Dulam Maria Eliza ELEMENTE DIN DIDACTICA GEOGRAFIEI

CASA DE EDITUR ATLAS-CLUSIUM SRL (Director general: VALENTIN TA CU! EDITURA CLUSIUM (Director: NIC"LAE M"CANU! R"M#NIA$ %&'' CLU(-NA)"CA$ )ia*a Unirii 1 tele+a, -&'-.&-1/./&' e-0ail: cl12i103co4ec5ro 6 E4it1ra CLUSIUM$ 7'''

Dulam Maria Eliza

ELEMENTE DIN DIDACTICA GEOGRAFIEI

Subiecte pentru examenele de de initi!are "n "n!#m$nt %i de &b#inere a 'radului didactic al II(lea

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C&perta- Lucian ANDREI

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Cu!$nt "nainte 77777777777777777777788 0 Cap8,8 6ROCES5L DE 6REDARE 2 9N:;<ARE 2 O.IECT DE ST5DI5 AL DIDACTICII S6ECIALE 7777777777777888 / 1515 Conce8t1l 4e 4i4actic39 :::::::::::::::: / 1575 )roce21l 4e in2tr1ire ;i e41care ::::::::55::::: 11 15%5 )re4area ;i <n=3*area :::::::::::::::555:: 11 Cap8 *8 6RINCI6IILE 6RED;RII 2 9N:;<;RII GEOGRAFIEI 7788 ,= 7515 A8licarea 8rinci8iilor 4i4actice <n lec*ia 4e geogra+ie ::5::5 1& 7575 A8licarea 8rinci8iilor geogra+ice <n lec*ii :::::::55:: 7' Cap8 18 CON<IN5T5L 9N:;<;M>NT5L5I GEOGRAFIC 77778 *3 %515 No*i1nea 4e con*in1t al <n=3*30>nt1l1i geogra+ic ::::::5 7? %575 Tran281nerea con*in1t1l1i <n=3*30>nt1l1i geogra+ic <n c1rric1l101l ;colar :::::::::::::::::: 7@ %57515 )lan1l-ca4r1 4e <n=3*30>nt$ 8rogra0ele ;colare ;i 0an1alele ;colare ::::::::::::::5 7@ %57575 C1rric1l101l ;colar5 Deli0it3ri ter0inologice ;i conce8t1ale ::::::::::::::::55 %' %5%5 Aor0area la ele=i a re8reBent3rilor ;i no*i1nilor 4e geogra+ie :: %7 %5%515Aor0area re8reBent3rilor :::::::::::: %7 %5%575Aor0area no*i1nilor :::::::::::::: %? Cap8 =8 STRATEGII DIDACTICE 77777777777777788 =3 &515Meto4e 4e <n=3*30>nt 1tiliBate <n 8re4area-<n=3*area geogra+iei 55 &? &51515 No*i1nea 4e 0eto43 4e 8re4are-<n=3*are5 A1nc*iile ;i ta,ono0ia 0eto4elor 4e 8re4are-<n=3*are ::::: &? &51575 Meto4e 4e in2tr1ire centrate 8e ac*i1nea 8ro+e2or1l1i 55 &C &515%5 Meto4e 4e in2tr1ire centrate 8e acti=itatea ele=1l1i :5 ?C &515&5 Meto4e 4e in2tr1ire DaBate 8e ac*i1ne ::::::555 C1 &515?5 )roce4ee ;i in2tr10ente 4e l1cr1 c1 rol co08le0entar <n 8re4area-<n=3*area geogra+iei ::::::::55 @? &575 MiEloacele 4e <n=3*30>nt 1tiliBate <n 8re4area-<n=3*area geogra+iei :::::::::::::::::::::5 // Cap8 38 MOD5RI ?I FORME DE ORGANI@ARE A 6ROCES5L5I DE 9N:;<;M>NT GEOGRAFIC 777777777777788 ?515 Ti81ri 4e lec*ii 4e geogra+ie ::::::::::::::55 ?575 S1cce2i1nea e=eni0entelor in2tr1irii <ntr-o lec*ie 4e geogra+ie : ?5%5 Alte +or0e ;i 0o4alit3*i 4e organiBare a acti=it3*ii 4i4actice la geogra+ie :::::::::::::::::::::: ?5&5 Acti=it3*ile 4i4actice e,tra;colare 28eci+ice geogra+iei ::::5 ? ,+A 1'@ 11' 11' 11?

Cap8 48 6ROIECTAREA ACTI:IT;<II DE 6REDARE(9N:;<ARE A GEOGRAFIEI 777777777777777777788 .515 )roiectarea acti=it3*ii 4e 8re4are-<n=3*are a geogra+iei F con4i*ie a 1nei acti=it3*i 4i4actice re1;ite ::::::::::5 .575 Deli0it3ri ter0inologice ale 8roiect3rii 4i4actice ::::::5 .5%5 Con*in1t1l ;i algorit01l 8roiect3rii 4i4actice :::::::: .5&5 Ni=el1ri ale 8roiect3rii acti=it3*ii 4e 8re4are-<n=3*are-e=al1are : .5?5 "Diecti=ele 8roce21l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt geogra+ic ;i o8era*ionaliBarea lor :::::::::::::::::5

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Cap8 08 E:AL5AREA RE@5LTATELOR 9N:;<;RII 77777788 ,=* C515 E=al1area F co08onent3 a 8roce21l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt ::::: 1&7 C575 A1nc*iile e=al13rii ::::::::::::::::::55 1&7 C5%5 Ti81ri 4e e=al1are ::::::::::::::::::5 1&% C5&5 Meto4e ;i 8roce4ee 4e e=al1are contin13 :::::::::55 1&? C5?5 TeGnici 4e e=al1are a acGiBi*iilor ;i a reB1ltatelor <n=3*3rii ::: 1&C C5.5 )roce41ri ;i in2tr10ente 4e e=al1are co08le0entar3 ::::: 1?& Cap8 A8 O6TIMI@AREA LEC<IILOR DE GEOGRAFIE 777777 @515 Alegerea 2trategiilor 4i4actice a4ec=ate 8entr1 e+icientiBarea acti=it3*ii 4e 8re4are-<n=3*are a geogra+iei ::::::::: @575 "8ti0iBarea lec*iilor 4e geogra+ie 8rin ra8ortarea con*in1t1rilor la 1n 218ort gra+ic ;i cartogra+ic a4ec=at :::::::::55 @5%5 Ra8ort1l 4intre 0eto4ele e,8oBiti=e ;i cele a,ate 8e 4ialog ::5 @5&5 Aor0e 218le 4e organiBare a lec*iei 4e geogra+ie ::::::55 @5?5 Creati=itate <n conce8erea ;i con41cerea lec*iilor 4e geogra+ie :5 @5.5 Rela*iile 8ro+e2or-ele= F +actor 4e 2ti01lare a <n=3*3rii geogra+iei :::::::::::::::::::55:: ,4+ 1.' 1.7 1.@ 1C' 1C7 1C&

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Din 4orin*a 4e a o+eri 28riEin 8ro+e2orilor <n 8reg3tirea 8entr1 e,a0enele 4e 4e+initi=are <n <n=3*30>nt ;i 4e oD*inere a gra41l1i 4i4actic al II-lea$ 2-a <nce81t elaDorarea 1nor 0ateriale 218ort con+or0 8rogra0elor act1ale5 Deoarece la 4i4actica 28ecialit3*ii 8rogra0a e2te =alaDil3 ;i la conc1r21rile 8entr1 oc18area 8o2t1rilor <n <n=3*30>nt$ 2e i081n an10ite 8reciB3ri5 )rogra0a 8entr1 e,a0en1l 4e 4e+initi=are <n <n=3*30>nt ;i 4e oD*inere al gra41l1i 4i4actic al II-lea re8reBint3 =iBi1nea 4in 0o0ent1l re28ecti= a218ra 4i4acticii geogra+iei a 1n1i gr18 4e a1tori ;i con+or0 ace2teia a +o2t 28eci+icat3 a an10it3 DiDliogra+ie5 N1 81*ine a1 +o2t 8roDle0ele c1 care ne-a0 con+r1ntat <n 0o0ent1l elaDor3rii 21Diectelor ;i 8entr1 a le reBol=a a0 <ncercat 23 ne tran281ne0 8e r>n4$ +ie <n loc1l celor care 2e 8reg3te2c 8entr1 ace2te e,a0ene$ +ie <n loc1l celor care +or01leaB3 21Diectele 2a1 e=al1eaB3 l1cr3rile5 C10 2e +or01leaB3 21Diectele la ace2te e,a0eneH E2te 4i+icil 4e r3281n2 la acea2t3 <ntreDare 4eoarece n1 e,i2t3 reg1li clare5 Cei care 8ro81n 21Diecte a1 8o2iDilitatea 4e a le +or01la e,act c10 21nt 28eci+icate <n 8rogra03$ 4ar$ <n ace2t caB$ con2tat3 c3 1nele ele0ente 4e con*in1t 21nt 0ici$ iar altele 21nt +oarte e,tin2e ;i nece2it3 re21r2e 0ari 4e ti08 8entr1 2criere5 " alt3 8roDle03 c1 care 2e con+r1nt3 8ro81n3torii 4e 21Diecte o re8reBint3 caracter1l 8re4o0inant teoretic al 21Diectelor ;i$ at1nci$ 4in 4orin*a 4e a 4a 1n caracter 8ractic ele0entelor 4e con*in1t 8ro812e can4i4a*ilor$ 21Diectele 21nt re+or01late5 )rin re+or01larea 21Diectelor con*in1t1l aDor4at la ace2te e,a0ene 2e e,tin4e aleator <n a+ara DiDliogra+iei in4icate$ +a8t ce 81ne <n 4i+ic1ltate can4i4a*ii at>t <n 8erioa4a 4e 8reg3tire$ c>t ;i <n ti081l elaDor3rii l1cr3rii5 C10 2e elaDoreaB3 Dare01l la ace2te e,a0eneH Iat3 <nc3 o <ntreDare la care e2te 4i+icil 4e r3281n25 Aiecare Dare0 re8reBint3 =iBi1nea 1n1i gr18 2a1 a 1nei 8er2oane a218ra 21Diect1l1i5 Ne <ntreD30 4ac3 e=al1atorii care <ntoc0e2c Dare01l c1no2c <n 4etali1 con*in1t1l l1cr3rilor in4icate la DiDliogra+ie$ 4ac3 re28ect3 acea2t3 DiDliogra+ie 2a1 elaDoreaB3 Dare01l 8e DaBa co08eten*ei 8er2onale ;i a 8ro8riei o8inii 4e28re 21Diectele 8ro812e5 C10 2e e=al1eaB3 l1cr3rile can4i4a*ilor la ace2te e,a0eneH La conc1r21rile na*ionale$ corectorii e=al1eaB3 l1cr3rile ale c3ror 21Diecte ;i Dare0 8ro=in 4in a+ara gr181l1i5 Ne <ntreD30 4ac3 ace;ti corectori c1no2c <n 4etali1 DiDliogra+ia 28eci+icat3$ 4ac3 re28ect3 Dare01l 8ro812 2a1 e=al1eaB3 l1cr3rile con+or0 =iBi1nilor 8er2onale a218ra 21Diectelor ;i con+or0 e,8erien*ei 4i4actice5 La conc1r21rile 8entr1 oc18area 8o2t1rilor 4e 8ro+e2ori la ;colile re8reBentati=e$ 21Diectele ;i Dare01l 21nt elaDorate 4e co0i2ia care =a e=al1a l1cr3rile5 In acea2t3 2it1a*ie 21Diecti=i201l 8oate +i ;i 0ai 0are 4eoarece n1 2e c1noa;te <n ce 0321r3 0e0Drii ace2tor co0i2ii c1no2c 8rogra0a act1al3 ;i DiDliogra+ia in4icat3$ 4ac3 ace;tia a8lic3 ni;te reg1la0ente 2a1 a1 criterii oDiecti=e 4e e=al1are at1nci c>n4 +or01leaB3 21Diectele ;i c>n4 elaDoreaB3 Dare0ele 2a1 organiBeaB3 <n <ntregi0e conc1r21l con+or0 co08eten*ei 8er2onale5 In ti081l 8reg3tirii 8entr1 ace2te e,a0ene ;i conc1r21ri$ orice can4i4at <;i 81ne ace2te <ntreD3ri retorice 8entr1 a antici8a 0o41l 4e +or01lare a 21Diectelor ;i c10 an10e =or +i Dare0ele5 Deoarece can4i4a*ii 4ore2c 23 oD*in3 21cce2 2a1 8o2t1ri D1ne9 4e 8ro+e2ori$ ei 2e <ntreaD3 ce ar treD1i 23 +ac3 8entr1 a +i c>t 0ai Dine 8reg3ti*i 8entr1 ace2te C

co08eti*ii5 Can4i4a*ii ar treD1i 23 2e oDi;n1ia2c3 c1 i4eea c3 ace2te co08eti*ii 21nt e,tre0 4e 4i+icile toc0ai 8entr1 c3 n1 e,i2t3 ni;te r3281n21ri clare la <ntreD3rile 8e care le-a0 +or01lat anterior5 Din ne+ericire$ n1 2e 8oate antici8a 4ac3 21Diectele =or +i +or01late ca <n 8rogra03$ 4ac3 Dare01l =a re28ecta DiDliogra+ia 8re=3B1t3 ;i 4ac3 to*i corectorii c1no2c DiDliogra+ia ;i 8rogra0a 2a1 4ac3 re28ect3 =ag1l ;i 21Diecti=1l Dare05 Ce-i 4e +3c1t <n acea2t3 2it1a*ieH A3r3 a 4ori 23 i081ne0 8ro+e2orilor o 2trategie 4e 8reg3tire a ace2tor e,a0ene$ 8oate c>te=a 21ge2ti ar +i Dine=enite5 In 8ri01l r>n4$ con2i4er30 c3 21nt 0ai a=antaEa*i 8ro+e2orii care c1no2c +oarte Dine con*in1t1l 0an1alelor 4e lice1 ;i al celor 4e gi0naBi1$ 0oti= 8entr1 care o 2t14iere atent3 ace2tora ar +i 1til35 Deoarece 8reg3tirea 0eto4ic3 a 8ro+e2orilor 8re2181ne 2t14i1 8e tot 8arc1r21l carierei$ e,tin4erea DiDiliogra+iei <n a+ara li2tei 4e l1cr3ri 8reciBate ar +i e+icient3 8entr1 2it1a*iile <n care 21Diectele n1 21nt +or01late e,act ca <n 8rogra035 Dac3 21Diectele 21nt +or01late con+or0 te0aticii$ at1nci o c1noa;tere 4etaliat3 a l1cr3rilor 8reciBate <n DiDliogra+ie 8oate con2tit1i 1n a=antaE5 In 2it1a*iile <n care 21Diectele a1 caracter 8ractic$ cei 0ai a=antaEa*i 21nt cei care 8re4a19 ;i cei 0ai 4eBa=antaEa*i 21nt aD2ol=en*ii care a1 c1no;tin*e teoretice 2oli4e9$ 4ar care a1 8re4at 0a,i010 ? lec*ii$ ti08 <n care n1 a1 a=1t 8o2iDilitatea 23 a8lice tot ceea ce a1 <n=3*at la c1r21rile ;i 2e0inariile 4e 4i4actica 28ecialit3*ii5 )entr1 a 2e 2al=a9 <n acea2t3 2it1a*ie$ aD2ol=en*ii ;i 8ro+e2orii <nce83tori ar treD1i 23 2t14ieBe c1 01lt3 aten*ie toate l1cr3rile in4icate la DiDliogra+ie$ 4i=er2e l1cr3ri 4e 0eto4ica 8re43rii geogra+iei ;i 0an1alele ;colare5 St14i1l ace2tor l1cr3ri n1 are ca 2co8 4oar 0e0orarea a c>t 0ai 01lte ele0ente 4e con*in1t$ ci i08lic3 a +iltrare a in+or0a*iilor 8rin e2en*a 0eto4icii95 Can4i4at1l care <n=a*3 con*in1t1l teoretic 8rin 8ri20a 0eto4icii treD1ie 23 g>n4ea2c3 8er0anent c10 =a 8roiecta 2ec=en*a re28ecti=3 4e 8re4are$ 4e <n=3*are 2a1 4e e=al1are ;i c10 o =a realiBa$ 8a2 c1 8a2$ <n 0o4 concret <n ti081l lec*iei c1 ele=ii5 Aiecare 8ro+e2or care 2e 8reg3te;te 8entr1 ace2te e,a0ene ;i conc1r21ri =a a=ea <n aten*ie 4oD>n4irea co08eten*elor 28eci+icate <n 8rogra035 Competene pentru funcia de cadru didactic definitiv 15 23 c1noa2c3 con*in1t1rile teoretice ale te0elor c18rin2e <n 8rogra0a 4e 28ecialitate ;i 4e 4i4actica 28ecialit3*iiJ 75 23 2tr1ct1reBe con*in1t1rile 8rogra0ei 4e 4e+initi=are <n <n=3*30>nt ;i 23 le tran2+ere <n =ariate 2it1a*ii 4e 8re4are-<n=3*are a geogra+ieiJ %5 23 a8lice in+or0a*iile 4e 28ecialitate ;i 4in 4i4actica 28ecialit3*ii <n acti=itatea 4e 8re4are-<n=3*are-e=al1are a geogra+ieiJ &5 23 act1aliBee in+or0a*iile ;i 23 le integreBe <n acti=itatea 4i4actic3J ?5 23-;i e=al1eBe co08eten*ele 0anageraile <n +1nc*ie 4e 03ie2tria 4i4actic3 ;i ca8acitatea 4e a8licare real3 K concret3 a in+or0a*iilor 4e 28ecialitate ;i 4e 4i4actica 28ecialit3*ii5 Competene pentru funcia de cadru didactic cu gradul didactic al II-lea 15 23 c1noa2c3 con*int1rile lan2ate <n 8rogra0a 4e 28ecialitate ;i 4i4actica 28ecialit3*ii$ +3c>n4 1B ;i 4e o+erta DiDliogra+ic3 +ac1ltati=3J 75 23 tran2+ere in+or0a*iile =ariate <n 2it1a*ii 4e <n=3*are$ care 23 genereBe 0a,i0iBarea e+icien*ei act1l1i 4i4acticJ %5 23 e2en*ialiBeBe in+or0a*iile 4in 28ecialitate ;i 23 le ra8orteBe la con*in1t1rile 8rogra0ei ;colare ;i al con*in1t1rile 4e 8re4at-<n=3*at ;i e=al1at5

Capit&lul , 6ROCES5L DE 6REDARE 2 9N:;<ARE 2 O.IECT DE ST5DI5 AL DIDACTICII S6ECIALE

,8,8 C&nceptul de BdidacticC Di4actica e2te o 4i2ci8lin3 8e4agogic3$ o ra01r3 a ;tiin*elor e41ca*iei$ al c3rei oDiect 4e 2t14i1 e2te 8roce21l 4e <n=3*30>nt5 C1=>nt1l 4i4actic3 are la origine ter0enii grece;ti: 4i4a2Lein9 M a <n=3*aJ 4i4aLtiLo29 M in2tr1c*ie$ in2tr1ireJ 4i4a2Lo9 M <n=3*are$ <n=3*30>ntJ 4i4aLtiLe9 M arta <n=3*3rii5 Re0arc30 c3 2+era ace2t1i c1=>nt$ <nc3 4e la origine$ c18rin4e toate ele0entele care 2e re+er3 la 8roce21l 4e 8re4are-<n=3*are5 Ter0en1l a +o2t intro412 <n ;tiin*3 4e c3tre (an A0o2 Co0eni12 8rin l1crarea 2a Di4actica 0agna9 (1.%7 <n li0Da ceG3J 1.?C <n li0Da latin3! c1 2e0ni+ica*ia: arta 1ni=er2al3 4e a-i <n=3*a 8e to*i tot1l95 La Co0eni12$ 4i4actica era 218er8oBaDil3 c1 8e4agogia$ <n23 la ceilal*i 8e4agogi con2i4era*iile 4i4actice era1 incl12e <n 8roDle0atica 8e4agogic35 Ince8>n4 c1 (oGann Arie4ricG NerDart (1CC.-1@&1!$ 4i4actica 2e con2tit1ie ca 1n 4o0eni1 Dine 4eli0itat$ +a8t 8entr1 care e2te con2i4erat 83rintele 4i4acticii95 In 8reBent$ 2e con2i4er3 c3 4i4actica 2t14iaB3 8roce21l 4e <n=3*30>nt ca 8roce2 4e c1noa;tere ;i +or0areJ 2i2te01l 4e <n=3*30>nt ca an2a0Dl1 al in2tit1*iilor 4e in2tr1c*ie ;i e41ca*ieJ legit3*ileK8rinci8iile acti=it3*ii 4i4acticeJ con*in1t1l <n=3*30>nt1l1iJ teGnologia 4i4actic3J +or0ele 4e organiBare ;i 4e2+3;1rare a acti=it3*ii 4i4acticeJ +or0ele 4e e41ca*ie <n a+ara in2tr1c*iei ;colareJ ra8ort1rile 8ro+e2or-ele=J 2til1l 8ro+e2or1l1i etc5 (M5Ione2c1$ 7'''$ 8ag51C!5 In l1cr3rile 4e 28ecialitate 2e 81ne 8roDle0a 4ac3 obiectul didacticii <l con2tit1ie in2tr1irea 2a1 <n=3*30>nt1l5 Ter0en1l in2tr1c*ie9 are 0ai 01lte acce8*i1ni: - in2tr1c*ie general3 F acti=itate 4e <nBe2trare c1 c1no;tin*e 4in 4o0eniile c1lt1rii$ ;tiin*ei$ teGnicii ;i 4e a8licare a lor <n 8ractic3J - in2tr1c*ie 8ro+e2ional3 F acti=itate care are ca 2co8 <n21;irea 1nei 28ecialit3*i$ a 1nei 8ro+e2ii concreteJ - a1toin2tr1ire F in2tr1irea realiBat3 8rin e+ort in4i=i41al$ <n a+ara 1nei in2tit1*ii ;i <n aD2en*a <n4r103rii c1i=a 4in a+ar35 A instrui 8e cine=a <n2ea0n3 a-l <nBe2tra c1 ceea ce el n1 c1noa;te$ a-l aE1ta 23 2e tran2+or0e$ 23-;i 0o4eleBe calit3*ile 82iGice ;i 4e 8er2onalitate5 A te instrui <n2ea0n3 c1noa;tere in4e8en4ent3$ tran2+or0are$ 0o4elare a 8ro8ri1l1i e1 8rin e+ort1ri 8er2onale$ +3r3 inter=en*ia c1i=a 4in a+ar3 ca 0artor 2a1 ca in2tr1ctor95 No*i1nea 4e instrucie incl14e in+l1en*ele 4in a+ar3 ;i a1toin2tr1irea$ care a1 ca 2co8 <n21;irea con;tient3 a 1n1i 2i2te0 4e aDilit3*i$ 4eB=oltarea ca8acit3*ilor ;i intere2elor 4e c1noa;tere$ 28re 4eo2eDire 4e educaie$ care c18rin4e toate ac*i1nile
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con;tiente ale o01l1i ce =iBeaB3 tran2+or0area <ntregii 8er2onalit3*i a cel1i 21812 ac*i1nii e41cati=e5 nvmntul$ 8rinci8ala +or03 4e organiBare a e41ca*iei$ e2te 4e+init a2t+el: - 8roce2 organiBat 4e in2tr1ire ;i e41care <n ;coal3$ organiBat ;i 4e2+3;1rat 8entr1 a realiBa oDiecti=ele e41ca*iei ;colare$ 8reciBate la ni=el 4e 2i2te0 ;i 4e 8roce2J - 4o0eni1 <n care 2e =alori+ic3 2tr1ct1ra ac*i1nii e41ca*ionale la ni=el1l corela*iei 8ro+e2ori-ele=i$ e,er2at3 <n 2it1a*iile e41cati=eJ - an2a0Dl1l in2tit1*iilor ;colare 4intr-o *ar35 Deoarece in2tr1c*ia 2e +ace 8rin <n=3*30>nt$ 4ar ;i 8rin a1toin2tr1ire$ acti=it3*i e,tra;colare$ 0a220e4ia etc5$ 2e cont1reaB3 i4eea c3 oDiect1l 4i4acticii n1 2e re41ce la in2tr1c*ia ;colar3 ;i la <n=3*30>nt1l <n*ele2 ca 8roce2$ ci 2e e,tin4e <n a+ara ;colii5 Mircea Mali*a (1/C1$ 8ag5 1C! con2i4er3 c3 4irec*iile 4e ac*i1ne ale 8e4agogiei conte08orane ar treD1i 23 2e orienteBe 28re 0acro8e4agogie K 8e4agogia 2i2te0elor$ care aDor4eaB3 ;coala ca 1n 21D2i2te0 integrat <n an2a0Dl1l 2ociet3*ii ;i 28re 0icro8e4agogie K 8e4agogia <n=3*3rii$ care =iBeaB3 <n=3*area$ ca acti=itate +1n4a0ental3 8entr1 2ol1*ionarea 8roDle0elor5 Din 8er28ecti=a cel1i in2tr1it$ <n=3*area con2tit1ie 0o4alitatea 28eci+ic 10an3 4e acGiBi*ie a c1no;tin*elor$ co08eten*elor 2a1 atit14inilor9 (Oran4e 4ictionnaire 4e la 82PcGologie$ 1//&$ 8ag5 ?@!$ iar 4in 8er28ecti=a cel1i care in2tr1ie;te$ <n=3*area e2te o acti=itate 8roiectat3$ organiBat3 ;i 4e2+3;1rat3 4e ca4r1l 4i4actic 8entr1 a 4eter0ina 2cGi0D3ri co08orta0entale la ni=el1l 8er2onalit3*ii ele=1l1i5 In concl1Bie$ oDiect1l 4i4acticii e2te in2tr1irea ;i a1toin2tr1irea$ 1r03rirea 8roDle0elor 8e4agogice 8ri=in4 organiBarea +or03rii t1t1ror lat1rilor 8er2onalit3*ii 10ane5 Ace2te 8roDle0e =iBeaB3 8roce21l 4e <n=3*30>nt$ e2en*a 2a$ ta,ono0ia$ 0o4alit3*ile 4e realiBare$ con*in1t1l$ teGnologia 4i4actic3$ 0o4alit3*ile 4e in2tr1ire ;i e41care$ 2i2te01l e41ca*ional5 Di4actica tra4i*ional3 a a=1t ca oDiect 4e 2t14i1 e2en*a 8roce21l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt$ c1 2co81l ;i 2arcinile 2aleJ 8roce21l 4e <n=3*30>nt ;i +actorii 23iJ con*in1t1l <n=3*30>nt1l1iJ 8rinci8iile$ 0eto4ele ;i +or0ele 4e organiBare a acti=it3*ii in2tr1cti=-e41cati=eJ 0iEloacele 4e <n=3*30>ntJ organiBarea <n=3*30>nt1l1i$ cla2a$ ;coala ;i 2i2te01l e41ca*ionalJ 8er2onalitatea 8ro+e2or1l1i5 Di4actica 0o4ern3$ 82iGologic3$ incl14e noi te0e: <n=3*area c1 aE1tor1l calc1lator1l1i 2a1 0a;inilor$ 1tiliBarea 0iEloacelor teGnice 4e in2tr1ire$ 4i4actica a41l*ilor etc5 Di4actica e2te ra01ra ;tiin*elor e41ca*iei care 2t14iaB3 ;i +1n4a0enteaB3 ;tiin*i+ic$ 8roiectarea$ 4e2+3;1rarea ;i e=al1area 8re43rii ;i <n=3*3rii ca 8roce2 4e in2tr1ire ;i e41care <n in2tit1*ii$ c>t ;i 8rin a1toin2tr1ire5 Di4actica are trei 4o0enii 4e cercetare: - <n=3*30>nt1l <n an2a0Dl1$ care e2te 2t14iat 4e 4i4actica general3J - <n=3*area a41l*ilorJ - 8roce21l 4e <n=3*30>nt 4in 8er28ecti=a 8e4agogic3 a 8re43rii ;i <n=3*3rii oDiectelor 4e 2t14i1$ care e2te 2t14iat 4e didacticile speciale 2a1 metodici; +iecare oDiect 4e <n=3*30>nt are 4i4acticaK0eto4ica 2a$ care 2t14iaB3 con*in1t1l$ 8rinci8iile$ 0eto4ele ;i +or0ele 4e organiBare 8ro8rii oDiect1l1i re28ecti= <n 4etaliile concrete a8licati=e5
1'

,8*8 6r&ceDul de inDtruire %i educare Procesul de nvmnt$ ca 8rinci8al 21D2i2te0 al 2i2te01l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt$ re8reBint3 acti=itatea in2tr1cti=-e41cati=3 co08le,3 4e2+3;1rat3 <n 0o4 organiBat ;i 2i2te0atic 4e ele=i ;i 8ro+e2ori <n ;coal3$ acti=itate 8rin care ele=ii 4oD>n4e2c 1n 2i2te0 4e c1no;tin*e$ 8rice8eri$ 4e8rin4eri$ ca8acit3*i intelect1ale ;i 0otrice$ <;i +or0eaB3 conce8*ia ;tiin*i+ic3 4e28re l10e$ con=ingeri 0orale$ atit14ini$ tr323t1ri 4e caracter$ a8tit14ini 4e c1noa;tere$ cercetare ;i crea*ie5 )rin cele 4o13 21D4i=iBi1ni ale 8roce21l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt$ in2e8araDile <n 8lan concret$ o812e ca 2en2$ 4ar co08le0entare ca e+ecte F in2tr1irea ;i e41carea F 2e realiBeaB3 oDiecti=ele generale ale e41ca*iei +or0ale5 Instruirea 2e re+er3 la ac*i1nea co08le,3 4e informare$ 4e 4oD>n4ire 4e c3tre ele=i a c1no;tin*elor 4in 4o0eni1l c1lt1ral$ ;tiin*i+ic$ teGnic$ 4e +or0are a aDilit3*ilor (<n li0Da latin3 in2tr1ctio9 <n2ea0n3 aranEare$ a0enaEare$ con2tr1ire!5 Educaia 2e re+er3 la ac*i1nea co08le,3 4e +or0are a ele=ilor$ 4e 4eB=oltare a ca8acit3*ilor lor intelect1ale$ 4e c1lti=are a con=ingerilor 0orale$ ci=ice ;i e2tetice$ 4e <0Dog3*ire a a+ectelor$ 4e e,er2are a con41itei 0oral-ci=ice a ace2tora (<n li0Da latin3 e41catio9 <n2ea0n3 cre;tere$ Gr3nire$ +or0areJ e41co9 <n2ea0n3 a cre;te$ a Gr3ni$ a +or0aJ e41co$ -ere9 <n2ea0n3 a 2coate 4in :$ a ri4ica$ a <n3l*a!5 E41carea n1 8oate +i realiBat3 +3r3 o in2tr1ire$ re28ecti= o acGiBi*ie 4e c1no;tin*e$ iar in2tr1irea n1 r30>ne +3r3 con2ecin*e e41cati=e5 ,818 6redarea %i "n!#area )re4area$ <n=3*area ;i e=al1area 21nt cele trei acti=it3*i 4i4actice +1n4a0entale care 2e <ntre83tr1n4 ;i care a2ig1r3 4e2+3;1rarea 8roce21l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt5 In 4i4actica tra4i*ional3$ 8re4area 2e re41cea la tran20iterea c1no;tin*elor gata +3c1te$ 28eci+ice 1nei an10ite 4i2ci8line 4e 2t14i1$ 8e care ele=ii le a2i0ila1 8a2i=5 In 4i4actica 0o4ern3$ 8re4area 2-a tran2+or0at <ntr-1n +actor care 4eclan;eaB3$ 2ti01leaB3$ orienteaB3 an2a0Dl1l acti=it3*ilor ;colare ale ele=ilor (4oD>n4irea c1no;tin*elor$ +i,area lor$ e=al1area con*in1t1l1i <n=3*at!5 Ea incl14e ac*i1ni ;i o8era*ii 2i2te0atice <ntre8rin2e c1 2co81l in41cerii$ organiB3rii$ 4e2+3;1r3rii$ 4iriE3rii$ <n4r103rii ;i <ntre*inerii <n=3*3rii 4e2+3;1rate 4e ele=i5 In ;coala 0o4ern3 8re4area n1 e2te 2inoni03 c1 co01nicarea in+or0a*iilor c1 2co81l re8ro41cerii (re2tit1irii9! ace2tora 4e c3tre ele=i <n ora 1r03toare5 Predarea re8reBint3 ac*i1nea co08le,3 a ca4r1l1i 4i4actic care c18rin4e: 8reBentarea 1n1i 0aterial concret ;iK2a1 =erDal: 4ate$ e,e08le$ e=eni0ente$ +a8te$ 0ateriale gra+ice K cartogra+ice etc5J organiBarea ;i con41cerea 1nor acti=it3*i <n care 23 2e =alori+ice 0aterial1l o+eritJ acor4area 4e 28riEin ele=ilor 8entr1 a oD2er=a$ a analiBa$ a co08ara$ a 2intetiBa$ a aD2tractiBa$ a generaliBa$ a re+lecta$ a a8lica etcJ acor4area 4e 28riEin ele=ilor <n e,tragerea e2en*ial1l1i ;i +i,area l1i <n no*i1ni$ 8rinci8ii$ teorii$ legiJ

11

 acor4area 4e 28riEin ele=ilor <n elaDorarea arg10entelor$ <n e+ect1area E14ec3*ilor$ ra*iona0entelorJ angaEarea ele=ilor <n 2it1a*ii 8entr1 a a8lica ace2te c1no;tin*e <n reBol=area e,erci*iilor$ 8roDle0elor$ 2t14iilor 4e caB$ <n a8lica*ii 8ractice$ <n acti=it3*i 4e 01nc3 in4e8en4ent3 etc5 In e2en*3$ 8re4area 2e re+er3 la tran20iterea 4e c1no;tin*e ;i +or0area 4e teGnici 4e 01nc35 Cuno tinele 21nt in+or0a*ii con4en2ate 21D +or03 4e re8reBent3ri re+eritoare la l10ea e,tern3 ;i la rela*iile 4intre ele5 Se 4i2ting: cuno tinele declarative$ care 8er0it 1nei 8er2oane 23 re8reBinte oDiectele$ +eno0enele$ 8roce2ele$ +a8tele$ e=eni0entele 4in realitateJ cuno tinele procedurale !te"nici de munc#$ care 8er0it 1nei 8er2oane 23 ac*ioneBe a218ra realit3*ii 8rin inter0e4i1l o8eratorilor ;i o8era*iilorJ competenele$ care re8reBint3 1n an2a0Dl1 4e c1no;tin*e 4eclarati=e$ c1no;tin*e 8roce41rale ;i atit14ini acti=ate <n 8lani+icarea ;i e,ec1tarea 1nei 2arcini (R5 Qrien$ 1//C!5 E,i2t3 1n n103r 0are 4e 4e+ini*ii ale conce8t1l1i 4e <n=3*are ;i 4i=er2e teorii ale <n=3*3rii$ care 2e o81n 2a1 2e 218ra81n 8ar*ial5 In ;tiin*ele e41ca*iei$ 4183 Miron Ione2c1 (7'''$ 8ag5 /7!$ e2te o8era*ional3 4e+ini*ia 1r03toare: nvarea e2te <n*elea23 ca 01nc3 intelect1al3 ;i +iBic3 4e2+3;1rat3 <n 0o4 2i2te0atic 4e c3tre ele=i ;i al*i oa0eni$ <n =e4erea <n21;irii con*in1t1l1i i4eatic ;i +or03rii aDilit3*ilor nece2are 4eB=olt3rii contin1e a 8er2onalit3*ii5 In=3*area 8oate +i con2i4erat3 ca act 4e elaDorare 4e o8era*ii ;i 4e 2trategii cogniti=e (0intale!5 ElaDorarea 4e o8era*ii e2te o acti=itate 4e con2tr1c*ie 2a1 recon2tr1c*ie 0intal3 a ce=a no1$ iar 2trategiile cogniti=e 21nt 8roce2ele ;i o8era*iile 82iGice 8rin care in4i=i41l controleaB3 co08orta0ent1l 8er2onal <n rece8tare$ re8reBentare$ g>n4ire5 nvarea colar e2te 8roce21l 4e acGiBi*ie 0neBic3$ 4e a2i0ilare acti=3 4e in+or0a*ii$ 4e +or0are 4e o8era*ii intelect1ale$ 4e 8rice8eri ;i 4e8rin4eri intelect1ale ;i 0otorii$ 4e atit14ini (M5Ione2c1$ 7'''$ 8ag5 /7!5 In=3*area 8oate +i aDor4at3 21D 4o13 a28ecte F 8roce21al 2a1 0oti=a*ional F$ care 2e 4e2+3;oar3 <n 0o4 alternant 2a1 con=ergent5 A28ect1l 8roce21al 2e re+er3 la 0o0entele 2a1 8roce2ele con*in1te 4e o 2ec=en*3 4e <n=3*are$ iar a28ect1l 0oti=a*ional 2e re+er3 la gra41l 4e i08licare al in4i=i41l1i <n <n=3*are ;i <n reBol=area 2arcinilor 4e in2tr1ire5 Tabelul ,8,8 Eta8ele 8roce21l1i 4e <n=3*are
Faza pr&ceDului de "n!#are Acti!it#i "ntreprinDe de ele! concentrarea aten*iei 4etec*ia oDiect1l1i K +eno0en1l1i (a2c1lt3$ =e4e$ 0iroa2e$ 8i83ie$ g12t3! 4i2cri0inarea (2e2iBarea 2ti01lilor! co08ararea c1 alte oDiecte K in+or0a*ii i4enti+icarea oDiect1l1i act1aliBarea 1nor c1no;tin*e 4in MLD (0e0oria 6r&ceDul pDiEic pred&minant

)erce8*ia

)erce8*ia

E=ocarea

Me0oria

17

c1no;tin*elor anterioare In*elegerea DoD>n4irea c1no;tin*elor

4e l1nga 41rat3! analiBa in+or0a*iilor co08ararea c1 in+or0a*iile anterioare atriD1irea 1n1i 2en2 c1no;tin*elor re8reBentarea 0ental3 a c1no;tin*elor <ntr-o 8ri03 +or03 corectarea erorilor co08letarea lac1nelor +ini2area 8rin <nl3t1rarea 1nor 4etalii +i,area la loc1l a4ec=at or4onarea con*in1t1l1i re8etarea c1no;tin*elor tran2+er1l c1no;tin*elor 8entr1 reBol=area 1nor 2it1a*ii concrete 1tiliBarea c1no;tin*elor <n conte,te noi rec1noa;terea c1no;tin*elor re8ro41cerea c1no;tin*elor e+ect1area 1nor analiBe a218ra 8ro8riilor c1no;tin*e e+ect1area 1nor E14ec3*i 4e =aloare$ a8recieri$ 0321r3ri$ co08ara*ii c1 c1no;tin*ele altora 2a1 c1 oDiecti=ele Re8reBentarea O>n4irea O>n4irea

Con2oli4area c1no;tin*elor

Me0oria O>n4irea

A8licarea <n 8ractic3 Tran2+er1l c1no;tin*elor Act1aliBarea c1no;tin*elor A1toe=al1area c1no;tin*elor K Metacogni*ia

Me0oria O>n4irea Me0oria O>n4irea Me0oria O>n4irea Me0oria O>n4irea

Ace2te eta8e n1 2e 8arc1rg oDligatori1 <n orice 8roce2 4e <n=3*are ;i nici n1 2e re28ect3 2trict or4inea lor5 Unele acti=it3*i 21nt <ntre8rin2e 2i01ltan 4e c3tre cel care <n=a*3 2a1 <n or4ine 4i+erit3 4e cea 28eci+icat3 <n taDel5 Se con2i4er3 c3 <n=3*area are la DaB3 motivaia$ a4ic3 1n an2a0Dl1 4e 0oDil1ri care 4eclan;eaB3$ 212*in ;i 4irec*ioneaB3 <n=3*area5 Moti=1l 4eclan;eaB3 ac*i1nea$ iar 2co81l re8reBint3 reB1ltat1l 4orit al ac*i1nii5 Moti=ele <n=3*3rii 21nt an10ite 4orin*e (4e a oD*ine note D1ne!$ treD1in*e (4e a1torealiBare$ 4e a1toa+ir0are!$ te0eri (4e 83rin*i$ 4e 8ro+e2ori$ 4e e,a0ene!5 An2a0Dl1l 4e 0oti=e care 4eter0in3 <n=3*area con2tit1ie o reB1ltant3$ a4ic3 1n gra4 4e 0oti=are +a*3 4e 2arcina 4e <n=3*are$ oDiecti=at 8rintr-o 0oDiliBare energetic3 ;i 1n an10it ni=el 4e acti=itate cereDral35 "8ti01l 0oti=a*ional$ care core281n4e 1n1i ni=el 0e4i1 4e acti=are cereDral3$ 4i+er3 4e la 1n in4i=i4 la alt1l <n +1nc*ie 4e 4i+ic1ltatea 2arcinii$ 4e a8tit14ini$ 4e ecGiliDr1l e0o*ional$ 4e te08era0ent etc5 In=3*area n1 2e 8ro41ce 21D ni=el1l 0ini0 0oti=a*ional5 Ran4a0ent1l <n=3*3rii cre;te corelat c1 cre;terea ni=el1l1i acti=3rii cereDrale$ 8>n3 la 1n ni=el critic 4incolo 4e care 2ca4e$ iar 218ra0oti=area are cGiar e+ecte negati=e a218ra <n=3*3rii5

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*8,8 Aplicarea principiil&r didactice "n lec#ia de 'e&'ra ie Principiile didactice 21nt teBe +1n4a0entale$ nor0e generale c1 caracter 4irector$ care 2ta1 la DaBa 8roiect3rii$ organiB3rii ;i 4e2+3;1r3rii acti=it3*ilor 4e 8re4are-<n=3*are$ <n =e4erea realiB3rii o8ti0e a oDiecti=elor e41ca*ionale5 Co0eni12 (citat 4e C5C1co;$ 1//.$ 8ag5 ??! +or01leaB3 <nc3 4in 1.%7 c>te=a 8rinci8ii care reBoneaB3 c1 8rinci8iile act1ale ale <n=3*30>nt1l1i: e41ca*ia =a <nce8e 4e ti081ri1$ <nainte ca 0intea 23 +ie cor18t3J 2e =a 8roce4a 4e la general la 28ecialJ 2e =a 8roce4a 4e la 1;or la gre1J ni0eni n1 =a +i 218ra<nc3rcat c1 8rea 01lt3 0aterieJ tot1l 2e =a 8re4a int1iti=J tot1l 2e =a 8re4a 8entr1 o 1tiliBare 8reBent3J c1no;tin*ele 2e =or a;eBa 8e o DaB3 2oli43J tot ce 21cce4e 2e =a DaBa 8e ceea ce 8rece4eJ tot1l =a +i organiBat 8e 0321ra 0in*ii$ a 0e0oriei ;i a li0DiiJ toate 2e =or con2oli4a 8rin e,erci*ii contin1eJ tot ce e2te 1nit laolalt3 2e =a 8re4a <08re1n3J tot ce 2e <n=a*3 treD1ie 8re4at a;a c10 e2te ;i c10 a a83r1t$ a4ic3 8rin 8reBentarea ca1BelorJ tot ce 2e o+er3 c1noa;terii 2e =a o+eri 0ai <nt>i <n general ;i a8oi <n 83r*ile 2aleJ la +iecare l1cr1 ne =o0 o8ri at>ta ti08 c>t e2te nece2ar 28re a +i <n*ele2J e,ec1tarea 2e <n=a*3 e,ec1t>n4J e,erci*i1l =a <nce8e c1 ele0entele$ n1 c1 l1cr1ri co08licate etc5 *8,8,8 6rincipiul inte'rrii te&riei cu practica8 Ace2t 8rinci8i1 21gereaB3 c3 tot ceea ce 2e <n21;e;te <n acti=itatea 4i4actic3 2e cere 23 +ie =alori+icat <n acti=it3*ile 1lterioare5 Se 2ti81leaB3 +a8t1l c3 acele c1no;tin*e care 2e <n=a*3 <n 8er28ecti=a 1nei a8lica*ii concrete$ i0e4iate 2a1 =iitoare$ 2e <n21;e2c te0einic5 )rin re28ectarea ace2t1i 8rinci8i1 2e a2ig1r3 4oD>n4irea co08eten*elor generale 2a1 8artic1lare5 A8licati=itatea <n lec*ie 8oate a=ea 4o13 2en21ri relati= 4i2tincte$ 4ar co08le0entare: 1tiliBarea c1no;tin*elor 4oD>n4ite 8entr1 reBol=area 1nor 2arcini$ c10 ar +i: +olo2irea +or01lelor <n=3*ate 8entr1 reBol=area e,erci*iilor ;i 8roDle0elorJ a8licarea 1nor reg1li <n conte,te noiJ ace2t a28ect 2e a2ig1r3 8rin realiBarea cone,i1nilor <ntre c1no;tin*e (inter4i2ci8linare$ 28eci+ice etc5!5 8rel1ngirea 8roce21l1i 4e <n21;ire a 1nor c1no;tin*e 2a1 a 1nor 4e8rin4eri 8rin rec1r21l la acti=it3*i 0ateriale$ concrete$ 0otrice (2a=oir-+aire K a ;ti 23 +aci$ 2a=oir-etre K a ;ti 23 +ii!5 Ace2te 4eBi4erate 2e realiBeaB3 8rin angaEarea ele=ilor <n 2it1a*ii +a8tice concrete$ 8rin e,8eri0entarea 1nor ac*i1ni reale 2a1 8o2iDile$ 8rin reBol=area 1nor 2it1a*ii-8roDle03 2a1 8roDle0e 8ractice 4in realitate5 RN1 8entr1 ;coal3$ ci 8entr1 =ia*3 <n=3*30R (Seneca!J RScoala n1 treD1ie 23 8reg3tea2c3 8entr1 =ia*3$ ci 23 +ie =ia*a <n23;iR ((oGn DeTeP!5
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8roiecte ale 8erioa4elor 4e e=al1are$ 8rin 8roiecte 4e lec*ii5 Re28ectarea ace2t1i 8rinci8i1 4eter0in3 la 8ro+e2or ;i la ele=i +or0area 4e8rin4erilor 4e 01nc3 2i2te0atic3$ a 8er2e=eren*ei$ a con;tiincioBit3*ii$ a 4i2ci8linei <n g3n4ire ;i ac*i1ne$ a 1n1i 2til 4e 01nc3 coerent3 ;i e+icient35 *8,808 6rincipiul c&rela#iei dintre Denz&rial %i ra#i&nalF dintre c&ncret %i abDtract Gprincipiul intui#ieiH8 C1noa;terea 10an3 2e +1n4a0enteaB3 8e a2er*i1nea l1i LocLe$ 4183 care ni0ic n1 e,i2t3 <n intelect 4ac3 0ai <nt>i n1 ar e,i2ta <n 2i0*1ri95 )2iGologia conte08oran3 acre4iteaB3 teBa con+or0 c3reia c1noa;terea 2e 8ro41ce 8e traiect1l in41cti=$ 4e la concret 28re aD2tract$ 4ar ;i 8e cel 4e41cti=$ 4e la aD2tract$ la concret5 C1noa;terea int1iti=3 2e e+ect1eaB3 4irect$ 8rin inter0e4i1l analiBatorilor$ a oDiectelor ;i +eno0enelor5 Int1i*ia 2e cl34e;te 8e 1n 218ort concret$ 4ar care n1 <ntot4ea1na e2te 8al8aDil <n 2en2 +iBic5 Concrete*ea 8oate +i 4e or4in oDiect1al$ 4ar ;i 4e or4in logic (c1=intele 21nt 0ai concrete F creion F 2a1 0ai aD2tracte F rela*ie!5 )e DaBa 0aterial1l1i int1iti=$ ele=1l aE1nge la aD2tractiB3ri5 O>n4irea aD2tract3 e2te 0ai 0oDil3$ 0ai in4e8en4ent3 ;i 0ai o8erant3 8entr1 cla2e =ariate 4e +eno0ene$ 4ar 8entr1 a g>n4i aD2tract$ ele=ii treD1ie 23 +i trec1t trea8ta o8er3rii 4irecte c1 oDiecte 2a1 c1 i0agini ale ace2tora5 )reBentarea 0aterial1l1i int1iti= n1 e2te 2co8 <n 2ine$ ci 1n 0iEloc 4e <n=3*are e+icient3$ organiBat3$ 4iriEat3$ 2i2te0atic3$ acti=3$ corelat3 c1 intere2ele ;i treD1in*ele ele=1l1i5 Ele=ii n1 ;ti1 23 oD2er=e$ ei 21nt <n=3*a*i 23 =a43 ;i 23 4e28rin43 4in oDiecte ;i +eno0ene e2en*ial1l$ 4ar ;i 28eci+ic1l$ 8artic1lar1l5 N1 e2te 21+icient 23 8ri=e;ti$ 23 0>n1ie;ti$ 23 g1;ti$ 23 8i83i$ 23 c>nt3re;ti oDiectele 8entr1 a oD*ine o c1no;tin*3 ;tiin*i+ic3 4e28re realitate$ ci e2te nece2ar 23 2e2iBeBi e2en*ial1l5 "Diectele n1-l in2tr1ie2c 2ing1re 8e ele=$ ci 8ro+e2or1l in2tr1ie;te c1 aE1tor1l ace2tora$ 8rin orientarea g>n4irii ;i inter8ret3rii5 Dac3 int1i*ia ele=ilor n1 e2te 4iriEat3$ ei re*in caracterele 8artic1lare ale oDiectelor (c1loare$ +or03$ 03ri0e$ 0i;care! care le atrag aten*ia ;i n1 2e2iBeaB3 e2en*ial1l5 E2te nece2ar3 int1irea 8oli0o4al3$ 4iriEat3 8rin c1=>nt$ 2i2te0atiBat3 4183 1n 8lan$ <ntr-o or4ine logic35 Int1irea n1 2e re41ce la +1rniBarea i0aginilor 2a1 re8reBent3rilor 1nor oDiecte$ la <nloc1irea R=erDali201l1i c1=>nt1l1iR c1 R=erDali201l i0aginiiR5 N1 0o4el1l <n 2ine ;i 2i08la int1ire 41ce la <n=3*area c1 2en2 ;i are e+ecte +or0ati=e$ ci ac*i1nea c1 0o4el1l$ 8rin care ele=1l <n21;i 4e2co8er3 rela*ii$ legit3*i5 "rice e,agerare <n +olo2irea 0o4elelor oDiect1ale <nt>rBie a8ari*ia ;i 4eB=oltarea o8era*iilor +or0ale5 E+icien*a re28ect3rii ace2t1i 8rinci8i1 cre;te 8rin +olo2irea ra*ional3 a 0aterial1l1i 4i4actic$ 8rin 4oBarea ra8ort1l1i 4intre c1=>nt ;i int1i*ie$ 8rin 2olicitarea inten23 a ele=1l1i <n acti=itatea 4e oD2er=are$ 2electare$ co08arare$ 2inteB3$ aD2tractiBare$ =erDaliBare$ generaliBare$ 2i0DoliBare5 *8*8 Aplicarea principiil&r 'e&'ra ice "n lec#ii *8*8,8 6rincipiile 'e&'ra ice "n unc#ie de cate'&ria de Dpa#iu In 2en2 larg$ spaiul e2te o <ntin4ere care con*ine oDiecte ;i <n care 2e 4er1leaB3 e=eni0ente ;i ac*i1ni5 In 2en2 re2tr>n2$ spaiul 4e2e0neaB3 localiBarea
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oDiectelor$ 1nele <n ra8ort c1 altele$ <n +1nc*ie 4e rela*iile 4e 4i2tan*3$ 03ri0e$ +or03 8e care le <ntre*in5 E,i2t3 28a*i1l 0ate0atic 2a1 e1cli4ian (4e+init 8rin ra8ort c1 trei a,e 4e re+erin*3 rectang1lare care core281n4 la trei 4i0en2i1ni: 4irec*ia 8olilor$ 8lan1l ec1atorial$ altit14inea 4ea218ra ni=el1l1i 03rii!$ 28a*i1l +iBic (con2tit1it 4in <n21;irile +iBice$ 0ateriale$ oDiecti=e ale oDiectelor 4in realitatea 0aterial3!$ 28a*i1l co08orta0ental (8artea 4in 0e4i1l <nconE1r3tor <n care 2e 4er1leaB3 8arce8*iile ;i ac*i1nile 10ane!5 S8a*i1l +iBic ;i cel co08orta0ental 2e 21D4i=i4 <n: 28a*i1l =iB1al$ 28a*i1l a14iti=$ 28a*i1l tactilo-Line2teBic 2a1 8ro8rioce8ti= (M5Vlate$ 1///$ 8ag51&&!5 Percepia spaiului vi(ual n1 e2te o 2i08l3 <n210are a 8erce8*iilor 4e +or03$ 03ri0e$ 4i2tan*3$ 4irec*ie$ =ol10$ ci 1n 8ro412 no1$ reB1ltat <n 1r0a inter4e8en4en*ei ace2tor ti81ri 4e 8erce8*ii5 Percepia formei oDiectelor i08lic3 8roiectarea 8e retin3 a +iec3r1i 81nct al oDiect1l1i ;i 4e8la2area rece8torilor 8e linia 4e cont1r care 4eli0iteaB3 oDiect1l 4e 0e4i15 Percepia mrimii oDiectelor nece2it3 co08ararea oDiect1l1i c1 alte oDiecte5 Percepia distanei 4e8in4e 4e 4etaliile 4e 2tr1ct1r3 ale oDiect1l1i$ 4e e,i2ten*a 2a1 li82a re8erelor$ 4e 8artic1larit3*ile cro0atice ale oDiectelor5 Percepia orientrii !direciei# oDiectelor e2te 4eter0inat3 4e =erticala gra=ita*ional3 ;i oriBontala 8er8en4ic1lar3 8e ea5 Percepia volumului i08lic3 re8reBentarea l1ngi0ii$ l3*i0ii ;i a4>nci0ii oDiectelor5 Percepia spaiului auditiv 2e re+er3 la localiBarea 21netelor$ la 4eter0inarea 4irec*iei ;i 4i2tan*ei la care e2te 2it1at3 o 21r23 2onor35 Percepia spaiului tactilo-)ineste(ic 2a1 proprioceptiv 2e re+er3 la localiBarea 1nei 2ti01l3ri tactile oD*in1t3 8rin rece8torii a+la*i <n 8iele$ 01;cGi$ artic1la*ii$ 1recGea intern35 In4icii 8erce8*iei 28a*i1l1i tactilo-Line2teBic 21nt: 2cGe0a cor8oral3$ 8erce8*ia 4e8la23rii 8ro8ri1l1i cor8$ 8erce8*ia a08lit14inii 1nei 0i;c3ri$ e2ti0area 4i2tan*ei 8e DaBa 4atelor 8ro8rioce8ti=e$ 8erce8*ia =erticalei ;i oriBontalei <n aD2en*a 1nor re+erin*e =iB1ale5 C>n4 analiB30 ;tiin*ic localiBarea 1n1i oDiect 2a1 +eno0en <n 28a*i1 a=e0 <n aten*ie toate ace2te ele0ente5 In lec*ii 4iriE30 8erce8*ia oDiectelor ;i +eno0enelor <n 28a*i1 4e c3tre ele=i 8rin inter0e4i1l <ntreD3rilor 2a1 oD2er=a*iilor 8e care le +ace05 6rincipiul extinderii Dpa#iale8 Con+or0 ace2t1i 8rinci8i1$ c>n4 analiB30 1n +eno0en geogra+ic i4enti+ic30 li0itele 28a*i1l1i <n care 2e 8ro41ce$ e2ti030 2a1 0321r30 4i0en2i1nea 28a*i1l1i (<n 1nit3*i 4e l1ngi0e 2a1 4e =ol10!5 Tem- C10 8roce4a*i concret c>n4 analiBa*i e,tin4erea 28a*ial3 a 1n1i +eno0enH 6rincipiul l&calizrii Gal diDtribu#ieiH8 Con+or0 ace2t1i 8rinci8i1 i4enti+ic30 ;i 8reciB30 8oBi*ia (a08la2a0ent1l! +iec3r1i oDiect 2a1 +eno0en <n 28a*i1$ <n ra8ort c1 alte oDiecte 2a1 +eno0ene$ +ie 4e acela;i ti8$ +ie 4e ti81ri 4i+erite (teoria =ecin3t3*ii!5 Tem- C10 localiBa*i <n 0o4 concret 1n oDiect <n 28a*i1l geogra+icH *8*8*8 6rincipii 'e&'ra ice "n unc#ie de cate'&ria de timp Ti081l e2te o 0321r3 a 2cGi0D3rii$ el re+lect3 41rata e,i2ten*ial3 a oDiectelor$ +eno0enelor$ e=eni0entelor$ 2i01ltaneitatea ;i 21cce2i1nea lor5 )entr1 2it1area <n ti08 a 1n1i +eno0en geogra+ic: 1tiliB30 ter0enii 4e 41rat3$ +rec=en*3$ 8erioa43J 2taDili0 0o0ent1l 8ro41cerii 2ale (trec1t$ 8reBent$ =iitor!J co08ar30 41rata$
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+rec=en*a ;i 8erioa4a 1nor +eno0eneJ i4enti+ic30 rela*iile te08oraleJ 4e41ce0 in+l1en*a +actor1l1i ti08 <n e=ol1*ia +eno0enelor5 C>te=a a28ecte 21nt 0ai i08ortante: 8erce8*ia 0o0ent1l1i ;i 21cce2i1nii$ 8erce8*ia ;i e2ti0area 41ratei$ orientarea te08oral35 Percepia momentului i succesiunii& In 4er1larea e=eni0entelor$ +eno0enelor ;i 8roce2elor e,i2t3 o trecere 4e la 1n 0o0ent la alt1l 2a1 o 4er1lare 4e +aBe 2a1 2t3ri (4o13 2ti01l3ri care 1r0eaB3 1na 4183 alta! 2a1 2i01ltaneitate (4o13 2ti01l3ri care 2e 8ro41c <n acela;i ti08!5 Un oDiect 2a1 1n +eno0en trece 8rin 4i+erite 2t3ri$ e=ol1eaB3 2a1 in=ol1eaB3$ <n +1nc*ie 4e an10i*i +actori5 )erce8*ia 21cce2i1nii e2te in+l1en*at3 4e +actori +iBici (=iteBa 4e tran20itere a 2ti01lilor!$ Diologici (0i;carea a8arent3!$ 82iGologici (atit14inile 21Diec*ilor$ organiBarea 2ti01lilor$ or4inea lor!5 Percepia momentului sau orientarea temporal con2t3 <n a 2it1a o +aB3 a 2cGi0D3rii <n ra8ort c1 <ntreg cicl1l 4e 2cGi0D3ri5 )rin 8erce8*ia 0o0ent1l1i con;tientiB30 4ac3 2tarea 4e2cri23 e2te act1al3$ trec1t3 2a1 =iitoare& "01l 1tiliBeaB3 re8ere 8entr1 a 2e orienta : 2i2te01l +iBic ;i co20ic (alternan*a Bi-noa8te$ 0i;carea a2trelor$ 21cce2i1nea Bilelor$ l1nilor$ anoti081rilor!$ 2i2te01l Diologic (rit0icitatea +1nc*iilor organi201l1i: 2o0n ;i =egGe$ cicl1ri 0etaDolice$ ali0enta*ie! ;i 2i2te01l 2ocio-c1lt1ral (acti=it3*ile 10ane a08la2ate 2ocio-i2toric ;i 2ocio-c1lt1ral!5 Percepia i estimarea duratei& *urata re8reBint3 inter=al1l oDiecti= care 2e8ar3 4oi 2ti01li <ntre ei 2a1 inter=al1l 4e ti08 <ntre 0o0ent1l <n care <nce8e o <nt>08lare 2a1 1n +eno0en ;i 0o0ent1l <n care 2e 2+>r;e;te5 )entr1 a 2taDili 41rata 1n oDiect 2a1 +eno0en$ 1tiliB30 1nit3*i 4e 0321rare a ti081l1i: 2ec1n4a$ 0in1t1l$ ora$ Bi1a$ l1na$ anoti081l$ an1l$ 4eceni1l$ 2ecol1l$ 0ileni1l etc5 Unele +eno0ene 41reaB3 c>te=a 2ec1n4e (c1tre01rele$ 8r3D1;irile etc5!$ altele ore (8reci8ita*iile$ =>nt1rile$ +1rt1nile etc!$ Bile$ ani$ 0ilenii 2a1 0ilioane 4e ani (+or0area 01n*ilor 4e <ncre*ire etc!5 Percepia i estimarea frecvenei& +recvena e2te 03ri0ea care in4ic3 4e c>te ori 2e 8ro41ce 1n +eno0en <ntr-o 1nitate 4e ti085 Aeno0enele geogra+ice a1 4i+erite +rec=en*e : o 4at3 8e Bi (r323rit1l ;i a8121l Soarel1i$ rota*ia )30>nt1l1i <n E1r1l a,ei!$ 4e 4o13 ori 8e Bi (+l1,1l ;i re+l1,1l!$ 4e 0ai 01lte ori 8e Bi (=al1rile <n acela;i loc$ c1tre01rele 8e <ntreaga 218ra+a*3 tere2tr3!$ o 4at3 8e l1n3 (rota*ia L1nii <n E1r1l a,ei ;i <n E1r1l )30>nt1l1i!$ o 4at3 8e an (rota*ia )30>nt1l1i <n E1r1l Soarel1i!5 Percepia i estimerea perioadei& Aeno0enele care 2e re8et3 a1 caracteri2tic3 o an10it3 8erioa435 Perioada e2te inter=al1l 4e ti08 4183 care 2e re8et3 1n +eno0en$ re8ro41c>n41-2e con2ec1ti= =alorile 1nei 03ri0i caracteri2tice acel1i +eno0en5 Cor81rile co20ice$ <n 0i;carea lor$ re=in <n aceea;i 2it1a*ie relati=3 +a*3 4e 1n an10it re8er5 )30>nt1l re=ine <n aceea;i 8oBi*ie +a*3 4e Soare 4183 1n an5 Unii arDori <n+lore2c <n aceea;i l1n3$ 4183 o 8erioa43 4e 1n an ;i <;i 8ier4 +r1nBele <n aceea;i l1n3$ la +el$ 4183 o 8erioa43 4e 1n an5 L1na cea 0ai 2ecetoa23 (10e43$ cal43 2a1 rece! e2te$ 4e reg1l3$ aceea;i ;i 8erioa4a 4183 care 1r0eaB3 acea2ta e2te 4e 1n an (+eno0ene an1ale!5 A8a ocean1l1i re=ine <n aceea;i 8oBi*ie (+l1, 2a1 re+l1,! +a*3 4e 1n 81nct 4e 8e *3r0 4183 17 ore ;i 7? 0in1te (+eno0ene Bilnice!5

