHQWUX WRDWH VXSUDIH HOH FRHILFLHQ LL GH
HILFLHQ Di ecranelor devin egali cu 1.
S i xi > S R se va reduce lungimea de ecranare LVDXVHSRDWHUHQXQ D

'DF
la ecranul de fund.
S i xi < S R VXSUDID D SHUH LORU QX HVWH VXILFLHQW SHQWUX DPSODVDUHD

'DF
HFUDQHORU L WUHEXLH DOHV XQ IRFDU PDL PDUH &DOFXOul se reia de la nceput cu o
vQFUFDUHWHUPLFYROXPHWULFqvPDLPLF
'XS VWDELOLUHD PULPLORU JHRPHWULFH DOH HFUDQHORU VH FDOFXOHD] QXPUXO GH
HYL SHQWUX ILHFDUH HFUDQ SULQ vPSU LUHD O LPLL SHUHWHOXL OD SDVXO GH HFUDQDUH s. Se
face apoi RVHF LXne ODVFDUDIRFDUXOXLHFUDQDW
&DOFXOXOWHUPLFODVLVWHPXOXLILHUEWRUFRQYHFWLY
parametrii :
Qsfc IOX[GHFOGXU[kW] ;
temperatura gazelor la intrare;
tf
tsfc WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUODLHLUH
tsat WHPSHUDWXUDIOXLGXOXLODVDWXUD LH
182

CAZANE
HYLORU GUXPXlui convectiv din gama X]XDO GH HYL 603; 573 sau 51 L
pasul relativ transversal
s
= 1,3 1,8 .
d
6H DOHJH LQL LDO GLDPHWUXO HYLORU L YLWH]D GH FLUFXOD LH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH vQ
w=10 15 m/s
limitele economice :
6HF LXQHDQHFHVDUGHWUHFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
BVg t mg + 273
Asfc =
[m2]
w'
273
unde:
(4.114)
Vg s-DFDOFXODWFXUHOD LD Vg = Vg + ( sfc 1 ) V0 .

o
tmg este temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere : tmg =

*HRPHWULFVHF LXQHDGHWUHFHUHOLEHUHVWH
s d
d
h = b' h 1
Asfc = b' 1
s1
s1
LUH]XOWO imea provizorie a canalului convectiv :
b' =
Asfc
d
h1
s1
[m]
t f + t sfc
2
[0C]
(4.115)
(4.116)
b'
LQXPUXOGH HYLSHUkQG n1r = 1 + 2 -VHURWXQMHWHODQXPUXOvQWUHJFHO

s1
mai apropiat. Uzual : n1r = 4 HYL 'DF n 1r este n afara acestui domeniu se
UHFRPDQGUHFDOFXODUHDFXRvQO LPHKGLIHULWDVWIHOnctVVHUHVSHFWHLQWHUYDOXO
5H]XOWO LPHDUHDODFDQDOXOXLFRQYHFWLY b = (n1r + 1) s1 [m]
QILQDOVHUHFDOFXOHD]YLWH]DJD]HORUGHDUGHUH :
w=
B Vg
t mg + 273
273
h (b n1r d )
[m/s]
(4.117)
Pentru temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere tmg VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ DQH[a 9
XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL
183
YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF
criteriul Prandtl
Pr
[m2/s]
[W/mK]
apoLVHGHWHUPLQFULWHULXOKLGURGLQDPLF
Re =
w de
LVLPSOH[XULOHGHOXQJLPL
s1 s2 s1
s
; ; . Pentru 2 se aleg valori de 1,7 2,2.
d e d e s2
de
&RUHF LDGHDH]DUHDIDVFLFROXOXLHVWH
s
c = 2
de
s
c = 1
s2
0 ,15
pentru coridor
1/ 6
SHQWUXHLFKHUFX
SHQWUXHLFKHUFX
c = 1,12
s1
<2
s2
s1
2
s2
6HFDOFXOHD]DSRLFRHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LHODVFOGDUH
WUDQVYHUVDODIDVFLFROXOXLvQHLFKHUvQLSRWH]D
103 < Re < 105
P
t = 0,41 c Re 0 ,6 Pr 0 ,33 r
P
d
rp
c =
0 ,25
N 0,7
t
N
[W/m2K]
(4.118)
(4.119)
'HRDUHFHQXPUXOGHUkQGXULHVWHGHRELFHLN >15; c t .
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD ie este determinat de parametrii :
*
p H 2O L p RO FDOFXOD LvQFDSLWROXOUHOD LDLVHFDOFXOHD]

2
pentru = sfc .
* s grosimea stratului radiant, care va fi :
s s
s = 1,87 1 + 2 4,1 d
d d
184
[m]
(4.120)

CAZANE
0 ,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
kg =
( p H 2O + p RO2
Tmg
( p H 2O + p RO2 )
1 0,38
1000
) s
(4.121)
cu Tmg = tmg + 273 [K]

iar coeficientul de emisie al gazelor de ardere :
ag = 1 e
k g s
(4.122)
Coeficientul de schimb de FOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
r = 5,765 10 8
ap +1
2
3
a g Tmg
T
1 p
T
mg
3, 6
Tp

1
T
mg
[W/m2K]
(4.123)
XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUE LH DO SHUHWHOXL VH LD YDORDUHD ap L SHQWUX
T p = t sat + 20 + 273 [K]
(4.124)
Coeficientul de WUDQVIHUGHFOGXUHVWH:
i = c + r
(4.125)
cu =0,95 SHQWUXVFOGDUHDLPSHUIHFWDIDVFLFROXOXL
k=
i
1 + i
(4.126)
cu valorile SHQWUXFRHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUH din tabelul 4.4.

'LIHUHQ D PHGLH GH WHPSHUDWXUL VH GHWHUPLQ FRQIRUP VFKHPHL ILJXULL L
UHOD LHL
t m =
t max t min
t
ln max
t min
(4.127)
QILQDOVXSUDID DGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUDGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYVHGHWHUPLQFX
UHOD LD
185
Ssfc =
Q sfc
k t m
[m2]
(4.128)
t
tf
tmax
tsfc
tsat
Ssfc
tmin
)LJ'LIHUHQ DPHGLHDWHPSHUDWXULORU
LUH]XOWQXPUXOGHUkQGXULGH HYL
N=
S sfc
d e n1r h
care VHURWXQMHWHODYDORDUHvQWUHDJ
Lungimea drumului convectiv este:
lc = N s2 [m].
Q FD]XO FkQG QXPUXO GH UkQGXUL HVWH 1! HVWH X]XDO V VH vPSDUW n GRX
SDFKHWHIDVFLFROXOFRQYHFWLYFXXQVSD LXGHYL]LWDUHvQWUHHOHGHDSUR[LPDWLYP
n acest caz:
lc = N s2 + 0,5 [m] .
&DOFXOXOWHUPLFDOSUHvQFO]LWRUXOXLGHDHU
3UHvQFO]LWRUXO GH DHU HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GLQ FDOFXOHOH DQWHULRDUH SULQ XUPWRULL
parametrii :
QPA IOX[GHFOGXU[kW] ;
tsfc temperatura gazelor la intrare [oC] ;
tFR temperatura gazelor ODLHLUH[oC] ;
186

CAZANE
ta
tap
temperatura aerului la intrare (ambiant) [oC] ;

WHPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXLSUHvQFO]LWODLHLUH [oC] .
6ROX LD FRQVWUXFWLY QX HVWH OHJDW GH GLPHQVLXQLOH UHVWXOXL FD]DQXOXL FX
H[FHS LDOXQJLPLLFDUHQXWUHEXLHVGHSHDVFOXQJLPHDFD]DQXOXL
3UHvQFO]LWRUXOVHUHDOL]HD]GLQ HYLVFOGDWHvQLQWHULRUGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHL
vQ H[WHULRU WUDQVYHUVDO GH DHU 6H DOHJH XQ GLDPHWUX DO HYLORU vQ JDPD YDORULORU
uzuale :
N222; N252; N322; N382; N422; N452; N542; N572
6HGHWHUPLQDSRLGLDPHWUHOHFDUDFWHULVWLFH
- interior di [m]
- exterior de [m]
3HQWUX FDOFXOXO WUDQVIHUXOXL GH FOGXU SH SDUWHD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH VH DOHJH R
YLWH] wg PVYLWH]UHODWLYPLF,GHRDUHFHVXSUDID DILLQGPDUHSLHUGHULOHGH
sarcince vor rezulta sunt mari.
1XPUXOGH HYLSUHOLPLQDUQHFHVDUvQIDVFLFXOHVWHGDWGHVHF LXQHDQHFHVDUGH
curgere a gazelor de ardere :
B Vg t m + 273
APA =
[m2]
(4.129)
Wg
273
L
A
n' = PA2
(4.130)
d i
4
unde temperatura medie a gazelor este : t m =
LYROXPXOGHJD]H:
t sfc + tcos
2
Vg = Vg o + ( cI 1 )V0 .
[0C]
1XPUXOGH HYLVHUHSDUWL]HD]DSRLILJXUDvQWU-RDH]DUHvQHLFKHUSHXQ

dreptunghi cu raportul laturilor hp=(1,5 2)bp .
s1
s
= 2; 2 = 1,7 2 ,1 ceea ce duce la un pas pe
3DVXO HYLORU VH DOHJH
de
de
GLDJRQDO
s
= 1,2 1,5 .
de
187
s2
s1
bp
s
Directia de
circulatie a aerului
hp
)LJ$H]DUHD HYLORUvQ3$
'LQDH]DUHUH]XOWQXPUXOUHDOGH HYLn.
6HUHFDOFXOHD]DSRLYLWH]DJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
Wg =
B Vg
2
i
d
n
4
t m + 273
273
[m/s]
(4.131)
Pentru temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere tm VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ DQH[a 9
XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL
[m2/s]
criteriul Prandtl
Pr
DSRLVHGHWHUPLQFULWHULXOKLdrodinamic :
[W/mK]
Re =
Wg d i
Valoarea simplexului de lungimi este, lund ca lungime lungimea focarului :
3
pentru L/di < 80
( L / d i )0 ,25
Cl = 1
pentru L/di > 80
Cl =
6HFDOFXOHD]DSRLFRHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LHvQLSRWH]D
VFOGULLLQWHULRDUHLWXUEXOHQ HLVWDELOL]DWH5H10000 :
c = 0 ,0263 Cl
Pr0 ,35 Re 0 ,8 [W/m2K]

di
LDUvQFD]XO5HVHDSOLFLFRUHF LDVXEXQLWDU pentru c :
188
(4.132)

CAZANE
6 105
= 1
Re1,8
(4.133)
CoHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHFDOFXOHD]QXPDLGDF
tm =
t sfc + t cos
2
400 0C
(4.134)
vQ FDUH FD] PHWRGLFD HVWH DFHLDL FX FHD IRORVLW OD VLVWHPXO ILHUEWRU FRQYHFWLY
schimbndu-se p H 2O , p RO2 ,
UDGLD LHLVHQHJOLMHD]Lr=0.
Tm L
Tp =
t m + t ma
+ 273 'DF tm<400
2

g = c + r sau g = c
C efectul
(4.135)
3HQWUX FDOFXOXO WUDQVPLVLHL GH FOGXU SH SDUWHD DHUXOXL VH DOHJH VFhema de
VFOGDUHFXPDLPXOWHWUHFHULFRQIRUPILJXULL
QGLUHF LDSHUSHQGLFXODUSHLQWUDUHDDHUXOXLVXQWQ1 HYL
n1 =
hp
(4.136)
s1
LvQGLUHF LDGHFXUJHUHDDHUXOXLQ2 HYL
n2 =
hp
(4.137)
s2
VLWH]DGHFXUJHUHDDHUXOXLDFHLDLvQWRDWHWUHFHULOHVHDOHJHvQOLPLWHOH
Wa = 5 10 m/s
5H]XOWVHF LXQHDOLEHUQHFHVDUWUHFHULLDHUXOXL
Aa =
B Va f t am + 273
Wa
273
[m2]
(4.138)
cu
t am =
t a + t ap
[0C]
LGHRDUHFHJHRPHWULFVHF LXQHDHVWH
s de
Aa = b l1 1
s1
[m2]
189
(4.139)
sau
UH]XOW
Aa = l1 ( b n1 d e )
l1 =
Aa
s de
b 1
s1
[m]
(4.140)
Canalul de aer este astfel complet deterPLQDWLDUHGLPHQVLXQLOHb x l1 .

Pentru temperatura medie a aerului tamVHGHWHUPLQGLQanexa 9, din coloanele
SHQWUXDHUXUPWRDUHOHYDORUL
[m2/s]
criteriul Prandtl
Pr
[W/mK]
DSRLVHGHWHUPLQFULWHULXOKLGURGLQDPLF
Re =
AER CALD
Wa d i
A
GAZE DE
ARDERE
5
7
s2
7
GAZE DE ARDERE
s1
AER RECE
a VHF LXQHWUDQVYHUVDO
HYLPHWDOLFHWX LQWUDUH
b VHF LXQHORQJLWXGLQDO
LHLUHDJHQWWHUPLFVHFXQGDUDHUFDPHUGHvQWRDUFHUHSHUH L

LHLUHDJHQWWHUPLF primar
(gaze de ardere).
GHVS U LWRULLFDQHSO FLWXEXODUHL]ROD LHWHUPLF WX LQWUDUH
)LJ3UHvQFO]LWRUXOGHDHU
&RUHF LDGHDH]DUHDIDVFLFROXOXLHVWH
s
C = 2
de
0 ,15
pentru coridor
190

CAZANE
1/ 6
s
C = 1
s2
C = 1,12
SHQWUXHLFKHUFX
SHQWUXHLFKHUFX
s1
<2
s2
s1
2
s2
6HFDOFXOHD]DSRLFRHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LHODVFOGDUH
WUDQVYHUVDODIDVFLFROXOXLvQHLFKHUvQLSRWH]D 103 < Re < 105 :
Pr
3 = 0 ,41 C Re 0 ,6 Pr 0 ,33
P
de
rp
c =
0 ,25
[W/m2K]
n2 0,7
3
n2
(4.141)
(4.142)
unde n2HVWHQXPUXOGH HYLvQGLUHF LDGHFXUJHUH.

&RHILFLHQWGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHQXH[LVWvQFD]XODHUXOXL (format
din gaze biatomice).
3HQWUXIDFWRUXOGHVFOGDUHneunifiUPVHDGRSWYDORDUHD =0,95 0,98.
a = c
k =
a g
a + g
[W/m2K]
(4.143)
FXYDORULOHSHQWUXFRHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUH
= 0,70 0,80
pentru combustibil gazos
= 0,65 0,75
pentru combustibil lichid
'LIHUHQ DPHGLHGHWHPSHUDWXULHVWHFRQIRUPVFKHPHL
t m =
t max t min
t
ln max
t min
(4.144)
6XSUDID DGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUQHFHVDUHVWH
S PA =
QPA
k t m
[m2]
191
(4.146)
t
tsfc
tmax
tcos
tap
tmin
ta
SPA
)LJ'LIHUHQ DPHGLHDWHPSHUDWXULORU
*HRPHWULFVXSUDID DGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUHVWH
S PA = ntr l1 d m n
(4.146)
unde dmHVWHGLDPHWUXOPHGLXDO HYLLLDU ntr HVWHQXPUXOGHWURQVRDQHLUH]XOW
ntr =
S PA
d m l1 n
(4.147)
'DFQXPUXOGHWURQVRDQHUH]XOWIUDF LRQDUVHURWXQMHWHODYDORDUHDvQWUHDJ
LPHGLDW VXSHULRDU &KLDU GDF DFHVW OXFUX vQVHDPQ R RDUHFDUH VXSUDGLPHQVLRQDUH a
SUHvQFO]LWRUXOXLGHDHUIDSWXOQXQHFHVLWRUHDMXVWDUHGHRDUHFHVXSUDID DOXFUHD]vQ
FRQGL LL GH PXUGULH PDL LQWHQV L QLFL WHPSHUDWXUD DHUXOXL SUHvQFO]LW QX HVWH XQ
SDUDPHWUXDFUXLYDORDUHDWUHEXLHPHQ LQXWVWULFWODRDQXPLWPULPH
LungiPHDWRWDODSUHvQFO]LWRUXOXLGHDHUHVWH
L = l1 ntr
[m]
(4.148)
$FHDVW OXQJLPH QX WUHEXLH V GHSHDVF OXQJLPHD FD]DQXOXL 6H SRDWH
LQWHUYHQLSHQWUXPLFRUDUHDOXQJLPLi astfel :
- GLDPHWUXPDLPLFDO HYLORU;
- vitez mai mare a aerului ;
- vitez PDLPLF a gazelor de ardere .
6H YHULILF GDF WHPSHUDWXUD SHUHWHOXL HYLL OD FDSWXO FDOG Wsfc, tap) este mai
PLF GH o& 'DF DFHDVW FRQGL LH QX HVWH vQGHSOLQLW VH VFKLPE VROX LD
FRQVWUXFWLYSULQWUHFHUHODFLUFXOD LHHFKLFXUHQW6HUHGLPHQVLRQHD]VFKLPEWRUXOGH
FOGXULDUvQILQDOVHYHULILFvQGHSOLQLUHDFRQGL LHLODDPEHOHFDSHWHQXVHWLHFDUH
HVWHFDSWXOPDLFDOG
192

CAZANE
CAPITOLUL 5
CALCULUL TERMIC AL CAZANELOR

CU CONDENSATIE
5.1. 'HVFULHUHDFD]DQXOXLHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQF LRQDUH
,Q FDGUXO SUHRFXSULORU JHQHUDOH GH HILFLHQWL]DUH HQHUJHWLF D FRQVXPDWRULORU
PLFL L PHGLL GH FOGXU GH]YROWDUHD GRPHQLXOXL FD]DQHORU FX FRQGHQVD LH YLDELOH
WHKQLFLDYDQWDMRDVHHFRQRPLFUHSUH]LQWRGLUHF LHGHPDUHDFWXDOLWDWH
)HQRPHQXO SDUWLFXODU XUPULW HVWH FRQGHQVDUHD YDSRULORU GH DS GLQ JD]HOH GH
DUGHUHSHVXSUDIH HOHGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUDOHFD]DQXOXLvQYHGHUHDH[WUDJHULLFOGXULL
ODWHQWH GH YDSRUL]DUH $VWIHO VH SRDWH WUHFH GH OD SRWHQ LDOXO HQHUJHWLF DO
FRPEXVWLELOXOXLUHSUH]HQWDWGHSXWHUHDFDORULFLQIHULRDUODSRWHQ LDOXOUHSUH]HQWDWGH
SXWHUHDFDORULFVXSHULRDU
,Q YHGHUHD SUHFL]ULL FRQGL LLORU GH DSDUL LH D IHQRPHQXOXLGHFRQGHQVDUHXWLO
vQFD]DQHLFXDQWLILFDUHDHQHUJHWLFDHIHFWHORUVHSRUQHWHGHODDQDOL]DFRQ LQXWXOXL
GHYDSRULGHDSGLQJD]HOHGHDUGHUH(VWHLPSRUWDQWGHSUHFL]DWGHODvQFHSXWFGLQ
gama de combustibili se va studia numai gazul natural (metanul) deoarece n cazul
FRPEXVWLELOLORU OLFKL]L VDX VROL]L GDWRULW FRQ LQXWXOXL GH VXOI LQHUHQW DFHVWRUD
FRQGHQVXO UH]XOWDW DUH XQ FDUDFWHU DFLG FDUH QHFHVLW WUDWUL XOWHULRDUH IFkQG
QHSUDFWLFXWLOL]DUHDvQJDPDGHSXWHULPLFLLPHGLL'HDVHPHQHDQXYRUILDQDOL]D L
QLFL DO L FRPEXVWLELOL JD]RL GH H[HPSOX FRPEXVWLELOLL JD]RL OLFKHILD L GHRDUHFH
FRQ LQXWXO GH YDSRUL GH DS vQ JD]HOH GH DUGHUH HVWH LQIHULRU FHOXL GLQ FD]XO JD]XOXL
metan, fenomenul de condensare fiind dezavDQWDMDW LDU SH GH DOW SDUWH JUDGXO GH
IRORVLUH vQ LQVWDOD LLOH WHUPLFH FDVQLFH HVWH UHODWLY UHGXV 'HVLJXU SDUWLFXODUL]DUHD
PHWRGRORJLHL GH FDOFXO OD DFHWL FRPEXVWLELOL vL YD JVL RSRUWXQLWDWHD SH PVXU FH
VLVWHPHOHGHFRQGHQVDUHYRUFSWDvQYLLWRU o extindere mai mare.
)HQRPHQXO GH FRQGHQVDUH DO YDSRULORU GH DS GLQ JD]HOH GH DUGHUH DSDUH vQ
FRQGL LLOHH[LVWHQ HLXQHLVXSUDIH HGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUFXRWHPSHUDWXUODLQWHUID D
FX JD]HOH GH DUGHUH PDL VF]XW GHFkW WHPSHUDWXUD SXQFWXOXL GH URX al vaporilor de
DS GLQ DPHVWHFXO GH JD]H UHSUH]HQWDW GH JD]HOH GH DUGHUH ,Q FRQFOX]LH SHQWUX
RE LQHUHD HIHFWXOXL WHUPLF XWLO OD FRQGHQVDUH QX VH LPSXQH FRQGL LD GH VFGHUH D
WHPSHUDWXULL JD]HORU GH DUGHUH VXE WHPSHUDWXUD SXQFWXOXL GH URX FL GRDU FRQGL LD
VFGHULL WHPSHUDWXULL VXSUDIH HL GH FRQWDFW VXE WHPSHUDWXUD SXQFWXOXL GH URX
&RQGHQVDUHDDUHHIHFWXWLOGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHHQHUJHWLFGDFVXSUDID DvQFDX]HVWH
XQDGLQVXSUDIH HOHGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUDOHFD]DQXOXL
193
5. CALCULUL TERMIC AL CAZANELOR CU CONDENSATIE
Pentru exemplificarea grafLF D FRQGL LLORU FH GHWHUPLQ DSDUL LD IHQRPHQXOXL
n figura 5.VXQWSUH]HQWDWHFHOHGRXVLWXD LLFHVHSRWvQWkOQLvQVLVWHPHOHFRQYHFWLYH
ale cazanului.

Profil
temperatura
t
Canal curgere
gaze de ardere
Apa
Apa
t perete
Punct de roua
t apa
t perete
t apa
Punct de roua
Gaze de ardere
Gaze de ardere

Fig5.E$SDUL Le condensare
Fig.5.D/LSVFRQGHQVDUH
6WDELOLUHD FX DSUR[LPD LH D ]RQHL XQGH vQFHSH FRQGHQVDUHD VH IDFH LPSXQkQG
FRQGL LD GH DSDUL LH D FRQGHQVULL OD XQ QLYHO DO WHPSHUDWXULL SHUHWHOXL HJDO FX
WHPSHUDWXUD GH URX D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH FX XPLGLWDWH LQL LDO &RQGL LD JHQHUDO GH
condensare este: tper W .
URX
&DQWLWDWHDWRWDOGHFRQGHQVGLQJD]HOHGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]DVWIHO
Cantitatea de H2 n combustibil este:
H2 =
4
16
[kg(H2)/kg(CH4)]
&DQWLWDWHDGHDSSURGXVGHDUGHUHDKLGURJHQXOXLHVWH
H2 O =
18
2
[kg(H2O)/kg(H2)]
&DQWLWDWHDGHDSSURGXVGHDUGHUHDDNJGHPHWDQHVWH
H2O/CH4 =
4 18
= 2,25
16 2
[kg(H2O)/kg(CH4)]
194

CAZANE
'HQVLWDWHDPHWDQXOXLVHFDOFXOHD]GLQUHOD LD
1 kg(CH4) =
22,4
Nm3(CH4) = 1,4 Nm3(CH4)
16
&DQWLWDWHDGHDSSURGXVGHDUGHUHDD1P3 de metan este:

H 2 O 2,25
=
= 1,607
CH 4
1,4
[kg(H2O)/Nm3(CH4)]
(FKLYDOHQWXO vQ FOGXU DO DFHVWHL FRQGHQVUL HVWH LQkQG VHDPD F OD
temperatura de 60 0&FOGXUDGHFRQGHQVDUHHVWHU NFDONJ
Qcond = 623 1,607 = 1001 kcal/Nm3(CH4)
La o FRQGHQVDUH WRWDO D YDSRULORU GH DS GLQ JD]HOH GH DUGHUH FOGXUD GH
FRQGHQVDUH UHSUH]LQW UDSRUWDW OD SXWHUHD FDORULF LQIHULRDU XQ VXUSOXV GH FOGXU
FHGDWGH
4 100 = 11,78 %
&XQRVFkQGFRQ LQXWXOLQL LDOGHYDSRULGHDSGLQJD]HOHGHDUGHUHVHGHWHUPLQ
SUHVLXQHDSDU LDODYDSRULORUGHDSGLQJD]HOHGHDUGHUHSH2OLDSRLWHPSHUDWXUD
SXQFWXOXLGHURXLQL LDOW , GXSRUHOD LHGHDSUR[LPDUHFXRHURDUH
URX
TEMPERATURA DE ROUA A GAZELOR DE

ARDERE FUNCTIE DE PRESIUNEA PH2O
TEMPERATURA PUNCTULUI DE ROUA

FUNCTIE DE EXCESUL DE AER
61
TEMPERATURA PUNCTULUI DE ROUA - TROUA [C]
65
TEMPERATURA DE ROUA [C]
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
0,05
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
1,1
1,2
1,3
EXCES DE AER - ALFA
PRESIUNE PH2O [bar]
195
1,4
1,5
Fig.5.9DULD LDW
URX
IXQF LHGHSUHViuneaSDU LDODYDSRULORUGHDS
Pentru pH2O < 0,18 bar : t
= 44,778 + 67,25219 ( pH2O 0,08 ) 0,6461199
Pentru pH2O > 0,18 bar : t
= 59,969 + 80,5883 ( pH2O 0,18 ) 0,9693625 (5.2)
URX
URX
(5.1)
Alte surse bibliografice ( Remi Guillet 'H OD SRPSH D YDSHXUV GHDX RIHU
UHOD LLHPSLULFHGHOHJWXUvQWUHSUHVLXQHDGHVDWXUD LHLWHPSHUDWXUDGHURX
p H 2O = 14097 ,4 e
t roua =
ln
3928,5
p H 2O
3928 , 5
t roua + 231, 667
231,667
(5.3)
(5.4)
14097,4
$PEHOHVHWXULGHUHOD LLRIHUDFHOHDLYDORULILLQGGHFLFRQFRUGDQWH
In figura 5. HVWH LOXVWUDW JUDILF GHSHQGHQ D GLQWUH WHPSHUDWXUD SXQFWXOXL GH
URXLSUHVLXQHDSDU LDODYDSRULORUGHDSvQJD]HOHGHDUGHUHH[SULPDWH[SOLFLWVDX
implicit prin valoarea excesului de aer.
6ROX LHFRQVWUXFWLYGHFD]DQDFYDWXEXODUFXFRQGHQVDUH
UHDOL]DWGLQ HDYJRIUDW
5HDOL]DUHDFD]DQHORUGLQ HDYJRIUDWGHWDOLXOGH HDYJRIUDWHVWHSUH]HQWDW

n figura 5.3.) aduce avantajul FUHWHULLVXSUDIH HLGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUSHXQLWDWHDGH
OXQJLPH GH HDY vQ FRQGL LLOH PHQ LQHULL OD YDORDUHPLQLPDWHPSHUDWXULLGHSHUHWH
VSUH GHRVHELUH GH VLVWHPHOH GH H[WLQGHUH D VXSUDIH HL GH WLS DULSLRDU OD FDUH
WHPSHUDWXUD VXSUDIH HL SH SDUWHD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH HVWH GLIHULW GH WHPSHUDWXUD
SHUHWHOXL GLUHFW VFOGDW GH DJHQWXO WHUPLF VHFXQGDU 3H OkQJ DFHVW DYDQWDM HVWH GH
PHQ LRQDW FDOLDWHD LQWULQVHF GH SUHOXDUH D GLODWULORU L WUDQVIRUPDUHD FXUJHULL vQ
WUDQVIHUXO GH FOGXU GLQ FXUJHUH WUDQVYHUVDO SHVWH IDVFLFXO GH HYL vQ FXUJHUH SULQ
canale nguste.
6ROX LDFRQVWUXFWLYHVWHSUH]HQWDWvQILJXUD
$OLPHQWDUHD FX DS D FD]DQHORU VH IDFH SH OD SDUWHD LQIHULRDU DVLJXUkQGX-se
DVWIHO FRQGL LD GH FRQWUDFXUHQW FX JD]HOH GH DUGHUH $U]WRUXOFXSUHDPHVWHFLGR]DM
constant aer-FRPEXVWLELODUHIURQWXOGHIODFUVWDELOL]DWSHRVLWGHIRUPFLOLQGULF
UHDOL]DW GLQ ILEUH PHWDOLFH WHUPRUH]LVWHQWH 'DWRULW VXSUDIH HL PDUL GH VWDELOL]DUH
196

CAZANE
OXQJLPHDIURQWXOXLGHIODFUHVWHPLFGHRUGLQXO]HFLORUGHPPSHUPL kQGPRQWDUHD
]RQHLFRQYHFWLYHDSURDSHGHFLOLQGUXODU]WRUXOXL
'DWRULW VWDELOL]ULL SH vPSkVOLWXUD UHIUDFWDU DFHDVWD VH vQFO]HWH OD R
WHPSHUDWXUFXSULQVvQWUHLoC.
b
s
)LJXUD'HWDOLXGH HDYJRIUDWLSULQFLSDOHOHFDUDFWHULVWLFLGLPHQVLRQDOH
*D]HOH GH DUGHUH FH UH]XOW vQ IRFDU SULQ DUGHUHD FRPEXVWLELOXOXL WUDYHUVHD]D
UDGLDO SULPD VHUSHQWLQ DMXQJkQG vQ VSD LXO GLQWUH DFHDVWD L SHUHWHOH H[WHULRU DO
FD]DQXOXL 6SD LXO GH FXUJHUH HVWH FRQVWLWXLW GH XQ QXPU GH FDQDOH GHWHUPLQDW GH
QXPUXOGHVSLUHDOHIRFDUXOXL
8UPHD] FLUFXOD LDD[LDODJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHVWHRVHUSHQWLQDH]DWOkQJ
SHUHWHOH H[WHULRU FDUH IRUPHD] FDQDOH GH FXUJHUH D[LDO vQWUH HDY L SHUHWH
GHWHUPLQDWHGHQXPUXOGHVSD LLJRIUDWHFDUHVHDIOSHRFLUFXPIHULQ GHVHUSHQWLQ
$FHVWWLSGHFXUJHUHDJD]HORUVHvQWkOQHWHODH[WHULRUXOVHUSHQWLQHLLODVHUSHQWLQD
IRUPkQGGUXPXULOHFRQYHFWLYHLDOe cazanului.
*D]HOH GH DUGHUH VWUEDW HYLOH VFKLPEWRUXOXL GH FOGXU DVWIHO GLPHQVLRQDW
vQFkW V DVLJXUH R UFLUH SXWHUQLF D DFHVWRUD L FRQGHQVDUHD YDSRULORU GH DS $SD
FLUFXOvQFRQWUDFXUHQWFXJD]HOHde ardere, iar condensul formatVHVFXUJHFWUHSDUWHD
LQIHULRDU D FD]DQXOXL XQGH HVWH GLULMDW FWUH R FRQGXFW GH FROHFWDUH L HYDFXDW OD
FDQDOL]DUH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQXL VLIRQ FX JDUG KLGUDXOLF *DUGD KLGUDXOLF HVWH
DEVROXWQHFHVDUGHRDUHFHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHvQ]RQDGHFROHFWDUHDFRQGHQVXOXLVXQWvQ
VXSUDSUHVLXQH ID GH PHGLXO DPELDQW L vQ UHJLPXULOH IU FRQGHQVDUH DU UHIXOD SH
traseul de drenaj condens.
197
Fig.5.46ROX LHFRQVWUXFWLYGHFD]DQFX HDYJRIUDW
3HUIRUPDQ HOH FD]DQXOXL JDUDQWHD] XQ HFDUW GH WHPSHUDWXU ntre gazele de
ardere L apa de alimentare de maxim 15oC ceea ce face ca nici n regimurile maxime
GH WHPSHUDWXU DOH FD]DQXOXL oC) gazele de ardere evacuate V QX GHSHVF
80o&'DWRULWDFHVWHLSDUWLFXODULW LVHIRORVHVFWXEXODWXULGLQSODVWLFSHQWUXHYDFXDUHD
gazelor de ardere. Pentru a preveni deteriorarea traseului dH HYDFXDUH OD FUHWHUHD
DFFLGHQWDO D WHPSHUDWXULL JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD LHLUHD GLQ FD]DQ SH WUDVHXO DFHVWRUD
HVWHPRQWDWXQWHUPRVWDWGHVLJXUDQ VHWDWODFLUFD oC.