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6rincipiul iDt&riDmului8 Con+or0 ace2t1i 8rinci8i1 2e con2i4er3 c3 orice oDiect 2a1 +eno0en geogra+ic are o 4eB=oltare <ntr-1n inter=al 4e ti08 trec>n4 8rin 0ai 01lte eta8e: 0o0ent1l a8ari*iei$ 0o0ente 4e e=ol1*ie 2a1 4e2+3;1rare$ 0o0ente 4e 2tagnare$ 0o0ente 4e in=ol1*ie$ 0o0ent1l 4i28ari*iei5 Re28ectarea ace2t1i 8rinci8i1 i081ne analiBa oDiect1l1i 2a1 +eno0en1l1i 1r03rin4 ace2te 0o0ente <n or4ine cronologic35 6rincipiul actualiDmului8 Con+or0 ace2t1i 8rinci8i1 2e con2i4er3 c3 <n trec1t1l )30>nt1l1i (a geo2+ereler! a1 ac*ionat$ ca ;i <n 8reBent$ acelea;i +or*e con2tr1cti=e ;i 4e2tr1cti=e <n acela;i ti08 (energia a8elor c1g3toare$ a =al1rilor$ a 0areelor ;i c1ren*ilor 0arini$ a =>nt1l1i$ a =1lcanilor ;i a +or*elor tectonice energia cGi0ic3 a 8roce2elor 4e alterare ;i 4e 8reci8itare!5 Inten2itatea ace2tor +or*e 2-a 0o4i+icat <n23 <n +1nc*ie 4e con4i*iile +iBice$ cGi0ice$ Diologice ale )30>nt1l1i$ <n 4i+eritele eta8e ale e=ol1*iei 2ale5 Ace2t 8rinci8i1 8er0ite inter8retarea +eno0enelor geogra+ice c1 4e2+3;1rare i2toric3 8rin co08ara*ie c1 +eno0ene 0ai =ecGi 2a1 c1 reB1ltatele ace2tora5 )e DaBa ace2tor co08ara*ii 2e +ace 8rognoBa e=ol1*iei 1n1i +eno0en5 Tem- Da*i c>te 1n e,e08l1 concret 8entr1 arg10enta re28ectarea ace2tor 8rinci8ii5 *8*818 6rincipiul cauzalit#iiF intro412 <n geogra+ie 4e Al5 Von N10Dol4t$ r3281n4e la <ntreDarea: De ceH ;i e,8ri03 corela*ia 4intre ca1B3 ;i e+ect$ 21cce2i1nea genetic3 a +eno0enelor <n +1nc*ie 4e an2a0Dl1l con4i*iilor care <n2o*e2c 4ina0ica lor oDiecti=35 "rice +eno0en are o ca1B3 ;i n1 e,i2t3 +eno0ene 2a1 8roce2e care 23 n1 +ie 21812e 1nor 4eter0in3ri ca1Bale5 Intr-1n ra8ort ca1Bal$ oDiect1l 2a1 +eno0en1l care 8rece43 ;i 8ro=oac3 8ro41cerea alt1i oDiect 2a1 +eno0en 2e n10e;te ca1B3$ iar oDiect1l 2a1 +eno0en1l care 21cce4e ;i a c3r1i 8ro41cere a +o2t 8ro=ocat3 4e ca1B3 2e n10e;te e+ect (con2ecin*3!5 Intre ca1B3 ;i e+ect e,i2t3 1n ra8ort 4e nece2itate5 Con2tan*a ace2t1i ra8ort e2te 0e4iat3 4e con4i*ii5 Intot4ea1na ca1Bele 8ro=oac3 8ro41cerea acelora;i e+ecte$ n10ai 4ac3 ac*ioneaB3 <n acelea;i con4i*ii$ la +el c10 =ariaDilitatea con4i*iilor 0iEloce;te =ariaDilitatea e+ectelor <n ra8ort c1 ac*i1nea acelora;i ca1Be5 Aeno0enele 21nt <n acela;i ti08 ;i ca1Be ;i e+ecte5 In 8ro 41cerea e+ectelor interac*ioneaB3 0ai 01lte ca1Be$ <n leg3t1r3 c1 4i=er2e con4i*ii5 E+ect1l a83r1t 8oate a=ea 1n rol acti= a218ra ca1Bei care l-a generat$ in+l1en*>n41-l +a=oraDil 2a1 ne+a=oraDil5 )rinci8i1l ca1Balit3*ii 832treaB3 caracter1l a2i0etric al ra8ort1l1i ca1B3-e+ect$ ca1Ba a=>n4 rol 4eter0inant <n geneBa +eno0enelor ;i caracter1l 4e ire=er2iDilitate te08oral3 al trecerii 4e la ca1B3 la e+ect$ cGiar 4ac3 <n lan*1rile ca1Bale co08le,e ca1Ba ;i e+ect1l coe,i2t3 o 8erioa43 4e ti085 Aplica#ii8 De2co8erirea ca1Belor e2te 4i+icil3 4eoarece n1 21nt =iBiDile$ *in 4e e2en*a +eno0en1l1i$ =iBiDile +iin4$ 4e oDicei$ e+ectele5 Da*i 1n e,e08l1 8entr1 a arg10enta acea2ta a+ir0a*ie5 Un e+ect 8oate 4e=eni ca1Ba 1n1i alt +eno0en5 (Da*i 1n e,e08l1 8entr1 a 212*ine acea2ta a+ir0a*ie5! Un +eno0en 8ro412 <ntr-o regi1ne 8oate 4eter0ina e+ecte <n alte regi1ni (Da*i 1n e,e08l1 8entr1 a 212*ine acea2ta a+ir0a*ie5!
7%

Un +eno0en 8ro412 la 1n 0o0ent 4at 8oate 4eter0ina e+ecte 4183 o 8erioa43 <n4el1ngat3 4e ti08 (Da*i 1n e,e08l1 8entr1 a 212*ine acea2ta a+ir0a*ie5! *8*8=8 6rincipiul inte'ralit#ii r3281n4e la <ntreD3rile: CeH C10H 'tructura re8reBint3 0o41l 4e organiBare a co08onentelor 1n1i 2i2te0$ 0o4 4eter0inat 4e caracter2ticile co08onentelor$ 4e rela*iile 4intre ele 2a1 4e rela*iile 4intre co08onente ;i 2i2te0 2a1 alte 2i2te0e5 Integralitatea e2te calitatea 1n1i 2i2te0 4e a a=ea 8ro8riet3*i 28eci+ice con+erite 4e inter4e8en4en*a ;i interac*i1nea 4intre co08onentele 2ale5 Ace2te 8ro8riet3*i ale <ntreg1l1i 21nt 4i+erite 4e cele ale 83r*ilor$ n1 21nt re412e la 8ro8riet3*ile ace2tora ;i n1 reB1lt3 4in <n210area lor5 Con+or0 ace2t1i 8rinci8i1$ c>n4 2e aDor4eaB3 28a*i1l geogra+ic$ ace2ta e2te 4e2co0812 <n co08onente$ iar ace2tea 21nt analiBate5 AnaliBa ele0entelor 2tr1ct1rii i08lic3 o o8era*ie 4e cla2i+icare a lor$ 4e 2i2te0atiBare a an2a0Dl1l1i 8rin gr18area ele0entelor 8e DaBa caracteri2ticilor lor co01ne <n cla2e 4e oDiecte$ c1 2co81l ca +iecare cla23 a2t+el oD*in1t3 23 oc18e 1n loc 8reci2 ;i 2taDil5 Se 2taDile;te +1nc*ia +iec3r1i oDiect 2a1 +eno0en <n 2i2te01l 4in care +ace 8arte (regional$ Bonal$ continental$ 8lanetar! ;i 2e i4enti+ic3 rela*iile lor c1 celelalte co08onente ale 2i2te01l1i5 Aiecare oDiect 2a1 +eno0en geogra+ic e2te ra8ortat la <ntreg1l 4in care +ace 8arte$ 2e 2taDile;te rol1l l1i <n 2i2te0$ ce ac*i1ni ;i in+l1en*e e,ercit3 a218ra 2i2te01l1i 2a1 a218ra celorlalte co08onente$ 4ar ;i ce con2ecin*e 218ort3 4in 8artea lor5 *8*838 6rincipiul unicit#ii "n di!erDitate8 Unicitatea 4e2e0neaB3 caracter1l in4i=i41al$ 2ing1lar 2a1 8artic1lar$ 28eci+ic oDiectelor$ +eno0enelor 2a1 8roce2elor$ i08lic>n4 8reBen*a 1nor 4i+eren*e intrin2eci$ 4e or4in calitati= <ntre ace2tea5 Di=e2itatea 2e 0ani+e2t3 ca in+initate 4e 2t3ri calitati=e 8e care le 2tr3Date 0e4i1l nat1ral ;i 2ocial <n 4ina0ica 2a$ +ie ca in+initate calitati=3 a ni=elelor 4e organiBare a 0ateriei$ a trecerilor calitati=e 4e la 1n ni=el la alt1l$ +ie ca o =arietate neli0itat3 calitati= 4e oDiecte 2a1 +eno0ene ire41ctiDile 1nele 4e altele5 E,i2t3 o 4i=er2itate 2tr1ct1ral3$ co08oBi*ional3$ rela*ional3$ o 4i=er2itate a +or0elor 0i;c3rii 2a1 a +or0elor 4e organiBare a 0ateriei5 In a8licarea ace2t1i 8rinci8i1 2e o8ereaB3 c1 categoriile 4e o0ogen ;i eterogen5 "0ogen1l re8reBint3 caracter1l i4entic al ele0entelor <ntreg1l1i$ 8ro8rietatea 4e a a=ea accea;i nat1r3$ acelea;i 8ro8riet3*i 2tr1ct1rale$ +1nc*ionale 2a1 co08orta0entale5 Eterogen1l re8reBint3 4eo2eDirea caracteri2ticcilor 2tr1ct1rale$ +1nc*ionale 2a1 co08orta0entale ale ele0entelor <ntreg1l1i5 In 28a*i1l geogra+ic 1nitatea 2e coreleaB3 c1 4i=er2itatea5

7&

Capit&lul 1 CON<IN5T5L 9N:;<;M>NT5L5I GEOGRAFIC

18,8 N&#iunea de c&n#inut al "n!#m$ntului 'e&'ra ic In 4i4actica tra4i*ional3$ con*in1t1l <n=3*30>nt1l1i geogra+ic re8reBenta an2a0Dl1l c1no;tin*elor$ 8rice8erilor ;i 4e8rin4erilor 4in 4o0eni1l geogra+iei$ 8e care ele=ii <l 4oD>n4e2c la ;coal35 In 4i4actica 0o4ern3$ coninutul nvmntului geografic c18rin4e an2a0Dl1l c1no;tin*elor$ aDilit3*ilor$ 2trategiilor$ atit14inilor cogniti=e$ co08orta0entelor 4in 4o0eni1l geogra+iei$ 8roiectate <n 4oc10entele ;colare o+iciale (8lan1ri 4e <n=3*30>nt$ 8rogra0e$ 0an1ale!$ care =iBeaB3 2ti01larea 8er2onalit3*ii celor care 2e in2tr1ie2c <n 8lan intelect1al$ 0oral$ 8ro+e2ional$ e2tetic$ +iBic5 Con*in1t1l <n=3*30>nt1l1i incl14e 1n c1rric1l10 co01n K tr1ncGi co01n 4e c1lt1r3 general3 ;i 1n c1rric1l10 4i+eren*iat5 C1rric1l101l co01n a2ig1r3 DaBa +or03rii 8er2onalit3*ii 8rin: 8rogra0e ;colare i4entice <n <n=3*30>nt1l general oDligatori1 (8>n3 la 1. ani!J c1rric1l101l co01n 4in c1lt1ra 4e 8ro+il (<n <n=3*30>nt1l liceal! ;i 4e 28ecialitate (<n <n=3*30>nt1l 8ro+e2ional!J a8ro+1n4area c1rric1l101l1i co01n <n 8ri0ii 4oi ani 4e 2t14ii 1ni=er2itare5 C1rric1l101l 4i+eren*iat o+er3: 8o2iDilitatea organiB3rii 1nor c1r21ri o8*ionale <n <n=3*30>nt1l gi0naBialJ canaliBarea c1lt1rii 4e 8ro+il 28re an10ite 4o0enii 4e 28ecialitate$ <n <n=3*30>nt1l licealJ 8o2iDilitatea +or03rii 8ro+e2ionale co08le,e$ <n <n=3*30>nt1l 1ni=er2itar5 18,8,8 CaracteriDticile c&n#inutului "n!#m$ntului 'e&'ra ic 21nt 1r03toarele: - caracter1l 2taDil$ con+erit 4e =alorile 8reciBate la ni=el 0acro$ <n i4eal1l ;i 2co81rile 8e4agogiceJ - caracter1l 4ina0ic$ con+erit 4e: 4i=er2i+icarea$ re2tr1ct1rarea ;i <0Dog3*irea con*in1t1l1i geogra+ieiJ concretiB3rile +3c1te 4e 8ro+e2or <n acti=itatea c1 ele=iiJ tran2+or03rile 4in realitate 8e care le re+lect3J - 21Dor4onarea +a*3 4e +inalit3*ile$ 2co81rile ;i oDiecti=ele e41ca*ionale$ 8e care le concretiBeaB3 <n 8lan1ri$ 8rogra0e$ 0an1ale ;colare$ acti=it3*i in2tr1cti=e41cati=eJ - =arietatea co08onentelor: c1no;tin*e$ aDilit3*i$ 2trategii$ atit14ini$ co08orta0ente$ =alori etcJ - caracter1l gloDal (1nitar!$ 4ar ;i 4i=er2i+icat (8e cicl1ri ;colare$ ti81ri 4e ;tiin*e!J - co08le,itatea cre2c>n43 8e 0321ra trecerii 4e la 1n cicl1 ;colar la alt1lJ - 21Dor4onarea +a*3 4e con*in1t1l e41ca*iei (8roce21l 4e <n=3*30>nt +iin4 +or0a cea 0ai organiBat3 a e41ca*iei!J
7?

- 0oDilitatea cea 0ai 0are 4intre co08onentele 8roce21l1i 4e <n=3*30>ntJ - loc central <ntre co08onentele 8roce21l1i 4e <n=3*30>ntJ <n +1nc*ie 4e con*in1t 2e 8roiecteaB3 toate celelalte co08onente ale 8roce21l1i 4i4actic$ <ntreaga 2trategie 4e in2tr1ire$ e=al1are ;i reglare a 4e0er21l1i 4i4acticJ - co08onente =ariate: an2a0Dl1ri 4e 0e2aEe 2e0antice (<n 4i=er2e 2i2te0e 4e re8reBentare! ;i 0e2aEe e,tra2e0antice (a+ecte$ ge2t1ri$ atit14ini$ rela*ii inter8er2onale etc!5 18,8*8 Criteriile de Delec#ie a c&n#inutului "n!#m$ntului 'e&'ra ic Criteriile filosofice5 Con*in1t1l <n=3*30>nt1l1i geogra+ic 2e 2elec*ioneaB3 4183 4eB=oltarea 2ocial-c1lt1ral3 a 2ociet3*ii$ +iin4 21Dor4onat i4eal1l1i 2ocial al 2ociet3*ii ;i i4eal1l1i e41cati=$ <n acor4 c1 arta$ c1lt1ra$ a28ira*iile 1n1i 8o8or5 Criteriile logico- tiinifice !epistemologice#& Con*in1t1l <n=3*30>nt1l1i geogra+ic 2e 2elec*ioneaB3 <n concor4an*3 c1 noile ten4in*e ;i acGiBi*ii 4in 4o0eni1l geogra+iei$ c1 2co81l eli0in3rii 4ecalaEelor 4intre ;coal3 ;i ;tiin*35 Criteriile 21nt: nece2itatea <n21;irii c1no;tin*elor ;i a 0eto4elor ;tiin*i+ice 4e c1noa;tere$ a 0o41rilor 4e g>n4ire 28eci+ice geogra+ieiJ orientarea 8ractic3 a con*in1t1l1i ;i a2ig1rarea caracter1l1i o8era*ional al c1no;tin*elorJ integrarea con*in1t1l1i c1 cercetarea ;tiin*i+ic3J 8ro0o=area inter4i2ci8linarit3*ii$ a8ari*ia 1nor ;tiin*e 4e grani*3$ <nl3t1rarea grani*elor 4intre ;tiin*e5 Criteriile pedagogice 4e 2elec*ie a con*in1t1l1i geogra+ic 21nt: a2ig1rarea 1nei analogii +1nc*ionale <ntre logica ;tiin*i+ic3 ;i logica 4i4actic3J +le,iDilitatea con*in1t1l1i <n +1nc*ie 4e ne=oile ;i intere2ele celor care 2e in2tr1ie2cJ accent1area caracter1l1i +or0ati=$ c1 2co81l 4e23=>r;irii 8er2onalit3*ii <n an2a0Dl1l 231J a2ig1rarea 1n1i ecGiliDr1 <ntre c1lt1ra general3 ;i c1lt1ra 4e 28ecialitate5 Criteriile psi"ologice 4e 2elec*ie a con*in1t1l1i 21nt: +acilitarea contin1it3*ii <n=3*3rii ;i a trecerii 4e la o trea8t3 4e <n=3*30>nt la alta$ 8rin re28ectarea ca8acit3*ii co8il1l1i 4e a <n=3*aJ a4ec=area la 8artic1larit3*ile 4e =>r2t3 ;i in4i=i41ale ale ele=ilorJ a4ec=area la ni=el1l 4e 4eB=oltare 82iGic3 a ele=ilor ;i +a=oriBarea trecerii la 1n ni=el 218erior 4e 4eB=oltare 82iGic35 18,818 Fact&rii care determin inte'rarea %i ierarEizarea c&n#inutului "n!#m$ntului 'e&'ra ic E%plo(ia informaional in+l1en*eaB3 con*in1t1l <n=3*30>nt1l1i geogra+ic$ <n 8rinci8al$ 21D 4o13 a28ecte: =ol101l 2a1 cantitatea 4e in+or0a*ie$ 8rec10 ;i ni=el1l 4e generalitate a c1no;tin*elor5 Re+eritor la 8ri01l a28ect$ 2-a con2tatat c3 rit01l 4e 41Dlare a con*in1t1l in+or0a*ional al geogra+iei e2te tot 0ai 0are$ 8etrec>n41-2e <ntr1n inter=al 4e ti08 tot 0ai 2c1rt5 Incercarea 4e a tran281ne o 0are 8arte 4in ace2t con*in1t <n 8rogra0e ;i 0an1ale 4eter0in3 o 218ra<nc3rcare$ 0oti= 8entr1 care n1 e2te 21+icient3 4oar <0Dog3*irea con*in1t1l1i$ ci ;i o 2electarea con+or0 1nor criterii ;tiin*i+ice5 )entr1 reBol=area 8roDle0ei 2e a8eleaB3 la al 4oilea a28ect al e,8loBiei in+or0a*ionale F ni=el1l 4e generalitate a c1no;tin*elor5 Con*in1t1l 2tr1ct1ral al 1nei ;tiin*e c18rin4e 0ai 01lte ni=ele 4e aD2tractiBare ;i generaliBare5 La ni=elele in+erioare 21nt: 4atele$ +a8tele$ e=eni0enteleJ no*i1nile$ conce8teleJ reg1lileJ iar la ni=elele 218erioare: legileJ 8rinci8iileJ teoriileJ categoriile5 E,8loBia in+or0a*ional3
7.

a+ecteaB3 0ai 81*in ni=elele 218erioare$ 0oti= 8entr1 care 2elec*ia con*in1t1l1i 2e +ace 8ornin4 4e la ni=elele 218erioare ale geogra+iei$ 4e la 2taDilirea legilor generale ;i 28eciale$ a 8rinci8iilor 0eto4ologice 4e 2t14iere act1al3 a geogra+iei ;i 4e 4eB=oltare 1lterioar3$ a8oi 2e 2electeaB3 conce8tele ;i +a8tele concrete5 'c"imbrile din metodologia tiinei& )rogre21l geogra+iei ca ;tiin*3 4eter0in3 o 8er0anent3 <0Dog3*ire a 0eto4ologiei cercet3rii$ 8rel1cr3rii in+or0a*iilor ;i a inter8ret3rii lor5 E2te +ire2c ca o 8arte 4in ace2te 0eto4e 28eci+ice cercet3rii ;tiin*i+ice 23 +ie 4oD>n4ite 4e c3tre ele=i 8rin 8roce21l 4e <n=3*30>nt$ c1 2co81l 4e a 4oD>n4i aDilit3*i nece2are <n =ia*35 ,elaia dintre geografie ca tiin i geografie ca obiect de nvmnt& ElaDorarea con*in1t1l1i geogra+ic n1 1r03re;te 4oar calea liniar3$ in41cti=3$ 28eci+ic3 c1noa;terii ;tiin*i+ice ;i 4i4actice$ 4e la +a8te concrete 28re no*i1ni$ reg1li$ legi$ 8rinci8ii$ teorii5 Re28ect>n4 2tr1ct1ra ;tiin*ei con2tit1it3 ca 1n 2i2te0 4e in+or0a*ii ierarGiBate$ c1 ni=ele 4e aD2tractiBare ;i generaliB3ri 8reci2 cont1rate$ 2electarea con*in1t1l1i <n=3*30>nt1l1i geogra+ic$ 8orne;te 4e la ni=elele 218erioare$ a4ic3 4e la 2taDilirea legilor generale ;i 28eciale ale ;tiin*ei$ 4e la 8rinci8iile 0eto4ologice 8e DaBa c3rora 2e cont1reaB3 2ta4i1l act1al ;i 4e 4eB=oltare 1lterioar3 a geogra+iei5 D183 i4enti+icarea ni=el1l1i 4e 4eB=oltare 2e cont1reaB3 8rinci8iile$ legile$ 2e creeaB3 8re0i2ele elaDor3rii 1nor conce8te 4e DaB3$ care +aciliteaB3 2elec*ia ;i integrarea c1no;tin*elor 2it1ate 8e tre8tele in+erioare$ 2trict nece2are re4e2co8eririi a4e=3r1rilor generale ale geogra+iei5 ,aportul dintre cultura general- cultura te"nico-profesional i cultura de specialitate5 Nici 1na 4intre cele trei co08onente ale c1lt1rii$ oric>t 4e c18rinB3toare ar +i$ n1 2ati2+ace 2ing1r3 co0an4a 2ociet3*ii 8ri=in4 4eB=oltarea ar0onioa23 a 8er2onalit3*ii$ 0oti= 8entr1 care +iecare =a a=ea o an10it3 8on4ere <n con*in1t1l <n=3*30>nt1l1i5 In 2+era c1lt1rii generale 21nt c18rin2e$ 8e 4e o 8arte$ c1no;tin*ele generale 4e28re nat1r3$ 2ocietate ;i g>n4irea 10an3 care 4eter0in3 conce8*ia ;i orientarea general3 <n l10ea conte08oran3 ;i$ 8e 4e alt3 8arte$ ca8acit3*ile intelect1ale ;i 8ractice care 8er0it in4i=i41l1i c1noa;terea ;i tran2+or0area realit3*ii5 Con*in1t1l geogra+iei =iBeaB3 4oD>n4irea c1no;tin*elor 4e2tinate c1lt1rii generale$ 0oti= 8entr1 care 2e 2t14iaB3 a8roa8e <n toate cla2ele 4in <n=3*30>nt1l gi0naBial ;i liceal5 In elaDorarea con*in1t1l1i concret al geogra+iei$ e2te i08ortant 23 +ie e=i4en*iate leg3t1rile reci8roce 4intre geogra+ie ;i teGnic3$ geogra+ie ;i arte5 Tabelul 18,8 Rela*ionarea gra41l1i 4e aD2tractiBare a con*in1t1l1i c1 +or0a 4e aDor4are a in+or0a*iilor (4183 M5Ione2c1$ I5Ra41$ 1//.!
Ni!ele de abDtractizare %i 'eneralizare ale c&n#inutului Categorii (C C! Teorii (C .! )rinci8ii (C ?! Legi (C&! Reg1li (C %! No*i1ni (C 7! Date F Aa8te (C1! Ni!ele ale &rmei de ab&rdare a in &rma#iil&r Ailo2o+ic (A C! Str1ct1ral F 2i2te0ic (A .! CiDernetic (A ?! Logico-0ate0atic (A &! Logic (A %! No*ional (A 7! E08iric (A 1!

7C

.ivelul de abstracti(are i de abordare a coninutului& In l1cr3rile 4e 28ecialitate 2e e=i4en*iaB3 e,i2ten*a 1nor ni=ele 4e aD2tractiBare a con*in1t1l1i ;i a 1nor ni=ele 4e aDor4are a in+or0a*iilor5 Aiecare ni=el 4e aD2tractiBare i08lic3 1n an10it ni=el 4e aDor4are5 Datele$ no*i1nile ;I reg1lile 8ot +i a8ro,i0ate la ni=el e08iric$ no*ional ;i logic5 )entr1 a n1 r30>ne la ni=el 4e2cri8ti=$ 8rinci8iile ;i teoriile 8re2181n 1n ni=el 4e aDor4are logico-0ate0atic$ ciDernetic 2a1 2tr1ct1ral-2i2te0ic5 Ten4in*a act1al3 4e tran2+or0are a geogra+iei 4intr-o 4i2ci8lin3 a 0e0oriei <n 1na a g>n4irii 8retin4e o inter8retare logico-0ate0atic3$ ciDernetic3 ;i 2tr1ct1ral-2i2te0ic3$ 0ai 81*in conce8t1al35 Tran2+er1l in+or0a*iilor 4e la o 4i2ci8lin3 la alta 2e realiBeaB3 at1nci c>n4 c1no;tin*ele 21nt <n=3*ate la 1n ni=el 0are 4e aD2tractiBare ;i generaliBare5 18*8 TranDpunerea c&n#inutului "n!#m$ntului 'e&'ra ic "n curriculumul %c&lar 18*8,8 6lanul(cadru de "n!#m$ntF pr&'ramele %c&lare %i manualele %c&lare Planul-cadru de nvmnt pentru clasele I / 0II10III $ e2te 1n 4oc10ent o+icial care 2tr1ct1reaB3 con*in1t1l <n=3*30>nt1l1i 8e ni=el1ri ;i 8ro+il1ri 4e ;coli$ 8e cicl1ri ;i arii c1rric1lare$ 2taDile;te oDiectele 4e 2t14i1 ;i re21r2ele 4e ti08 nece2are5 El incl14e 1n c1rric1l10 co01n (4i2ci8line ;i n103r 4e ore oDligatori1 8entr1 to*i ele=ii$ <n 8ro8or*ie 4e C?-@' % 4in 8lan! ;i 1n c1rric1l10 la 4eciBia ;colii (care 8er0ite o8*i1nea a218ra 1nei 8ro8or*ii 4e 7'-7? % 4in 8rogra01l ;colar al ele=ilor!5 Se oD2er=3 0o0ent1l intro41cerii 1nei 4i2ci8line$ 8on4erea 4i2ci8linelor$ 0o4i+icarea 8rogra0elor$ 0an1alelor5 Ciclurile curriculare 21nt 8erio4iB3ri ale ;colarit3*ii$ care gr18eaB3 0ai 01l*i ani 4e 2t14i1$ cGiar 4in cicl1ri ;colare 4i+erite$ c1 +inalit3*i co01ne5 Aiecare cicl1 c1rric1lar are +inalit3*i 8ro8rii ;i 0eto4ologie 4i4actic3 28eci+ic35 Cicl1rile c1rric1lare 21nt: cicl1l acGiBi*iilor +1n4a0entale (gr18a 8reg3titoare a gr34ini*ei ;i cl2 I-II!$ cicl1l 4e 4eB=oltare (III-IV!$ cicl1l 4e oD2er=are ;i orientare (V-IW!$ cicl1l 4e a8ro+1n4are (W-WI!$ cicl1l 4e 28ecialiBare (WII-WIII!5 Aria curricular c18rin4e 1n gr18 4e 4i2ci8line$ c1 an10ite oDiecti=e co01ne5 S1nt ;a8te arii c1rric1lare: 2imb i comunicare- $atematic i 3tiine ale naturii- 4m i societate- Arte- Educaie fi(ic i sport- 5e"nologii- Consiliere i orientare5 Ele 21nt acelea;i 8e toat3 41rata ;colarit3*ii$ 4ar 8on4erea lor =ariaB3 8e cla2e ;i cicl1ri5 In 8lan1l 4e <n=3*30>nt 2e 28eci+ic3 n103r1l 4e ore (0a,i0 ;i 0ini0! atriD1it +iec3rei arii c1rric1lare ;i 4i2ci8line$ n103r1l 4e ore 0a,i0 ;i 0ini0 8o2iDil a +i incl12e <n orar1l 1nei cla2e <ntr-o 238t30>n35 Oeogra+ia e2te incl123$ al3t1ri 4e i2torie ;i e41ca*ie ci=ic3$ <n aria c1rric1lar 4m i societate5 In cla2ele a IV-a ;i a V-a 8entr1 i2torie ;i geogra+ie 21nt alocate 1 F 7 ore5 La o cla23 real3 ace2te ore 8ot +i 4i2triD1ite a2t+el: o or3 4e i2torie ;i o or3 4e geogra+ie ti08 4e 1n an ;colar 4ac3 2e aloc3 7 ore celor 4o13 4i2ci8lineJ o or3 4e geogra+ie ti08 4e 1n 2e0e2tr1 ;i o or3 4e i2torie ti08 4e 1n 2e0e2tr1 4ac3 2e aloc3 o or3 8entr1 cele 4o13 4i2ci8line5 Din cla2a a VI F a 8>n3 <n cla2a a IW F a 8entr1 cele
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4o13 4i2ci8line 2e aloc3 7 F % ore5 La o cla23 real3 ace2te ore 8ot +i 4i2triD1ite a2t+el: o or3 4e geogra+ie ;i o or3 4e i2torie 4ac3 2e aloc3 7 ore celor 4o13 4i2ci8lineJ o or3 4e i2torie ;i 4o13 ore 4e geogra+ie 2a1 o or3 4e geogra+ie ;i 4o13 ore 4e i2torie 4ac3 2e atriD1ie % ore celor 4o13 4i2ci8line5 N103r1l 4e ore alocat 1nei 4i2ci8line 2e 4eci4e <n +1nc*ie 4e: 4orin*a ele=ilor ;i a 83rin*ilor$ co08eten*a 8ro+e2or1l1i$ 28a*i1l ;i 4otarea ;colii$ n103r1l 0a,i0 4e ore alocat 1nei cla2e etc5 N103r1l 0a,i0 2a1 0ini0 4e ore la o 4i2ci8lin3 2e <nca4reaB3 <n cel 8re=3B1t <n 8lan1l-ca4r1 4e <n=3*30>nt5 Tabelul 18*8 Aria "0 ;i 2ocietate9 <n 8lan1l-ca4r1 4e <n=3*30>nt ;i n103r1l 4e ore 8e 238t30>n3 al cla2ei
Aria c1rric1lar3K Di2ci8line "0 ;i 2ocietate E45 ci=ic3 I2torie ;i geogra+ie "8*ionale Nr5 ore K 238t5 K cla23 la toate ariile c1rric1lare I 7'77 II 7'77 III 1-7 1-7 '-1 7'77 IV 7-% 1-7 1-7 '-1 7'7% V %-& 1-7 1-7 '-1 717? VI %-& 1-7 7-% '-1 777? VII %-? 1-7 7-% '-1 7&7. VII %-? 1-7 7-% '-1 7?7/ IW %-? 1-7 7-% '-1 7@%7

6r&'rama %c&lar de 'e&'ra ie !curriculum scris sau oficial# e2te 1n 4oc10ent o+icial care re43 2intetic con*in1t1rile <n=3*30>nt1l1i 8e ani ;colari 2a1 8e cicl1ri 4e <n=3*30>nt5 )rogra0a ;colar3 are o co08onent3 general3$ =alaDil3 8entr1 toate ariile c1rric1lare ;i 1na 8artic1lariBat3 1nei arii c1rric1lare5 Componenta general c18rin4e: 2co81rile t1t1ror 8rogra0elor ariilor c1rric1lareJ oDiecti=ele generale ale 2i2te01l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt na*ionalJ oDiecti=ele in2tr1cti=-e41cati=e ale ni=el1l1i ;i ale 8ro+il1l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt re28ecti=J 8lan1l 4e <n=3*30>nt$ c1 1nele 8reciB3riJ 8rinci8iile 4i4actice +1n4a0entale5 Componenta particulari(at la o arie curricular sau disciplin c18rin4e: 8reBentarea 4i2ci8lineiJ oDiecti=ele-ca4r1J oDiecti=ele 4e re+erin*3J ele0entele 4e con*in1tJ e,e08le 4e 2it1a*ii 4e <n=3*areJ e,e08le 4e 0eto4ologii 4e 8re4are ;i reco0an43ri 8ri=in4 c1rric1l101l 4e 218ortJ 21ge2tii re+eritoare la e=al1areJ 2tan4ar4ele na*ionale 4e 8er+or0an*3 ale ele=ilor (ni=el 0ini0$ 0e4i1$ 0a,i0!5 4biectivele-cadru ale disciplinei- c 1 gra4 0are 4e generalitate ;i co08le,itate$ 2e re+er3 la +or0area <n 0ai 01l*i ani 4e 2t14i1 a 1nor ca8acit3*i ;i atit14ini 28eci+ice 4i2ci8linei5 4biectivele de referin 28eci+ic3 reB1ltatele a;te8tate ale <n=3*3rii 8e +iecare an 4e 2t14i15 E%emplele de situaii de nvare 21nt con2tr1ite 8ornin4 4e la e,8erien*a concret35 Coninuturile 21nt 0iEloace 8rin care 2e 1r03re;te atingerea oDiecti=elorca4r1 ;i 4e re+erin*35 Unit3*ile 4e con*in1t 21nt organiBate te0atic 2a1 con+or0 4o0eniilor 4i=er2elor oDiecte 4e 2t14i15 'tandardele curriculare naionale de performan 21nt criterii 4e e=al1are a calit3*ii 8roce21l1i 4e <n=3*are +or01late 21D +or03 4e c1no;tin*e$ co08eten*e ;i
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atit14ini$ 4e+inite 8entr1 ni=el1rile 0ini0al$ 0e4i1 ;i 0a,i0al55 S1nt 28eci+icate <n 8rogra0ele ;colare 21D +or03 4e en1n*1ri 2intetice$ 8e DaBa c3rora 2e =eri+ic3 <n ce 0321r3 21nt realiBate oDiecti=ele 4e re+erin*3 4e c3tre ele=i5 Manualele %c&lare alternati!e 8reBint3 con*in1t1l 8reciBat <n 8rogra0a ;colar3 <n 1nit3*i 4i4actice ;i e,8erien*e 4e <n=3*are5 Con*in1t1rile <n=3*3rii 21nt 2i2te0atiBate 8e ca8itole$ 21Dca8itole$ lec*ii$ te0e5 )entr1 +iecare 4i2ci8lin3 ;i an 4e 2t14i1 e,i2t3 o o+ert3 =ariat3 4e 0an1ale5 )ro+e2or1l alege 0an1al1l o8ti0 8entr1 ele=ii 23i <n +1nc*ie 4e 4orin*a ele=ilor$ a 83rin*ilor 2a1 co08eten*a 8er2onal35 )entr1 ele=ii 4in cicl1l 8ri0ar ;i gi0naBial 0an1alele 21nt grat1ite5 Ele 21nt =alaDile ti08 4e % F ? ani ;i 21nt 1tiliBate 4e c3tre 0ai 01lte 2erii 4e ele=i5 Man1alele ;colare 21nt in2tr10ente ale 8re43rii ;I <n=3*3rii$ 1n 218ort 4e 8reBentare a c1noa;terii ;tiin*i+ice5 Man1al1l ;colar e2te 1n an2a0Dl1 2tr1ct1rat 4e 8roce41ri 4e co01nicare$ a,at 8e logic3 ;i or4onare intern3$ <n li0itele 8rinci8i1l1i 8rogre2iei 2i2te0atice5 Con*in1t1l e2te ra8ortat la oDiecti=ele-ca4r1 4in c1rric1l10$ la cerin*ele 8rogra0ei ;i la 2it1a*iile 4e <n=3*are5 Man1al1l e2te acce2iDil 8entr1 ni=el1l 0in10 ;i 0e4i1 4e in2tr1ire$ iar 2ec=en*ele o8*ionale 21nt 4e2tinate ele=ilor c1 4i28oniDilit3*i e41ca*ionale 0ai 0ari5 Man1al1l e2te o o+ert3 larg3 ;i =ariat3 4e 4e0er21ri 1tiliBaDile <n 2it1a*ii e41ca*ionale 4i+erite5 Dintre caracteri2ticile organiB3rii interne a 0an1al1l1i ;colar re0arc30: li0DaE1l acce2iDil$ tra2eele 4e <n=3*are$ coeren*a ;i contin1itatea longit14inal3$ 4e2cGi4erile inter4i2ci8linare ;i tran24i2ci8linare$ 0o4alit3*i =ariate 4e 8reBentare a con*in1t1rilor$ teGnicilor 4e e=al1are ;i a1toe=al1are tra4i*ionale ;i altenati=e$ claritatea re8reBent3rilor gra+ice$ 4i=er2itatea i0aginilor etc5 Man1al1l re28ect3 c>te=a cerin*e: acce2iDilitatea te,t1l1i (claritatea e,8lica*iilor$ n103r1l i4eilor noi$ co08le,itatea e,8ri03rii!J a4ec=area ;tiin*i+ic3 (0321ra ;i 0o41l <n care 0an1al1l <ncor8oreaB3 2ta4i1l act1al al cercet3rii ;tiin*i+ice!J e+icien*a in2tr1c*ional3 (calitatea 4e a +i 1til ca in2tr10ent 4e <n=3*are!J ra8ort1l 4intre 8artea teoretic3 ;i cea a8licati=3J corela*ia logic3 4intre teorie ;i a8lica*ii5 18*8*8 Curriculum(ul %c&lar8 Delimitri termin&l&'ice %i c&nceptuale Conceptul de curriculum& Ter0en1l 8ro=ine 4in li0Da latin3 (2ing1lar: curriculumJ 8l1ral: curricula! ;i <n2e0n3 alergare- curs& Ter0en1l a +o2t 1tiliBat <n 4oc10entele 1nor 1ni=er2it3*i 0e4ie=ale 4in "lan4a (Lei4en$ 1?@7! ;i Sco*ia (Ola2goT$ 1.%%!5 R5X5 TPler (1/&/! 8reciBeaB3 co08onentele c1rric1l101l1i: oDiecti=ele e41ca*ionale$ e,8erien*ele 4e <n=3*are 2a1 con*in1t1rile <n=3*3rii$ 0eto4ologia organiB3rii e,8erien*elor 4e <n=3*are 4e c3tre ;coal3$ e=al1area reB1ltatelor <n=3*3rii5 In literat1ra 8e4agogic3 ro0>nea2c3 act1al3 n1 e,i2t3 con2en2 a218ra 4e+ini*iei conce8t1l1i 4e c1rric1l105 O5 V3i4ean1 con2i4er3 curriculumul ca 1n an2a0Dl1 coerent 4e con*in1t1ri$ 0eto4e 4e <n=3*are ;i 0eto4e 4e e=al1are a 8er+or0an*elor ;colare$ organiBat c1 2co81l realiB3rii 1nor oDiecti=e 4eter0inate (1/@.$ 8ag5 &1.!5 In 2en2 larg$ curriculumul c18rin4e an2a0Dl1l 8roce2elor e41cati=e ;i e,8erien*elor 4e <n=3*are 8rin care trece ele=1l 8e 41rata 8arc1r21l1i 231 ;colar5 In
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2en2 re2tr>n2$ curriculumul 2a1 curriculum formal 1 oficial c18rin4e an2a0Dl1l 4oc10entelor ;colare 4e ti8 reglator <n ca4r1l c3rora 2e con2e0neaB3 4atele e2en*iale 8ri=in4 8roce2ele e41cati=e ;i e,8erien*ele 4e <n=3*are 8e care ;coala le o+er3 ele=1l1i5 Curriculumul Na#i&nal c18rin4e an2a0Dl1l e,8erien*elor 4e <n=3*are 8rin care ;coala a2ig1r3 realiBarea i4eal1l1i e41ca*ional ;i a +inalit3*ilor <n=3*30>nt1l1i 4in 2egea nvmntului& Componentele C1rric1l101l1i na*ional: a8 5n DiDtem de c&nDidera#ii te&retice a218ra e41cat1l1i ;i 2ociet3*ii 8reBentat <n 4oc10ent1l Curriculum .aional pentru nvmntul obligatoriu& Cadru de referin& b8 Finalit#ile Idealul educaional i finalitile sistemului re8reBint3 1n 2et 4e a2er*i1ni 4e 8olitic3 e41ca*ional3$ care 28eci+ic3 <n 2egea nvmntului 8ro+il1l 4e 8er2onalitate 4eBiraDil la aD2ol=en*ii 2i2te01l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt$ <n 8er28ecti=a e=ol1*iei 2ociet3*ii ro0>ne;ti5 +inalitile pe niveluri de colaritate !primar- gimna(ial i liceal# 4e2cri1 28eci+ic1l +iec3r1i ni=el 4e ;colaritate 4in 8er28ecti=a 8oliticii e41ca*ionale5 c8 C&n#inuturile 21nt concretiBate <n: <n 8lan1ri-ca4r1$ 8rogra0e ;colare$ 0an1ale ;colare$ 0ateriale 218ort$ 2tan4ar4e 4e 8er+or0an*35 Tipuri de curriculum a8 Curriculumul nucleu (tr1ncGi1l co01n! re8reBint3 n103r1l1i 0ini0 4e ore 4e la +iecare 4i2ci8lin3 oDligatorie 8re=3B1t3 <n 8lan1rile-ca4r15 La geogra+ie n103r1l 0ini0 4e ore <n cla2ele a IV-a ;i aFV-a e2te 4e o E103tate 4e or3K238t3 0>n3$ la cla2ele a VII-a ;i aFIW-a o or3K238t30>n35 In 8rogra03 con*in1t1rile 8entr1 c1rric1l10 n1cle1 n1 21nt 0arcate c1 a2teri,5 Ele 21nt oDligatorii in4i+erent 4ac3 2e aloc3 n103r1l 4e ore 0ini0 2a1 0a,i05 C1rric1l101l n1cle1 con2tit1ie 2i2te01l 4e re+erin*3 8entr1 e=al1are ;i 8entr1 elaDorarea 2tan4ar4elor c1rric1lare 4e 8er+or0an*35 b8 Curriculumul la decizia %c&lii aco8er3 4i+eren*a 4e ore 4intre c1rric1l101l n1cle1 ;i n103r1l 0ini0K0a,i0 4e ore K 238t$ 4i2ci8lin3 ;i an 4e 2t14i1$ 8re=3B1te <n 8lan1l-ca4r15 "Diecti=ele ;i con*in1t1rile 0arcate c1 a2teri, ;i ti83rite c1r2i= <n 8rogra0e 21nt 4e2tinate c1rric1l101l1i la 4eciBia ;colii ;i n1 21nt oDligatorii5 Curriculumul nucleu apr& undat i08lic3 8arc1rgerea con*in1t1rilor oDligatorii 4in 8rogra03 <n n103r1l 0a,i0 4e ore alocat 4i2ci8linei c1 ele=ii care n1 8ot <n21;i c1rric1l101l oDligatori1 <n n103r1l 4e ore alocat5 Curriculumul extinD i08lic3 8arc1rgerea <n <ntregi0e a con*in1rilor 8rogra0ei$ incl12i= cele 0arcate c1 a2teri,$ <n n103r1l 0a,i0 4e ore alocat 4i2ci8linei re28ecti=e$ c1 ele=ii care a1 intere2 28ecial 8entr1 geogra+ie5 Curriculumul elab&rat "n %c&al i08lic3 acti=it3*ile o8*ionale 8ro812e 4e ;coal3 <n +1nc*ie 4e re21r2ele 10ane ;i 0ateriale ale ;colii$ intere2ele ele=ilor$ nece2it3*ile co01nit3*ii locale$ 2it1a*iile 28eci+ice ;colii$ i08ortan*a 2a1 atracti=itatea 21Diectelor5 )entr1 +iecare cla23$ <n aria c1rric1lar3 4m i societate 21nt 8re=3B1te ' F 1 ore 8entr1 4i2ci8line o8*ionale5 )ro+e2or1l 8ro81ne te0a c1r21l1i
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o8*ional$ 8roiecteaB3 8rogra0a ;colar3$ o 8reBint3 in28ector1l1i 4e 28ecialitate 8entr1 a8roDare$ in+or0eaB3 ele=ii ;i 83rin*ii a218ra oDiecti=elor ;i con*in1rilor c1r21l1i5 )entr1 con2tit1irea 1nei gr18e 21nt nece2ari 0ini0 1' ele=i care 8ro=in 4intr-o cla23 2a1 4in cla2e 8aralele5 Dac3 la geogra+ie 2-a alocat n103r1l 0a,i0 4e ore 8re=3B1t <n 8lan1l-ca4r1 4e <n=3*30>nt$ at1nci orele 4e2tinate c1r21rilor o8*ionale 21nt atriD1ite altei 4i2ci8line 4in aria c1rric1lar35 D183 ce ele=ii o8teaB3 8entr1 1n c1r2 o8*ional$ ace2ta e2te incl12 <n orar ;i <n catalog5 Se 2cri1 aD2en*e$ 2e acor43 note$ cali+icati=e$ 2e <ncGeie 0e4ii5 c8 Curriculumul Dup&rt c18rin4e 0aterialele 4i4actice 2a1 4e 4oc10entare 4e2tinate ele=ilor ;i 8ro+e2orilor (c1legerile 4e 8roDle0e$ e,erci*ii$ te,te$ atla2e$ +i;e$ caiete 4e acti=itate in4e8en4ent3 etc5!$ gGi41ri$ nor0e 0eto4ologice ;i 0ateriale 218ort care 4e2cri1 con4i*iile 4e a8licare ;i 4e 0onitoriBare ale 8roce21l1i c1rric1lar5 1818 F&rmarea la ele!i a reprezentril&r %i n&#iunil&r 'e&'ra ice 1818,8 F&rmarea reprezentril&r In4i=i41l tr3ie;te 8er0anent 4i=er2e e,8erien*e <n ca4r1l c3rora 218ort3 1n bombardament 4e 2ti01li interni ;i e,terni$ 2i0Dolici 2a1 concre*i$ +a*3 4e care reac*ioneaB3 21Diecti=5 )roce21l 4e <n=3*are i08lic3 0ai <nt>i 8erce8*ia ele0entelor 4in e,8erien*a act1al3 F 2enBa*ii$ i08re2ii$ i0agini$ i4ei$ e0o*ii$ ne=oi$ reac*ii tr3ite la 1n 0o0ent 4at F 8rin re+lectare 21Diecti=3$ la inter+a*a c1 0e4i1l a0Diant5 Percepia e2te oglin4irea <n con;tiin*a o01l1i a oDiectelor ;i +eno0enelor care ac*ioneaB3 4irect a218ra rece8torilor$ 21D +or03 4e 2ti01li interni 2a1 e,terni$ 8rin inter0e4i1l in+or0a*iilor 2enBoriale ;i 21D in+l1en*a 4i28oBi*iilor in4i=i41l1i 2a1 a 2e0ni+ica*iilor acGiBi*ionate 4in e,8erien*ele trec1te . Con tiina e2te ca8acitatea 4e a 8erce8e in+or0a*ii 8rin 2i0*1ri ;i 4e a le inter8reta 21D +or03 4e re8reBentare 0ental3 aD2tract35 Di2tinge0 con tiina actual sau spontan F 8erce8*ia i0e4iat3 a ceea ce 2i0te 8rintr-1n 1n 0ini0 4e contact c1 ceea ce 8erce8e ;i 2i0te F ;i con tiina reflectat ce i08lic3 1n 8roce2 4e organiBare a 8erce8*iei 21D +or03 4e re8reBentare 0ental3 aD2tract3$ c1 aE1tor1l 2i0Dol1rilor ;i care 8er0ite crearea 1nei 2e0ni+ica*ii ()5Ao1lY1ie$ 1/C1$ R5La+on$ 1/C/!5 In +1nc*ie 4e caracteri2ticile oDiecti=e ale 2ti01lilor$ 4e 4i28oBi*iile 8er2oanei$ 4e i4eile 2a1 2e0ni+ica*iile 82iGologice acGiBi*ionate 4in e,8erien*ele anterioare ;i <n0agaBinate <n 0intea 2a$ con;tiin*a 8er0ite o rece8ti=itate 0ai 0are 2a1 0ai 0ic3 a in+or0a*iilor 4in c>081l 8erce8t1al Con;tiin*a re+lectat3 8er0ite realiBarea aD2tractiB3rii ;i 2i0DoliB3rii e,8erien*ei5 )entr1 +a=oriBarea <n=3*3rii 2e i081ne 23 c1noa;te0 caracteristicile percepiei ;i 23 analiB30 0o41l 4e organiBare a 8erce8*iei <n lec*ii5 4biectualitatea& Dac3 n1 ar e,i2ta oDiectele <n realitate$ n1 ar e,i2ta 8erce8*ii5 )entr1 8erce8erea oDiectelor$ +eno0enelor ;i e=eni0entelor 4in realitate$ 21Diec*ii 21nt <n contact ne0iElocit c1 ace2tea 2a1 c1 re8reBent3rile lor5 " 8er2oan3 n1 8erce8e 1n oDiect 4e28re care n1 8ri0e;te in+or0a*ii 8rin inter0e4i1l analiBatorilor (=iB1al$ a14iti=$ tactil$ ol+acti=$ g12tati=!5 )erce8*ia e2te 0ai co08let3 c>n4 in+or0a*iile 21nt 0ai 01lte ;i rece8tate 8rin 0ai 01l*i analiBatori5 Incercarea 4e a con=erti in+or0a*ii 4e2tinate 1n1i analiBator <n in+or0a*ii 4e2tinate alt1i analiBator
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4eter0in3 eroare <n 8erce8*ie5 N1 a=e0 certit14inea c3 4e2crie0 e,act ;i corect 1n 0iro2$ 1n g12t$ 1n 8ei2aE$ <n a;a +el ca 8er2oana care cite;te 2a1 a2c1lt3 23 perceap aceia;i 2ti01li ca noi5 )entr1 ca ele=ii 23 8ercea83 realitatea oDiecti= ;i 23 n1 4oD>n4ea2c3 i0agini 4e+or0ate ale ace2teia$ <i con+r1nt30 4irect c1 acea2ta$ 8rin inter0e4i1l t1t1ror analiBatorilor5 Integralitatea& )rin 8erce8*ie 2e re+lect3 an2a0Dl1l <n21;irilor nee2en*iale ce ac*ioneaB3 a218ra rece8torilor$ 2enBa*iile +iin4 1ni+icate ;i or4onate <n i0aginea integral3$ 2i2te0ic3 ale oDiect1l1i$ +eno0en1l1i 2a1 2it1a*iei5 In21;irile e2en*iale n1 21nt 8erce81te 8rin analiBatori$ ci 2e oD*in 8rin analiBa rela*iilor con2tante 4intre oDiecte5 )entr1 4oD>n4irea no*i1nilor ;tiin*i+ice$ 4183 8erce8*ia oDiect1l1i 2a1 +eno0en1l1i$ trece0 la eta8ele 4e aD2tractiBare a tr323t1rilor e2en*iale$ 2i0DoliBare ;i integrare <n 2tr1ct1ra cogniti=3 a in4i=i41l1i5 'tructuralitatea& )erce8*ia e2te o 2tr1ct1r3 no13$ ierarGic organiBat3$ care c18rin4e co08onentele ;i rela*iile 4intre ele$ 4i2tinct3 4e 2enBa*iile care intr3 <n co08onen*a 2a5 Ea n1 coinci4e c1 2enBa*iile noa2tre 0o0entane ;i n1 reB1lt3 4in <n210area lor5 C>n4 ele=ii 8erce8 1n oDiect$ cre4e0 c3 ei 8ri0e2c aceia;i 2ti01li ca ;i noi: aceea;i +or03$ c1loare$ 4i0en2i1ne$ 0iro2$ te,t1r3$ ceea ce e2te +al25 )entr1 8erce8erea integral3 ;i 2i2te0ic3 a 1n1i oDiect analiB30 +iecare ele0ent ;i tr323t1r3 e2en*ial3$ rela*iile 4intre co08onente 2a1 4intre oDiect ;i categoriile 218raor4onate 2a1 21Dor4onate5 Constana 8erce8*iei con2t3 <n relati=a 2taDilitate a <n21;irilor 8erce81te ale oDiectelor$ a4ic3 noi 8erce8e0 oDiectele 4in E1r ca +iin4 relati= con2tante 21D a28ect1l +or0ei$ 03ri0ii$ c1lorii etc5 c1 toate c3 oDiectele <;i 2cGi0D3 8er0anent a28ect1l5 Categorialitatea& I0aginile 8erce8ti=e a1 2e0ni+ica*ie 2e0antic35 A 8erce8e con;tient 1n oDiect <n2ea0n3 a-l ra8orta la o cla23 4e oDiecte$ a-l RgeneraliBaR 8rin c1=>nt5 C>n4 8erce8e0 1n oDiect nec1no2c1t$ <l co08ar30 c1 oDiectele c1no2c1te ;i <ncerc30 23-l incl14e0 <ntr-o categorie 4e oDiecte5 Apercepia re8reBint3 4e8en4en*a 8erce8*iei 4e 21Diecti=itatea in4i=i41l1i5 )erce8*ia n1 e2te o 2103 a 2enBa*iilor 0o0entane$ ci include 4etalii a431gate 4e 21Diect$ 4ar care n1 21nt 8reBente <n 0o0ent1l re28ecti= la ni=el1l rece8torilor 2a1 omite 2electi= an10ite ele0ente 8reBente5 )roce21l 4e 8erce8*ie a 1nei e,8erien*e act1ale e2te in+l1en*at$ +iltrat ;i cGiar 4i2tor2ionat 4e c1no;tin*ele 2a1 aDilit3*ile acGiBi*ionate$ 4e atit14inea 21Diect1l1i$ 4e =alorile ;i i0aginea 8e care o are 4e28re 2ine$ 4e 2tr1ct1ra 8er2onalit3*ii 2ale etc5 S1D ace2t a28ect$ <n=3*area e2te <nr343cinat3 <n 21Diecti=itatea 8er2oanei5 )erce8*ia e2te o imagine 0ai 01lt 2a1 0ai 81*in con2tit1it3 a 1n1i oDiect 2a1 +eno0en 4in l10ea e,tern3$ 4ar ;i 1n proces F 1n 2i2te0 4e ac*i1ni 8erce8ti=e F 8rin care 2e con2tr1ie;te tre8tat i0aginea 8erce8ti=35 In 2i2te01l 4e ac*i1ni 8erce8ti=e 4i2tinge0 0ai 01lte operaii: *etecia e2te o8era*ia 4e con2tatare a oDiect1l1i (Rce=a nec1no2c1tR! 2a1 a aD2en*ei 2ale5 Dac3 8reBent30 ele=ilor +otogra+ia 1n1i lac$ 4e la 4i2tan*3 8erce8 ce=a$ iar 4ac3 a8ro8ie0 i0aginea$ 4i2ting lac1l5

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Fi'8 1818 )erce8*ia 1n1i oDiect *iscriminarea e2te o8era*ia 8ro8ri1-Bi23 4e +or0are a i0aginii 8erce8ti=e 8rin 2e2iBarea 2ti01lilor (4etaliilor!: 8oBi*ie <n 28a*i1$ +or03$ 4i0en2i1ne$ c1loare$ 0iro2$ 21nete etc5 )entr1 a con41ce 8erce8*ia lac1l1i 4e c3tre ele=i$ +or01l30 <ntreD3ri: Ce +or03 are acea2t3 ac101lare 4e a83H Ce c1loare are a8aH Ce 218ra+a*3 are acea2t3 ac101lare 4e a83H Ce a4>nci0e are acea2t3 ac101lare 4e a83H Un4e e2te 2it1at3 acea2t3 ac101lare 4e a83H Ce a28ect a1 0al1rile ace2tei ac101l3ri 4e a83H etc5 Compararea oDiect1l1i 8erce81t 2e +ace c1 alte oDiecte 8erce81te <n 0o0ent1l re28ecti= 2a1 c1 i0agini 832trate <n 0e0orie5 In 1r0a co08ara*iei i4enti+ic30 2a1 n1 oDiect1l5 )entr1 ca ele=ii 23 co08are RoDiect1lR nec1no2c1t c1 alte oDiecte$ le o+eri0 i0aginea 1n1i alt lac ;i +or01l30 <ntreD3ri5 Sti01lii 21nt 8rel1cra*i 0ental ra8i4 ;i ele=ii 2e2iBeaB3 c3 <n +otogra+ie e2te 1n oDiect 2i0ilar cel1i 4int>i5 Identificarea i recunoa terea 2e realiBeaB3 n10ai 4ac3 a=e0 <n DaBa 4e c1no;tin*e no*i1nea re28ecti=35 Rec1noa;terea i08lic3 categori(area- a4ic3 in4icarea 4en10irii oDiect1l1i 8erce81t ;i incl14erea <ntr-o cla23 4e oDiecte 8erce81te anterior5 In ti081l 8erce8*iei ele=ii 21nt <n 2it1a*ii 4i+erite: cei care 8o2e43 no*i1nea 4e lac$ <l rec1no2c ;i-l 4en10e2c$ iar ceilal*i n15 Dac3 n1 i4enti+ic3 lac1l$ <l
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4en10i0 (ReticGetaR!5 )rin ace2t 2i2te0 4e ac*i1ni 8erce8ti=e$ ele=ii ;i-a1 +or0at o i0agine integral3 a lac1l1i$ 4ar <nc3 n1 21nt ca8aDili 23-i 8reciBeBe tr323t1rile e2en*iale$ 23-l 4i+eren*ieBe 4e categoriile 4e 8e aceea;i trea8t3 ierarGic3 2a1 4e categoriile 218ra- ;i 21Dor4onate5 Ace2te o8era*ii a8ar*in aD2tractiB3rii ;i generaliB3rii5 1818*8 F&rmarea n&#iunil&r In <n=3*are e2te i08ortant 23 <n*elege0 8roce21l 8rin care 8erce8*iile 21nt con=ertite <n re8reBent3ri ;i <n 28ecial c10 23 in+l1en*30 8oBiti= ace2t 8roce25 )entr1 a rec1noa;te ;i no0inaliBa oDiect1l lac e2te nece2ar 23 a=e0 re8reBentate <n MLD (0e0oria 4e l1ng3 41rat3! caracteri2ticile e2en*iale ;i nee2en*iale ale lac1l1i ;i 8rin co08ara*ie c1 acea2t3 re8reBentare 23 categoriB30 oDiect1l <n cla2a lacurilor5 Dac3 8rin 8erce8*ie oD*ine0 o i0agine integral3 a oDiect1l1i$ con2tit1it3 4in a28ectele nee2en*iale$ 8entr1 re8reBentarea no*i1nii 4e lac$ eli0in30 8ro8riet3*ile =ariaDile ;i re8reBent30 an2a0Dl1l caracteri2ticilor e2en*iale$ con2tante$ care +ac ca 1n l1cr1 23 +ie ceea ce e2te$ a4ic3 esena oDiect1l1i5 No*i1nile n1 21nt +i,e$ i01aDile$ ci 218ort3 1n 8roce2 contin11 4e 2cGi0Dare5 " no*i1ne care n1 c18rin4e <n <ntregi0e caracteri2ticile 2taDile ;i con*ine 1nele tr323t1ri nee2en*iale e2te o noiune empiric 2a1 pre tiinific& Co8il1l 8o2e43 no*i1ni e08irice 8e care le corecteaB3 tre8tat5 In 8ri0ii ani 4e =ia*3 co8iii 4oD>n4e2c definiii ostensive- 8rin in4icarea 4irect3 a oDiect1l1i 4e c3tre a41lt: 6ite lacul7 C1noa;terea ;tiin*i+ic3 a realit3*ii ;i a4a8tarea o8ti03 <n ca4r1l ei i081ne 4oD>n4irea co08let3 ;i corect3 a no*i1nilor5 D183 ce in4i=i41l <n=a*3 c3 no*i1nea core281n4e caracteri2ticilor 2taDile ale oDiect1l1i$ 4183 eli0inarea 8ro8riet3*ilor =ariaDile$ <n 0o0ent1l <n care analiBeaB3 1n oDiect$ el c31t3 caracteri2ticile e2en*iale5 In ace2t 4e0er2 in4i=i41l e,er2eaB3 operaiile gndirii8 analiBa$ co08ara*ia$ 2inteBa$ aD2tractiBarea$ generaliBarea$ 2i0DoliBarea etc 8 a8 Analiza re8reBint3 2e8ararea 0intal3 a 1nor oDiecte$ +eno0ene$ <n21;iri 2a1 co08onente5 Ca8acitatea 4e a analiBa corect oDiectele ;i +eno0enele 2e oD*ine 8rin e,erci*ii$ 8rin in2i2ten*a 8er0anent3 a218ra detaliilor 8erce81te 8rin analiBatori5 C>n4 o+eri0 ele=ilor 28re c1noa;tere 1n oDiect 2a1 +eno0en$ 8entr1 a aE1nge la e2en*3 F la no*i1ne F analiB30 caracteri2ticile 2ale 8entr1 c3 a2t+el <;i +or0eaB3 ca8acitatea 4e a analiBa ;i n1 2e o8re2c 4oar la 8erce8*ia oDiect1l1i 2a1 +eno0en1l1i5 Ei <n=a*3 ce an10e (co08onente$ rela*ii! ;i c10 23 analiBeBe (8roce41ri!5 Ele0entele 21812e analiBei 21nt: +or0a (geo0etric3$ nereg1lat3!$ 4i0en2i1nea (l1ngi0e$ <n3l*i0e$ l3*i0e!$ c1loarea$ co08onentele (83r*i! ;i rela*iile 4intre ele$ 8oBi*ia <n 28a*i1 (<n rela*ie c1 alte ele0ente! etc5 )rinci8i1l +1n4a0ental al analiBei e2te 4e a i4enti+ica 8ro8riet3*ile oDiectelor ;i 2i2te0elor (Ra a=ea o 8ro8rietateR!5 b8 C&mpara#ia con2t3 <ntr-o a8ro8iere$ 8e 8lan 0intal$ a 1nor oDiecte 2a1 +eno0ene$ c1 2co81l 2taDilirii a2e03n3rilor ;i 4eo2eDirilor 4intre ele5 Asemnrile re8reBint3 caracteri2ticile co01ne 8e care le 8o2e43 oDiectele$ iar deosebirile 21nt tr323t1rile 8e care n1 le 8o2e43 a0Dele 2a1 0ai 01lte oDiecte ;i 8rin care 2e 4i+eren*iaB3 <ntre ele5 Co08ara*ia incl14e 1n 8roce2 4e al3t1rare +iBic3$ concret3$ real3$ a oDiectelor co08arate 2a1 al3t1rarea 1n1i oDiect concret c1 1n1l 8erce81t anterior$ a c3r1i i0agine e2te 2tocat3 ;i act1aliBat3 4in 0e0orie5 In co08ara*ie 1tiliB30 criterii:
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c1loarea$ +or0a$ 4en2itatea$ l1ngi0ea etc5 E2te e,cl12 23 co08ar30 c1loarea 1n1i oDiect c1 +or0a alt1i oDiect5 ReB1ltat1l co08ara*iei e2te e,8ri0at 8rin a2er*i1ni: 2acul 0 este mai adnc dect lacul 9; 2acul 0 conine ap ca i lacul 9; 2acul 9 are ba(in lacustru ca i lacul 95 c8 AbDtractizarea e2te 1n 8roce2 0ental 4e 2elec*ie a caracteri2ticilor e2en*iale F nece2are ;i 2taDile F 4in an2a0Dl1l t1t1ror caracteri2ticilor ;i 4e ignorare 2a1 e,cl14ere a caracteri2ticilor nee2en*iale F 8artic1lare ;i in4i=i41ale5 In aD2tractiBare con;tientiB30 ;i 4i2tinge0 caracteri2ticile$ a28ectele 2a1 rela*iile e2en*iale F 2taDile ;i co01ne 0ai 01ltor oDiecte 2a1 +eno0ene F 8rin contra2t c1 tr323t1rile care =ariaB3 4e la 1n oDiect la alt1l5 )entr1 a 2e2iBa e2en*ial1l$ 1r03ri0 ele0ent1l 2taDil 4e-a l1ng1l =ariaDilit3*ii 28a*iale ;i te08orale a oDiect1l1i5 Ceea ce r30>ne con2tant la 4i+eritele e,e08lare ale 1n1i oDiect in4ic3 tr323t1ra e2en*ial35 Ceea ce a8are ;i 4i28are in4ic3 o tr323t1r3 nee2en*ial35 )rin aD2tractiBare 4e41ce0 8ro8riet3*ile e2en*iale ale lac1l1i: este o acumulare de ap; are ba(in lacustru; este situat pe suprafaa continentelor& Caracteri2ticile nee2en*iale 8ot +i: este o acumulare de ap dulce !srat- salmastr#; are ba(in lacustru adnc !ntins- neregulat- construit de ctre om#; este situat pe suprafaa continentului Europa1Asia etc5 d8 Sinteza con2t3 <n recon2tit1irea <ntreg1l1i$ 21812 analiBei$ co08ara*iei ;i aD2tractiB3rii$ <ntr-o 1nitate in4e8en4ent3 c1 2tr1ct1r3 co08le,35 Acea2t3 con2tr1c*ie n1 e2te i4entic3 c1 cea ini*ial3$ ci c18rin4e an2a0Dl1l caracteri2ticilor e2en*iale F 2taDile$ nece2are$ 21+iciente F care 4eter0in3 ca oDiect1l re28ecti= 23 +ie ceea ce e2te5 SinteBa re8reBint3 a2a0Dlarea e2en*ei 8rin re1ni+icarea caracteri2ticilor nece2are <n re*ele co08le,e$ +or0>n4 coninutul noiunii (<n21;iri$ atriD1te$ 8ro8riet3*i$ caracteri2tici$ caracteri2tici$ note!5 In con*in1t1l no*i1nii fluviu +ig1reaB3 notele: ap curgtoare- albie adnc- ba(in "idrografic foarte ntins- numero i afluenilungime mare- debit mare- gura de vrsare sub form de estuar sau delt- vrsare n mare sau ocean etc5 "Diect1l reB1ltat 8rin aD2tractiBare ;i 2inteB3 e2te 1n conce8t 2a1 o abstraciune care re8reBint3 oDiect1l8 Conceptul e2te o 4e+ini*ie care c18rin4e toate caracteri2ticile nece2are ;i 21+iciente ale cla2ei re28ecti=e5 StaDilirea tr323t1rilor nece2are ;i 21+iciente e2te o 2arcin3 4i+icil35 C1 c>t e2te 0ai co08le,3 o no*i1ne 2a1 categorie$ c1 at>t e,i2t3 0ai 01lte 4e+ini*ii5 Dac3 cere0 ele=ilor 23 4e+inea2c3 8>r>1l <nainte 4e <n=3*area conce8t1l1i 8ri0i0 4i+erite 4e+ini*ii e08irice5 In realitate ele=ii i4enti+ic3 praiele 8rintre alte ape curgtoare$ 4ar +3r3 23 4e*in3 re8reBentarea conce8t1al3 a prului- +a8t ce in4ic3 e,i2ten*a altor ti81ri 4e re8reBent3ri 0entale$ <n a+ara conce8telor5 e8 Cate'&rizarea 2a1 claDi icarea e2te 8roce21l 8rin care 4i2triD1i0 oDiectele$ 4e+inite ca no*i1ni 2a1 conce8te$ <n categorii 2a1 cla2e 4e oDiecte$ care incl14 1n gr18 4e oDiecte con2i4erate ca 0e0Dri ai categoriei re28ecti=e5 Categoria 2a1 clasa de obiecte c18rin4e an2a0Dl1l 2a1 01l*i0ea oDiectelor reale 2a1 i0aginare$ c1 2i0ilarit3*ii +iBice 2a1 +1nc*ionale5 Categoria 8ri0e;te o etic"et 2a1 carcas ling=i2tic3 F 1n n10e$ 1n ter0en 2a1 8eri+raB35 Categoriile 21nt no0inaliBate 8rin c1=inte iBolate (lag1n3$ li0an$ gGe*ar!$ c1=inte 4eter0inate 8rin atriD1te (lac carstic- lac tectonic !$ 2intag0e (lac pe masiv de sare- lac n crater vulcanic- platform de fora: marin- efect de ser !$ 8ro8oBi*ii 4eter0inati=e a2ociate
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1n1i n10e (constelaiile vi(ibile n emisfera nordic !$ +raBe 4eter0inati=e a2ociate 1n1i n10e (perioada n care s-a fcut trecerea de la maimue antropoide spre oameni primitivi!5 "Diectele 21nt gr18ate <n aceea;i categorie 4183 similaritate fi(ic 2a1 funcional& Categoria lacuri c18rin4e 4i=er2ele ti81ri 4e lac1ri care a1 caracteri2tici +iBice 2a1 8erce8ti=e a2e03n3toare: conca=itate$ ac101lare 4e a83 etc5 Ele0entele cla2ei termometre$ 81*in a2e03n3toare 21D a28ect +iBic$ 21nt gr18ate 4183 2i0ilaritate +1nc*ional3: a1 +1nc*ia 4e a 0321ra te08erat1ra5 In conte,te 4i+erite$ 1n1l 4intre cele 4o13 ti81ri 4e 2i0ilit14ini are 8rioritate5 )e DaBa caracteri2ticilor e2en*iale$ 2e 2taDile;te a8artenen*a 2a1 nona8artenen*a 1n1i oDiect la cla2a re28ecti=35 Cla2a 8>raielor e2te re8reBentat3 0ental 8rin conce8t1l 4e pru8 cea mai mic ap curgtoare care are albie proprie- traseu propriu i nu are aflueni& "rice a83 c1rg3toare c1 ace2te caracteri2tici$ <n 0o4 nece2ar ;i 21+icient$ e2te 0e0Dr3 a categoriei pru5 Aor0area categoriei 4e8in4e 4e corectit14inea conce8t1l1i a+erent 4oD>n4it 4e 21Diect5 Dac3 21Diect1l are 1n con*in1t eronat al conce8t1l1i pru- categoria 4e ele0ente care 2ati2+ace 8ro8riet3*ile prului n1 e2te corect3 ;i e2te 8o2iDil 23 incl143 ruri- i(voare- canale5 " 4e+ini*ie incorect3 2a1 inco08let3 F conce8t1l +iin4 +or0a contra23 a 1nei 4e+ini*ii F i08lic3 a cla2i+icare ne=ali43$ 1n 4ec18aE incorect al 0e4i1l1i <n care tr3i05 CategoriBarea i08lic3 o rela#ie de reuniune$ a4ic3 toate oDiectele care 8o2e43 acelea;i caracteri2tici e2en*iale 21nt re1nite <n aceea;i cla23 4e oDiecte5 A+ir030 c3 01l*i0ea oDiectelor care 21nt acumulri de ap- situate n concaviti ale continentelor a8ar*in cla2ei lacurilor& Intr-o categorie$ orice 0e0Dr1 al ace2teia ar treD1i 23 re8reBinte la +el 4e Dine categoria re28ecti=3$ <n23 e,i2t3 0e0Dri con2i4era*i 0ai ti8ici 2a1 re8reBentati=i 4ec>t al*ii 8entr1 categoria re28ecti=35 6r&t&tipul re8reBint3 1n1l 2a1 0ai 01lte e,e08lare$ care a8ar c1 cea 0ai 0are +rec=en*3 c>n4 2e cere e,e08li+icarea 1nei categorii 2a1 care are cea 0ai 0are =aloare 4e 8rototi8icalitate5 ,ul- lacul- marea ;i oceanul 21nt con2i4erate e,e08lare 0ai re8reBentati=e 8entr1 categoria 4e unitate "idrografic 4ec>t g"earul 2a1 apele subterane5 )rototi81l =iBeaB3 1n e,e08lar i4eal care <n210eaB3 caracteri2ticile 0ai 01ltor 0e0Dri ai categoriei5 A8artenen*a 1n1i oDiect la o categorie 2e +ace 8rin 0321rarea 2i0ilarit3*ii 2ale c1 ace2t e,e08lar i4eal 2a1 8ortret roDot5 Intr-o ierarGie a aD2tractiB3rii 1nei categorii$ la DaB3 e2te e,e08lar1l real ti8ic$ a8oi e,e08lar1l i4eal 2a1 R8ortret1l-roDotR$ iar <n =>r+ e2te conce8t1l5 " 8er2oan3 o8ereaB3 at>t c1 conce8t1l$ c>t ;i c1 8rototi81l 1nei categorii5 )rototi81l e2te 0ai 1;or 4e acti=at 4in 0e0orie 4ec>t conce8t1l5 )entr1 e,e08li+icarea 1nei categorii$ 1tiliB30$ 4e reg1l3$ 8rototi81ri5 )rototi81rile 8er2i2t3 ;i <n 2tr1ct1ra cogniti=3 a a41lt1l1i5 " categorie e2te incl123 <ntr-o re#ea ierarEizat de cate'&rii& Re*elele 4e categorii 21nt i08ortante <n con2tit1irea 2tr1ct1rilor cogniti=e 0entale 4eoarece e=i4en*iaB3 ierarGiBarea categoriilor$ 8oBi*ionarea lor 8e tre8tele ierarGice$ rela*iile 4e 21Dor4onare$ 218raor4onare$ coor4onare etc5 Ele 8er0it in4i=i41l1i 23 lege c1no;tin*ele noi 4e categoriile c1 care a1 rela*ii$ 23 acti=eBe 01lt 0ai 1;or ;i 0ai ra8i4 orice c1no;tin*3 4in MLD5 )reBent30 re*ea1a 4e categorii a geosferelor& )e
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ni=elele in+erioare a0 2tr1ct1rat n10ai categoria "idrosfer- iar 4in ca4r1l ace2teia categoria lacuri& Dac3 n1 con2tit1i0 ace2te re*ele$ c>n4 4e+ini0 "idrosfera- ele=1l 4oD>n4e;te conce8t1l$ 4ar n1 2it1eaB3 "idrosfera 8e aceea;i trea8t3 ierarGic3 c1 celelalte geo2+ere$ ca o 21Dcategorie a geosferelor ;i ca 218racategorie 8entr1 oceane- mri- lacuri- ruri etc5
Oeo2+erele