5.2. Tema de proiectare
Qut
sarcina termiFXWLODFD]QXOXL, n [kW] ;
tal
temperatura apei de alimentare a cazanului [oC] ;
te
temperatura apei la LHLUHDGLQFD]DQ>oC];
Combustibilul utilzat metan.
&DUDFWHULVWLFLOHGLPHQVLRQDOHDOHFD]DQXOXLLDOH HYLLJRIUDWH
198

CAZANE
Prin calcul se YD XUPUL YHULILFDUHD VDUFLQLL WHUPLFH D FD]DQXOXL SHQWUX VROX LD
FRQVWUXFWLYGDWvQLSRWH]DIXQF LRQULLvQUHJLPGHFRQGHQVDUH
FRPEXVWLELOXOXLLVHGHWHUPLQ V0 , Vg , H i .
FXQF LRQDUHDFD]DQXOXLHVWHFXVXSUDSUHVLXQHvQIRFDUFRHILFLHQWXOGHH[FHVGH
aer fiindFRQVWDQWLHJDOFXFHOGLQIRFDUFFD5 1,15) pe tot traseul gazelor de
ardere.
6HWUDVHD]GLDJUDPHOH,-t sau cp-t.
o
5.3. Calculul randamentului terPLFDOFD]DQXOXLLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO

,Q ELODQ XO JHQHUDO DO FD]DQXOXL YD DSDUH UDQGDPHWXO WHUPLF IU FRQGHVDUH
XUPkQG FD HIHFWXO FRQGHQVULL V VH DGDXJH HIHFWXOXL GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU FD XQ
IHQRPHQ VXSUDSXV /D WHPSHUDWXUD OD FR GH FFD 0 0& UDQGDPHQWXO WHUPLF IU
condensare este GH FFD LDU HIHFWXO FRQGHQVULL VH YD DGXJD VXSOLPHQWDU SULQ
WHUPHQXO 4FRQG4FRPEFDUHDUHRYDORDUHGHRUGLQXO 8 %.
$VWIHOvQDQVDPEOXFD]DQXOYDDYHDHILFLHQ DWHUPLF ( ef ) de 103 105 %,

UDSRUWDWODYDORDUHDSXWHULLFDORULFHLQIHULRDUHDFRPEXVWLELOXOXL (Hi) L un randament
( cz ) inferior valorii de 100 % SHQWUX UDSRUWDUHD FRUHFW GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO
ELODQ XOXLWHUPLFODSXWHUHDFDORULFVXSHULRDUa combustibilului (Hs) :
ef =
Qut
100
B Hi
[%]
cz =
Qut
100 < 100
B Hs
[%]
(5.5)
'HRDUHFHFRQFHQWUD LLOHGHR[LGGHFDUERQvQJD]HOHGHDUGHUHODFRVXQWIRDUWH
PLFL GH RUGLQXO XQLW LORU GH SSP QX VH SXQH SUREOHPD FRQVLGHUULL unei pierderi
VSHFLILFHSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF
'H DVHPHQHD GDWRULW VROX LHL FRQVWUXFWLYH GH FHQWUDO FH vQJOREHD] FRUSXO
FD]DQXOXLvQVSD LXOGLQFDUHVHSUHOHYHD]DHUXOGHDUGHUHVHSRDWHQHJOLMDLHIHFWXO
pierderilor specificeGHFOGXUSULQVXSUDIH HOHH[WHULRDUH
'HELWXO GH FRPEXVWLELO VH FDOFXOHD] FX PHWRGD FODVLF SULQ UDSRUWDUHD
GHELWXOXLXWLOGHFOGXUODHILFLHQ LSXWHUHFDORULFLQIHULRDUDFRPEXVWLELOXOXL
B=
Qut
ef H i
[m3N/s]
199
(5.6)
cu varianta de exprimare ca debit orar de combustibil :
Bh=B3600 [m3N/h]
(5.7)
5.4. Calculul termic al cazanului

'HILQLUHDIOX[XULORUGHF OGXU
8UPULQG FLUFXOD LD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH FRQIRUP VROX LHL FRQVWUXFWLYH VH SRW
LGHQWLILFDXUPWRDUHOHIOX[XULGHFOGXUSHQWUXVHUSHQWLQDIRFDU convectiv1:
,QIRFDU]RQDGHDUGHUHLUDGLD LHGRXIOX[XULGHFOGXUUDGLDQWHLDQXPH
IOX[XOGHFOGXUUDGLDWGHVXSUDID DSHUHWHOXLDU]WRUXOXLFDUHVHFDOFXOHD]FD
XQ IHQRPHQ GH UDGLD LH vQWUH XQ FRUS VROLG FX HPLVLYLWDWH FLUFD L LQFLQWD
PDWHULDOL]DW GH VHUSHQWLQ FDUH DUH WHPSHUDWXUD DSHL GLQ VHUSHQWLQ L IOX[XO
GHFOGXUUDGLDWGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHFDUHDXIRVWSURGXVHGHDU]WRULXPSOX
YROXPXOGLQFDPHUDFLOLQGULFGLQWUHDU]WRULSULPDVHUSHQWLQ
,Q]RQDFRQYHFWLYDVHUSHQWLQHLIRFDU
8Q IOX[ GH FOGXU SH FDUH JD]HOH GH DUGHUH vO FHGHD] FRQYHFWLY
VHUSHQWLQHL OD WUDYHUVDUHD SULQ FDQDOHOH HYLL JRIUDWH GLQ ]RQD GH
DUGHUH FWUH SHUHWHOH H[WHULRU DO FD]DQXOXL &XUJHUHD HVWH UDGLDO ID
de axa cazanului.
8Q IOX[ GH FOGXU FHGDW FRQYHFWLY GH JD]HOH GH DUGHUH OD FXUJHUHD
SULQ SRU LXQHD OLEHU GLQWUH H[WHULRUXO VHUSHQWLQHL IRFDU L SHUHWHOH
exterior, n sens axaial al cazanului.
'XS FXP UH]XOW GLQ GHVFULHUHD IXQF LRQDO D FD]DQXOXL FLUFXOD D JD]HORU GH
DUGHUHID GHVHUSHQWLQSRDWHILGHGRXIHOXUL
&LUFXOD LH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH UDGLDO SH R VHUSHQWLQ FD] vQ FDUH JD]HOH GH
DUGHUHVWUEDWvQGLUHF LHUDGLDO HYLOHVSD LXOGHFXUJHUHILLQGFRQVWLWXLWGHXQ
QXPU GH FDQDOH GHWHUPLQDW GH QXPUXO GH VSLUH FDUH FRQVWLWXLH FLOLQGUXO SULQ
FDUHWUHFJD]HOHUDGLDOFD]XOVHvQWkOQHWHODIRFDUXOFD]DQXOXL
&LUFXOD LDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHD[LDOSHRVHUSHQWLQFD]vQFDUHVHUSHQWLQDHVWH
DH]DW OkQJ XQ SHUHWH L VH IRUPHD] FDQDOH GH FXUJHUH D[LDO vQWUH HDY L
SHUHWHGHWHUPLQDWHGHQXPUXOGHVSD LLJRIUDWHFDUHVHDIOSHRFLUFXPIHULQ
GH VHUSHQWLQ FD]XO VH vQWkOQHWH OD VHUSHQWLQD GLQ GUXPXO FRQYHFWLY DO
FD]DQXOXLLODH[WHULRUXOVHUSHQWLQHLFDUHHVWHPUJLQLWGHFPDDH[WHULRDU
a cazanului.
200

CAZANE
Pentru calcul s-D DSOLFDW PRGHOXO GHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUVSHFLILFSHQWUXFDQDOH

de forme necirculare. Deoarece regimul termic al gazelor de ardere nu depinde de
IHQRPHQXOGHFRQGHQVD LHFDUHDSDUHSHXQHOHVHUSHQWLQHFRQGHQVDUHDQXLQIOXHQ HD]
vQ SULQFLSLX WUDQVIHUXO GH FOGXU VHQVLELO FL QXPDL WUDQVIHUXO GH FOGXU ODWHQW L
VFKLPEXO GH PDV 2 XRDU DOWHUDUH D UH]XOWDWHORU VH SRDWH vQV SURGXFH GDWRULW
DFHVWHL LSRWH]H SH GH R SDUWH GDWRULW PRGLILFULL UHJLPXOXL GH WHmperaturi al apei
FDUHSUHOXkQGLFOGXUDGHFRQGHQVDUHGLQJD]HYDDYHDRvQFO]LUHPDLLQWHQVLDUSH
GH DOW SDUWH GDWRULW YDULD LHL YROXPXOXL GH YDSRUL GH DS GLQ JD]HOH GH DUGHUH
'LIHUHQ DGHWHPSHUDWXUSHFLUFXLWXODSHLHVWHvQVUHODWLYUHGXV, maxim 8 % din 20
o
&DGLF o&LQXDOWHUHD]VHQVLELOUH]XOWDWHOHLDUYDULD LDGHSUHVLXQHSDU LDOD
YDSRULORU GH DS GLQ JD]HOH GH DUGHUH QX GXFH OD PRGLILFUL PDMRUH DOH YDORULORU
principalilor parametrii fizici ai acestora.
6H FRQVLGHU GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH JD]RGLQDPLF WUDYHUVDUHD XQLIRUP D
VHUSHQWLQHL IRFDU GH FWUH JD]HOH GH DUGHUH 1XPUXO GH FDQDOH VLPSOH FDUH VH
IRUPHD] HVWH GH FRUHVSXQ]WRU FHORU VSLUH FH GHOLPLWHD] IRFDUXO SULQ ILHFDUH
canal circulnd astfel 1/8 din debitul total de gaze de ardere.
*D]HOH GH DUGHUH GXS WUDYHUVDUHD UDGLDO D VHUSHQWLQHL LQWU SURJUHVLY GLQ
SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO GLUHF LHL D[LDOH vQ VSDWHOH DFHVWHLD $VWIHO GHELWHOH GH JD]H FDUH
VFDOG ILHFDUHVHUSHQWLQvQVHQVD[LDODOFD]DQXOXLUH]XOWGLQDGunarea debitului de
SH VHUSHQWLQD DQWHULRDU FX FHO FH FXUJH SULQ FDQDOHOH UDGLDOH GH JD]H OD QLYHOXO
VHUSHQWLQHLvQGLVFX LH
,Q FXUJHUH D[LDO GLQ SXQFWXO GH YHGHUH DO DQVDPEOXOXL SHVWH SULPD VSLU D
serpentinei 1, vor fi numai 1/8 din debitul de gazeDOFD]DQXOXLSHQWUXDGRXDVSLUD
VHUSHQWLQHL VH PDL DGDXJ SULQ LQWUDUH UDGLDO GLQ GHELWXO GH JD]H DO FD]DQXOXL L
GHFLYDSDUWLFLSDODWUDQVIHUXOGHFOGXUGLQGHELWXOGHJD]HDOFD]DQXOXL
3H XOWLPD VSLU D VHUSHQWLQHL GHELWXO GH JD]H HVte de 7/8 din cel total al
cazanului deoarece 1/8 din debitul de gaze de ardere trece direct din focar n
serpentina 2 prin canalele de traversare.
3HQWUX FRQYHFWLYXO GRL FRQGL LLOH JHRPHWULFH GH FXUJHUH VXQW VLPLODUH FX
SULPXO FRQYHFWLY DGLF DFHDVWD VH GHVIRDU ORQJLWXGLQDO SULQ FDQDOHOH QHFLUFXODUH
IRUPDWHGHJRIUDUHGDWRULWSUH]HQ HLQXUXULORUGHXPSXWXUDWkWvQWUHSHUHWHOHH[WHULRU
L VHUSHQWLQ FkW L vQWUH VHUSHQWLQ L SHUHWHOH LQWHULRU DO FRUSXOXL GHIOHFWRU GRS
ceramic sau metalic).
EfectXODFHVWRUQXUXULHVWHDVWIHOGHRVHELWGHLPSRUWDQWQXDWkWSULQUHDOL]DUHD
GHYLWH]HPULWHFkWSULQVFKLPEDUHDOXQJLPLLFDUDFWHULVWLFHDWUDQVIHUXOXLGHFOGXU
SULQ FRQYHF LH vQ VHQVXO VFGHULL GUDVWLFH GH FLUFD - RUL ID GH FD]XO FXUJHULL
tranVYHUVDOH SHVWH IDVFLFXO GH HYL FDUH DU DYHD FD OXQJLPH FDUDFWHULVWLF GLDPHWUXO
H[WHULRUDO HYLL
&RQYHFWLYXO VH PDWHULDOL]HD] L vQ VXSUDID GH FRQGHQVDUH DWkW GDWRULW
UHJLPXULORU GH WHPSHUDWXUL DOH DJHQ LORU FkW L GDWRULW FDUDFWHULVWLFLORUIXQF LRQDOHFH
DYDQWDMHD]GUHQDUHDSHOLFXOHLGHFRQGHQV
201
3HQWUX FDOFXO FRQIRUP PRGHOXOXL IL]LF DO FXUJHULL VH YRU GHILQL XUPWRDUHOH
zone de calcul conform figurii 5.5.:
3.1 - 3.4
5.3
5.2
5.1
Fig. 5.5. 'LVFUHWL]DUHDVXSUDIH HLGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXULPDV

1. VXSUDID D HYLL JRIUDWH RULHQWDW FWUH D[XO FD]DQXOXL GHWHUPLQDW GH
VHF LRQDUHDFRQYHFWLYXOXLFXXQFLOLQGUXFHWUHFHSULQD[D HYLLHVWHRVXSUDID
VXSXV UDGLD LHL JD]HORU GH DUGHUH GLQ IRFDU L UDGLD LHL VXSUDIH HL VROLGH
cilindriceFDUHPDWHULDOL]HD]DU]WRUXO
2. VXPD VXSUDIH HORU VFDOGDWH GH JD]HOH GH DUGHUH OD VWUEDWHUHD UDGLDO D
serpentinei focar-convectiv 1;
202

CAZANE
3. ILHFDUH MXPWDWH GH VSLU vQ SDUWH vQ ]RQD GLQWUH FRQYHFWLYXO L SHUHWHOH
GHVSU LWRU DYDQVkQG ORQJLWXGLQDO vQ GLUHF LD WUHFHULL GLQ FRQYHFWLYXO vQ
FRQYHFWLYXOSHQWUXILHFDUHVXSUDID vQSDUWHVHPRGLILFGHELWXOGHJD]HGH
DUGHUHFHRVSDOILHFDUHVXSUDID HVWHGHSHQGHQWGHUH]XOWDWHOHGHFDOFXODOH
VXSUDIH HORUDQWHULRDUH
4. serpentina convectivului 2 n ansDPEOXSHQWUXFDOFXOXOWUDQVIHUXOXLGHFOGXU
VHQVLELOGHODJD]HOHGHDUGHUHODDS
5. ILHFDUH VSLU D FRQYHFWLYXOXL SH UkQG GH OD LHLUHD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD FR
DPRQWHvQVHQVXOD[HLFD]DQXOXLSHQWUXFDOFXOXOFRQGHQVULL
Calculul termic al zonei de focar
Calculul termic ncepe prin determinarea temperaturii teoretice de ardere.
Pentru aceasta seLQL LDOL]HD]WHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFODRYDORDUHFXSULQVvQWUHL
2000 o& L SHQWUX YDORDUHD LQL LDOL]DW VH GHWHUPLQ FOGXUD VSHFLILF D JD]elor de
ardere cpg.
6HIRORVHWHUHOD LDGHGHWHUPLQDUH
tt =
H i + Vo c pa t ao
[oC]
(Vgo + ( 1) Vo ) c pg
(5.8)
6H YHULILF GDF WHPSHUDWXUD DVWIHO FDOFXODW HVWH vQWU-un interval de +/- 50 oC
ID GH WHPSHUDWXUD WHRUHWLF LQL LDOL]DW 'DF QX HVWH vQGHSOLQLW FRQGL LD VH
UHLQL LDOL]HD]WHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFLVHUHLDFDOFXOXOSkQODvQGHSOLQLUHDFRQGL LHL
)OX[XULOHGHFOGXUGLQIRFDUVHGHWHUPLQLQGHSHQGHQWDVWIHO
SHQWUX IOX[XO UDGLDW GH VXSUDID D GH VWDELOL]DUH D DU]WRUXOXL FWUH
VHUSHQWLQDIRFDUVHXWLOL]HD]UHOD LD
4
Qaf = C o az S az (Taz4 T per
)
[kW]
(5.9)
unde : Co = 5,7610-5 , FRQVWDQWDGHUDGLD LH6WHIDQ Boltzmann;

az = 0,7 , coefiFLHQWGHDEVRUE LHDOVXSUDIH HLDU]WRUXOXL
Saz sXSUDID DODWHUDODDU]WRUXOXL:
S az = D az L az
[m2]
Taz .YDORDUHX]XDO

203
(5.10)
Tper = tper + 273 = te + 273
[K]
LDU SHQWUX IOX[XO GH FOGXU UDGLDW GH PHGLXO gazos din focar se
IRORVHVF UHOD LLOH VSHFLILFH GHWHUPLQULL FRHILFLHQ LORU GH UDGLD LH vQ
convective LQFLQWH FX OXQJLPH GH UDGLD LH PLF IU UDGLD LH
OXPLQRDV:
tt + t f
t per 10 3
Qgf = rf S f
2
[kW]
(5.11)
unde : rf este coefiFLHQWXOFRQYHFWLYGHUDGLD LHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU;

SfHVWHSURLHF LDSHGLDPHWUXOLQWHULRUDOVHUSHQWLQHLIRFDU:
S f = Dif L f
cu
[m2]
(5.12)
Dif GLDPHWUXOLQWHULRUDOVHUSHQWLQHLIRFDUL Lf lungimea foFDUXOXLvQGLUHF LD
axei longitudinale a cazanului; t f WHPSHUDWXU HVWLPDW D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD

LQWUDUHDvQ]RQDGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUFRQYHFWLYDVHUSHQWLQHLIRFDUWUHFHUHDUDGLDO
conform graficului din figura 5.6.
1750
1700
1650
tg [C ]
1600
a = 1 ,1
a = 1 ,2
1550
a = 1 ,3
1500
1450
1400
1350
6 ,5
7 ,5
8 ,5
9 ,5
B c o m b [N m c /h ]
Figura 5.6. VDORULGHLQL LDOL]DUHSHQWUXWHPSHUDWXUDGHLHLUHD

gazelor de ardere din focar
204

CAZANE
Pentru
r f VHYDIRORVLUHOD LD
T 3, 6
1 per
Tgm
ap +1
3
8
r f = 5,765 10
a g Tgm
[W/m2K]
(5.13)
2
per
1 T
gm
XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUE LH DO SHUHWHOXL VH LD YDORDUHa ap=0,84 L
temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere este:
Tgm = (Tt+Tf)0,5
[K]
(5.14)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOPHGLXOXLJD]RV ag HVWHGDWGHUHOD LD
ag = 1 e
k g s
(5.15)
cu grosimea stratului radiant:
s = 4
Vf
S pf
[m]
(5.16)
unde volumul focarului este:

Vf =
(D if2 D az2 )
Lf
4
[m3]
(5.17)
iarVXSUDID DWRWDODSHUH LORUGHOLPLWDWRULDLIRFDUXOXL este:
S pf = (Dif + Daz ) L f + 2
(Dif2 Daz2 )
4
[m2]
(5.18)
LFRQVWDQWDGHUDGLD LHDJD]HORU
Kg =
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
( p H 2O
Tgm
( p H 2O + p RO2 )
1 0,38
1000
+ p RO2 ) s
205
(5.19)
p RO2 =
p H 2O =
VRO2
Vg o + ( cI 1)V0
V H 2O
V g o + ( cI 1)V0
p g [bar];
p g [bar]
(5.20)
cu : pg 1 bar.
'XSGHWHUPLQDUHDIOX[XULORU4afL4gfVHGHWHUPLQIOX[XOWRWDOGHFOGXU
transmis n focar:
Qf = Qaf + Qgf
[kW]
(5.21)
7HPSHUDWXUDUHDODJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQIRFDUVHGHWHUPLQFX
UHOD LD
t f = tt
Qf
D gN c pg
DgN = BVg
[oC] (cu cpg determinat pentru tgm)
(5.22)
debitul normal de gaze de ardere [m3N/s].
$FHDVW WHPSHUDWXU HVWH FHD FXFDUHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHLQWUvQ]RQDGHWUHFHUH

UDGLDO GLQ IRFDU vQ VSDWHOH VHUSHQWLQHL IRFDU FRQYHFWLYGHQXPLW FRQYHQ LRQDO L
serpentina 1).
Calculul termic al serpentinHLIRFDUODVFOGDUHDUDGLDO

ID GHD[XOFD]DQXOXL
3HQWUX D FDOFXOD IOX[XO GH FOGXU WUDQVPLV GH JD]HOH GH DUGHUH vQ WUDYHUVDUHD
UDGLDO D VHUSHQWLQHL HVWH QHFHVDU LQL LDOL]DUHD WHPSHUDWXULL GH LHLUH D JD]HORU GH
DUGHUH GLQ WUDYHUVDUHD UDGLDO (tr) la valoarea de 500 o& L GHWHUPLQDUHD SDUDPHWULORU
fizici ai gazelor de ardere la t mr =
-
tf + tr
:
2
criteriul Prandtl
FOGXUVSHFLILF
=
=
Pr =
cpg =
206
[m2/s]
[W/mK]
[-]
[J/m3NK]

CAZANE
&RQYHF LD OD WUDYHUVDUHD WUDQVYHUVDO D VHUSHQWLQHL DUH XUPWRDUHOH

caracteristici:
- FRQYHF LHIRU DW
- IUVFKLPEDUHGHID]
- FXUJHUHWUDQVYHUVDOSHVWH HYLJRIUDWHDOWXUDWH
- ODUFLUHDIOXLGXOXL
0ULPLOHJHRPHWULFHLPSOLFDWHvQDFHDVWFRQYHF LHVXQt:
- lungimeaFDUDFWHULVWLF= GLDPHWUXOKLGUDXOXLFDOFDQDOHORUFHVHIRUPHD]
SULQ DOWXUDUHD HYLORU JRIUDWH FRQIRUP ILJXULL 5.3.; DFHDVW OXQJLPH VH
SRDWHDSUR[LPDFXO LPHFDQDO
-
VHF LXQHD GH FXUJHUH UDGLDO, conform figurii 5.4. este (Scr) = suma
VHF LXQLLSHGLUH LDSHUSHQGLFXODUFXUJHULLDWXWXURUFDQDOHORUGHFXUJHUH
IRUPDWHSULQDOWXUDUHDVSLUHORUGLQVHUSHQWLQD
S ctr = S c / ml Dmf nt1 [m2]
(5.23)
unde Sc/mlHVWHVHF LXQHDGHFXUJHUHWUDQVYHUVDOSHXQPHWUXGHOXQJLPH

GH HDYJRIUDWLDUQt1HVWHQXPUXOGHVSLUHDOVHUSHQWLQHL
-
VXSUDID D GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU vQ FXUJHUHD UDGLDO 6scr MXPWDWH GLQ
VXSUDID DWRWDOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUDVHUSHQWLQHLGHRDUHFHVHFRQVLGHU
FRQYHF LDODWUHFHUHDUDGLDOFDDF LRQkQGGHODID DLQWHULRDUa serpentinei
FWUH IRFDU SkQ OD LQWHUVHF LD FX MHWXO GLQ VSDWHOH VHUSHQWLQHL DGLF vQ
VHF LXQHDGHGLDPHWUXPHGLXal serpentinei:
S scr =
1
S t / ml Dmf nt1
2
[m2]
(5.24)
unde St/ml HVWH VXSUDID D GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU SH XQPHWUXGHlungime
GH HDYJRIUDW
6HGHWHUPLQYLWH]DFDUDFWHULVWLFWUDQVIHUXOXLGHFOGXU
wgr =
DgN
t mr + 273
273 [m/s]
S ctr
(5.25)
unde DgN este debitul normal de gaze de ardere

LFULWHULXO5HSHQWUXFXUJHUH
207
Re =
wgr l c
Pentru determLQDUHDFRHILFLHQWXOXLGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUFRQYHFWLYla trecerea
UDGLDO cr ) VHIRORVHVFUHOD LLOH

Pentru Re > 2300 :
cu:
cr
= 0,024 1 + c
lc
de
2

3
Re 0,8 Pr 0,33 Re

Re
6 10 5
= 1
SHQWUX5HL Re = 1 pentru Re >10000,
Re1,8
[W/m2K]
(5.26)
unde de HVWHGLDPHWUXOH[WHULRUDO HYLLJRIUDWH

Pentru Re < 2300 :
cr
l
0,0668 c Re Pr
de
= 3,65 +
2
lc

lc
3
1 + 0,04 Re Pr
de
[W/m2K]
(5.27)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHQHJOLMHD]GDWRULWOXQJLPLL
GHUDGLD LHIRDUWHPLFLGHRUGLQXOGHschiderii dintre gofre).
$VWIHOFRHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHWUDVIHUGHFOGXUvQWUHFHUHDUDGLDOGHYLQH
K cr = 0,9 cr
[W/m2K]
(5.28)
XQGHHVWHXQFRHILFLHQWGHUHGXFHUHFH LQHVHDPDGHUH]LVWHQ DWHUPLFGH

tip conductiv a peretelui mHWDOLF L GH UH]LVWHQ D WHUPLF GH WLS FRQYHFWLY SH SDUWHD
apei.
6H GHWHUPLQ WHPSHUDWXUD UHDO GH LHLUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH GXS WUHFHUHD
UDGLDOSHVWHVHUSHQWLQFXUHOD LDGHYHULILFDUH
208

CAZANE
t r = t am + (t f t am ) e
K cr S scr
DgN c pg
[oC]
(5.29)
unde tam este temperatura medie a agentului secundar (apa).

5H]XOWIOX[XOGHFOGXUWUDQVPLVvQWUHFHUHDUDGLDODJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
Qr = DgN c pg (t f t r ) 10 3
[kW]
(5.30)
&DOFXOXOWHUPLFDOVHUSHQWLQHLIRFDUODVF OGDUHDORQJLWXGLQDO
ID GHD[XOFD]DQXOXL
Cunoscnd WHPSHUDWXUD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD LHLUHD GLQ WUHFHUHD UDGLDO L
GHELWXOGHJD]HGHDUGHUHvQFXUJHUHDORQJLWXGLQDOID GHD[DFD]DQXOXLGLQVSDWHOH
SULPHLVSLUHDVHUSHQWLQHLVHSRDWHFDOFXODWUDQVIHUXOGHFOGXUFRQYHFWLYFHUH]XOW
Pentru a cDOFXOD DFHVW IOX[ GH FOGXU VH LQL LDOL]HD] WHPSHUDWXUD GH LHLUH D
gazelor de ardere ODVIkULWXOWUDQVIHUXOXLGHFOGXU SHVWHSULPDVSLUWs1) la valoarea
de 200 o&Lse determiQ parametrii fizici ai gazelor de ardere la t ml =

-
vkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF
criteriul Prandtl
FOGXUVSHFLILF
=
=
Pr =
cpg =
[m2/s]
[W/mK]
[-]
[J/m3NK]
t r + t s1
:
2
&RQYHF LDDUHXUPWRDUHOHFDUDFWHULVWLFL
- FRQYHF LHIRU DW
- IUVFKLPEDUHGHID]
- FXUJHUHWUDQVYHUVDOSHVWH eDY gofrat PUJLQLWGHSHUHWH;
- ODUFLUHDIOXLGXOXL
0ULPLOHJHRPHWULFHLPSOLFDWHvQDFHDVWFRQYHF LHVXQW
- OXQJLPHDFDUDFWHULVWLF GLDPHWUXOKLGUDXOXLFDOFDQDOHORUFHVHIRUPHD]
ntre Hava gofratLSHUHWH, conform figurii 5.5.; DFHDVWOXQJLme se poate
DSUR[LPDFXO LPHa canalului (lcanal Kcanal).
209
b
Dint
h=a/2
Figura 5.7. Formarea canalelor de trecere la serpentina 1

-
VHF LXQHD GH FXUJHUH 6c VXPD VHF LXQLL SH GLUH LD SHUSHQGLFXODU
curgerii, a tuturor canalelor de curgere formate:
S c = 0,5 S c / ml D mf
-
[m2]
(5.31)
VXSUDID D GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU vQ FXUJHUHD UDGLDO 6scr MXPWDWH GLQ
VXSUDID D WRWDO GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU D spirei GHRDUHFH VH FRQVLGHU
FRQYHF LD de OD WUHFHUHD UDGLDO SkQ OD LQWHUVHF LD FX XUPWRUXO jet din
FXUJHUH UDGLDO (DGLF SkQ n XUPWRDUHD VHF LXQH GH GLDPHWUX PHGLX D
serpentinei):
S sc = 0,5 S t / ml Dmf
[m2]
(5.32)
wg =
Dg
t ml + 273
273
Sc
[m/s]
unde Dg este debitul normal de gaze de ardere prin spatele spirei 1

LFULWHULXO5HSHQWUXFXUJHUH Re =
wg lc
210
(5.33)

CAZANE
3HQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDFRHILFLHQWXOXLGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUFRQYHFWLYVHIRORVHVF
UHOD LLOH (5.26) sau (5.27).
Coeficientul deWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHQHJOLMHD]GDWRULWOXQJLPLL
GHUDGLD LHIRDUWHPLFLGHRUGLQXOGHVFKLGHULLGLQWUHJRIUH
$VWIHOFRHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHWUDVIHUGHFOGXUGHYLQH
K c = 0,9 c
[W/m2K]
(5.34)
unde 0,9 este un coefiFLHQWGHUHGXFHUHFH LQHVHDPDGHUH]LVWHQ DWHUPLFGH

WLS FRQGXFWLY D SHUHWHOXL PHWDOLF L GH UH]LVWHQ D WHUPLF GH WLS FRQYHFWLY SH SDUWHD
apei.
6H GHWHUPLQ WHPSHUDWXUD UHDO GH LHLUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH FX UHOD LD GH
verificare:
t s1 = t am + (t r t am ) e
K c S sc
Dg c pg
[oC]
(5.35)
unde tam este temperatura medie a agentului secundar (apa).

5H]XOW IOX[XO GH FOGXU WUDQVPLV vQ WUHFHUHD UDGLDO D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH la
exteriorul spirei 1:
Qs1 = Dg c pg (t r t s1 ) 10 3
[kW]
(5.36)
Modelul de calcul aplicat pentru prLPD VSLU VH UHLD SHQWUX XUPWRDUHOH VSLUH
L FX GLIHUHQ D F LQWUDUHD vQ ]RQD GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU QX PDL HVWH D XQXL
GHELW FX VXUV XQLF GH SURYHQLHQ FL D XQXL DPHVWHF GH JD]H GH DUGHUH FRQIRUP
schemei de curgere.
Astfel:
- la exteriorul spirei 2 va curge un amestec de :
1/8 DgN cu temperatura ts1 rezultat din trecerea la exteriorul spirei 1
2/8 DgN cu temperatura tr UH]XOWDWGLQWUHFHUHDUDGLDOvQWUHVSLUDL
spira 2.
LYDJHQHUDIOX[XOGHFOGXUXWLO4s2.
-
la exteriorul spirei 3 va curge un amestec de :

211

spira 3.
la exteriorul spirei 4 va curge un amestec de :

spira 4.
Calculul global al serpentinei focar
Fluxul dHFOGXUWRWDOVFKLPEDWGHVHUSHQWLQDGHYLQH
4
Qserp1 = Q f + Qr + Qsi
[kW]
(5.37)
i =1
Intr-XQ FDOFXO DXWRPDW VH IDF YHULILFUL GH FRQFRUGDQ vQWUH WHPSHUDWXULOH
LQL LDOL]DWHSHSDUFXUVXOFDOFXOXOXLLFHOHUH]XOWDWHGLQFDOFXOIFkQGX-VHQXPUXOGe
LWHUD LLQHFHVDUSHQWUXvQFKLGHUHDDFHVWRUDVXERHURDUHDGPLVLELOGHH[HPSOXoC).
In cazul calculului manual acest lucru nu este posibil, acceptndu-se erorile rezultate
GLQ SUHGLF LLOH DSUR[LPDWLYH 'DWRULW DFHVWHL SDUWLFXODULW L WHPSHUDWXUD ILQDO D
JD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQVHUSHQWLQDLLQWUDUHDvQVHUSHQWLQDVHYDFDOFXODFX
UHOD LDJOREDO
c ttpg t t
t serp1 =
tt
Qserp1
D gN
tserp1
pg
[oC]
(5.38)
tserp1
c pg
VXQW FOGXULOH VSHFLILFH ale gazelor de ardere la
(unde c pg
WHPSHUDWXUD WHRUHWLF L UHVSHFWLY OD WHPSHUDWXUD GH LHLUH GLQ VHUSHQWLQD FDOFXO
iterativ) )
L
LQXFXUHOD LDGHFDOFXODWHPSHUDWXULLDPHVWHFXOXLGHJD]H
corpul central deflector.
212

CAZANE
Calculul termic al serpentinei 2 (serpentina convectiv)

3HQWUXDFDOFXODIOX[XOGHFOGXUVHQVLELOVFKLPEDWGHVHUSHQWLQDSDUWHDGLQ
serpentina cazanului cupULQV vQWUH FRUSXO FHQWUDO GH GLULMDUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH L
peretele exterior al cazanului) se GHWHUPLQ SDUDPHWULL IL]LFL DL JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD
tm2 =
t serp1 + t serp 2
, unde t serp 2
= t cos :
conductibiliWDWHDWHUPLF
criteriul Prandtl
FOGXUVSHFLILF
=
=
Pr =
cpg =
2
-
[m2/s]
[W/mK]
[-]
[J/m3NK]
&RQYHF LDDUHXUPWRDUHOHFDUDFWHULVWLFL
- FRQYHF LHIRU DW
- IUVFKLPEDUHGHID]
- FXUJHUHWUDQVYHUVDOSHVWH HDYJRIUDWPUJLQLWGHSHUH L
- ODUFLUHDIOXidului.
0ULPLOHJHRPHWULFHLPSOLFDWHvQDFHDVWFRQYHF LHVXQW
- OXQJLPHDFDUDFWHULVWLF GLDPHWUXOKLGUDXOXLFDOFDQDOHORUFHVHIRUPHD]
vQWUH HDYDJRIUDWLSHUHWHFRQIRUPILJXULL5.8.; DFHDVWOXQJLPHVHSRDWH
DSUR[LPDFXO LPHDFDQDOXOXLOcanal Kcanal).
VHF LXQHD GH FXUJHUH 6c2 VXPD VHF LXQLL SH GLUH LD SHUSHQGLFXODU
curgerii, a tuturor canalelor de curgere formate:
S c 2 = S c / ml Dmf
-
[m2]
(5.39)
VXSUDID D GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU 6sc2 VXSUDID D WRWDO GH WUDQVIHU GH
FOGXU a serpentinei:
S sc 2 = S t / ml Dmf nt 2
[m2]
(5.40)
unde nt2 este nuPUXOGHVSLUHDOVHUSHQWLQHL

wg 2 =
DgN
t m 2 + 273
273
Sc2
[m/s]
213
(5.41)
Figura 5.8. formarea canalelor de trecere la serpentina 2
LFULWHULXO5HSHQWUXFXUJHUH Re =
wg 2 l c
3HQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDFRHILFLHQWXOXLGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUFRQYHFWLYVHIRORVHVF
UHOD LLOH5.26) sau (5.27).
&RHILFLHQWXOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHQHJOLMHD]GDWRULWOXQJLPLL
GH UDGLD LH IRDUWH PLFL GH RUGLQXO GHVFKLGHULL GLQWUH JRIUH L D WHPSHUDWXULL PHGLL
VF]XWH.
$VWIHOFRHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHWUDVIHUGHFOGXUGHYLQH
K c 2 = 0,9 c 2
[W/m2K]
(5.42)
unde 0,9 esteXQFRHILFLHQWGHUHGXFHUHFH LQHVHDPDGHUH]LVWHQ DWHUPLFGH

WLS FRQGXFWLY D SHUHWHOXL PHWDOLF L GH UH]LVWHQ D WHUPLF GH WLS FRQYHFWLY SH SDUWHD
apei.
6H GHWHUPLQ WHPSHUDWXUD UHDO GH LHLUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH FX UHOD LD GH
verificare:
t s 2 = t am + (t s1 t am ) e
K c 2 S sc 2
DgN c pg
214
[oC]
(5.43)

CAZANE
5H]XOWIOX[XOGHFOGXUWUDQVPLVvQserpentina 2:
Qs 2 = DgN c pg (t s1 t s 2 ) 10 3
[kW]
(5.44)
)OX[XOWRWDOGHFOGXUVHQVLELOWUDQVPLVvQFD]DQGHYLQH
Qtotsensibil = Qs1 + Qs 2
[kW]
(5.45)
&DOFXOXOWHUPLFODIXQF LRQDUHDvQUHJLPGHFRQGHQVD LHVHUSHQWLQD

6HYHULILFvQSULPXOUkQGH[LVWHQ DFRQGL LHLGHFRQGHQVDUH
t per t roua , unde t per = t am
(5.46)
GXS FDUH VH FDOFXOHD] WHPSHUDWXUD VWUDWXOXL OLPLW GH FRQGHQVDUH FD R PHGLH vntre
WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHLWHPSHUDWXUDSHUHWHOXL
t lim =
t gm + t per
(5.47)
6HFDOFXOHD]DSRLFRQVWDQWHOHIL]LFHDOHJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQVWUDWXOOLPLW
FRHILFLHQWXOGHGLIX]LHPROHFXODU'if

coeficientul de viscozitate cinematLFng
LUH]XOWFULWHULXO6&+0,'7
Sc =
(5.48)
Dif
Pentru calculul criteriului SHERWOOD, caracteristic difuziei turbulente, se

FDOFXOHD]FLIUD5(<12/'6SHQWUXJD]HOHGHDUGHUHGLQVWUDWXOOLPLW
Re g lim =
wg d ech
L apoi Sh = 0,023 Re g lim Sc

0 ,8
0 , 33
(5.49)
&RHILFLHQWXO GH WUDQVIHU GH PDV DQDORJ FX FRHILFLHQWXO GH WUDQVIHU GH
FOGXU.VHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
215
Sh Dif
(5.50)
d ech
&DOFXOXO GHELWXOXL GH FRQGHQV SH VXSUDID VH IDFH GXS UHOD LD GH WUDQVIHU GH
PDVvQFDUHJUDGLHQWXOPRWRUHVWHGLIHUHQ DGHFRQFHQWUD LLUHVSHFWLYSUHVLXQLSDU LDOH
DYDSRULORUGHDSvQWUHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHLSHUHWH
J mas = (p Hgaz2O p Hper2O )
n care termenul
0,02157
t gm + 273
[kg/sm2]
(5.51)
gaz
0,02157
per
(p H 2O p H 2O )
reprH]LQW GLIHUHQ D GLQWUH
t gm + 273
FRQFHQWUD LLOH GH H2O vQ JD]H L OD SHUHWH GHRDUHFH FRQFHQWUD LD YDSRULORU GH DS vQ
amestec este:
C H 2O
cu
M

R
= p H 2O ; p H 2O = p Ha dim
2 O 98066 [Pa]
t gm + 273
(5.52)
p Ha dim
2 O exprimat adimensional (conform calculului de ardere).
'DFVXSUDID DGHFRQGHQVDUHOXDWvQFRQVLGHUDUHSHQWUXHOHPHQWXOGHFDOFXOHVWH
ScondUH]XOWFGHELWXOGHFRQGHQVDWRE LQXWSHVXSUDID DHOHPHQWXOXLYDIL
Gcond = J mas S cond
[kg/s]
(5.53)
)OX[XO GH PDV GHWHUPLQ XQ IOX[ HFKLYDOHQW GH FOGXU GH FRQGHQVDUH SULQ
PXOWLSOLFDUH FX FOGXUD ODWHQW GH FRQGHQVDUH r 6H UHYLQH OD R UH]LVWHQ WHUPLF
GLIX]LY5difSULQUDSRUWDUHDODVXSUDID LODGLIHUHQ DGHWHPSHUDWXUJD]HGHDUGHUH
DS,QYHUVXOUH]LVWHQ HLGLIX]LYHHVWHFRHILFLHQWXOHFKLYDOHQWGHFRQYHF LHGLIX]LY.dif.
,QJD]HOHGHDUGHUHLQL LDOHFDQWLWDWHDGH H2O a fost:
GHin 2O = DgN C Hin 2O
[kg/s]
(5.54)
In gazele de ardere finale cantitatea de H2O va fi:

[kg/s]
GH2Ofin = GH2Oin Gcond

5H]XOWFRQFHQWUD LDILQDOGH+2O :
216
(5.55)

CAZANE
fin
H 2O
GHfin2O
=
DgN
(5.56)
127$ SHQWUXVLPSOLILFDUHDFDOFXOXOXLGDWRULWWHPSHUDWXULLVF]XWHDJD]HORU
de ardere nu s-DXPDLFRQVLGHUDWFRUHF LLOHGHWHPSHUDWXUSHQWUXWUHFHUHDGHODGHELWXO
normal la cel realLLQYHUV.
3UHVLXQHDSDU LDODEVROXW>3D@ILQDO va fi:
pH2Ofin = CH2O
fin
461,9 (tgm + 273)
(5.57)
LSUHVLXQHDSDU LDO>EDU@
p H O (adm ) =
p HfinO
fin
2
(5.58)
98066,5
&RHILFLHQWXOFRQYHFWLYDOFRQGHQVULLSHSHUHWHHVWH.cd=1/Rcd LVHFDOFXOHD]
FXUHOD LDFODVLFGHFRQGHQVDUH
1
gaz
per
cd = 0,652 Ac (d e (t roua
t roua
))4
(5.59)
unde AcHVWHRFRQVWDQWIXQF LHde parametri fizici ai apei din pelicula de condens la

WHPSHUDWXUDGHFRQGHQVDUHSUH]HQWDWvQWDEHOXOXUPWRU:
&DUDFWHULVWLFLIL]LFHDOHDSHLODVDWXUDWLHLFRQVWDQWD$c
tr
r
apa
ab
o
[ C]
J/kg
m/s2
kg/mc
kg/mc
W/mK
40
0,6338
2406000
992,16
0,05115
6,59E-7
50
0,6478
2383000
988,04
0,08306
5,56E-7
60
0,6594
2358000
983,19
0,1302
4,79E-7
70
0,6676
2333000
977,71
0,1982
4,15E-7
80
0,6745
2308000
971,82
0,2934
3,66E-7
90
0,6804
2282000
965,34
0,4235
3,26E-7
100
0,6827
2257000
958,31
0,5977
2,95E-7
PHQWUXFDOFXODXWRPDWVHSRDWHXWLOL]DUHOD LDGHUHJUHVLHH[SRQHQWLDO
Ac = 9130 + 141,37 ( t
URX
- tpe ) 0,774553
Ac
[-]
9752,67
10308,5
10801,3
11253,8
11653,5
12019,5
12297,7
(5.60)
&RHILFLHQWXOFRPSXVGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUSULQFRQGHQVDUHYDIL
.cond = 1 / Rcond
(5.61)
217
unde
(5.62)
Rcond = Rdif + Rcd
&XDFHVWHGDWHVHSRDWHFDOFXODFRPSOHWWUDQVIHUXOGHFOGXU L PDVvQSURFHVXO
GHFRQGHQVDUHLVHRE LQSDUDPHWULLILQDOL
,Q FRQWLQXDUH VH SXQH FRQGL LD FD YDORDUHD LQL LDO DWULEXLW VDUFLQLL WHUPLFH
randamentului (eficieQ HLLUHVSHFWLYWHPSHUDWXULLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFRVQXGLIHUH
FXPDLPXOWGHID GHYDORDUHDFDOFXODW'DFQXVHvQGHSOLQHWHFRQGL LDVHUHLD
calculul cu noua valoare a parametrilor de intrare.
218
6. CALCULUL TERMIC AL C$=$1(/25)81&,211' CU ARDEREA

LEMNULUI PRIN GAZEIFICARE (ARDERE INVERS
CAPITOLUL 6.
CALCULUL TERMIC AL C$=$1(/25 )81&,211'
CU ARDEREA LEMNULUI PRIN GAZEIFICARE
$5'(5(,19(56
6.1. Analiza constructiv-IXQF LRQDODFD]DQHOor cu combistibil solid - lemne
&D]DQHOH PLFL GH vQFO]LUH FX OHPQH DSOLF GLQ FH vQ FH PDL PXlt sistemul de
DUGHUH LQYHUVDW 6LVWHPXO UHSUH]LQW DUGHUHD DUMHL GH OHPQH vQWU-R ]RQ ELQH
GHOLPLWDWODED]DVWUDWXOXL)D]HOHVSHFLILFHDUGHULLFRPEXVWLELOLORUVROL]LVHVXFFHGFX
rapiditate ntr-R ]RQ vQJXVW ID GH JURVLPHD VWUDWXOXL GH DUM D Oemnelor
mpiedicndu-VHIXQF LRQDODSDUL LDIHQRPHQXOXLGHDPEDODUHDDUGHULLvQWRDWPDVD
de combustibil.
In figura 6. HVWH VFKHPDWL]DW DUGHUHD VWUDWXOXL vQ VLVWHP FODVLF GLUHFW &D
SULQFLSLXJHQHUDOODDUGHUHDGLUHFWvQVWUDWDHUXOSULPDUGHDUdere produce un debit de
JD]H GH DUGHUH FH VWUEDWH VWUDWXO L GXFH OD DSDUL LD GLYHUVHORUID]HGHDUGHUHDUGHUH
UH]LGXXFDUERQRVGHYRODWLOL]DUHLvQFO]LUHFXXVFDUHvQWRDWPDVDGHFRPEXVWLELOFH
IRUPHD] R DUM GH DOLPHQWDUH 5H]XOW OD SDUWHD VXSHULRDU D VWUDWXOXL XQ GHELW GH
JD]HGHDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWvQDPHVWHFFXVXEVWDQ HYRODWLOHFRPEXVWLELOHLXPLGLWDWH
Acest debit de gaze combustibile, rezultat practic din ntreaga grosime a stratului,
SULPHWHDHUXOVHFXQGDUGHDUGHUHLJHQHUHD]JD]HGHDUGHUHFRPSOHW
6
8
3
5
2
Fig. 6.1 Focar cu grtar cu ardere direct a stratului de lemne

1. corp cazan cu pereti raciti cu apa; 2. gratar; 3. strat de lemne; 4. insuflare de aer primar de ardere;
5. zona de ardere a cocsului; 6. camera de ardere a produselor de gazeificare; 7. insuflare de aer
secundar; 8. tevi convective; 9. evacuarea gazelor de ardere.
219

CAZANE
&RQFOX]LDHVWHFvQUHJLPXOQRUPDOGHOXFUXDOJUWDUXOXLDSDUHIHQRPHQXOGH
DPEDODUH D VWUDWXOXL DGLF DSDUL LD XQHL VDUFLQL WHUPLFH FDUH GHSHWe sarcina
WHUPLF SURLHFWDW D FD]DQXOXL 5H]XOWDWXO HVWH GHSLUHD WHPSHUDWXULL PD[LPH D DSHL
GLQ FD]DQ FKLDU L vQ FRQGL LLOH XQRU VLVWHPH PHFDQLFH GH LQWURGXFHUH D DHUXOXL GH
DUGHUHLDSDUL LDVLWXD LHLGHDYDULHGHVXSUDWHPSHUDWXU3HQWUXDHYLWDDFHst fenomen
WUHEXLHUHGXVJURVLPHDVWUDWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELOFHHDFHGXFHODDUMHFXWLPSVFXUWGH
acoperire a necesarului termic.
In cazul arderii inverse, conform schemei din figura 6.2. GDWRULW SURSDJULL
IURQWXOXL GH IODFU vQ FRQWUDFXUHQW FX DHUXO de ardere (primar), fenomenul de
DSULQGHUHQHFRQWURODWDVWUDWXOXLQXPDLDSDUHFHHDFHSHUPLWHUHDOL]DUHDXQRUUH]HUYH
semnificative de combustibil printr-RJURVLPHIRDUWHPDUHGHVWUDW$VWIHOVHUHDOL]HD]
DXWRQRPLL GH IXQF LRQDUH FX R vQFUFWXU DUM GH SkQ OD RUH GH IXQF LRQDUH
QRUPDOGLQVDUFLQDQRPLQDO
4
9
8
1
3
5
2
6
7
Fig. 6.2. Focar cu grtar cu ardere invers a stratului de lemne.

1. corp cazan cu pereti raciti cu apa; 2. gratar; 3. buncar de lemne;
4. insuflare de aer de ardere; 5. zona de aprindere a lemnelor; 6. camera de
ardere a produselor de gazeificare; 7. intoarcere a gazelor de ardere; 8. tevi
convective; 9. evacuarea gazelor de ardere.
QFRQWDFWFXR]RQVWDELOGHDUGHUHOHPQHOHGHGHDVXSUDJUWDUXOXLVHDSULQG
LVXIHUXQ proces de gazeificareQSUH]HQ DXQHLFDQWLW LVXILFLHQWHGHDHUSHQWUX
DUGHUHFRPSOHWFDUHDQWUHQHD]VXEJUWDUSURGXVHOHGHJD]HLILFDUHDFHVWHDDUGvQWU-o
FDPHUGHDUGHUH$LFLHVWHGHPHQ LRQDWGLIHUHQ DGHSURFHVID GHDUGHUHDGLUHFWD
straWXOXL /D DUGHUHD GLUHFW VWUDWXO GH FRPEXVWLELO vQ DUGHUH VH GH]YROW SH YHUWLFDO
220

RULFkWGHPXOWvQOLPLWDDHUXOXLGLVSRQLELOLvQWRWGHDXQDGDWRULWUHDFWLYLW LLPDULD
FDUERQXOXL OD WHPSHUDWXUL ULGLFDWH DUGHUHD HVWH LQFRPSOHW 'H DFHHD HVWH WRWGeauna
QHFHVDUFDODDUGHUHDGLUHFWVVHLQVXIOHGHDVXSUDVWUDWXOXLDHUVHFXQGDUDSUR[LPDWLY
FX DFHODL GHELW FD L DHUXO SULPDU SHQWUX D GD R[LJHQXO QHFHVDU DUGHULL YRODWLOHORU L
gazelor de gazeificare a cocsului. /D DUGHUHD LQYHUV VWUDWXO GH cocs este numai pe
periferia buF LORU GH OHPQ OD SRU LXQHD LQIHULRDU D VWUDWXOXL L QX VH GH]YROW vQ
VXVXO VWUDWXOXL GHRDUHFH FXUHQWXO GH DHU GH DUGHUH YLQH GH VXV vQ MRV PHQ LQkQG UHFH
FRPEXVWLELOXO $FHVW IHQRPHQ GH DSULQGHUH QXPDL SULQ FRQGXF LH L UDGLD LH ORFDO
GLIHUHQ LD] IXQGDPHQWDO DUGHUHD LQYHUV GH DUGHUHD GLUHFW XQGH DSULQGHUHD VH IDFH
PDLDOHVFRQYHFWLYSULQJD]HOHILHUELQ LSURGXVHGHVWUDWXULOHLQIHULRDUH
'DWRULW DFHVWRU SDUWLFXODULW L IXQF LRQDOH FD]DQHOH FX FRPEXVWLELO VROLG FX
aUGHUHLQYHUVDXGLVWULEX LDDHUSULPDUDHUVHFXQGDUvQGRPHQLXO- 60% /
VSUH GHRVHELUH GH VLVWHPHOH FX DUGHUH GLUHFW FDUH DX DFHODL UDSRUW YDULLQG vQ
domeniul 50% / 50% - 40% / 60%.
6LVWHPXO GH DUGHUH LQYHUV D FRPEXVWLELOXOXL VROLG vQ VWUDW DGXFH L R VHULH GH
alte avantaje importante.
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUHDOFDOLW LLDUGHULLGHRDUHFHLQVXIODUHDGHDHUVHFXQGDUVH
UHDOL]HD]GHRELFHLFRQFHQWUDWDDFXPUHLHVHGLQVFKHPDIXQF LRQDOGLQILJXUD6.3.,
SHR]RQDGHVHF LXQHUHGXVVHF LXQHDGHWUHFHUHGLQWUHEXQFUXOFHDUHODED] zona
GH DUGHUH L FDPHUD IRFDU UFLW GH DUGHUH D SURGXVHORU JD]RDVH VH UHDOL]HD] R
DPHVWHFDUH IRDUWH EXQ FX SURGXVHOH GLQ FDPHUD GH JD]HLILFDUH DVLJXUkQGX-se
QHFHVDUXOGHDHUGHDUGHUHvQFRQGL LLOHXQRr excese de aerVF]XWH&KLDUGDFDUGHUHD
VHUHDOL]HD]QXPDLFXDHUSULPDUSULQDFFHOHUDUHDGHELWXOXLFRPELQDWGHDHUvQH[FHV
cu produsele GH DUGHUH LQFRPSOHW L cu volatilele la trecerea prin reducerea de
VHF LXQH VH UHDOL]HD] GH DVHPHQHD FRQGL LL IDYRUDELOH GH DPHVWHFDUH FH FUHHD]
SUHPL]HOH XQHL DUGHUL FRPSOHWH OD H[FHVH GH DHU PLFL $GXJkQG HOHPHQWXO GH
VWDELOL]DUH D DUGHULL FRQVWLWXLW GH WHPSHUDWXUD ULGLFDW D FDQDOXOXL GH WUHFHUH L
SRVLELOLWDWHDvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUHUFLW, de dirijare a gazHORUGHDUGHUHSHVWHVXSUDIH H
UHIUDFWDUHILHUELQ LUH]XOWRUHGXFHUHDVXEVWDQ LDOD&29QHDUVHHOLPLQDWHFXJD]HOH
GH DUGHUH L XQ QLYHO GH FRQFHQWUD LL GH R[LG GH FDUERQ FRPSDUDELOH FX FHOH
FDUDFWHULVWLFHDUGHULLFRPEXVWLELOLORUJD]RLvQVLVWHPHDXWRaspirante.
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH IXQF LRQDO GHRDUHFH SULQ FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH SDUWLFXODUH
VLVWHPXOXLRSULUHDSURFHVXOXLGHDUGHUHHVWHDSURDSHFRPSHWSULQRSULUHaLQVXIOULLGH
DHUVSUHGHRVHELUHGHDUGHUHDGLUHFWvQVWUDWXQGHRSULUHDLQVXIOULLGHDHUQXGXFHL
OD RSULUHD GHJDMULORU GH YRODWLOH GLQ VWUDW UH]XOW SRVLELOLWDWHD XQXL FRQWURO L D XQHL
DVLJXUULDFD]DQHORUPXOWPDLVWULFWHLHILFLHQWH
0DL PXOW GDWRULW VLVWHPXOXL VSHFLILF GH DSULQGHUH L VWDELOL]DUH D DUGHULL vQ
strat, ce permite ncUFDUHD FX DUMH PDUL VH FRQVWLWXLH vQ DYDQWDM IXQF LRQDO L
FRQWLQXLWDWHDSURFHVXOXLGHDUGHUHGHWLSSURFHVVWD LRQDU
221