Lito2+era

At0o2+era

Ni4ro2+era

)e4o2+era

Qio2+era

Socio2+eraK Antro8o2+era

"ceane

M3ri

Lac1ri

R>1ri

A8e 21Dterane

OGe*ari

Tectonice

Li0ane

Lag1ne

Car2tice

Olaciare

De crater =1lcanic Alte ti81ri

Fi'8 18=8 Re*ea 4e categorii: Oeo2+erele e,terne ale )30>nt1l1i Intre categorii e,i2t3 rela*ii 4e a8artenen*3$ 4e incl14ere ;i 4e re1ni1ne5 Rela#iile de apartenen# Dau n&napartenen# 21nt e,8ri0ate =erDal 2a1 =erDal-2i0Dolic$ 8rin inter0e4i1l 2i0Dol1rilor grece;ti ;i 5 ;idrosfera este o geosfer 2a1 ;idrosfera clasei geosferelor& 2acul este un element al "idrosferei 2a1 2acul clasei "idrosferei& 2imanul este un lac 2a1 2imanul clasei lacurilor5 'nagovul este un liman 2a1 'nagovul limanelor& 'nagovul nu este o lagun 2a1 'nagovul lagunelor& Rela#iile de incluziune 21nt e,8ri0ate =erDal 2a1 =erDal-2i0Dolic$ 8rin inter0e4i1l 2i0Dol1rilor grece;ti ;i 5 Ia(ul este inclus n clasa lacurilor sau Ia(ul lacurilor& 2acurile includ ia(urile sau 2acurile ia(urile& Categoria incl123 2e n10e;te 21Dcategorie$ iar categoria incl14ent3 218racategorie5 No*i1nea incl14ent3 2e n10e;te gen$ iar cea incl123$ specie5 A8artenen*a e2te o rela*ie 4e la ele0ent la 01l*i0e$ a4ic3 4e la no*i1nea in4i=i41al3 la 28ecie5 Incl1Bi1nea e2te o rela*ie <ntre 01l*i0i$ a4ic3 <ntre 2+era gen1l1i ;i 2+era 28eciei5 " 01l*i0e real3 4e ape curgtoare o incl14e0 <n categorii 218raor4onate ca uniti "idrografice$ entiti materiale ;i incl14e categorii 21Dor4onate ca ruri- praie&
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 Reuniunea de mul#imi e2te +or0at3 4in ele0entele care a8ar*in cel 81*in 1neia 4in 01l*i0ile 4ate (n1 2e e,cl14e caB1l c>n4 ele0ent1l a8ar*ine 2i01ltan 0ai 01ltor 01l*i0i#& $ulimea lacurilor de pe Pmnt este alctuit din reuniunea mulimii lacurilor fiecrui continent5 "8era*ia 4e re1nire a 01l*i0ilor 2e noteaB3 c1 2i0Dol1l grece2c U5 2acurile M limane U lagune U lacuri tectonice U lacuri carstice etc5 8 Generalizarea e2te o8era*ia 4e e,tin4ere a caracteri2ticilor e2en*iale ale 1n1i oDiect a218ra 1nei <ntregi 01l*i0i 4e oDiecte$ a4ic3 toate oDiectele care 8o2e43 ace2te note co01ne ;i 2taDile a8ar*in aceleia;i cla2e5 A+ir030 4e28re 1n oDiect c3 este un1o 2a1 c3 a8ar*ine cla2ei re28ecti=e$ 8entr1 c3 8o2e43 caracteri2ticilor e2en*iale 28eci+ice cla2ei5 Acest obiect este inclus n clasa lacurilor deoarece posed caracteristicile comune !eseniale# clasei lacurilor5 Di2tinge0: generali(are constitutiv sau prin inducie c>n4 2e trece 4e la 1n oDiect in4i=i41al$ g>n4it ca o 1nitate$ la cla2a care con*ine acel oDiect$ g>n4it3 ca o 1nitate 8 4 movil de material steril scos dintr-o min repre(int o "ald& generali(area constructiv- c>n4 2e trece 4e la o cla23 4at3 la alt3 cla23 care o con*ine 8e cea 4int>i ca o 21Dcla23: 2imanele sunt o submulime a lacurilor5 generali(are e%tensiv- c>n4 21nt c18rin2e noi oDiecte <ntr-o cla235 generali(area prin analogieF c>n4 21nt incl12e <n categorie oDiecte care n1 8ar 23 <i a8ar*in35 '8 Generarea de in eren#e e2te 8roce21l in=er2 generaliB3rii& )ro8riet3*ile cla2ei 21nt in+erate a218ra +iec3r1i in4i=i4 categoriBat$ cGiar 4ac3 ace2tea n1 21nt =iBiDile i0e4iat5 5oate lacurile au ba(in lacustru& 'nagovul este un lac& *eci- 'nagovul are ba(in lacustru& Silogi201l e2te 8o2iDil 4atorit3 categoriB3rii 'nagovului ca 0e0Dr1 al cla2ei lacurilor& )e DaBa ace2tei categoriB3ri$ o 8ro8rietate a t1t1ror 0e0Drilor ace2tei cla2e / cea de posesie a ba(inului lacustru F 2e 4i2triD1ie 0e0Dr1l1i 'nagov& Dac3 8reciB30 caracteri2ticile 0ai 01ltor oDiecte$ 8re;colarii gr18eaB3 corect 0e0Drii aceleia;i categorii$ 4183 8ro8riet3*ile co01ne$ cGiar 4ac3 ace2tea n1 21nt =iBiDile5 E8 Simb&lizarea e2te 1n 8roce2 4e co4i+icare ;i e=ocare a 1nei 8erce8*ii$ a 1nei re8reBent3ri 0entale 2a1 2e0ni+ica*ii$ c1 aE1tor1l 1n1i ecGi=alent =erDal 2a1 2i0Dolic5 Datorit3 ca8acit3*ii 4e 2i0DoliBare$ o 8er2oan3 1tiliBeaB3 c1=inte 2a1 alte +or0e 2i0Dolice 8entr1 a 4e2crie caracteri2ticile 2ti01lilor 8erce8*iei 2a1 8entr1 a n10i gr183ri 2a1 cla2e 4e 2ti01li5 C1=>nt1l lac e2te ecGi=alent1l =erDal re8reBentati= al 1nei cla2e 4e 2ti01li 2a1 a 1nei no*i1ni 4i2tincte 4e cele e=ocate 8rin c1=intele deal 2a1 cmpie& Pe tera e2te re8reBentat3 8e G3r*i 8rintr-1n 2i0Dol5 )roce21l 4e 2i0DoliBare <nce8e <n 0o0ent1l <n care 21nt 4e2cri2e caracteri2ticile 1n1i oDiect 4e <n=3*at5 i8 Inte'rarea cun&%tin#ei n&i "n Dtructura c&'niti!8 Si2te01l cogniti= 2tocGeaB3 <n MLD$ 21D +or03 4e i0agini$ caracteri2ticile 8erce81te ale oDiectelor5 M1lt3 =re0e 4183 8erce8*ie ne a0inti0 1n 4e2en 2cGe0atic$ o +otogra+ie$ loc1l 1nei
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+raBe 8e o 8agin3 2a1 caracteri2ticile 2enBoriale 8e care le-a0 tr3it <ntr-o <08reE1rare$ 4ar 1it30 re8e4e i0aginile 2a1 in+or0a*iile a c3ror 2e0ni+ica*ie n1 a0 4eco4i+icat-o5 Si2te01l cogniti= are ten4in*a 4e a 2toca 8re+eren*ial ;i 8rioritar$ 8e ter0en l1ng$ in+or0a*ia 2e0antic3 (2e0ni+icati=3! a 1n1i 2ti01l$ n1 4i281nerea 28a*ial3 2a1 4etaliile5 " re8reBentare aD2tract3 4oD>n4it3 4intr-o e,8erien*3 e2te integrat3 <n 2tr1ct1ra cogniti=3 ca i4ee no13$ 4i2tinct3 4e alte i4ei$ <n 0o0ent1l <n care e2te legat3 4e ele0entele 1nei re*ele 2e0antice 4in DaBa 4e c1no;tin*e5 Integrarea 1nei c1no;tin*e i08lic3 0o4i+ic3ri <n 2tr1ct1ra cogniti=3$ 2cGi0Darea atit14inilor$ =alorilor$ a i0aginii 4e28re 2ine 2a1 a 0o41l1i 4e =ia*35 " reea semantic e2te +or0at3 4in conce8te (no41ri!$ rela*iile 4intre conce8te 2a1 4intre ace2tea ;i 8ro8riet3*ile a4iacente (linii 2a1 arce!5 Re*elele 2e0antice 21nt o 4e2criere a 0o41l1i 4e organiBare a c1no;tin*elor <n 0e0orie ;i 21nt 28eci+ice 4o0eniilor Dine 2tr1ct1rate ;i ne1tre 4in 81nct 4e =e4ere a+ecti=5 Con2tit1irea 1nei re*ele 2e0antice 2e +ace: 8rin leg3t1rile logice 4e incl14ere <n categoriile cele 0ai generale (categoriBare!$ 8rin e,8re2ia este un1o& Cmpia este o form de relef continental& 8rin 21D4i=iBarea 1nei categorii generale <n categorii 21Dor4onate5 ,elieful continentelor 2e 21D4i=iBeaB3 <n cla2ele: muni- dealuri- podi uri- cmpii& 8rin 4eo2eDirile i4enti+icate <ntre cla2ele c1 acela;i gra4 4e generalitate: Cmpia se diferenia( de deal prin8 altitudine mai mic !sub <== m la cmpie- peste <== m la deal#; adncimea mai mic a vilor !sub >== m la cmpiepeste >== m la deal#; densitatea mai mic a fragmentrii; nclinarea mai mic a suprafeelor !>-< o la cmpie- peste aceast valoare la deal#; mod de dispunere a stratelor !ori(ontale la cmpie- nclinate la deal# etc5 C1no;tin*ele 2e 2tr1ct1reaB3 <n re*ea <n 0o4 8ira0i4al: <n =>r+ 2e g32e2c i4eile cele 0ai generale$ 0ai incl12i=e$ 0ai aD2tracte$ iar la DaB3 i4eile cele 0ai 81*in incl12i=e$ 0ai 8artic1lare$ 0ai concrete5 Aiecare 4in ace2te i4ei e2te legat3 4e 8alierele 218erioare 8rin rela*ii 4e a8artenen*35 Intr-o re*ea 2e0antic3 e,i2t3 0ai 01lte tipuri de relaii8 rela*ii 4e 21Dor4onare$ 4e la conce8te c1 gra4 4e generalitate re412 la cele c1 e,ten2i1ne general3J rela*ii 4e 218raor4onare$ 4e la conce8te c1 gra4 0are 4e generalitate la cele c1 e,ten2i1ne re4123J rela*ii 4e coor4onare$ <ntre conce8te c1 acela;i gra4 4e generalitateJ rela*ii 4e 8re4ica*ie$ 4e la 21Diect1l logic la caracteri2ticile 2ale 4e+initoriiJ Re*ea1a are 8ro8rietatea 4e eritaDilitate a tr323t1rilor5 Acea2ta <n2ea0n3 c3 o 8ro8rietate a+erent3 1n1i no4 (conce8t! e2te 0o;tenit3 4e toate no41rile (conce8tele! 21Dor4onate5 De e,e08l1$ rul- <n a+ar3 4e 8ro8riet3*ile 2ale$ are toate caracteri2ticile a2ociate no41rilor ap curgtoare ;i "idrosfer& E,i2t3 rela*ii 4e 21Dor4onare <ntre pru ;i ap curgtoareJ ap curgtoare ;i "idrosfer ;i rela*ii 4e 8re4ica*ie <ntre "idrosfer ;i are ap; ap curgtoare ;i are i(vor; are curs de ap etc5 Co4i+icarea 2e0antic3 are 0ai 01lte a=antaEe (M5Miclea$ 1//& !5

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 Re8reBentarea 2e0antic3 e2te mai economic 4ec>t celelalte ti81ri 4e re8reBent3ri 4eoarece con*ine 1n 0a,i010 4e in+or0a*ie 8rin re+lectarea aD2tract3 a 1n1i e=eni0ent 2a1 2ti01l5 E,5 C>n4 citi0 1n te,t re*ine0 2e0ni+ica*ia 0e2aEelor$ n1 caracteri2ticile +iBico-28a*iale (to8ica$ 2e0nele 4e 81nct1a*ie$ caracterele literelor$ ter0inologia +olo2it3 etc! care 21nt re8reBent3ri i0agi2tice5

Ni4ro2+er3

(21D-218ra!

A83 c1rg3toare (21D-218ra!

)>r>1 (coor4!

(8re4! are a83

(8re4! are iB=or are c1r2 4e a83 are g1r3 4e =3r2are are DaBin Gi4rogra+ic etc
Fi'8 1838 Re*ea 2e0antic3

R>1 (coor4! Al1=i1

,apiditatea procesrii& Aiin4 aD2tracte$ re8reBent3rile 2e0antice$ care oc183 <n 0e0oria 4e l1cr1 1n spaiu mental 0ai re412$ 21nt 0ai 1;or 4e 8rel1crat ;i 4e acti=at 4ec>t re8reBent3rile i0agi2tice5 Intreg1l 0ecani20 logic al 21Diect1l1i 10an o8ereaB3 a218ra con*in1t1rilor 2e0antice5 Reg1lile logice o8ereaB3 a218ra re8reBent3rilor 2e0antice$ in4i+erent 4e e,8re2iile =erDale 1tiliBate5 Aiin4 aD2tract3$ con2tit1irea re8reBent3rii 2e0antice n1 4e8in4e 4e or4inea 4e 8reBentare a 2ti01lilor5 Re8reBent3rile 2e0antice i081n o sinta% riguroas ;i li0iteaB3 n103r1l 4e co0Dina*ii 8o2iDile5 Ele n1 8er0it <nc3lcarea reg1lilor 4e co0Dinare 2e0antic3 2a1 logic3 8entr1 a aE1nge la co0Dina*ii ilogice: ?planet cubic?- ?cmpie puternic nclinat?- ?atmosfer fr aer?- ?ocean secat?- ?stea fr lumin? etc5 Re8reBentarea 2e0antic3 o8ereaB3 c1 re+eren*i 8o2iDili care a1 reB1ltat 4in c1no;tin*ele 2e0antice 8e care le a=e0 4e28re oDiect1l re28ecti=5 )rin re8reBentarea 2e0antic3$ 2i2te01l cogniti= +ace 2alt1l 4e la real la 8o2iDil5 E,: )1te0 a=ea o re8reBentare i0agi2tic3 4e28re l1cr1ri 8o2iDile$ ca R=ia*a 8e alte 8laneteR 8e DaBa 1nor 8roce23ri 4e2cen4ente a 1nor c1no;tin*e 2e0antice 4in +il0e 2a1 c3r*i 4e 2cience+iction 4in care i0aginea reB1lt3 ca 1n 8ro412 2ec1n4ar5 'emnificaia psi"ologic 2a1 semantic a 1nei c1no;tin*e e2te o re8reBentare 0ental3 aD2tract3$ 21Diecti=3 ;i 4i2tinct3 a 1nei e,8erien*e 8e care o 8er2oan3 o are 4intr-1n 2ti01l 2a1 an2a0Dl1 4e 2ti01li$ care 8oate +i e=ocat3 8rintr-1n 2i0Dol5
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Se0ni+ica*ia 82iGologic3 e2te 8ro4121l rela*iilor 4e a2e03nare ;i 4eo2eDire 4e alte i4ei 2a1 2e0ni+ica*ii 82iGologice 4in 2tr1ct1ra cogniti=3 a in4i=i41l1i5 Con4i*ia cea 0ai i08ortant3 8entr1 crearea 1nei 2e0ni+ica*ii e2te 2taDilitatea$ claritatea ;i gra41l 4e 4i+eren*iere a conce8telor ;i i4eilor5 Un ele= 8o2e43 o no*i1ne e08iric3 4e28re cmpie! forma de relief cu cea mai mic altitudine- neted- colorat cu verde pe "art etc!$ iar 1n 8ro+e2or are o 4e+ini*ie 8reci23 ;i 0ai elaDorat3 4eoarece a 2taDilit rela*iile <ntre acea2t3 no*i1ne ;i altele cone,e5 Se0ni+ica*ia e2te 4eter0inat3 4e caracteristicile structurii cognitive 4e8inB>n4 4e calitatea rela*iilor e,i2tente$ 4e 2taDilitatea ;i 4i+eren*ierea ele0entelor 2tr1ct1rii <n care e2te integrat35 Dac3 1n in4i=i4 4i281ne 4e o DaB3 4e c1no;tin*e Dine 2tr1ct1rat3$ el integreaB3 1;or$ 4i+eren*iat$ 8reci2$ logic 2a1 2taDil o no13 c1no;tin*35 A121Del ;i al (1/C@! a+ir03 c3 n10ai i4eile 8reBentate <ntr-o 2tr1ct1r3 cogniti=3 21nt clare$ 2taDile ;i Dine 4i+eren*iate 1nele 4e altele$ 0ai 1;or 4e re*in1t ;i 4e 1tiliBat 8entr1 a integra 2e0antic alte i4ei5 Crearea 1nei 2e0ni+ica*ii 82iGologice e2te 1n 8roce2 4ina0ic care 4e8in4e 4e voina in4i=i41l1i 4e a 2e angaEa <ntr-o e,8erien*3$ 4e a clari+ica o i4ee no13$ 4e a o 8reciBa ;i 4i2tinge 4e alte i4ei 4i28oniDile5 )roce21l e2te 4eter0inat 4e ne=oile ;i 8reoc183rile 8er2oanei$ 4e e,8erien*ele anterioare$ 4e c1no;tin*ele$ aDilit3*ile ;i atit14inile 8realaDile$ 4e ceea ce tr3ie;te 8e 8lan1rile cogniti=$ a+ecti= ;i co08orta0ental$ 4e ceea ce con;tientiBeaB3 ;i =aloriBeaB3 <ntr-o e,8erien*35 )roce21l i08lic3 ca8acitatea 4e a e=al1a 2co81rile$ con*in1t1l 4e <n=3*at$ 4e a g32i 0iEloacele$ 2trategiile$ 2ol1*iile 8o2iDile ale 8roDle0elor5 In crearea 1nei 2e0ni+ica*ii 82iGologice inter=ine o co0Dina*ie 4e +actori 28eci+ic3 +iec3r1i in4i=i4 ;i +iec3rei 2it1a*ii 4e <n=3*are5 " i4ee integrat3 <n 2tr1ct1ra cogniti=3 a 1n1i in4i=i4 4e=ine subiectiv 8entr1 c3 e2te +r1ct1l 1n1i 8roce2 0ental in4i=i41al$ iar 8roce21l 4e <n=3*are a 1nei c1no;tin*e <nce8e ;i 2e realiBeaB3 <n 0o4 21Diecti=5 )roce21l 4e con;tientiBare a 1nei e,8erien*e 2cGi0D3 <n*elegerea 1n1i +eno0en$ conce8*iile$ =alorile$ atit14inile ;i 2til1l 4e =ia*3 a 8er2oanei5 " e,8erien*3 4e=ine 2e0ni+icati=3 <n 0o0ent1l <n care ele0entele l1ate <n con;tiin*3 4oD>n4e2c o 2e0ni+ica*ie <n conte,t1l gloDal 4e a ;ti al 8er2oanei (c1no;tin*ele!$ 4e a +ace (aDilit3*i! ;i 4e a +i (atit14ini!5 RealiBarea 1nei <n=3*3ri 4intr-o e,8erien*3 4e8in4e 4e gra41l 4e 2tr1ct1rare logic3 a oDiect1l1i 4e <n=3*at$ 4e i4eile 2a1 2e0ni+ica*iile 82iGologice 4e care no1l con*in1t 8oate +i ancorat (c1no;tin*ele 8realaDile!$ 4e =oin*a 4e a <n=3*a <n 0o4 2e0ni+icati=$ 8rin 2taDilirea 4e rela*ii <ntre i4eile 4in 2tr1ct1ra cogniti=3 act1al3 ;i i4eile i=ite 4in acea2t3 e,8erien*35 @radul de semnificaie logic al 1n1i con*in1t e2te 4e+init <n +1nc*ie 4e 8o2iDilit3*ile 4e e,8licare a 2en21l1i c1=intelor 2a1 i4eilor 8e care o 2tr1ct1r3 ling=i2tic3 o =eGic1leaB3 4183 treD1in*ele$ 0o41rile 4e e,8re2ie ;i caracteri2ticile 1nei c1lt1ri5 Ora41l 4e 2e0ni+ica*ie logic3 2e =eri+ic3 8rin i4enti+icarea n103r1l1i 4e rela*ii logice (a2e03n3ri$ 4eo2eDiri$ rela*ii ca1Bale$ 28a*iale$ te08orale! 8e care le 2taDile;te ace2t en1n* c1 altele 4in 2tr1ct1ra 4e c1no;tin*e5 C1=>nt1l lac e2te 1n ter0en care <ngloDeaB3 0ai 81*ine e,e08lare$ e2te 0ai 81*in general ;i incl12i= 4ec>t c1=>nt1l "idrosfer care <ngloDeaB3 toate lacurile- rurile- apele subteraneoceanele- mrile etc5 ;i i08lic3 0ai 01lte rela*ii c1 alte conce8te <n ierarGia co08onentelor 0e4i1l1i geogra+ic 4ec>t conce8t1l lac5 )erce8*ia 2e +ace 1;or$ 4ar aD2tractiBarea ;i 2i0DoliBarea cer e+ort 0ental ;i =oin*3 +3r3 care 8er2oana n1 c1noa;te ;i n1 e=ol1eaB35 Ace2t 8roce2 n1 i08lic3 4ate
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concrete care 8ot +i =eri+icate$ ca <n caB1l 8erce8*iilor$ ci 1n 4e0er2 4e re+le,ie ;i ra*iona0ent care incl14e e,8lor3ri$ erori$ an,ietate$ ri2c5
)roce21l 0ental AnaliBa )ro4121l 0ental Caracteri2ticile oDiect1l1i E2en*iale C1 oDiecte concrete C1 1n oDiect 8erce81t anterior Co08ara*ia C1 categorii 218raor4onate C1 categorii 21Dor4onate C1 categorii 2i0ilare AD2tractiBarea Caracteri2ticilor e2en*iale Caracteri2tici e2en*iale Conce8t1l E2en*a no*i1nii A2e03n3ri Deo2eDiri Nee2en*iale

SinteBa caracteri2ticilor nece2are ;i 21+iciente CategoriBarea EticGetarea OeneraliBarea Oenerarea 4e in+eren*e Integrarea <n 2tr1ct1ra cogniti=3

Cla2a 4e oDiecteK categoriaK2+era no*i1nii Den10ireaK ter0enK8eri+raB3Kle,e03

Fi'8 1848 Eta8ele nece2are <n re8reBentarea no*i1nilor Cercetarea e=i4en*iaB3 1r03toarele: )32tr>n4 con2tant ti081l 4e <n=3*are$ cantitatea 4e con*in1t <n=3*at 2e0ni+icati= e2te c1 at>t 0ai 0are c1 c>t ni=el1l 4e 2e0ni+ica*ie logic3 a ace2t1ia e2te 0ai ri4icat35

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 )entr1 atingerea acel1ia;i gra4 4e <n=3*are 2e0ni+icati=3$ e2te nece2ar 1n ti08 4e e,erci*i1 0ai <n4el1ngat 8entr1 1n 0aterial c1 o 0ic3 2e0ni+ica*ie logic3 4ec>t 8entr1 1n 0aterial c1 <nalt ni=el 4e 2e0ni+ica*ie logic35 Reten*ia 8e ter0en 2c1rt 2a1 8e ter0en l1ng =a +i 0ai 0are 8entr1 con*in1t1rile 4e <n=3*are care a1 1n <nalt ni=el 4e 2e0ni+ica*ie logic35 Calitatea ;i cantitatea <n=3*3rii e2te 218erioar3 4ac3 8er2oana 8o2e43 <n 2tr1ct1ra 2a cogniti=3 c1no;tin*ele 8realaDile c1 care con*in1t1l 4e <n=3*at 8oate +i rela*ionat5 " 8er2oan3 <n=3*3 2e0ni+icati= 4ac3 4e*ine <n DaBa 4e c1no;tin*e i4eile 4e care no1a in+or0a*ie 8oate +i rela*ionat35 )entr1 ca 1n ele= 23 4oD>n4ea2c3 no*i1nea 4e "idrosfer- el 8o2e43 conce8tele 4e lac- ap subteran- mare- ocean- ru- ap continental la care acea2t3 no13 i4ee 8oate +i legat35 Inainte 4e a <n=3*a 1n con*in1t =eri+ic30 4ac3 ele=1l 8o2e43 aDilit3*i intelect1ale ;i c1no;tin*e 8realaDile la care no1a c1no;tin*3 8oate +i legat35 )entr1 4oD>n4irea 1nei no*i1ni Dino01l e41ca*ional 8arc1rge 1n 4e0er2 cogniti= a2e03n3tor cel1i 8reBentat 0ai Eo25 Fi'8 1808 Inter=en*iile 8e4agogice care +a=oriBeaB3 4oD>n4irea ;i con2oli4area no*i1nilor
Ac#iunea pr& eD&rulul Ac#iunea ele!ului

DO.>NDIREA NO<I5NII )reBint3 4ec18aE1l 4in realitate (4e2en$ +otogra+ie$ oDiect concret Con41ce analiBa caracteri2ticilor oDiect1l1i Con41ce co08ara*ia c1 oDiecte concrete 2a1 oDiecte 8rece81te anterior )reBentarea 1nor e,e08le ;i contrae,e08le Con41ce 2inteBa tr323t1rilor e2en*iale De+ine;te no*i1nea Con41ce categoriBarea Den10e;te categoria (eticGetarea! Con41ce ierarGiBarea no*i1nilor (cla2i+icarea! Con41ce i4enti+icarea categoriilor c1 ni=el ierarGic egal Con41ce i4enti+icarea categoriilor 21Dor4onate Con41ce i4enti+icarea categoriilor 218raor4onate Con2tit1ie re*ea1a 4e categorii Con41ce integrarea <n 2tr1ct1ra cogniti=3 "+er3 grile 4e e=al1are )erce8e 2ti01lii <n an2a0Dl1 )erce8e 2electi= 2ti01lii AnaliBeaB3 2ti01lii )erce8e 2ti01lii AnaliBeaB3 ;i co08ar3 2ti01lii Di2cri0ineaB3 notele e2en*iale Recon2tit1ie e2en*a <ntreg1l1i De+ine;te no*i1nea c1 alte c1=inte Con2tit1ie cla2a 4e oDiecteKcategoria Me0oreaB3 ;i en1n*3 4en10irea I4enti+ic3 categoriile c1 acela;i ni=el ierarGic I4enti+ic3 categoriile 21Dor4onate I4enti+ic3 categoriile 218raor4onate Tran2crie re*ea1a 4e categorii IntegreaB3 no*i1nea <n 2tr1ct1ra cogniti=3 ReBol=3 grila 4e e=al1are Se a1toe=al1eaB3

FINISAREA NO<I5NII A1rniBeaB3 e,erci*ii 8entr1 corectare Ai,are$ co08letare UtiliBeaB3 no*i1nea <ntr-1n conte,t real UtiliBeaB3 no*i1nea <n conte,te =ariate

&&

"+er3 grile 4e ree=al1are

CorecteaB3 erorile Se ree=al1eaB3

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Capit&lul = STRATEGII DIDACTICE

=8,8 Met&de de "n!#m$nt utilizate "n predarea("n!#area 'e&'ra iei =8,8,8 N&#iunea de met&d de predare("n!#are8 Func#iile %i tax&n&mia met&del&r de predare("n!#are Ter0en1l 0eto43 4eri=3 eti0ologic 4in c1=intele grece;ti odos (cale! ;i met"a (28re$ c3tre! ;i 2e0ni+ic3 calea 2a1 drumul spre 555 In ;tiin*3$ 0eto4ele 4e cercetare 21nt c3i 28re elaDorarea in+or0a*iilor$ 2trategiilor$ 8rinci8iilor$ legilor$ 8ara4ig0elor$ teoriilor noi$ iar <n <n=3*30>nt 0eto4ele 4i4actice 21nt c3i 8entr1 8reBentarea ;i 4oD>n4irea c1no;tin*elor c1no2c1te 4eEa <n ;tiin*3 ;i 8entr1 +or0area ca8acit3*ilor 8roiectate 8rin oDiecti=e5 $etoda didactic e2te 1n 8lan 4e ac*i1ne tran2812 <ntr-1n an2a0Dl1 4e o8era*ii 0intale ;i 8ractice al Dino01l1i e41ca*ional 8rin care ele=ii 4oD>n4e2c c1no;tin*e$ 8rice8eri$ 4e8rin4eri$ ca8acit3*i$ atit14ini5 Ea e2te o <nl3n*1ire 8artic1lar3 4e e=eni0ente 4e <n=3*30>nt care acti=eaB3 8roce2ele 0entale 212ce8tiDile 23 4eter0ine acGiBi*ia 4e c1no;tin*e$ atit14ini ;i co08eten*e5 Meto4a 4i4actic3 e2te: 1n 0o4 4e a ac*iona 8ractic$ 8lani+icat ;i 2i2te0aticJ 1n 0o4 4e organiBare a con4i*iilor e,terne ale <n=3*3riiJ 1n 0o4 4e tran281nere a inten*iilor 8ro+e2or1l1i <n 2arcini 4e e+ect1atJ o cale 4e <n=3*are realiBat3 4e c3tre ele=5 Meto4ele 4i4actice 4e*in 0ai 01lte funcii8 funcia cognitiv- 4eoarece con2tit1ie o cale 4e cercetare ;i c1noa;tere a realit3*ii 2a1 a con*in1t1l1i ;tiin*eiJ funcia formativ- 4eoarece con2tit1ie o cale 4e +or0are ;i e,er2are a ca8acit3*ilor intelect1ale$ 0otrice$ a+ecti=eJ funcia operaional- 4eoarece antreneaB3 in4i=i41l <ntr-o teGnic3 4e e,ec1*ieJ funcia de optimi(are a ac*i1nii 8rin +a8t1l c3 in4ic3 c10 23 2e 8roce4eBe <n 8re4are$ <n=3*are ;i e=al1are 8entr1 a 2e oD*ine cele 0ai D1ne reB1ltate5 Tax&n&mia ;i ti8ologia 0eto4elor con2tit1ie o 8roDle03 contro=er2at35 Criteriile 4e cla2i+icare ;i <nca4rarea 1nei 0eto4e <ntr-o an10it3 cla23 e2te relati=3 4eoarece <ntr-o 2it1a*ie real3 caracte2ticile ace2teia 2e 0eta0or+oBeaB3 4eter0in>n4 gli2area 28re o alt3 cla235 )entr1 e=i4en*ierea caracteri2ticilor 1nor 0eto4e 4i4actice 21ger30 c>te=a clasificri con+or0 1nor criterii a4ec=ate5 *up criteriul istoric8 0eto4e tra4i*ionale 2a1 cla2iceJ 0eto4e 0o4erne 2a1 recenteJ *up gradul de participare a elevului n propria instruire8 0eto4e 8a2i=e 2a1 e,8oBiti=e$ centrate 8e a2c1ltare 8a2i=3 ;i 0e0orare re8ro41cti=3J 0eto4e acti=e$ centrate 8e e,8lorarea 8er2onal3 a realit3*iiJ
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*up mi:locul de pre(entare a coninutului8 0eto4e =erDale$ DaBate 8e c1=>nt1l 2cri2 2a1 ro2titJ 0eto4e int1iti=e$ DaBate 8e oD2er=area 4irect3 a realit3*ii 2a1 21D2tit1telor ace2teiaJ *up demersul cunoa terii8 0eto4e algorit0ice$ DaBate 8e 2ec=en*e in2tr1c*ionale 2taDile$ con2tr1ite anteriorJ 0eto4e e1ri2tice$ DaBate 8e 4e0er21ri ine4ite 4e c1noa;tere ;i reBol=are 4e 8roDle0eJ *up procesul psi"ic antrenat predominant i stimulat8 0eto4e DaBate 8e 0e0orare (8erce8ere$ 0e0orare$ re8ro41cere$ rec1noa;tere!J 0eto4e DaBate 8e g>n4ire ;i i0agina*ieJ 0eto4e DaBate 8e a8licareJ *up forma de organi(are a activitii8 0eto4e in4i=i41ale$ 8entr1 +iecare ele= <n 8arteJ 0eto4e 4e 8re4are-<n=3*are <n gr181riJ 0eto4e +rontale$ c1 <ntreaga cla23J *up funcia didactic principal8 0eto4e 4e 8re4areJ 0eto4e 4e <n=3*areJ 0eto4e 4e +i,are ;i +ini2are a c1no;tin*elorJ 0eto4e 4e 2i2te0atiBare a c1no;tin*elorJ 0eto4e 4e e=al1are a reB1ltatelor5 Tabelul =8,8 Caracteri2ticile 1nor 0eto4e 4e <n=3*30>nt
A8licareI0agina*ieO>n4ire -Me0orare

ArontaleOr181riIn4i=i45

Mo4erneTra4i*ionale

E1ri2ticeAlgorit0ice

Int1iti=eVerDale

Den10irea 0eto4ei

)re4are In=3*are Ai,are Si2te0at5 E=al1are

"D2er=area )relegerea E,81nerea )o=e2tirea E,8lica*ia De0on2tra*ia Con=er2a*ia DeBDaterea )roDle0atiBarea Qrain2tor0ing1l St14i1l 4e caB ReBol=5 8roDle0e E,erci*i1l E,8eri0ent1l )roiect1l

T T T T T T M M M M M TKM T M M

A ) ) ) ) ) A A A A A A A A A

Acti=e)a2i=e

VKI V V V VKI V V V V V V VKI VKI VKI VKI

A A A A A E E E E E E AKE A E E

O M M MKI OKM MKO OKI OKI OKI OKI OKIKA OKIKA MKA OKA OKIKA

AKI A A A A A A AKO A AKOKI O I I AKOKI IKO

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VKI

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Meto4a 2e tran281ne 8ractic 8rintr-o 21it3 4e o8era*ii concrete n10ite 8roce4ee5 Procedeul didactic e2te o 2ec=en*3 a 0eto4ei$ 1n 2i08l1 4etali1$ o teGnic3 0ai li0itat3 4e ac*i1ne$ o co08onent3 2a1 cGiar o 8artic1laritate a 0eto4ei (C5 C1co;$ 1//.$ 8ag5 @7!5 In a8licarea 1nei 0eto4e 2e <nl3n*1ie 0ai 01lte 8roce4ee con2i4erate a +i cele 0ai a4ec=ate 2it1a*iei 4e <n=3*are5 E+icien*a 0eto4ei 4i4actice e2te con4i*ionat3 4e calitatea$ a4ec=area ;i congr1en*a 8roce4eelor con2tit1ente5 In realitatea lec*iei$ o 0eto43 8oate a=ea rol 4e 8roce4e1 <n ca4r1l 1nei alte 0eto4e$ iar <n 1nele 2it1a*ii 8roce4e1l <;i 8oate aroga 2tat1t1l 4e 0eto435 In 8roiectarea ;i organiBarea 2it1a*iilor 4e <n=3*are$ 8rin gr18aE1l 4e 2trategii$ 0eto4e ;i 8roce4ee$ 2e con2tit1ie 0eto4ologia 4i4actic3 <n care e2te 4i+icil 4e 832trat R81ritateaR 2a1 a1tono0ia 1nei 0eto4e5 =8,8*8 Met&de de inDtruire centrate pe ac#iunea pr& eD&rului Meto4ele 4e in2tr1ire centrate 8e 8ro+e2or 21nt cele <n care 1n =ol10 0are 4e c1no;tin*e e2te co01nicat 8rintr-1n canal 4e tran20itere$ 1ni4irec*ional$ 4e la 8ro+e2or 28re ele=$ <ntr-o 1nitate 4e ti08 4eter0inat35 Comunicarea verbal re8reBint3 1n tran2+er co08le,$ 01lti+aBial 4e in+or0a*ii <ntre in4i=iBi 2a1 gr181ri care <n4e8line2c 2i01ltan 2a1 21cce2i= rol1rile 4e e0i*3tori ;i rece8tori5 Informaia re8reBint3 1n 0e2aE co4i+icat$ e0i2 4e c3tre o 21r235 Co01nicarea e2te 1n 2i2te0 care c18rin4e 21r2a 2a1 =orDitorii$ 0e2aE1l ;i rece8tor1l5 )entr1 a +i <n*ele2 0e2aE1l e2te elaDorat <ntr-1n co4 c1lt1ral ;i ling=i2tic co01n5

S5RSA in &rma#iei
)o2e43 Co4i+ic3

CANAL DE TRANSMITERE
E0ite

RECE6TOR5L in &rma#iei
)erce8e Deco4i+ic3 UtiliBeaB3

Fi'8 =8*8 E0iterea$ tran20iterea ;i rece8tarea 1n1i 0e2aE Codul incl14e <ntreg1l 2i2te0 4e 2e0ne =erDale ;i non=erDale al3t1ri 4e +or0ele (rit1al1rile! co01nic3rii 4eter0inate c1lt1ral ;i con2er=ate 8rin tra4i*ie5 )entr1 ca 4oi in4i=iBi 23 co01nice =erDal e+icient$ ei 1tiliBeaB3$ <n 8rinci8i1$ acela;i co4 ling=i2tic$ a4ic3 aceea;i li0D3 ;i acela;i co4 c1lt1ral$ a4ic3 1n le,ic c1no2c1t 4e interloc1tori5 In+or0a*ia 1tiliBat3 <n geogra+ie e2te co4i+icat3 n10eric (ci+re$ 2i0Dol1ri 0ate0atice!$ gra+ic (2e0ne con=en*ionale$ litere!$ =erDal (21nete! etc5 Me2aE1l n1 e2te 4oar ceea ce e0ite 8ro+e2or1l$ ci ;i ceea ce rece8teaB3 ele=ii5 )ro+e2orii ;i ele=ii 1tiliBeaB3 <n lec*ie aceea;i li0D3$ <n23 c>n4 2e aD1BeaB3 4e ter0eni nec1no2c1*i ;i ace;toa n1 21nt e,8lica*i$ ele=ii n1 4eco4eaB3 0e2aE1l e0i2 4e c3tre 8ro+e2or$ n1 <l <n*eleg ;i a1 i08re2ia$ c3 2e =orDe;te <ntr-o alt3 ZZli0D3ZZ5 Acela;i 0e2aE are 8entr1 +iecare o alt3 2e0ni+ica*ie <n +1nc*ie 4e c1no;tin*ele ;i e,8erien*ele anterioare5 C>n4 e0ite0 1n 0e2aE ne a2ig1r30 c3 e2te 8erce81t corect 4e c3tre ele=i5 Dac3 ele=ii n1
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<n*eleg 0e2aE1l n1 <n=a*3 ceea ce a0 tran20i25 E2te i08ortant 23 1tiliB30 1n li0DaE acce2iDil ele=ilor$ 23 e,8lic30 c1=intele 8e care n1 le <n*eleg ;i 23 le cere0 23 <ntreDe c>n4 in+or0a*iile 21nt neclare5 In 01lte caB1ri ele=ii n1 c1no2c 2en21l real al 1nor c1=inte 8e care le con2i4er30 Danale5 )entr1 a co01nica$ <n a+ara c1noa;terii co41l1i$ e2te ne=oie ca e0i*3torii ;i rece8torii in+or0a*iei 23 8o2e4e aDilit3*i 2a1 ca8acit3*i 4e co01nicare$ iar ace2tea 2e 4oD>n4e2c 8rin e,er2are5 ADilit3*ile 4e co01nicare care 2e 4oD>n4e2c <n lec*iile 4e geogra+ie 8rin 0eto4ele e,8oBiti=e 21nt 28eci+icate <n taDel1l 1r03tor5 Tabelul =818 ADilit3*ile 4e co01nicare <n geogra+ie
C&mpreEenDiune de text I material 'ra ic A a2c1lta ( rol 4e a14itor! A citi (rol 4e lector! A 8ri=i (rol 4e oD2er=ator! 6r&ducere de text I material 'ra ic A =orDi (rol 4e loc1tor! A 2crie (rol 4e 2cri8tor! A elaDora (rol 4e 4e2enator!

Co01nicarea 8e4agogic3 8re2181ne o interaciune de tip feed-bac) 5 Dac3 n1 4e2ci+r30 la ti08 reac*iile ele=ilor ;i n1 regl30 o8ort1n con41ita co01nica*ional3$ <ntreaga acti=itate e41ca*ional3 2e co08ro0ite 2a1 2e DlocGeaB35 Co01nicarea 4i4actic3 n1 e2te 2inoni03 c1 in+or0area F o +or03 4e co01nicare 0ai re2tr>n23$ a4e2ea 1nilateral35 Noi n1 in+or030$ ci co01nic30$ iar ace2t 8roce2 e2te bilateral& Act1l co01nicati= <n <n=3*30>nt1l conte08oran n1 0ai e2te organiBat 8rin atriD1irea rol1l1i 4e e0i*3tor 8ro+e2or1l1i ;i a cel1i 4e rece8tor ele=1l1i$ ci a0Dii 8arteneri a1 2i01ltan 41Dl1 2tat1t 4e e0i*3tor ;i rece8tor5 In acti=itatea 4i4actic3 co01nicarea e2te ierar"ic 4eoarece 8ro+e2or1l are cel 0ai +rec=ent ini*iati=a 0e2aE1l1i ;i e0ite cel 0ai 01lt ti085 I4eal3 ar +i 1tiliBarea co01nic3rii reci8roce <n care ini*iati=a 0e2aE1l1i a8ar*ine 8ro+e2or1l1i ;i ele=1l1i <n egal3 0321r3$ iar 0e2aE1l e2te 0ai 81*in 8re=iBiDil5 In con4i*iile 1nei re+or0e <n <n=3*30>nt 2e i081ne o 2cGi0Dare +1n4a0ental3 4e rol <n 4ialog1l 8ro+e2or-ele=i ;i o aDor4are 4ia0etral o8123 a ace2tor 0eto4e 4i4actice5 Dac3 oDiecti=1l +1n4a0ental al lec*iei e2te co01nicarea 4e in+or0a*ii$ ace2te 0eto4e 21nt cele 0ai a4ec=ate 4eoarece 8er0it o tran20itere ra8i43$ 2i08l3 ;i 4irect3 a 1n1i =ol10 0are 4e c1no;tin*e$ <n23$ 4ac3 oDiecti=1l +1n4a0ental e2te +or0area 4e aDilit3*i 2e i081ne crearea 2it1a*iilor 4e <n=3*are <n care ele=ii a1 8o2iDilitatea 23-;i e,er2eBe ace2te ca8acit3*i5 Detalie0 <n taDel1l 1r03tor 4o13 =iBi1ni 4i+erite a218ra 0o41l1i 4e 1tiliBare a ace2tor 0eto4e <n 4e0er21l 4i4actic5 Tabelul =8=8 )er28ecti=a tra4i*ional3 ;i 8er28ecti=a act1al3 a218ra 0eto4elor e,8oBiti=e
6erDpecti!a tradi#i&nal A8roa8e <ntreg1l 4i2c1r2 a8ar*ine 8ro+e2or1l1i S1r2a 8o2e2oare a in+or0a*iei e2te 8ro+e2or1l )ro+e2or1l 2e 4oc10enteaB3 ;i 8rel1creaB3 in+or0a*ia 6erDpecti!a actual A8roa8e <ntreg1l 4i2c1r2 a8ar*ine ele=ilor$ iar 8ro+e2or1l =orDe;te c>t 0ai 81*in 8o2iDil S1r2a 8o2e2oare a in+or0a*iei 21nt ele=ii ;i 8ro+e2or1l Ele=ii 2e 4oc10enteaB3 ;i 8rel1creaB3 in+or0a*ia$ <n=a*3 23 e,81n3 1n con*in1t coerent$ logic$ e,8re2i=

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 Me2aE1l e2te e0i2 8re4o0inant 8e cale =erDal3$ 1ni4irec*ional3$ 4e la 8ro+e2or 28re ele= Me2aE1l e2te 8erce81t$ 4eco4i+icat ;i 1tiliBat 8re4o0inant 8a2i= 4e c3tre ele= MaEoritatea <ntreD3rilor 21nt +or01late 4e 8ro+e2or La <ntreD3rile ele=ilor r3281n4e 8ro+e2or1l In+or0a*ia 2e tran20ite n10ai 8rin canal1l =erDal )ro+e2or1l o+er3 ;i 8ri0e;te 1n +ee4DacL 2laD$ nec1no2c>n4 e+icien*a acti=it3*ii ;i gra41l 4e 4eco4i+icare a in+or0a*iei 4e c3tre ele=i In=3*area 2e 8ro41ce 8rin 0e0orare

Me2aE1l e2te e0i2 8re4o0inant 8e cale =erDal3$ 4e la ele=i 28re 8ro+e2or ;i in=er2 Me2aE1l e2te 8erce81t$ 4eco4i+icat ;i 1tiliBat a8arent 8a2i= 4e c3tre 8ro+e2or MaEoritatea <ntreD3rilor 21nt +or01late 4e ele=i La <ntreD3rile ele=ilor r3281n4 0ai <nt>i colegii In+or0a*ia 2e tran20ite 8rin canale 4i=er2e$ 8e DaBa 1nor 0iEloace 4e <n=3*30>nt 4i=er2e Aee4-DacL-1l 2e o+er3 4e c3tre 8ro+e2or 4183 con21ltarea o8iniei colegilor In=3*area 2e 8ro41ce 8rin 8rel1crarea in+or0a*iei

=8,8*8,8 6&!eDtirea Povestirea e2te o 0eto43 e,8oBiti=3 care con2t3 <n 8reBentarea =erDal3 2a1 2cri23$ a 1nor +a8te$ e=eni0ente$ <nt>08l3ri a1tentice 2a1 i0aginate$ <ntr-1n 2til 4e2cri8ti=-narati=$ c1 caracter 8la2tic$ int1iti=$ concret$ e=ocator ;i e0o*ional$ re28ect>n4 or4onarea <n ti08 ;i 28a*i1 a oDiectelor ;i ac*i1nilor5 UtiliBarea 0eto4ei <n 4e0er21l 4i4actic i08lic3 1n con*in1t 4e 8o=e2tit$ 1n 8o=e2titor ;i 1n a14itori15 )ro+e2or1l care inten*ioneaB3 23 integreBe 8o=e2tiri <n lec*ie 2e con+r1nt3 c1 c>te=a <ntreD3ri: De ce 23 1tiliBeBe 8o=e2tiriH Ce 8o=e2tiri 21nt a4ec=ate lec*ieiH C10 8o=e2te;teH Cu ce Dc&p intr&ducem p&!eDtiri "n lec#ieJ Sc1rtele 8o=e2tiri intro412e <n 0o0entele <n care ele=ii 21nt oDo2i*i 2a1 8licti2i*i con2tit1ie con4i0entele care +r>ng 0onotonia 4e0er21l1i 4i4actic ;i creeaB3 acele 2t3ri e0o*ionale care +ac ca in+or0a*ia 23 2e +i,eBe 81ternic <n MLD5 )rintr-o 8o=e2tire atracti=3$ re4at3 c1 talent$ tran20ite0 in+or0a*ii ;tiin*i+ice <n2o*ite 4e o carca23 4e 2enti0ente$ i0agini$ 21nete care i08re2ioneaB3 81ternic5 )o=e2tirea 1nei e,8erien*e tr3ite$ a 1n1i +a8t a1tentic$ con2tit1ie o 2it1a*ie 4e <n=3*are$ 1n 0o4el 4e 1r0at 2a1 4e e=itat5 " 8o=e2tire con2tit1ie 1n 8rete,t 4e 4ialog$ 1n 8ri0 8a2 28re reBol=area 1n1i 2it1a*ii8roDle03 2a1 a 1n1i caB$ o contro=er23 2a1 o 4ile035 " 8o=e2tire 2c1rt3$ R;ocant3R 8entr1 a1B ;i 0inte e2te 0ai 2e0ni+icati=3 ;i 0ai =aloroa23 4ec>t o 21t3 4e 4en10iri 8ro8rii 0e0orate 2a1 4ec>t Beci 4e in+or0a*ii 2tocate <n MLD ;i ne1tiliBate =reo4at35 Ce p&!eDtiri Dunt adec!ate lec#ieiJ C>n4 2elect30 8o=e2tirile 8entr1 o an10it3 lec*ie 1r03ri0 concor4an*a con*in1t1l1i ace2teia c1 cel al lec*iei$ li0DaE1l ;i l1ngi0ea te,t1l1i5 " 8o=e2tire D1n3 i08lic3 o relatare logic3$ cronologic3 ;i la oDiect a e=eni0entelor 2a1 +a8telor$ 28eci+ic3 0o0ent1l <n care 2e 8ro41ce ac*i1nea$ caracteriBeaB3 4etaliat 8er2onaEele ;i 2cena9 8e care 2e 4er1leaB3 +a8tele <n a;a +el ca 1n cititor 23 <;i re8reBinte 0intal <ntreg1l taDlo15 )rin inter0e4i1l 1n1i li0DaE e,8re2i=$ c1 4i=er2e +ig1ri 4e 2til$ o 8o=e2tire na;te e0o*ii <n 21+let1l cititor1l1i5
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)entr1 o lec*ie 4e geogra+ie alege0 8o=e2tiri 2c1rte (1-7 8aragra+e! 8entr1 c3 acea2t3 0eto43 are 0ai 01lt rol1l 4e a =aria 4e0er21l 4i4actic$ 4e a crea 1n ca4r1 a+ecti= o8ti0$ 4e a 0oti=a ;i a 2ti01la 4ec>t 4e a tran20ite in+or0a*ii ;tiin*i+ice5 Cum pre'tim c&n#inutul p&!eDtiriiJ E,i2t3 4i=er2e 8roce41ri 4e a 2electa 8o=e2tirile 8entr1 o lec*ie: alege0 te,t1l <n +1nc*ie 4e 1n oDiecti= cogniti= 2a1 atit14inalJ intro41ce0 1n te,t a4ec=at 21Diect1l1i ;i 8e care l-a0 g32it <ntr-o 21r23 oarecareJ c31t30 4i=er2e 8o=e2tiri 4e28re o te03 <n re8ertori1l 8ro8ri1 2a1 4in alte 21r2e (c3r*i$ ra4io$ tele=iBi1ne! c1 2co81l 8reci2 4e a crea e0o*ii$ 2128an2 2a1 a 4a +ar0ec lec*iei5 Dac3 te,t1l i4enti+icat e2te l1ng$ 2elect30 i4eile care ne intere2eaB3 2a1 re+or01l30 te,t1l <n <ntregi0e5 " 8o=e2tire D1n3 are c>te=a caracteri2tici: li0DaE ;i 2til literarJ 2e 8reciBeaB3 0o0ent1l (4ata$ ora! ;i loc1l (localitatea$ *ara$ continent1l! <n care 2e 8etrece +a8taJ 2e relateaB3 ac*i1nea <n or4inea 4e2+3;1r3rii eiJ 2e 0en*ioneaB3 8er2onaEele care 23=>r;e2c ac*i1nea55 Aplica#ie- AnaliBa*i 4ac3 acea2t3 8o=e2tire 2ati2+ace ace2te con4i*ii5
AEra o foarte frumoas pla:- cea mai mare- cea mai plcut pe care o v(usem de cnd plecasem din IBuitosC +r a spune un cuvnt- 5omas se ridic- i ddu la o parte cuitul i se ndeprt CEu mi mai cutam ceva tutun prin bu(unare- cnd Carran(a scoase un ipt nfrico tor& El @ermano i lu pu ca- iar eu- la ntmplare- maceta- repe(indu-ne n a:utorul luifr s tim despre ce era vorbaC - 5omas7 strig El @ermano& 5omas7 Ce i s-a ntmplatD - 'tai pe loc7 Atenie7 Elbi btrnul cauc"ero& *eodat Falter rcni8 - Imbecilule7 ' i se ntmple ie a a cevaD C Cscai oc"ii- dar degeaba; nu se vedeau dect arbori- arbu ti- liane- ierburi nalte- cu frun(e late- dintre care cteva trestii nlnd n v(du" ni te flori ro ii- stranii i de o sen(ualitate aproape uman& - Eag-i repede capul n ap7 i porunci Falter; c"iar de nu-i trece- nici ru nu-i poate face C6nde te doareD - Capul i oc"iul n care am primit o lovitur C - *espre ce este vorbaD ntrebai eu& - *e un "itil C un arbol de fuego sau arbore de foc& 'e mai nume te i arbol de saludos C.u te poi apropia de el dect dup ce-i faci o serie de temenele& 5rebuie s-l salui scondu-i plria- s i te nc"ini cu respect i curtoa(ie- spunndu-i cuvinte plcute; atunci l poi atinge fr prime:die& Astfel- cnd i a:ungi la-ndemn- i trage o lovitur cu o creang i-i las s-i pice n cap toate frunctele ro ii- care te ard cu (eama lor& Era un copcel de vreo trei metri- cu frun(e ver(i i subiri- plin de fructe staco:ii- ca falsul arbore de piper din Peru- cu scoara granuloas i cenu ie& - +aimosul vostru "itil- spusei eu- nu-i dect o sen(itiva& - ncearc- totu i s fii politicos cu el- altfel- p(ea7 5omas a pit-o i are de tras vreo opt (ile dac nu gsim papaGer- care nu cre te dect n grdini ceva mai civili(ateC - Ei bine- nu m tem- spusei eu& Pdurea o fi ea fermecat- dar pentru mine numai pn la un punct& 4 s-i art altfelC Horbind- m apropiasem- sfios totu i- ba c"iar temtor- mrturisesc- apoi "otrt& 4 ramur mai :oas sc"i o mi care de atac- dar fu o mi care moale- de care m ferii u or& i astfel a:unsei ncet pn n mi:locul coroanei- avnd gri: s nu ating nici o frun(& - He(i- spusei eu- c e o sen(itiva& Copacul acesta AviuI nu are de a face cu politeea- poi s-l i n:uri; atta doar c-i mai frumos s-i vorbe ti politicos7 A a c am dreptate& Iar cnd ne ntorsesem la mal- 5omas i vr capul n ap- ca o ra care caut viermi n ml& Poate c