CAZANE
&DPHU GHDS
Aer primar
100 % - 60 %
Strat de
combustibil
Post-ardere
Aer secundar
0 % - 40 %
SULPDU
Post-ardere

VHFXQGDU
=RQ DPRWDW
(cu stabilizare)
JU WDU
Produse de
activ )
6HF LXQHGH
DUGHUHFRPSOHW
trecere a
produselor de
gazeificare
Corp refractar
Fig. 6.6FKHPDIXQF LRQDOGHDUGHUHODVROX LLOHFXGX]

de trecere a produselor de gazeificare
/D QLYHOXO H[SORDWULL FXUHQWH HVWH GH UHPDUFDW vQ SULPXO UkQG IDSWXO F
GHVFKLGHUHDXLLGHDOLPHQWDUHQXGXFHODFRQWDFWXOFXVWrDWXOGHDUGHUHFHHDFHHOLPLQ
SRVLELOLWDWHDGHDFFLGHQWDUHGLUHFWVDXSULQFGHULGHFRPEXVWLELODSULQVGLQFD]DQ
n cDPHUDGHDUGHUHLQIHULRDUDHUXOILLQGvQGHELWVXILFLHQWVHSURGXFHDUGHUHD
FRPSOHW*D]HOHGHDUGHUHXUPHD]DSRLWUDVHXOSULQ HYLOHGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYLVXQW
DSRL HYDFXDWH OD FR FLUFXOD LD ORU ILLQG DVLJXUDW GH XQ H[KDXVWRU (VWH DYDQWDMRDV
funF LRQDUHDFD]DQXOXLvQGHSUHVLXQHGHRDUHFHVHHYLWVFSULOHGHJD]HGHDUGHUHSULQ
QHHWDQHLW L
Procesul din camera de deasupra stratului fiind preponderent de gazeificare,
WHPSHUDWXUDQXHVWHvQDOW6SHFLILFHSHQWUXSURFHVXOGHJD]HLILFDUHVXQWWHmperaturile
de 600 900 0&&RQWDFWXOJUWDUXOXLFXXQFRPEXVWLELOFXWHPSHUDWXUUHODWLYMRDV
LFXDHUXOGHDUGHUHFDUHDUHXQSXWHUQLFHIHFWGHUFLUHIDFHFDWHPSHUDWXUDEDUHORUGH
JUWDU VDX a DPEUD]XULL GH LHLUH D JD]HORU V ILH PXOW PDL MRDV Gect n arderea
GLUHFW GHFL QX YRU IL QHFHVDUH PDWHULDOH UHIUDFWDUH GH FDOLWDWH VXSHULRDU SHQWUX D
DVLJXUDGXUDELOLWDWHDJUWDUXOXL
3DUWLFXODULWDWHD GH SRUQLUH OD FD]DQHOH FX DUGHUH LQYHUV HVWH GDW GH WUHFHUHD
curgerii gazelor din sistem invers, cX VWUEDWHUHD FRQYHFWLYXOXL, n sistem direct, IU
VWUEDWHUHD FDPHUHL GH DUGHUH UFLWH L D FRQYHFWLYXOXL SULQWU-R VHF LXQH GH VFXUWFLUFXLW FX HYDFXDUH GLUHFW OD FR 6LVWHPXO GH WUHFHUH HVWH vQ JHQHUDO PDQXDO L QX
ULGLF SUREOHPH GH UHDOL]DUH WHKQRORJLF VDX GH PDQLSXODUH vQ H[SORDWDUH FXUHQW
222

3UH]HQ DDFHVWXLVLVWHPDUHvQVDYDQWDMXODVLJXUULLODSRUQLUHDVLVWHPXOXLGHODUHFHD
XQXLGHELWGHJD]HGHDUGHUHGHWHPSHUDWXUULGLFDWFHHDFHGXFHODDWLQJHUHDUDSLGD
regimului de autotiraj pentrX FRXO GH IXP HOHPHQW IXQF LRQDO GHRVHELW GH DYDQWDMRV
DWkWSHQWUXIXQF LRQDUHDFD]DQXOXLFkWLSHQWUXFRQGL LLOHGHVLJXUDQ DIXQF LRQULLvQ
FHQWUDOVHHYLWDSDUL LDUHIXOULORUGHJD]HWR[LFHVDXIRUPDUHDGHDFXPXOULGHJD]H
FXSRWHQ LDOGHH[Slozie).
3HULRDGDGHDUGHUHGLUHFWODSRUQLUHDGHODUHFHDVLVWHPHORUFXDUGHUHLQYHUV
WUHEXLHVILHVXILFLHQWGHOXQJSHQWUXDDVLJXUDvQFO]LUHD]RQHLUHIUDFWDUHGHODED]D
EXQFUXOXL GH FRPEXVWLELO FH FRQ LQH JUWDUXO L IRUPDUHD VWUDWXOXLVXSHUIicial de cox
UHDFWLYODVXSUDID DLQIHULRDUDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLGHODED]DVWUDWXOXL$FHDVWSHULRDG
HVWHvQVPXOWPDLVFXUWGHFkWFHDQHFHVDUVLVWHPHORUFODVLFHGHDUGHUHFDUHQHFHVLW
WLPSDWkWSHQWUXvQFO]LUHD]RQHORUDPRWDWHFkWPDLDOHVSHQWUXIormarea unui strat de
MDU JURV L XQLIRUP QHFHVDU LQL LHULL DUGHULL OD vQFUFDUHD FX DUMD GH FRPEXVWLELO
SURDVSW6FXUWDUHDWLPSXOXLGHSRUQLUHODUHFHFRQMXJDWFXPULUHDWLPSXOXLGHDUM
GXFH OD VLPSOLWDWH VSRULW vQ H[SORDWDUH D VLVWHPHORU FX DUGHUH LQYHUV SDUDOHO FX
UHGXFHUHDHPLVLLORUJOREDOHODQLYHOXOVLVWHPXOXLHVWHFXQRVFXWIDSWXOFXQVLVWHPGH
ardere cu combustibil solid are emisii maxime de noxe n perioadele de pornire).
Din punct de vedere al combustibilului utilizat, la cazanele cuDUGHUHLQYHUVVH
UHFRPDQGIRORVLUHDXQRUOHPQHGHVHF LXQHPHGLHGHFLUFD[PPVHYDHYLWD
VHF LXQHD URWXQG SUHIHUkQGX-VH FHOH FX ]RQH GH FRO XQGH VH LQL LD] DUGHUHD FX
XXULQ FXOXQJLPHFDUHVSHUPLWUHOL]DUHDXQHLDFRSHULULFRUHFWHDJUWDUXOXLLD
]RQHLGHED]DPRWDWHLFXXPLGLWDWHPD[LPGH-&RQGL LDGHXPLGLWDWHHVWH
PDL UHVWULFWLY GHFkW vQ FD]XO VLVWHPHORU GH DUGHUH GLUHFW FDUHSHUPLWX]XDOIRORVLUHD
XQRU OHPQH FX XPLGLWDWH PD[LP GH GDU QX UHSUH]LQW XQ LPpediment n
IRORVLUHD VLVWHPHORU FX DUGHUH LQYHUV GHRDUHFH XPLGLWDWHD FHUXW HVWH DWLQV GH
FRPEXVWLELOSULQXVFDUHQDWXUDOSHSHULRDGGHFLUFDDQLvQGHSR]LWvQFKLV
7UHEXLHGHDVHPHQHDUHPDUFDWGLIHUHQ DFRQVWUXFWLYFHDSDUHODQLYHOXO]RQHL
de gUWDU$VWIHOODVLVWHPXOGHDUGHUHGLUHFWDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLVHFRQVWLWXLHvQ]RQ
GHJUWDUVWULFWVXSUDID DSHFDUHVHLQVXIODHUSULPDUGHDUGHUHIRUPDWGLQEDUHGH
JUWDU VSULMLQLWH vQ GLYHUVH VLVWHPH 5H]XOW QHFHVLWDWHD DVLJXUULL XQRU VLVWHPH
FRPSOH[HGHGLVWULEX LHXQLIRUPDDHUXOXLSHVHF LXQLGHFXUJHUHPDULSHQWUXDQXVH
UHDOL]DGH]HFKLOLEUHGHDUGHUHLDVHDVLJXUDGHELWHOHVSHFLILFHGHFRPEXVWLELODUV/D
FD]DQHOH FX DUGHUH LQYHUV GDWRULW SUH]HQ HL DHUXOXL QHFHVDU GH UHDF LH SULPDU L D
VFOGULL]RQHLGHED]FXJD]HGHDUGHUHUH]XOWRIXQF LRQDUHFDVXSUDID GHJUWDU
JHQHUDWRDUHGHDSULQGHUHDvQWUHJLL]RQHDPRWDWHGHODED]DVWUDWXOXL)XUQL]DUHDGH
DHUVHFXQGDUVDXDPHVWHFDUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWFXDHUXOGLVSRnibil de tip
SULPDU QX VH UHDOL]HD] vQV GHFkW vQ ]RQD GH WUHFHUH GLQWUH EXQFU L IRFDUXO UFLW
]RQFDUDFWHUL]DWGHYLWH]HLWXUEXOHQ HPDULLGHVHF LXQHUHGXV6HFUHHD]DVWIHO
SUHPL]HOH XQHL LQVXIOUL HILFLHQWH GH DHU GH DUGHUH IU QHFHVLWDWHD DVLJXUULL
XQLIRUPLW LL GH FXUJHUH SH VHF LXQL PDUL 0DL PXOW DHUXO SULPDU FH VFXUW-FLUFXLWHD]
DQXPLWH]RQHGLQEXQFUYDILIRORVLWFDDHUGHDUGHUHVHFXQGDUODWUHFHUHDSULQ]RQDGH
223

CAZANE
OHJWXU PDL VXV DPLQWLW 5H]XOW GHFL F VLVWHPXO GH DUGHUH LQYHUV QX QXPDL F
HOLPLQ FRPSOLFD LLOH OHJDWH GH GLVWULEX LD GH DHU GH DUGHUH GDU L FRPSHQVHD]
constructiv scurt-circuitele de aer inerente curgerii prin stratul de combustibil aleatoriu
LvQFRQWLQXPRGLILFDUH
Referitor la sarcinile termice ale cazanelRU vQ GLVFX LH HVWH LPSRUWDQW GH
PHQ LRQDW F VH XWLOL]HD] XQ GRPHQLX X]XDO PDL UHGXV GH SXWHUL WHUPLFH QRPLQDOH
SHQWUXFD]DQHOHFXDUGHUHLQYHUVN:ID GHFD]DQHOHFXDUGHUHGLUHFW
N: ([SOLFD LD SHQWUX GRPHQLXO UHODWLY UHGXV VSHFLILF VROX LLORU FX DUGHUH
LQYHUV UH]LG SH GH R SDUWH vQ QRXWDWHD VROX LHL FDUH QX D SHUPLV vQF ODQVDUHD XQRU
cazane de puteri mari,GDWRULWOLSVHLXQRUPRGHOHFODUHGHFDOFXOLIXQF LRQDUH, iar pe
GHDOWSDUWHGDWRULWFDUDFWHUXOXLQHSUDFWLFDOXQXLEXQFUFXDOLPHQWDUHVXSHULRDUvQ
cazul unor cazane mari.
Un parametru important,DWkWSHQWUXSHUIRUPDQ HOHWHUPLFHFkWLSHQWUXFHOHGH
ardere,HVWHH[FHVXOGHDHU'DFODFD]DQHOHFXDUGHUHGLUHFWHVWHQHFHVDUPHQ LQHUHD
unui nivel de oxigen n gazele de ardere de circa 10 vQYHGHUHDPHQ LQHULLXQHL
FRQFHQWUD LLGH&2ODXQQLYHOFRUHFWGHFLUFDSSPOD22 , pentru cazanele
FXDUGHUHLQYHUVHVWHVXILFLHQWRFRQFHQWUD LHGHR[LJHQvQJD]HOHGHDUGHUHGHQXPDL
4 8 %. Aceste concenWUD LLGHR[LJHQVHH[SULPSULQH[FHVHGHDHUFXSULQVHvQWUH
L OD FD]DQHOH FX DUGHUH GLUHFW VSUH GHRVHELUH GH FD]DQHOH FX DUGHUH LQYHUV FH
QHFHVLWH[FHVHGHDHUGHGRDU 1,65.
5H]XOWSLHUGHULGHFOGXUSULQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFRFXSkQOD
SURFHQWH PDL PDUL OD FD]DQHOH FX DUGHUH GLUHFW ID GH FHOH FX DUGHUH LQYHUV vQ
FRQGL LLOHFRPSDUULLXQRUFD]DQHFXPDVHLFRVWXULGHSURGXF LHUDSRUWDWHODVDUFLQD
WHUPLFXWLODSURSLDWH
,Q FRQFOX]LH GLQ DQDOL]D HIHFWXDW UH]XOW R VHULH GH DYDQWDMH FODUH SH SODQ
HQHUJHWLF L OHJDWH GH FDOLWDWHD DUGHULL HFRORJLFH JHQHUDWH GH IRORVLUHD WHKQLFLL GH
DUGHUH LQYHUVDW GDU L LPSRVLELOLWDWHD DSOLFULL DFHVWHL WHKQLFL IU FRPSOLFDUHD
sistemului de alimentare, la puteri termice PDUL ,Q SOXV GDF V-DU GRUL PHQ LQHUHD
caracteristicii de autonomie la 10 12 ore, s-ar ajunge la volume neeconomice de
VWRFDUHSHQWUXFRPEXVWLELO5H]XOWFVROX LDFXDUGHUHLQYHUVVHSUHWHD]ODVDUFLQL
WHUPLFH SkQ OD N: ILLQG UHFRPDQGDELO GDWRULW DYDQWDMHORU GH H[SORDWDUH
VHPQLILFDWLYHGDUHVWHGLVFXWDELODSOLFDUHDDFHVWHLDODVDUFLQLWHUPLFHPDLPDUL
6.2.
6ROX LD constructivHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQF LRQDUH

224

Din varietatea mare de tipuri constructive de cazane cu ardere cu gazeificare a

lemnelor se alege pentru exemplificarea calculului modelul prezentat n fig. 6.4.
4
9
8
1
3
5
2
6
7
Fig. 6.4. Cazan de ap cald cu gazeificare.

6ROX LDSDUWLFXODUDILHFUuiWLSGHFD]DQGLQDFHDVWFDWHJRULHGHFD]DQHIDFH
ca un calcul de dimensiRQDUHVvQWkPSLQHPDULGLILFXOW LvQDH]DUHDVXSUDIH HORUGH
WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU DVWIHO FD V ILH vQGHSOLQLWH L FRQGL LLOH WHKQRORJLFH L cele de
IXQF LRQDUHQHFHVDUH'HDFHLDVHSUHIHUWRWGHDXQDVROX LDGHverificarea prin calcul
termic a cazanului DGLF,GXSDOHJHUHDFRQVWUXFWLYDPRGHOXOXLLDGLPHQVLXQLORU
HVWLPDWH FD ILLQG FHOH DGHFYDWH V VH IDF R YHULILFDUH SULQ FDOFXO D IXQF LRQDOLW LL
VROX LHL
&D]QXOHVWHDOFWXLWGLQGRXGUXPXUL
drumul descendent: EXQFUXO GH FRPEXVWLELO FDUH DUH OD SDUWH LQIHULRDU
LQVWDOD LDGHDUGHUHLIRFDUXO;
drumul ascendent: n continuarea focarului, drumul convectiv ignitubular.
'HRDUHFHvQID]DGHSRUQLUHDFD]DQXOXLvQUHJLPGHDUGHUHGLUHFWDVWUDWXOXL
GH MRV vQ VXV WHPSHUDWXUD vQ EXQFU SRDWH IL UHODWLY ULGLFDW VH DOHJH VROX LD GH
EXQFU FX SHUH L UFL L FX DS 1XPDL vQ UHJLXQHD GLQ GUHSWXO XLL GH vQFUFDUH L OD
SDUWHDVXSHULRDUWDYDQQXVHIDFHFDPHUGXEOUFLW
3vOQLD LQIHULRDU D EXQFUXOXL HVWH L HD UFLW GDWRULW WHPSHUDWXrii ridicate de
IXQF LRQDUH
225

CAZANE
&DPHUD IRFDUXOXL HVWH DOFWXLW GLQ SHUH L UFL L SDUWHD GH GX] L GH FRUS
UHIUDFWDU D DOELHL GH vQWRDUFHUH GH IODFU ILLQG DGXJDte SH SHUH LL UFL L DL FDPHUHL
focarului5H]XOWF parteaHILFLHQWGHSUHOXDUHDIOX[XOXLGHFOGXUUDGLDWGHIRFDU
este n principal LQFLQWDLQIHULRDUDFD]DQXOXLGLQFDUHVHVFDGVXSUDID HOHDPRWDWH
6LVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYHVWHFRQVWLWXLWGLQ HYLFXGLDPHWUXOF45x3 ... F76x3,5 mm
distribuite uniform pe supUDID DGHWUHFHUHDGUXPXOXL In cazul constructiv ales sunt
HYL -[ /XQJLPHD FRQYHFWLYXOXL HJDO FX OXQJLPHD EXQFUXOXL HVWH GH
mm.
6.3. Tema de calcul de verificare

-
W.

Q -VDUFLQDWHUPLFDFD]DQXOXLvQN:
te / ti -WHPSHUDWXUDDSHLODLHLUHLLQWUDUHvQFD]DQoC) sau (80/60 oC);
FRPSR]L La combustibiluluiGHILQLWvQVSHFLDOSULQXPLGLWDWHDOHPQXOXLGHRDUHFH
QX H[LVW GLIHUHQ H VHPQLILFDWLYH GH FRPSR]L LH D OHPQXOXL IXQF LH GH HVHQ D GH
SURYHQLHQ .
In tabelul 6.1 se dau caracteristicile de ardere ale OHPQXOXL IXQF LH GH XPLGLWDWHD
&DOFXOXO SURFHVXOXL GH DUGHUH D OHPQXOXL VH IDFH GXS PHWRGLFD FODVLF D DUGHULL
FRPEXVWLELOXOXL OLFKLG VDX VROLG FRQIRUP LQGLFD LLORU GLQ FDSLWROXO 6H HIHFWXHD]
calFXOXODUGHULLFRPEXVWLELOXOXLLVHGHWHUPLQVO, Vgo, Vg, Hi, p H O , p RO VHWUDVHD]
diagrama I t sau cp t.
2
$FHVWH FD]DQH IXQF LRQHD] FX VXSUDSUHVLXQH vQ IRFDU GHFL FRHILFLHQWXO GH
exces de aer este constant SkQODHYFXDUHDODFR
= f = c = = 1,4 1,6 = ct.
FR
$FHVWH FD]DQH IXQF LRQHD] FX FRPEXVWLELO VROLG GHFL SLHUGHUHD VSHFLILF GH
FOGXU SULQ DUGHUH LQFRPSOHW GH QDWXU PHFDQLF Tmec L FHD SULQ HYDFXDUHD
produselor solide ale arderii din cazan (qcenVHSRWOXDvQFRQVLGHUDUH7RWXLGDWRULW
SURFHVXOXL GH DUGHUH SULQ JD]HLILFDUH SLHUGHUHD SULQ DUGHUH LQFRPSOHW GH QDWXU
PHFDQLFTmecLFHDSULQHYDFuarea produselor solide ale arderii din cazan (qcen) pot
fi considerate nule deoarece produsele de gazeifiare ard complet n regim de ardere
VSHFLILFFRPEXVWLELOXOXLJD]RVQDFHVWHFRQGL LL% %
226

CARACTERISTICI DE ARDERE LEMN

COMPOZITIE uscat
C uscat
49.6
49.6
49.6
49.6
49.6
49.6
49.6
49.6
49.6
49.6
49.6
49.6
49.6
H uscat
O uscat
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
N uscat
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
A uscat
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
COMPZITIE umed
45.63 45.14 44.64 44.14 43.65 43.15 42.66 42.16 41.664 41.17 40.67 40.176 39.68
5.52
5.46
5.4
5.34
5.28
5.22
5.16
5.1
5.04
4.98
4.92
4.86
4.8
39.56 39.13
38.7 38.27 37.84 37.41 36.98 36.55 36.12 35.69 35.26
34.83
34.4
0.184 0.182
0.18 0.178 0.176 0.174 0.172
0.17 0.168 0.166 0.164
0.162
0.16
1.104 1.092
1.08 1.068 1.056 1.044 1.032
1.02 1.008 0.996 0.984
0.972
0.96
100
100
100
100
SUMA
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
ARDERE
Vo
4.202 4.156 4.111 4.065 4.019 3.974 3.928 3.882 3.837 3.791 3.745
3.700 3.654
VCO2
0.851 0.842 0.833 0.824 0.814 0.805 0.796 0.787 0.777 0.768 0.759
0.750 0.740
VN2
3.321 3.285 3.249 3.213 3.177 3.141 3.105 3.068 3.032 2.996 2.960
2.924 2.888
VH2O
0.785 0.790 0.795 0.800 0.805 0.810 0.815 0.820 0.825 0.830 0.835
0.840 0.845
Vgo
4.957 4.917 4.877 4.836 4.796 4.755 4.715 4.675 4.634 4.594 4.554
4.513 4.473
PUTERE CALORICA
Hi -kJ/kg
17076 16863 16650 16437 16224 16011 15798 15585 15372 15160 14947 14734 14521
Hi -kcal/kg
4079 4028 3977 3927 3876 3825 3774
3723
3672 3621 3571
3520
3469
Dupa SR>EN
Hi -kJ/kg
17285 17070 16856 16642 16427 16213 15998 15784 15570 15355 15141 14926 14712
Hi -kcal/kg
4129 4078 4027 3976 3924 3873 3822
3771
3719 3668 3617
3566
3515
Tabelul 6.1 - Caracteristicile de ardere ale lemnXOXLIXQF LHGHXPLGLWDWHD:

a. 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFGHFOGXUSULQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR
GHWHUPLQDFXUHOD LDGHDSUR[imare, pentru cazane cu lemne:
t cos
ti + te
+ (100 140) 0 C
2
(6.1)
Din diagrama I WVHGHWHUPLQYDORDUHDHQWDOSLHLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR

I = f (t , )
FR
FR
227

CAZANE
(QWDOSLD DHUXOXL WHRUHWLF GH DUGHUH VH GHWHUPLQ OD WHPSHUDWXUD DPELDQW
ta=20 C
o
I ao = Vo c pa t a
(6.2)
3
N
cu cpa = 1,297 kJ/ m K

qcos =
1
( I cos I ao )
Hi
(6.3)
b. 3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF
n cadrul calculelor de proiectarH GDWRULW SURFHVXOXL GH DUGHUH GLIX]LY D
OHPQXOXL vQ UHJLP GH JD]HLILFDUH FX SUHSRQGHUHQ D GHJDMULL GH &2 vQ FRQGL LLOH GH
DUGHUH UHGXFWRDUH se admite, conform standardelor europene, uQ FRQ LQXW GH QHDUVH
CO=2000 ppm (0,2% CO) n gazele de ardere, ceeace corespunde unei pierderi prin
DUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF:
qch =
Qch
1 q mec
=
(126,36 CO )V g
usc
B * Hi
Hi
(6.4)
unde CO este exprimat n %.

n cadrul calculelor pentru cazane relativ micL vQ IXQF LH GH JUDGXO GRULW GH
L]ROD LHWHUPLFDFD]DQXOXLVHSRDWHDOHJHRYDORDUH
qext = 0,005 0,015
= 1 (qcos + qch + qext )
(6.4)
B=
Q
Hi
(kg/s)
(6.5)
SHQWUX R H[SULPDUH IL]LF LQWHOLJLELO VH XWLOL]HD] FRQVXPXO RUDU GH FRPEXVWLELO %h
GHILQLWGHUHOD LD Bh = 3600 * B [kg/h]
6.5%LODQ XOGHDQVamblu al cazanului
228

)OX[XOXWLOGHFOGXUDOFD]DQXOXLHVWH
)OX[XOGHFOGXUdin arderea combustibilului:
4GDWSULQWHP.
Qc omb = BH i
(6.6)
Qa = BVo c pa t a (6.7)
Qcos = B I cos
Fluxul dHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW Qinc = qch BH i

Qext = qext BH i
5H]XOWWDEHOXOGHELODQ WHUPLc al cazanului:.
(6.8)
(6.9)
(6.10)
Tabelul 6.1.
Fluxuri introduse pierdere
Util
Qcomb
Qa
QFR
Qinc
Qext
Q = Q''
Q = Q'

FR
FR
(URDUHDUHODWLY =
Q'Q"
100 1%
Q'
(6.11)
'DF HURDUHD UHODWLY GH vQFKLGHUH D ELODQ XOXL HVWH PDL PDUH GH FHD
PD[LP DGPLVLELO SHQWUX DFHVW JHQ GH FDOFXOH vQVHDPQ F V-D IFXW R JUHHDO GH
calcul sau de citire n diagrama I-t.
6.5%LODQ XOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL
'HELWHOH GH FOGXU GLQ WDEHOHOH 6. L 6. VH WUDQVSXQ JUDILF OD VFDU FD vQ
figura 2.3 (cu particularizarea: B*=B; Qpa=0; Qsfc=Qc, Qsi=0; Qec=0; qmec=0; qcen=0).
6.6. Calculul focarului
Pentru metodologia deFDOFXOVSHFLILFDFHVWXLFD]DQWUHEXLHIFXWXQFDOFXOGH
YHULILFDUH D IRFDUXOXL GHRDUHFH VXSUDID D GH UDGLD LH HVWH FXQRVFXW SULQ SUHFL]DUHD
229

CAZANE
LQL LDODVROX LHLFRQVWUXFWLYH1HFXQRVFXWDFDOFXOXOXLHVWHWHPSHUDWXUDGHODVIkULWXO

focarului tf .
3URFHGXUDGHFDOFXOHVWHXUPWRDUHD
- calculul temperaturii teoretice de ardere,
-FDOFXOXOVXSUDIH HORUGHUDGLD LH
-FDOFXOXOFDUDFWHULVLWLFLLGHUDGLD LHDIRFDUXOXL
- calculul temperaturii la finele focarului.
Calculul temperaturii teoretice de ardere
(QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD
DSRLVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHGLQGLDJUDPD,-t:
(6.12)
t t = f ( I t , ) .
&DOFXOXOVXSUDIH HORUGHUDGLD LH
Calculul este un cDOFXO JHRPHWULF GH VXSUDIH H 7RDWH VXSUDIH HOH GH UDGLD LH
ILLQG VXSUDIH H PHWDOLFH FRQWLQXH FRHILFLHQWXO GH HILFLHQ HVWH 0 6FKHPD
IRFDUXOXLHVWHGDWvQILJ6.5
6HvQVXPHD]XUPWRDUHOHVXSUDIH H
VXSUDID DVXSHULRDUDFDPHUHLGHDUGHUHLDLQWUULLvQFRQYHFWLY
S1 = l b a b
VXSUDID DIURQWDODFDPHUHLGHDUGHUH
Sfr = hf b
baza camerei de ardere:
Sb = l b ls bs
VXSUDID DVSDWHDFDPHUHLGHDUGHUH
Ssp = hc b
6XSUDID DSHUHWHOXLGHVSU LWRUSHDPEHOHIH H
Sp = ((hf hp) + (hc hp)) b
6XSUDID DODWHUDO
Slat = 2 (ca hf +(l-ca) h)
230

a
hf
hc
b
ca
hp
l
bs
ls
fig. 6.6FKHPDGLPHQVLRQDODIRFDUXOXL
6XSUDID D WRWDO HIHFWLY GH UDGLD LH HVWH FRHILFLHQW GH HILFLHQ XQLWDU SHQWUX
supraIH HPHWDOLFHFRQWLQXH
SR = S1 + Sfr + Sb +Ssp + Sp + Slat [m2]
Calculul volumului focarului
6HvQVXPHD]XUPWRDUHOHYROXPH
volumul camerei de ardere
Vca = hf b ca
volumul camerei de ntoarcere spre convectiv:
Vc = hc b ( l ca )
Volumul total al focarului:
Vf = Vca + Vc
[m3]
&DOFXOXOVXSUDIH HLSHUH LORUDPRWD L

6HvQVXPHD]XUPWRDUHOHVXSUDIH H
VXSUDID DVXSHULRDUD]RQHLDPRWDWHGHLQWDUDUH
Si = a b
VXSUDID DFRUSXOXLUHIUDFWDUGHDUGHUH
Sref = ls bs
231

CAZANE
6XSUDID DWRWDODSHUH LORUDPRWD L

Ss = Si + Sref
&DOFXOXOVXSUDIH HLSHUH LORUIRFDUXOXL
6XSUDID D SHUH LORU IRFDUXOXL HVWH VXPD VXSUDIH HL GH UDGLD LH L D VXSUDIH HL
DPRWDWH
Sper = SR + Ss
[m2]
,QL LDOL]DUHDWHPSHUDWXULLGHODVIkULWXOIRFDUXOXL
2LPSRUWDQWFDUDFWHULVWLFIXQF LRQDODFD]DQHORUFXDUGHUHSULQJH]HLILFDUHD
OHPQHORURSUH]LQWtHPSHUDWXUDUHODWLYFRERUkWa focaruluiGDWRULWH[FHVXOXLULGLFDW
GH DHU L VXSUDIH HL PDUL GH UDGLD LH. De aceea intervalul de alegere a temperaturii la
FDSWXOIRFDUXOXLHVWH
tf =600800 oC.
Calculul caracteristicii GHUDGLD LHDIRFDUXOXL
S-au determinat anterior:
- volumul focarului:
Vf (m3)
- VXSUDID DSHUH LORUIRFDUXOXL Sper (m2)
- VXSUDID DGHUDGLD LH
SR (m2)
6HGHWHUPLQvQFRQWLQXDUH
-
grosimea stratului radiant de gaze: s = 3,6
Vf
S per
(m)
SR
S per
(6.21)
(6.22)
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUH
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
T
1 0,38 f ( p H 2O + p RO2 )
kg =
(6.27)
1000
( p H 2O + p RO2 ) s
ag = 1 e
k g s
(6.24)
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLFXUHOD LDGHDSUR[LPDUH
232

k fl = 1,6
Tf
1000
0,5
(6.25)
a fl = 1 e
k fl s
(6.26)
3RQGHUHDDEVRUE LHLIOFULLID GHFHDDPHGLXOXLUDGLDQWGHJD]HGHDUGHUHGLQ

IRFDUVHIDFHGXSFULWHULLH[SHULPHQWDOHFRQVLGHUkQGX-VHRSURSRU LH, din volumul
IRFDUXOXLRFXSDWGHSDUWHDOXPLQRDVDIOFULL
&RHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULLLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD
a = a fl + (1 ) a g
(6.27)
Valoarea coeficientului de luminozitate pentru volatilele de combustibil solid
este = 0,6 .
&RHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUHDVXSUDIH HORUHVWH =0,7 pentru combustibil solid.
0,82a
af =
(6.28)
a + (1 a )
&DUDFWHULVWLFDGHXPSOHUHFXIODFUDIRFDrului.
2DOWFDUDFWHULVWLFDIRFDUXOXLHVWHIDFWRUXOGHumplere a focarului cu IOFU
M. Pentru combustibil solid cu IODFU de volatile din ambrazura focarului M=0,44.
7HPSHUDWXUDODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL
6HGHWHUPLQFULWHULXO%2/7=0$11
Bo =
B V g c pg
(6.29)
C 0 10 8 S R Tt 3
unde = 1 q ext ;
cpg VHGHWHUPLQGLQWDEHOHSHQWUXWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLF
,QFRQWLQXDUHVHGHWHUPLQLQYDULDQWXOGHWHPSHUDWXUDIRFDUXOXLVLPOSOH[XO
Tf
Tt
233

CAZANE
Bo 0, 6
(M a )
0,6
(6.30)
+ Bo 0, 6
GHXQGHUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUDODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL
t f = Tt 273,15 [oC]
'DFVHFDOFXOHD]FXYDORULOHGHED]VHDSOLFUHOD LDGHFDOFXO
tf =
Tt
M C o Tt S R
(1 qext )B Vg c pg
273,15 [0C]
0, 6
(6.31)
+1
Cunoscndu-se tf VHGHWHUPLQIOX[XOGHFOGXUVFKLPEat radiativ n focar.

'DF DFHDVW WHPSHUDWXU YD IL GLIHULW GH WHPSHUDWXUD DOHDV LQL LDO SULQ
estimare) cu mai mult de 10% se reia calculul cu valori recalculate SHQWUX FOGXUL
VSHFLILFHLFRHILFLHQWGHUDGLD LHDIRFDUXOXLFXWHPSHUDWXUDILQDOWf .
,QILQDOVHRE LQHYDORDUHWHPSHUDWXULLODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXLWf [ 0C].
6.8. Calculul termic al drumului convectiv
FOGXUGLQFDOFXOHOHDQWHULRDUHSULQXUPWRULi parametrii:
tf
tFR
te/ti

temperatura HVWLPDW D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD LHLUHD GLQ HYL OD FR
temperatura apei (0C).
'HRDUHFH vQ ELODQ XO JHQHUDO DO FD]DQXOXL WHPSHUDWXUD OD FR D Iost estiPDW
calculul termic al drumului convectiv are rolul de a confirma (sau infirma)
WHPSHUDWXUDHVWLPDW'DFGLQFDOFXOXOWHUPLFGHYHULILFDUHYDUH]XOWDFWHPSHUDWXUD
HVWLPDW QX HVWH FHD FRUHFW VH YD UHOXD FDOFXOXO FX R QRX WHPSHUDXWU OD FR
vQFHSkQGGHODELODQ XOWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXL
QFRQVHFLQ FDOFXOXOWHUPLFDOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYHVWHXQFDOFXOGHYHULILFDUH
a temperaturii finale a unui drum convectiv.
SHF LXQea de trecere a gazelor de ardere UH]XOWGLQ alegeUHDQXPUXOXLGH HYi

LDO diametrului HYLORU,GLQJDPDGH HYLX]XDOHGH):
51 3; 57 3; 60 3; 70 3,5; 76 3,5 mm.

234

'XS DOHJHUHD QXPUXOXL L GLDPHWUXOXL HYLORU VH FDOFXOHD] YLWH]D GH

FLUFXOD LHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
w=
t gm =
t f + tcos
2
B Vg t gm + 273
di2 273
n
4
(6.32)
(0 C ) este temperatura media a gazelor de ardere.
Viteza deFLUFXOD LHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHZWUHEXLHVILH n intervalul economic

pentru acest tip de cazan: w = (2 4) m/s.'DFQXHVWHvQDFHVWGRPHQLXVHPRGLILF
VROX LDconstructiv prin QXPUXOGH HYL sau diametrul acestora.
Pentru temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere tgm VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ anexa 9,
XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL
[m2/s]
[W/mK]
- QXPUXO3UDQGWO
Pr
tp cu
DeDVHPHQHDVHGHWHUPLQQXPUXO3UDQGWOSHUHWH3rp la temperatura peretelui

tp = tm +(1020) oC ; t m =
ti + t e
.
2
(6.33)
Coeficientul de transferGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LHVHGHWHUPLQXWLOL]kQGUHOD LL

criterialeSHQWUXFLUFXOD LDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLQWHULRUXO HYLORUFRQIRUPanexei 10 .
wd i
> 3 10 4
2/3
(Re 1000) Pr
di
8
Nu =
1 + C
L
2/3
1 + 12,2
(Pr 1)
8
Pr
cu = (1,82logRe 1,64) ; C =
Prp
de combustibil.
2
0,11
(6.34)
, L = L B unde LB HVWH vQO LPHD EXQFUXOXL
Pentru 2300 < Re < 3 104:

235

CAZANE
1/ 3

3
Nu = 0 49,37 + [1,615 A 0,7] +
B C
1 + 22 Pr
3
cu
1/ 2
Pr
d
d
i
i
A= 3 Re Pr ; B = Re Pr ; C =
L
L
Pr
(6.35)
0 ,11
o UHSUH]LQW HIHFWXO WXUEXOL]DWRULORU FH VH YRU PRQWD OD LQWHURUXO
HYLORUFRQYHFWLYHIXQF LHGHJUDGXOGHWXOEXUL]DUHUHDOL]DWIRUPLSDVGHLFDQDUH
1/ 3
d
*
i
3
Nu = 0 49,37 + 1,615 Re Pr 0,7
L
Pr
Pr
p
0 ,11
(6.36)
*
cu 0 = 1,62,2.
*
Pentru turbulizatorii n zig-zag coeficien LL GH FRUHF LH 0 L 0 pot fi
GHWHUPLQD LFXUHOD LLOHH[SHULPHQWDOH
3,3 Re 0 ,2
2 ,142
= 0 ,2 L 0 = 0 ,2
5
pr
pr
*
0
unde p r =
l
di
c =
Nu
lc
(6.37)
di
l
CoeficiHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHPULPLOH
236

Tgm=tgm+273 (K);
s = 0,9 di (m);
p RO2 =
VRO2
Vg
pg
[bar@L pH 2 O =
VH 2 O
Vg
pg
[bar.]
&RQVWDQWDGHUDGLD LHDJD]HORUVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD
kg =
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
( p H 2O
1 0,38 gm ( p H 2O + p RO2 )
1000
+ p RO2 ) s
(6.38)
a g =1 e
k g s
(6.39)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD
T 3,6
1 p
Tgm
a p +1
8
3
a g Tgm
r = 5,765 10
(W/m2K)
2
p
1 T
gm
(6.40)
XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUE LH DO SHUHWHOXL GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU VH FRQVLGHU
valoarea ap=0,8 HDYWUDVGHR HOLDUSHQWUXWHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXL HYLL
Tp = t m + 20 + 273 (K)
Coeficientul de transfer GHFOGXUSHSDUWHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
1 = c + r
&RHILFLHQWXO GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU 2 pe partea apei este mult mai mare (de
ordinul miilor de W/m2.vQFRPSDUD LHFX1 (de ordinul zecilor de W/m2K).
UHOD LD
1
kI =
(W/m2K)
(6.41)
1 + 1
237

CAZANE
n care s-DQHJOLMDWUH]LVWHQ DWHUPLF1/2).
9DORULOH FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH PXUGULUH pentru gaze de ardere, provenite din

arderea de combustibil VROLGFXUH]LVWHQ WHUPLFSURYHQLQGGLQGHSXQHULOHGHFHQX
YRODQW, sunt :
Viteza w (m/s)
103 (m2K/W)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUH
3
6
9
12
5,233 3,837 2,791 2,093
Tabelul 6.4.
15
1,628
18
1,395
= 11,2110 3 w 0,6474 (m2K/W)
(6.42)
6H FDOFXOHD] vQ ILQDO WHPSHUDXWUD GH LHLUH D JD]HORU GH DGHUH GLQ GUXPXO
convectiv de gaze, conformUHOD LHLGHYHULILFDUHDVXSUDIH HORUFRQYHFWLYH
t e = t ma + (t f t ma ) e
k S
BVg c pg
[0C]
(6.43)
Temperatura te HVWH WHPSHUDWXUD GH FR D Fazanului, care s-D LQL LDOL]DW la
vQFHSXWXOFDOFXOXOXLGHDOHJHUHDVROX LHLFRQVWUXFWLYH
6.9HULILFULILQDOH
DaFWHPSHUDWXUDILQDOWeHVWHGLIHULWFXPDLPXOWGH.GHWHPSHUDWXUD
presupXVLQL LDOSHQWUXFRWcosVHSURFHGHD]vQGRX moduri:
GDF QX HVWHRGLIHUHQ SUHDPDUHGHRUGLQXO.VHUHIDFHFDOFXOXO

pentru gsirea temperaturii corecte la cRUHOXkQGFDOFXOXOGHODELODQ XO
WHUPLFFXQRXDWHPSHUDWXUGHFRRE LQXW
GDF HVWH R GLIHUHQ SUHD PDUH peste 20 K) VROX LD FRQVWUXFWLY QX
UHDOL]HD] SDUDPHWULL GRUL L L WUHEXLH V VH UHSURLHFWH]H FD]DQXO FX
VXSUDIH HGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUPodificate.
238

CAZANE
CAPITOLUL 7
CALCULUL HIDRAULIC (*$=2',1$0,&,$/

,167$/$,(, '( (9$&8ARE A GAZELOR DE
ARDERE
Calculul gazodimanic al cazanelor are ca scop determinarea pierderilor de
VDUFLQSHFHOHGXSFLUFXLWH
- circuitul aerului de ardere
L
- circuitul gazelor de ardere
Circuitul aerului de ardere vQFHSHGHODDVSLUD LDDHUXOXLdin mediul ambint SkQ
la focar, iar ciUFXLWXOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGHODIRFDUSkQODLHLUHDORUSHFR
Aerul de ardere se introduce n cazan, cel mai frecvent, cu ventilatoare de aer.
/D FD]DQHOH FX GHELW PLF DFHVWHD SRW OLSVL DHUXO SWUXQ]kQG vQ IRFDU SULQ HIHFWXO
LQVWDOD LHLGHWLUDM
*D]HOH GH DUGHUH VH SRW HYDFXD SULQ WLUDM IRU DW DUWLILFLDO FX YHQWLODWRDUH GH
gaze de ardere (exhaustoare), sau prin tirajul natural al coXOXL
/DFD]DQHOHFXDUGHUHVXESUHVLXQHSUHVXUL]DWHYHQWLODWRDUHOHGHDHUUHDOL]HD]
VXSUDSUHVLXQHDGLQIRFDUFDUHDVLJXULDFRSHULUHDWRWDOVDXSDU LDODUH]LVWHQ HORUGH
FLUFXOD LH SH FLUFXLWXO JD]HORU GH DUGHUH SkQ OD ED]D FRXOXL L HYDFXDrea lor n
exterior .
7.1. Calculul pierderilor hidraulice GHVDUFLQ
&DOFXOHOHVHIDFDWkWSHQWUXWUDVHXOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHFkWLSHQWUXWUDVHXODHUXOXL
GHDUGHUH5HOD LLOHGHFDOFXOXWLOL]DWHQXGLIHUvQWUHHOHSHQWUXDHUVDXSHQWUXJD]HGH
ardere vQV SDUDPHWULL DHURGLQDPLFL L GH IOXLG Z VXQW VSHFLILFL ILHFUXL ORF GH
calcul.
3LHUGHULOHGHVDUFLQSHWUDVHXODHUXOXLGHDUGHUHLSHWUDVHXOJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
DSDUGDWRULWQHFHVLW LLvQYLQJHULLXQRUUH]LVWHQ HKLGUDXOLFHFHVHPDLQLIHVWn cadrul
LQVWDOD Lei GH FD]DQ OD FXUJHUHD IOXLGHORU UHVSHFWLYH $FHVWH UH]LVWHQ H VXQW GH PDL
multe feluri;
- UH]LVWHQ HGHIUHFDUHce se produc n canalele de aer sau de gaze de ardere
FXVHF LXQHFRQVWDQW(OHGXFODDSDUL LDSLHUGHULORUliniare de sarFLQp);
- UH]LVWHQ H ORFDOH FDUH DSDU OD VFKLPEUL GH IRUP VDX GH GLUHF LH DOH
FDQDOHORULGXFODDSDUL LDSLHUGHULORUORFDOHGHVDUFLQp) concentrate n
VHF LXQLOHFDUHPDUFKHD]VFKLPEDUHDGHIRUPVDXGHVHF LXQH
- efecte gazodinamice produse dH IRU HOH DVFHQVLRQDOH DSUXWH GDWRULW
GLIHUHQ HORU GH WHPSHUDWXU DOH IOXLGXOXL SH WUDVHHOH YHUWLFDOH SR]LWLYH VDX
negative (ph) :
p g = p + p ph p f
239
(N/m2)
(7.1)
7. &$/&8/8/+,'5$8/,&*$=2',1$0,&,$/,167$/$ ,(,'(

EVACUARE A GAZELOR DE ARDERE
unde pf este presiunea (sau depresiunea) din focar .

La determinarea rezisteQ HORUSLHUGHULORUGHVDUFLQVHIRORVHVFGDWHOHVWDELOLWH
OD FDOFXOXO WHUPLF FX H[FHS LD GLDPHWUXOXL HFKLYDOHQW WHUPLF FH VH vQORFXLHWH FX
diametrul echivalent hidraulic .
&DOFXOXOSLHUGHULORUGHVDUFLQOLQLDUH
Pierderile liniare de sarcinVHFDOFXOHD]FXXUPWRDUHOHUHOD LL
- n cazul curgerii unui curent izoterm :
l w2
p =
(N/m2)
d 2
-
(7.2.)
vQFD]XOFXUJHULLFXVFKLPEGHFOGXU
l w
2
p h =
d 2 Tp / T + 1
l
d
w
7L7p
(N/m2)
(7.3.)
lungimea liniare prin care curge fluidul, (m)

diametrul echivalent hidraulic, diametrul exterior sau interior, (m)
YLWH]DPHGLHDIOXLGXOXLSHSRU LXQHDFRQVLGHUDWPV
GHQVLWDWHDIOXLGXOXLODWHPSHUDWXUDLODSUHVLXQHDFRQVLGHUDWNJP3)
temperaturDPHGLHDIOXLGXOXLUHVSHFWLYDSHUH LORUVSOD LGHIOXLGSH
SRU LXQHDFRQVLGHUDW.
FRHILFLHQWXOGHIUHFDUHGHSHQGHQWGHQXPUXO5H\QROGVLuneori de
UXJR]LWDWHDSHUH LORU(coeficientul lui Darcy).
Valorile lui pentru conducte sau canale netede se pot determina utiliznd
UHOD LLOH
64
=
pentru Re < 2000
(7.4.)
Re
0,303
(lg Re 0,9 )2
pentru 2000 < Re < 4000
(7.5)
0,3164
4
Re
pentru 4000 < Re < 105
(7.6)
3HQWUX HYLUXJRDVHODYDORUL
k
= 8 10 5 12,5 10 3 L Re > 4000 :
d
240

CAZANE
k 68
= 0,11 +
d Re
0 ,23
(7.7)
unde : kHVWHUXJR]LWDWHDDEVROXWSHQWUXFRQGXFWHVDXFDQDOHGDW pentru cteva cazuri

practice n tabelul 7.1.
Tabelul 7.1.
10 k(m)
1DWXUDSHUH LORUFRQGXFWHLVDXFDQalului
HYLGLQR HOIUVXGXU
- noi, neintrate n exploatare
0,02
- FXUDWHGXSH[SORDWDUH
0,04
- FXGHSXQHULPLFLGHSLDWUODXWLOL]DUHDDSHLWUDWDWH
LGHJD]DWH
0,1
- FX GHSXQHUL PHGLL GH SLDWU OD XWLOL]DUHD DSHL
WUDWDWHPHGLLLIUGHJD]DUH
0,04
- cu depunerL PDUL GH SLDWU L FRUR]LXQL OD
XWLOL]DUHDDSHLQHWUDWDWHLIUGHJD]DUH
1,0
&DQDOHGLQWDEO
(0,1 0,15)
&DQHOHGLQFUPLGVDXEHWRQ
- tencuite
- QHWHQFXLWHFXVXSUDID UHODWLYQHWHG
(2 3)
- QHWHQFXLWHFXVXSUDID UXJRDV
(3 9)
HYLGLQIRQW
0,8
&DQDOGH]LGULHEHWRQDW
0,8 6 (medie 2,5)
Canale din beton
0,8 6 (medie 2,5)
HYLGHVWLFO
0,0015 0,01 (medie 0,005)
3
Valoarea lui , pentru conducte sau canale rugoase, SHQWUXFDUHHVWHvQGHSOLQLW

FRQGL LD
d
Re > 560
k
VHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
(7.8)
0,25
0,57 log
d
(7.9)
Q FD]XO FDQDOHORU GH JD]H UHDOL]DWH GLQ PDWHULDO WHUPRL]RODQW PLFRUDUHD

WHPSHUDWXULL GLQ FDX]D SLHUGHULORU GH FOGXU SULQ SHUH L FWUH PHGLXO vQFRQMXUWRU VH
SRDWHQHJOLMDLDUFXUJHUHVHSRDWHFRQVLGHUDL]RWHUP
241
7. &$/&8/8/+,'5$8/,&*$=2',1$0,&,$/,167$/$ ,(,'(

&DOFXOXOSLHUGHULORUGHVDUFLQORFDOH
Pierderile GHVDUFLQORFDOHDWkWvQFD]XOFXUJHULLL]RWHUPHFkWLvQFD]XOFXUJHULL
FXVFKLPEGHFOGXUVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD:
w2
p =
2
(N/m2)
(7.10)
n care:
FRHILFLHQW GH UH]LVWHQ ORFDO FDUH GHSLQGH GH IRUPD JHRPHWULF
QHUHJXODULW LLGHFXUJHUHLXQHRULGHQXPUXO5H\QROGV
wL viteza, respectiv densitatea fluidului n locul considerat.
'DF DSDUH R YDULD LH GH YLWH] vQ ORFXO VWXGLDW vQJXVWDUH GH VHF LXQH OUJLUH GH
VHF LXQH VH FRQVLGHU vQ FDOFXO YLWH]D FHD PDL PDUH FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH VHF LXQLL PDL
mici .
a. 0RGLILFULGHVHF LXQH
3HQWUXUH]LVWHQ HORFDOHFUHDWHGHPRGLILFULGHVHF LXQHFRHILFLHQWXO este dat
de tabelul 7.2.
Tabelul 7.2.
&RHILFLHQWXOGHUH]LVWHQ ORFDOSHQWUXPRGLILFULOHGHVHF LXQH
Denumirea
6FKL D
Coeficientul raportat la
YLWH]DLQGLFDWvQVFKL
Intrare n canal cu
PXFKLLOHvQDFHODL
plan cu peretele
= 0,5
La s/d 0,2 - = 0,5

s/d 0,2
-=1
0,05 < a/d < 0,2 - = 0,85
la s/d 0,04 - = 0,5
Intrare n canal cu
PXFKLLOHLHLWH
a
r
Intrare n canal cu
muchiile rotunjite
242
La r/d = 0,25
PXFKLLOH vQ DFHODL SODQ FX
peretele = 0,5
FXPXFKLLOHLHLWH = 0,4
la r/d = 0,1
- = 0,12
la r/d = 0,2
- = 0,05

CAZANE
,HLUHGLQFDQDO
=1
= (1,707
,HLUHGLQFDQDOSULQ
JUWDUVDu prin
GLDIUDJP
Intrare n canal prin

JUWDUVDXSULQ
GLDIUDJP
*UWDUXOVDX
diafragma n
interiorul canalului
&ODSHWFRPSOHW
GHVFKLV
fm VHF LXQHD OLEHU GH

FXUJHUH D JUWDUXOXL VDX D
diafragmei
fM VHF LXQHD OLEHU D
canalului
f
f
f
= M +0,707 M 1 M
fm
fm
fm
fM
-1)2
fm
f
f
f
= M -1+0,707 M 1 M
fm
fm
fm
= 0,1
b. &RWXULFLUFXODUHVDXSWUDWH

Cot de 900FXUD]D5GHFXUEXULGLDPHWUXOGDOFRQGXFWHL
Tabelul 7.3.
&RHILFLHQWXOGHUH]LVWHQ SHQWUXFRWXULGH0FLUFXODUHVDXSWUDWH
R
d
05
1,2 0,9 0,65 0,45 0,35 0,28 0,19 0,17 0,14 0,13 0,11 0,08 0,06 0,05
06
07
08
09
15
10
15
20
Cnd unghiul de cotire este diferit de 900VHDSOLFFRHILFLHQWXOGHFRUHF LH%

= C B
(7.11)
0
0
&RUHF LHSHQWUXXQJKLXOGHFRWLUH
300
600
900 1200 1500
0,48
0,80
1
1,18
1,32
Tabelul 7.4.
1800
1,41
&kQGVHF LXQHDHVWHGUHSWXQJKLXODUDEFXFRWDEvQSODQXOFXUEXULLVHDSOLF

FRHILFLHQWXOGHFRUHF LH&
243
7. &$/&8/8/+,'5$8/,&*$=2',1$0,&,$/,167$/$ ,(,'(

= C B C
(7.12)
Tabelul 7.5
&RUHF LHSHQWUXVHF LXQHGLIHULWGHSWUDW
a
b
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,5
1,22
1,13
1,08
1,04
0,90
0,86
0,86
0,90
0,97
&RHILFLHQWXO GH UH]LVWHQ SHQWUX FRWXUL EUXWH IU UDFRUGUL vQ FD]XO XQXL
unghi de cotire de 900LDXQHLVHF LXQLSWUDWHVDXFLUFXODUGHFRQGXFWHVWH
C = 1,2
(7.13)
n cazul unui unghi diferit de cotire :
C = 1,2 B
(7.14)
QFD]XOXQHLVHF LXQLGUHSWXQJKLXODUHGHFDQDO
C = 1,2 B C
(7.15)
Cnd n cotireVHIDFHLRPRGLILFDUHDVHF LXQLLFDQDOXOXLFGHULOHGHSUHVLXQH

VHFDOFXOHD]FXYLWH]DFHDPDLPDUHLFXXUPWRDUHOHFRUHF LL
- SHQWUXFRWXULEUXWHQXVHDSOLFFRUHF LD
-
pentru coturi line cu
R
> 0,1 :
b
f
= C B C e
fi
(7.16)
unde feHVWHVHF LXQHDGHLHLUHLfiVHF LXQHDGHLQWUDUH

c. 9DULD LLGHVHF LXQH
1RWkQGVHF LXQHDPLFFX fmLFX fMVHF LXQHDPDUHFRHILFLHQWXOGHUH]LVWHQ
ODOUJLUHDVHF LXQLLYDILLODvQJXVWDUHDVHF LXQLL .
fm/ fM
&RHILFLHQWXOGHUH]LVWHQ ODYDULD LDVHF LXQLL

0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,81 0,64 0,49 0,36 0,25 0,16 0,09 0,04
0,47 0,43 0,38 0,33 0,28 0,23 0,17 0,12
244
Tabelul 7.6.
0,9
0,01
0,06

CAZANE
3HQWUXOUJLUHLvQJXVWDUHEUXVFGHVHF LXQHSRWILXWLOL]DWHUHOD LLOH

2
f
' = M 1 respectiv ' ' = 0,51 m
fM
fm
(7.17)
d. )DVFLFXOGH HYLDH]DWHvQOLQLHFRULGRU
= 0 nr
n care :
nr QXPUXOGHUkQGXULGH HYLSHGLUHF LDGHFXUJHUHDIOXLGXOXL
coefLFLHQWXOGHUH]LVWHQ DOXQXLUkQGGH HYL
Coeficientul 0 depinde de pasurile relative s1/dL s2/d GLQWUH HYLSUHFXPL