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Cu ce Dc&p utilizm deDcrierile "n lec#iile de 'e&'ra ieJ A3r3 a co8ia 2til1l lec*iilor 4e literat1r3$ o 4e2criere integrat3 <ntr-o lec*ie 4e geogra+ie e2te 1n 0iEloc e+icient 4e 2e41c*ie 28re acti=itatea 4e cercetare a realit3*ii$ 1n 2ti01lent 8entr1 a8rin4erea c1rioBit3*ii ;i 8entr1 4eBlegarea 0i2terelor$ 1n 0o0ent <n care 8ro+e2or1l e2te o c3l31B3 care 4e+ri;eaB3 <08re1n3 c1 ele=ii 23i o E1ngl3 real3$ n1 contra+3c1t3 c1 2co8 4i4actic5 Dincolo 4e i08re2ia arti2tic3 8e care o o+er3 4e2crierea$ e,i2t3 acea realitate 8e care in4i=i41l 28er3 23 o 4e2ci+reBe5 Aplica#ie- Co08leta*i li2ta 4e arg10ente 8rin care 212*ine*i e+icien*a intro41cerii 4e2crierilor <n lec*ia 4e geogra+ie: 8entr1 crearea 1n1i ca4r1 a+ecti= a4ec=at (e0o*ii$ 2enti0ente!J 8entr1 ca a2c1lt3torii 2a1 cititorii 23 <;i re8reBinte 1n a28ect al realit3*ii (+eno0en$ 8roce2$ oDiect$ 4ec18aE 4in 28a*i1l geogra+ic etc!J 8entr1 ca 8ri=itorii 1n1i a28ect real$ +otogra+iat$ +il0at$ re8reBentat gra+ic 2a1 cartogra+ic 23 <n*eleag3 co08onentele ace2t1ia$ rela*iile 4intre co08onente etc5 Ce tipuri de deDcrieri utilizm "n lec#ia de 'e&'ra ieJ C1 2co8 4i4actic a=e0 8o2iDilitatea 4e a o8ta$ <n +1nc*ie 4e oDiecti= ;i 4e =>r2ta ele=ilor$ at>t 8entr1 4e2crieri literare$ c>t ;i 8entr1 cele ;tiin*i+ice5 a& *escrierea geografic tiinific& De2crierea$ 1na 4in 8ri0ele 0eto4e 4e cercetare ;tiin*i+ic3 1tiliBate <n geogra+ie ca ;tiin*3$ con2e0neaB3 reB1ltatele oD2er=a*iei =iB1ale ;i a e,8eri0ent1l1i 21D +or03 4e re8reBent3ri ale oDiectelor$ +eno0enelor ;i 8roce2elor 4in teritori1l 2t14iat$ c1 aE1tor1l 1n1i 2i2te0 4eter0inat 4e 2i0Dol1ri$ 0atrici ;i gra+ice5 De2crierea 8reg3te;te trecerea la cercetarea teoretic3 a oDiect1l1i 2a1 8roce21l1i5 S5 MeGe4in*i (1/%'! reco0an4a ca 4e2crierea 23 +ie: "alogeic F 23 8reBinte co08arati= oDiectele ;i 8roce2ele 4e acela;i ti8 4in 28a*i1l geogra+icJ "olocronic F 23 8reBinte e=ol1*ia cronologic3 a 8roce2elor geogra+iceJ e%act F 23 8reBinte caracteri2tici ale oDiectelor ;i +eno0enelor oD*in1te 8rin 0321rareJ e%plicativ F 23 l301rea2c3 geneBa oDiectelor ;i rela*iile 4intre co08onenteJ analitic F 23 caracteriBeBe co08onentele 28a*i1l1i geogra+ic ;i rela*iile 4intre eleJ sintetic F 23 re4ea caracteri2ticile e2en*iale ale 28a*i1l1i geogra+ic (regi1ne! l1at3 ca <ntregJ conform F 23 21gereBe i0agini c>t 0ai a2e03n3toare realit3*ii (21netele$ 0iro21l$ 4ina0ica +a8telor geogra+ice!J concis F 23 re4ea e2en*ial1l +3r3 a 2e aD1Ba 4e 4etaliiJ caracteristic F 23 re4ea a28ectele ;i +or0ele cele 0ai re8reBentati=e ale teritori1l1i 2a1 8roce21l1iJ limba: geografic- nu literar F 23 1tiliBeBe no*i1nile 4e geogra+ie care i08ri03 4e2crierii 1n con*in1t +3r3 caracteri2tici literareJ limba: matematic F 23 8reBinte in+or0a*iile <ntr-1n co4 0ate0atic$ cGiar c1 ri2c1l 4e a n1 +i <n*elea23 4ec>t 4e c3tre 28eciali;ti5

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b& *escrierile geografice literare !lecturile geografice# a1 1r03toarele caracteri2tici: limba:ul literar: c1 +ig1ri 4e 2til (e8itete$ co08ara*ii$ 0eta+ore etc!J detaliere: 21Dlinierea a28ectelor e2en*iale$ 4ar ;i a 4etaliilorJ afectivitate: 2co81l 4e a i08re2iona$ n1 4e a in+or0aJ subiectivitate: inter=ine inter8retarea a1tor1l1i$ +3r3 8reoc18are 8e a28ect1l e,actit3*ii in+or0a*iilorJ Met&d&l&'ia deDcrierii a& Pregtirea descrierii nainte de lecie c18rin4e: alegerea te,t1l1i 4intr-o colec*ie 4e 4e2crieri 2a1 4in 4i+erite 21r2e 4e in+or0are <n +1nc*ie 4e oDiecti=ele lec*ieiJ 2electarea 2ec=en*elor 4in te,t1l ale2J e,er2area 8reBent3rii 4e2crierii (citire e,8re2i=3$ c1 =oce!J alegerea 0iEloacelor 4e <n=3*30>nt 1tiliBate 8entr1 212*inerea 4e2crierii (+otogra+ie$ 4ia8oBiti=$ +il0$ Gart3$ 01Bic3 etc!J 8roiectarea 2it1a*iei 4e <n=3*are (+or01larea <ntreD3rilor care =or +i a4re2ate ele=ilor ;i a 2arcinilor 4e l1cr1 2a1 <n=3*are!J b& *emersul didactic urmat n lecie c18rin4e 4i+erite eta8e: co01nicarea 2arcinilor 4e l1cr1 ;i a oDiecti=1l1i =iBatJ 8reg3tirea a+ecti=3 a ele=ilor 8entr1 2ec=en*a 4e 4e2criereJ citirea te,t1l1i ;tiin*i+ic 2a1 literar 4e c3tre 8ro+e2or 2a1 1n ele=J 4e2crierea i0aginiiJ +or01larea <ntreD3rilor re+eritoare la 4e2criere: Care 21nt caracteri2ticile e2en*iale ale 8ei2aE1l1i 8e care l-a0 4e2cri2H In ce anoti08 a +o2t +otogra+iat 8ei2aE1lH etcJ e=al1area reB1ltatelor ele=ilor 4183 2arcina 4e l1cr1 2a1 <n=3*are5 Cerin#e pri!ind utilizarea deDcrieril&r "n lec#ie Coninutul: 4e2crierea =iBeaB3 atingerea 1n1i oDiecti= o8era*ional <n lec*ie$ n1 4oar 1n1l a+ecti=J $omentul: 4e2crierea e2te 1tiliBat3 <n 0o0ent1l <n care 2e aDor4eaB3 21Diect1l 4e2cri2J o 4e2criere ;tiin*i+ic3 2a1 literar3 n1 con2tit1ie o reco08en23 o+erit3 ele=ilor 8entr1 c3 a1 +o2t c10in*i 2a1 o 0o4alitate 4e co08letare a 1n1i inter=al 4e ti08 r30a2 liDer la 2+>r;it1l orei5 De2crierea 8oate +i intro4123 <n orice 0o0ent al lec*iei: <n 4oD>n4irea c1no;tin*elor$ <n +i,area 2a1 e=al1area lor5 *urata: o 4e2criere 8rea l1ng3 e2te a4e2ea 8licti2itoare ;i n1 concentreaB3 aten*ia ele=ilor 8e tot 8arc1r21l eiJ 4ac3 4intr-o 4e2criere l1ng3 4ori0 23 +ie a14iate an10ite i4ei$ le citi0 4oar 8e acelea ;i ignor30 +raBele care n1 a1 2e0ni+ica*ia 4orit35 .umrul lecturilor 1tiliBate =ariaB3 <n +1nc*ie 4e oDiecti=ele 1r03rite$ 4e a+ecti=itatea ;i =>r2ta ele=ilor$ 4e 21Diect1l aDor4at$ 4e co08eten*a 8ro+e2or1l1i etc5 AD2en*a 2a1 aD1B1l 4e 4e2crieri 431neaB3 8roce21l1i 4e <n=3*are a 1nei ;tiin*e5 Pre(entarea: o 4e2criere 8reBentat3 4e 1n 8ro+e2or co08etent 2e 832treaB3 <n MLD a ele=ilor5 Aceea;i 4e2criere e+ect1at3 4e 1n 8ro+e2or 8licti2it con2tit1ie 4oar 1n 8rileE ca ele=ii 23 +ie 8reoc18a*i 4e l1cr1ri 0ai atracti=e5 Situa#ii de "n!#are bazate pe met&da deDcrierii

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 Audierea unei descrieri tiinifice citite 4e c3tre 8ro+e2or$ +3r3 l1area noti*elor5 E+icien*a ace2tei 2it1a*ii 4e <n=3*are e2te 0ic3 4eoarece a14ien*ii re*in ' F ? % 4in in+or0a*ie5 Audierea unei descrieri literare citite de ctre profesor- fr luarea notielor5 Dac3 4e2crierea e2te e,8re2i=3$ R;ocant3R 8entr1 a1B e,i2t3 ;an2a ca =ol101l 4e in+or0a*ii 832trat <n MLD 23 +ie 0ai 0are 4ec>t <n 2it1a*ia anterioar35 Audierea unei descrieri tiinifice sau literare citit de ctre profesor- cu luarea unor notie& Dac3 n1 2e 8reciBeaB3 ce an10e 23 noteBe ele=ii$ ei 21nt atra;i a4e2ea 4e in+or0a*iile ne2e0ni+icati=e ;i e+icien*a 2it1a*iei 4e <n=3*are e2te 0ic35 Audierea unei descrieri tiinifice sau literare ba(at pe un suport fotografic sau cartografic& E+icien*a 2it1a*iei 4e <n=3*are cre;te cantitati= ;i calitati= 4eoarece =iteBa 4e rece8tare ;i cantitatea in+or0a*iei intrate 8rin canal1l =iB1al e2te 01lt 0ai 0are5 *escrierea tiinific sau literar elaborat i pre(entat de ctre elevi 5 E+icien*a 2it1a*iei 4e <n=3*are cre;te 4ac3 ele=ii c1no2c caracteri2ticile nece2are 4e2crierii elaDorate 4e ei ;i con4i*iile 8e care le =or 2ati2+ace <n 0o0ent1l 8reBent3rii5 D183 a14ierea 4e2crierilor$ colegii a8reciaB3 calit3*ile l1cr3rilor ;i a 8reBent3rii$ +or01leaB3 oD2er=a*ii$ <ntreD3ri etc5 Aplica#ii De2crie*i literar cel 0ai +r10o2 8ei2aE oD2er=at <n localitatea natal3 (o 8agin3!5 Da*i 1n titl1 4e2crierii5 LocaliBa*i 8e Gart3 8ei2aE1l 4e2cri25 Arg10enta*i 4e ce 8re+era*i ace2t 8ei2aE5 De2crie*i ;tiin*i+ic$ cronologic 1n +eno0en geogra+ic oD2er=at 4e c3tre =oi (o 8agin3!5 De2crie*i ;tiin*i+ic$ cronologic 1n 8roce2 geogra+ic nat1ral 2a1 antro8ic ;i 28eci+ica*i ce in+l1en*e a a=1t a218ra co08onentelor 0e4i1l1i (o 8agin3!5 De2crie*i ;tiin*i+ic 1n 28a*i1 81ternic 4egra4at (o 8agin3!5 De2crie*i ;tiin*i+ic K literar 2tra4a 8e care loc1i*i (7' r>n41ri! (localiBarea <n 28a*i1$ 4i0en2i1ni$ 4i281nerea$ 4i0en2i1nea ;i a28ect1l cl34irilor$ e2tetica 2tr3Bii$ atit14inea oa0enilor etc![5 De2crie*i ;tiin*i+ic K literar 8ei2aE1l 4in +otogra+ie (%' r>n41ri!5 De2crie*i ;tiin*i+ic 8ei2aE1l 4in +otogra+ie 1tiliB>n4 no*i1nile: alDie 0inor3$ alDie 0aEor3$ =ale$ cGei$ =er2ant$ inter+l1=i1 (;a2e +raBe!5 De2crie*i ;tiin*i+ic 8ei2aE1l 4in +otogra+ie r3281nB>n4 la <ntreD3rile 1r03toare: )e ce +or03 4e relie+ e2te 2it1at 8ei2aE1lH )e ce ti8 4e roc3 2-a +or0at 8ei2aE1lH Ce caracteri2tici a1 =er2an*iiH Ce caracteri2tici a1 inter+l1=iileH Ce caracteri2tici a1 =3ileH Ce caracteri2tici are =egeta*iaH Ce in+l1en*e antro8ice 21nt =iBiDile <n ace2t 8ei2aEH De2crie*i ;tiin*i+ic caracteri2ticile 8341rii 4e +oioa2e 4in localitatea =oa2tr3 4183 1r03tor1l 8lan: localiBare$ 2trati+icarea =egeta*iei$ <n3l*i0ea 8lantelor$ =arietatea 28eciilor$ 4en2itatea =egeta*iei$ +iBiono0ia arDorilor$ rela*iile c1 co08onentele 0e4i1l1i (aer$ a83$ 2ol$ +a1n3$ oa0eni etc!5
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 De2crie*i ;tiin*i+ic a2e03n3rile ;i 4eo2eDirile 4intre 8341rea 4e +oioa2e ;i taiga (2te83 ;i t1n4r3!5 =8,8*818 Explica#ia E%plicaia e2te o 0eto43 4i4actic3 e,8oBiti=3 8rin care 2e 8reBint3 1n con*In1t ;tiin*i+ic <ntr-o 21cce2i1ne logic35 Con*in1t1l ;tiin*i+ic =eGic1lat 8rin e,8lica*ie =iBeaB3 1n +eno0en$ 1n 8roce2$ 1n +a8t 2a1 gr18 4e +a8te geogra+ice$ o teorie etc5 De0er21l e,8licati= i081ne or4onarea in+or0a*iilor <n 21cce2i1ne logic3$ a4ic3 23 2e recon2tit1ie tra2e1l ca1B3 F 4e2+3;1rare F e+ecte al 1n1i +eno0en$ 8roce2 2a1 +a8t5 a8 DemerDul didactic al explica#iei inducti!e a unui en&men Dau pr&ceD 'e&'ra ic8 In e,8lica*ie 8arc1rge0 1n 4e0er2 in41cti= 4eoarece o8era*ia logic3 8orne;te 4e la caB1ri 8artic1lare la general$ a4ic3 4e la concret (+a8te$ oDiecte$ +eno0ene! la conce8te$ legi$ teorii5 S1cce2i1nea logic3 a 4e0er21l1i in41cti= c18rin4e : Anali(area fenomenului !Cum se produceD# c18rin4e toate in+or0a*iile oD*in1te 8rin oD2er=area 0ani+e2t3rii ace2t1ia <n realitate 2a1 8e DaBa 1n1i 218ort gra+ic$ +otogra+ic 2a1 cartogra+ic5 Se 4e2co081ne <ntreg1l ;i 2e analiBeaB3 +iecare co08onent$ rela*iile 4intre co08onente$ rela*iile 4intre co08onente ;i <ntreg etc5 'paiul n care se produce fenomenul !6ndeD#& Se 8reciBeaB3 8oBi*ia 8e gloD$ 4i0en2i1nile 28a*i1l1i <n care 2e 8ro41ce$ li0itele 28a*i1l1i$ geo2+erele a+ectate etc5 5impul !CndD#& Se 8reciBeaB3: momentul 8ro41cerii +eno0en1l1i (4ac3 2tarea 4e2cri23 e2te act1al3$ trec1t3 2a1 =iitoare!$ durata (inter=al1l 4e ti08 <ntre 0o0ent1l <n care <nce8e +eno0en1l ;i 0o0ent1l <n care 2e 2+>r;e;teJ 8entr1 2taDilirea 41ratei 2e 1tiliBeaB3 1nit3*i 4e 0321rare a ti081l1i: 2ec1n4a$ 0in1t1l$ ora$ Bi1a$ l1na$ an1l etc!J frecvena (03ri0ea care in4ic3 4e c>te ori 2e 8ro41ce 1n +eno0en <ntr-o 1nitate 4e ti08!$ perioada (inter=al1l 4e ti08 4183 care 2e re8et3 1n +eno0en$ re8ro41c>n41-2e con2ec1ti= =alorile 1nei 03ri0i caracteri2tice acel1i +eno0en!5 Cau(a !*e ceD# e2te 1n +eno0en 2a1 1n co08le, 4e +eno0ene care 8rece43 ;i <n an10ite con4i*ii 4eter0inate$ 8ro=oac3 a8ari*ia alt1i +eno0en$ 4en10it e+ect$ c3r1ia <i 2er=e;te ca 81nct 4e 8lecare5 Ca1Barea e2te rela*ia <ntre 4o13 e=eni0ente 2a1 2t3ri 4e l1cr1ri$ care con2t3 <n 8ro41cerea 1n1ia (1neia! 4e c3tre cel3lat (cealalt3!5 Se 8reciBeaB3 care e2te +or*aK+or*ele$ agent1lKagen*ii$ +actor1lK+actorii care 4eter0in3 8ro41cerea +eno0en1l1i re28ecti= ;i care 21nt oDiectele 4in realitate a218ra c3rora 2e ac*ioneaB35 Se 28eci+ic3 4ac3 e2te o ca1Ba 8er0anent3 2a1 te08orar3 care ac*ioneaB3 n10ai <n an10ite con4i*ii5 In general$ +or0a oDiectelor$ 0ani+e2tarea e,terioar3 a +eno0enelor 2a1 8roce2elor$ 4er1larea +a8telor$ e+ectele 21nt =iBiDile$ <n23 ca1Bele 21nt a2c1n2e5 Condiiile 21nt +a8te 2a1 <08reE1r3ri 4e care 4e8in4e a8ari*ia 1n1i +eno0en 2a1 care in+l1en*eaB3 4e2+3;1rarea 1nei ac*i1ni$ 81t>n4-o +r>na$ 2ti01la 2a1 2to8a5 Con4i*iile in+l1en*eaB3 calitati= ;i cantitati= +eno0en1l 2a1 8roce21l5 Efectele !consecine- re(ultate- urmri# 21nt +eno0ene care reB1lt3 <n 0o4 nece2ar 4intr-o an10it3 ca1B3$ +iin4 <ntr-o leg3t1r3 in4e2tr1ctiDil3 c1 acea2ta5
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Tabelul =838 Aor0area gGe*ii 4in B38a43 <n gGe*ari

Cauz G en&menH Nin2oarea Strat1l 4e B38a43 4e812 A8a <n 2tare licGi43 4in 2trat Recri2taliB3rile re8etate C&ndi#ie T \ 'oC T ]'oC T \ 'oC Ta2are E ect G en&menH De81nere (a83 <n 2tare 2oli43! To8ire (a83 <n 2tare licGi43! Recri2taliBeaB3 <n 2trat1l 4e B38a43 (a83 <n 2tare 2oli43! +or0>n4 +irn1l OGea*3 4en23$ tran2l1ci43 (gGea*a gGe*ar1l1i!

)rin e,8lica*ia DaBat3 8e arg10entare ra*ional3 2e 83tr1n4e 4e la +or0a 2a1 0ani+e2tarea e,terioar3 a oDiectelor 2a1 8roce2elor <n e2en*a lor$ 2e 4eB=3l1ie +actorii care 4eter0in3 e,i2ten*a 2a1 8ro41cerea lor$ rela*iile 4intre ele0ente$ 8rinci8iile ;i legile$ 2e e4i+ic3 teoriile c1 1n ni=el <nalt 4e aD2tractiBare5 )rin e,8lica*ie 2e +or0eaB3 raionamentul geografic$ a4ic3 R+ac1ltatea 4e a g>n4i corect ;i 4e 2taDili rela*ii rig1roa2e$ 4e a 4e2co8eri ra8ort1ri logice <n 4i2triD1*ia 28a*ial3 a +eno0enelorR (R5$ Qr1net$ R5$ Aerra2$ N5$ TGeriP$ 1//%$ 8ag5 %C?!5 )entr1 e,8lica*ie alege0 1n con*in1t acce2iDil ele=ilor$ care 2e 8reteaB3 la 4e28rin4erea c1 1;1rin*3 a ceea ce e2te caracteri2tic ;i ti8ic5 In ti081l 4e0er21l1i e,8licati= 1tiliB30 4ialog1l retoric 2a1 a4re230 <ntreD3ri 8entr1 a e=al1a 4ac3 ele=ii ;i-a1 <n21;it corect ;i con;tient con*in1t1l e,8licat anterior5 Cere0 23 re8ete 8e 2c1rt cele 8reBentate anterior$ <i 2olicit30 23 +or01leBe reg1li$ 23 inter8reteBe +a8te5 Intrer18erile 21nt 2c1rte 8entr1 a n1 2e 8ier4e +ir1l logic al e,8lica*iei5 Acti=itatea 8ro+e2or1l1i e2te 8re4o0inant3$ co08arati= c1 cea a ele=ilor5 b8 Explica#ia ip&tetic8 In e,8lica*ia in41cti=3 2e 8leac3 4e la 1n +eno0en real$ 4ar <n e,8lica*ia i8otetic3 2e 8orne;te 4e la o <ntreDare i8otetic3: Ce 2-ar <nt>08la 4ac3 555H Se 8re2181ne c3 2e 8ro41ce 1n an10it +eno0en ;i ace2ta con2tit1ie ca1Ba 8entr1 alt +eno0en5 E,5 Ce 2-ar <nt>08la 4ac3 ar cre;te cantitatea 4e 4io,i4 4in at0o2+er3H Cre;terea cantit3*ii 4e 4io,i4 4e carDon 4in at0o2+er3 ar 4eter0ina ac101larea 1nei cantit3*i 0ai 0ari 4e energie5 Ce e+ect are acea2taH : cre;terea te08erat1rii aer1l1i5 Ce 2-ar <nt>08la 4ac3 ar cre;te te08erat1ra aer1l1i 0ai 01ltH :2-ar to8i gGe*arii5 Ce 2-ar <nt>08la 4ac3 2-ar to8i gGe*ariiH :ar cre;te ni=el1l ocean1l1i 8lanetar5 Ce 2-ar <nt>08la 4ac3 ar cre;te ni=el1l ocean1l1i 8lanetar c1 c>*i=a 0etriH :ar +i in1n4ate 218ra+e*e 0ari 4e c>08ie$ ora;e etc5 In ace2t e,e08l1 2e oD2er=3 c10 +iecare +eno0en con2tit1ie ca1B3 8entr1 alt +eno0en$ 4eter0in>n4 reac*ii <n lan*5 c8 Explica#ia anal&'ic8 In 4e0er21l analogic 2e co08ar3 4o13 oDiecte$ +eno0ene$ 8roce2e 2a1 +a8te 2i0ilare 8entr1 a 4e2co8eri a2e03n3rile ;i 4eo2eDirile 4intre ele5 )e DaBa an10itor a2e03n3ri 2e concGi4e c3 1nele 8ro8riet3*i i4enti+icate la 1n caB 21nt caracteri2tice ;i cel1i 4e-al 4oilea5 )rin co08ararea 8roce2elor ;i +eno0enelor act1ale$ a reB1ltatelor lor$ c1 reB1ltat1l 8roce2elor 0ai =ecGi 2a1 8rin co08ararea +eno0enelor ;i 8roce2elor 4e acela;i +el 4e 8e <ntreaga 218ra+a*3 a 8lanetei 2e recon2tit1ie e=ol1*ia +eno0enelor ;i a 8roce2elor5 E,8lica*ia analogic3 2e 1tiliBeaB3 <n 2t14i1l 1nor *3ri$ a 1nor regi1ni 2a1 a 1nor 2i2te0e 0ai 81*in e,tin2e5
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=8,818 Met&de de inDtruire centrate pe acti!itatea ele!il&r )rin co01nicare ie;i0 4in iBolare$ ne integr30 <n 2ocietatea 10an3$ oD*ine0 ;i tran20ite0 in+or0a*ii5 CGiar 4ac3 era O1tenDerg ;i 8rogre21l calc1latoarelor a1 r32t1rnat ra8ort1l 4intre co01nicarea oral3 ;i 2cri23 <n +a=oarea celei 4e-a 4o1a$ 4ialog1l r30>ne e2en*ial <n rela*iile inter10ane ;i <n a4a8tarea o01l1i la 0e4i1l 2ocial5 In con4i*iile re+or0ei <n=3*30>nt1l1i 1n oDiecti= e2en*ial e2te 4e a-i <n=3*a 8e ele=i 23 co01nice =erDal5 Arta con=er2a*iei n1 e2te o ca8acitate 0o;tenit3 ;i n1 2e <n=a*3 a2i2t>n4 la 1n 4ialog ca la 1n 28ectacol$ ci e,er2>n4 ;i re28ect>n4 reg1li5 =8,818,8 C&n!erDa#ia Conversaia e2te o 0eto43 4i4actic3 oral3 interogati=3 care =eGic1leaB3 in+or0a*ii 8rin 4ialog DaBat 8e <ntreD3ri ;i r3281n21ri$ in+or0a*ii ce 2e <ntre83tr1n4 8e o a,3 =ertical3 <ntre 8ro+e2or ;i ele=i 2a1 8e o a,3 oriBontal3$ <ntre ele=i5 R&lul "ntrebril&r pr& eD&ril&r8 )rin 4i=er2ele ti81ri 4e <ntreD3ri 8ro+e2or1l: concentreaB3 aten*ia ele=ilor a218ra 21Diect1l1iJ 2ti01leaB3 c1rioBitatea$ intere21l ;i 0oti=a*iaJ con41ce con=er2a*ia 8entr1 ca ele=ii 23 ating3 oDiecti=ele <n=3*3riiJ con41ce 4e0er21l 4e 4oD>n4ire ;i 4e e,er2are a c1no;tin*elorJ 4eter0in3 e,er2area co01nic3rii <ntre in4i=iBiJ 4ete0in3 ca4r1l a+ecti= ;i organiBatoric al <n=3*3rii <n cla23J i081ne con2tr>ngeri 2a1 liDertate <n 0ani+e2tarea 8roce2elor 4e g>n4ireJ li0iteaB3 <n=3*area ele=1l1i la o 2i08l3 recitare a 1nor in+or0a*ii 0e0orate 2a1 in=it3 la re+lec*ie$ 28ec1la*ie$ recon2tr1c*ie$ crea*ieJ 4eter0in3 con=ingerea c3 i4eile 21nt 0aleaDile$ =ariaDile <n +1nc*ie 4e e0i*3tor$ rece8tor$ ti08 etcJ <i <n=a*3 c3 i4eile create 4e +iecare a1 =aloareJ con2tit1ie 1n 0o4el a218ra a ceea ce 2e a;tea8t3 4e la ei ;i 2e a8reciaB3 (4ate e,acte$ re+lec*ii 8er2onale$ 8rel1crare 4e in+or0a*ie etc!J controleaB3 canalele 4e co01nicare$ le 4e2cGi4e 8rin <ntreD3ri ;i le <ncGi4e a4e2ea 8rin r3281n21riJ 4eci4e ;i no0inaliBeaB3 8artici8an*ii la acti=it3*ile =erDale ale cla2eiJ 4eci4e 0o0ent1l$ 41rata$ +rec=en*a$ +or0a 8artici83rii 4e-a l1ng1l 1nei 8erioa4e 2taDilite anteriorJ 4eter0in3 ni=el1l 4e g>n4ire la care 21nt 2olicita*i 8entr1 a r3281n4e la <ntreD3riJ =eri+ic3 4ac3 ele=ii 8o2e43 an10ite c1no;tin*eJ 4eB=olt3 81terea 4e E14ecat3 a ele=ilor5 R&lul inter!en#iil&r ele!il&r8 Ele=ii <ntreaD3 c1 2co81l 4e a 8ri0i r3281n21l 4e care a1 ne=oie$ in+or0eaB3 a218ra 4i+ic1lt3*ilor c1 care 2e con+r1nt3$ co01nic3 o8inii$ 21ge2tii$ 8ro81neri$ 2ol1*ii$ 4o=e4e2c calitatea ;i cantitatea c1no;tin*elor5 Su'eDtii pri!ind c&municarea !erbal "n lec#ie8 De ti81l ;i corectit14inea +or01l3rii ;i a4re23rii <ntreD3rilor 4e8in4e e+icien*a co01nic3rii ;i a acti=it3*ii 4e <n=3*are5 'ugestii privind formularea i adresarea ntrebrilor& Ace2tea ar treD1i 23 2ati2+ac3 an10ite cerin*e: 23 +ie conci2e 8entr1 a +i re*in1te 1;or 4e c3tre ele=iJ 23 n1 c18rin43 r3281n21l <n +or01larea lor (A;a-i c3 )30>nt1l e2te 2+eric H!J 23 n1 41c3 la r3281n21ri 0ono2ilaDice ()30>nt1l e2te 2+eric H Da K N1!J 23 n1 c18rin43 ter0eni nec1no2c1*i 4e c3tre ele=iJ 23 c18rin43 o 2ing1r3 <ntreDare <ntr-1n en1n*J
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 23 n1 +ie +or01late ;i a4re2ate 41Dlete 4e <ntreD3ri (<ntreD3ri 41Dle! 4eoarece ele=ii n1 ;ti1 la care 23 r3281n43 (Care e2te 2tr1ct1ra =ertical3 a at0o2+erei ;i care 21nt ele0entele cGi0ice co08onente H! 23 aiD3 gra4e 4e 4i+ic1ltate 4i+erite 8entr1 a +i antrena*i 0ai 01l*i ele=i <n con=er2a*ieJ 23 c1noa;te0 4ac3 r3281n21l =a +i g32it <n c1no;tin*ele anterioare ale ele=ilor$ 8e Garta 4in carte 2a1 4in atla2$ <n te,t1l lec*iei noi$ <n 4ic*ionar 2a1 8rin 8rel1crarea 0ental3 a 1nor in+or0a*iiJ 23 8reciB30 21r2a <n care ele=ii =or g32i r3281n21l 8entr1 8re=enirea 4er1t3rii ;i a +acilita +or01larea r3281n21l1i5 le a4re230 cla2ei 8entr1 ca +iecare 23 g>n4ea2c3$ a8oi n10i0 ele=1l care =a r3281n4e5 la230 ti08 4e g>n4ire ;i re+le,ie 8entr1 a +or01la r3281n21l <n +1nc*ie 4e 4i+ic1ltatea <ntreD3riiJ n1 ne gr3Di0 c1 <ntreD3ri aE1t3toare ;i nici n1 2olicit30 i0e4iat 1n ele= 23 r3281n43 2a1 23 co08leteBe 1n r3281n2J n1 +or01l30 o <ntreDare no13 4ec>t 4183 ce a0 8ri0it r3281n21l corect la cea anterioar3J +or01l>0 <ntreD3ri e2en*iale ;i acce2iDile$ <n +1nc*ie 4e ni=el1l cla2eiJ 4ac3 ele=ii <ntreaD3$ e2te 4e 8re+erat 23 n1 le r3281n4e0 la <ntreD3ri 4irect$ nicio4at3$ ci 23 le <ntoarce0 c1 tact <ntreDarea: 5u ce prere ai despre aceast problemD 6nde cre(i c ai gsi rspunsul la aceast ntrebareD 4eoarece ele=ii <n=a*3 23 r3281n43 2ing1ri la <ntreD3ri5 Tabelul =848 E,e08le 4e +or01l3ri gre;ite ;i +or01l3ri corecte ale <ntreD3rilor
Aor01l3ri gre;ite C10 c1rge So0e;1l MicH (555re8e4e! Din ce e2te alc3t1it3 Marea QritanieH (554in in21le555$ 4in 830>nt555! )o*i 23-0i 281i care 21nt in21lele 555H (Da5! Ce a=e0 acoloH (Noi n1 a=e0 acolo F <n CGina F ni0ic 4eoarece n1 21nte0 8ro8rietari^! Ce =a i08orta "lan4aH Ce 8o*i 23 281i 4e28re M1n*ii Car8a*iH (555c3 21nt <nal*i$ +r10o;i555! La agric1lt1r3 ce 8o*i 23 281iH (555c3 e2te inten2i=3555$ 2e c1lti=3 cereale etc5$ c3 are 4o13 ra01ri555! Ce ti8 ce cli0a a=e0H (N1 noi a=e0 1n ti8 4e cli03$ ci <ntr-o regi1ne e2te 28eci+ic 1n ti8 4e cli035! Ce ani0ale <nt>lni0 <n 2a=an3H (Noi n1 Aor01l3ri corecte In ce 4irec*ie c1rge So0e;1l <n Cl1EH (5554e la =e2t 28re e2t5! Care 21nt in21lele 0ari 4in Regat1l Unit al Marii Qritanii ;i al Irlan4ei 4e Nor4H Care 21nt in21lele 2it1ate <n 2141l Aran*eiH Ce re21r2e nat1rale are CGinaH Ce i08ort3 "lan4aH (acti=itate 8reBent3! Ce altit14ine 0a,i03K 21D4i=iBi1ni a1 M1n*ii Car8a*iH (8reciB30 clar ce cere0^! Care 21nt caracteri2ticile agric1lt1rii olan4eBeH Ce ti8 4e cli03 e2te 28eci+ic UngarieiH Ce ani0ale tr3ie2cK e,i2t3K 21nt 28eci+ice

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0erge0 <n 2a=an3 ca 23 <nt>lni0 ani0alele^! C>te ti81ri 4e 8ro412e =1lcanice e,i2t3H (trei! Din ce e2te +or0at 1n =1lcanH (roci$ la=3$ 0ateriale$ cen1;3$ 0aterie r3cit3 etc5! (con+1B3! Er18*ia =1lcanic3 are in+l1en*3 a218ra cli0eiH (Da!

2a=aneiH Ce ti81ri 4e 8ro412e =1lcanice e,i2t3H Care 21nt co08onentele a8arat1l1i =1lcanicH Ce in+l1en*3 are o er18*ie =1lcanic3 a218ra cli0eiH

8entr1 ca ele=ii 23 e,81n3 logic 1n con*in1t a08l1 reco0an430 <ntreD3rile care nece2it3 r3281n21ri 0ai =a2te 4ec>t o 21cce2i1ne 4e <ntreD3ri 2c1rte5 21cce2i1nea 4e <ntreD3ri 23 c18rin43 8roDle0ele e2en*iale ale lec*iei ;i 23 e=i4en*ieBe leg3t1rile 4intre te0ele ;i i4eile altor lec*ii5 23 +ie or4onate logic ;i gra4at$ 0ai <nt>i <ntreD3ri re+eritoare la 8roDle0ele e2en*iale$ a8oi <ntreD3ri 8rin care 2olicit30 4etalii5 23 +ie corecte 4in 81nct 4e =e4ere ;tiin*i+ic ;i gra0atical5 'ugestii privind formularea rspunsurilor& R3281n21rile ar treD1i 23 <n4e8linea2c3 an10ite cerin*e: 23 2ati2+ac3 co08let cerin*ele +or01late 4e <ntreDareJ 23 4o=e4ea2c3 elaDorare 8er2onal3 con;tient3$ <nte0eiat3 8e <n*elegerea +a8telorJ 23 n1 re8ro41c3 0ecanic 1n r3281n2 c1no2c1t anteriorJ 23 +ie +or01late <n 8ro8oBi*ii co08lete (c1 8re4icat!$ n1 <n E103t3*i 4e 8ro8oBi*iiJ 23 n1 +ie +or01late eronat 2a1 gre1 acce8taDilJ 23 +ie ro2tite c1 o =oce 81ternic3 8entr1 a +i a1Bite 4e c3tre to*iJ 23 +ie 4ate in4i=i41al ;i n1 R<n corR 4e c3tre to*i ele=ii 4in cla23J c>n4 e2te <ntreDat$ ele=1l are 4re8t1l 23 tac3 4ac3 n1 c1noa;te r3281n21l 2a1 23 4eclare c3 n1 ;tieJ +iecare are 4re8t1l 4e a g>n4i alt+el 4ec>t ceilal*i5 Tabelul =808 Aor01l3ri gre;ite ;i +or01l3ri corecte ale r3281n21rilor
Aor01l3ri gre;ite In 2a=an3 <nt>lni0 lei$ gira+e 555 A=e0 01n*i$ 4eal1ri$ c>08ii5 S1nte0 <ntr-o Bon3 01ntoa235 Qarcelona 2e a+l3 aici5 (n1 2e a+l3 <n cla23! Aici Dat aliBeele 8er0anent (n1 Dat 8e Gart3 K <n cla23! Alte ora;e ar 0ai +i 555 Va8oarele circ1l35 (n1 a1 ro*i! Tren1rile 0erg 8e c3ile +erate5 Aor01l3ri corecte In 2a=an3 e,i2t3K21ntKtr3ie2c 5555 In Ro0>nia e,i2t3K21nt 4eal1ri$ 01n*i5 In realitate$ 21nte0 <n cla235 Qarcelona e2te 2it1at3 <n S8ania5 AliBeele Dat 4in28re tro8ice 28re ec1ator5 Alte ora;e 21nt 555 Va8oarele na=igGeaB3 555 Tren1rile circ1l3 8e c3ile +erate

.1

Su'eDtii pentru c&nducerea dial&'ului %i & erirea eed(bacK(ului8 In co01nicarea c1 ele=ii ar treD1i 23 re28ect30 an10ite cerin*e: 8entr1 a r3281n4e ele=1l ri4ic3 0>na 2a1 e2te no0inaliBat 4irect 4e c3tre noiJ 2olicit30 23 r3281n43 ;i ele=ii care n1 2e an1n*3J n1 l1cr30 e,cl12i= c1 an10i*i ele=i 4eoarece to*i e,er2eaB3 co01nicarea =erDal3J 4ac3 nici 1n ele= n1 ri4ic3 0>na 8entr1 a r3281n4e$ re+or01l30 <ntreDarea$ +or01l30 o <ntreDare aE1t3toare$ 430 o in+or0a*ie 218li0entar3 2a1 2olicit30 1n ele= 23 r3281n435 In 2it1a*iile <n care ele=ii n1 4ore2c 23 r3281n43 c31t30 8roce4eele a4ec=ate 8entr1 a-i 2coate 4in iner*ie$ in=e2tig30 ca1Bele ;i le <nl3t1r305 n1 co01nic30 <ncet c1 1n ele= <n +a*a G3r*ii$ taDlei 2a1 cate4reiJ ceilal*i n1 a14 0e2aEele$ a8ar 2128ici1ni <n 8ri=in*a not3rii 2a1 2e creeaB3 1n 0o0ent 4e in4i2ci8lin3 <n cla23 (co01nicare 4e ti8 cabin telefonic!J 4ac3 +or01l3rile 21nt gre;ite re8et30 r3281n21l +or01lat corectJ c>n4 ele=ii re8et3 gre;elile$ 8reciB30 <n ce con2t3 gre;eala ;i c10 o 8ot corectaJ n1 eticGet30 1n r3281n2 gre;it n10ai 8entr1 c3 e2te 4i+erit 4e cel g>n4it 4e noiJ n1 8retin4e0 ele=ilor e,act +or01larea 1tiliBat3 4e c3tre noi 4eoarece <i 4eter0in30 23 0e0oreBe 0ecanicJ 4ac3 r3281n21l e2te inco08let 2a1 incorect cere0 4etaliiJ toate <ntreD3rile 8ri0e2c oDligatori1 1n r3281n2J c>n4 ele=1l tace$ 0ani+e2t3 tea03 2a1 nelini;te$ <l <nc1raE30 non=erDal$ 8rin <ntreD3ri aE1t3toare 2a1 in+or0a*ii 218li0entareJ toler30 la <nce81t 1nele gre;eli +3r3 a <ntrer18e ele=1l 8entr1 a n1-l inti0i4a$ DlocaJ 8e 8arc1r2 <l =o0 aten*iona <n 8ri=in*a gre;elilor 4e +or01lare a r3281n21rilorJ con+ir030 2a1 in+ir030 r3281n21l 8rin 2ti01li =erDali 2a1 non=erDali a4ec=a*i$ c1 aE1tor1l 0o4elelor +ig1rale$ oDiect1ale$ logice etc5J rec1rge0 c>t 0ai 4e2 la <nt3riri 8oBiti=e (<nc1raEare$ la143$ 21Dliniere$ rel1are 4e i4ei$ con+ir0area r3281n21l1i =aloro2! 8entr1 ca ele=ii 23 4oD>n4ea2c3 <ncre4ere <n 2ine ;i <n noiJ analiB30 con*in1t1l r3281n21l1i$ +or0a 4e e,8ri0are$ li0DaE1l$ ca8acitatea 4e analiB3$ 2inteB3 ;i inter8retare a 1n1i con*in1t$ ca8acitatea 4e a co01nica etc5 4o=e4i0 r3D4are$ cal0 ;i <n*elegereJ 0ani+e2t30 intere2 =iBiDil 8entr1 0e2aE1l e0i2 4e ele=J ele=ii 8erce8 +oarte Dine 8re+3c3toria$ atit14inea noa2tr3 +a*3 4e ei$ cGiar 4ac3 noi cre4e0 c3 ei n1 a1 ca8acitatea 4e a ne 4e2ci+ra g>n41rileJ e=it30 control1l a=er2i= (ri4ic1liBare$ 4oEan3$ 2arca20$ critici$ 8e4e82e e,agerate!5 DeBa8roD30 ;i corect30 c1 tact 1n r3281n2 8entr1 ca ele=ii 23 n1 tr3ia2c3 2enti0ente 4e r1;ine$ +r12tare$ care DlocGeaB3 co01nicarea5 4ac3 1n r3281n2 2t>rne;te r>21l cla2ei le 8er0ite0 23 r>43J n1 i081ne0 ele=ilor i4eile noa2treJ
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 n1 4o0in30 lec*ia 8rin 0onolog$ ci l3230 ele=ii 23-;i e,81n3 i4eile ;i 23 le 212*in3 8rin arg10enteJ 2ti01l30 ;i coor4on30 co01nicareaJ a2ig1r30 re28ectarea reg1lilor 4ialog1l1i (=orDe;te n10ai o 2ing1r3 8er2oan3$ at1nci c>n4 i 2e 8er0iteJ 4ac3 inter=ine 4in neaten*ie$ <;i =a cere 2c1Be!J e=it30 4e=ierile 4e la 21DiectJ 4ac3 tot1;i a0 4e=iat$ re=eni0 re8e4e la 8roDle0a ini*ial3J +iecare are 4re8t la o8inie ;i are re28on2aDilitatea o8iniei 8er2onaleJ +iecare re28ect3 i4eile celorlal*iJ i4eile celorlal*i 21nt co0D3t1te 8rin arg10ente$ n1 8rin negare 2a1 atac la 8er2oan3 (inE1rii$ in21lte$ a0enin*3ri etc!J ne o81ne0 i4eilor celorlal*i ;i n1 in4i=iBilor ca 8er2oane5 Tipuri de c&n!erDa#ie Conversaia cate"etic 2a1 convergent c18rin4e o 21it3 4e <ntreD3ri re8ro41cti=e (0ne0oteGnice$ <ncGi2e$ con=ergente! care nece2it3 r3281n21ri 2c1rte$ e,acte ;i 1nice5 UtiliB30 con=er2a*ia cateGetic3 8entr1 a act1aliBa in+or0a*ii 0e0orate: Care e2te cea 0ai a8ro8iat3 2tea 4e )30>ntH (Soarele! Ci 2ateli*i are )30>nt1lH (: 1n1l! Cnd 2-a +or0at 2i2te01l 2olarH (:ac10 cca ? 0l45 ani! Cine a 4e2co8erit legea gra=ita*ieiH (I22ac NeTton! Ce e2te 1n 0eteoritH (:1n +rag0ent 4e cor8 co20ic care ca4e 8e o 8lanet35! Ce ele0ente cGi0ice 8re4o0in3 <n SoareH (N$ Ne! n ce *ar3 e2te 2it1at ora;1l Q1c1re;tiH (Ro0>nia!5 n ct ti08 aE1nge l10ina 4e la Soare la )30>ntH (cca / 0in5! UtiliB30 con=er2a*ia cateGetic3 8entr1 i4enti+icarea 1nor in+or0a*ii e,8ri0ate <n +or03 cartogra+ic3 (Care e2te titl1l G3r*iiH )rin ce 2e0n con=en*ional 21nt re8reBentate ;o2elele 8e Gart3H Care 21nt 8ort1rile 4e 8e litoral1l ro0>ne2c al M3rii NegreH Ce r>1ri 0ari 4in Ro0>nia 2e =ar23 <n D1n3reH!$ gra+ic3 (Ce re8reBint3 4iagra0aH Ce a28ecte 21nt 8reBentate la legen43H!$ +otogra+ic3 (Ce ti81ri 4e =egeta*ie 21nt +otogra+iateH Ce 2e oD2er=3 <n 8ri01l 8lan al +otogra+ieiH! etc5 Con=er2a*ia cateGetic3 8oate +i 1tiliBat3 <n orice 0o0ent al lec*iei: c>n4 organiB30 8erce8*ia 1nor 4etalii 4in realitate 2a1 <n re8reBent3ri ale realit3*iiJ c>n4 1r03ri0 23 a2ig1r30 1n rit0 ra8i4 <n 21cce2i1nea <ntreD3rilor ;i r3281n21rilorJ c>n4 4ori0 23 antren30 <n con=er2a*ie 01l*i ele=iJ c>n4 +i,30 2a1 e=al130 c1no;tin*ele e,acteJ <n 2it1a*iile care =iBeaB3 4eB=oltarea 0e0oriei5 In con=er2a*ia cateGetic3 n1 1r030 <ntot4ea1na 1n tra2e1 <n or4ine logic35 Conversaia euristic 2a1 divergent a +o2t 4en10it3 con=er2a*ie 0aie1tic3 (gr5 mo ire$ na tere! ;i con=er2a*ie 2ocratic3 (ZZarta 4e a 0o;i 28irit1lZZ! 4183 n10ele +ilo2o+1l1i grec Socrate$ care a 1tiliBat-o ca 8e 1n 8roce2 4e 4e2co8erire ;i crea*ie a c1no;tin*elor5 )rin con=er2a*ie e1ri2tic3 ele=ii 21nt con41;i 8a2 c1 8a2$ <ntreDare 4183 <ntreDare$ 8e un traseu logic$ 28re c1noa;terea 1n1i a28ect (+eno0en$ 8roce2! al realit3*ii$ 28re 4e2co8erirea a4e=3r1l1i c1no2c1t 4e c3tre cel care con41ce con=er2a*ia5 )entr1 elaDorarea con;tient3$ liDer3$ 8er2onal3$ creatoare a r3281n21rilor ele=ii act1aliBeaB3 in+or0a*ii 2tocate <n 0e0orie 2a1 4in 4i+erite 21r2e$ le
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8roce2eaB3$ le a2a0DleaB3 <n +or0e noi$ ine4ite$ 8rin inter0e4i1l o8era*iilor g>n4irii$ a ra*iona0ent1l1i ;i a i0agina*iei5 Rol1l ;tiin*ei e2te 4e a e,8lica realitatea$ 4e a 4e2co8eri ca1Bele e,i2ten*ei oDiectelor$ a +eno0enelor$ 8roce2elor ;i +a8telor$ 4e a e,8lica 4e2+3;1rarea ;i e+ectele ace2tora5 Sco81l con=er2a*iei e1ri2tice e2te ca ele=1l 23 4e83;ea2c3 eta8a 8erce8erii ;i 4e2crierii realit3*ii ;i a 83tr1n4e <n e2en*a oDiectelor$ +eno0enelor ;i 8roce2elor5 Ele=ii 8erce8 1;or 4e2+3;1rarea ;i e+ectele 1n1i +eno0en 2a1 8roce2 (1n c1tre01r$ o al1necare 4e teren$ o in1n4a*ie!$ <n23 n1 <n*eleg ca1Ba 8ro41cerii ace2t1ia ;i rela*iile care e,i2t3 <ntre 4i+eritele co08onente ale realit3*ii 1nitare5 Dac3 8ro+e2or1l ;i ele=1l 2e li0iteaB3 la 4e2crierea 0e4i1l1i geogra+ic ;i n1 o8ereaB3 8e trea8ta e,8lic3rii ca1Bale a conce8telor$ a legilor ;i a teoriilor$ 4e0er21l lor e2te 82e14o;tiin*i+ic5 In acea2t3 con=er2a*ie 2e 1tiliBeaB3 ntrebri productive (4i=ergente$ 4e2cGi2e!$ care nece2it3 ti08 4e g>n4ire ;i E14ecat3 8entr1 +or01larea 0ai 01ltor r3281n21ri =ariate$ a08le$ acce8tate ca +iin4 corecte: de anali(8 Care 21nt con2ecin*ele 1nei er18*ii =1lcaniceH de comparare Care 21nt a2e03n3rile K 4eo2eDirile 4intre 2at ;i ora;H de definire8 Care 21nt caracteri2ticile e2en*iale 8e care le a1 toate lac1rileH de ordonare cronologic 1 spaial8 C10 e=ol1eaB3 <n ti08 K <n 28a*i1 1n ciclon tro8icalH de e%plicare !cau(ale#8 De ce <n iono2+er3 te08erat1ra e2te 4e 1.'' oCH Din ce ca1B3 =ariaB3 te08erat1ra 8e =ertical3 <n at0o2+er3H Ce in+l1en*e are te08erat1ra aer1l1i a218ra rocilorH de sinte(- care 2olicit3 i4enti+icarea rela*iilor ;i a con2ecin*elor ace2tora <ntr-1n =ol10 0are 4e in+or0a*ii: C10 2e re+lect3 <n relie+ 8etrogra+ia ace2t1i 01nteH C10 2e 0ani+e2t3 in+l1en*a cli0ei <n Bonarea ele0entelor Dio8e4ogeogra+ice ace2tei 1nit3*i 4e relie+H Care 21nt caracteri2ticile 8artic1lare ale 0e4i1l1i 1rDan <n care loc1i*iH de progno(8 Dac3 te08erat1ra 0e4ie a at0o2+erei ar cre;te c1 1n gra4 at1nci ce 2-ar <nt>08laH Ce 2-ar <nt>08la 4ac3 ar 4i283rea 2trat1l 4e oBonH de transpunere a in+or0a*iilor 4intr-1n li0DaE <n alt1l: Ce caracteri2tici e2en*iale ale 2a=anei oD2er=a*i <n +otogra+ieH Ce caracteri2tici ale gGe*ar1l1i oD2er=a*i <n 8ro+il1l longit14inal 4in 4e2enH Care 21nt 4eo2eDirile 4intre M1n*ii A3g3ra; ;i M1n*ii Q1cegi 8e care le i4enti+ica*i 8e acea2t3 Gart3H Con=er2a*ia e1ri2tic3 8oate +i 1tiliBat3 <n orice 0o0ent al lec*iei$ c1 2co81ri =ariate: 4oD>n4irea noilor c1no;tin*e$ +i,area ;i e=al1area lor$ 4eB=oltarea g>n4irii ;i a i0agina*iei5 Acea2t3 con=er2a*ie 4eter0in3 <n=3*area acti=3 a c1no;tin*elor$ +aciliteaB3 4e2co8erirea ;i crea*ia c1no;tin*elorJ la23 liDertatea 4e c31tare$ 4e cercetare$ 4e +or01lare a 0ai 01ltor r3281n21ri 8o2iDile$ 4e 0ani+e2tare a 28ontaneit3*ii ;i a ini*iati=eiJ 2ti01leaB3 c1rioBitatea$ intere21lJ 4eB=olt3 ca8acitatea 4e a +or01la <ntreD3ri$ 4e a e,8lora$ 4e a e,a0ina c1 aten*ie$ 4e a inter8reta5 E2te 0ai i08ortant ca ele=ii 23 =eGic1leBe c1no;tin*e create 2a1 4e2co8erite 8rin 8ro8ri1l e+ort 0intal 4ec>t 23 1tiliBeBe c1no;tin*e 4oD>n4ite 8rin 0e0orare5 Dac3 ele=ii <n=a*3 4e0er21l 8rin care aE1ng la ca1Ba l1cr1rilor$ cGiar 4ac3 inter=ine 1itarea$ ei
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recon2tit1ie 4r101l 2a1 4e2co8er3 noi c3i 8entr1 a aE1nge la a4e=3r5 Ele=ii <n=a*3 23 g>n4ea2c3 cu propriul cap ;i n1 a;tea8t3 23 g>n4ea2c3 al*ii <n loc1l lor 8entr1 a g32i 2ol1*ii la 8roDle0e5 =8,818*8 ObDer!area 4bservarea e2te o 0eto43 4i4actic3 4e e,8lorare 8rin 8erce8*ie 8oli0o4al3$ 4irect3$ atent3 ;i 2i2te0atic3 a realit3*ii 4e c3tre ele=i <n 8roce21l 4e <n=3*30>nt5 Ea con2tit1ie 8ri01l 8a2 28re c1noa;tere ;i <n a4a8tarea +iin*ei 10ane la 0e4i1l <n care tr3ie;te5 )rin oD2er=are 2e a41n3 in+or0a*ii a218ra realit3*ii5 a8 Tipuri de &bDer!are Dup inten#i&nalitatea &bDer!rii 4bservarea spontan re8reBint3 8erce8erea aleatoare$ non2electi=3 a 1nor a28ecte e2en*iale 2a1 ne2e0ni+icati=e ale realit3*ii5 4bservarea diri:at re8reBint3 8erce8erea 2electi=3 a 1nor in+or0a*ii 4e28re realitate$ con+or0 1n1i oDiecti= ;i a 1n1i 8roiect 2taDilit anterior5 "D2er=area e2te 4iriEat3 4e 8ro+e2or$ t1tore 2a1 4e c3tre ele=1l <n21;i5 Dup ni!elul calitati! 4bservarea empiric re8reBint3 2i08la 8ri=ire 2a1 8erce8erea inco08let3$ 1neori eronat3 a 1nor a28ecte 4in realitate ;i colectarea 4e i08re2ii5 4bservarea tiinific i08lic3 1n 8roce2 co08le, 4e 8erce8ere atent3 ;i 2i2te0atic3 a 1nor caracteri2tici ale realit3*ii$ c1 2co81l 4e a 2e2iBa a28ectele rele=ante$ 21r8rin2e c>t 0ai e,act$ oD2er=area 8rel1ngin41-2e ZZ<ntr-1n act 4e cla2i+icare$ 4e <nca4rare a in+or0a*iilor <n an10ite categorii 2a1 conce8te ;i 4e antici8are a 1nor rela*iiZZ (I5 Ra41$ M5 Ione2c1$ 1/@%$ 8ag5 17/!5 Ea =iBeaB3 oDiecti=e con+or0 1n1i 8roiect elaDorat anterior5 )roce21l 4e colectare 8rin oD2er=are a in+or0a*iilor e2te 1r0at 4e 8rel1crarea lor 8rin o8era*ii 4e a2ociere$ 4e analiB3$ 4e co08arare$ 4e or4onare cronologic3 ;i 28a*ial3$ 4e integrare ;i inter8retare a a28ectelor oD2er=ate5 Dup l&cul &bDer!rii 4bservarea staionar e2te e+ect1at3 ti08 <n4el1ngat$ <ntr-1n 81nct 4in teren5 4bservarea e%pediionar e2te e+ect1at3 4e-a l1ng1l 1nor tra2ee5 Dup m&dul de &bDer!are 4bservarea direct a realitii 2e +ace 8rin contact 2enBorial ne0iElocit c1 acea2ta5 Cele 0ai =aloroa2e lec*ii 21nt cele organiBate <n 0e4i1 c>n4 21nt 2t14iate +eno0ene ;i 8roce2e geogra+ice a1tentice5 4bservarea indirect a realitii 2e +ace a218ra 1nor 21D2tit1te ale ace2teia: +otogra+ii$ 4e2ene$ G3r*i$ +il0e$ 4ia8oBiti=e$ 0o4ele$ 4iagra0e etc5 In ace2te 21D2tit1te realitatea e2te contra+3c1t3$ aD2tractiBat3$ e2en*ialiBat35

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Dup analizat&rul utilizat 4bservare vi(ual& V3B1l e2te 2i0*1l 8rin care oD*ine0 8e2te /' la 21t3 4in in+or0a*iile 0e0orate5 )entr1 oD2er=area =iB1al3 geogra+ic3 S5 MeGe4in*i in2i2ta a218ra alegerii o8ti0e a 81nct1l1i ;i 0o0ent1l1i 4e oD2er=are$ reco0an4a e,a0inarea atent3 a +or0ei$ 4i0en2i1nilor$ 0aterial1l1i$ areal1l1i 4e re8arti*ie a oDiectelor$ i4enti+icarea +or0elor 4e tranBi*ie$ a 0i;c3rilor$ a 8roce2elor ;i a agen*ilor care le 4eter0in3$ iar 8entr1 o cercetare atent3 a realit3*ii$ 8ro81nea 4e2enarea a28ectelor oD2er=ate ;i co08ararea c1 altele5 4bservare olfactiv& )rin 0iro2 i4enti+ic30 0iro21ri 4i+erite (gaBele 4e e;a8a0ent$ a0oniac1l$ clor1l$ DenBina$ +>n$ ierD3$ cetin3! 8erce8>n4 2i2te0ic 28a*i1l <n care tr3i05 4bservare auditiv& )rin a1B oD*ine0 in+or0a*ii 8ri=in4 inten2itatea ;i +rec=en*a 8ol13rii 2onore$ i4enti+ic30 28ecii 4e 8323ri 2a1 4e 0a0i+ere$ =iteBa 4e c1rgere a a8ei$ 21net1l 1nei ca2ca4e$ t1netele$ c1tre01rele etc5 4bservare tactil& )rin 8i83it oD*ine0 in+or0a*ii 4e28re 2tr1ct1ra ;i te,t1ra 2ol1l1i$ 4e28re caracteri2ticile rocilor$ 0ineralelor$ 8lantelor$ etc 4bservare gustativ& )rin g12t i4enti+ic30 e,i2ten*a 0ineralelor <n a83 (clor1ra 4e 2o4i1 care 43 g12t 23rat$ clor1ra 4e 0agneBi1 care 43 g12t a0ar!5 4bservarea polimodal 2e +ace ac101l>n4 in+or0a*ii 8rin 0ai 01lte 2i0*1ri5 b8 Su'eDtii pri!ind met&d&l&'ia &bDer!rii 6re'tirea &bDer!rii de ctre pr& eD&r c18rin4e: +or01larea oDiecti=ele o8era*ionaleJ 2taDilirea a28ect1l1i care =a +i oD2er=at (8ei2aE$ +eno0en!J alegerea +or0ei ;i ti81l1i 4e oD2er=are (<n gr18 2a1 in4i=i41al3$ 2ta*ionar3 2a1 e,8e4i*ionar3J 4irect3 2a1 in4irect3!J 4oc10entarea teoretic3 ;i 0eto4ologic3J alegerea 0iEloacelor 4e <n=3*30>nt nece2are (+otogra+ii$ G3r*i$ 4iagra0e$ Dloc4iagra0e etc!J 8roiectarea 8rogra01l1i 4e oD2er=are (41rat3 2c1rt3 2a1 l1ng3!$ +or01larea <ntreD3rilorJ elaDorarea +i;ei 4e oD2er=are5

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DemerDul didactic al &bDer!rii directe "n teren c18rin4e 0ai 01lte eta8e: 2ti01larea 0oti=a*iei 8rin <ntreD3ri$ 8roDle0eJ co01nicarea oDiecti=elor concrete$ a 21Diect1l1i$ a 41rateiJ in4icarea 81nctelor 4e oD2er=are 2a1 tra2e1l1iJ +or0area ecGi8elor 2a1 8erecGilorJ 8reciBarea 0eto4ologiei 4e oD2er=areJ 8reBentarea +i;ei 4e oD2er=are ;i a 0o41l1i 4e co08letare a reB1ltatelor (4e2crieri =erDale$ 2cGi*e$ 2cGe0e!5 Se 8ot organiBa 4i+erite 2it1a*ii 4e <n=3*are: oD2er=area co08onentelor nat1rale ;i antro8ice ale 0e4i1l1i$ oD2er=area 1n1i 8roce2 nat1ral 2a1 antro8ic$ i4enti+icarea 0iro21rilor ;i a 21r2elor$ i4enti+icarea 21netelor ;i a 21r2elor$ i4enti+icarea tactil3 a oDiectelor etc5 DemerDul didactic de prelucrare a in &rma#iil&r &bDer!ate 4e c3tre ele=i c18rin4e: analiBarea in+or0a*iilor oD2er=ateJ 8rel1crarea in+or0a*iilor colectateJ inter8retarea ;i e,8licarea in+or0a*iilorJ 8reBentarea concl1Biilor <n +a*a cla2ei 21D +or03 oral3 2a1 2cri23$ <n2o*ite 4e gra+ice$ 2cGe0e$ 4e2ene$ taDele$ +otogra+ii$ G3r*iJ =eri+icarea reB1ltatelor 8rin 0eto4a re+le,iei 8er2onale$ 8rin e,8eri0ent$ 8rin co08ararea c1 alte reB1ltate5 DemerDul didactic diri)at de pr& eD&r al &bDer!rii r&ntale a un&r repre( zentri ale realit#ii G &t&'ra iiF Er#iF dia'rameF ilmeF deDeneF m&dele tridi( menDi&nale etcH c18rin4e: 2ti01larea 0oti=a*iei 8rin <ntreD3ri$ 8roDle0eJ co01nicarea oDiecti=elor concreteJ 8reBentarea re8reBent3riiJ +or01larea <ntreD3rilor 4e c3tre 8ro+e2or c1 2co81l analiBei ;i inter8ret3rii re8reBent3rii 2a1 analiBarea =erDal3 a re8reBent3rii 4e c3tre 8ro+e2orJ +or01larea r3281n21rilor 4e c3tre ele=iJ co08letarea reB1ltatelor oD2er=a*iei (4e2crieri =erDale$ 2cGi*e$ 2cGe0e! <n caiet1l 4e noti*e 2a1 <n +i;a 4e oD2er=areJ DemerDul didactic al &bDer!rii "n ecEipe Dau "n perecEi a un&r reprezen( tri ale realit#ii c18rin4e: 2ti01larea 0oti=a*iei 8rin <ntreD3ri$ 8roDle0eJ +or0area ecGi8elor 2a1 8erecGilorJ 4i2triD1irea 0aterialelorJ co01nicarea oDiecti=elor concreteJ 8reciBarea 0eto4ologiei 4e oD2er=areJ 8reBentarea +i;ei 4e oD2er=are ;i a 0o41l1i 4e co08letare a reB1ltatelor (4e2crieri =erDale$ 2cGi*e$ 2cGe0e!J Tem- C10 organiBa*i oD2er=area 1n1i +eno0en geogra+ic <n terenH C10 organiBa*i oD2er=area 1n1i +eno0en geogra+ic c1 aE1tor1l 1nor +otogra+iiH =8,81818 6r&blematizarea C&nceptul de pr&blematizare8 Un1l 4intre oDiecti=ele ;tiin*ei e2te i4enti+icarea 8roDle0elor c1 care 2e con+r1nt3 2ocietatea 10an3 <n =ia*a coti4ian3 ;i g32irea 2ol1*iilor o8ti0e$ arg10entate ;i con+ir0ate 8rin 0o4ele teoretice 2a1 8ractice5 )roDle0atiBarea e2te con2i4erat3 0eto43 4e cercetare 4eoarece 0arile 4e2co8eriri ;tiin*i+ice a1 8ornit 4e la i4enti+icarea 1nor 8roDle0e ;i reBol=area lor 2-a concretiBat <n 4e2co8erirea 1nor legi ;i teorii5 Ten4in*a <n=3*30>nt1l1i act1al e2te 4e a a8ro8ia 8roce21l 4e <n=3*are 4e 4e0er21l ;tiin*i+ic ;i 4e =ia*a real3 8entr1 a +acilita a4a8tarea <ntr-o 2ocietate <n 8er0anent3 2cGi0Dare5 In 8roiectarea ;i 4e2+3;1rarea 1nei lec*ii 1tiliB30 8roDle0atiBarea <n 4o13 0o41ri: ca 0eto43 4i4actic3 in4e8en4ent3$ c>n4 8ro81ne0 ele=ilor 2it1a*ii8roDle03 <ntercalate <n 2cenari1l acti=it3*ii$ 8rintre 2it1a*ii 4e <n=3*are DaBate 8e alte 0eto4e ;i 8roce4ee 4i4acticeJ
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 8entr1 crearea 1n1i ca4r1 8roDle0atiBat$ e1ri2tic$ c>n4 lec*ia e2te con2tit1it3 4intr-o 21it3 4e 2it1a*ii-8roDle03 8ro812e ele=ilor 28re reBol=are5 De0er21l 4i4actic e2te 2i0ilar cel1i ;tiin*i+ic 8rin care cercet3tor1l aE1nge la e2en*a +eno0enelor 2a1 8roce2elor 8rin 2taDilirea ca1Belor$ con4i*iilor ;i rela*iilor 4intre oDiecte ;i +eno0ene$ 8rin e=i4en*ierea e+ectelor5 C&nceptul de Ditua#ie(pr&blem8 E5 )31n con2i4er3 2it1a*ia-8roDle03 o ZZ2intag03 care 4e2e0neaB3 2it1a*iile 4e <n=3*are (teoretic3 ;i 8ractic3! 8rin care <ncerc3rile ele=ilor 4e a +or01la 1n r3281n2 (o 2ol1*ie! 21nt Dlocate (te08orar! 4e 1n oD2tacol$ a c3r1i 4e83;ire 2olicit3 e+ort$ 0oDiliBare intelect1al3 ;i 0oti=a*ional3 inten23ZZ (E5 )31n$ 1//1$ 8ag5 &?!5 'ituaia-problem e2te o 2it1a*ie contra4ictorie (con+lict1al3$ 8ara4o,al3$ 1n 4eBacor4$ o neconcor4an*3! <ntre c1no;tin*ele anterioare 4e28re realitate ;i noile c1no;tin*e 8e care le 4oD>n4e;te ele=1l5 Contra4ic*ia e,i2t3 at1nci c>n4 ele=1l o 8erce8e ca 8e 1n oD2tacol ce treD1ie 4e83;it ;i c>n4 acea2ta <i genereaB3 o 2tare con+lict1al3 interioar3$ o incertit14ine 2a1 ne410erire a218ra corectit14inii 2it1a*iei-8roDle03 2a1 in+or0a*iilor5 Sit1a*ia-8roDle03 4o=e4e;te e,i2ten*a 1nor lac1ne <n c1no;tin*e$ incit3 la c31tare ;i 4eclan;eaB3 8e 8lan a+ecti= treD1in*a 4e c1noa;tere (co08letare a lac1nelor! ;i =oin*a 4e a o reBol=a5 Se elaDoreaB3 0ai 01lte i8oteBe$ iar reBol=area con2tit1ie 4r101l 2tr3D3t1t con;tient 8entr1 con+ir0area 2a1 in+ir0area i8oteBelor ca antici8a*ie 0ental3 a 2ol1*iilor ;i a4o8tare a i8oteBei o8ti0e5 Sit1a*iile-8roDle03 n1 2e reBol=3 8rin a8licarea 1n1i algorit0 2a1 a 1nor reg1li <n=3*ate anterior$ ci 2olicit3 4e2co8erirea 1nor co0Dina*ii 4e reg1li a4ec=ate 2it1a*iei$ 4eoarece an2a0Dl1l 4e +actori care inter=ine e2te 4e +iecare 4at3 alt1l5 ReBol=area 2it1a*iei-8roDle03 i08lic3 o8era*ii intelect1ale 4i+erite 4e e+ect1at: 4e i4enti+icare$ 4e analiB3$ 4e co08arare$ 4e e,8licare$ 4e antici8are etc5 Din 81nct 4e =e4ere 82iGologic 2e 8o2t1leaB3 c3 8roDle0atiBarea 4eB=olt3 2cGe0ele o8eratorii ale g>n4irii 4i=ergente$ antreneaB3 a8tit14inile creatoare$ i0agina*ia$ a2ig1r>n4 0oti=area intrin2ec3 a <n=3*3rii5 Ele=ii <n=a*3 23 2ol1*ioneBe o 2it1a*ie8roDle03 8rintr-1n 4e0er2 ;tiin*i+ic or4onat logic$ cronologic$ +or01leaB3 i8oteBe$ arg10enteaB3 ;i contraarg10enteaB3$ 4eci4 2ol1*ia o8ti03 4intre 0ai 01lte 8o2iDilit3*i 4e reBol=are5 Caracteristicile situaiei-problem sunt8 Ora41l 4e 4i+ic1ltate a4ec=at c1no;tin*elor$ ni=el1l1i 4e 4eB=oltare a g>n4irii$ a aDilit3*ilor 8ractice ;i intere2elor ele=ilorJ ReBol=aDilitatea$ a4ic3 ele=ii cre4 c3 2it1a*ia-8roDle03 are 1na 2a1 0ai 01lte alternati=e 4e reBol=areJ ReBol=area 8rintr-o 4e0on2tra*ie a08l3$ Dine arg10entat3$ 28re 4eo2eDire 4e <ntreD3rile ca1Bale (De ce555H Din ce ca1B3555H! care nece2it3 r3281n21ri 2c1rte5 Dr101l 8arc1r2 4e ele=i <n reBol=are$ teGnicile ;i 2til1l (C10H! 21nt 0ai i08ortante 4ec>t reB1ltatele 2a1 cantitatea realiBat3 (C>tH!5 Su'eDtii pri!ind met&d&l&'ia pr&blematizrii a& Activitatea profesorului nainte de lecie c18rin4e: +or01larea oDiecti=elor o8era*ionaleJ crearea K alegerea 2it1a*iei-8roDle03J reorganiBarea in+or0a*iilor =ecGi