GH QXPUXO 5H\QROGV s2 L s1 UHSUH]LQW SDVXULOH GLQWUH HYL vQ VHQVXO FXUJHULL
IOXLGXOXLUHVSHFWLYSHUSHQGLFXODUSHGLUHF LDde curgere iar d este diametrul exterior al
HYLORUIDVFLFROXOXL
'DFVHQRWHD]
=
atunci pentru :
(7.18)
s1 s 2 L < 1 :
0 =
iar pentru : s1
s1 d ( s1 / d ) 1
=
s 2 d ( s2 / d ) 1
1,52
( s1 / d ) ( Re)0 ,2
(7.19)
> s2 L 8 :
0 ,32
0 =
0 ,2
( s1 / d ) ( 0 ,9 )
0 ,68
(Re)
(7.20)
'DF XQJKLXO GLQWUH GLUHF LD GH FXUJHUH D IOXLGXOXL L D[HOH HYLORU IDVFLFROXOXL
este 750, coeficientul WUHEXLHPULWFX
e. )DVFLFROXOGH HYLDH]DWHGHFDODW
n care:
= 0 ( nr + 1 )
(7.21)
0 = C s Re 0 ,27
(7.22)
245
7. &$/&8/8/+,'5$8/,&*$=2',1$0,&,$/,167$/$ ,(,'(

fiind :
Coeficientul CS LQH VHDPD GH SDVXULOH GLQWUH HYL SDVXO UHODWLY SH GLDJRQDO
2
s'2
1 s1 s2
=
+
d
4 d d
VHQRWHD]
(7.23)
( s1 / d ) 1
( s '2 / d ) 1
(7.24)
GDF < 1,7 :
CS = 3,2 +(4,6 2,7)(2 - s1/d) n cazul n care s1/d < 2 (7.25)

sau :
CS = 3,2 n cazul n care s1/d 2
(7.26)
'DF 5,2 ; CS = 0,44 ( +1)2
'DFXQJKLXOGLQWUHGLUHF LDGHFXUJHUHDIOXLGXOXLLD[HOH HYLORUHVWH 750,
coeficientul WUHEXLHPULWFX
f. 3HQWUXFDOFXOXOFRHILFLHQWXOXLGHUH]LVWHQ ORFDODOWHXULORUVLPHWULFH se poate

IRORVL XUPWRDUHD PHWRG DSUR[LPDWLY WHXO VH vQORFXLHWH vQ PRG FRQYHQ LRQDO SULQ
GRX FRWXUL LQGHSHQGHQWH DGPL kQGX-VH F VHF LXQea canalului comun se mparte
ORQJLWXGLQDOvQGRXSU LSURSRU LRQDOHFXGHELWHOHUDPXULORUFRHILFLHQWXOGHUH]LVWHQ
ORFDOSHQWUXILHFDUHFXUHQWVHFDOFXOHD]FDSHQWUXXQFRWFXPXFKLLOHQHURWXQMLWHFX
VHF LXQLLQHJDOHODLQWUDUHLODLHLUH
&DOFXOXO SLHUGHULORU GH VDUFLQ OD FXUJHUHD DHUXOXL VDX D JD]HORU GHDUGHUHSULQ
VXSUDIH HOH GH vQFO]LUH DOH DSDUDWXOXL FX UHOD LLOH LQGLFDWH HVWH YDODELO vQ FD]XO
VXSUDIH HORUGHvQFO]LUHFXUDWH
$YkQGvQYHGHUHIDSWXOFvQFDOFXOHQXVHSRDWH LQe seama de o serie de aspecte
VSHFLILFH FDUDFWHULVWLFH FXUJHULL vQ FRQGL LL UHDOH SLHUGHULOH GH VDUFLQ GHWHUPLQDWH
WHRUHWLF VH FRUHFWHD] SULQ vQPXO LUHD FX XQ FRHILFLHQW GH FRUHF LH 0 DOH FUXL YDORUL
SHQWUXFD]XOPXUGULULLPHGLLDVXSUDIH HORUGHvQFO]LUHVXQW
- IDVFLFROHGH HYLILHUEWRDUHYHUWLFDOH1
- VXSUDIH HGHvQFO]LUHUHDOL]DWHGLQVHUSHQWLQH
VXSUDvQFO]LWRDUHHFRQRPL]RDUH
- preQFO]LWRDUHGHDHUGLQ HYLQHWHGH
o pe partea aerului de ardere
1,05
o pe partea gazelor de ardere .. 1,1
246

CAZANE
&DOFXOXOSLHUGHULORUGHVDUFLQvQFDQDOHYHUWLFDOHHIHFWHGHWLUDM
9DORDUHD DXWRWLUDMXOXL WLUDMXO QDWXUDO RULFUeL SRU LXQL YHUWLFDOH GLQ FLUFXLW
LQFOXVLYFRXOVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
p h = h( a g ) g
(N/m2)
(7.27)
unde :
h -HVWHvQO LPHDSHYHUWLFDODWUDVHXOXLP
a densitatea aerului exterior (kg/m3)

g densitatea medie a gazului afODWvQFRQGXFW(kg/m3)
'DF IOXLGXO HVWH GLULMDX vQ VXV DXWRWLUDMXO PLFRUHD] SLHUGHUHD GH VDUFLQ vQ
circuit (-ph LDU GDF IOXLGXO HVWH GLULMDW vQ MRV DXWRWLUDMXO YD PUL SLHUGHUHD GH
VDUFLQvQFLUFXLW+ph) .
n cazul tirajului natural, autoWLUDMXO FRXOXL FD GH DOWIHO L UH]LVWHQ HOH OD
FXUJHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSULQFRVHGHWHUPLQVHSDUDW
7.2. CDOFXOXOSDUDPHWULORUGHED]DiLQVWDOD LHLGHDOLPHQWDUHFXDHUGH
ardere
7.2.1. Debitul de aer
Introducerea aerului de ardere n focar se face cu ajutorul ventilatoarelor de aer.
/DXQHOHFD]DQHPLFLDGPLVLDOXLVHIDFHSULQHIHFWXOLQVWDOD LHLGHWLUDM
'HELWXOGHFDOFXODOYHQWLODWRDUHORUGHDHUVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD
Da = 1,0161 1 f V0 B
273 + tar
273
(m3/s)
(7.28)
debitul de combustibil care arde efectiv n focar, n kg/s sau Nm3/s .

1,0161 V0 volumul teoretic de aer umed necesar arderii, n Nm3/kg sau Nm3/Nm3
f
tar
1
coeficientul de exces de aer n focar

temperatura aerului aspirat de ventilator, n 0C
coeILFLHQWGHUH]HUYHJDOFX
QFD]XOvQFDUHFRQ LQXWXOGHXPLGLWDWHDODHUXOXL[HVWHGLIHULWGHNJNJ

aer uscat, termenul 1,0161 V0VHvQORFXLHWHFX[90 .
247
7. &$/&8/8/+,'5$8/,&*$=2',1$0,&,$/,167$/$ ,(,'(

7.2.2. Calculul presiunii ventilatoarelor de aer de ardere

PierGHUHD GH VDUFLQD WRWDO D WUDVHXOXL GH DHU YD IL LQkQG VHDPD GH H[LVWHQ D
depresiunii din focar (pf = 30 50 N/m2) :
p a = + p + p p h + p A p f
(7.29)
Termenul paUHSUH]LQWSLHUGHUHDGHVDUFLQvQDU]WRU7HUPHQXOph poate

ILQHJOLMDWGDFDHUXOQXHVWHSUHvQFO]LWVDXGDFGLIHUHQ HOHGHFRWHGLQWUHSUHvQFO]LWRU
GHDHULDU]WRDUHQXvQWUHFP
3HWUDVHXODHUXOXLGHDUGHUHSLHUGHULOHGHVDUFLQKLGUDXOLFvQVXPHD]:
- UH]LVWHQ HOHFRQGXFWHLGHDVSLUD LHSkQODYHQWLODWRU
- UH]LVWHQ HOHFRQGXFWHLGHUHIXODUHGHODYHQWLODWRUODSUHvQFO]LWRUXOGHDHU
- UH]LVWHQ HOHWUDVHXOXLGHODSUHvQFO]LWRUXOGHDHUODIRFDU
- UH]LVWHQ HOH LQVWDOD LLORU IRFDUXOXL vQ FD]XO DUGHULL FRPEXVWLELOXOXL VROLG SH
JUWDU, VH FRPSXQ GLQ UH]LVWHQ HOH FXWLLORU GH GLVWULEX LH SHQWUX DOLPHQWDUHD
FX DHU SH ]RQH D JUWDUXOXL L GLQ UH]LVWHQ D JUWDUXOXL L D VWUDWXOXL GH
FRPEXVWLELOLDUODIRFDUHOHIUJUWDUVHFRPSXQGLQUH]LVWHQ HOHFDUHSDUOD
FXUJHUHD DHUXOXL SULQ DU]WRU DHUXO VHFXQGDU LQFOXVLY SLHUGHUHD GH VDUFLQ
GLQDPLFODLHLUHDDHUXOXLGLQDU]WRUvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUH) .
5H]LVWHQ D JUWDUXOXL L DOH VWUDWXOXL GH FRPEXVWLELO VH LDX vQ FRQVLGHUDUH SULQ
SUHVLXQHDSHFDUHDHUXOGHDUGHUHWUHEXLHVo DLEVXEJUWDUFRQIRUPLQGLFD LLORUGLQ
tabelul 7.7.
3UHVLXQHDQHFHVDUVXEJUWDU
Tipul focarului
Combustibil
)RFDUFXJUWDUUXODW
&UEXQL EUXQL VXSHULRUL KXLOH

necocsificabile
)RFDUH
FX
JUWDUH &UEXQLbruni cu w40%
nclinate, mecanizate
)RFDUHFXJUWDUIL[
&UEXQLEUXQL
&UEXQLEUXQLLQIHULRULOLJQL L
Tabelul 7.7
Presiunea aerului
VXEJUWDU1P2)
(valori orientative)
600 - 800
600- 800
800 1000
1000 - 1200
3UHVLXQHDGHFDOFXODYHQWLODWRDUHORUGHDHUVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD
H v = 2 p a
(N/m2)
(7.30)
unde : 2 este un coeILFLHQWGHUH]HUYSHQWUXSUHVLXQHHJDOFX
248

CAZANE
3XWHUHDPRWRUXOXLHOHFWULFFHDQWUHQHD]YHQWLODWRUXOYDIL
Nv =
Dv H v
1000 v
(kw)
(7.31)
unde : v este randamentul ventilatorului (0,6 0,8) .

7.3. CDOFXOXOSDUDPHWULORUGHED]DLLQVWDOD LHLGHWLUDM
'HELWXOLQVWDOD LHLGHWLUDM
'HELWXOGHFDOFXODOLQVWDOD LHLGHHYDFXDUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHVHGHWHUPLQFX
UHOD LD
Dg = 1 Vg B
Vg
1
tg
273 + t g
(m3/s)
273
(7.32)
volumul gazelor de ardere din cazan la excesul de aer FR, [ Nm3/kg sau
Nm3/ Nm3]
FRHILFLHQWGHUH]HUY1 = 1,05 pentru cazan cu debitul nominal > 20 t/h
L1 = 1,1 pentru cazane cu debitul nominal 20 t/h) .
WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODH[KDXWRUUHVSHFWLYODED]DFRXOXL>0C ].
7.3.2. Calculul presiunii ventilatoarelor de gaze de ardere

([KDXWRUXOWUHEXLHVvQYLQJWRDWHUH]LVWHQ HOHGHSHWUDVHXOJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
GHODSDUWHDGHvQFHSXWDIRFDUXOXLSkQODHYDFXDUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODED]DFRXOXL
unde de regulVHLPSXQHp = 0 .
'HFL vQ FD]XO WLUDMXOXL DUWLILFLDO FRXO QX VHUYHWH DWkW SHQWUX FUHDUHD WLUDMXOXL
FkW SHQWUX HYDFXDUHD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH vQ DWPRVIHU 'H DFHHD vQO LPHD FRXOXL VH
DOHJH vQ IXQF LH GH FRQGL LLOH VDQLWDUH GH SURWHMDUH D YHJHWD LHL HWF VH FDOFXOHD]
QXPDLGLDPHWUXOFRXOXLFDUHVHGHWHUPLQvQIXQF LHGHGHELWXOWRWDOGHJD]HGHDUGHUH
SHQWUXRYLWH]ODLHLUHDGLQFRGH-PV'LDPHWUXOPHGLXDOXQXLFRvQIXQF LH
GHFHOHGRXYDORULG1LG2GHODH[WUHPLW LYDIi :
dm =
2d1d 2
d1 + d 2
(7.33)
'XS FDOFXOXO UH]LVWHQ HORU VHSDUDWH GH SH vQWUHJ WUDVHXO JD]HORU GH DUGHUH VH
LQWURGXFH R FRUHF LH FDUH LQH VHDPD GH FRQFHQWUD La GH FHQX vQ JD]HOH GH DUGHUH
provenite din arderea combustibilului solid .
PHQWUX WUDVHXO JD]HORU GH DUGHUHDWXQFLFkQGIRFDUXOOXFUHD]vQGHSUHVLXQHOD
SLHUGHUHDGHVDUFLQWRWDODWUDVHXOXLVHDGDXJLGHSUHVLXQHDSURGXVvQIRFDUSf .
6H DGRSW vQ JHQHUDO R GHSUHVLXQH GH 1P2 OD QLYHOXO DU]WRDUHORU
Pierderea totDOGHVDUFLQSHQWUXWUDVHXOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
249
7. &$/&8/8/+,'5$8/,&*$=2',1$0,&,$/,167$/$ ,(,'(

p g = ( 1 + )[ p + p + ( p h )] + p f (N/m2) (7.34)
- HVWH FRQFHQWUD LH GH FHQX vQ JD]HOH GH DUGHUH L VH FDOFXOHD] SHQWUX R
WHPSHUDWXUPHGLHVLXQFRHILFLHQWGHH[FHVPHGLX
10 2 A a an
=
g Vg
NJFHQXNJJD]HGHDUGHUH
(7.35)
unde :
AHVWHSURFHQWXOWRWDOGHFHQX
aan IUDF LXQHDDQWUHQDWGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHGLQFDQWLWDWHDWRWDOGHFHQXUH]XOWDW
prin arderea a NJGHFRPEXVWLELO'DFFHQXDL]JXUDVXQWHYDFXDWHvQVWDUHVROLG
aan este :
- SHQWUXIRFDUHOHFXFUEXQHSXOYHUL]DWL
- SHQWUXIRFDUHOHFXJUWDU
Pentru combustibil lichid sau gazos = 0 .
3UHVLXQHDGHFDOFXODH[KDXVWRUXOXLVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD
H ex = 2 p g
(N/m2)
unde : 2HVWHXQFRHILFLHQWGHUH]HUYSHQWUXSUHVLXQHDHJDOFX
3XWHUHDPRWRUXOXLHOHFWULFFHDQWUHQHD]H[KDXVWRUXOYDIL
N=
unde :
Dg H ex
1000 ex
(kw)
(7.36)
(7.37)
ex este randamentul exhaustorului (0,6 0,8) .
7.3.3. Calculul coXOXLODLQVWDOD LLOHFXWLUDMQDWXUDO

'LDPHWUXO FRXOXL VH GHWHUPLQ vQ IXQF LH GH GHELWXO WRWDO GH JD]HGHDUGHUHDO
FD]DQHORUOHJDWHODFR9LWH]DJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQFRVHDOHJHvQWUHL
m/s, cu valorile mici ale vitezei la cazane de debit mic.
Q FD]XO FkQG FRXO FD]DQXOXL HVWH GHVWLQDW SHQWUX SUHOXDUHD vQWUHJXOXL WLUDM
necesar cazanului :
H 0 = 1,2p g
unde
(7.38)
H0HVWHWLUDMXOQHWDOFRXOXL
Q FD]XO FkQG FRXO HVWH GHVWLQDW exclusiv dispersiei emisiilor poluante n

PHGLXOvQFRQMXUWRU
H 0 < 1,2p g
(7.39)
restul tirajului fiind asigurat de exhaustor.
250

CAZANE
7LUDMXOEUXWDOFRXOXL+FDUHVHGHWHUPLQIUkSLHUGHULOHSURSULLGHVDUFLQSH
traseul acestuia, este :
H = hc ( a gm )g
(7.40)
vQO LPHDFRXOXLP
hc
a
densitatea aerului exterior, (kg/m3); a = 1,293
gm
GHQVLWDWHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODWHPSHUDWXUDPHGLHGLQFRNJP3)
273
273 + t a
(7.41)
Densitatea gazelor de ardere la stare normalVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LLOH
gN =
0,717 + 1,293V0
Vg 0 + ( 1 )V0
gN =
1 + 1,293V0
Vg 0 + ( 1 )V0
pentru combustibil gaz natural
pentru combustibil lichid sau gazos
(7.42)
(7.43)
Densitatea medie a gazelor de ardere, la temperatura tgm va fi :
gm = g N
273
273 + t gm
(7.44)
7HPSHUDWXUDPHGLHDJD]HORUvQFRHVWH
t gm = t i
t c
2
(0C)
(7.45)
3HQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD FGHULL GH WHPSHUDWXU vQ FR tc VH XWLOL]HD] UHOD LL
H[SHULPHQWDOHVWDELOLWHvQIXQF LHGHFGHUHDGHWHPSHUDWXUSHXQLWatea de lungime t:
t c = hc t
cu valorile pentru t:
-
FRGHWDEOQHL]RODW
t =
-
(0C)
1,76
sau t =
Qh
(7.46)
2
Dh
FRGHWDEOL]RODW
251
(0C)
(7.47)
7. &$/&8/8/+,'5$8/,&*$=2',1$0,&,$/,167$/$ ,(,'(

t =
0,7
0,8
sau t =
Qh
Dh
(0C)
(7.48)
FRGHFUPLGFXSHUH LLFXJURVLPHGHFFDPP
t =
0,6
0,22
sau t =
Qh
Dh
(0C)
(7.49)
FRGHFUPLGFXSHUH LLFJURVLPHGHFFDPP
t =
0,13
0 ,13
sau t =
Qh
Dh
(0C)
unde Dh este debitul de abur al cazanului n t/h iar
(7.50)
QhGHELWXOGHFOGXUvQMW .
'H PHQ LRQDW F hc vQO LPHD FRXOXL WUHEXLH DSUR[LPDW LQL LDO SHQWUX D VH
putea calcula tc FXUHOD LDL
HFXUHOD LD

*
&DRSULPLQGLFD LHWLUDMXOEUXWDOFRXOXL ho n N/m2PvQO LPHGHFRHVWH
dat n tabelul 7.8 .
tgm
h
*
o
tgm
h *o
C
N/m2/1 m
0
C
N/m2/1 m
120
2,66
190
4,04
7LUDMXOXQLWDUDOFRXOXL
130
140
150
2,88
3,1
3,3
200
210
220
4,2
4,36
4,51
Tabelul 7.8.
160
3,5
230
4,65
170
3,7
240
4,8
180
3,86
250
4,9
7DEHOXO HVWH FDOFXODW SHQWUX R WHPSHUDWXU D DHUXOXL DPELDQW GH 0C,
GHQVLWDWHDQRUPDOa0 = 1,293 kg/Nm3Lg0 = 1,34 kg/Nm3 .
7LUDMXOQHWDOFRXOXLVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD
H 0 = H hc pcos 0,9 H (N/m2)
(7.51)
unde : pFRHVWHSLHUGHUHDGHVDUFLQOLQLDUSHPGHOXQJLPHGHFRFDS

5HOD LLOH SUHFHGHQWH SRW IL IRORVLWH L SHQWUX YHULILFDUHD YDORULL PD[LPH D
SLHUGHULLGHVDUFLQce SRDWHILDFRSHULWSULQWLUDMQDWXUDOGHXQFRFXGLPHQVLXQLGDWH
.
252

CAZANE
7. &DOFXOXO SDUDPHWULORU GH ED] DL LQVWDOD LHL GH LQVXIODUH OD FD]DQHOH FX
ardere sub presiune
7.'HELWXOLQVWDOD LHLGHLQVXIODUH
&XQRWD LLOHIRORVLWHDQWHULRUGHELWXO de aer al ventilatorului este :
Da = 1,01611 f V0 B
273 + t a 3
(m /s)
273
(7.52)
n care : f este coeficientul de exces de aer din focar .

7.4.2. Calculul presiunii de refulare a ventilatorului de insuflare
La cazanele lucrnd cu focarele sub presiune delimitarea drumului de gaze pe
WUDVHXODHUXOXLQXHVWHQHFHVDUGHRDUHFHHIHFWXOGHFLUFXOD LHHVWHSURGXVGHRVLQJXU
VXIODQWQDFHVWFD]
p a , g = p a p g
(7.53)
Presiunea de calcul a ventilatorului de aer insuflat va fi :
H v ,i = 2 p a ,g
(N/m2)
(7.54)
3XWHUHDPRWRUXOXLHOHFWULFQHFHVDUDQWUHQULLYHQWLODWRUXOXLYDIL
N v ,i =
D a H v ,i
1000 v
(kw)
(7.55)
unde: v este randamentul ventilatorului .
253

CAZANE
CAPITOLUL 8
CALCULUL DE REZISTEN AL CAZANELOR

8.1. Date generale
Calculul de rezisten se efectueaz pentru dimensionarea sau verificarea
tamburilor (mantalei) evilor, colectoarelor, plcilor tubulare, fundurilor i tubului de
flacr.
Elementele metalice se dimensioneaz sau se verific considerndu-le supuse la
presiune interioar sau exterioar ca solicitare principal.
n calcule se ine seama i de alte solicitri ce pot avea loc, datorate:
a) greutii proprii i a fluidului n timpul exploatrii;
b) diferenelor de temperatur i a dilatrii termice diferite a materialelor;
c) sarcinii hidrostatice a fluidului;
d) efectul concentrrilor de eforturi produse de suporturi, racorduri de conducte
i alte similare.
8.2. Materiale folosite pentru execuia elementelor metalice ale cazanelor
Principalul material utilizat n execuia cazanelor este oelul, a crui compoziie
chimic, conform SR EN 297 + A2 / 2001 este cea din tabelul 8.1.
Tabelul 8.1.
Caracteristici mecanice i compoziia chimic a oelurilor carbon i inoxidabile
Material
Tip oel
Rezisten
la
traciune
N/mm2
Carbon
Table,
evi
Feritic
Austenitic
520
600
800
C
masa
%
0,25
0,08
0,08
masa masa
%
%
Si
Mn
masa masa
%
%
Cr
Mo
masa
%
masa
%
0,05 0,05
15,5
1,0 1,0
18
0,045 0,030
16,5
1,0 2,0
20
0,045 0,030
Ni
Ti
masa masa
%
%
1,5
2,03,0
9-15
masa
%
7
%C
5
%C
12
%C
8
%C
Pentru armturi din font i la realizarea evilor cu aripioare sau nervurate,

caracteristicile minime pentru font sunt cele centralizate n tabelul 8.2.
Tabelul 8.2.
Caracteristici minime pentru font
Font cu grafit lamelar (ISO 185) :
150 N/mm2
Rezisten la traciune r
160 220 HB 2,5/187,5
Duritate Brinell
Font cu grafit nodular (recopt feritic) :
400 N/mm2
Rezisten la traciune r
23 J/c m2
Rezilien
254
Nb/Ta
8. CALCULUL DE REZISTEN AL CAZANELOR
Reperele turnate executate din aluminiu sau din cupru sunt centralizate n
tabelele 8.3 i 8.4.
Grosimile minime ale pereilor sunt prezentate n tabelele 8.5 i 8.8.
Tabelul 8.3.
Repere turnate executate din aluminiu sau din aliaje de aluminiu
Rezisten la traciune
Domeniu de temperatur
r
0
C
N/mm2
Al 99,5
pn la 300
75
Al Mg2 Mn 0,8
pn la 250
275
Tabelul 8.4.
Repere turnate executate din cupru sau din aliaje de cupru
Rezisten la traciune
Domeniu de temperatur
r
0
C
2
N/mm
SF - Cu
pn la 250
200
Cu Ni 30 Fe
pn la 350
310
Grosimile minime ale pereilor sunt prezentate n tabelele 8.5 i 8.8.
Tabelul 8.5.
Grosimi minime pentru reperele laminate
Oeluri carbon, aluminiu
Oeluri protejate, oeluri inoxidabile, cupru
a
b
c
a
b
c
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
4
3
2,9
2
2
1
Coloana a) pentru pereii camerelor de ardere expui la ap i la foc i pentru
pereii orizontali ai suprafeelor de schimb prin convecie .
Coloana b) pentru pereii care nu sunt expui dect la ap i pentru formele de
consolidare, ca ambutisrile suprafeelor de nclzire prin convecie de deasupra
camerei de ardere .
Coloana c) evi ale schimbtorului convectiv .
Tabelul 8.8.
Grosimile nominale minime ale elementelor cazanelor executate din materiale turnate
supuse la presiune
Font cu grafit nodular
Debit caloric nominal Qn
Debit caloric nominal Qn
(recopt feritic), cupru
kW
mm
mm
3,5
3,0
35
4,0
3,5
> 35
255

CAZANE
Oelurile pentru tamburi i colectoare de diametru mare, executate n general

din tabl sudat, sunt oeluri OLK (tabelul 8.7) .
Valoarea rezistenei admisibile (a), calculat dup necesiti n raport cu
temperatura de calcul a peretelui elementului de cazan, se determin din relaia de
calcul corespunztoare :
a r20 / 2,6;
a ct / 1,5;
a rt / 1,5; a tf
(8.1)
unde :
G20 , rt
- este rezistena la limita de rupere la 200C, respectiv la temperatura

peretelui;
ct
- rezistena la limita de curgere, la temperatura tp;
- rezistena la limita de fluaj, la temperatura tp.
Temperatura de calcul a peretelui tp este temperatura pentru care se stabilete

valoarea rezistenei admisibile a metalului :
t p = t f + ( 25 50 )0 C i n general t p = t f + f q , ,
unde: tf este temperatura fluidului de lucru.

Tabelul 8.7.
Oel carbon laminat n table groase pentru cazane de abur i recipiente sub presiune
Marca
OLK 1
OLK 2
OLK 3
OLK 4
OLK 5
Rezistena la traciune r
(daN/cm2)
34004200 3400-3800
3900-4000
4100-4200
38004700 3800-4000
4100-4300
4400-4700
35004400
41005000
44005300
Limita de curgere la 200C

c (daN/cm2)
I
II
III
2200
2000
1900
2400
2200
2100
2300
2600
2800
2200
2500
2700
2100
2400
2600
Alungirea
relativ la
rupere (%)
31
30
28
27
26
25
24
22
20
n tabelul 8.8 sunt date rezistenele admisibile n funcie de temperatur pentru

unele oeluri utilizate la cazane .
256
Tabelul 8.8.
Rezistenele admisibile a n daN/cm pentru diferite oeluri, n funcie de temperatur
OL
OLC
OL
OLC
OL OLK OLC 25
Temperatura de
34
10
37
15
42
2
OLK 3
calcul a pereilor
0
2
( C)
a n daN/cm
20
11700
1200
1300
1330
1430 1470
1600
200
1050
1090
1170
1210
1280 1330
1400
240
970
1000
1070
1110
1220
1340
260
930
960
1030
1060
1110 1160
1270
280
890
920
980
1010
1110
1210
300
050
885
940
970
1050 11500
360
750
820
900
980
400
670
730
800
875
440
525
580
630
670
500
250
300
300
300
2
8.3. Calculul grosimii pereilor corpurilor cilindrice

8.3.1. Calculul tamburilor (mantalelor cilindrice)
Grosimea necesar a tablei este :
s=
Di p
+c
2 a p
(cm)
(8.2)
unde :
Di
p
diametrul interior al tamburului (cm) ;

presiunea de lucru (bar) ;
efortul unitar admisibil (daN/cm2) ;
coeficientul de slbire conform tabelului 8.9 ;
adaos de coroziune cu valori :
c=0,1 pentru
s 30 mm
c=0 pentru
s > 30 mm
Presiunea de calcul este presiunea nscris pe placa de timbru corectat cu un

coeficient de siguran (1,1 1,3).
Relaia (8.2) este aplicabil pentru cazurile cnd sunt ndeplinite condiiile
corespunztoare mantalelor cu perei subiri :
- raportul s/Di < 0,1
- raportul De/Di < 1,5
- n cazul mantalelor sudate liniile medii trebuie s fie n prelungire una cu
alta pentru fiecare mbinare longitudinal
257

CAZANE
nu au loc solicitri suplimentare locale datorit racordurilor sau unor sarcini

ciclice etc.
solicitrile de natur termic sunt pstrate n limite reduse, ca urmare a
respectrii grosimilor limit ale pereilor admii n drumul gazelor de ardere.
Tabelul 8.9
Coeficieni de slbire pentru tamburi

Tamburi cu guri pe generatoare (la pasul s1)
= s1-d/s1
Tamburi cu guri transversale (la pasul s)
=2(s-d)/s
Gaur cu diametru mare : do 0,6 Di
=1-do/531Di6
Manual, cap la cap cu =0,85
completare la rdcin
Idem, fr completare la =0,7
rdcin
Sudur
Suduri transversale
=0,8
Sudur T pe ambele pri =0,85
prelucrate
Suduri T neprelucrate
=0,7
Grosimea minim a peretelui tamburului, indiferent de rezultatul calcului, nu
poate fi mai mic de 6 mm. Temperatura de lucru a pereilor n acest caz se ia conform
indicaiilor din tabelul 8.10.
Tabelul 8.10
Temperatura tp a pereilor tamburilor
Felul tamburilor
tp
Tambur nenclzit
tp=tf
Tambur neizolat, cu s 50 mm, nclzit tp=tf+1,2 s* +100C
cu gaze de ardere avnd tg < 600 0C
Tambur neizolat, cu s 30 mm, nclzit tp=tf+2,5 s* +200C
cu gaze de ardere avnd tg = 600-900 0C
Tambur neizolat, cu s 22 mm, nclzit tp=tf+4 s* +300C
cu gaze de ardere avnd tg > 900 0C
*) s n mm
Verificri suplimentare. Grosimea tamburului calculat cu relaia (8.2) se

verific innd seama de solicitarea a ncovoiere datorit greutii proprii, apei,
izolaiei i a evilor suspendate de tambur .
Determinarea momentului de ncovoiere, se face considernd tamburul ca o
grind simplu rezemat, ncrcat cu o sarcin uniform distribuit :
M max
q l2
=
(daN.cm) cu q n daN/cm
8
unde : l este diferena ntre reazime (m) .

258
(8.3)
Modulul de rezisten W se calculeaz pentru seciunea circular cea mai

slbit, din cauza orificiilor, lund n considerare deplasarea centrului de greutate fa
de centrul geometric. Pentru o seciune inelar fr orificii :
4
4
( De Di ) (cm3)
32 De
W =
(8.4)
n cazul cnd Mmax i Wmin sunt n seciuni diferite se stabilete seciunea cu

solicitare maxim dup relaia :
Mi
ar
(daN/cm2)
W
= ( 0,8 0 ,9 ) a pentru evi tambure nclzite .
i =
ar
(8.5)
Pentru a evita solicitri termice defavorabile se ine seama de racordul de

alimentare cu ap al tamburului s fie prevzut cu o manta interioar de protecie; de
asemenea, prin modul de distribuie n tambur a apei de alimentare, trebuie s se
fereasc orificiile i pereii de contactul cu acesta.
Calculul camerelor de ap i emulsie este identic cu al tamburelor .
Coeficientul de adaos este : c 1 mm .
Grosimea camerei nu poate fi mai mic de 5 mm. Camerele n care se
mandrineaz evi vor avea grosimea minim a pereilor de 16 mm .
8.3.2. Calculul evilor
evile folosite n construcii suprafeelor de nclzire a cazanelor i a
conductelor aferente n poriunile drepte, se calculeaz cu relaia :
s=
p De
+c
2 a + p
(cm)
(8.6)
Relaia este valabil n cazurile :

- s/De 0,2 pentru evi are conin ap, amestec ap abur sau abur saturat
- s/De 0,28 pentru evi are conin abur supranclzit .
Temperatura de calcul a peretelui se ia : tp=tr + 25 500C .
Adaosul la grosimea de calcul va fi: c 0,5 mm .
Verificrile suplimentare: evile supuse la sarcini constante exterioare mari,
provenite din greutatea proprie, a izolaiei termice, trebuie s fie verificare cu privire la
solicitrile suplimentare introduse de acestea. Solicitarea dezvoltat de sarcinile
exterioare trebuie s satisfac condiia :
259

CAZANE
ext 0,87 ar 1,2
ar
a
(8.7)
n care : ar este (0,8 0,9) e pentru elemente nclzite .
ext = s + 0 ,8 i
unde : s =
(8.8)
Mi
N
i i =
.
So
W
n aceste relaii N i Mi sunt solicitrile n eav, So seciunea i W modulul de

rezisten al evii .
Conductele cu temperatura mediului interior de cel puin 3500C trebuie s fie
verificare, dup necesitate, n raport cu felul construciei, la solicitarea de ncovoiere
datorit efortului termic dat de dilatarea termic. Efortul datorit ncovoierii trebuie s
satisfac condiia :
ac 1,1 ar
2 ar
a
1,25 ext
(8.9)
iar
ac =
Mi
W
Verificarea la efort termic, trebuie fcut n condiiile extreme ale strii la cald
i la rece ale conductei .
Pentru evi supuse la presiune exterioar, grosimea minim a peretelui evii (cu
diametrul exterior peste 200 mm) se determin cu relaia (8.6) cu meniunea c
rezistena admisibil este egal cu 0,7 din mrimea adoptat pentru calculul sub
presiune interioar .
8.4. Calculul grosimii pereilor tuburilor de flacr
Tuburile de flacr se execut netede sau ondulate i cu grosimi cuprinse ntre 7
i 20 mm .
Grosimea peretelui tubului de flacr se calculeaz cu relaiile:
- pentru tuburi netede :
pDi
al
s = 0 ,015
(cm)
(8.10)
1 + 1 +
+ 0 ,2
r
p( l + Di )
- pentru tuburi ondulate :
260
s = 0,03
pDi
+ 0,2
(cm)
(8.11)
n care:
Di diametrul interior al tubului de flacr sau diametrul interior minim la tuburile
ondulate, n cm ;
r rezistena la rupere la 200C, n daN/cm2 ;
lungimea tubului cuprins ntre dou consolidri (fig. 8.1) sau ntre
l
consolidri i funduri sau plci tubulare, n cm ;
un coeficient egal cu :
a
- 75 pentru tuburi uzuale fr mbinare sau cu mbinare longitudinal,
aezate orizontal ;
- 45 pentru tuburi aezate vertical .
nlimea ondulaiei la tuburile de flacr trebuie s fie de cel puin 35 mm iar
pasul ondulaiei nu mai mare de 200 mm .
nlimea consolidrilor trebuie s fie de cel puin 35 mm i s ofere elasticitate
suficient tubului care se dilat mai mult dect mantaua cazanului .
n figura 8.1 sunt artate cteva consolidri folosite la tuburile de flacr netede
sau ondulate .
Lungimea l ntre dou consolidri nu trebuie s fie mai mare dect 6Di i cel
mult de 5 m .
>s
b>2s
>5s
h>5s
s
l
Di
Di
r2
r1
80
Di
Di
Fig. 8.1. Consolidri ale tubului de flacr
261
r2
90

CAZANE
8.5. Calculul fundurilor i al capacelor

Dimensiunile principale ale fundurilor bombate sunt indicate n figura 8.2 .
Normele pentru construcia acestor funduri prevd ca : R Di i r 0,1 Di .
Grosimea de tabl necesar este dat de relaia :
s=
pDe y
+c
2
(cm)
(8.12)
Adaosul c se ia 0,10 cm la d < 30 mm

i 0
la d > 30 mm .
unde d este diametrul gurii (gaur de vizitare sau de inspectare).
R
r
s
Di
De
Fig. 8.2. Fund bombat.

Valoarea coeficientului de forma y este dat n tabelul 8.11, n funcie de
bombajul relativ al fundului i de prezena gurilor nentrite sau a gurilor de vizitare
cu caracteristica geometric : d /
De s .
Tabelul 8.11
262
Coeficienii de forma y
h/De
0,18
0,2
0,225
0,25
0,30
0,40
0,50
d/
0
y la fund fr guri
3,14
2,9
2,4
2,0
1,55
1,15
1,1
De s
0,5
1
2
3
4
5
y la funduri cu guri nentrite sau guri de vizitare
3,4
3,4
3,92
4,85
5,75 6,75
2,9
2,9
3,7
4,6
5,5
6,5
2,4
2,58
3,42
4,35
5,25 6,2
2,0
2,3
3,2
4,1
5,0
5,9
1,61
2,0
2,9
3,75
4,6
5,4
1,27
1,7
2,5
3,32
4,05 4,75
1,2
1,6
2,2
3,0
3,7 4,35
Relaia (8.12) este valabil n urmtoarele condiii:

- raportul s/De are valorile: 0,003 s/De 0,16 ;
- funduri semisferice, n orice condiii;
- funduri eliptice dac h/De 0,18; d/De 0,5 ;
- funduri mner de co dac R De, r 0,1 De :
r1 3 mm ; h 0,18 De
8.6. Calculul plcilor tubulare
Plcile tubulare se consolideaz n poriunea rmas n afara fascicolului de
evi, cu mijloace adecvate, ori de cte ori valoarea presiunii de lucru a cazanului
impune aceasta .
n poriunea n care se fixeaz fascicolului de evi n placa tubular pot avea loc
dou cazuri :
a. Placa tubular se consolideaz prin ancore speciale sau mai multe, prin evi
ancore, filetate, grosimea peretelui calculndu-se cu relaia :
s = k dc
ar
(cm)
(8.13)
n care:
dc diametrul cercului cel mai mare care se poate nscrie n spaiul liber dintre
locurile ancorate ;
este un coeficient egal cu 0,34 0,5 .
k
evile se madrineaz, iar pentru placa tubular grosimea minim va fi
s = 0,5 + 0,125 dc (cm),
unde dc este diametrul orificiului. Distana dintre ancore se alege de cel mult 200 mm .
263

CAZANE
b. Placa tubular nu se consolideaz n mod special, n acest caz se verific

rezistena mbinrii prin mandrinare a evilor n ceea ce privete smulgerea
din orificiu, determinndu-se valoarea ncrcrii specifice q (daN/cm) pe
unitatea de lungime a circumferinei evii cu relaia :
q=
p A
d c (daN/cm)
(8.14)
n care: A este suprafaa plcii tubulare dintre patru evi (figura 8.2 suprafaa haurat).
h
de/di
M
Fig. 8.3. Aezarea evilor n placa tubular
d c2
A = t h
4
de
do
p
(cm2)
diametrul exterior al evii (cm) ;

diametrul orificiului (do = de + 0,1), (cm)
presiunea n daN/cm2 .
ncrcarea q trebuie s corespund valorilor :

q 4 pentru evi mandrinate n orificii netede sau n canale inelare ;
q 5 pentru evi mandrinate i cu unul din capete rsfrnt ;
q 7 pentru evi mandrinate i cu ambele capete rsfrnte .
Pentru evile sudate n placa tubular, mbinarea trebuie s corespund
condiiilor :
d h 1,25 ( d e 2 d i 2 ) din care se deduce valoarea lui h .

4
Plcile tubulare, supuse la ncovoiere n interiorul poriunii haurate, se verific

cu relaia :
264
i =
n care :
e=
P
d s
3601 0 ,7 e
e e
AE + EC
2
r
4 ,5
(daN/cm2)
(8.15)
(mm)
n calculul suprafeelor marginale ale plcilor tubulare se poate considera c

sarcina este preluat pn la 1/2 din valoarea sa direct de ctre peretele cazanului aflat
n vecintate .
265

CAZANE
ANEXA 1
ECHIVALENTA INTRE UNITATILE DE MASURA DIN

SISTEMELE SI si MkgS
Nr.
crt.
1
2
3
Masa
Densitate
Forta
Presiune
N/m2 (Pa);
bar
kgf/cm2; at;
kgf/m2
Energie
J; kWh
kgf m; kcal;
BTU
Putere
W = J/s;
kW
kgfm/s;
kcal/h; CP;
BTU/h
Calduri specifice
Conductivitate
termica
Coeficient de
schimb superficial
prin convectie
Vascozitate
cinematica
Vascozitate
dinamica
J/kgK
kcal/kgfoC
1N 0,102 kgf; 1 kgf 9,81 N

1 N/m2 = 10-5 bar = 0,102 kgf/m2 = 7,510-3 torr;
1 bar = 105 N/m2 = 750 torr;
1 kgf/m2 = 1 mm H2O;
at = 1 kgf/cm2 = 735,6 torr.
1 J = 0,102 kgfm = 1/4185,5 kcal;
1 kWh = 3,6106 J;
1 BTU = 0,252 kcal = 1,055 kJ;
1 kcal = 4,185 kJ = 3,968 BTU.
1 W 0,102 kgfm/s = 1,3610-3 CP;
1 kW = 103 W = 860 kcal/h;
1 kcal/h = 1,163 W = 3,968 BTU/h;
1CP = 0,735 kW.
1 kcal/kgfoC = 4,1855 kJ/kgK
W/mK
kcal/mhoC
1 kcal/mhoC = 1,163 W/mK
W/m2K
kcal/m2hoC
1 kcal/mhoC = 1,163 W/mK
m2/s
m2/s
Ns/m2
kgfs/m2
8
9
10
11
Denumirea
Sistemul de unitati
SI
MkgS
kg
kgf s2/m
kg/m3
kgf s2/m4
N
kgf
Relatii de conversie
1 kgfs/m2 = 9,81 Ns/m2
266

CAZANE
ANEXA 2
35235,(7,/(),=,&( ALE AERULUI, LA p = 0,981 bar
t
[oC]
[kg/m3]
cp
[kJ/Nm3
K]
102
[W/m
K]
a 106
[m2/s]
106
[Ns/m2]
106
[m2/s]
Pr
-50
-20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
250
300
350
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1,532
1,350
1,251
1,207
1,166
1,127
1,091
1,057
1,026
0,996
0,967
0,941
0,916
0,869
0,827
0,789
0,754
0,7220
0,6530
0,5960
0,5482
0,5075
0,4418
0,3912
0,3510
0,3183
0,2916
0,2683
0,2487
0,2319
1,2963
1,2969
1,2971
1,2971
1,2971
1,2971
1,2971
1,2971
1,3044
1,3044
1,3044
1,3044
1,3059
1,3096
1,3147
1,3147
1,3199
1,3239
1,3367
1,3502
1,3639
1,3808
1,4118
1,4411
1,4679
1,4918
1,5127
1,5311
1,5470
1,5617
2,00
2,28
2,438
2,51
2,58
2,65
2,72
2,79
2,86
2,92
2,99
3,06
3,12
3,25
3,37
3,49
3,62
3,74
4,06
4,37
4,64
4,91
5,45
5,98
6,47
7,00
7,40
7,84
8,26
8,66
13,1
16,8
19,2
20,7
22,0
23,4
24,8
26,2
27,6
29,2
30,6
32,2
33,6
37,0
40,0
43,3
47,0
49,7
60,0
68,9
80,0
89,4
113,2
133,6
162,0
182
216
240
277
301
14,538
16,157
17,197
17,697
18,198
18,688
19,169
19,640
20,111
20,572
21,023
21,474
21,906
22,779
23,622
24,446
25,251
26,016
27,919
29,724
31,431
33,099
36,160
39,063
41,751
44,301
46,696
49,011
51,218
53,376
9,490
11,97
13,75
14,66
15,61
16,58
17,57
18,58
19,60
20,65
21,74
22,82
23,91
26,21
28,66
31,01
33,49
35,03
42,75
49,87
57,33
65,22
81,85
99,83
118,95
139,18
160,14
182,67
205,94
230,17
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,72
0,72
0,72
0,73
0,73
0,73
0,74
0,74
0,74
0,74
267

CAZANE
ANEXA 3
PROPRIE7,/(7(502',1$0,&($/($3(,,$/($%858/8,167$5('(
6$785$,(1)81&,('(7(03(5$785
t
[ C]
1
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
112
114
116
118
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
156
158
o
T
[K]
2
372,15
373,15
374,15
375,15
376,15
377,15
378,15
379,15
380,15
381,15
382,15
383,15
385,15
387,15
389,15
391,15
393,15
395,15
397,15
399,15
401,15
403,15
405,15
407,15
409,15
411,15
413,15
415,15
417,15
419,15
421,15
423,15
425,15
427,15
429,15
431,15
p
[bar]
3
0,9775
1,0132
1,0499
1,0876
1,1265
1,1666
1,2079
1,2504
1,2941
1,3390
1,3852
1,4326
1,5316
1,6361
1,7464
1,8628
1,9854
2,1144
2,2502
2,3932
2,5434
2,7011
2,8668
3,041
3,222
3,414
3,614
3,823
4,042
4,271
4,510
4,760
5,020
5,293
5,576
5,872
v
[m /kg]
4
0,0010427
0,0010435
0,0010443
0,0010450
0,0010458
0,0010466
0,0010474
0,0010482
0,0010490
0,0010498
0,0010507
0,0010515
0,0010532
0,0010549
0,0010567
0,0010585
0,0010603
0,0010621
0,0010640
0,0010638
0,0010677
0,0010697
0,0010717
0,0010737
0,0010757
0,0010777
0,0010798
0,0010819
0,0010840
0,0010862
0,0010884
0,0010906
0,0010928
0,0010950
0,0010974
0,0010998
3
v
[m3/kg]
5
1,730
1,673
1,618
1,566
1,515
1,466
1,419
1,374
1,331
1,289
1,249
1,210
1,137
1,069
1,005
0,9465
0,8917
0,8407
0,7930
0,7486
0,7074
0,6683
0,6321
0,5981
0,5664
0,5366
0,5087
0,4824
0,4379
0,4347
0,4130
0,3926
0,3733
0,3552
0,3381
0,3220
268
[kg/m3]
6
0,5780
0,5977
0,6181
06386
0,6601
0,6821
0,7047
0,7278
0,7513
0,7758
0,8006
0,8264
0,8795
0,9354
0,9950
1,056
1,121
1,189
1,261
1,336
1,414
1,496
1,582
1,672
1,765
1,864
1,966
2,073
2,184
2,300
2,421
2,547
2,679
2,815
2,958
3,106
i
[kJ/kg]
7
414,9
419,1
423,3
427,5
431,7
436,0
440,2
444,4
448,6
452,9
457,1
461,3
469,8
478,2
486,7
495,2
503,7
512,2
520,8
529,2
537,7
546,3
554,8
563,2
571,8
580,4
589,0
597,6
606,2
614,8
623,4
632,2
641,0
649,6
658,2
666,9
i
[kJ/kg]
8
2674
2676
2677
2679
2680
2681
2683
2685
2687
2688
2689
2691
2694
2697
2700
2703
2706
2709
2712
2715
2718
2721
2723
2725
2728
2731
2734
2737
2739
2742
2744
2746
2749
2752
2754
2756
r
[kJ/kg]
9
2259
2257
2254
2251
2248
2245
2243
2241
2238
2235
2232
2230
2224
2219
2213
2208
2202
2197
2191
2186
2180
2174
2168
2162
2156
2151
2145
2139
2133
2127
2121
2114
2108
2102
2096
2089

CAZANE
t
[ C]
T
[K]
p
[bar]
v
[m /kg]
v
[m3/kg]
1
160
162
164
166
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
185
190
195
200
2
433,15
435,15
437,15
439,15
441,15
443,15
445,15
447,15
449,15
451,15
453,15
458,15
463,15
468,15
473,15
3
6,180
6,502
6,836
7,183
7,545
7,920
8,311
8,716
9,137
9,574
10,027
11,234
12,553
13,989
15,551
4
0,0011021
0,0011044
0,0011069
0,0011094
0,0011119
0,0011144
0,0011169
0,0011195
0,0011221
0,0011218
0,0011275
0,0011344
0,0011415
0,0011489
0,0011566
5
0,3068
0,2925
0,2790
0,2662
0,2541
0,2426
0,2318
0,2215
0,2118
0,2026
0,1939
0,1739
0,1564
0,1409
0,1272
269
[kg/m3]
6
3,238
3,419
3,584
3,757
3,935
4,122
4,314
4,515
4,721
4,936
5,157
5,750
6,394
7,097
7,662
i
[kJ/kg]
i
[kJ/kg]
r
[kJ/kg]
7
675,5
684,2
692,9
701,7
710,5
719,2
727,9
736,7
745,5
754,3
763,1
785,2
807,5
829,9
852,4
8
2758
2760
2762
2764
2767
2769
2771
2773
2774
2776
2778
2782
2786
2790
2793
9
2082
2076
2069
2062
2056
2050
2043
2036
2029
2022
2015
1997
1979
1960
1941

CAZANE
ANEXA 4
PROPR,(7,/(7(502',1$0,&($/($3(,,$/($%858/8,167$5('(
6$785$,(1)81&,('(35(6,81(
p
t
v
v
i
i
r
o
3
3
3
[bar]
[ C]
[m /kg]
[m /kg]
[kJ/kg]
[kJ/kg]
[kJ/kg]
[kg/m ]
1
1,00
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
2,0
2,2
2,4
2,6
2,8
3,0
3,2
3,4
3,6
3,8
4,0
4,2
4,4
4,6
4,8
5,0
5,4
5,8
6,2
6,6
7,0
7,4
7,8
8,2
8,6
9,0
9,4
9,8
10,0
99,01
102,32
104,81
107,14
109,23
111,38
113,32
115,47
116,94
118,62
120,23
123,27
128,09
128,73
131,20
133,34
135,35
137,86
139,87
141,79
143,62
143,39
147,09
148,73
150,31
151,84
154,76
157,52
166,12
162,59
164,96
167,21
169,37
171,44
173,43
175,35
177,21
179,01
179,88
0,0010432
0,0010452
0,0019472
0,0010492
0,0010510
0,0010527
0,0010543
0,0010559
0,0010575
0,0010590
0,0010605
0,0010633
0,0010659
0,0010685
0,0010709
0,0010723
0,0010784
0,0010776
0,0010797
0,0010817
0,0010836
0,0010855
0,0010874
0,0010892
0,0010910
0,0010927
0,0010960
0,0010992
0,0011022
0,0011052
0,0011081
0,0011109
0,0011136
0,0011162
0,0011187
0,0011213
0,0011237
0,0011261
0,0011273
1,694
1,550
1,429
1,325
1,230
1,159
1,091
1,031
0,9772
0,9290
0,8834
0,8098
0,7465
0,6925
0,6461
0,6057
0,5701
0,5386
0,5404
0,4852
0,4624
0,4416
0,4227
0,4054
0,3895
0,3747
0,3485
0,3258
0,3060
0,2885
0,2728
0,2588
0,2462
0,2347
0,2243
0,2149
0,2061
0,1982
0,1940
0,5903
0,6453
0,0999
0,7545
0,8098
0,8627
0,9164
0,9699
1,223
1,076
1,129
1,235
1,340
1,444
1,548
1,651
1,754
1,867
1,959
2,001
2,163
2,264
2,366
2,467
2,568
2,669
2,869
3,069
3,268
3,467
3,666
3,864
4,062
4,250
4,458
4,654
4,852
5,045
5,139
417,4
428,9
432,4
449,2
458,5
467,2
475,4
483,2
490,7
497,9
504,8
517,8
529,8
540,9
551,4
561,4
571,1
580,2
588,7
596,8
601,7
612,3
619,8
626,9
633,7
640,1
652,7
664,7
670,0
686,9
697,2
707,1
715,4
725,4
734,2
742,8
750,9
758,8
762,7
2675
2679
2683
2687
2690
2693
2696
2699
2702
2704
2707
2711
2715
2719
2722
2720
2728
2731
2734
2736
2738
2741
2743
2745
2747
2749
2752
2755
2758
2761
2764
2766
2768
2770
2772
2774
2776
2778
2778
2258
2499
2244
2238
2232
2226
2221
2216
2211
2206
2202
2193
2185
2178
2171
2164
2157
2151
2145
2139
2133
2129
2123
2118
2113
2109
2009
2090
2082
2074
2067
2059
2052
2045
2038
2031
2025
2019
1015
270

CAZANE
ANEXA 5
35235,(7,/(),=,&($/($3(,3(&85%$'(6$785$,(
a 10 4
2
[W/m K [m /h]
]
t
[ C]
[kg/m3]
10 4
[grd]-1
i
[kJ/kg]
999,8
999,6
998,2
995,6
992,2
988,0
983,2
977,7
971,8
965,3
958,3
951,0
943,1
934,8
926,1
916,9
907,4
397,3
886,9
876,0
864,7
852,8
840,3
827,3
813,6
799,2
784,0
767,9
750,7
732,3
712,5
-0,7
0,95
2,1
3,0
3,9
4,6
5,3
5,8
6,3
7,0
7,5
8,0
8,5
9,1
9,7
10,3
10,8
11,5
12,1
12,8
13,5
14,3
15,2
16,2
17,2
18,6
20,0
21,7
23,8
26,5
29,5
0
12,03749
83,90788
25,69374
67,52187
209,30813
251,13626
293,00626
334,96000
376,99748
419,11870
461,36553
503,6961
546,4035
589,1109
832,2370
657,3631
719,3266
763,2901
807,6723
852,4732
897,6928
943,7498
989,8068
1037,5386
1085,6891
1135,7957
1185,8897
1236,8398
1290,8147
1344,8644
0,5513
0,5745
0,5989
0,6176
0,6338
0,6478
0,6594
0,6676
0,6745
0,6804
0,6827
0,6850
0,6862
0,6862
0,6850
0,6838
0,6827
0,6792
0,6745
0,6699
0,6629
0,6548
0,6455
0,6373
0,6280
0,6176
0,6048
0,5896
0,5745
0,5582
0,5396
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
271
10 4
[Ns/m2]
10 6
[m2/s]
Pr
4,71
4,94
5,16
5,35
5,51
5,66
5,79
5,89
5,97
6,03
6,08
6,12
6,15
6,18
6,20
6,21
6,21
6,20
6,19
6,16
6,11
6,06
6,00
5,92
5,84
5,74
5,62
6,18
6,30
5,05
4,75
1788,363
1305,711
1004,544
801,477
653,346
549,360
469,899
406,134
355,122
314,901
282,528
258,984
277,592
217,782
201,105
186,390
173,637
162,846
153,036
144,207
136,359
130,473
124,587
119,582
114,777
109,872
105,943
102,024
98,100
94,176
91,233
1,790
1,300
1,000
0,805
0,659
0,556
0,479
0,415
0,366
0,326
0,295
0,268
0,244
0,226
0,212
0,202
0,191
0,181
0,173
0,166
0,160
0,154
0,149
0,145
0,141
0,137
0,135
0,133
0,131
0,129
0,128
13,7
9,5
7,0
5,4
4,3
3,55
3,00
2,55
2,25
1,95
1,75
1,57
1,43
1,32
1,23
1,17
1,10
1,05
1,01
0,97
0,95
0,92
0,90
0,88
0,86
0,86
0,86
0,87
0,89
092
098

CAZANE
ANEXA 6
35235,(7,/(),=,&($/(*$=(/25'($5'(5(/$35(6,81($'(EDU
&RPSR]L LDJD]HORU rCO 2 = 0,13; rH 2O = 0,11; rN 2 = 0,76 )
10 2
[W/m]
a 10 2
[m2 /h]
10 2
[N s/m2]
10 6
[m2/s]
Pr
1,0425
1,0676
1,0969
1,1221
1,5114
1,1849
1,2142
1,2393
1,2644
1,2895
1,3063
1,3230
1,3398
2,2794
3,1284
4,0123
4,8380
5,6987
6,5593
7,4199
8,2689
9,1528
10,0134
10,8973
11,7463
12,6185
6,08
11,10
17,60
25,16
35,04
43,61
54,32
66,17
79,09
92,87
109,21
124,37
141,27
15,7842
20,3943
24,1955
28,2331
31,6863
43,8549
37,8666
40,6918
43,3798
45,9108
48,3633
50,7078
52,9936
12,20
21,54
32,80
45,81
60,38
76,30
93,61
112,1
131,8
152,8
174,3
197,1
221,0
0,72
0,69
0,67
0,65
0,64
0,63
0,62
0,61
0,60
0,59
0,58
0,57
0,56
t
[ C]
[kg/m3]
cp
[kJ/Nm3
K]
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
0,295
0,950
0,748
0,617
0,525
0,457
0,405
0,363
0,329
0,301
0,275
0,257
0,240
272

CAZANE
ANEXA 7
&/'85,/(63(&,),&($/(8125*$=(>N-1P3 K]
t
[ C]
cp
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
[kJ/Nm3 K]
CO2
N2
O2
H2O
Aer usc.
Aer um.
1,5998
1,7003
1,7873
1,8627
1,9297
1,9887
2,0411
2,0884
2,1311
2,1692
2,2035
2,2349
2,2638
2,2898
2,3136
2,3354
2,3555
2,3743
2,3915
2,4074
2,4221
2,4359
2,4484
2,4602
2,4700
2,4811
1,2946
1,2958
1,2996
1,3067
1,3163
1,3276
1,3435
1,3536
1,3670
1,3720
1,3917
1,4034
1,4143
1,4252
1,4348
1,4440
1,4528
1,4612
1,4687
1,4788
1,4825
1,4892
1,4951
15010
1,5064
1,8114
1,3059
1,3176
1,3352
1,3561
1,3775
1,3980
1,4168
1,4344
1,4499
1,4637
1,4775
1,4892
1,5005
1,5106
1,5203
1,5294
1,5378
1,5462
1,5541
15617
1,5892
1,5759
1,5830
1,5897
1,5964
1,6027
1,4943
1,5051
1,5223
1,5424
1,5654
1,5897
1,6148
1,6412
1,6680
1,6954
1,7229
1,7501
1,7769
1,8028
1,8280
1,8527
1,8761
1,8895
1,9213
1,9423
1,9628
1,9824
2,0009
2,0189
2,0365
2,0628
1,2971
1,3004
1,3071
1,3172
1,3235
1,3427
1,3565
1,3708
1,3842
1,3975
1,4097
1,4214
1,4327
1,4432
1,4528
1,4620
1,4708
1,4788
1,4867
1,4938
1,5010
1,5072
1,5135
1,5194
1,6252
1,5303
1,3188
1,3243
1,3318
1,3423
1,3544
1,3652
1,3829
1,3975
1,4114
1,4248
1,4373
1,4499
1,4612
1,4725
1,4830
1,4926
1,5018
1,5102
1,5177
1,5257
1,5128
1,5399
1,5462
1,5526
1,5583
1,5638
273