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;i noi <ntr-1n 2i2te0 1nitarJ i4enti+icarea =ariantelor 4e reBol=areJ alegerea 0iEloacelor 4e <n=3*30>nt (0an1al$ Gart3$ 4ic*ionar!5 b& Activitatea profesorului n lecie cuprinde8 pre(entarea situaiei-problem& E,e08l1: In 8roce2ele orogenetice 01n*ii 21nt <n3l*a*i c1 c>ti=a centi0etri 8e an5 C1 toate c3 ace2te 8roce2e 41reaB3 21te 4e 0ilioane 4e ani$ tot1;i 01n*ii cei 0ai <nal*i 4e 8e )30>nt a1 @@&@ 05 Din ce ca1B3 01n*ii n1 a1 <n3l*i0ea 8e care ar treD1i 23 o aiD3 con+or0 <n3l*3riiH pre(entarea mi:loacelor de nvmnt (0an1al1l$ Garta +iBic3 a l10ii!J preci(area criteriului de acceptare a soluiei& Vor +i acce8tate n10ai 2ol1*iile 212*in1te 4e arg10ente corecte5 oferirea informaiilor suplimentare 2olicitate 4e c3tre ele=i5 c& Activitatea elevilor n lecie anali(area situaiei-problem i restructurarea informaiilor - Ce (4ate$ +a8te$ con4i*ii! c1noa;te0H (55501n*ii 4e <ncre*ire 2e <nal*3 c1 c>*i=a centi0etri 8e an5 )roce2ele orogenetice (4e <n3l*are ;i c1tare! 41reaB3 21te 4e 0ilioane 4e ani5 Altit14inea 0a,i03 a 1n1i 01nte tere2tr1 e2te 4e @@&@ 05! - Ce n1 c1noa;te0H (555c1 c>t ar treD1i 23 2e <nal*e 1n 01nte <n 21te 4e 0ilioane 4e aniH Din ce ca1B3 n1 2e <nal*3 at>t 4e 01ltH! - Care e2te neconcor4an*a K contra4ic*iaH (Dac3 1n 01nte 2e <nal*3 8rin 0i;carea orogenetic3 1n centi0etr1 <n +iecare an$ <ntr-o 21t3 4e 0ilioane 4e ani 2-ar <nal*a c1 1 ''' ''' 0$ 4ar <n realitate nici 1n 01nte n1 are acea2t3 altit14ine5! - Ce 2e cereH (55523 a+l30 ca1Ba care 4eter0in3 ca 01ntele 23 n1 aiD3 acea2t3 altit14ine! documentarea - La ce lec*ie a0 <n=3*at 4e28re +or0area 01n*ilor 4e <ncre*ireH (react1aliBarea ;i 2electarea in+or0a*iilor 4oD>n4ite anterior! Ce a0 <n=3*at 4e28re ace2t 8roce2H - Un4e g32i0 in+or0a*iile nece2areH (2t14ierea 1nor 21r2e teoretice: c3r*i$ re=i2te$ G3r*i$ 2olicitarea 1nor in+or0a*ii 218li0entare 4e la 8ro+e2or 2a1 colegi! (555a0 calc1lat c3 4ac3 1n 01nte 2-ar <n3l*a <n +iecare an c1 1n centi0etr1$ 2-ar <nal*a <ntr-o 21t3 4e 0ilioane 4e ani c1 1'''''' 05 Ca1Ba care <08ie4ic3 ace2t 8roce2 e2te 4in interior1l )30>nt1l1i 2a1 4in e,terior1l l1iH! solicitarea unor informaii de la profesor (555In nat1r3 ;i 2ocietate 1nele 8roce2e 21nt 4eter0inate 4e 0ai 01lte ca1Be5 )roce2ele n1 2e 8ro41c <ntot4ea1na c1 aceea;i =iteB3$ inten2itate$ rit0icitate etc5! restructurarea informaiilor (co08ara*ii$ gr18are$ analiBarea +actorilor ;i con4i*iilor$ +or01larea i8oteBelor!5 (555i8oteBe: a! Mi;c3rile orogenetice n1 2e 8ro41c 8er0anent$ e,i2t3 inter=ale 0ari 4e ti08 <n care <n3l*area 2tagneaB3: D! Mi;c3rile orogenetice alterneaB3 c1 0i;c3ri 4e coDor>re a 2coar*ei tere2treJ c! Mi;c3rile orogenetice c1teaB3 ;i <nal*3 01n*ii$ <n23 +actorii e,terni F 8loile$ a8ele c1rg3toare$ <ngGe*1l ;i 4eBgGe*1l$ 8roce2ele cGi0ice etc5 F <i ero4eaB3 ;i <i <08ie4ic3 23 4e83;ea2c3 an10ite <n3l*i0i5! cutarea argumentelor pentru confirmarea 1 infirmarea ipote(elor&
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 descoperirea unor relaii- legi- principii- teorii& compararea variantelor de re(olvare a situaiei-problem (analiBeaB3 arg10entele ;i contraarg10entele!5 alegerea soluiei optime- argumentarea i pre(entarea ei d& Activitatea profesorului i a elevilor confirmarea sau infirmarea soluiei; integrarea informaiilor noi n sistemul cuno tinelor anterioare a elevilor&
=8,818=8 Dem&nDtra#ia *emonstraia 4i4actic3 e2te 0eto4a 8rin care 0e2aE1l e2te tran20i2 ele=ilor 4e c3tre 8ro+e2or 8rin inter0e4i1l 1n1i 218ort 0aterial (nat1ral$ +ig1rati=$ 2i0Dolic! 2a1 8rintr-o ac*i1ne5 Tipuri de dem&nDtra#ii dup mi)l&acele utilizate 4e0on2tra*ie c1 oDiecte ;i +eno0ene a1tentice 4in nat1r3 ;i 2ocietateJ 4e0on2tra*ia 8rin ac*i1niJ 4e0on2tra*ii 8rin 21D2tit1te ale realit3*ii: 0ateriale tri4i0en2ionaleJ 0ateriale gra+ice (4e2ene 2cGe0atice$ carto2cGe0e etc!J 0ateriale cartogra+ice (G3r*i$ 8ro+ile$ Dloc4iagra0e$ 4iagra0e$ carto4iagra0e!J 0ateriale +otogra+ice (+otogra+ii$ 4ia8oBiti=e$ +il0e!J 0iEloace 2i0Dolice (2i0Dol1ri gra+ice$ n10erice$ cGi0ice!J 0iEloace logice (8ro8oBi*ionale! <n care 2e 1tiliBeaB3 1n co4 ling=i2ticJ 8rogra0e 8e calc1lator5 Met&d&l&'ia dem&nDtra#iei Pregtirea demonstraiei de ctre pofesor nainte de lecie c18rin4e: +or01larea oDiecti=1l1i o8era*ionalJ alegerea +eno0en1l1i 2a1 8roce21l1i care =a +i 4e0on2tratJ 4oc10entarea teoretic3 ;i 8ractic3J alegerea 0iEloacelor ;i 0aterialelor nece2areJ alegerea 8roce4eelor 2a1 teGnicilorJ e,ec1tarea 4e0on2tra*iei5 *emonstraia propriu-(is de ctre profesor n lecie c18rin4e: 2ti01larea 0oti=a*ieiJ co01nicarea oDiecti=1l1i =iBatJ en1n*area a4e=3r1l1i care =a +i 4o=e4itJ 8reBentarea 0aterialelor ;i 0iEloacelor 1tiliBate (nec1no2c1te!J e,ec1tarea ac*i1nii 2i01ltan c1 con41cerea oD2er=a*iei ;i ra*iona0ent1l1i ele=ilorJ 2i2te0atiBarea ;i +i,area c1no;tin*elorJ Participarea elevilor la demonstraie c18rin4e 4i=er2e acti=it3*i: 8ri=e2c 4e0on2tra*ia e+ect1at3 4e 8ro+e2orJ a2c1lt3 ;i r3281n4 la <ntreD3rile +or01lateJ +or01leaB3 <ntreD3ri ;i oD2er=a*iiJ noteaB3 <n caiete c1no;tin*ele noi5 Su'eDtii met&d&l&'ice pri!ind dem&nDtra#ia8 C>n4 e+ect130 4e0on2tra*ia ar +i Dine 23 re28ect30 an10ite cerin*e: 4e0on2tr30 <n a;a +el ca +iecare 23 oD2er=eJ 4e0on2tr30 <n 0o0ent1l logic <n care 2e aDor4eaB3 21Diect1l$ n1 la <nce81t1l lec*iei 4in criB3 4e ti08 2a1 la 2+>r;it1l lec*iei ca o reco08en23J 4e0on2tra*ia 8orne;te <ntot4ea1na 4e la en1n*area 1n1i a4e=3r (lege$ teorie$ 8rinci8i1! care e2te 4o=e4it 8rintr-o 2trategie 4e ti8 4e41cti=$ 8rin e=i4en*ierea a28ectelor +iBice$ ac*ionale ;i i4eatice e2en*iale ale realit3*ii5
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 oDiect1l e2te 8reBentat 4oar <n 0o0ent1l 4e0on2tra*iei 8entr1 a n1 4i2trage <nainte aten*ia ele=ilorJ 4183 8reBentarea oDiect1l1i la230 ti08 8entr1 +a0iliariBarea c1 ace2taJ 8reBentarea oDiect1l1i e2te 1r0at3 4e co01nicarea oDiecti=1l1i$ e,8licarea c1no;tin*elor noi$ con41cerea oD2er=a*iei ;i a ra*iona0ent1l1i ele=ilorJ e+icien*a <n=3*3rii 4e8in4e n1 4e oDiect1l <n 2ine$ ci 4e acti=it3*ile organiBate <n E1r1l ace2t1iaJ organiBarea logic3 a 8erce8erii oDiect1l1i c18rin4e o 21it3 4e eta8e: int1irea <ntreg1l1i$ analiBa co08onentelor$ re+acerea <ntreg1l1iJ 4183 4e0on2tra*ie$ ele=ii 8ri0e2c oDiectele 8entr1 8erce8erea ;i oD2er=area 8oli0o4al3 o8ti03 a lor (roci$ 0inerale$ 2e0in*e$ +o2ile$ 8lante 8re2ate!J n1 le o+eri0 21D2tan*e 8eric1loa2e 2a1 noci=e5 A!anta)ele %i deza!anta)ele dem&nDtra#iei Avanta:ele 21nt: 1tiliBarea ra*iona0ent1l1i 4e41cti= 8ornin4 4e la aD2tract 28re concretJ 8rin 1tiliBarea 0iEloacelor 4e <n=3*30>nt ele=ii <n*eleg corect$ 1;or ;i re8e4e +eno0enele ;i 8roce2ele 4in realitateJ antrenarea t1t1ror analiBatorilor <n c1noa;tere (8erce8*ie 8oli0o4al3!J ele=ii con=erte2c in+or0a*iile concrete 4e la ni=el1l 8erce8t1al <n no*i1ni$ legi 2a1 conce8te a8ar*in>n4 ni=el1l1i ra*ional (logic!5 *e(avanta:ele 21nt: ele=ii a1 atit14ine 8a2i=3$ 4e 2i08l3 <nti83rire a i0aginilor 2a1 4e +a0iliariBare c1 0o41l 4e e,ec1tare a ac*i1niiJ 8ro+e2or1l care 4e0on2treaB3 a4e=3r1l 4oar 21gereaB3 o8era*iile 0intale 8rin care 2e aE1nge la elaDorarea no*i1nilor5 Aplica#ii- C10 organiBa*i$ 8a2 c1 8a2$ 4e0on2tra*ia c1 oDiecte 4in realitateH C10 organiBa*i concret$ 8a2 c1 8a2$ 4e0on2tra*ia c1 21D2tit1te ale realit3*iiH =8,81838 Experimentul E%perimentul e2te o 0eto43 4e cercetare ;i o 0eto43 4i4actic3 4e e,8lorare 4irect3 a realit3*ii <n care 2e 8ro=oac3 inten*ionat 1n +eno0en 2a1 8roce2 <n con4i*ii 4eter0inate$ c1 2co81l 4e2co8eririi e2en*ei ace2t1ia ;i a legilor care-l 4eter0in3$ 8entr1 =eri+icarea 1nor i8oteBe5 )entr1 ancorarea lec*iei 4e geogra+ie <n realitate organiB30 e,8eri0ente <n caDinet$ <n teren1l geogra+ic ori in=e2tig30 4irect 8roce2e geogra+ice F Re,8eri0enteR reale F e+ect1ate 2a1 <n c1r2 4e 4e2+3;1rare$ gsite <n 0e4i1l <nconE1r3tor5 In lec*ie ele=ii e,8eri0enteaB3 la 0o0ent1l o8ort1n$ 21D control1l 8er0anent al no2tr1$ +3r3 a c1noa;te reB1ltat1l$ 4oar 8ro+e2or1l c1noa;te reB1ltat1l5 Su'eDtii pri!ind met&d&l&'ia experimentului Pregtirea e%perimentului 4e c3tre 8ro+e2or c18rin4e: 2taDilirea oDiecti=elor o8era*ionaleJ 4oc10entareaJ 8roiectarea e,8eri0ent1l1iJ alegerea a8aratelor ;i in2tr10entelor nece2areJ e+ect1area e,8eri0ent1l1i 8entr1 a2ig1rarea re1;iteiJ elaDorarea +i;elor 4e acti=itate e,8eri0ental3 8entr1 +iecare ele= 2a1 gr18J 2taDilirea 8roDelor 4e e=al1are 8entr1 a =eri+ica realiBarea oDiecti=elor e,8eri0ent1l1i5 'ugestii pentru demersul didactic al e%perimentului n lecie& Eta8ele 4e2+3;1r3rii 1nei acti=it3*i e,8eri0entale <n lec*ie ar 81tea +i: Pre(entarea unui fenomen sau a unui proces
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 +ormularea unei ntrebri cau(ale (Din ce ca1B3 2-a 8ro412H! Comunicarea obiectivelor urmrite i argumentarea importanei e%perimentuluiJ "bservarea i anali(area unor fapte generice reale 2a1 re8ro412e5 In+or0a*iile calitati=e ;i cantitati=e 21nt colectate <ntr-1n 8rotocol i0e4iat 4183 oD2er=are ;i analiB3 21D +or03 4e 4e2crieri =erDale conci2e$ 4e2ene$ 2cGi*e$ taDele c1 4ate ale caracteri2ticilor oD2er=ate5 Ele=ii <ntoc0e2c 8rotocol1l 4e oD2er=a*ie c1 aE1tor1l no2tr15 In analiBa +a8telor generice ele=ii +or01leaB3 0ai 01lte 8roDle0e$ 4in care 2elec*ion30 1na 8entr1 2ol1*ionare ;i e,8lic30 0oti=ele 4eciBiei5 +ormularea ipote(ei 1 ipote(elor care =or +i con+ir0ate K in+ir0ate 8rin e,8eri0ent 2a1 re+or01late 1lterior5 Ipote(a e2te o 8re2181nere 2a1 o e,8licare 8ro=iBorie$ en1n*at3 8e DaBa 1nor +a8te 2a1 legi c1no2c1te$ c1 8ri=ire la an10ite cone,i1ni <ntre +eno0ene$ la ca1Ba ;i 0ecani201l intern care le 8ro41ce5 In e,8eri0ent1l organiBat <n lec*ie$ i8oteBa 2e re+er3 la e,i2ten*a 1nor oDiecte$ a caracteri2ticilor lor$ la ca1Ba ;i con4i*iile <n care 2e 8ro41ce +eno0en1l5 AnaliB30 toate i8oteBele 4e l1cr1 +or01late 4e ele=i in4e8en4ent 2a1 c1 aE1tor1l no2tr15 Proiectarea etapelor e%perimentului- a modului de lucru i preci(area condiiilor didactice i te"nologice5 )ro81ne0 0ai 01lte 8roce4ee 4e l1cr1$ iar ele=ii <l aleg 8e cel o8ti05 React1aliB30 c1no;tin*ele nece2are <n 4e2+3;1rarea e,8eri0ent1l1i5 Ele=ii 2e +a0iliariBeaB3 c1 a8arat1ra ;i K 2a1 in2tr10entele ;i <n=a*3 23 le 0ane=reBe5 In e,8eri0ent 1tiliB30 o a8arat1r3 2i08l3 la care 2e =e4e ceea ce intr3 ;i ce ie2e$ n1 4e ti8 cutie neagr5 StaDili0 0o41l 4e colectare a in+or0a*iilor (8rin oD2er=are$ 8rin 0321rare!$ 4e 2i2te0atiBare a 4atelor <n 8rotocol1l 4e oD2er=a*ie$ 4e 8rel1crare ;i inter8retare a reB1ltatelor5 St14i1l 2tati2tic al reB1ltatelor =iBeaB3 con+ir0area K in+ir0area i8oteBei +or01late5 Efectuarea e%perimentului 21D <n4r10area noa2tr35 Si01ltan c1 e,8eri0entarea$ ele=ii oD2er=3 ;i con2e0neaB3 +eno0enele 2e0ni+icati=e 8ro412e5 Herificarea i comparea re(ultatelor; +ormularea conclu(iilor tiinifice5 F&rme de &r'anizare a experimentului "n lec#ie E%perimentul demonstrativ e2te e+ect1at 4e c3tre 8ro+e2or c>n4 n1 e,i2t3 a8arat1r3 ;i 0ateriale 21+iciente 2a1 c>n4 nece2it3 aDilit3*i 4eo2eDite ;i 0321ri 4e 8rotec*ie5 Ele=ii co08leteaB3 8rotocol1l 4e oD2er=a*ie 2i2te0atic$ 4183 1n 8lan$ 21D <n4r10area noa2tr35 C>n4 +or01l3rile n1 21nt e,acte$ re+or01l30 in+or0a*iile5 E%perimentul frontal5 To*i ele=ii$ <n gr18 2a1 in4i=i41al$ e+ect1eaB3 acela;i e,8eri0ent$ <n acela;i rit0$ 21D <n4r10area 4irect3 a noa2tr3 2a1 8rin inter0e4i1l 1nei +i;e 4e acti=itate e,8eri0ental35 E%perimentul pe grupe& Aiecare gr18 +ace 1n alt e,8eri0ent5 D183 ce ele=ii 4e la 1n atelier e+ect1eaB3 1n e,8eri0ent$ trec la alt1l5 E,8eri0entarea 8e gr18e c1 ni=ele o0ogene i081ne 4i+eren*ierea acti=it3*ii <n ca4r1l acel1ia;i e,8eri0ent: acor4area 1nor 8erioa4e 4e ti08 4i+erite 8entr1 e+ect1area 1nor 2arcini i4entice$ 2taDilirea 1nor 2arcini c1 gra4 4e 4i+ic1ltate 4i+erit5 )entr1 co08ararea reB1ltatelor +i,30 7 F % gr18e care a1 acelea;i 2arcini5 Ele=ii co08ar3 reB1ltatele 4183
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e+ect1area e,8eri0entelor5 Dac3 reB1ltatele 4i+er3$ <n2ea0n3 c3 e,i2t3 erori <n +or01larea i8oteBei$ <n e,ec1tarea e,8eri0ent1l1i 2a1 <n 8rel1crarea ;i inter8retarea in+or0a*iilor5 St14iile a+ir03 c3$ 4ac3 <n +iecare gr18 ni=el1l e2te eterogen$ ele=ii c1 lac1ne n1 le co08leteaB3$ 21nt 8a2i=i$ n1 2e i08lic3$ 4ar 4ac3 <n +iecare gr18 ni=el1l e2te o0ogen$ +iecare e2te oDligat 23 2e i08lice <n 2ol1*ionarea 8roDle0ei5 E+ect1area e,8eri0ent1l1i <n gr181ri 4e % F & ele=i are a=antaE1l c3 ei <n=a*3 23 colaDoreBe$ e0it o8inii 4i+erite$ le arg10enteaB3$ aleg 2ol1*ia o8ti035 Aplicaie8 E,8eri0entarea +or03rii c1ren*ilor oceanici& Din ce ca1B3 2e 8ro41c c1ren*ii oceaniciH I8oteBe 8la1BiDile: 4in ca1Ba =>nt1l1iJ 4in ca1Ba 0i;c3rii 4e rota*ie a )30>nt1l1iJ E,8eri0ent 8ractic : - C10 81te0 re8ro41ce <n laDorator =>nt1lH (21+l30 c1 aE1tor1l 1n1i t1D! - C10 81te0 oD2er=a <ntr-1n =a2 c1 a83 c3 2-a1 +or0at c1ren*i at1nci c>n4 21+l30H (81ne0 8lante 12cate ;i 03r1n*ite la 218ra+a*a a8ei 4intr-1n =a2 circ1lar! C>te 4oi ele=i 21+l3 4in 4irec*ii o812e$ 8rin t1D1ri 21D*iri$ la 0arginea 1n1i =a2 8lin c1 a83 8entr1 a 0o4ela aliBeele5 Se oD2er=3 c10 2e +or0eaB3 4oi c1ren*i circ1lari 2i0ilari circ1itelor c1ren*ilor 4in "cean1l Atlantic5 =8,8=8 Met&de de inDtruire bazate pe ac#iune =8,8=8,8 Exerci#iul E%erciiul e2te o 0eto43 4i4actic3 DaBat3 8e ac*i1ne a1tentic3$ 4e e+ect1are con;tient3 ;i re8etat3 a 1nor ac*i1ni intelect1ale ;i K 2a1 0otrice$ 8entr1 <n21;irea 1nor co08orta0ente care 8er0it e,ec1tarea 8reci23 a 1nei ac*i1ni 2a1 4oD>n4irea 1nor co08orta0ente c1 caracter 4e crea*ie5 )rin 1tiliBarea e,erci*iilor <n lec*ie 1r03ri0 : +or0area deprinderilor / 83r*i a1to0atiBate ale acti=it3*ii$ ire=er2iDile$ <n4re8tate 28re acela;i reB1ltat$ relati= iBolat 4e celelalte con41iteJ e+ect1area operaiilor F acte intelect1ale interioriBate$ c1 caracter re=er2iDil$ a2ociati=$ care 21nt reg>n4ite <n +or03 2e0ni+icati=3 2a1 co0Dinate <n 2tr1ct1ri co08le,e ;i care 28arg ti8arele rigi4e ale 1nei 4e8rin4eri ;i n1 8er0it reBol=area 1nei 8roDle0e 8rintr-1n 8roce4e1 0ecanic5 E+ect1area o8era*iilor 8er0ite e,ec1tarea lor <n a0Dele 2en21ri 4atorit3 caracter1l1i lor re=er2iDil ;i a2ociati= (in=er2area o8era*iilor!: analiBa K 2inteB3$ 4e2co081nere K re1nire$ e,tra8olare K intra8olare$ 4e0ontare K rea2a0Dlare etc5 <n21;irea te"nicilor de e%ecuie- 8rin re8etare ;i tran2+er$ a a1to0ati20elor c1 caracter re8ro41cti= 8entr1 a le e,ec1ta 1;or$ ra8i4$ 2ig1r$ 8reci2$ corect$ c1 econo0ie 4e e+ort intelect1al ;i +iBicJ 4oD>n4irea 1nor 8roce4ee ;i 0eto4e c1 caracter in=enti=$ ino=ator$ creati=$ a 1nor +or0e ;i 2ol1*ii ine4ite5 Tipuri de exerci#ii dup forma de organi(are a activitii8 in4i=i41ale$ +rontale$ <n 8erecGi$ 4e ecGi83 2a1 gr18J dup gradul de comple%itate8 2i08le$ 2e0ico08le,e$ co08le,eJ
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 dup gradul de intervenie a profesorului8 4iriEate (4e ti8 algorit0iBat$ DaBate 8e e,ec1tarea re8etat3 a 1n1i co08orta0ent 4e2cri2 <n ter0eni algorit0ici$ a4ic3 c1 4eter0inarea rig1roa23 a o8era*iilor 4e e+ect1at ;i a 21cce2i1nilor 28eci+ice!$ 2e0i4iriEate (2e0i-algorit0iBate! ;i a1to4iriEate (liDere!J dup operaia intelectual vi(at8 4e oD2er=are$ 4e 0e0orare 0ecanic3$ 4e 0e0orare$ 4e a2ociere$ 4e analiB3$ 4e co08arare$ 4e generaliBare$ 4e cla2i+icare$ 4e 2inteB3 etcJ dup funcia ndeplinit n nvare8 4e 4oD>n4ire a c1no;tin*elor 2a1 8roce41rilor (4e ini*iere K intro41cti=e K 4e aco0o4are$ corecti=e!$ 4e +i,are a c1no;tin*elor 2a1 8roce41rilor (4e con2oli4are$ reca8it1lati=e$ a8licati=e!$ 4e e=al1are5 dup forma de e%primare8 4e e,8ri0are oral3 (<ntreD3ri K r3281n21ri$ 4i2c1r21ri!$ 4e e,8ri0are 2cri23 (reB10ate$ 2cGi*e logice$ re*ea 4e no*i1ni$ 2inteBe$ caracteriB3ri$ cla2i+ic3ri$ co08ara*ii$ re8ortaEe geogra+ice$ 4e2crieri geogra+ice$ 8lan 4e ac*i1ne$ inter8ret3ri 4e 4oc10ente etc5!$ 4e e,8ri0are gra+ic3 (4e2ene 2cGe0atice$ 4iagra0e$ 8ro+ile$ 8o2tere!$ 4e e,8ri0are cartogra+ic3 (carto2cGe0e$ G3r*i!$ 4e e,8ri0are +otogra+ic3 (+otogra+ii$ 4ia8oBiti=e$ colaEe 4e +otogra+ii! etc5 dup gradul de corectitudine8 corecte$ 8ar*ial corecte$ gre;iteJ dup limba:ul utili(at8 =erDale$ 2cri2e$ gra+ice$ +otogra+ice$ 2i0Dolice$ Su'eDtii met&d&l&'ice pri!ind demerDul didactic al exerci#iil&r Proiectarea activitii c18rin4e: +or01larea oDiecti=elor o8era*ionaleJ alegerea 218ort1l1i teoretic 8entr1 reBol=area e,erci*iilor (c1no;tin*e$ reg1li$ 8rinci8ii$ con4i*ii!J alegerea 2a1 alc3t1irea e,erci*iilor =ariate ca +or03$ gra4 4e 4i+ic1ltate ;i co08le,itate$ ca 0o4 4e e,ec1*ieJ 2taDilirea +or0ei 4e organiBare a acti=it3*ii (8e gr18e$ <n 8erecGi$ +rontale$ in4i=i41ale!J elaDorarea +i;elor 4e l1cr1 c1 e,erci*ii5 Tabel =8A8 De0er21l 4i4actic 4e integrare a e,erci*i1l1i <n lec*ie
Acti!itatea pr& eD&rului 8reBentarea 4ec18aE1l1i 4in realitate 8entr1 2ti01larea 0oti=a*iei intrin2eci 2it1area e,erci*i1l1i <ntr-1n conte,t 2e0ni+icati= co01nicarea oDiecti=elor concrete act1aliBarea c1no;tin*elor nece2are reBol=3rii 4e0on2trarea 0o41l1i 4e reBol=are a e,erci*i1l1i e,8licarea 0o41l1i 4e reBol=are 2a1 e,ec1*ie a e,erci*iilor 8e eta8e r3281n4e la <ntreD3rile ele=ilor 2a1 le re4irec*ioneaB3 organiBeaB3 2it1a*ia 4e e,er2areKreBol=are a e,erci*iilor Acti!itatea ele!il&r 8erce8 ;i <n*eleg 2it1a*ia act1al3 con;tientieaB3 nec1noa;terea 2ol1*iei analiBa ;i <n*elegerea oDiecti=elor concrete act1aliBarea c1no;tin*elor nece2are reBol=3rii 8erce8erea reBol=3rii e,erci*i1l1i 8e an2a0Dl1 co4i+ic3 ac*i1nile +iec3rei eta8e +or01leaB3 <ntreD3ri a218ra neclarit3*ilor a2c1lt3 2a1 r3281n4 la <ntreD3ri

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 oD2er=3 e,ec1tarea 2a1 reBol=area e,erci*iilor corecteaB3 erorile e=al1area reB1ltatelor

reBol=3 2a1 e,er2eaB3 e,erci*iile oD2er=3 e,ec1tarea 2a1 reBol=area e,erci*iilor corecteaB3 erorile e=al1area reB1ltatelor

Aten*ion30 ele=ii c3 1n original gre;it 4eter0in3 o <n=3*are 4e+ect1oa23$ iar 4eB=3*area e2te 0ai 4i+icil3 4ec>t <n=3*area5 )entr1 a2ig1rarea e+icien*ei <n=3*3rii a2ig1r30 e,erci*ii: =ariate ca gra4 4e 4i+ic1ltate$ 0o4 4e reBol=are$ o8era*ii 0entale acti=ateJ or4onate 4183 gra41l 4e 4i+ic1ltate ;i co08le,itateJ oDligatorii ;i +ac1ltati=eJ 1tile <n =ia*3J re8etate corect$ 4e c>te=a ori ;i la inter=ale o8ti0e 4e ti08J In=3*area 8rin e,erci*ii e2te +or0al3: c>n4 e,erci*iile 21nt e,ec1tate gre;itJ c>n4 e,erci*i1l 2e re41ce la re8etarea 0ecanic3 ;i in21+icient con;tientiBat3 a reg1lilor$ legilor$ 4e+ini*iilor$ a ac*i1nilor ;i la <n21;irea lor ca a1to0ati20e (8roce2e 4e 8re2c1rtare a g>n4irii!J c>n4 ele=ii 4oD>n4e2c reac*ii 2tereoti8e$ 4e8rin4eri rigi4e care-i tran2+or03 <n roDo*i9J c>n4 n1 re1;e2c 23 ra8orteBe c1no;tin*ele <n21;ite 4ec>t la acelea;i e,e08le ;i 2it1a*ii 8reBentate <n 0an1al 2a1 4e c3tre 8ro+e2or5 =8,8=8*8 L&cul didactic Jocul didactic e2te o 0eto43 4e <n=3*30>nt DaBat3 8e ac*i1ne ;i 2i01lare5 Jocul e2te o acti=itate 10an3 1r03rit3 8rin ea <n23;i$ +3r3 1n 2co8 0aterial 2a1 1til =iBiDil$ 4e2+3;1rat3 4183 reg1li Dene=ol acce8tate$ acti=itate care genereaB3 e0o*ii 8oBiti=e ;i 2ati2+ace ne=oia 4e 8l3cere ;i 4e2tin4ere a in4i=i41l1i5 )rin nat1ra ;i originea 2a$ Eoc1l e2te 1n +eno0en Diologic$ el +iin4 8reBent <n l10ea ani0al3 <n 4i=er2e +or0e$ 4ar la ni=el 10an 8ri0e;te$ <n 8l12$ conota*ii 2ocio-c1lt1rale5 La ni=el 8ri0ar$ 8rin Eoc 2e realiBeaB3 interioriBarea l10ii e,terne$ iar 8rin con+r1ntarea c1 reg1lile ;i 2arcinile Eoc1l1i$ co8il1l con;tientiBeaB3 8ro8ri1l 8oten*ial$ li0ita 2a 4e 0o0ent$ 2e 0ani+e2t3 8ri0ele ten4in*e 4e a1to4e83;ire <n 8lan cogniti=$ a+ecti=0oti=a*ional ;i ac*ional5 Me4i1l <n care tr3ie;te o01l 4e=ine 8rin Eoc$ ca 0iEloc e41cati=$ 1n 0e4i1 c1lt1ral$ iar o01l 4e=ine +iin*3 c1lt1ral35 D183 ce a1 e,i2tat ti08 <n4el1ngat <ntr-o rela*ie a8arte 4e 2i0DioB3$ Eoc1l ;i e41ca*ia 2e 2e8ar3$ 1lti0a 4e=enin4 1n ti8 28ecial 4e 8ractic3 2ocial35 "01l 8ri0e;te 8rin in2tr1c*ia ;colar3$ <ntr-1n 0o4 0ai ra*ional$ 0ai organiBat ;i 2tr1ct1rat$ <ntr-1n ti08 0ai 2c1rt ;i <ntr-o 0anier3 0ai e+icient3 c1no;tin*ele nece2are 4eB=olt3rii 2ale5 In a 4o1a E103tate a 2ecol1l1i WW 2e <ncearc3 rec18erarea 4i0en2i1nii l14ice a +eno0en1l1i e41ca*ional5 Func#iile )&cului8 (oc1l 21D210eaB3 an10ite +1nc*ii$ co08le0entare ;i con=ergente ca 2en2 c1 cele ale +eno0en1l1i e41ca*ional: funcia adaptativ8 co8il1l interioriBeaB3 realitatea +iBic3 ;i 2ocial3$ a4a8t>n41-2e$ la 1n ni=el in+erior$ ace2toraJ funcia formativ- 4e act1aliBare a 8oten*ial1l ;i re21r2elor 82iGice ale co8il1l1i$ 4e 4eB=oltare a 8er2onalit3*iiJ 4e 4eB=oltare a g>n4irii$ 0e0oriei$ i0agina*iei$ li0DaE1l1i$ a co08orta0ent1l1i a+ecti=-0oti=a*ional ;i =ol1ntarJ funcia informativ- 4e tran20itere a c1no;tin*elorJ
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 funcia de sociali(are$ 4e interioriBare ;i tran281nere <n 8lan co08orta0ental a e,igen*elor =ie*ii 2ociale5 Tipuri de )&curi E,i2t3 4i+erite criterii 8entr1 cla2i+icarea Eoc1rilor (=eBi I5$ CergGit$ I5$ Neac;1$ <n *idactica$ coor45$ D5$ Sala4e$ 1/@7$ 8ag51%& F 1%?! : dup &biecti!ele pri&ritare- 2enBoriale (a14iti=e$ =iB1ale$ 0otorii$ tactile!$ 4e oD2er=are (a 0e4i1l1i nat1ral$ 2ocial etc5!$ 4e 4eB=oltare a li0DaE1l1i$ 4e 2ti01lare a c1noa;terii interacti=eJ dup c&n#inutul inDtruirii- 0ate0atice$ 01Bicale$ teGnologice (4e a8lica*ii$ 4e con2tr1c*ii teGnice etc!$ 28orti=e$ literare K ling=i2ticeJ dup &rma de exprimare- 2i0Dolice$ 4e orientare$ 4e 2en2iDiliBare$ conce8t1ale$ Eoc1ri F gGicitori$ 4e c1=inte <ncr1ci;ateJ dup reDurDele &l&Dite- 0ateriale$ orale$ 8e DaB3 4e <ntreD3ri$ 8e DaB3 4e +i;e in4i=i41ale$ 8e calc1latorJ dup re'ulile inDtituite- c1 reg1li tran20i2e 8rin tra4i*ie$ c1 reg1li in=entate$ 28ontane$ 8rotocolareJ dup c&mpeten#ele pDiE&l&'ice Dtimulate- 4e 0i;care$ 4e oD2er=a*ie$ 4e aten*ie$ 4e 0e0orie$ 4e g>n4ire$ 4e i0agina*ie$ 4e li0DaE$ 4e crea*ie5 (5R5 MoPle2 (1/@/! i4enti+ic3 trei categorii 4e Eoc1ri 1tiliBate <n ;coal3: Eoc1ri 82iGo0otorii: Eoc1ri 4e con2tr1c*ieK4eBa2a0Dlare$ Eoc1ri 4e coor4onare a 0i;c3rilor$ Eoc1ri 4e 0ani81lare oDiect1al3J Eoc1ri intelect1ale: Eoc1ri ling=i2tice$ Eoc1ri ;tiin*i+ice$ Eoc1ri 4e creati=itate$ Eoc1ri logico-0ate0aticeJ Eoc1ri 2ociale: Eoc1ri 4e co08eti*ie$ Eoc1ri 4e rol$ Eoc1ri 4e coo8erare5 Su'eDtii met&d&l&'ice pentru utilizarea )&cului "n lec#ia de 'e&'ra ie Pregtirea :ocului nainte de lecie c18rin4e: +i,area oDiecti=elor o8era*ionaleJ alegerea Eoc1l1iJ 2electarea ele0entelor 4e con*in1t 4e2tinate Eoc1l1iJ 2taDilirea +or0ei ;i 0o41l1i 4e organiBareJ 2taDilirea reg1lilor ;i rol1rilorJ co01nicarea <nainte 4e lec*ie a oDiecti=elor Eoc1l1i$ a ele0entelor 4e con*in1t$ a +or0ei 4e organiBare$ a 0o41l1i 4e 4e2+3;1rareJ5 Integrarea :ocului n scenariul activitii i08lic3: organiBarea ele=ilor 8e ecGi8e 2a1 8erecGi$ 2taDilirea rol1rilor$ co01nicarea reg1lilor ;i a 0o41l1i 4e 4e2+3;1rareJ 4e2+3;1rarea Eoc1l1iJ analiBa Eoc1l1i5 Tem- )reBenta*i c10 organiBa*i 8a2 c1 8a2 1n Eoc 4i4actic <ntr-o lec*ie 4e geogra+ie5 =8,8=818 Al'&ritmizarea Algoritmi(area e2te 0eto4a 4e <n=3*30>nt 8rin care 8re4area-<n=3*area 2e +ace 8rin inter0e4i1l1i 1nei 2cGe0e algorit0ice 4e ac*i1ne 2a1 8re2cri8*ie algorit0ic3$ 8roiectat3 ;i 4e2+3;1rat3 <n 2en2 1ni=oc5 Algoritmul re8reBint3 o an2a0Dl1 2tan4ar4iBat 4e reg1li$ 2i0Dol1ri (+or01le$ co41ri!$ con4i*ii$ ra*iona0ente$ o8eratori ;i 8roce41ri$ care con41c garantat la

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oD*inerea 2ol1*iei corecte 8rintr-1n n103r +init 4e 8a;i 2a1 la reBol=area 1nei 2arcini 4e 8re4are-<n=3*are5 Ei 2e caracteriBeaB3 8rin trei note e2en*iale: - 21cce2i1nea 1ni=oc 4eter0inat3 a eta8elor (o8era*iilor!J - =alaDilitatea lor 8entr1 1n an10it ti8 2a1 cla23 4e 8roDle0eJ - realiBarea c1 certit14inea a 2arcinii 8ro812e5 Deoarece algorit0ii ;i 4e0er21l algorit0ic 8re2181n o 21cce2i1ne relati= +i,3 a o8era*iilor$ ele=1l <;i <n21;e;te c1no;tin*e 8rin 8arc1rgerea 1nei c3i 8re2taDilite$ <n ti08 ce <n 4e0er21l e1ri2tic <n=3*area 2e 8ro41ce 8rin c31tarea 8ro8rie a c1no;tin*elor ;i 4e2co8erirea 1nor c3i ine4ite 4e reBol=are a 8roDle0elor5 De0er21l 4e 4e2co8erire a algorit0ilor i08lic3 8roce4ee e1ri2tice 4e c31tare a c3ilor 4e reBol=are5 D183 ce ele=1l <n=a*3 1n algorit0 4e l1cr1 are 8o2iDilitatea 23-l re2tr1ct1reBe ;i 23-l 2i08li+ice ori 8oate 4e2co8eri alte 4e0er21ri 0ai e+iciente 4e reBol=are5 Din 81nct 4e =e4ere 82iGologic$ <n eta8a 4e <n=3*are a 4e0er21l1i algorit0ic$ 8rin e,erci*ii 2e +or0eaB3 o deprindere (ac*i1ne a1to0atiBat3 a 1nei acti=it3*i co08le,e!$ iar <n eta8a <n care ele=1l e2te ca8aDil 23 re2tr1ct1reBe 1n algorit0 2a1 23-l 8er+ec*ioneBe 4o=e4e;te c3 a 4oD>n4it o pricepere (ca8acitatea 4e a a8lica c1no;tin*ele ;i 4e8rin4erile <n con4i*ii =ariaDile!5 De0er21l 4i4actic al algorit0iB3rii i08lic3 8arc1rgerea 1nor etape: - alegerea (conce8erea! algorit01l1i 4e c3tre 8ro+e2or 2a1 ele= core281nB3tor ne=oilor reBol=3rii 1nei an10ite 8roDle0e 2a1 realiB3rii 1nei 2arcini 4e l1cr1J - analiBa caracteri2ticilor algorit01l1i corelat3 c1 ne=oile ac*i1niiJ - a8licarea algorit01l1i <n e,erci*ii 8ractice (e=ent1al e,8eri0entale!5 Intr-1n algorit0 <nce8e0 oDligatori1 c1 8ri0a o8era*ie 0en*ionat3$ n1 <n 2en2 in=er2 ;i n1 23ri0 8e2te o8era*ii5 Dac3 gre;i0 o o8era*ie$ cele ce 1r0eaB3 =or +i gre;ite cGiar 4ac3 e+ect130 corect calc1lele5 In ace2t caB e2te ne=oie 23 ne re<ntoarce0 la o8era*iile anterioare 8entr1 a 4e8i2ta gre;eala5 E%emplu: )entr1 calc1larea longit14inii ora;1l1i Var;o=ia c1 aE1tor1l G3r*ii 4in RAtla21l geogra+ic ;colarR$ 1tiliB30 1r03tor1l algorit0: Tra230 c1 creion1l 8aralela ;i 0eri4ian1l 81nct1l1i ora;1l1i Var;o=ia$ <n interior1l re*elei cartogra+ice5 M321r30 c1 rigla 4i2tan*a <ntre 0eri4ianele 4e 77 ;i 7' ("D*ine0 77 c0!5 M321r30 c1 rigla 4i2tan*a 4intre 0eri4ian1l 4e 7' ;i 0eri4ian1l ora;1l1i Var;o=ia ("D*ine0 1? 00! A8lic30 Rreg1la 4e trei 2i08l3R: RDac3 8entr1 <ntreaga l1ngi0e a 8aralelei 4e ?7 $ <ntre 0eri4ianele 4e 7' ;i 77 $ la 77 00 core281n4 .'_ - .'_ M 17'_$ 8entr1 l1ngi0ea 2eg0ent1l1i 4e 1? 00 core281n4: 77 00 5555555555555555555555555555555555555555517'_ 1? 00 555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555,_ , M 1`71_ Longit14inea 81nct1l1i ora;1l1i Var;o=ia e2te 4e 71` 71_5 Tipuri de al'&ritmi a8 9n unc#ie de &rma l&r- reg1li 4e calc1lJ - reg1li 4e ac*i1neJ
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- 2cGe0e 4e 4e2+3;1rare a 1nei ac*i1ni teoretice 2a1 8ractico-a8licati=e (M321rarea te08erat1rii aer1l1i c1 ter0o0etr1l 4e 0ini03!J - in2tr1ctaEe orale 2a1 2cri2e (S1Dlinia*i titl1l c1 o linie 4rea8t3J Dac3 a8recia*i corect3 8ro8oBi*ia$ <ncerc1i*i litera A5! - E14ec3*ile 2a1 8ro8oBi*iile - ra*iona0enteleJ - +or01leleJ - 8roce4eele 2a1 8roce41rileJ b8 9n unc#ie de inalitatea urmrit exiDt- algorit0i 4e 8erce8ere$ 4e <n*elegere$ 4e generaliBare$ 4e 2i2te0atiBare a c1no;tin*elor$ c10 21nt no*i1nile$ E14ec3*ile$ ra*iona0entele$ +or01lele etcJ - algorit0i 4e rec1noa;tere$ a;a c10 21nt reg1lile 4e 2taDilire a 1n1i an10it ti8 4e 8roDle0e la o cla23 c1no2c1t3 4e 8roDle0e 8e DaBa 1n1i 2i2te0 4e reg1li ;i ra*iona0ente (i8otetice$ 4e calc1l$ 4e 8roiectare$ a8licati=e$ 4e in=e2tiga*ie etc!J - algorit0i 4e reBol=are 2a1 e,ec1*ie$ care con*in 1n 2i2te0 4e in4ica*ii$ 8re2cri8*ii$ reg1li ;i ra*iona0ente$ c1 aE1tor1l c3rora ele=1l reBol=3 1n e,erci*i1$ o 8roDle03 2a1 e+ect1eaB3 a acti=itate 8ractic35 De e,e08l1: teore0a l1i )itagora$ reg1lile 4e e,tragere a r343cinii 83trate$ 8re2cri8*iile 4e +olo2ire a calc1lator1l1i etcJ - algorit0i o8ti0ali c1 aE1tor1l c3rora 2e alege 2ol1*ia o8ti03 4e reBol=are teoretic3 a 8ractic3 a 1nei 8roDle0e 4intr-o 2erie 4e alternati=e 8o2iDileJ - algorit0i 4e re8etare$ care 2e DaBeaB3 8e an10ite reg1li 4e tran2+or0are a ac*i1nilor <n re+le,e$ <n 4e8rin4eri$ <n 8rice8eri$ <n aDilit3*i intelect1ale 2a1 0otrice etc5 -algorit0i 4e 8rogra0are$ care +olo2e2c li0DaEe 4e 8rogra0are ;i co41ri 4e 4ialogare c1 calc1lator1l etc5 Exemple de al'&ritmi a8 6r&p&zi#ia G)udecataH re8reBint3 1n 0o4el logic al rela*iei ca rela*ie ()5QoteBat1$ 1//C$ 8ag5 ?1!5 'ome ul este un ru& Hulcanul este n erupie& 4ceanul Pacific este mai adnc dect 4ceanul Atlantic& )ro8oBi*ia 2a1 E14ecata e2te +or0at3 4in ter0eni 2a1 conce8te 2a1 no*i1ni (So0e;1l$ r>1$ =1lcan1l$ er18*ie$ "cean1l )aci+ic$ a4>nc$ "cean1l Atlantic! ;i rela*ia 4intre ter0eni5 Ter0enii con2tan*i 2e n10e2c constante logice$ iar ter0enii =ariaDili$ variabile logice5 Ter0en1l$ ele0ent1l 0aterial 2a1 oDiect1l 4e28re care 2e a+ir03 2a1 2e neag3 ce=a 2e n10e;te Dubiect l&'ic ('ome ul- vulcanul!5 No*i1nea care re8reBint3 8ro8rietatea 2a1 rela*ia 2e n10e;te predicat l&'ic 2a1 element Dtructural (ru- n erupie!5 E,8ri0area +a8t1l1i c3 8ro8rietatea a8ar*ine 2a1 n1 oDiect1l1i 2e +ace 8rin c&pul (este!5 Co81la are 4o13 +1nc*ii <n 8ro8oBi*ie: leag3 cei 4oi ter0eni <ntr-o 1nitate 4e g>n4ire ;i a2erteaB3 (a+ir03 2a1 neag3! 8ro8oBi*ia5 )ro8oBi*iile logice n1 21nt co8iate integral <n 0e0orie$ ci 21nt re8reBentate 21D +or03 4e 1nit3*i con2tit1ite 4in 2i2te0e 4e 2e0ne$ n10ite DcEeme (<n l1cr3rile anglo+one!$ reprezentri tip (<n l1cr3rile +ranco+one! 2a1 Dtructuri de cun&%tin#e

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'enerice5 )ro8oBi*iile 2i08le 21nt$ ca 2tr1ct1r3$ 2cGe0e 2a1 +1nc*ii 8ro8oBi*ionale 4e +or0a: R (,$ P$ B$ 555! 2a1 R , P B 555 R e2te !ariabila de rela#ie (=ariaDila 8re4icati=3!$ ;iK2a1 21nt &pera#iile care e,i2t3 <ntre =ariaDilele 4e ter0eni 2a1 arg10ente$ iar xFMFz etc 21nt !ariabilele de termeni (=ariaDilele in4i=i41ale! 2a1 arg10entele5 )ro8oBi*ia 2e re8reBint3 ca o +1nc*ie 0ate0atic3$ 4eoarece 8re4icat1l e2te <n +1nc*ie 4e 21Diect$ +iin4 o 8ro8rietate a ace2t1ia5 VariaDilelor 2e 8ot atriD1i =alori RgeneraleR5 Literele 1tiliBate <n li0DaE1l 2i0DoliBat 21nt n10ite =ariaDile 4eoarece re8reBint3 to*i ter0enii 2a1 toate oDiectele care +ac 8arte 4in 4o0eni1l 4e =aria*ie a =ariaDilei re28ecti=e ;i 4eci 8ot +i <nloc1ite 4e oricare 4intre ace;tia5 In 2cGe0a x este MF 4ac3 2cGi0D30 =ariaDilele x ;i M oD*ine0 o in+initate 4e 8ro8oBi*ii 8artic1lare: Clu:ul este un municipiu; $untele este o form de relief& In 2cGe0a x este mai adnc dect MF 8rin <nloc1irea =ariaDilelor x ;i M oD*ine0: 'ome ul $ic este mai adnc dect Arie ul; 2acul Eai)al este mai adnc dect lacul ,a(im& )ot +i 1tiliBate ;i 0ai 01lte =ariaDile: 4ceanul Pacific i 4ceanul Atlantic sunt mai adnci dect 4ceanul Indian i 4ceanul Arctic& )entr1 ca ele=1l 23 <n*eleag3 2a1 23 re8reBinte o no13 2cGe03$ el treD1ie 23 8o2e4e 2tocat3 <n 0e0orie o 2cGe03 a8ro8iat3 ;i conce8tele care 8ot +i 1tiliBate ca =ariaDile5 Dac3 8ro+e2or1l 4ore;te 23-l +ac3 23 <n*eleag3 8ro8oBi*ia Atmosfera este nveli ul continuu de aer care ncon:oar Pmntul$ ele=1l treD1ie 23 8o2e4e conce8tele nveli - aer- Pmnt ;i rela*ia este un& b8 Ra#i&namentul Dau in eren#a e2te o +or0a logic3 0ai co08le,3$ reB1ltat3 8rin 1nirea 0ai 01ltor 8ro8roBi*ii (E14ec3*i!5 No*i1nile 21nt e,8ri0ate 8rin c1=inte iBolate 2a1 2intag0e$ 8ro8oBi*iile logice 8rin 8ro8oBi*ii =erDale$ ra*iona0entele 8rin +raBe5 *ac toi aerosolii sunt instabili i toi norii sunt aerosoli- atunci toi norii sunt instabili& Con2tantele logice (4ac3$ at1nci$ ;i$ 21nt! re8reBint3 o8era*ii ale g>n4irii5 Dac3 a+ir030 c3 ,omnia este o ar i nu un ora - 4in 81nct 4e =e4ere logic intro41ce0 1n oDiect <ntr-o cla23 (o8era*ia logic3 4e incl1Bi1ne! ;i <l 2coate0 4in alt3 cla23 (o8era*ia logic3 4e e,cl1Bi1ne!5 4peraiile logice 2e 4e2+3;oar3 <ntre +or0ele logice5 De e,e08l1$ incl1Bi1nea ;i e,cl1Bi1nea a1 loc <ntre no*i1ni: no*i1nea ap curgtoare incl14e no*i1nea 4e pru ;i e,cl14e no*i1nea 4e lac5 Din 81nct 4e =e4ere logic$ g>n4irea con2t3 <n o8era*ii logice e+ect1ate c1 +or0e logice$ iar logica e2te ;tiin*a care 2t14iaB3 2tr1ct1ra g>n4irii 2a1 +or0ele g>n4irii 2a1 o8era*iile g>n4irii (e,8re2ii ecGi=alente!5 )entr1 a e,8ri0a 2tr1ct1ra g>n4irii 2e +olo2e2c 4e oDicei formule <n care 2e re+lect3 <n 0o4 generaliBat rela*iile 4intre l1cr1ri ;i +eno0ene$ a4ic3 legile lor5 Aor01lele re8reBint3 legi 8rin care c1noa;te0 0ai a4>nc realitatea ;i care 4a1 na;tere la a8lica*ii$ la reg1li5 De e,e08l1$ +or01la D M Nr5 8o85 K S$ 2taDile;te o leg3t1r3 <ntre loc1itori ;i teritori1l 8e care loc1ie2c acea;tia5 Den2itatea e2te 4irect 8ro8or*ional3 c1 n103r1l loc1itorilor ;i in=er2 8ro8or*ional3 c1 218ra+a*a (lege!5 Se 8ot +ace a8lica*ii: 4ac3 4ori0 23 cre;te0 4e

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4o13 ori 4en2itatea 8o81la*iei treD1ie 23 03ri0 4e 4o13 ori n103r1l loc1itorilor 2a1 23 2c34e0 4e 4o13 ori 218ra+a*a5 'ilogismul e2te ti81l +1n4a0ental 4e in+eren*3 (ra*iona0ent! 4e41cti=3 0e4iat3 alc3t1it3 4in n10ai trei 8ro8oBi*ii categarice$ 4in care 4o13 21nt 8re0i2e$ iar a treia e2te concl1Bie5 5oate lacurile au ba(in lacustru i o acumulare de ap& 2imanul este un lac& 2imanul are ba(in lacustru i o acumulare de ap& c8 Re'ula de ac#iune e2te 1n 0o4 4e a reBol=a o 2erie 4e 8roDle0e care a1 an10ite caracteri2tici co01ne5 Reg1la 4e ac*i1ne e2te o o8era*ie care treD1ie e,ec1tat3 4e +iecare 4at3 c>n4 a8are 1n an10it co08le, 4e +actori ;i acela;i oDiecti=5 Reg1lile 4e ac*i1ne a1 +or0a c18l1rilor 4e ti81l: Dac aceast condiie e%ist- atunci e%ecut aceast aciune& Dac3 1n ele= 4ore;te 23 tran2+or0e 2tarea ini*ial3 Si <ntr-o 2tare 4orit3 SiN,$ at1nci treD1ie 23 1tiliBeBe o8era*ia O8 Ace2t c18l1 2e re8reBint3 2i0Dolic: Dac condiia PF atunci operaia O8 *ac indic un ru pe "art- atunci l indic de la i(vor spre vrsare& Con4i*iile 1nei reg1li 4e ac*i1ne 21nt co0812e 4in 8ro8oBi*ii care con*in conce8te5 )entr1 a 4oD>n4i o reg1l3 4e ac*i1ne$ re8reBent30 2tr1ct1ra ace2teia (R4ac3 555$ at1nciR!$ c1 a2er*i1nile ;i conce8tele care o con2tit1ie5 )entr1 a 81tea <n*elege ;i a8lica o reg1l3 e2te ne=oie 23 c1noa;te0 conce8tele integrate ace2teia ;i o8era*ia care treD1ie e+ect1at35 Ele=1l n1 =a 81tea a8lica nicio4at3 reg1la de a indica un ru de la i(vor spre vrsare$ cGiar 4ac3 en1n*3 reg1la 2a1 i-o co01nic30$ 4ac3 n1 8o2e43 conce8tele 4e i(vor- vrsare- ru- "art ;i ce <n2ea0n3 o8era*ia 4e a indica5 C>n4 <i <n=3*30 8e ele=ii no;tri 4i+erite reg1li$ treD1ie 23 ne a2ig1r30 c3 ei le-a1 <n*ele2 ;i 23 =eri+ic30 acea2t3 2tare5 Reg1lile 4e ac*i1ne 8ot c18rin4e 0ai 01lte con4i*ion3ri: *ac stau cu faa spre "art (1! ;i dac indic punctele cardinale pe "art (7!$ atunci indic nordul n partea de sus- sudul n partea de :os- estul spre dreapta i vestul spre stnga& )entr1 a a8lica corect reg1la$ ele=1l treD1ie 23 re28ecte cele 4o13 con4i*ion3ri$ 23 c1noa2c3 conce8tele nord- sud- est- vest- "art ;i o8era*iile a sta cu faa spre &&& ;i a indica& d8 Re'ulile de calcul i08lic3 1n an2a0Dl1 4e 2i0Dol1ri (ci+re$ litere etc!$ +or01le$ 8re2cri8tii (in4ica*ii re+eritoare la c10 2e 8roce4eaB3!5 Reg1la 4e calc1l e2te o o8era*ie care treD1ie e,ec1tat3 4e +iecare 4at3 c>n4 a8are 1n an10it co08le, 4e +actori ;i acela;i oDiecti=5 Ca ;i reg1lile 4e ac*i1ne$ cele 4e calc1l a1 +or0a c18l1rilor 4e ti81l: Dac aceast condiie e%ist- atunci e%ecut aceast aciune& S8re e,e08li+icare$ reg1la general3 4e a41nare a 4o13 2a1 0ai 01lte n10ere e2te: pentru a aduna dou sau mai multe numere se adun ntre ele unitile de acela i ordin$ a4ic3$ 1nit3*ile 2i08le 2e a41n3 c1 1nit3*ile 2i08le$ Becile c1 Becile$ 21tele c1 21tele etc5
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)entr1 calc1larea 4en2it3*ii 8o81la*iei treD1ie 23 c1noa;te0 n103r1l 8o81la*iei care loc1ie;te 8e o 218ra+a*3 ;i c>*i Lilo0etri 83tra*i are 218ra+a*a re28ecti=35 A8lic30 formula8 ) D M ----------S D M 4en2itatea 8o81la*ieiJ N M n103r1l 4e loc1itoriJ S M 218ra+a*a e,8ri0at3 <n 4e L0 75 Inloc1i0 c1 ci+re literele 4in acea2t3 +or01l3: Den2itatea Ro0>niei e2te 4eci: 7% ''' ''' loc1itori --------------------------------------- M cca /.$& loc K L0 7 7%@ ''' L0 7 e8 6r&cedeul Dau pr&cedura e2te 1n 0o4 2i2te0atic 4e e,ec1tare a 1nei o8era*ii 2a1 8roce25 )roce41rile c18rin4 an2a0Dl1ri 4e reg1li 4e ac*i1ne 2a1 21D8roce41ri ierarGiBate ;i cronologice5 In e+ect1area 1nei 8roce41ri e2te e,tre0 4e i08ortant 23 re28ect30 or4inea e+ect13rii o8era*iilor 2a1 21D8roce41rilor ;i 23 c1noa;te0 0o41l 4e e,ec1tare a +iec3rei 21D8roce41ri5 )entr1 e,ec1tarea 8roce41rii a$ treD1ie 23 81te0 e,ec1ta 8roce41rile b ;i $ iar 8entr1 e,ec1tarea ace2tora e2te ne=oie 23 81te0 e,ec1ta 8roce41rile cF dF eF 'F E8 a8 Calc1larea 4i2tan*ei <ntre 4o13 localit3*i$ c1 aE1tor1l Gar*ii ;i riglei gra4ate b8 calc1larea 4i2tan*ei 8e Gart3 c8 c31tarea celor 4o13 localit3*i 8e Gart3 d8 218ra81nerea riglei 8e Gart3$ <ntre cele 4o13 localit3*i e8 citirea 8e rigl3 a 4i2tan*ei 4intre cele 4o13 localit3*i 8 calc1larea 4i2tan*ei reale <ntre cel 4o13 localit3*i '8 i4enti+icarea 8e 2cara G3r*ii c>t re8reBint3 1n centi0etr1 4e 8e Gart3 <n teren E8 a8licarea reg1lii 4e trei 2i08l3 Fi'8 =8/8 De2co081nerea 1nei 8roce41ri <n 21D8roce41ri )entr1 oD*inerea acel1ia;i reB1ltat 8ot e,i2ta 8roce4ee ;i algorit0i 4i+eri*i5 )entr1 0321rarea liniilor c1rDe e,i2tente 8e o Gart3 2e 8oate 1tiliBa 8roce4e1l Ra*ei 10eBiteR 2a1 8roce4e1l RDenBii 4e G3rtie9 6r&cedeul Qa#ei umeziteQ& )entr1 a 0321ra l1ngi0ea 1nei a8e c1rg3toare$ ;o2ele 2a1 c3i +erate 4e 8e o Gart3$ 10eBi0 o a*3$ o 218ra81ne0 8e2te linia c1rD3 8e care 4ori0 23 o 0321r30$ a8oi o 218ra81ne0 8e2te o rigl3 gra4at3 8entr1 a 0321ra l1ngi0ea ei5 A0 a+lat l1ngi0ea liniei 4e 8e Gart3$ e,8ri0at3 <n centi0etri5 )entr1 a calc1la l1ngi0ea 4in realitate$ 1tiliB30 2cara G3r*ii5 Procedeul "benzii de hrtie"5 In ace2t 8roce4e1$ <n loc1l a*ei 10eBite$ 1tiliB30 o Dan43 21D*ire 4e G>rtie5 A8lic30 ca83t1l DenBii 8e 1n1l 4in ca8etele liniei 4e 0321rat$ 8>n3 la 8ri0a in+le,i1ne5 A8lic30 1n 2e0n 8e Dan43$ a8oi contin130 23
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a8lic30 re2t1l DenBii 8e linia c1rD35 De +iecare 4at3 c>n4 <i 2cGi0D30 4irec*ia$ +ace0 1n 2e0n 8entr1 a n1 gre;i5 "8era*iile 1lterioare 21nt 2i0ilare 8roce4e1l1i Ra*ei 10eBiteR5 A!anta)ele %i deza!anta)ele al'&ritmizrii )rinci8alele a=antaEe ale algorit0iB3rii 21nt: - 4eB=olt3 g>n4irea con=ergent3 ;i 2i2te0atic3J - 8er0it reBol=area ra8i43 a 2arcinilor 4e <n=3*areJ - a2ig1r3 +or0area 4e8rin4erilor$ 8rice8erilor$ 4oD>n4irea c1no;tin*elor 8roce41rale ;i a co08eten*elor$ a 1nor ca8acit3*i intelect1ale ;i 0otrice care n1 2e +or0eaB3 8rin inter0e4i1l altor 0eto4e5 )rinci8alele 4eBa=antaEe ale algorit0iB3rii 21nt: - 8er0it +or0area 1nor 4e8rin4eri gre;ite 4in ca1Ba 2laDei 1tiliB3ri a g>n4irii logiceJ - +olo2irea e,ce2i=3 8oate 4eter0ina 0ecaniciBarea$ rigi4iBarea g>n4iriiJ - 2olicit3 01lt 0e0oria re8ro41cti=35 =8,8=8=8 Acti!it#ile practice 6ractica e2te reB1ltat1l a8lic3rii c1no;tin*elor$ oDiecti=ate <n teGnici$ teGnologii$ <n 8rice8eri ;i 4e8rin4eri 4e 8ro41cere a bunurilor materiale ;i spirituale 4e realiBare 4e 2er=icii etc$ care 21nt ;i 4e0er21ri 4e +or0are ;i e,ercitare acti=3 ;i e+icient3 a 8ro+e2iilor (Qonta;$ 1//?$ 8ag5 11.!5 Acti=it3*ile 8ractice a1 ca 2co8 4oD>n4irea: cuno tinelor procedurale (R2a=oir-+aireR! (8rice8eri$ 4e8rin4eri intelect1ale ;i 8ractice$ a8licarea 0eto4elor$ 8roce41rilor ;i teGnicilor$ 1tiliBarea in2tr10entelor ;i a8aratelor!$ a4ic3 ce va ti s fac elevul 4183 o 2ec=en*3 4e 8re4areK<n=3*are cuno tinelor motorii (4e8rin4eri 0otrice!$ a4ic3 ce va ti s fac elevul 4183 o 2ec=en*3 4e 4e0on2trare e+ect1at3 4e 8ro+e2or ;i e,er2are 23=>r;it3 8er2onal5 cuno tinelor atitudinale (R2a=oir-etreR! (2enti0ente$ atit14ini$ co08orta0ente!$ a4ic3 ce va ti s fie elevul 4183 o 2ec=en*3 4e 8re4areK<n=3*are5 competenelor& Co08eten*a e2te ca8acitatea 1n1i in4i=i4 4e a realiBa o 2arcin3 4at3 care nece2it3 1n n103r 0are 4e o8era*ii5 Co08eten*a e2te 1n an2a0Dl1 4e c1no;tin*e 4eclarati=e$ c1no;tin*e 8roce41rale ;i atit14ini care 21nt acti=ate <n 8lani+icarea ;i e,ec1tarea 1nei 2arcini (R5Qrien$ 1//C!5 " co08eten*3 e2te ca8acitatea 4e a e,8loata c1no;tin*ele 4in re8ertori1l 8ro8ri1 8entr1 realiBarea 2arcinii$ iar co08orta0ent1l oD2er=aDil e2te 0ani+e2tarea e,tern3 a ace2tei co08eten*e5 C1no;tin*ele 4eclarati=e$ c1no;tin*ele 8roce41rale ;i atit14inile 8e care le 8o2e43 a 8er2oan3 21nt tran2+or0ate ;i integrate 8entr1 a 2e con2tr1i <n co08eten*e 1tiliBaDile <n realiBarea 2arcinilor caracteri2tice <ntr-1n 4o0eni1 4at5 Su'eDtii met&d&l&'ice pri!ind &r'anizarea acti!it#il&r practice pentru d&b$ndirea cun&%tin#el&r pr&cedurale In lec*iile 4e geogra+ie 8ot +i organiBate 01lte 2it1a*ii 4e <n=3*are c1 caracter 8ractic care a1 ca 2co8 4oD>n4irea c1no;tin*elor 8roce41rale (23 analiBeBe 1n 8ei2aEJ 23 inter8reteBe o Gart3J 23 con2tr1ia2c3 o 4iagra03 2a1 carto2cGe03$ 23 032oare 1n in4icator al 0e4i1l1i c1 1n in2tr10ent 2a1 a8arat etc!5
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C>n4 8roiect30 o 2it1a*ie <n care ele=ii 23 4oD>n4e2c3 ace2t ti8 4e c1no;tin*3$ =erDele cel 0ai +rec=ent 1tiliBate 21nt: a estima- a calcula- a msura- a ntocmi- a elabora- a se orienta- a utili(a- a aplica- a comenta- a re(olva- a combina- a modela- a e%perimenta- a repre(enta etc$ 4ar ;i cele 28eci+icate <n taDelele 1r03toare5 )reBent30 inter=en*iile 8e4agogice care +a=oriBeaB3 4oD>n4irea ;i con2oli4area c1no;tin*elor 8roce41rale5

Fi'8 =8,+8 Inter=en*iile 8e4agogice care +a=oriBeaB3 4oD>n4irea ;i con2oli4area c1no;tin*elor 8roce41rale
Acti!itatea pr& eD&rului Acti!itatea ele!ului

DO.>NDIREA C5NO?TIN<EI 6ROCED5RALE I8Faza c&'niti! )reBint3 4ec18aE1l 4in realitate )erce8e ;i co4i+ic3 2it1a*ia-8roDle03 act1al3 (caB$ 2it1a*ie-8roDle03! Sit1eaB3 8roce41ra <ntr-1n conte,t N1 4i281ne 4e 8roce41ra 4e 2ol1*ionare 2e0ni+icati= E,8lic3 i08ortan*a 8roce41rii Co4i+ic3 i08ortan*a 8roce41rii ;i 2it1a*ia 4orit3 De0on2treaB3 8roce41ra 4e reBol=are )erce8e 8roce41ra <n an2a0Dl1 De2crie ;i e,ec1t3 8roce41ra 4e2co08123 )erce8e 8roce41ra 4e2co08123 <n <n 21D8roce41ri ;i eta8e 21D8roce41ri ;i eta8e 4e a8licare Co4i+ic3 ac*i1nile +iec3rei eta8e (8roce41raliBarea! A4re2eaB3 <ntreD3ri a218ra neclarit3*ilor R3281n4e <ntreD3rilor ele=ilor II8Faza aD&ciati! "+er3 in2tr10ente 4e e=al1are a 1nor aDilit3*i ReBol=3 e,erci*iile 8ro812e 8relaDile (Eoc1ri$ <ntreD3ri$ 2cGi*e! CorecteaB3 erorile "+er3 2it1a*ia ;i 0iEloacele 8entr1 a8licarea E,ec1t3 21D8roce41rile (ac*i1nile! +iec3rei 8roce41rii eta8e <n or4ine cronologic3 (co08oBi*ia 8roce41rii! "D2er=3 ;i corecteaB3 0o41l 4e a8licare CorecteaB3 erorile a 8roce41rii CONSOLIDAREA C5NO?TIN<EI 6ROCED5RALE "+er3 o 2it1a*ie 8entr1 e=al1area 8roce41rii Se a1toe=al1eaB3 De0on2treaB3 ;i e,8lic3 <nc3 o 4at3 8roce41ra Co08ar3 0o41l lor 4e a 8roce4a c1 al (4ac3 ele=ii n1 a1 4oD>n4it-o! 8ro+e2or1l1i I4enti+ic3 ;i corecteaB3 gre;elile "+er3 2it1a*ii (e,erci*ii! =ariate 8entr1 a8licarea A8lic3 8roce41ra <n con4i*ii noi 8roce41rii A8lic3 8roce41ra corect$ Ra1to0atR$ 0ai 81*in con;tient 4e reg1lile care treD1ie re28ectate (a1to0atiBarea$ ra+inarea$ ;le+1irea$ 8er+ec*ionarea 8roce41rii!

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aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaa)entr1 <n*elegerea 0o41l1i concret 4e a8licare <n 8ractic3 a ace2tor inter=en*ii 8e4agogice$ 8reBent30 1n e,e08l15 O 2 calcularea temperaturii %i precipita#iil&r medii anuale "ntr(un punct &arecare 6rezentarea decupa)ului din realitate %i a imp&rtan#ei pr&cedurii- +iecare loc de la suprafaa terestr este caracteri(at prin anumite valori ale temperaturilor i precipitaiilor& E%ist "ari ale i(otermelor n care punctele cu aceea i temperatur sunt unite printr-o linie i "ri ale i(o"ietelor n care punctele cu valori egale ale precipitaiilor sunt unite& Pentru a reali(a aceste "ri avem nevoie de temperaturile medii anuale i precipitaiile medii anuale- din mai multe puncte de pe suprafaa respectiv& Dem&nDtrarea %i deDcrierea pr&cedurii GDubpr&ceduri %i etape DucceDi!eHPentru a calcula temperatura medie anual ntr-un punct se procedea( astfel8 a&$surarea temperaturilor (ilnice8 msurm temperatura de patru ori pe (i- la orele KL- M- >K- >N8 obinem valorile de >= oC- KL oC- K= oC i >N oC; b&Calcularea mediei (ilei respective8 adunm cele patru valori i obinem cifra OK; mparim suma la patru !media aritmetic# i obinem media (ilei respective& c&Calcularea mediei lunare8 adunm mediile temperaturilor din toate (ilele lunii i le mprim la numrul de (ile ale lunii; am obinut temperatura medie a lunii respective& d&Calcularea mediei anuale8 adunm temperaturile medii din fiecare lun i le mprim la >K; obinem media anului respectiv; e&Calcularea mediei multianuale8 adunm temperaturile medii anuale din toi anii n care au fost efectuate msurtori i mprim suma la numrul anilor respectivi& Am obinut media multianual a temperaturii n locul respectiv& 'imilar se calculea( i valorile medii pentru precipitaii& Evaluarea cuno tinelor prealabile8 verificm dac elevii adun i mpart corect& Situa#ie de "n!#are a pr&ceduriiCalculai temperatura (ilei tiind c valorile nregistrate sunt8 >K oC- KM oC- KL oC>N oC& Calculai temperatura medie lunar- tiind c valorile temperaturilor medii (ilnice sunt8C Calculai temperatura medie anual- tiind c valorile temperaturilor medii lunare sunt8C Calculai temperatura medie multianual- tiind c valorile temperaturilor medii anuale sunt8 &&&& E!aluarea rezultatel&r ele!il&r De ace prin c&n runtarea rezultatel&r &b#inute G"n perecEiH8 C&nD&lidarea cun&%tin#ei pr&cedurale- Calculai temperatura medie a verii- toamnei- iernii i primverii& - Identificai care este luna cea mai cald i luna cea mai rece& - ,eali(ai un grafic cu temperaturile medii lunare obinute anterior5

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Situa#ii de "n!#are care !izeaz d&b$ndirea un&r cun&%tin#e cu caracter practic

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Tabelul =8,,8 A8lica*ii 8entr1 +or0area 4e28rin4erilor ;i 8rice8erilor$ 8entr1 <n=3*area teGnicilor ;i 8roce4eelor$ 8entr1 reBol=area e,erci*iilor ;i 8roDle0elor
&pera#ieTip de Capacitatea intelectual I m&tric S3 e2ti0eBe K 23 a8ro,i0eBe S3 032oare S3 calc1leBe S3 =eri+ice S3 a8recieBe S3 co08are S3 a8recieBe S3 =eri+ice S3 co08are S3 analiBeBe S3 4e41c3 S3 reBol=e S3 =eri+ice S3 calc1leBe

Situa#ie de "n!#are

-23 e2ti0eBe K 23 a8ro,i0eBe K 23 calc1leBe K 23 =eri+ice K 23 co08are 4ate (ci+re$ 218ra+e*e$ l1ngi0i$ l3*i0i$ altit14ini! -23 032oare oDiecte -23 co08are K 23 a8recieBe +eno0ene$ 8roce2e$ 28a*ii 4183 criterii 4i+erite (03ri0e$ c1loare$ calitate$ cantitate$ =aloare etc! 2a1 Dare0 -23 a8recieBe$ 23 =eri+ice$ 23 co08are 8er+o0an*e (0e0orie$ g>n4ire!$ 8ro412e (calitate$ cantitate!$ atit14ini (8oBiti=3$ negati=3!$ a+ecte$ reB1ltate$ c1 ale 2ale 2a1 c1 ale altora -23 analiBeBe ce c1noa;te K ce 2e cere (4ate$ +a8te! -23 4e41c3 0o41l 4e reBol=are a 8roDle0ei K e,erci*i1l1i K 2it1a*iei-8roDle03 K caB1l1i -23 reBol=e 8roDle0e K e,erci*ii K 2it1a*ii-8roDle03 K caB1ri -23 =eri+ice reB1ltate -23 calc1leBe (218ra+e*e$ 4en2it3*i$ l1ngi0i$ te08erat1ri!

UtiliBarea ;i elaDorarea UtiliBarea ;i elaDorarea ReBol=area 4e A1to=erDale e,erci*ii 8ro412elor gra+ice 8ro412elor 8roDle0e$ e=al1are

E=al1area

S3 e,81n3 S3 4e2crie S3 +or01leBe S3 8o=e2tea2c3 S3 8ron1n*e corect

-23 e,81n3 K 23 +or01leBe K 23 elaDoreBe 1n 4i2c1r2 -23 4e2crie ;tiin*i+ic K literar 1n 8ei2aE real 2a1 4183 o +otogra+ie K 1n e=eni0ent <n or4ine cronologic3 K 1n 8roce2 K 1n tra2e1 K 1n 28a*i1 -23 +or01leBe <ntreD3ri K r3281n21ri 8e DaBa 1n1i te,t 2cri2 2a1 a14iat -23 8o=e2tea2c3 1n e=eni0ent a1tentic =iBionat K tr3it -23 8ron1n*e corect n10e 8ro8rii -23 re8reBinte 8rintr-1n 4e2en 2cGe0atic 1n +eno0en K 1n 8roce2 -23 con2tr1ia2c3 gra+ice 1tiliB>n4 =ariaDile =iB1ale (4atele 4in taDele! -23 re8reBinte 4atele 4in taDel 8e o 4iagra03 -23 co08are 4atele 4in 4o13 taDele -23 e,e08li+ice <n te,t1l elaDorat 8rin 4atele 4in taDel5 -23 intro41c3 4atele 4in te,t <n taDel5

S3 re8reBinte gra+ic S3 con2tr1ia2c3 gra+ice S3 co08are S3 intro41c3

@.

UtiliBarea ;i elaDorarea 8ro412elor

S3 re8reBinte S3 localiBeBe S3 i4enti+ice S3 4e2crie S3 2taDilea2c3 S3 calc1leBe

-23 re8reBinte 8e o Gart3 2cGe0atic3 relie+1l K Gi4rogra+ia 1nei regi1ni -23 localiBeBe K 23 i4enti+ice ele0ente 8e Gart3 (1n 81nct$ 1n areal$ 1n tra2e1! -23 i4enti+ice ti81l G3r*ii$ 2cara$ 2e0nele con=en*ionale -23 4e2crie K 23 e,8lice an10ite a28ecte 4183 Gart35 -23 calc1leBe 4i2tan*e K 218ra+e*e K altit14ini 4183 2cara Gar*ii -23 2taDilea2c3 rela*ii <ntre ele0entele 4e 8e Gart3 -23 inter8oleBe an10ite i4ei K 1n te,t <ntr-1n te,t no1 -23 tran2+or0e 1n te,t <n alt1l K o 4e2criere literar3 a 1n1i 8ei2aE <ntr-o 4e2criere ;tiin*i+ic35 -23 elaDoreBe 1n re+erat 4183 1n 8lan$ 1n reB10at$ o recenBie$ o l1crare ;tiin*i+ic3 -23 re4acteBe 1n articol c1 1n 21Diect an10e 8entr1 o re=i2t3 -23 arg10enteBe o i8oteB3 <ntr-o l1crare ;tiin*i+ic3 -23 elaDoreBe 2cGe0a logic3 a 1n1i 8roce2 2a1 +eno0en -23 re4e+inea2c3 conce8tele 4in 4ic*ionar -23 e,8lice <n or4ine cronologic3 1n +eno0en$ 1n 8roce2 -23 elaDoreBe 1n 8lan 4e ac*i1ne$ 8e 81ncte ;i 21D81ncte$ -23 or4oneBe K 23 <ntoc0ea2c3 o li2t3 DiDliogra+ic3 la 1n 21Diect -23 e,trag3 i4eile 8rinci8ale K 4e+ini*iile 4intr-1n te,t -23 1tiliBeBe corect 4ic*ionar1l$ in4e,1l$ 21r2ele 4e in+or0are -23 corecteBe gre;elile 4in te,t -23 co08leteBe 28a*iile liDere 4in te,t5 -23 2electeBe i4eile K a+ir0a*iile K conce8tele corecte 4in te,t5 -23 intro41c3 4atele 4in te,t <n taDel -23 relateBe <n or4ine logic3Kcronologic3 o 21cce2i1ne logic3K te08oral3 4e e=eni0ente 8reBentate <ntr-1n te,t narati= -23 re4acteBe gra+1l conce8telor 4intr-o lec*ie -23 i4enti+ice te,t1l$ titl1l$ a1tor1l$ an1l a8ari*iei$ e4it1ra$ localitatea <n care a +o2t e4itat -23 i4enti+ice co08onentele 2tr1ct1rale ale 1n1i te,t -23 4eli0iteBe te,t1l <n +rag0ente logice -23 i4enti+ice c1=intele nec1no2c1te 4in te,t -23 21DlinieBe en1n*1rile incorecte K corecte 4in te,t -23 e,trag3 8e +i;e i4eile e2en*iale 4e28re 1n 21Diect 4in l1cr3ri 4i=er2e -23 <ntoc0ea2c3 c18rin21l 1nei l1cr3ri 4e28re 1n an10it 21Diect -23 tran2crie 1n te,t 4in li0DaE literar <n li0DaE geogra+ic -23 i4enti+ice ti81l ;i 8lan1rile +otogra+iei$ ele0entele =ariaDile ;i cele in=ariaDile =ariaDile <n 28a*i1l +otogra+iat -23 alc3t1ia2c3 o colec*ie 4e +otogra+ii K 1n colaE 4e +otogra+ii 8e o an10it3 te03

cartogra+ice

UtiliBarea ;i elaD5 8ro45 +otogra+ice

UtiliBarea ;i elaDorarea 8ro412elor 2cri2e

S3 1tiliBeBe corect S3 corecteBe S3 co08leteBe S3 2electeBe S3 intro41c3 4ate S3 relateBe S3 re4acteBe S3 i4enti+ice S3 4eli0iteBe S3 i4enti+ice S3 e,trag3 S3 <ntoc0ea2c3 S3 tran2crie

S3 colec*ioneBe S3 elaDoreBe S3 i4enti+ice S3 alc3t1ia2c3

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UtiliBarea ;i elaDorarea 8ro412elor oDiect1ale

S3 4e0on2treBe S3 e,8eri0enteBe S3 8roiecteBe S3 con2tr1ia2c3

-23 4e0on2treBe K 23 e,8eri0enteBe +eno0ene K 8roce2e c1 0acGete$ 0o4ele -23 8roiecteBe K 23 con2tr1ia2c3 0acGete$ 0o4ele$ 01laEe$ 8roiecte

S3 032oare c1 in2tr10ente ;i a8arate 1tiliB>n4 4i+erite etaloane S3 8re2eBe S3 4ec18eBe S3 or4oneBe S3 2elec*ioneBe S3 analiBeBe S3 i4enti+ice S3 re2tr1ct1reBe S3 2electeBe S3 react1aliBeBe S3 gr18eBe S3 co08are S3 8roiecteBe S3 e0it3 S3 =eri+ice S3 co08are S3 4eci43 S3 arg10enteBe S3 concGi43 S3 e,8loreBe S3 i4enti+ice S3 2it1eBe S3 analiBeBe S3 4e41c3 S3 4iagno2ticGeBe S3 8rognoBeBe S3 4eci43 S3 elaDoreBe S3 in=e2tigGeBe S3 trieBe

-23 032oare c1 In2tr10ente ;i a8arate l1ngi0i$ 218ra+e*e$ te08erat1ri$ 8re2i1nea -23 032oare te08erat1ra aer1l1iKa8eiK2ol1l1i c1 ter0o0etr15 -23 032oare 8re2i1nea at0o2+eric3 c1 Daro0etr1l -23 8re2eBe 8lante -23 4ec18eBe +otogra+ii$ articole -23 or4oneBe K 23 2elec*ioneBe 8lante$ +otogra+ii$ articole$ roci$ 0inerale

ReBol=area 2it1a*iilor-8roDle03 ;i a caB1rilor

Colectare

M321rarea

-23 analiBeBe K 23 2electeBe K 23 gr18eBe K 23 co08are in+or0a*iile c1no2c1te$ -23 i4enti+ice in+or0a*iile nece2are$ 1tile$ e2en*iale K nee2en*iale -23 8ro81n3 K 23 co08are 2ol1*iile -23 reBol=e 8roDle0a$ e,erci*i1l$ caB1l -23 arg10enteBe 2ol1*ia cea 0ai D1n3 K o8ti03 -23 e0it3 K 23 =eri+ice i8oteBe -23 4eci43 2ol1*ia cea 0ai D1n3

-23 e,8loreBe 4irect 8oli0o4al realitatea concret3 -23 e,8loreBe in4irect realitatea re8reBentat3 8e +otogra+ii$ 4ia8oBiti=e$ gra+ice$ G3r*i$ <n +il0e etc5 -23 2it1eBe <n 28a*i1 ;i ti08 e=eni0ente$ +eno0ene$ 8roce2e -23 analiBeBe co08onentele 0e4i1l1i$ rela*iile 4intre ele$ rela*iile 4intre co08onente ;i 2i2te0ele 218ra- ;i 21Dor4onate -23 4e41c3 rela*iile 4in 0e4i1$ ca1Bele +eno0enelor$ con4i*iile in care 2e 8ro41c$ e+ectele -23 8rognoBeBe e=ol1*ia 1nor a28ecte 4in 0e4i1 -23 4eci43 2ol1*ii o8ti0e K inter=en*iile 8entr1 8rotec*ia 0e4i1l1i -23 elaDoreBe G3r*iK4e2ene 2cGe0atice K 8ro+ile K Dloc4iagra0e ale 1nor 8ar*i 4in 0e4i1 -23 trieBe in+or0a*iile 4e28re 0e4i1 K caB1ri K 2it1a*ii

E,8lorarea 0e4i1l1i

=8,838 6r&cedee %i inDtrumente de lucru cu r&l c&mplemetar "n

@@

predarea("n!#area 'e&'ra iei =8,838,8 F&l&Direa tablei In 4i=er2e 0o0ente ale lec*iei 8ro+e2or1l are ne=oie 23 2crie 2a1 23 4e2eneBe 8entr1 +acilitarea <n*elegerii c1no;tin*elor5 In ace2te 2it1a*ii el 1tiliBeaB3 2i01ltan 4o13 canale 4e tran20itere a in+or0a*iei: canal1l =erDal 8entr1 0e2aE1l oral ;i canal1l =iB1al 8entr1 0e2aE1l 2cri2 2a1 4e2enat5 Deoarece taDla neagr3 e2te 1n in2tr10ent i08ortant 8rin inter0e4i1l c3r1ia 2e tran20it c1no;tin*e ea n1 li82e;te 4in nici o cla23 2a1 caDinet 4i4actic5 Ca orice in2tr10ent 4e l1cr1$ taDla 4i281ne 4e calit3*i care *in 4e 8ro41c3tor (c1loarea$ 0aterial1l 4in care e2te +3c1t3 F 2ticl3 2a1 le0n-$ 4i0en2i1ne! 2a1 4e 1tiliBator5 )entr1 ca te,t1l 2cri2 23 +ie =iBiDil e2te ne=oie ca la <nce81t1l lec*iei taDla 23 +ie c1rat3$ 12cat3 ;i +3r3 1r0e 4e cret35 )ro+e2or1l ;i ele=ii 2taDile2c <08re1n3 cine r3281n4e ca taDla 23 +ie ;tear23 <nainte 4e lec*ie ;i 4183 lec*ie5 At>t la intrarea$ c>t ;i la ie;irea 8ro+e2or1l1i 4in cla23 taDla treD1ie 23 +ie c1rat35 In lec*ie e2te 0ai Dine ca 8ro+e2or1l 23 ;tearg3 taDla 4eoarece ele=ii <;i orienteaB3 aten*ia 28re con*in1t1l e,8licat 2a1 e,812 4e 8ro+e2or 2a1 28re l1area noti*elor5 C>n4 taDla e2te 2cri23 <n <ntregi0e$ a4e2ea ele=ii 2e gr3De2c 23 o ;tearg35 Dac3 n1 a1 tran2cri2 te,t1l 4e 8e taDl3$ interBice0 ;ter21l ei 8>n3 c>n4 to*i <ncGeie acti=itatea5 Deoarece 2cGi*a logic3 2cri23 8e taDl3 e2te nece2ar3 la 2+>r;it1l lec*iei 8entr1 +i,area c1no;tin*elor cel 0ai Dine e2te ca acea2ta 23 +ie elaDorat3 8entr1 o 2ing1r3 taDl3 ;i 23 n1 +ie ;tear23 4ec>t 4183 <ncGeierea lec*iei C$nd Dcriem Dau deDenm pe tablJ TaDla 8oate +i 1tiliBat3 <n orice 0o0ent al lec*iei: la =eri+icarea c1no;tin*elor anterioare$ 8entr1 4oD>n4irea noilor c1no;tin*e$ 8entr1 clari+icarea 1nor 8roDle0e$ 8entr1 corectarea 1nor gre;eli$ 8entr1 +i,area c1no;tin*elor5 ScGi*a logic3 a lec*iei n1 o 2crie0 4in 8a1B3 2a1 la 2+>r;it1l lec*iei$ ci 4183 e,8licarea 1nei 2ec=en*e 4e con*in1t5 Dac3 e,8lic30 c1 aE1tor1l 1n1i 4e2en 8ro41cerea 1n1i +eno0en 2a1 8roce2$ at1nci ace2ta <l e+ect130 2i01ltan c1 e,8licarea l1i5 N3r*ile 2cGe0atice le elaDor30 2i01ltan c1 e,8licarea 0o41l1i 4e l1cr1$ 4ar ;i a con*in1t1l1i re8reBentat5 Dac3 n1 e,8lic30 2e0ni+ica*ia 4e2en1l1i 2a1 a 2i0Doli2ticii carto2cGe0ei$ ele=ii e+ect1eaB3 o 2i08l3 co8iere$ iar 2co81l re8reBent3rii gra+ice n1 e2te atin25 Ele=ii 2cri1 8e taDl3 <n 4i=er2e 0o0ente ale lec*iei: c>n4 reBol=3 e,erci*ii 2a1 8roDle0e$ c>n4 co08leteaB3 taDele$ c>n4 elaDoreaB3 4e2ene 2cGe0atice$ carto2cGe0e$ 4iagra0e etc5 Sco81l acti=it3*ii lor o 8oate con2tit1i e=al1area$ 4oD>n4irea 1nor 4e8rin4eri 2a1 8rice8eri$ +i,area 1nor c1no;tin*e etc5 Cum Dcriem Dau deDenm pe tablJ )entr1 ca 2cri21l 23 +ie liBiDil 4in orice 81nct al cla2ei 2crie0 c1 litere 4e 0>n3 4e2t1l 4e 0ari (nici 8rea 0ari 8entr1 c3 n1 <nca8e <ntreaga 2cGi*3 8e taDl3$ nici 8rea 0ici 4eoarece n1 2e =34 la 4i2tan*3!$ Dine cont1rate5 Dac3 ele=ii oDi;n1ie2c 23 <ntreDe ce a0 2cri2 8e taDl3$ e2te ne=oie 23 corect30 0o41l <n care 2crie05 Dac3 ei <ntreaD3 0ere1$ <ntrer18 +ir1l logic al e,8lica*iei$ 4i2trag aten*ia colegilor$ 2e ri2i8e2c re21r2e i08ortante 4e ti085 Dac3 n1 <n*eleg 2cri21l 8ro+e2or1l1i ei 2cri1 c1=inte gre;ite ;i le <n=a*3 a;a$ <n 28ecial 4ac3 <n=a*3 n10ai 4in caiet5 M1l*i 8ro+e2ori 2e
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2c1B3 c3 n1 2cri1 8e taDl3 8entr1 c3 n1 a1 1n 2cri2 +r10o2 2a1 n1 ;ti1 23 4e2eneBe5 C1no2c>n4 i08ortan*a 2cGi*elor ;i 4e2enelor elaDorate 8e taDl3 8entr1 <n*elegerea ;i <n=3*area c1no;tin*elor e2te nece2ar 23 ne <0D1n3t3*i0 8ro8riile aDilit3*i5 Deoarece ceea ce 2e 2crie 2a1 2e 4e2eneaB3 8e taDl3 con2tit1ie 8entr1 ele=i 1n 0o4el 4e organiBare a caiet1l1i 4e noti*e$ in+or0a*iile 21nt 2cri2e ;i gr18ate 4183 an10ite reg1li5 De 8re+erin*3 2crie0 titl1l c1 litere 0ici 4e 0>n3 4eoarece ace2tea 2e cite2c 0ai 1;or 4ec>t cele 4e ti8ar5 Titl1l e2te 21Dliniat c1 o 2ing1r3 linie oriBontal35 Acea2t3 cerin*3 e2te Dine 23 o re28ecte ;i ele=ii c>n4 2cri1 <n caiete5 Dac3 titl1rile 2a1 21Dtitl1rile 21nt 21Dliniate gra+ic 8rea 81ternic (linii 41Dle 8aralele$ linii ;er81ite 2a1 inten2 colorate! 8ri=irea e2te atra23 4e linii$ n1 4e ceea ce 2crie 4ea218ra lor5 )entr1 liBiDilitatea 2cri21l1i l3230 1n 28a*i1 a4ec=at <ntre r>n41ri5 Dac3 organiB30 2cGi*a 8e gr181ri 4e in+or0a*ii$ l3230 1n 28a*i1 0ai larg <ntre ace2tea$ iar ele=ii =or l32a 1n r>n4 liDer5 E,i2t3 2it1a*ii <n care n1 <nca8e toat3 2cGi*a 8e o taDl3$ n1 a=e0 <n cla23 4o13 taDle$ n1 4ori0 23 ren1n*30 la ce=a ;i nici 23 ;terge0 taDla 4ec>t la 2+>r;it1l lec*iei5 In acea2t3 2it1a*ie$ 4e la <nce81t1l lec*iei$ <083r*i0 taDla <n 4o13 83r*i egale 8rintr-o linie =ertical3 ;i <nce8e0 23 2crie0 <n 8artea 2t>ng35 Titl1l 8oate +i 2cri2 4ea218ra a0Delor 83r*i5 )entr1 ca ele=ii 23 tran2crie 0ai 1;or ;i corect 4e 8e taDl3$ 4ar ;i 23 l1creBe <n acela;i rit0 c1 noi$ ro2ti0 c1 =oce tare ceea ce 2crie05 )entr1 a +i a1Bi*i$ n1 ro2ti0 c1=intele c1 28atele la cla23$ ci ne <ntoarce0 81*in <n 8ro+il5 )entr1 ca ele=ii 23 =a43 ceea ce 2crie0 e2te ne=oie 23 control30 8oBi*ia cor81l1i no2tr1 8entr1 a n1 aco8eri c1 ace2ta 2cGi*a5 In 8aralel c1 2cri21l 2a1 4e2enat1l o+eri0 in4ica*ii a218ra 0o41l1i 4e l1cr1 al ele=ilor5 Deoarece at1nci c>n4 2crie0 n1 0ai a=e0 contact =iB1al c1 cla2a ;i ele=ii 2-ar 81tea oc18a c1 altce=a$ 4183 ce 2crie0 o 2ec=en*3 4e con*in1t <ntoarce0 8ri=irea 28re cla235 Ce Dcriem Dau deDenm pe tablJ Toate ele0entele 2cri2e 2a1 4e2enate 8e taDl3 <n or4ine logic3 con2tit1ie 1n an2a0Dl1 1nitar 4e in+or0a*ii care 4eter0in3 +or0area la ele=i a 1n1i 0o4el 0ental5 ScGi*a logic3 a lec*iei n1 e2te con2tit1it3 4in c>te=a i4ei ar1ncate aleator te taDl3$ ci e2te o 2tr1ct1r3 care nece2it3 8roiectare 2i2te0atic3$ logic3$ 4etaliat35 )entr1 a elaDora o 2cGi*3 D1n3 8e taDl3 o re4act30 c>n4 8roiect30 lec*ia5 Dac3 2cGi*a 8are 8rea <nc3rcat3 ;i a8recie0 c3 n1 =a a=ea 28a*i1 21+icient 8e taDl3$ at1nci t3ie0 4etaliile 0ai 81*in i08ortante5 Dac3 8ri0a 2cGi*3 elaDorat3 n1 e2te 21+icient 4e Dine 2tr1ct1rat3$ o re+ace0 8>n3 aE1nge0 la o +or03 ;i 1n con*in1t o8ti05 E,i2t3 01lti8le +or0e 4e 2tr1ct1rare a c1no;tin*elor5 "8t30 8entr1 1n an10e ti8 4e 2cGi*3 <n +1nc*ie 4e: =>r2ta ele=ilor$ calitatea ;i cantitatea c1no;tin*elor lor anterioare$ 2co81l =iBat 8rin lec*ie$ ti081l 4i28oniDil$ ti81l 4e c1no;tin*e etc5 Acela;i an2a0Dl1 4e in+or0a*ii 8oate +i organiBat 2cGe0atic <n 4i+erite +or0e5 )reBent30 0ai 01lte 2cGe0e 8entr1 in+or0a*iile re+eritoare la i08ortan*a at0o2+erei5 a5 ScGi*3 Dub &rm de pr&p&zi#ii %i ra'mente de pr&p&zi#ii Importana atmosferei - conine ga(e vitale pentru plante !dio%id de carbon#- animale i oameni !o%igen#; - este filtru pentru radiaii cosmice - o(onul reine radiaiile ultraviolete
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-ionosfera reine ra(ele 0 i gamma - este i(olator termic / vaporii de ap i dio%idul de carbon nu las s se piard n spaiul e%tratestru cldura !efect de ser# - permite formarea vntului - permite producerea circuitului apei n natur -permite transmiterea sunetelor D5 ScEi# Dub &rm de re#ea
conine ga(e vitale pentru Importana atmosferei filtru pentru radiaii cosmice i(olator termic permite ionosfera pt ra(ele 0 P gamma vaporii de ap P C4K opresc cldura !efect de ser# formarea vntului producerea circuitului apei n natur transmiterea sunetelor oameni !4K#; plante !C4K- 4K#animale !4K# o(onul pt radiaiile ultraviolete

c5 ScEi# de tip ci&rcEine

"a0eni )lante ",igen Dio,i4 4e carDon @a(e vitale Ailtr1 8t5 ra4ia*ii co20ice Importana atmosferei I(olator termic Haporii de ap Efect de ser C4K Producerea vntului +ormarea circuitului apei 5ransmiterea sunetelor "Bon1l Iono2+era Ani0ale Ultra=iolete W Oa00a

45 ScGi*a logic3 a 1nei lec*ii 8oate +i organiBat3 pe puncte %i Dubpuncte5 Apele curgtoare !fragment# K& 5ipuri de ape curgtoare - prul / ap curgtoare permanent sau temporar de dimensiuni mici- cu albie i traseu propriu - rul / ap curgtoare permanent de dimensiuni mi:locii- cu albie- traseu i aflueni
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- fluviul / cea mai mare ap curgtoare- cu numero i aflueni i care se vars direct n mare sau ocean printr-un estuar sau delt& <& Componentele rului - i(vorul / locul de unde ncepe cursul rului - cursul rului / apa curgtoare cu albie i traseu conturat - gura de vrsare / locul pe unde un ru se vars n alt ru- lac- mare etc& In 1lti0a 2cGi*3 a0 1tiliBat n10erele araDe 8entr1 or4onarea in+or0a*iilor$ <n23 8ot +i 1tiliBate n10erele ro0are ;i literele5 Intre cele 4o13 an2a0Dl1ri 4e in+or0a*ii ;i 4183 titl1 a0 l32at c>te 1n r>n4 liDer 8entr1 ca in+or0a*iile 23 +ie aeri2ite95 Ace2t 2i2te0 +aciliteaB3 lect1rarea ;i 0e0orarea =iB1al35 Aiecare an2a0Dl1 4e in+or0a*ii are 1n 21Dtitl1 21Dliniat c1 o 2ing1r3 linie5 Den10irea no*i1nilor e2te 2cri23 <n 8artea 2t>ng3 ;i e2te 21Dliniat3 c1 o linie$ iar caracteri2ticile (4e+ini*ia no*I1nii! 21nt 0en*ionate <n 8artea 4rea8t35 Ace2t 8roce4e1 4e re4actare a caracteri2ticilor 1nei no*i1ni 8reBint3 4eBa=antaE1l c3 ele=ii n1 2e2iBeaB3 n103r1l caracteri2ticilor e2en*iale5 )entr1 a 28riEini i4enti+icarea ;i 0e0orarea caracteri2ticilor no*i1nilor ace2tea 8ot +i <n2cri2e 1na 21D cealalt3: fluviul - cea mai mare ap curgtoare - cu numero I aflueni - ba(in "idrografic foarte mare - se vars direct n mare sau ocean printr-un estuar sau delt& In cea 4e-a 4o1a 2it1a*ie 4eBa=antaE1l <l con2tit1ie ri2i8irea +oii5 e5 ScGi*a logic3 a 1nei lec*ii 8oate +i organiBat3 <n taDel5 )reBent30 taDel1l co08letat 4e c3tre ele=ii 4e la Lice1l OGeorgGe Sincai9 4in Cl1E-Na8oca la lec*ia organiBat3 4e 1n 2t14ent$ 21D coor4onarea 0entor1l1i Ion MiGacea5 Tabel =8/8 Regi1nile agricole ale Terrei
Regi1nea agricol3 A tro8icelor 8er0anent 10e43 A tro8icelor c1 10i4itate alternant3 Ari43 LocaliBare QaBin1l +l1=iilor Vair ;i A0aBon ?-17o lat5 N ;i S 17-%'o lat5 N ;i S C5 CGinei 4e E2t$ C5 In4oOangetic3 %'-&'o lat5 N ;i S Caracteri2ticile cli0ei ;i 2ol1rilor "2cila*ii ter0ice 0iciJ 88 Dogate ;i con2tanteJ 2ol1ri +ertile 21D 8341riJ )er0anent te08erat1ri 0ariJ " 8erioa43 4e 2ecet3J Te08erat1ri 0ariJ 8reci8ita*ii +oarte 81*ine Un anoti08 c1 885 Dogate - 1n1l 2eceto2J Te08erat1ri 0ari Veri cal4e ;i 12cateJ ierni Dl>n4e ;i 10e4eJ )lante =alori+icate K c1lti=ate )al0ier 4e 1lei$ cocotier$ arDore 4e ca+ea$ arDore 4e ca1ci1cJ "reB$ 8or10D$ 0eiJ ArDori 4e ca+ea ;i ceai$ D10Dac$ tre2tie 4e BaG3r$ 212an$ ricin$ araGi4e$ 8or10D$ 0ei$ leg10inoa2e C1lt1ri irigate <n oaBe ;i l>ng3 r>1ri: oreB$ 8or10D$ D10Dac$ c1r0ali "reB$ 8or10D$ 0ei$ t1t1n$ 2oia$ D10Dac$ leg10inoa2e "reB$ D10Dac (irigate!$ gr>1$ 8or10D$ orB$ citrice$ =i*a 4e =ie Qo=ine$ o=ine$ ca8rine "=ine$ ca8rine Ani0ale 4o0e2tice

M12onic3

Qo=ine$ D1Daline

S1Dtro8ical3

Qo=ine$ ca8rine$ o=ine$ 8orcine

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Cerealier3 la latit14ini 0e4ii S1D8olar3

&'-.'o lat5 N ;i S Nor41l E1ra2iei

S1cce2i1ne 4e & anoti081ri Veri 2c1rte ;i reci

Or>1$ 2ecara$ o=3B$ orB$ 8or10D$ 8lante 4e n1tre*$ "rB$ o=3B$ 2ecar3$ carto+i

Qo=ine$ ca8rine$ o=ine$ 8orcine$ a=ic1lt1ra Reni

C&mentariu8 R32+oin4 caietele 1n1i ele=$ ne-a1 atra2 aten*ia 2cGi*ele or4onate logic$ 4e ti8 arDore$ c1 te,te ;i 21Dlinieri colorate 4in caietele 4e geogra+ie ;i 4e i2torie5 Re0arc>n4 <n +a*a ele=1l1i c3 4oar ace2te caiete core281n4 cerin*elor noa2tre 0eto4ice$ ele=1l a 2812 c3 a a=1t 4oar 4oi 8ro+e2ori D1ni: 8ro+e2oara 4e geogra+ie ;i 8ro+e2oara 4e i2torie5 A3r3 23 aiD3 co08eten*3 0eto4ic3$ ele=1l a +3c1t o E14ecat3 4e =aloare a218ra co08eten*ei 8ro+e2orilor 8e DaBa a ce ;i ;i c10 a <n=3*at 4e la ei$ iar caietele 4e noti*e re+lecta1 +i4el 2til1l 4e l1cr1 al 8ro+e2or1l1i c1 ele=ii$ rig1roBitatea ;tiin*i+ic3$ gra41l 4e 2i2te0atiBare a in+or0a*iilor etc5 Ace2te 4o13 8ro+e2oare l-a1 <n=3*at 8e ele= 23 <n=e*e 2ing1r ;i ace2t 0o4el 4e l1cr1 8oate +i tran2+erat c1 1;1rin*3 la alte 4i2ci8line5 =8,838*8 F&l&Direa caietului de n&ti#e Caiet1l 4e noti*e re8reBint3 un produs reali(at de ctre elev <n lec*ii ;i <n a+ara ace2tora5 Caiet1l 8oate c18rin4e: 8re2cri8*ii o+erite 4e 8ro+e2or re+eritoare la 1tiliBarea 0an1al1l1i ;i 8entr1 elaDorarea caiet1l1i 4e noti*eJ 2cGi*ele lec*iilor elaDorate 4e 8ro+e2or 8e taDl3 ;i tran2cri2e 4e c3tre ele=J 0ateriale gra+ice (4e2ene 2cGe0atice$ carto2cGe0e etc! elaDorate 4183 0an1al$ 8lan;e$ G3r*i$ etcJ reBol=3ri 4e e,erci*ii$ 8roDle0e$ 2it1a*ii-8roDle03$ caB1ri etcJ te0e elaDorate aca23 (reB10ate$ con28ecte$ recenBii$ re+erate etc!J Caiet1l 4e noti*e re8reBint3 un instrument de lucru +1n4a0ental 2a1 un mi:loc au%iliar 8rin inter0e4i1l c3r1ia ele=1l 4oD>n4e;te: c1no;tin*e 4eclarati=e (2a=oir29! care-i 8er0it 23 re8reBinte oDiectele ;i +a8tele (conce8te$ legi$ 8rinci8ii$ teorii$ e=eni0ente$ cla2i+ic3ri$ i0agini etc! c1no;tin*e 8roce41rale (2a=oir2-+aire9! (8rice8eri$ 4e8rin4eri intelect1ale ;i 8ractice$ a8licarea 0eto4elor$ 8roce41rilor ;i teGnicilor$ 1tiBarea in2tr10entelor ;i a8aratelor! care-i 8er0it 23 ac*ioneBe a218ra realit3*ii 8rin inter0e4i1l o8eratorilor ;i o8era*iilorJ atit14ini (2a=oir-etre9!$ a4ic3 ce =a ;ti 23 +ie ele=1l 4183 o 2ec=en*3 4e in2tr1ire ;i <n=3*areJ co08eten*e (ca8acitatea 1nei 8er2oane 4e a realiBa o 2arcin3 4at3J an2a0Dl1 4e c1no;tin*e 4eclarati=e$ c1no;tin*e 8roce41rale ;i atit14ini care 21nt acti=ate <n realiBarea 1nei 2arcini 4ate!5 Func#iile caietului de n&ti#e8 Caiet1l 4e noti*e <n4e8line;te 1r03toarele +1nc*ii: +uncia informativ- 4eoarece caiet1l 4e noti*e con2tit1ie o 21r23 =aloroa23 4e in+or0a*iiJ

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 +uncia formativ- 4eoarece 8rin elaDorarea con*in1t1l1i caiet1l1i 4e noti*e ele=1l 4oD>n4e;te aDilit3*i$ 4e8rin4eri intelect1ale ;i 0otrice$ cGiar co08eten*eJ +uncia didactic- 4eoarece caiet1l e2te 1n in2tr10ent 4e l1cr1 e2en*ial <n 8roce21l 4i4acticJ +uncia instrumental- 4eoarece caiet1l 4e noti*e n1 e2te 1n 2co8 <n 2ine F 4e a elaDora 1n caiet 4e noti*e -$ ci e2te 1n 0iEloc a1,iliar 8rin care ele=ii <n=a*3 23 8reia$ 23 2tocGeBe$ 23 organiBeBe$ 23 tran2+or0e in+or0a*ii$ e2te 1n in2tr10ent 8rin inter0e4i1l c3rora ele=ii <n*eleg ;i <;i +i,eaB3 0ai Dine c1no;tin*ele <n 0e0orie5 Su'eDtii met&d&l&'ice pri!ind utilizarea caietului de lec#ie Alegerea caietului de notie 4e8in4e 4e =>r2ta ele=ilor ;i 4e 4e8rin4erile 8e care 4ori0 23 le +or030 la ace;tia5Caietele 28eciale 21nt elaDorate ca 0aterial a1,iliar 8e l>ng3 1n an10e 0an1al5 A1 01lte 0ateriale gra+ice$ e,erci*ii$ ite0i 4i=er;i etc5$ tot1;i$ n1 <ntot4ea1na 21nt 0iEloacele a4ec=ate 2til1l1i 8ro+e2or1l1i 4e organiBare a acti=it3*ii5 M1l*i 8ro+e2ori o8teaB3 8entr1 caietele <n care e,i2t3 alternan*a 4e +ile c1 linii ;i +oi +3r3 linii$ 4ar$ <n +inal$ re0arc30 +a8t1l c3 01lte +ile 4e2tinate 4e2enelor 21nt goale$ 4eci 21nt ri2i8ite5 S1ger30 <083r*irea +oii 8rintr-o linie =ertical3 <n 4o13 83r*i egale ;i 2crierea +oii neliniate5 Caietele <n 83tr3*ele +aciliteaB3 cel 0ai Dine or4onarea in+or0a*iilor 8e 8agin3: c>n4 e2te caB1l in+or0a*iile 21nt 2cri2e <n +iecare r>n4J in+or0a*iile c1 acela;i gra4 ierarGic 8ot +i aliniate e,celent 8e =ertical3 2a1 oriBontal3J liniile$ acola4ele$ +ig1rile geo0etrice 8ot +i tra2ate rig1ro2 c1 0>na liDer3 etc Primele prescripii 21nt 21gerate ele=ilor <n 8ri0a lec*ie: 23 n1 la2e 8ri0a +oaie ne2cri23$ ci 23 a8lice 8e ea o +otogra+ie a 28a*i1l1i tere2tr1 ;i 23 2crie 1n citat a4ec=at geogra+iei 2a1 <n=3*3riiJ 23 n1 4e2eneBe 2a1 23 03Bg3lea2c3 8e 1lti0ele 8aginiJ 23 n1 trag3 linii 8e 0arginile +oilor$ nici <n 2co8 e2tetic$ nici 8entr1 a 8re=eni r18erea col*1rilor c1 in+or0a*ii 4eoarece a=e0 i08erio2 ne=oie 4e ace2t 28a*i1 8entr1 organiBarea noti*elorJ 23 n1 r183 +oiJ 23 2crie titl1rile c1 litere 0ici 4e 0>n3 F e,ce8t>n4 n10ele 8ro8rii 2a1 8ri0a liter3 a titl1l1i -$ n1 c1 0aE12c1le 4e ti8arJ titl1rile ;i 21Dtitl1rile 23 +ie 21Dliniate c1 o 2ing1r3 linie 4eoarece 4ac3 21nt 0arcate gra+ic 8rea 81ternic 8ri=irea e2te atra23 4e liniile colorate$ ;er81ite 2a1 41Dle$ n1 4e ceea ce e2te 2cri2 4ea218ra lorJ <naintea 21D81nctelor 0arcate c1 o ci+r3 23 la2e 1n r>n4 liDerJ 23 e=ite ;ter23t1rile$ 03Bg3lit1rileJ 23 l1creBe or4onat5 Aiecare 8ro+e2or are an10ite reg1li 8e care ele=ii le re28ect3$ <n23 e2te Dine ca ele=ii ;i 8ro+e2orii 23 n1 +ie 2cla=ii 1nor 0o4ele rigi4e$ ci 23 0ani+e2te +le,iDilitate at1nci c>n4 e,i2t3 2ol1*ii 0ai D1ne 8entr1 reBol=area 8roDle0elor5 5ranscrierea notielor de pe tabl& Inainte 4e a 2crie 8e taDl3 a=ertiB30 ele=ii 23 2crie <n caiete tot ce e2te 2cri2 2a1 4e2enat 8e taDl3 F 4ac3 n1 le-a0 interBi2 ace2t l1cr15 An10ite in+or0a*ii e,i2tente <n 0an1al n1 e2te nece2ar 23 le 2crie0 F 8reciB30 care an10e5 )entr1 ca ele=ii 4in cla2ele 0ici 23 +ie aten*i la e,8lica*ii$ le cere0 23 n1 2crie <n ti08 ce =orDi0$ ci 23 ne 8ri=ea2c35 Ii aten*ion30 23 2crie c>n4 <nce8e0 ;i noi 2cGi*a 8e taDl35 )entr1 a <n*elege ceea ce 2crie0 8e taDl3$ ro2ti0 toate c1=intele 2cri2e ;i n1 aco8eri0 c1 cor81l no2tr1 2cGi*a5 )reciB30 c3 e2te Dine 23 <ntreDe 4ac3 a1 neclarit3*i5 Unii ele=i a1 ten4in*a 23 2crie +oarte lent$ 0oti= 8entr1
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care$ 4in c>n4 <n c>n4 le a0inti0 c3 e2te ne=oie 23 2crie <n rit0 c1 noi ;i 23 n1 r30>n3 <n 1r035 Dac3 n1 ter0in3 re8e4e 4e 2cri2 4e 8e taDl3 a;te8t30 4183 ei 8entr1 a contin1a lec*ia 2a1 le 281ne0 23 o8rea2c3 tran2crierea ;i 23 co08leteBe <n 8a1B35 In cea 4e-a 4o1a 2it1a*ie e,i2t3 ri2c1l 23 1ite 1n4e an10e a1 4e co08letat$ n1 0ai 8ot co08leta 4e 8e taDl3 8entr1 c3 a +o2t ;tear23 2a1 a1 altce=a 4e +3c1t <n 8a1B35 )e 8arc1r21l lec*iilor in2i2t30 ca ele=ii 23-;i a4a8teBe rit01l 4e l1cr1 c1 cel al no2tr1 ;i al colegilor5 Dac3 ele=ii arg10enteaB3 c3 2cri1 1r>t c>n4 2cri1 8rea re8e4e ;i n1 <n*eleg 8ro8riile noti*e$ le 21ger30 23 0ai e,er2eBe aca235 )entr1 ca ele=ii 23 a143 ce ro2ti0 c>n4 2crie0 8e taDl3$ n1 ne <ntoarce0 c1 28atele <n <ntregi0e 28re ei$ ci 8ron1n*30 c1=intele rar ;i c1 o tonalitate 81ternic35 Dac3 ele=ii a1 4e e+ect1at 1n 4e2en 2a1 1n taDel e2te ne=oie 23 in4ic30 4i0en2i1nea ace2tora 4eoarece 21nt tenta*i 23 +ac3 4e2ene 0ici$ a8oi 2cri21l n1 0ai are loc 2a1 literele 21nt 0ici$ <ngGe21ite 2a1 in4e2ci+raDile5 Le in4ic30 4i0en2i1nile 4e2enelor <n centi0etri$ n103r 4e r>n41ri 2a1 83tr3*ele$ 8e =ertical3 ;i 8e oriBontal3$ Dac3 4ori0 ca +oaia 23 +ie 8oBi*ionat3 alt+el 4ec>t c10 e2te 2it1at3 4e oDicei$ 8reciB30 c10 an10e ;i le 8reBent30 1n caiet 8oBi*ionat corect5 La taDele 8reciB30 +oarte 8reci2 n103r1l coloanelor$ l3*i0ea ace2tora$ l1ngi0ea a8ro,i0ati=35 )entr1 ca in+or0a*iile 23 +ie or4onate a4ec=at <n taDel <i aten*ion30 23 <ncea83 o 8agin3 no135 A=ertiB30 ele=ii c3 la 2+>r;it1l lec*iei =o0 =eri+ica caietele ;i 4in c>n4 <n c>n4 ne <ntoarce0 ;i-i 8ri=i05 Dac3 ele=ii +ac g3l3gie <n ti081l tran2crierii$ 2i08la o8rire a e,8lica*iei ;i <ntoarcerea c1 +a*a 28re ei 8oate +i 21+icient3 8entr1 rel1area l1cr1l1i5 Dac3 oD2er=30 c3 21nt ne410eri*i$ o <ntreDare e2te Dine =enit3 4eoarece e,i2t3 ri2c1l ca ele=ii 23 +i 2e2iBat o gre;eal3$ 4ar n1 a1 c1raE1l 23 281n35 Dac3 tot1;i a0 2cri2 ce=a gre;it 8e taDl3$ corect30 i0e4iat$ iar <n alte 2it1a*ii =o0 +i 0ai aten*i5 )entr1 e=itarea ace2tor 0ici erori 2olicit30 ele=ii 23 ne aten*ioneBe 4e +iecare 4at3 c>n4 ce=a 8are <n nereg1l3 4eoarece 1nele gre;eli 2e +i,eaB3 81ternic <n 0inte ;i con2tit1ie c1no;tin*e-ca8can3 8entr1 <n=3*3rile =iitoare5 Dac3 4e2en30 2cGi*e 2a1 cartocGe0e 8reciB30 4ac3 ace2tea 21nt intercalate <n te,t 2a1 8e o alt3 +oaie5 Ii aten*ion30 23 n1 1ite 23 2crie titl1l 4e2enelor$ G3r*ilor 2a1 taDelelor$ 23 co8ieBe legen4a F 4ac3 e2te caB1l5 Dac3 4ori0 23 1tiliBeBe an10ite c1lori$ +olo2i0 c1lorile re28ecti=e c>n4 4e2en30 8e taDl35 6tili(area caietului de ctre elev5 Aiecare 8ro+e2or are 8ro8ria re8reBentare 4e28re c10 ar 4ori 23 arate caietele 4e noti*e ale ele=ilor 23i$ c10 le-ar 81tea 1tiliBa ace;tia$ 4ar ele=ii 8ot a=ea re8reBent3ri 4i+erite5 )entr1 ca ele=ii 23 <n*eleag3 e,act ce 4ore;te 8ro+e2or1l <ntot4ea1na 21nt nece2are 8re2cri8*ii clare ;i 8reci2e5 )rice8erea ;i 4e8rin4erile 4e28re l1area noti*elor$ 4e28re organiBarea in+or0a*iilor$ 4e28re elaDorarea 4e2enelor 2cGe0atice$ a gra+icelor$ a taDelelor n1 2e +or0eaB3 8ri=in41-i 8e al*ii$ ci e+ect1>n41-le5 In +iecare lec*ie 8ro+e2or1l antici8eaB3 ce ;i c10 an10e =or 1tiliBa ele=ii caiet1l 4e noti*e5 Caiet1l e2te cartea 4e =iBit39 a ele=1l1i 4in care 2e oD*in in+or0a*ii a218ra 8er2onalit3*ii 2ale$ a218ra calit3*ii ;i cantit3*ii c1no;tin*elor ;i atit14inilor 8e care le 8o2e435 C1no2c>n4 ace2te a28ecte$ <nc3 4in 8ri0ele lec*ii c>n4 l1cr30 c1 o cla23$ aten*ia noa2tr3 =a +i +ocaliBat3 a218ra caiet1l1i 4e noti*e5
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C10 +olo2e2c ele=ii caiet1l 4e noti*eH In general$ ele=ii a1 4e8rin4erea 4e a 2crie tot ceea ce 2crie 8ro+e2or1l 8e taDl3 ;i a4e2ea 21nt 8reoc18a*i 23 2crie tot ceea ce 281ne 8ro+e2or1l 4eoarece a1 con2tatat c3 ace2ta 281ne$ 4e +oarte 01lte ori$ altce=a 4ec>t ceea ce 2crie <n 0an1al5 In 0o4 +ire2c$ <n caiet1l 4e noti*e ar treD1i 2cri23 n10ai o 2cGe03 a lec*iei$ 4ar$ 4in ca1Ba con*in1t1l1i lac1nar ;i inacce2iDil al 0an1alelor$ ele=ii 2cri1 01lt 0ai 01lt ;i <n=a*3 n10ai 4in caiete$ ace2tea <nloc1in4 8ractic 0an1alele5 )entr1 ca ele=ii 23 n1 li0iteBe <n=3*area la 2cGi*a 4in caiet$ <i aten*ion30 c3 e2te nece2ar 23 citea2c3 lec*ia 4in 0an1al$ iar la =eri+icarea lec*iei anterioare$ 4e +iecare 4at3$ +or01l30 <ntreD3ri al c3ror r3281n2 8oate +i +or01lat 4183 citirea te,t1l1i ti83rit5 Dac3 ele=ii <n=a*3 n10ai 4183 2cGi*a 4in caiet oD2er=30 c3 1neori$ <n loc 23 +or01leaBe 8ro8oBi*ii co08lete$ +or01leaB3 +rag0ente 4e 8ro8oBi*ii (=orDe2c <n 2cGe039! ;i 2e li0iteaB3 la re8ro41cerea e,act3 a noti*elor$ <n or4inea 0e0orat35 )entr1 a-i oDliga 23-;i 2cGi0De 0o41l 4e <n=3*are$ +or01l30 <ntreD3rile <n a;a +el ca ei 23 +ie oDliga*i 23 re2tr1ct1reBe c1no;tin*ele <ntr-o +or03 no135 Caiet1l 4e noti*e e2te 1tiliBat 8entr1 elaDorarea 1nor reB10ate$ con28ecte$ e2e1ri$ 4e2ene$ 2cGe0e logice etc5 Deoarece ace2te acti=it3*i 21nt 8re2tate in4i=i41al 4e c3tre ele=i$ ca 23 n1 cre30 o 2it1a*ie con+1B3$ c>n4 4e2crie0 2arcina 8e care o a1 4e <n4e8linit ele=ii$ e2te Dine 23 2crie <n caiet ce an10e a1 4e +3c1t5 )entr1 a 2c38a 4e o 2arcin3 care le 8are 4i+icil3$ ele=ii 21nt tenta*i 23 281n3 c3 n1 a1 a=1t te03 2a1 c3 n1 a1 ;ti1t 23 o +ac35 Intr-a4e=3r$ n1 e2te caB1l 23 ne a;te8t30 ca ele=ii 23 0e0oreBe toate in4ica*iile ;i cerin*ele 8e care le tran20ite0 =erDal 4eoarece c1 certit14ine =or 1ita <n ti08 4e o 238t30>n35 Dac3 2arcina e2te e+ect1at3 <n cla23 ele=ii a1 8o2iDilitatea 4e a 0ai <ntreDa$ 4ar 4ac3 l1creaB3 aca23 +ie 4eranEeaB3 al*i colegi$ +ie reBol=3 inco08let 2a1 gre;it 2arcina$ +ie n1 o +ac 4eloc5 )entr1 0aEoritatea ele=ilor caiet1l 4e noti*e e2te 1n 0e0orator 2a1 in=entar 4e c1no;tin*e5 )entr1 ca ele=ii 23 4oD>n4ea2c3 c1no;tin*e 8roce41rale e2te ne=oie 23 +ie 2olicita*i 23 8rel1creBe in+or0a*ii ;i 23 elaDoreBe 4i=er2e 0ateriale gra+ice 21D con41cerea 8ro+e2or1l1i5 )e 8arc1r21l +iec3rei lec*ii intro41ce0 2c1rte 2ec=en*e 4e 8rel1crare a in+or0a*iilor 4in te,tele ti83rite: e,tragerea i4eilor 8rinci8ale$ a citatelor$ a 4atelor 2tati2tice$ a conce8telor$ a 4e+ini*iilor etc5J intro41cerea 4atelor <n taDeleJ elaDorarea 2cGe0elor logice$ a cla2i+ic3rilor$ a reB10atelor$ a con28ectelor etc5 C1noa;terea 8roce41rilor 4e 8rel1crare a in+or0a*iilor 41reaB3 inter=ale 0ari 4e ti08$ 4ar <n=3*area <nce8e 4in 8ri0ele cla2e5 Dac3 8entr1 8ro+e2or ace2te 8roce41ri 21nt clare ;i 4ac3 <;i 8ro81ne ca ele=ii 23i 23 le <n=e*e$ at1nci$ <n +1nc*ie 4e 8artic1larit3*ile +iec3rei lec*ii 8oate organiBa 2c1rte acti=it3*i 4e 8roce2are a in+or0a*iei5 N10ai <n ace2t 0o4 ele=ii <n=a*3 23 4e2ci+reBe te,te noi$ 23 e,trag3 e2en*ial1l$ 23 re+or01leBe 4e+ini*ii$ 23 or4oneBe logic 2a1 cronologic 4i=er2e 4ate5 D183 ce ele=ii <n*eleg c3 elaDorarea caiet1l1i 4e noti*e n1 e2te 1n 0o+t9 al 8ro+e2or1l1i$ o cor=oa43 +3r3 ro2t$ ci 1n i08ortant in2tr10ent nece2ar <n <n=3*area e+icient3 ei <l +olo2e2c 0ai 01lt ;i 0ai Dine5 Evaluarea caietelor de notie5 Dac3 a0 ter0inat 4eEa 4e l1crat la taDl3$ iar ele=ii e,ec1t3 1n 4e2en 2a1 taDel 0ai co08licat 4in 0an1al 2a1 4e 8e taDl3$ ne 8li0D30 8rintre D3nci ;i 8ri=i0 4e2enele5 Dac3 2e2iB30 c3 n1 a1 l1crat corect
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o+eri0 i0e4iat 28riEin5 )rin oD2er=area 4e2en1l1i 8ro8ri1 ele=ii <n=a*3 23-l co08are c1 0o4el1l ;i 23-l corecteBe5 Di2c1t30 c1 ele=ii 4ac3 8ot corecta ;terg>n4$ t3in4 c1 o linie 2a1 4ac3 e2te caB1l 23 re+ac3 <n <ntregi0e 4e2en1l 2a1 2cGi*a 4in caiet (4183 caiet1l altc1i=a 4ac3 n1 0ai a1 ti08 21+icient 4e l1cr1!5 Dac3 ele=ii 8leac3 aca23 c1 2cGi*e eronate$ c1 certit14ine re8reBent3rile lor =or +i gre;ite5 Unele 0o0ente 4e e=al1are a 2cGi*elor 4in caiet1l 4e noti*e 8ot +i organiBate la 2+>r;it1l lec*iei5 Le cere0 23 a;eBe caietele 4e2cGi2e 8e Danc3 la lec*ia 4e Bi ;i lor le cere0 23 citea2c3 lec*ia 4in 0an1al$ 23 reBol=e 1n arit0ogri+$ 23 reBol=e 1n te2t 2a1 cGe2tionar etc5 )1te0 0arca 8rintr-1n 2e0n +a8t1l c3 a0 =eri+icat 8agina re28ecti=3 4in caiet5 N1 e2te caB1l 23 c31t30 in2i2tent c1=intele 2cri2e gre;itJ ace2tea le =o0 =e4ea +oarte re8e4e 4183 ce =o0 e,er2a 81*in5 Dac3 le-a0 cer1t ele=ilor 23 +ac3 o te03 aca23$ 2i08la =eri+icare a te0ei o 8oate +ace 1n ele= 8e care l-a0 no0inaliBat5 De oDicei acea2t3 2arcin3 re=ine ele=ilor D1ni$ 4ar acea2ta n1 con2tit1ie o reg1l35 Dac3 e,i2t3 <n cla23 ele=i care ne atrag aten*ia 8rin alte 8reoc183ri (4eBintere2$ neaten*ie etc! <i 2olicit30 23 =eri+ice te0ele colegilor5 Acea2t3 acti=itate con2tit1ie 8entr1 ei 1n 8rileE 4e 2ati2+ac*ie ;i 4e a+ir0are <n +a*a colegilor$ 4ar ;i o 0o4alitate 4e a con2oli4a rela*ia c1 8ro+e2or1l5 )entr1 ca ele=1l 23 n1 +ac3 E14ec3*i 4e =aloare a218ra te0elor colegilor ;i 23 creeBe 2t3ri con+lict1ale <l =o0 aten*iona c3 4ori0 4oar 23 ;ti0 4ac3 to*i ele=ii a1 re1;it 23 elaDoreBe te0a5 D183 0o0ent1l organiBatoric e2te Dine 23 4i2c1t30 a218ra 0o41l1i <n care a1 re1;it 23-;i +ac3 te0a5 Un ele= cite;te ceea ce a 2cri2 <n caiet1l 4e noti*e 2a1 2crie reBol=area 8e taDl3 F 4ac3 te0a a +o2t o 8roDle03 2a1 e,erci*i15 D183 o a1toe=al1are ;i a1toa8reciere 2olicit30 a8recieri 4in 8artea colegilor ;i o+eri0 8ro8ria noa2tr3 e=al1are5 Di2c1*iile c1 cla2a 21nt orientate 28re a8recierea a28ectelor Dine realiBate 4e c3tre ele=i$ 4ar ;i 28re i4enti+icarea 81nctelor 0ai 2laDe care nece2it3 corect3ri$ co08let3ri$ clari+ic3ri5 Di2c1*iile 21nt orientate a8oi 28re 0eto4ele ;i 0iEloacele 8rin care 2e corecteaB3 2a1 2e co08leteaB3 c1no;tin*ele5 Dac3 1it30 23 e=al130 te0ele 2a1 le =eri+ic30 218er+icial$ ele=ii =or ren1n*a 23 le 0ai +ac35 C10 8roce430 4ac3 ele=ii n1 <;i +ac te0eleH E2te +ire2c 23 <ntreD30 4in ce ca1B3 n1 a1 realiBat te0a5 In 0aEoritatea caB1rilor ca1Bele 21nt legate 4e ele=$ <n23 1neori 8ro8riile noa2tre atit14ini 2a1 cele ale 83rin*ilor 81n ele=ii <n 2it1a*ii ne+a=oraDile5 Dac3 ele=ii =or oD2er=a c3 21nte0 2en2iDili la an10ite 0oti=e ;i n1 l130 0321ri$ <n alte ocaBii$ c>n4 n1 a1 +3c1t te0a ne o+er3 ca 2c1B3 acela;i 0oti=5 )entr1 a g32i 2ol1*iile o8ti0e 8rin a8licarea c3rora 0aEoritatea ele=ilor 23 <;i e+ect1eaBe te0ele le cere0 83rerea5 S1ge2tiile =enite 4in 8artea ele=ilor 21nt 1neori originale$ i08re=iBiDile ;i 4e 01lte ori e+iciente5 Ele=ii <n=a*3 23 ca1te 2ol1*ii$ 23 4eci43$ 23 negocieBe 8entr1 intere2ele 8ro8rii5 )rin ace2te 4i2c1*ii 8ri0i0 01lte in+or0a*ii 4e28re 0o41l <n care <n=a*3 ele=ii$ ce 4i+ic1lt3*i a1 la ;coal3 2a1 aca23 ;i 1n 2+at e2te Dine=enit5 =8,83818 Acti!itatea cu cartea 'tudiul crii re8reBint3 1n an2a0Dl1 4e 0eto4e$ 8roce4ee ;i teGnici 4e a1toin2tr1ire 8er0anent3$ 8rin care 1n in4i=i4 4oD>n4e;te$ <;i a8ro+1n4eaB3 2a1 <0Dog3*e;te c1no;tin*ele$ <;i +or0eaB3 ca8acit3*i intelect1ale$ <;i +1n4a0enteaB3 teoretic c1no;tin*ele 8roce41rale ;i co08eten*ele5
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St14ierea c3r*ilor =iBeaB3 <n21;irea 1nor te"nici 4e: 4oc10entare ;i in=e2tiga*ie in+or0a*ional3J 4e analiB3 ;i inter8retare a te,telor ;i a altor 4oc10ente incl12e <n c3r*iJ 4e 8rel1crare a in+or0a*iilor (2i2te0atiBare$ or4onare logic3 ;i cronologic3$ 2electare$ co08arare!5 )rin 2t14ierea c3r*ilor 2e +or0eaB3 capacitile intelectuale$ 4e8rin4erea 4e a citi ;i inter8reta 1n te,t$ ca8acitatea 4e a realiBa o lect1rare ele=at3 ;i c1 ran4a0ent intelect1al 0are$ 4e8rin4erea a l1a noti*e$ 4e8rin4eri 4e 4i2ci8lin3 a 01ncii intelect1ale$ 4e8rin4eri 4e igien3 a 01ncii$ ele=1l <n=a*3 c10 23 2e <n=e*e 2ing1r ;i e+icient5 )rin 2t14i1 2i2te0atic 2e 4eB=olt3 re28on2aDilitatea +at3 4e 0o41l 8ro8ri1 4e <n=3*are$ 2e 4eB=olt3 intere21l 8entr1 in=e2tiga*ie ;i cercetare$ e2te 2ti01lat3 0oti=a*ia 8entr1 a1toin2tr1ire ;i a1toe41care$ 2e con2oli4eaB3 <ncre4erea ele=ilor <n 21r2ele 4e 4oc10entare ;i <n ca8acitatea 4e a 8rogre2a 8rin 1tiliBarea lor5 C&nceptul de text incl14e toate 0aterialele 2cri2e (ti83rite 2a1 realiBate 8rin alte 0iEloace! 4e 4i=er2e origini$ c10 21nt: 0an1al1l$ c3r*ile (;tiin*i+ice 2a1 8entr1 0arele 81Dlic$ 4ic*ionare$ enciclo8e4ii$ c1legeri 4e 8roDle0e 2i te2te$ atla2e!$ 8re2a 2cri23 (re=i2te$ Biare!$ internet1l$ CD-1ri$ D3nci 4e 4ate$ te,te elaDorate 4e 8ro+e2or 2a1 ele=i5 Ace2te te,te core281n4 1nor dove(i (4e2crierea 1n1i 8ei2aE 2a1 c3l3torii$ 8o=e2tirea 1n1i e=eni0ent$ relatarea 1nor +a8te <n 8re23! 2a1 1nor interpretri (e2e1l 1n1i a1tor 4e28re 1n 21Diect an10e!5 C&nceptul de lecturare8 2ecturarea e2te o acti=itate 4e 4e2ci+rare integrati=3 a 1n1i te,t$ 4e <n*elegere a con*in1t1l1i$ 4e e=al1are ;i a8reciere a calit3*ilor 2ale5 )rin lect1rare ele=ii <;i +or0eaB3 o an10it3 0anier3 4e a rece8ta$ 4e a g>n4i$ 4e a reBol=a$ 4e a o8era ;i 4e a e=al1a 0e2aE1l con*in1t <n te,t5 Tipuri de lecturri *up modul de lecturare e%ist8 - lect1rare <n g>n4 (8ro+1n43$ 2ilen*ioa23$ con2acrat3 <n*elegerii con*In1t1l1i!J - lect1rare c1 =oce tare (care 8oate +i c1 2co8 arti2tic$ c1 2co8 4e0on2trati=$ c1 2co81l 0e0or3rii 0ecanice a te,t1l1i!J *up vite(a de lecturare e%ist8 - lect1rare lent3 (1'' F 7'' c1=inte K 0in1t!$ c1 2co81l 2t14ierii 1nor in+or0a*ii noi$ co08le,e$ 4i+icileJ - lect1rare <n rit0 0e4i1 (7'' F %'' c1=inte K 0in1t!$ c1 2co81l lect1r3rii 1nor te,te 0ai 2i08le$ 0ai 81*in 4i+icile ori 4183 4e2ci+rarea 0e2aEelor te,t1l1i 8rin lect1rare lent3J - lect1rare ra8i43 (%'' F 1''' c1=inte K 0in1t!$ c1 2co81l lect1r3rii 1n1i te,t <ntr-1n inter=al 0ic 4e ti08 2a1 <n eta8a 4e reca8it1lare ;i 2inteB3 a c1no;tin*elor c1no2c1te 4eEa5 (Citirea ra8i43 2e DaBeaB3 8e e,ercitarea ca8acit3*ii 4e a c18rin4e =iB1al ;i 0ental$ 4intr-o 4at3$ o 2ec=en*3 4e 7 F ? r>n41ri 2cri2e$ 8ri=irea +iin4 concentrat3$ ti08 4e c>te=a 2ec1n4e$ 4e 212 <n Eo2$ 8e centr1l (4iagonala! te,t1l1i 2cri2$ cititor1l 1r03rin4 23 +iltreBe9 (i4enti+ice! ;i 23 <n*eleag3 in+or0a*iile noi $ <n 0o4 21cce2i=$ +3r3 o8riri5! *up obiectivul lecturrii e%ist8 - lect1rare 4e antrenare intelect1al3J
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- lect1rare 4e 4e2tin4ere (l1cr3ri 4e c1lt1r3 general3$ 4e c3l3torie$ 0e0oriali2tic3$ Diogra+ice$ 4e 8o81lariBare etc!J - lect1rare 4e +or0are: - lect1rare critic3 K analitico F inter8retati=3 care =iBeaB3 <n*elegerea 2e0ni+ica*iilorJ - lect1r3ri 8aralele 8rin care 2e 2taDile2c a2e03n3rile ;i 4eo2eDirile$ 8artic1larit3*ile 1nor te,te$ +eno0ene$ e=eni0ente etcJ - lect1rare e,8licati=3$ c1 4e+inirea c1=intelor nec1no2c1te$ c1 2taDilirea ca1Belor$ con4i*iilor$ 4e2+3;1r3rii$ con2ecin*elor 1n1i +eno0en 2a1 e=eni0entJ - lect1rare 8roDle0atiBat3 c>n4 8ro+e2or1l +or01leaB3 <ntreD3ri a c3ror r3281n2 e,i2t3 <n te,t1l ce =a +i lect1ratJ - lect1rare 2intetic3$ c>n4 te,t1l e2te citit <n an2a0Dl15 *up modul de organi(are a lecturrii e%ist8 - lect1rare liDer3 a1 a1to4iriEat3J - lect1rare 4iriEat3 4e 8ro+e2orJ - lect1rare <n 8erecGi 2a1 <n gr181ri5 Su'eDtii met&d&l&'ice pri!ind lecturarea indi!idual )entr1 a2ig1rarea e+icien*ei lect1r3rii 1n1i te,t +iecare ele= ar treD1i 23 c1noa2c3 c>te=a a28ecte: 8entr1 ca lect1rarea 1n1i te,t 23 +ie e+icient3 cititor1l treD1ie 23 aiD3 1n scop Dine 8reciBat (c31tarea 1nei in+or0a*ii noi$ a8ro+1n4area 2a1 <0Dog3*irea 1nor c1no;tin*e$ co08letarea 1nor lac1ne$ inter8retarea ;i =eri+icarea a1tenticit3*ii 2a1 =eri4icit3*ii a4e=3r1rilor etc!J <n 0o0ent1l lect1r3rii cititor1l treD1ie 23 aiD3 o 2tare psi"ic optimpasiune i trire intelectual reB1ltat3 8rin realiBarea 2co81l1i =iBatJ o lect1rarea e+icient3 i08lic3 8l3cerea cititor1l1i 8entr1 ceea ce +ace5 o lect1rarea e+icient3 nece2it3 8arc1rgerea 0ai 01ltor etape: citirea integral3 (2intetic3! a te,t1l1i 8entr1 e=i4en*ierea i4eilor e2en*ialeJ citirea (analitic3! te,t1l1i 8e 2ec=en*e in+or0a*ionale$ 8a2 c1 8a2$ a2ig1r>n41-2e <n*elegerea celor 2t14iate$ a e,8lica*iilor$ a e,erci*iilor$ a a8lica*iilorJ recitirea integral3 a te,t1l1i 8entr1 2intetiBarea 2a1 re2tr1ct1rarea <ntr-1n no1 an2a0Dl1 in+or0a*ional 1nitar ;i or4onat logic a i4eilor e2en*iale5 o lect1rarea e+icient3 nece2it3 tran2crierea 1nor i4ei <n 4i=er2e +or0e: - re(umate F 8reBentarea concentrat3 a ceea ce e2te 0ai i08ortant 4in te,tele cititeJ - conspecte (lat5 con28ect12 F 2cGi*3$ taDlo1 reB10ati=!$ care 8reBint3 concentrat$ <n or4ine 2i2te0atic3 4atele ce 8ri=e2c o an10it3 te03$ e,tra2e 8e DaBa 2t14i1l1i 0ai 01ltor 21r2e DiDliogra+iceJ - referate$ care 8reBint3 4atele a2e03n3tor con28ect1l1i <ntr-o +or03 0ai aD2tract3$ generaliBat3 ;i care$ 8e l>ng3 2intetiBarea 4atelor 4in 0ai 01lte 21r2e DiDliogra+ice$ 8oate integra ;i concl1Bii 8er2onale$ 4e2cGi4eri 28re noi in=e2tiga*iiJ