CAZANE
ANEXA 8
ENTALPIA GAZELOR PRODUSE ALE ARDERII [kJ/ Nm3]
t
[oC]
CO2
N2
O2
H2 O
Aer usc.
Aer um.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
0
171,27
395,12
561,15
774,80
798,05
1229,28
1467,27
1711,04
1959,21
2212,50
2469,17
2728,80
2989,87
3253,88
3519,60
3787,04
4056,54
4327,56
4598,95
4872,00
5146,26
5420,80
5698,02
5969,76
6251,00
0
129,59
260,02
391,80
526,24
663,65
804,00
947,31
1092,96
1240,92
1391,80
1544,29
1697,76
1852,24
2009,98
2166,75
2324,64
2484,04
2643,84
2804,97
2966,00
3127,53
3291,20
3452,30
3614,40
3778,75
0
131,73
267,06
406,86
551,00
698,80
850,14
1003,80
1159,92
1317,78
1477,10
1637,79
1800,24
1963,26
2127,72
2293,50
2459,84
2627,86
2796,66
2966,47
3136,80
3308,55
3461,72
3654,47
3830,40
4005,75
0
150,52
304,30
462,60
626,00
794,45
968,40
1148,56
1334,40
1525,68
1722,40
1924,56
2131,68
2343,12
2559,06
2778,30
3001,60
3228,30
3458,16
9690,18
3924,40
4162,83
4401,54
4842,09
4886,16
5130,50
0
130,00
261,42
395,18
531,58
671,15
813,90
959,56
1107,28
1257,39
1408,30
1563,50
1718,76
1876,16
2034,48
2193,60
2353,92
2514,64
2678,08
2838,98
3001,80
3165,96
3329,70
3495,54
3660,48
3826,50
0
132,39
268,28
402,57
541,60
683,90
829,50
977,97
1128,72
1281,87
1436,90
1594,34
1752,84
1913,60
2075,50
2238,15
2402,08
2566,49
2730,95
2897,88
3064,60
3232,74
3400,54
3569,60
3738,72
3908,25
274

CAZANE
ANEXA 9
VALORILE CONSTANTELOR FIZICE

$/(*$=(/25'($5'(5(,$/($(58/8,
t
[oC]
Gaze de ardere
6
Aer
102
[W/m K]
Pr
10
[m2/s]
0,72
0,69
0,67
0,66
0,64
0,63
0,62
0,61
0,60
0,59
0,58
0,57
0,56
0,55
0,54
0,53
0,52
13,3
23,0
34,8
48,2
63,0
79,3
96,8
116
135
155
178
199
223
248
273
300
328
2,43
3,12
3,74
4,37
4,91
5,45
5,98
6,47
7,00
7,40
7,84
8,26
8,66
9,45
9,98
10,39
10,8
10
[m2/s]
10
[W/m K]
Pr
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
12,2
21,5
32,8
45,8
60,4
76,3
93,6
112
132
152
174
197
221
245
272
297
323
2,28
3,13
4,01
4,85
5,70
6,55
7,42
8,27
9,16
10,02
10,9
11,75
12,55
13,5
14,42
15,33
16,3
275
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
1UFUW
&RQGXFWHFXDULSLRDUHGH
6XSUDIDWDRUL]RQWDODFLOLQGULFD
3ODFLSODQHSDUDOHOH
JURVLPHFRQVWDQWD
ULVWLFD
FDUDFWH
/XQJLPHD
(FXDWLDFULWHULDOD
'RPHQLXGHYDODELOLWDWH
GK
sau
- pentru aer
16
9
Gr.Pr > 2,2 10 4

0 ,3 5
N u = 0 , 0 9 2 (G r P r )
1708 < Gr.Pr < 2,2 10 4
Gr.Pr <1708
1 0 < G r.P r < 1 0

3
1 0 5 < G r.P r < 1 0 9
G r.P r < 1 0 5
N u =1
1
N u = 0 , 2 0 8 (G r P r )4
II. Convectia libera in spatii limitate
b 3
Nu = 0,24 Gr Pr
d
Nu = 0,40 (Gr Pr )4
16
0
,
559
f (Pr) = 1 +

Pr
1
Nu = 0,60 + 0,387 [Gr Pr . f (Pr) ]6
I. Convectia libera in spatii nelimitate
Ecuatii criteriale la convectia fara schimbarea starii de agregare
&RQGLWLLIL]LFHGHSURFHV
ECUATII CRITERIALE PENTRU DETERMINAREA COEFICIENTULUI DE CONVECTIE
DULSLDRDUHL
KLQDOWLPHD
FLOLQGUXOXL
H[WHULRUDO
GGLDPHWUXO
2EVHUYDWLL
SODFL
VGLVWDQWDGLQWUH
GLQWUHDULSLRDUH
EGLVWDQWDOLEHUD
ANEXA 10
1UFUW
&XUJHUHDIOXLGHORUSULQFRQGXFWH
VXSUDIHWHORUSODQH
&XUJHUHDIOXLGHORULQOXQJXO
dech
sau
di
ULVWLFD
0 , 25
0,037 Re 0,8 Pr
2
1 + 2,443 Re 0,1 Pr 3 1
Pr
2
2
Nu = Nulam
+ Nuturb
Pr
p
Nuturb =
Nulam = 0,664 Re 2 Pr 3
III. Convectia fortata
(FXDWLDFULWHULDOD
= (1,82 log Re 1,64)
Pr
; =
Pr
p
1
2
0,11
0 ,11
Pr
d
d
i
i
A = 3 Re Pr ; B = Re Pr ; C =
Pr
L
L
(Re 1000 ) Pr
3
d
1 + i
Nu = 8
2
3 L
1 + 12,2
Pr 1

3
Nu = 49,37 + [1,615 A 0,7] +
B C
1 + 22 Pr
0,11
3 3
Pr
di
3
Nu = 49,37 + 1,615 Re Pr 0,7
Prp
FDUDFWH
/XQJLPHD
3 10 < Re
4
d
0,1 < i < 1
L
2300 < Re < 3 104
Re < 2300
10 < Re < 107
5 105 < Re < 107
Re < 5 105
FRQGXFWHL
/OXQJLPHD
KLGUDXOLF
HFKLYDOHQW
dechGLDPHWUXO
interior al
conductei
circulare
di - diametrul
FXUJHULL
SODFLLLQGLUHFWLD
/OXQJLPHD
2EVHUYDWLL
$1(;$FRQWLQXDUH
1UFUW
XQUDQGGHWHYL
&XUJHUHDIOXLGHORUWUDQVYHUVDOSH
LQVSLUDOD
&XUJHUHDIOXLGHORUSULQFRQGXFWH
d
m = 0,5 + 0,2903 i
D
0 ,194
de
l=
2
2
l
2
t
Nut =
0 , 25
0 ,8
0,037 Re Pr
2
1 + 2,443 Re 0,1 Pr 3 1
Nul = 0,644 Re Pr
Pr
Nu = 0,3 + Nu + Nu
Pr
p
2,2 104 Re
=
2,2 104 Re cr
Pr
0,3164
di
=
0
,
03
;
Pr
Re 0, 25
D
p
Nutranz = Nulam Re cr + (1 ) Nuturb Re max
1
2
0,14
Pr
; =
Pr
p
0 ,14
0, 9
1
d
Nulam = 3,66 + 0,08 1 + 0,8 i Re m Pr 3
D
(FXDWLDFULWHULDOD
Re Pr
di
8
Nuturb =
2
VDX
3
Pr 1
1 + 12,7
dech
8
ULVWLFD
FDUDFWH
/XQJLPHD
Prp
0 ,6 < P r <1 0 3
Re =
wl

= 1
4a
1 0 < Re <1 0 6
Re max = 2,2 104
Re cr < Re < Re max
Re > 2,2 10 4
0 , 45
di
= 1 + 8,6
D
Re cr = 2300
Re < Re cr
'F>
/Q[
QXPDLSHQWUX
de
V
gaze se
inlocuieste
(Pr/Prp)^0,25 cu
(Tmg/Tp)^0,12
D
* la
WHYL
s1SDVXOGLQWUH
exterior al
conductei
de - diametrul
KPDUH
''V
FDOFXO
'GLDPHWUXOGH
FLOLQGUXOXL
PHGLXDO
'FGLDPHWUXO
PHGLXDOVSLUHORU
'VGLDPHWUXO
VSLUH
QQXPDUXOGH
VSLUH
KSDVXOGLQWUH
WHYLL
/OXQJLPHD
'V
K'FA@
'
2EVHUYDWLL
$1(;$FRQWLQXDUH
1UFUW
ULVWLFD
FDUDFWH
/XQJLPHD
DVH]DUHFRULGRU
de
l=
XQIDVFLFXOGHWHYL
2
de tevi, conform rel.7
Nu1 = Nu pentru un singur rand
0,3
0,7
a
= 1 1,5
2
0
,
7
+
Pr
1 + (n 1)
Nu =
Nu1
Pr
n
p
(FXDWLDFULWHULDOD
2EVHUYDWLL
10 < Re <106
la gaze se
inlocuieste
(Pr/Prp)^0,25 cu
(Tmg/Tp)^0,12
* de - diametrul
wl
exterior al
Re =

conductei
*
s1SDVXO
=1
pt. b 1
WUDQVYHUVDO
4a
VSDVXO
ORQJLWXGLQDO
pt. b < 1
=1
D
Vde
4ab
* b = s2/de
m = 0,25 pt. inc. fluid
* n - numarul de
m = 0,11 pt. racire fluid
randuri
$1(;$FRQWLQXDUH

1UFUW
FRQYHFWLHOLEHUDVLIRUWDWD
6XSUDSXQHUHDSURFHVHORUGH
DVH]DUHHVLFKHU
2
3b
(FXDWLDFULWHULDOD
Nu1 = Nu pentru un singur rand

de tevi, conform rel.7
=1+
1
3
Nu fortat conform rel. de la convectia fortata
Nuliber conform rel. de la convectia libera
3
Nu = Nu 3fortat Nuliber
Fortele ascensiona le in sens opus fata de curgerea fortata :
3
Nu = Nuliber
+ Nu 3fortat
Fortele ascensiona le in acelasi sens cu curgerea fortata :
IV. Convectia fortata insotita de convectia libera
ULVWLFD
FDUDFWH
/XQJLPHD
de
l=
2
XQUDQGGHWHYL
Pr
1 + (n 1)
Nu =
Nu1
Pr
n
p
*
randuri
la gaze se
inlocuieste
(Pr/Prp)^0,25 cu
(Tmg/Tp)^0,12
G r P r > 7 1 0 5
R e < R e cr
2EVHUYDWLL
$1(;$FRQWLQXDUH
10 < Re <10
* de - diametrul
wl
exterior al

conductei
* s1SDVXO
=1
pt. b 1
WUDQVYHUVDO
4a
VSDVXO
ORQJLWXGLQDO
pt. b < 1
=1
4ab
D Vde
m = 0,25 pt. inc. fluid
* b = s2/de
*
n
- numarul de
m = 0,11 pt. racire fluid
Re =

CAZANE
1XPUXOGH HYL
suplimentare n toate
sectoarele
Pe al treilea
rnd
m3
Pe al doilea
rnd
m2
$H]DUHDvQKH[DJRQ
1XPUXOGH HYLVXSOLPHQWDUHSH
rndurile sectoarelor, m
Pe primul rnd
m1
1XPUXOGH HYLSH
VXSUDID DFHDPDL
mare dintre
hexagoane
1XPUXOGH HYLSH
GLDJRQDO
b
1XPUXOGH HYLSH
latura hexagonului
a
18058/'((9,3(3/&,/(78%8/$5(
1XPUXOWRWDOGH HYL
n
ANEXA 11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
1
7
19
37
61
91
127
169
217
271
331
397
469
517
631
721
817
919
1027
1141
1261
1387
1519
1657
1851
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
2
5
6
7
8
9
12
13
14
15
16
17
4
7
8
9
10
18
24
30
36
42
48
66
90
102
114
126
138
162
198
228
246
267
282
1
7
19
37
61
91
127
187
241
301
367
439
517
613
721
823
931
1045
1165
1303
1459
1615
1765
1981
2083
281

CAZANE
ANEXA 12
Diametrul
exterior (mm)
Tevi din otel fara sudura laminate la cald (SR 404/1-98)
3,0
3,5
4,0
5,0
6,0
8,0
10
25
29
32
34
38
42
45
48
51
54
57
60
63,5
70
73
76
83
89
95
102
108
114
121
127
133
140
146
152
159
168
178
194
219
245
273
324
356
377
1,63
1,85
2,14
2,29
2,59
2,88
3,11
3,33
3,55
3,77
3,99
-
2,11
2,46
2,63
2,98
3,32
3,58
3,84
4,10
4,36
4,62
4,88
5,18
5,74
6,00
6,26
6,86
7,38
7,90
-
2,76
2,96
3,35
3,75
4,04
4,34
4,64
4,93
5,23
5,52
5,87
6,51
6,81
7,10
7,79
8,38
8,98
9,67
10,30
10,85
11,54
12,10
12,70
-
5,77
6,21
6,66
7,10
7,55
7,99
8,51
9,47
9,91
10,36
11,39
12,28
13,77
14,20
15,09
15,98
17,02
17,90
18,79
20,12
20,72
21,60
22,64
23,97
25,45
27,82
31,52
-
7,89
8,48
9,07
9,67
10,26
10,95
12,23
12,82
13,42
14,80
15,98
17,16
18,54
19,73
20,91
22,29
23,47
24,66
26,04
27,23
28,41
29,79
31,57
33,51
36,70
41,63
46,76
52,28
62,34
68,66
72,80
9,37
10,11
10,85
11,60
12,33
13,19
14,80
15,54
16,28
18,00
19,48
20,96
22,69
24,20
25,65
27,37
28,85
30,33
32,06
33,54
35,02
36,75
38,96
41,43
45,38
51,54
57,95
64,86
77,44
85,33
90,51
Grosimea peretelui (mm)

12
14
16
18
20
22
19,33
20,37
21,41
23,82
25,89
27,97
30,38
32,45
34,53
36,94
39,01
41,08
43,50
45,57
47,65
50,66
53,17
56,62
62,15
70,78
79,75
89,42
107,72
118,07
125,33
21,30
22,49
23,67
26,44
28,80
31,17
33,93
36,30
38,67
41,43
43,80
46,16
48,93
51,30
53,66
56,42
59,98
63,92
70,24
80,10
90,36
101,41
121,53
134,16
142,44
28,85
31,52
34,18
37,29
39,95
42,61
45,72
48,39
51,05
54,16
56,82
59,48
62,59
66,59
71,02
78,12
89,22
100,77
133,20
135,83
150,04
159,36
46,36
49,82
52,77
55,73
59,19
62,15
65,11
68,56
73,00
77,93
85,82
98,15
110,98
124,79
149,94
165,72
176,08
49,91
53,71
56,97
60,22
64,02
67,27
70,53
74,33
79,21
84,64
93,32
106,89
120,99
136,18
163,85
181,21
192,61
Masa (kg/ml)
4,07
4,56
4,93
5,30
5,67
6,04
6,41
6,78
7,21
8,01
8,38
8,75
9,62
10,36
11,10
11,96
12,70
13,44
14,30
15,04
15,78
16,65
17,39
-
282
12,43
13,22
14,20
15,24
17,16
18,05
18,94
21,01
22,79
24,56
26,63
28,41
30,19
32,26
34,03
35,81
37,88
39,66
41,43
43,50
46,17
49,13
53,86
61,26
68,95
77,24
92,33
101,80
108,02

CAZANE
ANEXA 13
Diametrul
exterior (mm)
Tevi din otel fara sudura pentu cazane

si schimbatoare de caldura (SR 9377-90)
1,5
2,0
2,5
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
38
45
48
57
60
70
76
80
89
0,388
0,462
0,536
0,610
0,684
0,869
1,05
1,35
1,61
-
0,493
0,592
0,690
0,789
0,888
1,13
1,38
1,77
2,12
2,27
-
0,586
0,709
0,832
0,956
1,08
1,39
1,69
2,19
2,62
2,80
3,36
3,54
-
Grosimea peretelui (mm)

3,0
3,5
Masa (kg/ml)
0,666
0,814
0,962
1,11
1,25
1,26
1,42
1,63
1,85
2,00
2,29
2,59
2,98
3,11
3,58
3,33
3,84
3,99
4,22
4,88
4,96
5,74
5,40
6,26
5,70
6,60
7,38
283
4,0
5,0
6,0
8,0
1,58
2,07
2,56
3,35
4,04
4,34
5,52
6,51
7,10
7,50
8,38
1,85
2,47
3,08
4,07
4,93
5,30
6,78
8,01
8,75
9,25
10,36
2,81
3,55
4,73
5,77
6,21
7,99
9,47
10,36
10,95
12,28
4,34
5,92
7,30
8,29
10,26
12,23
13,42
14,20
15,98

CAZANE
ANEXA 14
d
45
d3
d2
d1
FLANSE ROTUNDE PENTRU SUDARE
Teava
Dn
d
10
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
500
600
14
20
25
30
34
38
42
45
48
57
60
76
89
108
114
133
140
159
168
219
273
324
356
377
406,4
508
609,6
FLANSE ROTUNDE PENTRU SUDARE

CONFORM STAS :
8011-84 (Pn 2,5) si 8012-84 (Pn 6)
d1
d2
d3
b
Masa
mm
kg/buc
75
50
0,25
10
80
55
0,28
11
90
65
0,44
0,55
100
75
12
0,53
0,93
120
90
0,90
1,03
130
100
14
14
1,00
1,14
140
110
1,11
160
130
1,39
190
150
2,29
16
2,66
210
170
2,53
3,68
240
200
18
18
3,46
4,68
265
225
20
4,32
320
280
22
6,35
375
335
8,39
24
440
395
10,80
15,60
490
445
26
22
13,10
540
495
28
18,70
645
600
25,10
30
755
705
26
25,70
400
500
600
350
200
250
300
150
125
100
65
80
50
40
32
25
10
15
20
Dn
14
20
25
30
34
38
42
45
48
57
60
76
89
108
114
133
140
159
168
219
273
324
356
377
406,4
508
609,6
Teava
565
670
780
505
340
395
445
285
250
220
185
200
165
150
140
115
d1
mm
90
95
105
285
FLANSE ROTUNDE PENTRU SUDARE CONFORM STAS :

8013-84 (Pn 10)
8014-84 (Pn 16)
d2
d3
b
Masa
d1
d2
d3
b
kg/buc
mm
60
0,45
90
60
12
12
65
0,50
95
65
14
14
75
0,74
105
75
14
14
0,88
85
115
85
0,86
1,50
100
140
100
1,47
16
16
1,64
110
150
110
1,61
2,22
125
165
125
18
18
2,18
18
18
145
2,66
185
145
160
20
3,27
200
160
20
4,16
180
22
220
180
22
3,97
5,75
210
250
210
5,47
24
24
7,05
240
285
240
22
6,66
295
26
9,42
340
295
26
22
350
12,10
405
355
28
32
400
13,60
460
410
26
20,60
460
30
520
470
36
17,90
515
32
16,10
580
525
30
38
26
620
34
34,70
715
650
33
44
725
30
36
38,60
840
770
36
48
Masa
kg/buc
0,45
0,50
0,74
0,88
0,86
1,50
1,47
1,64
1,61
2,22
2,18
2,66
3,27
4,16
3,97
5,75
5,47
7,05
6,66
9,13
14,90
17,80
28,20
24,80
34,60
59,30
79,00
ANEXA 14 (continuare)

CAZANE
ANEXA 15
s
d
Dn
25
32
40
25
28
34
42
48
50
60
20
73
65
76
80
89
100
114
125
140
150
158
200
219
250
273
300
324
350
356
400
406
450
457
500
508
s
mm
3; 4
3
4; 6
4; 8
4; 6
10
4; 6
10
4; 6
10
4; 8
12
5; 8
14
6
10; 16
6
10; 16
6
12; 13
6
12; 20
6
12; 20
8
14
25
8
16
25
10; 18
25
10; 18
25
286
H
31
32
33
35
37
40
55
43
58
44
59
47
62
53
68
67
82
67
82
80
95
93
108
106
121
114
129
139
126
141
151
154
164
167
177
25
40
25
40
25
40
25
40
25
40
25
40
25
40
25
40
25
40
25
40
50
25
40
50
40
50
40
50
ANEXA 16
CRITERII DE SIMILITUDINE
Denumirea
criteriului
Simbol
5HOD LHGHFDOFXO
6HPQLILFD LHIL]LFXWLOL]DUH
J O R
= *D

Arhimede
Ar
Biot
Bi
Euler
Eu
Fourier
Fo
Froude
(Boussinesq)
(Vedernikov)
Fr
(B)
(V)
Galileu
Ga
Grashoff
Gr
J O W

Kutateladze
Ku
U
FS WO WS
Nusselt
Nu
Peclet
Pe
Prandtl
Pr
Reynolds
Re
. O
S
Z
D 2
O
Z
JO
)RU HGHLQHU LH)RU HJUDYLWD LRQDOH

(curgerea fluidelor compresibile)
)RU HJUHYLWD LRQDOH)RU HGHYkVFR]LWDWH
(curgerea fluidelor vscoase)
)RU HGHSHUWXUED LH)RU HGHYkVFR]LWDWH
VFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LHOLEHU
. O
FS Z O
= Re Pr
Rezisten WHUPLFLQWHUQ5H]LVWHQ
WHUPLFODVXSUDID
WUDQVIHUGHFOGXU
)RU HGHSUHVLXQH)RU HGHLQHU LH
(frecarea fluidelor la curgerea prin
conducte)
WUDQVIHUGHFOGXUvQUHJLPWUDQ]LWoriu)
J O

FS
)RU HJUHYLWD LRQDOH)RU HGHYkVFR]LWDWH

PLFDUHOLEHU
Z O
WUDQVIHUGHFOGXULPDVvQWLPSXO
YDSRUL]ULLXQXLOLFKLG
tl temperatura lichidului
tp temperatura peretelui
&OGXUWUDQVPLVSULQFRQYHF LH&OGXU
WUDQVPLVSULQFRQGXF LH
WUDQVIHUGHFDOGXU
7UDQVIHUXOGHFOGXUWRWDO7UDQVIHUXOGH
FOGXUFRQGXFWLY
WUDQVIHUXOGHFOGXU
'LIX]LWDWHPRPHQWDQ'LIX]LYLWDWH
WHUPLF
WUDQVIHUXOGHFOGXUFRQYHFWLYOD
PLFDUHDIRU DWDIOXLGXOXL
)RU HGHLQHU LH)RU HGHYkVFR]LWDWH
(curgerea fluidelor)
287

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UNIVERSITATEA TEHNICA DE CONSTRUCTII BUCURESTI

Conf.dr.ing. STANESCU PAUL-DAN

Asist.ing. POPESCU (OLEA) LELIA LETITIA

UNIVERSITATEA TEHNICA DE CONSTRUCTII BUCURESTI

Conf.dr.ing. STANESCU PAUL-DAN

Asist.ing. POPESCU (OLEA) LELIA LETITIA

4. CALCULUL TERMIC AL CAZANELOR DE ABUR ............................... 151

6. CALCULUL TERMIC AL CAZANELOR

1. CALCULUL ARDERII COMBUSTIBILULUI

1.1. Calculul arderii combustibilului gazos

V0 = 0,0476 0,5CO + 0,5 H 2 + 1,5 H 2 S + m + C m H n O2 [ m3N / m3N ]

Elementele componente ale combustibilului se introduc n UHOD LH cu valorile

VCO2 = 0,01 CO2 + CO + mCm H n

INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE APARATE TERMICE

Volumul de bioxid de sulf din gazele de ardere:

V RO2 = VCO + VSO

Volumul de azot din gazele de ardere:

9ROXPXOGHYDSRULGHDS din gazele de ardere:

Volumul teoretic de gaze de ardere fUH[FHVGHDHU( = 1 )

In cazul proceselor tehnice de ardere, specifice cazanelor, SHQWUXDVHRE LQHFt

1. CALCULUL ARDERII COMBUSTIBILULUI

Volumul real al gazelor de ardere:

3UHVLXQHDSDU LDODJD]HORU triatomice ( RO 2 ) din gazele de ardere:

unde p g HVWHSUHVLXQHDDEVROXWDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH p g = p o 1 bar .

+ 912,4 C3 H 8 + 1184 C 4 H 10 [kJ/ m3N ]

Componentele volumice ale combustibilului se introduc n procente.

SXWHUHDFDORULFLQIHULRDUeste H i = 36000 kJ/ m3N

SXWHUHDFDORULFHVWH H i = 37000 kJ/ m3N .

INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE APARATE TERMICE

1.2. Calculul arderii combustibilului lichid sau solid .

9ROXPXOGHELR[LGGHFDUERQLbioxid de sulf din gazele de ardere:

9ROXPXOGHYDSRULGHDS din gazele de ardere:

Volumul teoretic de gaze de ardere fUH[FHVGHDHU( = 1 )

Volumul real de aer necesar arderii cu exces de aer:

In cazul proceselor tehnice de ardere, specifice cazanelor,SHQWUXDVHRE LQHFvW

1. CALCULUL ARDERII COMBUSTIBILULUI

3UHVLXQHDSDU LDODJD]HORU522 n gazele de ardere:

unde pgHVWHSUHVLXQHDDEVROXWDJD]elor de ardere:

H i = 339,0 C + 1200 H + 104,7 S 25,1W O

INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE APARATE TERMICE

I = VRO2 iRO2 + VN 2 iN 2 + VH 2 OiH 2 O + ( 1)V0iaer

Tabelul 1.1.(QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHUH]XOWDWHGLQDUGHUHDXQLW LLGH combustibil (kJ/ m3N ) sau (kJ/kg)

1. CALCULUL ARDERII COMBUSTIBILULUI

INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE APARATE TERMICE

ModDOLW LOH de utilizare a diagramei It sunt uUPWRDUHle:

apoi se GHWHUPLQ entalpia :

'HRDUHFHYDULD LDFOGXULLVSHFLILFHFXFRPSR]L LDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHUHODWLY

1. CALCULUL ARDERII COMBUSTIBILULUI

INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE APARATE TERMICE

Modurile de utili]DUH D FOGXULORU specifice ale gazelor de ardere n calculele

Se GHWHUPLQ t 'e' FXUHOD LD:

GDF te GLIHU ID te cu mai mult de un gard, se reia calculul o cu noX valoare

t e' = t e'' . ,QILQDOVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDGHLHLUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH t e pentru c pe :

1. CALCULUL ARDERII COMBUSTIBILULUI

Pentru determinarHD FOGXULORU VSHFLILFH DOH componentelor gazelor de ardere

c H 2O = 1,5051 + 8,4142 10 5 (t 100)1,154 [kJ/ m3N K]

c N 2 = 1,2958 + 9,3464 10 6 (t 100)1,35

c aer = 1,3004 + 3,6974 10 (t 100)

c pg = 4,186(0,32118 + 3,8107 10 5 t ) [kJ/ m3N K]

c pg = 4,186(0,32265 + 4,45 10 5 t ) [kJ/ m3N K]

Fig. 1.2. Diagrama cp t pentru gaze naturale

INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE APARATE TERMICE

Fig. 1.3. Diagrama cp t pentru combustibili lichizi

Fig. 1.4. Diagrama cp t pentru combustibil solid

a) ODXQFD]DQvQIXQF LXQH cnd,SULQPVXUUL,VHGHWHUPLQ Qut L Qc :

unde q j UHSUH]LQWSLHUGHULOHVSHFLILFHUHODWLYHID GH Qc GHFOGXU

Pentru cazane de apFDOGVDXILHUELQWH

I aer UHSUH]LQWHQWDOSLDDHUXOXLGHDUGHUHODWHPSHUDWXUDDPELDQW (ta200&L

5HOD LHSULQ care se punevQHYLGHQ

5HOD LDSRDWHILXWLOL]DWQXPDLSHQWUXXQFD]DQH[LVWHQW pentru care s-au

unde cu D s-a notat debitul de abur al cazanului [kg/s] GDWSULQWHP.

2.2.2. Consumul de combustibil, pentru cazaneleGHDSFDOGVDXILHUELQWH

Din diagrama I-t, pentru IsfcLsfcVHRE LQHtsfc .

Din diagrama I-t, pentru IsiLsiVHRE LQHtsi.

Din diagrama I-t, pentru IecLecVHRE LQHtec.

Din diagrama I-t, pentru IgpaLpaVHRE LQHtgpa.