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- fi e$ <ntoc0ite 8e te0e 4i2tincte$ c18rinB>n4 4atele DiDliogra+ice 4in cartea citat3 (a1tor1l$ titl1l c3r*ii$ e4it1ra$ an1l a8ari*iei$ 8agina 1n4e 2e a+l3 te0a etc! ;i an10ite in+or0a*ii 4e28re te0a care +ace oDiect1l +i;ei (1n e,tra2$ o 4e+ini*ie$ 1n 2c1rt reB10at$ o 4e0on2tra*ie$ o +or01l3$ o a8lica*ie$ o a4notare$ e,8lica*ia 1n1i +eno0en etc!J - sc"eme logice sau cronologice (21D +or03 4e re*ea$ 4e ciorcGine$ <n taDele etc!J o lect1rare e+icient3 i08lic3 2t14i1l te,t1l1i <n 8aralel c1 2t14i1l noti*eor ;i =eri+icarea 4atelor <n 0ai 01lte 21r2e ;i co08ararea lor 8entr1 a2ig1rarea corectit14inii in+or0a*iei5 8entr1 a2ig1rarea 41raDilit3*ii c1no;tin*elor ;i 8entr1 8re=enirea 1it3rii e2te Dine 23 +ie e+ect1ate 0ai 01lte lect1r3ri la 4i=er2e inter=ale 4e ti085 2t14i1l 8oate +i con2i4erat e+icient <n 0o0ent1l <n care cititor1l e2te caaDil 23 +or01leBe <ntreD3ri 8e DaBa te,t1l1i$ 8oate re2tr1ct1ra =erDal con*in1t1l <ntr-o +or03 no13$ 8oate r3281n4e la <ntreD3ri 8e DaBa celor a+late 4in te,t etc5 Su'eDtii pri!ind i'iena lecturrii indi!idualeF "n lec#ie %i "n a ara lec#iei In 8roce21l 4i4actic ele=ii ar treD1i 23 <n=e*e c>te=a con4i*ii 8rin care 8ot a2ig1ra o lect1rare 0ai D1n3: a2ig1rarea 1nei stri de calm n ti081l lect1r3rii$ +3r3 ten2i1ni 82iGice negati=e$ care 4i0in1eaB3 ca8acitatea 4e 8erce8*ie$ 4e <n*elegere ;i 0e0orare a con*in1t1l1i cititJ criBa 4e ti08$ =ol101l 8rea 0are 4e in+or0a*ii$ a8ro8ierea 1n1i te2t3rii 2a1 e,a0in3rii$ a0enin*area in4123 4e 8ro+e2or 8ot ero4a 2tarea 4e cal0 a ele=ilorJ <n ti081l 8reg3tirii lec*iilor e2te Dine 23 +ie alternate discipline sau situaii de nvare cu specific diferit$ 8entr1 a 4i0in1a oDo2eala$ a cre;te 81terea 4e concentrare ;i ca8acitatea 4e <n=3*areJ <ntr-o lec*ie e2te Dine ca ele=ii 23 +ie antrena*i <n 4i=er2e 2it1a*ii 4e <n=3*are$ ca +or03 4e organiBare$ ca ;i con*in1t 2a1 ca 2trategii o+eriteJ 2e reco0an43 lect1rarea <n g>n4 (e,ce8t>n4 li0Dile 2tr3ine$ re8eti*iile la 01Bic3!$ <n con4i*ii 4e lini;teJ Bgo0ot1l 4e +on4 23 n1 4e83;e2c3 ?' F .' 4QJ lect1rarea <n 8erioa4e 4e ti08 con2i4erate o8ti0e 8entr1 ran4a0ent1l lect1r3rii 4e c3tre cercet3tori: <ntre orele / F 17 ;i 1& F 1C5 )rin antrena0ent ace2te inter=ale 4e ti08 8ot +i e,tin2e5 Cercet3torii 21gereaB3 ine+icien*a <n=3*at1l1i <n ti081l no8*ii 2a1 <n orele <n care 2e 8ro41ce 2ie2ta 4183 0a235 lect1rarea e2te e+icient3 c>n4 2e +ace <n ca0ere aeri2ite (4io,i41l 4e carDon ;i li82a o,igen1l1i 8ro=oac3 2o0nolen*3!$ c1 te08erat1ra <n E1r 4e 7' oC ;i c1 o 10i4itate 4e aer1l1i 4e ?' F .' la 21t3J lect1rarea e2te +a=oriBat3 4e 8oBi*ia =ertical3 a organi201l1i$ 0oti= 8entr1 care 2e +ace la 0a2a$ n1 c1lcat in 8atJ crearea 1n1i 0e4i1 a0Diant colorat 2ti01lati= 8entr1 lect1rare: c1lorile reci9 (alDa2tr1l$ =er4ele <ncGi2$ gri1l etc! +a=oriBeaB3 o at0o2+er3 4e lect1r3 2erioa23$ <n ti08 ce c1lorile cal4e9 (ro;1$ galDen1l$ =er4ele 4e2cGi2 etc! +a=oriBeaB3 rela,area$ 4e2tin4ereaJ 1n 28a*i1 =er4e$ nat1ral$ recon+orteaB3$ o4iGne;teJ 8ractica a 4o=e4it c3 ;i alD1l ne2tr3l1citor +a=oriBeaB3 lect1rarea5

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 23 2e alterneBe 8erioa4ele 4e lect1rare (<n=3*are 2a1 lect1rare %? F &? 0in1te! c1 cele 4e o4iGn3 (2c1rte 8a1Be 4e 1' 0in1te!$ 4e 0i;care (e,erci*ii +iBice!$ cGiar 2o0nJ 2-a con2tatat c3 lect1rarea e2te 0ai e+icient3 c>n4 in4i=i41l e2te o4iGnit ;i ran4a0ent1l e2te +oarte 2c3B1t at1nci c>n4 e2te oDo2it5 8entr1 a2ig1rarea l10inoBit3*ii o8ti0e$ l10ina treD1ie 23 ca43 4in 2t>nga ;i 23 aiD3 1'' 4e l1c;i la 218ra+a*a te,t1l1i$ 4i2tan*a 4intre ocGi ;i carte 23 +ie 4e %' F %? c0$ 8ri=irea 23 +ie 8er8en4ic1lar3 8e 0aterial1l 4e citit$ iar ace2ta 23 aiD3 o <nclinare 4e cel 81*in 1?o +a*3 4e oriBontal35 Aplica#ii practice cu mi)l&ace DcriDe Su'eDtii met&d&l&'ice pri!ind utilizarea artic&lel&r din ziare %i re!iDte "n cadrul lec#iei8 Articolele 4in 8re2a 2cri23 8er0it intro41cerea actualitii (interna*ionale$ na*ionale$ locale! <n lec*ie ;i +aciliteaB3 8erce8erea corect3 a e=eni0entelor a1tentice5 In +1nc*ie 4e 21Diect1l lec*iei o+eri0 ele=ilor articole 4in 8re2a 2cri23 (4e +on4$ 4e cercetare$ 4e 2inteB3$ +a8t 4i=er2! care nece2it3 l301riri geogra+ice 8entr1 a +i <n*ele2e corect5 Te,tele treD1ie 23 +ie acce2iDile ele=ilor ca li0DaE$ 4i0en2i1ne$ 23 incite la re+lec*ii5 Se 8oate cere ele=ilor 23 <ntoc0ea2c3 1n 4o2ar c1 articole 4e28re o an10it3 te035 Meto4ologia 1tiliB3rii 1n1i te,t <n cla23 c18rin4e 0ai 01lte eta8e: 4i2triD1irea te,t1l1i +iec3r1i ele=$ 8erecGi 2a1 gr18eJ in4icarea 4e0er21l1i ce treD1ie 1r0at (21Dlinierea i4eilor 8rinci8ale$ +or01larea r3281n21rilor la o 2erie 4e <ntreD3ri$ <ntoc0irea 1n1i reB10at 4e c>te=a r>n41ri etc!J 28riEinirea ele=1l1i <n +or0area 1nei i4ei 8er2onale (cer>n41-i 83rerea! ;i <n ca8acitatea 4e a critica te,t1l (+or01l>n4 <ntreD3ri 28eci+ice!J cer>n41-i 23 8reciBeBe 4ata te,t1l1i$ n10ele a1tor1l1i ;i titl1l Biar1l1i K re=i2tei5 N1 tran2+or030 lec*ia <ntr1n 2alon <n care 2e cite;te 8re2395 In 1nele caB1ri 8ro+e2or1l 8reBint3 1n e=eni0ent 2a1 <l 4i2c1t3 4oar c1 ele=ii5 Su'eDtii met&d&l&'ice pri!ind utilizarea re!iDtel&r "n lec#ie8 E2te i08ortant ca 1n ele= 23 4i+eren*ieBe re=i2tele ;tiin*i+ice 4e cele 4e2tinate 81Dlic1l1i larg ;i care a1 ca 2co8 rela,area 2a1 8o81lariBarea 1nor in+or0a*ii5 Ele=ii 8ot 8ri0i 1r03toarele 2arcini 4e l1cr1: 23 i4enti+ice titl1l re=i2teiJ 23 i4enti+ice n103r1l ;i n10ele 0e0Drilor colecti=1l1i 4e re4ac*ie ;i a re4actor1l1i ;e+J 23 i4enti+ice ce a2ocia*ie$ e4it1r3$ in2tit1*ie elaDoreaB3 re=i2taJ <n ce ora; e2te 2it1at3 re4ac*ia re=i2teiJ 23 i4enti+ice n103r1l re=i2tei$ an1l a8ari*iei$ +rec=en*a a8ari*ieiJ 23 i4enti+ice titl1rile ;i ti81rile articolelorJ 23 e+ect1eBe 1n co0entari1$ o recenBie 2a1 1n reB10at 8e DaBa 1n1i articolJ 23 r3281n43 la an10ite <ntreD3ri 8e DaBa articol1l1i5 Su'eDtii met&d&l&'ice pri!ind utilizarea dic#i&narel&r "n lec#ie8 In lec*iile 4e geogra+ie ele=ii 8ot 1tiliBa *icionarul e%plicativ al limbii romne- *icionarul enciclopedic- *icionarele de termeni geografici 5 Ei 8ot 8ri0i 1r03toarele 2arcini 4e l1cr1: 23 e,trag3 caracte2ticile 1nor ter0eni geogra+ici 4intr-1n 4ic*ionar$ 23 le co08are c1 notele 8reciBate <n alt 4ic*ionar$ 23 le re+or01leBe <n 2cri2J 23 ca1te 2inoni0e 8entr1 1n an10it ter0en geogra+icJ 23 or4oneBe al+aDetic an10i*i ter0eni geogra+ici ;i 4e+ini*ia lor 8entr1 a oD*ine 1n le,ic (glo2ar$ =ocaD1lar!5 Su'eDtii met&d&l&'ice pri!ind utilizarea atlaDel&r "n lec#ie8 Atla21l e2te o colec*ie 4e G3r*i a;eBate 4183 1n 8lan Dine 4eter0inat$ <n +1nc*ie 4e con*in1t1l ;i 4e2tina*ia lor5
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5ipuri de atlase D183 03ri0ea teritori1l1i re8reBentat: atla2e 0on4iale 2a1 1ni=er2ale (G3r*i ale <ntregii 218ra+e*e a gloD1l1i!$ atla2e na*ionale (teritori1l 1n1i 2tat!$ atla2e ale 1nor regi1ni a40ini2trati=e 2a1 econo0ice (a 1n1i E14e*!J D183 con*in1t: atla2e +iBico-geogra+iec$ atla2e econo0ice-geogra+ice$ atla2e ale 8o81la*ieiJ atla2e t1ri2tice$ atla2e cli0atologice$ atla2e i2torice$ atla2e Dotanice$ atla2e Boologice$ atla2e geologice etc5 D183 +or0at: 4e D1B1nar$ 4e Diro1J D183 4e2tina*ie: atla2e ;colare$ atla2e ;tiin*i+ice$ atla2e 0ilitare$ atla2e r1tiereJ In lec*iile 4e geogra+ie ele=ii 8ot 1tiliBa 4i+erite atla2e 8entr1 a <n=3*a c10 an10e le 8ot +olo2i5 Ele=ii 8ot 8ri0i 4i+erite 2arcini 4e l1cr1: 23 ca1te 4i+erite ti81ri 4e G3r*i ale 1n1i teritori1 (4e e,e08l1$ G3r*ile re+eritoare la 8o81la*ia A+ricii!J 23 +ac3 corela*ii <ntre ele0entele e,i2tente 8e G3r*i 4i+erite (e=ol1*ia 4en2it3*ii 8o81la*iei 8e 1n continent re8reBentat3 8e 7 F % G3r*iJ 23 2taDilea2c3 rela*iile 4intre 8reci8ita*iile 0e4ii an1ale$ te08erat1rile 0e4ii an1ale ;i re8arti*ia a2ocia*iilor 4e 8lante etc!J 23 ca1te localit3*i 8e Gart3 8e DaBa in4icel1i (in4e,! 4e la 2+>r;it1l atla21l1iJ 23 g32ea2c3 o an10it3 Gart3 8e DaBa c18rin21l1i 2a1 a G3r*ii c1 2cGe0ele 4e 4i281nere a +oilor 4e Gart3J 23 citea2c3 legen4a care c18rin4e toate 2e0nele con=en*ionale 1tiliBate 8e G3r*ile 4in atla2 etc5 Su'eDtii met&d&l&'ice pri!ind utilizarea textel&r din manualele %c&lare E2te Dine 23 e=it30 citirea te,t1l1i c1 =oce tare 4e c3tre 1n ele= 2a1 8ro+e2or 4eoarece n1 to*i ele=ii 8ot 1r03ri ;i <n*elege te,t1l5 )e DaBa ace2tor te,te ele=ii 8ot 8ri0i 4i=er2e 2arcini 4e l1cr1: e,tragerea i4eilor 8rinci8ale$ a 4e+ini*iilor$ a conce8telorJ 2ortarea in+or0a*iilor c1no2c1te$ noi 2a1 neclare 4intr-1n te,t (2trategia SINELO!J elaDorarea 1nor <ntreD3ri 2a1 r3281n21riJ e,tragerea 4e+ini*iilorJ elaDorarea 1nei 2cGe0e logice$ a 1nei cronologiiJ co08letarea 1n1i taDel$ a 1n1i ciorcGineJ elaDorarea 1n1i reB10at$ a 1n1i re+erat$ a 1n1i con28ect$ a 1nei 8o=e2tiri 2a1 4e2crieriJ e,tragerea citatelorJ integrarea citatelor <ntr-1n alt te,tJ re4e+inirea no*i1nilorJ e,81nerea con*in1t1l1i <ntr-o +or03 no13J e,8lica*ia 1n1i 8roce2 2a1 +eno0en geogra+icJ arg10entarea ;i contraarg10entarea 1nor a+ir0a*iiJ inter8retarea 1nor +a8te$ e=eni0ente$ 8roce2eJ +or01larea 1nor concl1Bii a218ra 1n1i con*in1t etc5 )ro+e2or1l treD1ie 23 c1noa2c3 Dine te,t1l$ 23 +i e+ect1at <nainte e,erci*i1l cer1t ele=ilor$ iar <nainte 4e <nce8erea acti=it3*ii 23 4ea 8re2cri8*ii clare a218ra ceea ce a1 4e +3c1t ele=ii (ce a1 4e +3c1t$ c10$ <n c>t ti08!5 Su'eDtii met&d&l&'ice pri!ind utilizarea d&cumentel&r G &t&'ra iiF dia( 'rameF Er#IF tabeleH din manualele %c&lare (VeBi 81nct1l &575!5 =8*8 Mi)l&acele de "n!#m$nt utilizate "n predarea("n!#area 'e&'ra iei $i:loacele de nvmnt c18rin4 an2a0Dl1l re21r2elor 0ateriale$ nat1ale 2a1 arte+acte (0ateriale$ in2tr10ente$ a8arate$ in2tala*ii$ 0a;ini$ etc! 1tiliBate <n 4e0er21l 4i4actic5 ClaDi icarea mi)l&acel&r de "n!#m$nt dup natura l&r
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 $i:loacele obiectuale8 taDla$ taDla 0agnetic3$ ierDar1l$ in2ectar1l$ 2e0inar1l$ 2coicar1l$ 8lantele =ii$ ani0alele <083iate$ ac=ari1l$ 01laEe$ 0acGete$ Eoc1ri$ colec*ii 4e roci$ 0inerale$ +o2ile$ colec*ia 4e 0aterii 8ri0e ;i 8ro412e in412triale$ in2tr10ente ;i a8arate 4e 0321r3 (Geliogra+1l$ Daro0etr1l$ Darogra1l$ ter0o0etrele$ ter0ogra+1l$ glacio0etr1l$ e8r1Deta e=a8ori0etric3$ Gigro0etr1l$ 8l1=io0etr1l$ 8l1=iogra+1l$ gir1eta$ ane0o0etr1l$ ne+o2co81l$ roBa =>nt1rilor$ D12ola etc5! etcJ $i:loacele scrise8 te,te$ taDele$ c3r*i$ 0an1ale$ te2te$ 4ic*ionare$ Biare$ re=i2te etc5 $i:loace grafice: 4e2ene 2cGe0atice$ carto2cGe0e$ 4iagra0e$ Dloc4iara0e$ 8ro+ile etcJ $i:loace cartografice8 G3r*i$ atla2eJ $i:loace fotografice: 4ia8oBiti=e$ +otogra+ii$ i0agini 2atelitare$ +il0e etc5 $i:loacele audiovi(uale c18rin4 an2a0Dl1l 4e 0ateriale 8e care 2-a 2tocat in+or0a*ia ;i ecGi8a0entele teGnice care re4a1 i0agini ;i 21nete 8entr1 o rece8*ionare colecti=3 2a1 in4i=i41al3$ 8e cale =iB1al3$ a14iti=3 2a1 8e a0Dele conco0itent5 - 0iEloacele teGnice =iB1ale: e8i8roiector1l 8entr1 0ateriale c1 218ort o8ac (+otogra+ii$ 2cGe0e$ 4e2ene!$ e8i4ia2co81l 8entr1 e8i8roiec*ie ;i 4ia8roec*ie$ 4ia2col1l 8entr1 4ia8oBiti=e ;i 4ia+il0e$ a28ectar1l$ a28ecto0at1l ;i 4ia2ar1l 8entr1 4ia8oBiti=e$ a8arat1l 4e +il0at 8entr1 +il0e 01te$ cine8roiector1l$ 4oc10ator1l 8entr1 citit 0icro+il0e$ retro8roiector1l 8entr1 +olii tran28arente - 0iEloace teGnice a14iti=e: 0agneto+on1l ;i DenBile 0agnetice$ ra4io$ 8ic181l ;i 4i2c1rile$ ca2eto+on1l ;i ca2etele a14ioJ - 0iEloacele teGnice a14io=iB1ale: cine8roiector1l ;i +il0ele$ =i4eoca2etoon1l ;i ca2etele =i4eo$ co08act-4i2c1l$ tele=iBor1l$ ca0era =i4eo$ co081terele ;i CD1rile$ 2i01latoarele etc5 Func#iile mi)l&acel&r de "n!#m$nt Cele 0ai i08ortante +1nc*ii 8e4agogice ale 0iEloacelor 4e <n=3*30>nt 21nt 1r03toarele: funcia stimulativ a 0oti=a*iei$ a c1rioBit3*ii$ a intere21l1i 8entr1 c1noa;tereJ funcia formativ- 4e e,er2are ;i 4eB=oltare a 8erce8*iei$ a g>n4irii (a o8era*iilor 4e analiB3$ co08ara*ie$ aD2tractiBare$ 2inteB3$ generaliBare!J funcia informativ- 4e tran20itere 2a1 act1aliBare a in+or0a*iilorJ funcia ilustrativ- 4e +or0are a re8reBent3rilor 4e28re realitate 8rin 21D2tit1teJ funcia de investigare e%perimental- de formare a priceperilor i deprinderilor intelectuale i practiceJ funcia ergonomic- 4e ra*ionaliBare a e+ort1rilor 8ro+e2orilor ;i ele=ilor c1 2co81l c1noa;terii e+iciente a realit3*iiJ funcia estetic- 4e a 4eter0ina a+ecte 8oBiti=e$ 4e a 4eB=olta ca8acitatea 4e <n*elegere ;i a8reciere a +r10o21l1iJ
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 funcia de evaluare$ 4e oD*inere a in+or0a*iilor re+eritoare la reB1ltatele oD*in1te <n act1l 4i4actic5 Inte'rarea mi)l&acel&r de "n!#m$nt "n lec#ie Oeogra+ia n1 2e 8oate <n=3*a +3r3 0iEloace 4e <n=3*30>nt$ 4ar ace2tea n1 con2tit1ie oDiect1l <n=3*3rii5 E2te i08ortant 23 2elect30 0iEloacele 1tiliBate <n lec*ie <n +1nc*ie 4e: oDiecti=1l =iBat$ calitatea 0aterialelor$ e+icien*3$ 2arcina 4e <n=3*are care 8oate +i organiBat3 8e DaBa lor5 UtiliBarea ace2tor 0iEloace =iBeaB3 4o13 oDiecti=e +1n4a0entale: ini*ierea ele=ilor <n 1tiliBarea lor corect3 (analiBarea =ali4it3*ii 4oc10entelor$ analiBarea ;i inter8retarea con*in1t1l1i$ 1tiliBarea 1nor teGnici!J ini*ierea ele=ilor <n elaDorarea 1nor 4oc10ente 28eci+ice geogra+iei ;i a8licarea 1nor teGnici (realiBarea 1nei carto2cGe0e$ a 1n1i 8ro+il$ a 1nei 4iagra0e etc!5 C10 1tiliB30 1n te,t <n cla23H E=it30 citirea te,t1l1i c1 =oce tare 4e c3tre 1n ele= 2a1 8ro+e2or 4eoarece n1 to*i ele=ii 8ot 1r03ri ;i <n*elege te,t1l5 E=it30 te,tele l1ngi 4eoarece ele=ii n1 21nt aten*i ti08 <n4el1ngat5 E2te 8re+eraDil 23 4i2triD1i0 te,t1l +iec3r1i ele=5 In4ic30 ti081l 4i28oniDil ;i 28eci+ic30 ce an10e a1 4e +3c1t: e,tragerea i4eilor 8rinci8ale$ a 4e+ini*iilor$ a conce8telorJ 2ortarea in+or0a*iilor c1no2c1te$ noi 2a1 neclare 4intr-1n te,t (SINELO!J elaDorarea 1nor <ntreD3ri 2a1 r3281n21riJ e,tragerea 4e+initiilorJ elaDorarea 1nei 2cGe0e logice$ a 1nei cronologiiJ co08letarea 1n1i taDel$ a 1n1i ciorcGineJ elaDorarea 1n1i reB10at$ re+erat$ con28ect$ 8o=e2tiri$ 4e2crieriJ e,tragerea citatelorJ integrarea citatelor <ntr-1n alt te,tJ re4e+inirea no*i1nilorJ e,81nerea con*in1t1l1i <ntr-o +or03 no13J e,8lica*ia 1n1i 8roce2 2a1 +eno0en geogra+icJ arg10entarea ;i contraarg10entarea 1nor a+ir0a*iiJ inter8retarea 1nor +a8te$ e=eni0ente$ 8roce2eJ +or01larea 1nor concl1Bii a218ra 1n1i con*in1t etc5 Cere0 ele=ilor 23 in4ice 21r2a: 4ata$ n10ele a1tor1l1i$ titl1l c3r*ii 2a1 re=i2tei5 S8riEini0 ele=ii <n +or01larea 83rerilor 8er2onale 8oBiti=e 2a1 critice 4e28re con*in1t 8rin <ntreD3ri 28eci+ice (Ce 83rere ai 4e28re:H S-a 8roce4at corectH De ce con2i4eri a2taH etc!5 )ro+e2or1l treD1ie 23 c1noa2c3 Dine te,t1l ;i 23 +i e+ect1at <nainte e,erci*i1l cer1t ele=ilor5 b8 5tilizarea mi)l&acel&r &t&'ra ice Gdiap&ziti!eF &t&'ra iiF ima'ini DatelitareF ilmeH F&t&'ra iile %i diap&ziti!ele5 Cum alegem imaginileD In +1nc*ie 4e aspect alege0 i0agini Dine realiBate$ clare$ 2i08le$ n1 218ra<nc3rcate$ 1;or 4e inter8retat$ 4e 4i0en2i1ni 0ari5 N1 8reBent30 i0agini 0ici care n1 8ot +i oD2er=ate 4e to*i ele=ii ;i n1 le o+eri0 23 +ie 4ate 4in 0>n3 <n 0>n3 8rin cla235 Cum utili(m imaginile n clasD )roiect30 2a1 a+i;30 c1 Dan43 a4eBi=3 i0aginile 8e taDl3 2a1 8e 1n 8erete 8entr1 a le 8ri=i to*i5 Aor01l30 <ntreD3ri 8entr1 ca ele=ii 23 4e2co8ere ;i 23 caracteriBeBe co08onentele 28a*i1l1i$ 23 le co08are$ 23 i4enti+ice ;i 23 e,8lice rela*iile 4intre co08onente5 E=it30 23 analiB30 ;i 23 inter8ret30 noi +otogra+ia 4eoarece 8rin inter0e4i1l 1nor <ntreD3ri ele=ii 4e2co8er3 2ing1ri in+or0a*iile5 Din 81nct 4e =e4ere ;tiin*i+ic n1 e2te corect 23 2e +or01leBe concl1Bii 4e28re 1n cli0at$ 1n relie+$ o organiBare 28a*ial3 8e DaBa 1nei 2ing1re i0agini5 E2te Dine 23 2e in4ice 8e Gart3 loc1l +otogra+iat5 D183 218ra81nerea 1n1i calc 8e2te +otogra+ie ele=ii co8iaB3 i0aginea 4e2co081n>n4-o5 I0aginile n1 2e
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intro41c <n lec*ie n10ai 8entr1 a e,e08li+ica 1n 8roce2 2a1 +eno0en$ ci con2tit1ie oDiect1l analiBei 8e DaBa c3r1ia 2e 4oD>n4e2c c1no;tin*e noi5 Ele=ii 8arc1rg tra2e1l in41cti= 4e la concret 28re aD2tract$ 4e la 8artic1lar la general$ (4e la i0aginea concret3 28re e,8lica*ia 8roce2elor$ +eno0enelor$ 28re no*i1ni!$ n1 in=er25 Filmele8 Tele=iBi1nea ;i 8roiectarea +il0elor c1 aE1tor1l a8aratelor 4e 8roiec*ie 21nt rar 1tiliBate <n lec*ie5 S1nt 8re+erate ca2etele =i4eo <ncGiriate$ cele c1083rate 4e c3tre ;coal3 2a1 cele realiBate 4e 8ro+e2or ;i ele=i5 Cum utili(m un film n lecieD )re+er30 +il0ele 2c1rte 2a1 +rag0ent30 +il01l <n 2ec=en*e 0ici 8e care le altern30 c1 4i2c1*ii c1 ele=ii5 Se e=it3 e,8licarea 2ec=en*ei 4e c3tre 8ro+e2or 8re+er>n41-2e +or01larea 1nor <ntreD3ri 4e2tinate ele=ilor 8entr1 a i4enti+ica$ a <n*elege$ a e,8lica ceea ce a1 =3B1t5 )e DaBa i0aginilor 2e 4e41ce +a*a a2c1n239 a 8roce2elor5 Ca <n caB1l +otogra+iilor$ +il01l n1 2e 8reBint3 la 2+>r;it1l lec*iei ca 1n Don12 2a1 e,e08li+icare$ ci con2tit1ie realitatea concret3 care treD1ie c1no2c1t3 (analiB3$ co08ara*ie$ e,8lica*ie etc! ;i care e2te 8reBentat3 la <nce81t1l 2a1 <n ti081l 4oD>n4irii c1no;tin*elor5 CD(urile con*in 4i=er2e in+or0a*ii geogra+ice: enciclo8e4ii$ 4ic*ionare$ i0agini +i,e$ +il0e$ G3r*i$ 4e2ene 2cGe0atice etc5 MiEloacele act1ale 8er0it 8ro+e2or1l1i 23 in2cri8*ioneBe 1;or CD-1ri c1 con*in1t1l care-l intere2eaB3 8entr1 lec*ii 8rin 8rel1area in+or0a*iei 4e 8e Internet$ 8rin 2canarea 1nor 4e2ene$ 8ro+ile$ +otogra+ii etc5 Ace2te 0iEloace 21nt 4e 8er8ecti=3 4eoarece calc1latoarele 4e=in acce2iDile 1n1i n103r tot 0ai 0are 4e ;coli (ele=i!5 )roDle0a o re8reBint3 +or0a <n care 21nt organiBate acti=it3*ile: 1n in4i=i4$ o ecGi83 2a1 o cla23 la 1n calc1lator5 A 4o1a 4i+ic1ltate o con2tit1ie 0o41l <n care 21nt analiBate$ inter8retate$ <n=3*ate in+or0a*iile 4eoarece e2te nece2ar3 8roiectarea 0in1*ioa23 a 2cenari1l1i acti=it3*ii$ 8reciBarea 0o41l1i <n care l1creaB3 ele=ii$ organiBarea e=al13rii$ =alori+icarea e+icient3 a re21r2elor 4e ti085 Mo41l <n care 21nt =alori+icate in+or0a*iile 4e8in4e 4e ti81l lor (2cri2e$ 4e2ene$ +otogra+ii$ G3r*i etc!5 c8 5tilizarea mi)l&acel&r 'ra ice GdeDene DcEematiceF cart&DcEemeF dia'rameF bl&cdia'rameF pr& ileH %i a tabelel&r8 Ace2tea 8ro=in 4in 4i=er2e 21r2e: 0an1ale$ 8lan;e$ +olii 8entr1 retro8roiector$ +oi 4i2triD1ite <n cla23$ 4e2ene 8e ecran1l calc1lator1l1i 2a1 e+ect1ate 4e 8ro+e2or 8e taDl3 2a1 +li8cGart$ 4e2ene e+ect1ate 4e ele=i5 Cum alegem mi:loacele graficeD In 8ri=in*a con*in1t1l1i e2te Dine 23 +ie 2i08le$ n1 <nc3rcate$ 23 re4ea e2en*ial1l$ 23 aiD3 titl1$ legen43 (4ac3 e2te caB1l!$ 4en10iri in4icate 8rin 23ge*i5 In 8ri=in*a a28ect1l1i 0iEloacele gra+ice 21nt e,ec1tate c1 linii 2i08le ;i groa2e 8entr1 a +i =iBiDile la 4i2tan*3J literele 21nt 0ari$ 4i2tan*ate$ 2cri2e c1 linii groa2e 8entr1 =iBiDilitate$ c1lorile 21nt inten2e ;i re28ect3 con=en*iile interna*ionale5 Cum utili(m mi:loacele graficeD MiEloacele gra+ice 21nt 1tiliBate <n 4i=er2e 0o0ente ale lec*iei$ <n +1nc*ie 4e oDiecti=1l =iBat (4oD>n4irea c1no;tin*elor$ +i,are$ e=al1are!$ n1 4oar ca il12tra*ie a 1n1i +eno0en5 E=it30 aD1n4en*a 0iEloacelor gra+ice <n lec*ie ;i acti=it3*ile c1 41rat3 0are a218ra ace2tora5 Inaintea integr3rii 1n1i 0iEloc gra+ic 81te0 1tiliBa o +otogra+ie$ iar 4183 ace2ta analiB30 2a1 e,e08li+ic30 8e o Gart3 (4ac3 e2te caB1l!5 )ro+e2or1l n1 8reBint3 con*in1t1l 4e2en1l1i$ ci 2olicit3
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2cGe0e logice$ taDele! care ar 81tea +i 4i2triD1ite <n cla23$ 8ot +i 218ra812e 1nele 4oc10ente 8entr1 a co08ara 0ai 01lte 2it1a*ii 2a1 8entr1 a 4e2co081ne 1n +eno0en5 Con*in1t1l e2te i08ri0at 8e +olie tran28arent3 28ecial3 c1 aE1tor1l +otoco8iatoarelor5 Uneori 8ro+e2or1l realiBeaB3 8e +olii 4e2ene 2cGe0atice$ carto2cGe0e$ 2cGi*e c1 0arLeri 28eciali (2a1 t1;$ carioca!5 Cum utili(m foliile n lecieD Alege0 4oc10ente 4e D1n3 calitate ;i <n n103r li0itat5 )ro81ne0 ele=ilor 4i=er2e acti=it3*i: co08ararea 1nor 218ra+e*e (Garta 8olitic3 a E1ro8ei <nainte 4e 1/@/ ;i <n 8reBent!J co08ararea a 4o13 2it1a*ii <n 28a*i1l acel1ia;i +eno0en (eta8ele +or03rii 1nei 4elte$ col0atarea 1n1i lac$ +or0area 1nei 1=ale 2a1 8olii$ co08ara*ia a 4o13 8ira0i4e ale =>r2telor!J 2t14ierea 1nor leg3t1ri <ntre 4o13 co08onente ale 0e4i1l1i (relie+1l ;i cli0a (a8onieiJ c1ren*ii oceanici ;i cli0a (a8onieiJ =>nt1l 4e =e2t ;i e,tin4erea 4e;ert1rilorJ 012onii ;i 8reci8ita*iile!J <n*elegerea 1nei 2tr1ct1ri 8rin 4e2co081nere (re*ea1a r1tier3$ Bonele in412triale$ Bonele reBi4en*iale$ Bonele 4e 2er=icii <ntr-1n ora;J 1nit3*ile 4e relie+ 0ontan$ 4e 8o4i;$ 4e c>08ie 4intr-o *ar3!5 Calculat&rul8 UtiliBarea calc1lator1l1i <n lec*ie 4e8in4e 4e 4otarea ;colilor$ 8reg3tirea 8ro+e2orilor$ 4e e,i2ten*a 1nor 8rogra0e a4ec=ate lec*iilor5 E,i2t3 oD2tacole ;i li0ite: nece2itatea 4e a 4i281ne 4e 1n calc1lator ;i o i08ri0ant3 la 7-% ele=iJ a a=ea a8arate <n D1n3 2tare 4e +1nc*ionareJ c1noa;terea ace2t1i 0aterial ;i ca8acitatea 4e a-l 1tiliBa 1;orJ 8rogra0ele 23 +ie a4a8tate ele=ilorJ e+ecti=ele 4e ele=i 23 n1 +ie 8rea 0ariJ re21r2e 0ai 0ari 4e ti085J 8ro+e2ori +or0a*i 8entr1 ace2te teGnologii 01lti0e4ia5 Calc1lator1l e2te 1n in2tr10ent 1tiliBat 8entr1 a <n=3*a 0ai Dine geogra+ia$ n1 8entr1 a ini*ia ele=ii <n in+or0atic35 )rinci8alele 4o0enii 4e 1tiliBare a calc1lator1l1i 4e c3tre 8ro+e2or ;i ele=i 21nt: cercetarea documentar8 c31tarea 4e 4oc10ente <n DiDlioteci$ 2t14ierea 1nor D3nci 4e 4ate e,i2tente$ c31tarea in+or0a*iilor 8e InternetJ e,erci*ii 4e in2tr1ire ;i 4e a8licare: e,erci*ii re8etiti=e 4iriEate (4rill29!$ 4e oDicei 21D +or0a 1n1i cGe2tionar$ 1nele 21D +or03 4e EocJ 8rel1cr3ri 2tati2tice ;iK2a1 gra+ice: 8rogra0e co0erciale 8entr1 tran281nerea 4atelor <n taDele$ 8entr1 e+ect1area calc1lelor$ 8entr1 4e2enarea 4i+eritelor ti81ri 4e gra+iceJ 8rel1cr3ri cartogra+ice: care 8ro81n +on41ri 4e Gart3 (ce 2e 8ot co08leta!$ +i;iere 4e 4ate (2e 8ot co08leta!$ ti81ri 4e 8rel1crare a 4atelor$ o DiDliotec3 4e 2i0Dol1ri5 Ele=ii 4e2co8er3 OIS (Si2te0e Interna*ionale Oeogra+ice! care 8er0it gr18area 4e 4ate 4i=er2e$ organiBarea lor$ 8rel1crarea$ elaDorarea ;i 8reBentarea in+or0a*iilor localiBate geogra+ic 8entr1 ge2tionarea 0ai D1n3 a 28a*i1l1i5 8rel1crarea n10eric3 a i0aginilor 2atelitareJ 2i01larea: Eoc1ri 4e a=ent1r3$ 2i01larea 1nor 0ecani20e +iBice 2i08le (eroBi1nea 2ol1l1i$ circ1it1l a8ei!$ ini*iere <n analiBa 28a*ial3 ;i <n l1area 1nor 4eciBii$ reBol=area 1nor 2it1a*ii 8roDle035 e4itarea 4e te,te ;iK2a1 4e 4oc10ente (te2te$ gra+ice$ te,te$ G3r*i$ 4iagra0e!J e=al1area: e,erci*ii 4e reca8it1lare 8entr1 ele=i$ 4oc10ente nece2are 1nei =eri+ic3ri 2a1 1n1i e,a0en (cGe2tionar1l c1 alegere 01lti8l3!5
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'8 5tilizarea mi)l&acel&r &biectuale Cum folosim coleciile n lecieD Rocile ;i 0ineralele le 1tiliB30 <n general 8entr1 e,e08li+icare5 )ro+e2or1l o+er3 4en10irea rociiK0ineral1l1i$ <l 8reBint3 ;i <l o+er3 ele=ilor 23-l cerceteBe ra8i4$ 8rin trecere 4e la 1n1l la alt1l5 Dac3 ele=ii 8ri0e2c 0ai 01lte e;antioane n1 a1 ti08 21+icient 23 le analiBeBe ;i arareori le =or rec1noa;te <n nat1r3 2a1 =or 4e41ce 2ing1ri caracteri2ticile5 In=3*area ar +i 0ai e+icient3 4ac3 a0 8reBenta 4i=er2e e;antioane ;i le-a0 cere ele=ilor 23 4e41c3 2ing1ri 2a1 <n 8erecGi an10ite caracteri2tici oD2er=aDile (<n=3*are 8rin 4e2co8erire!$ 23 le i4enti+ice 8e DaBa 8ro8riet3*ilor 8reBentate <n 0an1al$ 23 le cla2i+ice 4183 4i=er2e criterii5 )entr1 a 4e2+3;1ra <n ace2t 0o4 acti=itatea a=e0 ne=oie 4e 0ici e;antioane 8entr1 +iecare Danc35 Colec*ia c18rin4e n10ai roci ;i 0inerale care 21nt no0inaliBate <n 0an1alele ;colare5 C>n4 2e <n=a*3 ra01rile in412triei 1tiliB30 8entr1 +iecare ra01r3 o colec*ie 4e 0aterii 8ri0e ;i 8ro412e +inite (1n4e e2te caB1l!5 C>n4 2e 2t14iaB3 ra01rile agric1lt1rii$ al3t1ri 4e +otogra+ii$ +olo2i0 8lante c1lti=ate 8re2ate$ 2e0in*e5 Ele=ii 4e41c 2ing1ri a2e03n3rile ;i 4eo2eDirile 4intre gr18ele 4e 8lante5 C>n4 2e 2t14iaB3 Bonele Diogeogra+ice ;i 8341rile 8reBent30 +r1nBe 8re2ate$ e;antioane 4in le0n1l 1nor arDori5 La lec*iile 4e28re 2ol analiB30 8ro+ile 4e 2ol 2it1ate <n l3Bi5 Cum folosim mula:ele i mac"etele n lecieD )e "rile n relief ele=ii oD2er=3 1;or 4eni=el3rile 2coar*ei tere2tre5 )entr1 con;tientiBarea 4eni=el3rilor 1n1i continent 2a1 *3ri analiB30 <08re1n3 c1 ele=ii ace2te G3r*i$ +ace0 co08ara*ii$ e,8lic30 ca1Bele ace2tor 4eni=el3ri5 Dac3 ele=ii 8ri=e2c 2ing1ri ace2te G3r*i n1 =or +i 8reoc18a*i 23 <n*eleag3 c10 an10e ;i 4in ce ca1B3 2coar*a e2te 4eni=elat35 Dac3 1tiliB30 mula:e (4in 8la2tilin3$ DarDotin3$ argil3$ gi82! ale 1nor +or0e 4e relie+$ 2i08la lor 8reBentare n1 e2te 2e0ni+icati=3 4eoarece ele=ii a2i2t3 8a2i= la 4e0on2tra*ie$ n1 <n*eleg ;i n1 <n=3*35 E2te 8re+eraDil 23 e=it30 4e0on2tra*ia e+ect1at3 4e 8ro+e2or ;i 23 o+eri0 01laEe 1nor gr18e 4e ele=i 8entr1 ca ace;tia 23 le 2t14ieBe 8e DaBa 1nor in4ica*ii =erDale 2a1 2cri2e (+i;e c1 8re2cri8*ii ;i <ntreD3ri!5 D183 acti=itatea 8e gr18e 2e 4i2c1t3 +rontal reB1ltatele oD2er=a*iei5 E2te i4eal 23 e,i2te gloD1ri geogra+ice 8e +iecare Danc3$ 4ar 2i08la lor e,i2ten*3 n1 a2ig1r3 +a8t1l c3 ele=ii =or 81tea 4e0on2tra 0i;carea 4e rota*ie ;i 4e re=ol1*ie$ ecli82ele$ rota*ia L1nii$ +or*a centri+1g3 2a1 +or*a l1i Corioli2 4ac3 8ro+e2or1l n1 a 4e0ontrat ;i n1 lea cer1t 23 e,ec1te 2ing1ri5 Cum folosim instrumentele i aparatele de msur n lecieD N1 e2te 21+icient 23 8reBent30 in2tr10entele ;i a8aratele ele=ilor ;i 23 le 281ne0 la ce +olo2e2c5 E2te nece2ar 23-i <n=3*30 8e ele=i 23 le +olo2ea2c3$ 23 +ac3 0321r3tori$ 23 <ntoc0ea2c3 +i;e 4e oD2er=are a 1nor +eno0ene K 8roce2e$ 23 +ac3 calc1le ale 1nor 0e4ii$ 23 re8reBinte gra+ic =alorile oD*in1te5 Acti=itatea 2e 4e2+3;oar3 8e 8erecGi 2a1 8e ecGi8e5 CGiar 4ac3 acti=itatea 41reaB3 0ai 01lt 4ec>t o or3$ 4ac3 re28on2aDilit3*ile 21nt 2taDilite Dine$ 4ac3 2arcina n1 are gra4 8rea 0are 4e 4i+ic1ltate ;i 4ac3 21nt 2ti01late 0oti=a*ia ;i intere21l ele=ilor$ 2e 0en*ine aten*ia ;i 2e oD*in 2ati2+ac*ii5 Cum folosim tabla magnetic n lecieD TaDla 0agnetic3 e2te o +oaie 4e taDl3 8e care +oile 8ot +i 8rin2e c1 aE1tor1l 0agne*ilor5 E2te a=antaEo2 +a8t1l c3

1'/

0aterialele n1 21nt 8rin2e c1 o Dan43 a4eBi=3 ;i c3 0aterialele 21nt a8licate e,act <n 0o0ent1l <n care a=e0 ne=oie 4e ele5 Cum folosim tabla n lecieD Ceea ce 2crie0 2a1 4e2en30 8e taDl3 con2tit1ie 1n 0o4el 8entr1 ele=i5 Scrie0 titl1l lec*iei$ i4eile 8rinci8ale$ 2cGi*a logic3 a lec*iei$ 4en10iri$ ci+re$ 4e2en30 carto2cGe0e$ 4e2ene 2cGe0atice5 In 8roiect1l lec*iei 2crie0 2cGi*a 8e care o =o0 elaDora 8e taDl35 Dac3 8are 8rea <nc3rcat3$ o 2i08li+ic30 8entr1 a a=ea loc 8e taDl3 ;i 8entr1 a n1 ;terge ceea ce a0 2cri2 (2cGi*a 8oate +i 1tiliBat3 la +i,area c1no;tin*elor la 2+>r;it1l lec*iei!5 )entr1 econo0ie 4e 28a*i1 tra230 o linie =ertical3 8rin 0iEloc1l taDlei ;i co08let30 <nt>i 8artea 2t>ng35 ScGi*a =a +i or4onat3 8e 81ncte ;i 21D81ncte (ti8 re*eaJ c1 acola4eJ <n taDel! 8entr1 ca ele=ii 23 <n=e*e 23 2i2te0atiBeBe c1no;tin*ele$ 23 aiD3 e2en*ial1l c18rin2 <n ea$ 23 0e0oreBe 0ai 1;or5 C>n4 2crie0 8e taDl3 ro2ti0 c1 =oce tare 8entr1 ca ele=ii 23 <n*eleag3 ;i 23 tran2crie 2i01ltan c1 noi (8ot co8ia gre;it 4e 8e taDl3!5 Scrie0 8e taDl3 n10ai 4183 ce a0 l301rit o an10it3 8roDle03 (n1 <n 8a1B3$ <n ora anterioar3$ la 2+>r;it1l lec*iei!5 Integr30 4e2enele 2a1 +otogra+iile <n 2cGi*a 4e 8e taDl35 D183 ce a0 2cri2 =eri+ic30 4ac3 ele=ii a1 l1crat corect <n caiete (1nii a1 ten4in*a 23 l1creBe 4eBor4onat$ 23 n1 tran2crie 4e 8e taDl3 4ec>t an10ite in+or0a*ii!5 In4ic30 ele=ilor clar ce 4ori0 23 2crie$ c10 23 2crie 2a1 23 4e2eneBe (4i0en2i1nea 4e2en1l1i$ c1lorile$ 8oBi*ia caiet1l1i$ ce an10e 23 21DlinieBe ;i c10! iar 4183 acti=itate =eri+ic30 4ac3 a1 re28ectat ceea ce a0 28125 C>n4 acor430 o not3 2olicit30 caiet1l 8entr1 =eri+icare 2a1 2taDili0 o 4at3 c>n4 =o0 =eri+ica toate caietele5 "D2er=a*iile noa2tre le 2crie0 c1 ro;15 E2te Dine 23-i <n=3*30 8e ele=i 23 elaDoreBe 2ing1ri 2cGi*e logice ale 1nor con*in1t1ri$ 23 co08leteBe taDele$ 4ar n10ai 4183 ce le-a0 8reBentat 4i=er2e 0o4ele ;i 21nte0 2ig1ri c3 l1creaB3 corect 4183 0o4el1l 4e 8e taDl35 Acor430 aten*ie 0o41l1i <n care 2cri1 4e+ini*iile$ cla2i+ic3rile$ cronologiile etc5 Dac3 8re2c1rt30 an10ite in+or0a*ii =o0 re28ecta an10ite con=en*ii5 E,8lic30 ele=ilor ce a0 8re2c1rtat ;i c10 an10e5 E2te oDligatori1 23 2crie0 corect 8e taDl3 n10ele 8ro8rii 8e care 4ori0 23 le ;tie ele=ii5 Dac3 la o 4i2ci8lin3 1n 8ro+e2or <i <n=a*3 23 2electeBe ;i 23 or4oneBe 2cGe0atic in+or0a*iile$ ele=ii a8lic3 2i2te01l ;i la alte 4i2ci8line (i2torie$ Diologie!5 C>n4 2crie0 8e taDl3 acea2ta e2te Dine ;tear235 Scri21l no2tr1 e2te liBiDil$ 21+icient 4e 0are$ +3r3 a +i e,agerat5 TaDla 2e 1tiliBeaB3 <n orice 0o0ent al lec*iei ;i 8entr1 2co81ri 4i=er2e (=eri+icare$ 4oD>n4irea ;i +i,area c1no;tin*elor$ corectarea gre;elilor$ clari+icarea 1nor 8roDle0e etc!5

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Capit&lul 3 MOD5RI ?I FORME DE ORGANI@ARE A 6ROCES5L5I DE 9N:;<;M>NT GEOGRAFIC

38,8 Tipuri de lec#ii de 'e&'ra ie 5ipul de lecie 4e2e0neaB3 1n an10it 0o4 4e organiBare ;i 4e2+3;1rare a acti=it3*ii 4e 8re4are-<n=3*are-e=al1are$ <n +1nc*ie 4e oDiecti=1l 4i4actic +1n4a0ental5 4biectivul didactic fundamental re8reBint3 2arcina 8rinci8al3 2a1 4o0inant3 a lec*iei care 8oate +i co01nicarea 1nor c1no;tin*e$ +or0area 8rice8erilor$ 4e8rin4erilor ;i co08eten*elor$ +ini2area ;i con2oli4area c1no;tin*elor ;i co08eten*elor$ reca8it1larea ;i 2i2te0atiBarea$ e=al1area c1no;tin*elor 2a1 co08eten*elor5 Lec*iile 2e gr18eaB3 <n categorii (ti81ri! <n +1nc*ie 4e oDiecti=1l 4i4actic +1n4a0ental (+actor con2tant!$ iar <n +1nc*ie 4e +actorii =ariaDili con2tit1ie =ariante <n interior1l +iec3rei categorii5 Aactorii =ariaDili 21nt: oDiect1l 4e <n=3*30>nt$ ni=el1l 4e 8reg3tire al ele=ilor$ co08le,itatea c1no;tin*elor care =or +i <n21;ite$ 2trategiile 4i4actice 4e care 4i281ne 8ro+e2or1l$ 2til1l 4i4actic al 8ro+e2or1l1i$ 0iEloacele 4e <n=3*30>nt 1tiliBate$ loc1l lec*iei <n 2i2te01l 4e lec*ii etc5 Harianta de lecie re8reBint3 2tr1ct1ra concret3 a 1nei lec*ii i08123$ 8e 4e o 8arte 4e ti81l c3r1ia <i a8ar*ine$ iar 8e 4e alt3 8arte$ 4e +actorii =ariaDili ce inter=in9 (Nicola$ Ioan$ 1//.$ 8ag5 &&'!5 In 4i4actica tra4i*ional3 e,i2t3 o =arietate 4e ti81riKcategorii ;i =ariante 4e lec*ii5 2eciile de transmitere i dobndire a cuno tinelor noi- care 2e caracteriBeaB3 8rin +a8t1l c3 0o0ent1l co01nic3rii 8ro+e2or1l are 8on4erea 0a,i03 <n lec*ie$ a1 =ariantele: lec*ia intro41cti=3 (la <nce81t1l 8re43rii 1nei 4i2ci8line$ la <nce81t1l 1n1i ca8itol!J lec*ia-8relegereJ lec*ia-e,81nereJ lec*ia-+il0J lec*ia DaBat3 8e 0o4eleJ lec*ia DaBat3 8e 0aterial 4e0on2trati=J lec*ia DaBat3 8e 0iEloace 4e in2tr1ireJ lec*ie DaBat3 8e in2tr1ire a2i2tat3 4e calc1lator5 2eciile de dobndire de noi cuno tine- care 2e caracteriBeaB3 8rin +a8t1l c3 ele=ii a1 rol 0ai acti= <n 4oD>n4irea c1no;tin*elor$ a1 =ariantele: lec*ia8roDle0atiBat3J lec*ia DaBat3 8e acti=itatea in4e8en4ent3 a ele=ilorJ lec*ia 8rin acti=it3*i 8ractice 8e terenJ lec*ia c1 aE1tor1l 0an1al1l1i 2a1 a altor 21r2e 4e 4oc10entarJ lec*ia 4e 4oD>n4ire a c1no;tin*elor 8rin acti=it3*i 8e gr18eJ lec*ia 4e 4e2co8erire 8e cale in41cti=3J lec*ia 4e 4e2co8erire 8e cale 4e41cti=3J lec*ia DaBat3 8e 4eBDatere e1ri2tic3J lec*ia-4eBDatereJ lec*ia DaBat3 8e e,8erien*e 4e laDoratorJ lec*ia DaBat3 8e 2t14i1l 4e caB5 2eciile de formare a priceperilor- deprinderilor i competenelor intelectuale$ care =iBeaB3 4oD>n4irea 1nor 8roce4ee 4e 01nc3 intelect1al3$ oDi;n1irea c1 organiBarea ;i 4e2+3;1rarea 01ncii in4e8en4ente$ e41carea ca8acit3*ilor intelect1ale
111

;i a teGnicilor 4e 01nc3 intelect1al3 a ele=ilor$ 8rec10 ;i a8licarea <n 8ractic3 a c1no;tin*elor$ a1 =ariantele: lec*ie DaBat3 8e e,erci*ii ;i 8roDle0e a8licati=eJ lec*ia 4e 01nc3 in4e8en4ent3 8e DaBa +i;elorJ lec*ia DaBat3 8e a1toin2tr1irea a2i2tat3 4e calc1latorJ lec*ia 4e 2t14i1 in4i=i41al <n DiDliotec3J lec*ia DaBat3 8e 21r2e 4oc10entare 2cri2e5 2eciile de formare a priceperilor- deprinderilor i competenelor practicecare =iBeaB3 organiBarea 1nor acti=it3*i <n care ele=ii a1 8rileE1l e,er23rii 1nor aDilit3*i 8ractice$ a1 =ariantele: lec*ia 4e laDoratorJ lec*ia DaBat3 8e calc1latorJ lec*ia DaBat3 8e elaDorarea 0o4elelorJ lec*ia DaBat3 8e acti=it3*i 8ractice 2a1 e,8eri0entale <n teren1l geogra+icJ lec*ia DaBat3 8e realiBarea 1nor 8roiecte5 2eciile de consolidare a cuno tinelor i competenelor- care =iBeaB3 corectarea$ co08letarea$ <0Dog3*irea c1no;tin*elor$ a1 =ariantele: lec*ie DaBat3 8e e,erci*ii K 8roDle0eJ lec*ia DaBat3 8e acti=it3*i 8racticeJ lec*ia-conc1r2J lec*ia 8rin Eoc1riJ lec*ia DaBat3 8e 2t14i1l 4e caBJ lec*ia 8e DaBa +i;elorJ lec*ia c1 aE1tor1l calc1lator1l1iJ lec*ia-=iBit3 la 01Bee$ e,8oBi*ii$ <ntre8rin4eri agricole 2a1 in412trialeJ lec*ia-4eBDatere etc5 2eciile de recapitulare i sistemati(are a cuno tinelor =iBeaB3 act1aliBarea c1no;tin*elor ;i co08eten*elor$ or4onarea lor <ntr-1n 2i2te0 0ai larg 4e c1no;tin*e (ca8itol$ te03$ 4i2ci8lin3 4e <n=3*30>nt!5 Ace2te lec*ii 2e organiBeaB3 la <nce81t1l an1l1i ;colar c1 2co81l reca8it1l3rii ;i 2i2te0atiB3rii c1no;tin*elor 4oD>n4ite <n an1l anterior$ la +inele ca8itolelor 2a1 an10itor te0e$ la +inele an1l1i ;colar5 E,e08li+ic30 c>te=a =ariante: lec*ia 8e DaBa 8lan1l1i alc3t1it 4e 8ro+e2or ;i ele=i$ 8reBentat anterior 2a1 la <nce81t1l acti=it3*ii 4e 8ro+e2orJ lec*ie 8e DaBa re+eratelorJ lec*ia DaBat3 8e 2cGe0e reca8it1lati=eJ lec*ia DaBat3 8e 1tiliBarea +i;elor 4e l1cr1J lec*ia DaBat3 8e reBol=3ri 4e e,erci*ii ;i 8roDle0eJ lec*ia DaBat3 8e acti=it3*i 8racticeJ lec*ia-conc1r2J lec*ia 4e 2inteB3J lec*ia DaBat3 8e 2t14i1 4e caBJ lec*ia 4e reca8it1lare DaBat3 8e calc1latorJ lec*ia DaBat3 8e 01nca in4e8en4ent3 a ele=ilorJ lec*ia-=iBit3 etc5 2eciile de evaluare a cuno tinelor i competenelor 21nt lec*ii 4e Dilan*9 care e=i4en*iaB3 0o4i+ic3rile 8ro412e ;i in+l1en*ele a218ra 8er2onalit3*ii ele=ilor 4183 8arc1rgerea 1n1i 8rogra0 4e <n=3*are <ntr-1n inter=al 4e ti085 Ace2te lec*ii rele=3 <n ce 0321r3 ele=ii ;i 8ro+e2or1l a1 realiBat oDiecti=ele 8ro812e ;i ce ar treD1i 23 <ntre8rin43 <n =iitor <n ace2t 2co85 Din n10eroa2ele =ariante re0arc30: lec*ia 4e =eri+icare 8rin cGe2tionare oral3J lec*ia 4e =eri+icare 8rin te0e 2a1 l1cr3ri 2cri2eJ lec*ia DaBat3 8e <0Dinarea =eri+ic3rii orale c1 cea 2cri23J lec*ia 4e e=al1are 8rin l1cr3ri 8racticeJ lec*ia 4e2tinat3 analiBei l1cr3rilor 2cri2eJ lec*ia 4e2tinat3 analiBei l1cr3rilor 8racticeJ lec*ia 4e =eri+icare DaBat3 8e a8lica*ii ale c1no;tin*elor ;i aDilit3*ilorJ lec*ia 4e =eri+icare K a1to=eri+icare c1 aE1tor1l calc1lator1l1iJ lec*ia 4e =eri+icare c1 aE1tor1l +i;elorJ lec*ia 4e =eri+icare 8rin te2te 4e c1no;tin*eJ lec*ia 4e e=al1are 8rin e,erci*ii K 8roDle0eJ lec*ia-2e0inar etc5 2ecia de creaie =iBeaB3 organiBarea 1nor acti=it3*i <n care e2te 2olicitat3 originalitatea$ in=enti=itatea ;i creati=itatea ele=ilor <n conce8erea 1nor 8ro412e5 Re0arc30 1nele =ariante: lec*ia DaBat3 8e elaDorarea 1nor 8roiecteJ lec*ia DaBat3 8e conce8erea 1nor 0o4eleJ lec*ia DaBat3 8e conce8erea 1nor e,erci*ii$ 8roDle0e$ <ntreD3ri$ te,te etcJ
117

2ecia mi%t !combinat# 2e caracteriBeaB3 8rin +a8t1l c3 incl14e acti=it3*i core281nB3toare 0ai 01ltor oDiecti=e 4i4actice +1n4a0entale: 4oD>n4ire 4e noi c1no;tin*e$ +or0are 4e 8rice8eri ;i 4e8rin4eri intelect1ale ;iK2a1 8ractice$ +i,area ;i con2oli4area c1no;tin*elor$ reca8it1lare ;i 2i2te0atiBare$ =eri+icare ;i a8reciere etc5 38*8 SucceDiunea e!enimentel&r inDtruirii "ntr(& lec#ie de 'e&'ra ie $omentul leciei re8reBint3 o 2ec=en*3 2a1 o 0icro2tr1ct1r3 4in ca4r1l lec*iei 4e2tinat3 realiB3rii 1n1i oDiecti= 4i4actic +1n4a0ental5 Scenari1l ;i 4er1larea concret3 a 1nei lec*ii c18rin4e o 21it3 4e momente care 2e 21cce4 te08oral ;i <n ca4r1l c3r1ia 2e 4e2+3;oar3 acti=it3*i 28eci+ice: 0o0ent1l organiBatoric (2al1t1lJ 8reg3tirea 0iEloacelor 4e <n=3*30>nt: c3r*i$ caiete$ atla2e$ 8lan;e$ a8arate$ in2tr10ente 8entr1 2cri2 etcJ <n2crierea aD2en*elor <n catalog!J =eri+icarea te0ei 8entr1 aca23J =eri+icarea c1no;tin*elor anterioare (lec*ia 2a1 ca8itol1l anterior!J 4oD>n4irea c1no;tin*elor noi (e=ocarea c1no;tin*elor anterioare$ 2ti01larea 0oti=a*iei$ 4i2c1tarea oDiecti=elor$ 8reBentarea 0aterial1l1i-2ti01l$ 4e2crierea 2arcinii 4e <n=3*are$ co01nicarea noilor c1no;tin*e$ angaEarea <n 2it1a*ia 4e <n=3*are$ a2ig1rarea +ee4-DacL-1l1i etc!J e=al1area c1no;tin*elor ;i co08eten*elor noiJ +ini2area ;i con2oli4area c1no;tin*elor noi (corectarea gre;elilor$ co08letarea lac1nelor$ <0Dog3*irea c1no;tin*elor$ con2oli4area c1no;tin*elor!J reca8it1larea c1no;tin*elorJ 2i2te0atiBarea c1no;tin*elorJ 8reciBarea acti=it3*ilor 8e care ele=ii le =or e+ect1a aca235 Tem- Alege*i c>te=a =ariante 4e lec*ii ;i 28eci+ica*i 0o0entele 28eci+ice +iec3reia5 3818 Alte &rme %i m&dalit#i de &r'anizare a acti!it#ii didactice la 'e&'ra ie 3818,8 C&nDulta#iile %i medita#iile C&nDulta#iile didactice (lat5 con21ltation F con2+3t1ire$ con2iliere$ 2+at! 21nt acti=it3*i 4i4actice +ac1ltati=e$ organiBate <n a+ara orelor orelor 4in orar$ 4e c3tre 8ro+e2or$ c1 2co81l con2ilierii ele=ilor <ntr-1n an10e 4o0eni1 al ;tiin*ei5 Acti=itatea 2e 4e2+3;oar3 21D +or03 4e 4i2c1*ii <n 8erecGi 2a1 <n gr181ri 0ai 0ari$ 1n4e ele=ii a1 ini*iati=a$ 8ro81n 21Diectele aDor4ate$ +or01leaB3 <ntreD3ri$ iar 8ro+e2or1l 2a1 al*i colegi o+er3 21ge2tii ;i r3281n21ri5 Sco81l ace2tor acti=it3*i <l con2tit1ie corectarea gre;elilor$ co08letarea lac1nelor$ l301rirea 1nor c1no;tin*e teoretice 2a1 a8licati=e 0ai 4i+icile$ 0ai co08le,e ;i ne<n*ele2e$ <0Dog3*irea c1no;tin*elor5 Con*in1t1l ace2tor acti=it3*i n1 e2te <ntot4ea1na 8reciBat anterior5 'ugestii metodologice privind organi(area i proiectarea eficient a consultaiilor8

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 2taDilirea <08re1n3 c1 ele=ii a 1n1i in=entar al 8roDle0elor i08ortante ce =or +i 4i2c1tate la con21lta*ii 8entr1 ca ele=ii ;i 8ro+e2or1l 23 2e 8reg3tea2c3J 4e2ig1r$ 8ro+e2or1l ar treD1i 23 +ac3 +a*3 8roDle0elor ne8re=3B1te care 8ot a83rea <n ti081l con21lta*ieiJ 8roDle0ele aDor4ate ar treD1i 23 4e=in3 intere2ante$ iar 4e2+3;1rarea acti=it3*ii 23 2e +ac3 <ntr-o at0o2+er3 0ai 4e2tin23 4ec>t <n lec*ii 8entr1 a +acilita 4ialog1l ele=i-8ro+e2orJ n1 2e acor43 note$ n1 2e +ac e=al13ri ale c1no;tin*elor5 Medita#iile (lat5 0e4itatio F 8reg3tire 218li0entar3 a lec*iilor c1 8ro+e2or1l! 21nt acti=it3*i 4i4actice relati= oDligatorii$ organiBate <n a+ara orelor 4in orar$ 4e c3tre 8ro+e2or$ 4in ini*iati=3 8ro8rie 2a1 ca r3281n2 la 2olicitarea ele=ilor c1 2co81l in2tr1irii 218li0entare la o an10it3 4i2ci8lin3 4e <n=3*30>nt$ <n4eo2eDi a ele=ilor c1 4i+ic1lt3*i la <n=3*3t1r35 'ugestii metodologice privind organi(area i proiectarea eficient a meditaiilor 2e organiBeaB3 la cererea 8ro+e2or1l1i 2a1 a ele=ilor$ e=ent1al c1 2co81l 8reg3tirii 8entr1 e,a0ene +inale (4e ca8acitate$ Dacala1reat!J 2e DaBeaB3 8e c1noa;terea reB1ltatelor ele=ilor la 4i2ci8lina re28ecti=3$ 8entr1 a 2e E12ti+ica ace2te acti=it3*i 218li0entare oDligatorii ;i 8entr1 a 2e a2ig1ra con*in1t1rile ;i 2trategiile o8ti0eJ 4eoarece 8rin ace2te acti=it3*i 2e =iBeaB3 <nl3t1rarea 1nor lac1ne ;i corectarea 1nor erori 8ro=enite 4in acti=itatea 4i4actic3 8rogra0at3$ ar +i 8re+eraDil ca 0e4ita*iile 23 2e 4e2+3;oare con+or0 1n1i orar ;i 4183 o te0atic3 2taDilit3 rig1ro25 In organiBarea acti=it3*ii ;i <n alegerea con*in1t1l1i rol1l 8re4o0inant <l 4e*ine 8ro+e2or1l5 Ace2ta organiBeaB3 ;i 0onitoriBeaB3 <ntreaga acti=itate$ e=al1eaB3 reB1ltatele ele=ilor5 In ;colile c1 internate 2a1 c30ine$ conce8t1l 4e 0e4ita*ie are o 2e0ni+ica*ie a8arte$ el re8reBent>n4 acti=itatea 4e 8reg3tire in4i=i41al3 a ele=ilor 4e2+3;1rat3 <n 23li 28eciale$ 21D 218ra=egGerea 1n1i 8e4agog5 E,i2t3 ;i 0e4ita*ii 8artic1lare 8re2tate 4e c3tre 4i=er;i 28eciali;ti$ <n a+ara ;colii$ care a1 ca oDiecti=e 8reg3tirea 218li0entar3 a ele=ilor 8entr1 cerin*ele c1rente ale 8roce21l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt$ 8entr1 212*inerea 1n1i conc1r2 4e a40itere$ 8entr1 1n e,a0en +inal (ca8acitate$ Dacala1reat!5 3818*8 Cercul de 'e&'ra ie Cercul de geografie c18rin4e 1n gr18 4e ele=i care 4e2+3;oar3$ 21D coor4onarea 8ro+e2or1l1i$ acti=it3*i c1 con*in1t geogra+ic$ <n a+ara orelor 4e c1r2$ 8e o 8erioa43 <n4el1ngat3 4e ti085 Or'anizarea cercului de 'e&'ra ie8 )ro+e2or1l 2taDile;te <08re1n3 c1 ele=ii: 4en10irea cerc1l1i$ oDiecti=ele =iBate$ acti=ita*ile$ +or0a 4e organiBare$ 1n reg1la0ent$ ti81l$ +rec=en*a ;i 41rata acti=it3*ilor etc5 )ro+e2or1l in+or0eaB3 con41cerea ;colii 4e28re acti=itatea cerc1l1i5 Un cerc 4e ele=i are 0e0Dri ele=i ;i 1n con41c3tor ele=$ care =a +i ale2 8e DaBa 8ro81nerilor ;i 8rin =ot5 Me0Drii cerc1l1i 8ot 8ri0i 2arcini 4e e+ect1at 2a1 <;i a2103 e+ect1area 1nor acti=it3*i5 Acti=it3*ile organiBate 21nt 0en*ionate <ntr-1n E1rnal5
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Acti!it#ile Dpeci ice cercului de 'e&'ra ie 8ot +i: =iBionarea +il0elor 4oc10entare 2a1 a 1nor +il0e realiBate 4e c3tre 0e0Drii cerc1l1iJ organiBarea 2e2i1nilor 4e co01nic3ri ;tiin*i+ice ;i re+erateJ elaDorarea 1nor 8ano1ri 4ecorati=e c1 i0agini ;i citate 4in 4o0eni1l geogra+ieiJ elaDorarea 1nor 0iEloace 4e <n=3*30>nt (8lan;e$ 0acGete$ colec*ii 4e +otogra+ii$ articole 4in Biare$ roci$ 0inerale$ ierDare etc!J organiBarea 1nor =iBite$ 4r10e*ii$ e,c1r2iiJ organiBarea 1nor <nt>lniri c1 geogra+ii 2a1 cercet3tori 4in alte 4o0eniiJ elaDorarea 1nei re=i2te (ti83rit3 2a1 electronic3! c1 te0atic3 geogra+ic3J organiBarea 1nor 2eri 4i2tracti=e c1 te0atic3 geogra+ic3J organiBarea 1nor conc1r21ri5 Su'eDtii pri!ind &r'anizarea unei acti!it#i a cercului de 'e&'ra ie Pregtirea activitii c18rin4e: 2taDilirea acti=it3*ii$ 8reciBarea oDiecti=elor concrete$ +i,area 4atei ;i a 41ratei$ analiBarea ;i c31tarea re21r2elor nece2are$ 4i2triD1irea 2arcinilor 0e0Drilor$ +i,area eta8elor acti=it3*ii$ 2taDilirea 1nor +or0e 4e =alori+icare a acti=it3*ii$ a2ig1rarea 28a*i1l1i <n care 2e 4e2+3;oar3 acti=it3*ile etc *esf urarea activitii c18rin4e: organiBarea 28a*i1l1i <n care =a a=ea loc acti=itatea$ 8reg3tirea 0iEloacelor nece2are$ a41narea 0e0Drilor ;i in=ita*ilor la 4ata ;i loc1l 2taDilit$ 4e2+3;1rarea 8ro8ri1-Bi23 a acti=it3*ii$ 4i2c1tarea concl1Biilor etc5 Aiecare acti=itate are 8artic1larit3*ile 2ale$ 0oti= 8entr1 care 2e organiBeaB3 ;i 2e 4e2+3;oar3 4i+erit 4e la o 2it1a*ie la alta5 381818 Cabinetul de 'e&'ra ie Imp&rtan#a cabinetului de 'e&'ra ie8 CaDinet1l 4e geogra+ie c18rin4e 1n an2a0Dl1 4e 0iEloace 4e <n=3*30>nt$ care con2tit1ie 8re0i2a 4e2+3;1r3rii 1nor acti=it3*i 4i4actice 4e 8re4are-<n=3*are ;i e=al1are e+icient3$ 4ar n1 garanteaB3 c3 ele=ii =or <n=3*a 0ai Dine ;i 0ai ra8i45 CaDinet1l 4e geogra+ie n1 e2te 1n 4e8oBit 4e 0ateriale 2a1 o 2al3 4e 01Be1 <n care ele=ii =in$ a40ir3 e,8onatele ;i 8leac3 +3r3 23 4oD>n4ea2c3 nici o c1no;tin*35 E+icien*a caDinet1l1i 4e geogra+ie 4e8in4e 4e co08eten*a ;i 4e 03ie2tria noa2tr3 4e a realiBa c1 ele=ii acti=it3*i 4e <n=3*are o8ti0e$ 4e 8rice8erea 4e a 1tiliBa 0iEloacele 4e <n=3*30>nt ;i 2trategiile 4i4actice cele 0ai a4ec=ate5 Con2i4er30 e+iciente acele acti=it3*i care 8er0it atingerea oDiecti=elor in2tr1cti=-e41cati=e <n ti081l 8lani+icat (or3$ tri0e2tr1$ an ;colar! c1 cGelt1ieli 0ini0e 4e re21r2e 0ateriale ;i e41ca*ionale$ c1 0a,i0 4e 2ati2+ac*ie 8entr1 ele=5 Acti=it3*ile 4i4actice 21nt e+iciente c>n4 4i+eren*a 4intre oDiecti=ele 8ro812e ;i reB1ltatele realiBate e2te 0ini03 2a1 n1l35 )entr1 e+icientiBarea acti=it3*ilor ;i 8entr1 ca ele=ii 23 oD*in3 21cce2 a8lic30 2trategii 4e <n=3*are 2e0ni+icati=3 <n care ele=1l e2te 2it1at <n centr1l acti=it3*ii$ iar caDinet1l 4e geogra+ie 4e=ine 1n laDorator <n care 2e e,8eri0enteaB3$ 2e a8lic3$ 2e 4e0on2treaB3$ 2e cerceteaB35 In ace2t 28a*i1 ele=ii a1 0iEloacele 4e <n=3*30>nt nece2are$ iar 8ro+e2or1l le o+er3 4i+erite 2trategii 8entr1 a 2e realiBa <n=3*area5 CaDinet1l$ teren1l geogra+ic ;i <n23;i realitatea <n=ecinat3 con2tit1ie 28a*iile o8ti0e <n care ele=ii <n=a*3 geogra+ia5 Nere28ectarea ace2tor cerin*e 4eter0in3 +or0ali20 <n a0enaEarea ;i 1tiliBarea caDinet1l1i 4e geogra+ie5

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Su'eDtii pri!ind c&mp&nentele cabinetului de 'e&'ra ie8 Nee,i2t>n4 0o4ele 2tan4ar4$ caDinet1l 4e geogra+ie con2tit1ie reB1ltat1l acti=it3*ii creati=e a 1n1i 8ro+e2or 2a1 gr18 4e 8ro+e2ori5 Co08onentele 1n1i caDinet 4e geogra+ie ar 81tea +i: Partea e%po(itiv- care c18rin4e 0iEloacele 4i4actice tri4i0en2ionale$ cartogra+ice$ +otogra+ice$ a14io=iB1ale5 Se reco0an43 e,81nerea 8er0anent3 a G3r*ilor care 2e 1tiliBeaB3 +rec=ent5 Dea218ra G3r*ilor 21nt e,812e +otogra+ii ale 1nor 8ei2aEe 2e0ni+icati=e$ 8lan;e c1 con*in1t e2en*ial <n <n=3*area geogra+iei ;i care =iBeaB3 con*in1t1l 0ai 01ltor lec*ii5 In =itrine e,i2t3 colec*ii 4e roci$ 0inerale$ +o2ile$ 2coicar1l$ 230>n*ar1l$ 8lante 8re2ate$ corali$ +r1cte tro8icale$ 01laEe$ c3r*i5 Partea lucrativ c18rin4e 8e 8eretele 4in +a*a cla2ei taDla$ taDla 0agnetic3$ ecran1l 4e 8roiec*ie$ iar <n 2al3$ 0e2ele 4e l1cr1 ale ele=ilor ;i 0iEloacele a14io=iB1ale5 S1nt e,812e 8er0anent retro8roiector1l$ e8i4ia2co81l$ tele=iBor1l$ care a1 4i0en2i1ni 0ari ;i 21nt +rec=ent 1tiliBate5 Celelalte a8arate 21nt 4e8oBitate <n 41la81ri5 Ar +i i4eal ca 0e2ele 23 aiD3 il10inare interioar3 8entr1 co8ierea G3r*ilor$ c>te 1n 2ertar c1 roci ;i 0inerale 0ai i08ortante$ iar <n 8artea 4e 212 atla2e$ G3r*i li8ite c1 aracet 8e 8>nB3$ gloD1ri geogra+ice$ 4ic*ionare 4e ter0eni geogra+ici5 Ace2te 0ateriale r30>n 8er0anent 8e D3nci 2a1 21nt 4i2triD1ite la ne=oie5 N1 2e reco0an43 li8irea G3r*ilor 8e D3nci 2a1 a8licarea 21D 2ticl3 4eoarece ace2tea 21nt 4i2tr12e 4e ele=i 2a1 4eter0in3 erori <n e=al1are5 *epo(itul de mi:loace de nvmnt $ organiBat <n 41la81rile 4in caDinet 2a1 <ntr-o 2al3 al3t1rat3$ c18rin4e 0iEloace 4i4actice =ariate5 $i:loacele tridimensionale !obiectuale# 21nt: la4a c1 ni2i8$ 218ort1l 8entr1 G3r*i ;i 0ateriale gra+ice$ ani0ale <083iate$ colec*ia 4e roci ;i 0inerale$ colec*ia 4e 0aterii 8ri0e ;i 8ro412e in412triale$ colec*ia 4e 8ro+ile 4e 2ol1ri$ ierDare$ in2ectare$ 230>n*are5 2coicare$ corali$ +r1cte tro8icale (n1c3 4e coco2$ 20ocGine$ 032line!$ 8lante 8re2ate$ coaE3 4e arDori$ 4iora0e ale 1nor 0e4ii$ 0acGete$ 01laEe$ +or0e 4e relie+ 4in 8oli2tiren e,8an4at$ e8r1Dete$ 8>lnii$ Dec1ri$ =a2e tran28arente$ l18e$ ciocan geologic etc5 De8oBit1l c18rin4e in2tr10ente ;i a8arate 4e 0321r3: - pentru observaii meteorologice8 ter0o0etre (nor0al$ 0ini03$ 0a,i03$ 4e 2ol!$ glacio0etr1l Danilin$ ter0ogra+1l$ Daro0etr1l aneroi4$ Gigro0etr1l$ Darogra+1l$ gir1eta c1 8lac3 Xil4$ ane0o0etr1l c1 c18e$ Geliogra+1l$ ne+o2co81l$ 0ira 4e B38a43$ 8l1=io0etr1l$ 8l1=iogra+1l$ e8r1Deta e=a8ori0etric3 etc5 - pentru observaii astronomice$ 8entr1 orientare ;i 8entr1 0321rarea 28a*i1l1i: D12ola$ tel1ri1l$ rigla 4e latit14ine$ rigla +12elor orare$ r1leta$ 0etr1l$ l1neta etc5 - pentru observaii "idrologice: 0ire Gi4ro0etrice$ li0nigra+1l$ Ealon1l 2on43$ tiEa 0etalic3$ 2on4a 4e 0>n3$ +lotori$ ter0o0etre 4e 218ra+a*3 ;i 4e a4>nci0e$ rigla ni=o0etric3$ 8l1titor1l 4e le0n$ +l1ier1l 8l1titor etc5 MiEloacele 2cri2e ;i gra+ice 4in caDinet 21nt: G3r*i$ taDlo1ri$ alD10e$ atla2e$ c1legeri 4e lect1ri geogra+ice$ 8lan;e$ 4ic*ionare$ re=i2te$ 8liante$ colec*ii 4e 4ec18aEe 4in re=i2te$ te2te$ c1rioBit3*i$ E1rnale 4e c3l3torii$ +olii 8entr1 retro8roiector$ colec*ia 4e =e4eri$ cartogra0e$ carto4iagra0e$ carto2cGe0e$ Eoc1ri$ 8lan;e etc5
11.

MiEloacele a14io=iB1ale 4i28oniDile <n caDinet 21nt: e8i8roiector1l (8entr1 0ateriale o8ace!$ e8i4ia2co81l (8entr1 0ateriale o8ace ;i 4ia8oBiti=e!$ 4ia2col1l (8entr1 4ia8oBiti=e ;i 4ia+il0e!$ a28ectar1l$ 4ia2tar1l ;i a28ecto0at1l (8entr1 4ia8oBiti=e!$ a8arat1l 4e +il0at$ 4oc10ator1l 8entr1 citit 0icro+il0e$ retro8roiector1l (8entr1 0ateriale tran28arente!$ 0agneto+on1l (8entr1 DenBi 0agnetice!$ 8ic181l (8entr1 4i2c1ri!$ 8roiector1l cine0atogra+ic (8entr1 +il0e!$ ca2eto+on1l (8entr1 ca2ete a14io!$ =i4eoca2eto+on1l (8entr1 ca2ete =i4eo!$ tele=iBor1l$ co08act4i2c1l$ ca0era =i4eo$ calc1lator1l$ colec*iile 4e 4ia8oBiti=e (4iateca!$ 4ia+il0e (4ia+il0oteca!$ ca2ete a14io$ ca2ete =i4eo$ 4i2c1ri$ C5D5-1ri$ +il0e (+il0oteca!$ 0icro+il0e etc5 Func#iile cabinetului de 'e&'ra ie 21nt: +uncia didactic& CaDinet1l e2te 28a*i1l o8ti0 1n4e 2e 4e2+3;oar3 acti=it3*i 4i4actice e+iciente$ 1n4e 2e 1tiliBeaB3 01lte 0ateriale 4i4actice$ la 0o0ent1l 8otri=it$ <nl3t1r>n41-2e tran28ort1l ;i 8roDle0a ca01+laE1l1i5 +uncia tiinific& )rin 1tiliBarea 2trategiilor DaBate 8e 0iEloace 4e <n=3*30>nt 28eci+ice in=e2tiga*iei$ ele=ii 4oD>n4e2c in+or0a*ii ;tiin*i+ice ;i <;i +or0eaB3 aDilit3*i 4e cercetare ;tiin*i+ic35 Materialele 4i4actice 4in caDinet con2tit1ie 21r2e 4e in+or0are care 8ot +i 1tiliBate 4irect 4e c3tre ele=i5 +uncia aplicativ& In caDinet ele=ii +ac 4e0on2tra*ii$ e,8eri0ente$ analiBe$ con+ec*ioneaB3 0aterial 4i4actic$ <ntoc0e2c colec*ii 4e 0ateriale$ con21lt3 21r2ele 4e in+or0are$ 0ane=reaB3 oDiecte$ +ac e,erci*ii5 +uncia de ambient5 CaDinet1l <n4e8line;te acea2t3 +1nc*ie 8entr1 +a8t1l c3 <n=3*30 0ai ra8i4 ;i 0ai 2e0ni+icati= <ntr-1n 28a*i1 8l3c1t$ 1til$ co0o4$ 8ractic5 Tem- )roiecta*i o lec*ie 4e2+3;1rat3 <n caDinet1l 4e geogra+ie5 3818=8 Terenul 'e&'ra ic 5erenul geografic e2te 1n 28a*i1 a0enaEat ;i 4otat c1 0iEloacele$ in2tr10entele ;i a8aratele nece2are 8entr1 oD2er=area$ <n*elegerea ;i c1noa;terea 1nor no*i1ni$ +eno0ene ;i 8roce2e geogra+ice$ a 4ina0icii lor$ 8entr1 +or0area 8rice8erilor ;i 4e8rin4erilor ele=ilor5 Teren1l geogra+ic e2te 1n laDorator <n aer liDer 1n4e ele=ii 21nt <n contact ne0iElocit c1 realitatea <nconE1r3toare ;i +ac 2ing1ri oD2er=a*ii5 Teren1l n1 are rol 4ecorati=$ iar a0enaEarea ;i 4otarea l1i n1 con2tit1ie 2co8 <n 2ine5 E+icien*a ;i +1nc*ionalitatea teren1l1i 4e8in4 4e: 2tr1ct1ra$ co08le,itatea ;i calitatea 0o4elelor realiBate (+or03$ 2tr1ct1r3$ 8ro8or*ii$ rela*ii!J 4e 2trategiile 1tiliBate 4e 8ro+e2or c1 ele=iiJ 4e 2ti01larea 0oti=a*iei intrin2eci a ele=ilor etc5 Iat3 c>te=a cerin*e 4i4actice 8e care ar treD1i 23 le re28ect30 <n a0enaEarea teren1l1i geogra+ic$ <n 8roiectarea ;i realiBarea acti=it3*ilor: 23 +ie a0enaEat 4183 criterii ;tiin*i+iceJ co08onentele teren1l1i geogra+ic 23 core281n43 cerin*elor 8rogra0elor ;colare 8ri=in4 4oD>n4irea c1no;tin*elor ;i +or0area aDilit3*ilorJ 23 +ie 4otat c1 a8aratele ;i in2tr10entele nece2are e+ect13rii 0321r3rii 1nor 8ara0etri ai +eno0enelor ;i 8roce2elor geogra+ice 2t14iate <n gi0naBi1 ;i lice1J

11C

 reB1ltatele oD*in1te 8rin oD2er=a*ii in2tr10entale 23 +ie analiBate$ tran2812e 4in taDele <n 0ateriale gra+ice$ 23 +ie inter8retateJ acti=it3*ile 4e <n=3*are 23 aiD3 <n centr1l lor ele=1l care e,8eri0enteaB3$ 4e0on2treaB3$ analiBeaB3$ 032oar3$ +ace 8rognoBe$ i4enti+ic3 leg3t1ri ca1B3-e+ect$ 2i01leaB3 +eno0ene ;i 8roce2e 4in realitatea <nconE1r3toareJ acti=it3*ile 23 +ie organiBate 8e gr18e 0ici$ +iecare gr18 a=>n4 2arcini 8reci2e ;i 0eto4ologie 8ro8rie 4e l1cr15 Su'eDtii pri!ind c&mp&nentele terenului 'e&'ra ic Un teren geogra+ic ar 81tea +i organiBat 8e 0ai 01lte 8lat+or0e5 Platforma pentru observaii astronomice- pentru orientare i msurarea spaiului c18rin4e gno0on1l$ ecli0etr1l$ cea21l 2olar$ in4icator1l 0eri4ian1l1i ;i 8aralelei loc1l1i$ in4icator1l 2telei 8olare$ roBa =>nt1rilor$ 2t>l81l 8entr1 <n3l*i0e$ c3rarea 8entr1 l1ngi0e$ 0etr1l c1D$ 0etr1l 83trat5 Platforma meteorologic c18rin4e <n a438o2t1l 0eteorologic ter0o0etre (nor0al$ 4e 0ini03$ 4e 0a,i03!$ ter0ogra+1l$ Gigro0etr1l$ Gigrogra+1l$ iar 8e 8lato1 2t>l81l c1 gir1eta c1 8laca Xil4 ;i ane0o0etr1 c1 c18e$ Geliogra+1l$ ne+o2co81l$ 2t>l81l c1 4o13 8l1=io0etre$ 8l1=iogra+1l$ ter0o0etr1l 4e 2ol Sa=ino=$ 0ira 4e B38a435 Platforma geomorfologic i "idrologic e2te 1n 0o4el 4e re8reBentare la 2car3 tri4i0en2ional3 a 1n1i co08le, 4e +or0e 4e relie+5 )e o 218ra+a*3 4e 7'K%' 0 8ot +i con2tr1ite 4in 830>nt$ aco8erite c1 roci a4ec=ate ;i +i,ate c1 iarD3$ 1r03toarele +or0e ;i ti81ri 4e relie+: lan* 0ontan$ 0a2i= 0ontan$ 4eal$ 8o4i;$ c>08ie$ =1lcan$ 4elt3$ relie+ litoral$ relie+ 4e;ertic$ 1n DaBin Gi4rogra+ic$ relie+ car2tic etc5 Func#iile terenului 'e&'ra ic +uncia didactic- 4eoarece 2e organiBeaB3 acti=it3*i e+iciente 4e 8re4are DaBate 8e 2trategii 4e <n=3*are acti=3 DaBate 8e oD2er=a*ie$ e,8eri0ent$ e,erci*i1$ 0o4elare$ <n=3*are 8rin 4e2co8erire ;i 8e 1tiliBarea 1nor in2tr10ente ;i a8arate 4e 0321rareJ +uncia tiinific- 4eoarece ele=ii e+ect1eaB3 o cercetare ;i o c1noa;tere ;tiin*i+ic3 a realit3*ii5 "D2er=a*iile$ 0321r3torile$ e,8eri0entele e+ect1ate a8ro8ie acti=itatea 4i4actic3 4e cea 4e cercetare$ iar ele=ii <;i +or0eaB3 8rice8eri ;i 4e8rin4eri 28eci+ice in=e2tig3rii ;tiin*i+ice5 "D2er=area$ 0321rarea$ con2e0narea ;i 8rel1crarea 4atelor 8er0it <n*elegerea ca1Bei a8ari*iei 1nor +eno0ene ;i 8roce2e$ 4e2+3;1rarea ;i e+ectele lorJ +uncia aplicativ i e%perimental& Ele=ii oD2er=3 realitatea 8rin inter0e4i1l analiBatorilor$ 032oar3 4i=er;i 8ara0etri c1 aE1tor1l in2tr10entelor ;i a8aratelor 28eci+ice cercet3rii ;tiin*i+ice$ +ac analiBe$ 4e0on2tra*ii$ e,8eri0ente$ co08ara*ii5 Teren1l geogra+ic e2te 1n laDorator <n nat1r3 <n care 2e =eri+ic3 8rin ci8iile ;i legile care 2ta1 la DaBa 1nor +eno0ene$ 2e 2i01leaB3 8roce2ele +l1=iale$ 4e eroBi1ne$ tran28ort$ ac101lare$ 8roce21l 4e in+iltrare a a8ei$ 8roce2ele 4e al1necare$ 4e eroBi1ne toren*ial3$ 4e +or0are a gGe*arilor$ +or0area iB=oarelor etc5 Tem- )roiecta*i o lec*ie 4e2+3;1rat3 <n teren1l geogra+ic5
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38=8 Acti!it#ile didactice extra%c&lare Dpeci ice 'e&'ra iei Acti=it3*ile c1 2co8 4i4actic 4in 28a*i1l e,tra;colar 21nt organiBate <ntr-1n ca4r1 in2tit1*ionaliBat 4in a+ara 2i2te01l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt +ie 4e colecti=1l 4i4actic al ;colii$ +ie 4e alte in2tit1*ii: teatre$ ca2e 4e c1lt1r3$ cl1D1ri ale co8iilor$ organiBa*ii nong1=erna0entale$ organiBa*ii 28orti=e$ taDere$ 01Bee etc5 Ca4r1l 4e 4e2+3;1rare a acti=it3*ilor 4i4actice in+l1en*eaB3 e+icien*a in2tr1cti=-e41cati=3 a ace2tora5 N1 e2te acela;i l1cr1 4ac3 =iBioneBi 1n +il0 4e28re M1n*ii Q1cegi 2a1 23 +aci o e,c1r2ie <n ace;ti 01n*i5 In 0e4i1l e,tra;colar 2e organiBeaB3: acti=it3*i 4e cl1D$ acti=it3*i <n cerc1ri teGnice$ acti=it3*i <n DiDlioteci$ acti=it3*i <n 01Bee$ =iBion3ri 4e 28ectacole 2a1 +il0e 4oc10entare$ realiBarea 4e e0i2i1ni ra4io 2a1 4e tele=iBi1ne$ =iBite$ e,c1r2ii$ 4r10e*ii$ conc1r21ri$ Eoc1ri$ <nt>lniri c1 oa0eni 4e ;tiin*3 etc5 Su'eDtii met&d&l&'ice pri!ind &r'anizarea acti!it#il&r extra%c&lare 4rgani(area activitilor didactice n biblioteci5 Ele=ii 21nt con41;i <ntr-o DiDliotec3 c1 2co81l c1noa;terii 0o41l1i 4e organiBare a ace2teia: organiBarea +i;ier1l1i$ organiBarea 4e8oBit1l1i etc5 Se organiBeaB3 4i=er2e acti=it3*i c1 2co81l 4oD>n4irii 1nor 8roce41ri: c31tarea 21r2elor DiDliogra+ice la +i;ier ;i <n c18rin21l c3r*ilor$ co08letarea 1nei +i;e 8entr1 <08r101t aca23 2a1 la 2al3$ alc3t1irea +i;elor$ e,tragerea in+or0a*iilor 4in 21r2e 4i+erite$ alc3t1irea 1nei DiDliogra+ii etc5 Activitile n mu(ee 21nt organiBate 4e c3tre 8ro+e2or 2a1 4e c3tre 28eciali;tii 01Be1l1i5 Se organiBeaB3 acti=it3*i care =iBeaB3 2co81ri 4i+erite: =iBitarea <ntreg1l1i 01Be1 2a1 a 1nei 2ec*ii$ analiBarea 1nor 4oc10ente nee,812e 81Dlic1l1i$ 4i2c1*ii 8e an10ite 21Diecte c1 28eciali;tii 01Be1l1i etc5 Acti=itatea 4i4actic3 e2te organiBat3 la 0o0ent1l o8ort1n$ <n +1nc*ie 4e lec*iile 4in 8rogra0a ;colar35 Ele=ii ;i 83rin*ii =or +i in+or0a*i a218ra 0o0ent1l1i =iBitei$ a 2co81l1i$ a 2arcinilor ;i a218ra co2t1rilor5 Activitile de club c18rin4 28ectacolele$ 2erD3rile$ conc1r21rile$ care 2e 4e2+3;oar3 <n cl1D1rile 4e2tinate co8iilor 2a1 a41l*ilor5 Ele=ii 2e <n2cri1 la an10ite cerc1ri e,i2tente <n ca4r1l cl1D1l1i5 Aiecare cerc are 1n n103r 0e0Dri ;i 1n in2tr1ctor5 Acti=itatea 2e 4e2+3;oar3 con+or0 1n1i orar ;i a 1nei 8lani+ic3ri 2tricte a ele0entelor 4e con*in1t aDor4ate <n +iecare acti=itate5 Cerc1rile c1 con*in1t geogra+ic 4in ca4r1l ace2tor cl1D1ri =iBeaB3: ocrotirea 0e4i1l1i$ t1ri201l$ orientarea t1ri2tic3 etc5 Hi(ionrile de spectacole sau filme documentare 2e organiBeaB3 +ie la 21ge2tia ;colii$ +ie la cea a organiBatorilor5 Acti=itatea 2e 4e2+3;oar3 <n cine0atogra+e$ <n 23li 4e 28ectacole$ <n 23li c1 calc1latoare 2a1 tele=iBoare5 Ele=ii 21nt <n2o*i*i 4e 8ro+e2ori$ iar acti=itatea e2te con4123 4e ace;tia 2a1 4e c3tre 0e0Drii in2tit1*iei organiBatoare5 Pregtirea profesorului pentru vi(ionarea filmului c18rin4e: +or01larea oDiecti=elorJ con21ltarea li2tei c1 +il0ele 4in +il0otec3 2a1 4e 8e ca2etele =i4eo 4in DiDlioteciJ =iBionarea +il0elor 8entr1 c1noa;terea 0e2aEelor$ a calit3*ii$ a 41ratei ;i a gra41l 4e acce2iDilitateJ 2taDilirea 0o0ent1l1i <n care =a +i =iBionat ;i 4e c3tre ce
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cla23J notarea 8rinci8alelor 8roDle0e ;i a 21cce2i1nii ca4relorJ 4ac3 2e ren1n*3 la co0entari1l original al +il01l1i$ 2e elaDoreaB3 alt co0entari15 Pregtirea elevilor pentru vi(ionarea filmului c18rin4e: 4i2c1tarea oDiecti=elorJ 2taDilirea loc1l1i ;i 0o0ent1l1i =iBion3riiJ co01nicarea 1nor in+or0a*ii 4e28re con*in1t1l +il01l1iJ 8reciBarea 8roDle0elor 8e care le =or 1r03ri5 Hi(ionarea filmului 2e +ace <n lini;te5 )ro+e2or1l inter=ine 4oar 1neori c1 2c1rte aten*ion3ri a218ra 0o0entelor i08ortante5 *iscuiile pe ba(a filmului c18rin4: analiBarea 1nor 0o0ente 2a1 a28ecte 4in 4in +il0J +or01larea <ntreD3rilor 4e c3tre ele=iJ +or01larea r3281n21rilor 4e c3tre ele=i 2a1 8ro+e2orJ 2i2te0atiBarea in+or0a*iilor$ +or01larea concl1BiilorJ localiBarea 8e Gart3 a loc1rilor 8reBentate5 ,eali(area unor emisiuni radio sau tv (conc1r21ri$ Eoc1ri$ re8ortaEe etc!5 In =iBite ;i e,c12ii 2e realiBeaB3 +il0e 4oc10entare c1 con*in1t geogra+ic c1 4i+erite 21Diecte5 Acti=itatea e2te coor4onat3 4e 8ro+e2ori 2a1 4e c3tre realiBatorii e0i2i1nilor re28ecti=e5 Concursurile i :ocurile 2e organiBeaB3 <ntre re8reBentan*i 4in ;coli 4i+erite5 Te0atica =iBeaB3 1n con*in1t geogra+ic5 ntlnirile cu oameni de tiin 2e organiBeaB3 +ie 4e c3tre ;coal3$ +ie 4e c3tre alte in2tit1*ii5 Aor0ele 4e organiBare 21nt: con+erin*a$ 4eBDaterea$ 0a2a rot1n43 etc5 E%pediia geografic colar e2te o c3l3torie 4e 2t14ii ;i cercetare$ c1 o 41rat3 4e 1' F 1& Bile$ care e2te e+ect1at3 4e c3tre ele=ii c1 8a2i1ne 8entr1 geogra+ie$ coor4ona*i 4e 1n 8ro+e2or$ <n a+ara localit3*ii 4e 4o0icili15 Or181l are o 0are a1tono0ie: caBarea 2e +ace a4e2ea <n cort1ri$ 0a2a e2te 8reg3tit3 4e c3tre 8artici8an*i5 S1nt cercetate +eno0ene ;i 8roce2e nat1rale 2a1K;i antro8ice 4intr-1n an10it 28a*i15 )reg3tirea$ 4e2+3;1rarea ;i =aloriBarea e,8e4i*iei geogra+ice ;colare e2te 2i0ilar3 c1 a =iBitei5 5abra colar con2tit1ie 1n 28a*i1 a0enaEat 8entr1 caBarea$ rela,area$ in2tr1irea ele=ilor$ <n 2erii 4e 1' F 1& Bile5 Ele=ii 21nt organiBa*i <n gr181ri5 De +iecare gr18 r3281n4e 1n 8ro+e2or$ care coor4oneaB3 <ntreaga acti=itate5 4rientarea turistic e2te o acti=itatea care =iBeaB3 8arc1rgerea 1n1i tra2e1 4183 Gart3 ;i 8e DaBa 1nor in4icii 4e c3tre ecGi8e5 In con4i*ii 4e conc1r2$ ti081l e2te 1n +actor i08ortant5 :izita 'e&'ra ic e2te o 4e8la2are 2c1rt3 4e cel 01lt o Bi care o+er3 8o2iDilitatea re=enirii aca23 <n aceea;i Bi ;i care are ca 2co8 c1noa;terea 1n1i 2ing1r oDiecti=$ 4e oDicei antro8ic5 De2tina*ia 1nei =iBite 8oate +i o localitate$ o <ntre8rin4ere (0inier3$ 8i2cicol3$ central3 electric3$ +aDric3!$ o +er03 agricol3 (=iticol3$ 8o0icol3$ 2t>n3$ +er03 4e ani0ale!$ o e,8loatare +ore2tier3$ 1n ;antier 4e con2tr1c*ii$ o 2ta*i1ne 4e cercetare$ o 2ta*ie 4e e81rare a a8ei$ o 2ta*ie 0eteorologic3$ o 2ta*ie Gi4rologic3$ 1n oD2er=ator a2trono0ic$ 1n 8lanetari1$ o gr34in3 Dotanic3$ o gr34in3 Boologic3$ 4i+erite 01Bee (al 2at1l1i$ etnogra+ic$ Boologic$ Dotanic$ 4e i2torie$ 4e art3$ al in=en*iilor!$ 1n ;antier

17'

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177

4e ele=i (co01nicarea 2co81l1i$ a oDiecti=elor$ a tra2e1l1i$ a oDiecti=elor$ a loc1rilor ;i con4i*iilor 4e 0a23 ;i caBare$ a 0iEloc1l1i 4e tran28ort$ a n10elor 8ro+e2orilor <n2o*itori$ a ali0entelor ;i ecGi8a0ent1l1i nece2ar$ a co2t1l1i$ a 2arcinilor 8e care le =or e+ect1a <nainte$ <n ti081l ;i 4183 e,c1r2ie$ a reg1lilor 8e care le =or re28ecta$ a 4atei$ orei ;i loc1l1i 8lec3rii ;i <ntoarcerii!J 2e0narea 1n1i taDel no0inal 8rin care 2e oDlig3 23 re28ecte <n e,c1r2ie reg1la0ent1l ;colar$ reg1lile 4e circ1la*ie$ c3 =or re28ecta in4ica*iile 8ro+e2orilor$ etc5 *esf urarea e%cursiei cuprinde8 a41narea ele=ilor la o an10it3 or3$ <ntr-1n an10it locJ =eri+icarea no0inal3 a 8reBen*ei ele=ilorJ =eri+icarea ecGi8a0ent1l1iJ organiBarea 4e8la23rii$ rea0intirea reg1lilor$ tra2area 1nor re28on2aDilit3*i concrete 8e 41rata 4e8la23riiJ 4e8la2area 28re oDiecti=ele 4e =iBitatJ 2o2irea la oDiecti=ele 4e =iBitatJ e,8licarea 1nor a28ecte 4e c3tre gGi4 2a1 8ro+e2orJ e+ect1area 2arcinilor 4e <n=3*are 4e c3tre ele=i (oD2er=area a28ectelor 8reBentateJ notarea in+or0a*iilor <n +1nc*ie 4e oDiecti=eJ +otogra+iereaK+il0area 1nor a28ecteJ a4re2area <ntreD3rilorJ colectarea 1nor 0aterialeJ e+ect1area 4e2enelor$ 0321r3torilor$ e,8eri0entelor! etc5 Prelucrarea informaiilor 2e +ace <n acela;i +el ca la =iBit35

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Capit&lul 4 6ROIECTAREA ACTI:IT;<II DE 6REDARE(9N:;<ARE A GEOGRAFIEI

48,8 6r&iectarea acti!it#ii didactice 2 c&ndi#ie a unei acti!it#I didactice reu%ite )roce21l in2tr1cti=-e41cati= re8reBint3 o acti=itate co08le,3$ con;tient3$ 2i2te0atic3 ;i organiBat3$ orientat3 28re realiBarea 1nor oDiecti=e concrete$ iar acti=itatea 4e 8roiectare a 4er1l3rii ace2t1i 8roce2 con2tit1ie 8re0i2a ;i con4i*ia nece2ar3 8entr1 realiBarea 1n1i 4e0er2 4i4actic e+icient5 Ea 8er0ite a0eliorarea ra8ort1l1i 4intre certit14ine ;i aleatori15 )roiectarea acti=it3*ii 4i4actice e2te nece2ar3 4eoarece: aD2en*a antici83rii 4e0er21l1i 4i4actic 4eter0in3 1n 8roce2 4e 8re4are<n=3*are-e=al1are i08ro=iBat$ <nt>08l3tor$ +3r3 2co81ri clareJ lec*ia =iBeaB3 ca ele=ii 23 realiBeBe an10ite oDiecti=e 8re+ig1rate$ iar atingerea lor n1 2e +ace aleator$ ci 4oar 8rintr-o acti=itate Dine g>n4it3 anteriorJ 8entr1 realiBarea oDiecti=elor 21nt nece2are re21r2e 01lti8le ;i =ariate (ti08$ 28a*i1$ 0iEloace$ con*in1t! ;i 4e 0o41l c10 21nt co0Dinate ;i =alori+icate ace2tea 4e8in4e e+icien*a acti=it3*iiJ ele=ii oD*in reB1ltate cGiar 4ac3 8ro+e2orii n1 8roiecteaB3 <n 2cri2 lec*ia$ <n23 calitatea ;i cantitatea reB1ltatelor oD*in1te 8oate cre;te 8rintr-o 8roiectare D1n3 ;i o tran281nere a ace2t1i 8roiect <n realitate5 8roiectarea con2tit1ie 1na 4intre con4i*iile nece2are 8entr1 realiBarea 1n1i 4e0er2 4i4actic e+icientJ c1 c>t o acti=itate e2te 8roiectat3 0ai 0in1*o2$ c1 at>t e+icien*a lec*iei 8oate +i 0ai 0areJ 4183 realiBarea lec*iei 8roiectate 8ro+e2or1l e=al1eaB3 8ro8ria acti=itate$ 2cGi0D3 2a1 rea8lic3 8roiect1lJ 8ornin4 4e la 1n 8roiect Dine g>n4it ;i <n=3*at$ 8ro+e2or1l a4a8teaB3 0ai 1;or 8re2cri8*iile$ 4ialog1l c1 ele=ii$ 4e0er21l 4i4actic etc 4ec>t 4ac3 i08ro=iBeaB3 <n totalitate ;i o 2it1a*ie ne8re=3B1t3 <l 8oate DlocaJ contrar 1nor 83reri$ 8roiectarea +a=oriBeaB3 creati=itatea lec*iei$ 4eoarece 8ro+e2or1l g>n4e;te antici8ati= 1n 2cenari1 ine4it la care a4a1g3 28ontaneitatea 1nor 2it1a*ii noi c1 care 2e con+r1nt3 <n cla23$ in28ira*ia 4e 0o0ent$ 1nele 4eciBii a4o8tate a4-Goc5 48*8 Delimitri termin&l&'ice ale pr&iectrii didactice Proiectarea activitii instructiv-educative re8reBint3 an2a0Dl1l 4e 8roce2e ;i o8era*ii 4eliDerati=e 4e antici8are a ace2teia$ 4e +i,are 0ental3 a 8a;ilor ce =or +i 8arc1r;i <n realiBarea in2tr1c*iei ;i e41ca*iei$ la ni=el 0acro (re28ecti= la ni=el1l general al 8roce21l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt! ;i 0icro (la ni=el1l 28eci+ic K inter0e4iar F al

17&

ca8itolelor K te0elor ;i o8era*ional F al acti=it3*ilor 4i4actice concrete! (M5Ione2c1$ 7'''$ 8ag5 1&.!5 In =iBi1ne 0o4ern3$ <n acti=itatea 4e 8roiectare 4i4actic3 la ni=el 0icro$ accent1l e2te 4e8la2at 4e la 8lani+icarea ti081l1i$ e;alonarea 0ateriei 21D +or0a 8lani+ic3rii calen4ari2tice$ a 8roiect1l1i 4e lec*ii$ la 8re+ig1rarea acti=it3*ii 21D +or03 4e 2it1a*ii 4e <n=3*are e+ecti=35 Sintag0a 4e2ign in2tr1c*ional9 4e2e0neaB3 act1l 4e antici8are$ 4e 8re+ig1rare a 4e0er21l1i 4i4actic <n ter0eni care 8er0it tra41ctiDilitatea <n 8ractic35 4818 C&n#inutul %i al'&ritmul pr&iectrii didactice In 8roiectarea 1nei acti=it3*i 4i4acticeKlec*iei 2e 8arc1rg 0ai 01lte eta8e: Inca4rarea acti=it3*ii 4i4acticeKlec*iei <n 8lan1l te0atic 2a1 2i2te01l 4e lec*iiJ StaDilirea oDiecti=elor o8era*ionale <n +1nc*ie 4e con*in1t ;i 4e +inalitatea 8e ter0en l1ng a in2tr1iriiJ Selectarea$ 2tr1ct1rarea logic3$ e2en*ialiBarea$ a4ec=area con*in1t1l1i ;i tran281nerea l1i 4i4actic3 <ntr-o 2cGi*3 logic3$ <n +1nc*ie 4e: ni=el1l general 4e 8reg3tire al ele=ilorJ reB1ltatele ;i e,8erien*a cogniti=3 anterioar3 a ele=ilorJ 2i2te01l 4e c1no;tin*e ;i aDilit3*i intelect1ale ;i 8ractice ale ele=ilor etc5 ElaDorarea 2trategiei 4i4actice <n +1nc*ie 4e oDiecti=ele o8era*ionale 8re2taDiliteJ StaDilirea 2tr1ct1rii 8roce21ale a acti=it3*ii 4i4acticeKlec*iei$ care 4i+er3 4e la acti=itate la alta: 2ti01larea intere21l1i 8entr1 acti=itateJ co01nicarea oDiecti=elor o8era*ionale =iBateJ 8reBentarea 0aterial1l1i +a8ticJ co01nicarea 2arcinilor 4e <n=3*areJ 4iriEarea <n=3*3riiJ oD*inerea 8er+or0an*elor 8re+ig1rate 8rin oDiecti=eJ +i,area 8er+o0an*ei oD*in1teJ a8licarea <n 8ractic3J a2ig1rarea +ee4-DacL-1l1i5 )re+ig1rarea 2trategiilor 4e e=al1are 8re2181ne elaDorarea 1nor 8roDe 4e te2tare ;i e=al1are a c1no;tin*elor ;i aDilit3*ilor intelect1ale ;i 8ractice ale ele=ilor$ corelate c1 oDiecti=ele o8era*ionale5 StaDilirea ac*i1nilor 4e a1tocontrol ;i a1toe=al1are ale ele=ilor (a1tocorectarea 8roDelor 2cri2e$ corectarea 8roDelor 2cri2e ale colegilor$ notarea r3281n21rilor colegilor!5 48=8 Ni!eluri ale pr&iectrii acti!it#ii de predare("n!#are(e!aluare In +1nc*ie 4e eta8ele ;i 4i0en2i1nile acti=it3*ii 4i4actice e,i2t3 0acro8roiectare 4i4actic3 (la ni=el1l 8roce21l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt! ;i 0icro8roiectare (la ni=el1l 28eci+icKinter0e4iar al ca8itolelor ;i o8era*ional F al acti=it3*ilor 4i4actice concrete!5 a! Proiectarea activitii anuale i08lic3: 4e+inirea 2co81rilor in2tr1cti=e41cati=e =iBate <n 8re4area-<n=3*area geogra+ieiJ analiBa 2tr1ct1rii con*in1t1l1i ;i 4eli0itarea 1nit3*ilor 0ari (ca8itole$ te0e!$ 21cce2i1nea ace2tora$ corelarea lor c1 alte 4i2ci8line 4e <n=3*30>nt ;i con4i*iile 4e realiBareJ 2taDilirea rit01l1i 4e 8arc1rgere a 1nit3*ilor 4e con*in1t$ <n +1nc*ie 4e n103r1l 4e ore 8re=3B1tJ re8artiBarea re21r2elor (1nit3*ilor! 4e ti08 8e ti81ri 4e acti=it3*i (8re4are-<n=3*are$ reca8it1lare$ 2inteB>$ e=al1are!5 Tabelul 48,8 Mo4el 4e 8lani+icare an1al3 a acti=it3*ii 4i4actice
17?

Unitatea ;colar3 :::55 )ro+e2or ::::5::5

Aria c1rric1lar3 :::::: Di2ci8lina ::::::::55

6lani icare anual Nr5 4e ore an1al:55 (:: ore 4e 8re4are-<n=3*areJ ::: 4e e=al1areJ :::5 4e reca8it1lare! "Diecti=ele-ca4r1 ale 4i2ci8linei : ::::::::::::::5 6eri&ada Capit&lul Nr8 de &re ObDer!a#ii Se0e2tr1l I Total ore Se0e2tr1l II Total ore Total ore an ;colar

Tabelul 48*8 )lani+icare an1al3 a acti=it3*ii 4i4actice

Unitatea ;colar3 :::55 )ro+e2or ::::5::5 Aria c1rric1lar3 4m i societate Di2ci8lina @eografie

6lani icare anual An1l ;colar 7'''-7''1 Nr5 4e ore an1al: ?1 ( ::55 ore 4e 8re4are-<n=3*areJ :::55 4e e=al1areJ ::555 4e reca8it1lare! "Diecti=ele-ca4r1 ale geogra+iei: Sit1area corect3 <n 28a*i1 ;i ti08 C1noa;terea ;i inter8retarea 218ort1rilor gra+ice ;i cartogra+ice In*elegerea ;i 1tiliBarea a4ec=at3 a li0DaE1l1i 4e 28ecialitate In=e2tigarea ;i inter8retarea +eno0enelor 4in 0e4i1l geogra+ic Aor0area 1nei atit14ini con2tr1cti=e ;i re28on2aDile +a*3 4e 0e4i1l <nconE1r3tor 6eri&ada Capit&lul Nr8 de &re ObDer!a#ii Se0e2tr1l I 1?5'/57''' F Intro41cere @5'757''1 E1ro8a E1ro8a F regi1ni ;i *3ri E1ro8a central3 E!aluare Total ore: 7C ore Se0e2tr1l II E1ro8a 0e4iteraneean3 E1ro8a e2tic3 E1ro8a atlantic3 E1ro8a 2can4ina=ic3 SinteB3 E!aluare Total ore: 7C ore Total ore an ;colar: ?1 ore

Tem- Corecta*i n103r1l 4e ore re8artiBat +iec3r1i 2e0e2tr15 StaDili*i ;i 28eci+ica*i n103r1l ore 4e 8re4are-<n=3*are$ 4e e=al1are$ 4e reca8it1lare5 StaDili*i ;i co08leta*i n103r1l 4e ore alocat +iec3r1i ca8itol5 D! Proiectarea activitii semestriale 8entr1 8erioa4a 4e 8re4are-<n=3*are =iBeaB3: 8rogra0area ca8itolelor (1nit3*ilor 4e con*in1t! 8e 1nit3*i 4e ti08J 2taDilirea
17.

0iEloacelor 4e <n=3*30>nt 8entr1 +iecare lec*ieJ 2taDilirea 2it1a*iilor 4e <n=3*areJ 2taDilirea re21r2elor 8roce41raleJ 2taDilirea oDiecti=elor 4e e=al1are5 Tabelul 4818 Mo4el 4e 8lani+icare 2e0e2trial3 a acti=it3*ii 4i4actice 8entr1 8erioa4a 4e 8re4are-<n=3*are
Unitatea ;colar3 :::55 Aria c1rric1lar3 :::::: )ro+e2or ::::::55 Di2ci8lina ::::5::::5 "Diecti=e 4e re+erin*3: ::::::::::::::::::55 6lani icare DemeDtrial 2 peri&ada de predare("n!#are C&dul &biecti!el&r de re erin# C&n#i( nutul "n!#rii Nr8 &re 6eri( &ada Tipuri de Ditua#ii de "n!#are ReDurDe mate( riale ReDurDe pr&ce( durale Obiec( ti!e de e!alua( re

)reBent30 1n +rag0ent 4e 8lani+icare 2e0e2trial3 a acti=it3*ii 4i4actice 8entr1 8erioa4a 4e 8re4are-<n=3*are 8entr1 cla2a a VI-a5 Acea2t3 8lani+icare inco08let3 n1 con2tit1ie 1n 0o4el$ ci 4oar 1n 4oc10ent care 8oate +i analiBat ;i a218ra c3r1ia 2e 8oate re+lecta5 )entr1 econo0ie 4e ti08 ;i 28a*i1 21ger30 ca <n 8ri0a coloan3 23 2e 2crie 4oar co41rile oDiecti=elor 4e re+erin*3$ iar ace2tea 23 +ie 2cri2e 4ea218ra taDel1l1i5 In 8lani+icarea +iec3rei lec*ii e2te i08ortant s fie concordan <ntre con*in1t1l <n=3*3rii (21Diect1l lec*iei!$ oDiecti=ele 4e re+erin*3$ 2it1a*iile 4e <n=3*are ale2e$ re21r2ele 0ateriale ;i 8roce41rale$ oDiecti=ele 4e e=al1are5 Dac3 ne 8ro81ne0 ca 2it1a*ie 4e <n=3*are anali(area i interpretarea "rii climatice a continentului $ at1nci 4en10irea G3r*ii =a +i 28eci+icat3 la re21r2e 0ateriale$ iar la re21r2e 8roce41rale =o0 incl14e l1cr1l c1 Garta5 Dac3 oDiecti=1l 4e re+erin*3 8ro812 8entr1 o lec*ie e2te s e%prime oral elementele redate pe "ri- at1nci =o0 2taDili 2it1a*ii 4e <n=3*are <n care ele=ii =or e,er2a localiBarea 1nor oDiecti=e 8e Gart3$ =or e,8lica an10ite rela*ii e,i2tente <ntre co08onentele 28a*i1l1i cercetat$ iar la oDiecti=ele 4e e=al1are =o0 8reciBa <n ter0eni o8era*ionali ce an10e treD1ie 23 4o=e4ea2c3 ele=ii c3 ;ti1 4183 <n=3*area lec*iei5 Ca 0o4 4e +or01lare 2e re0arc3 +a8t1l c3 oDiecti=ele 4e e=al1are 21nt +or01late a2e0eni oDiecti=elor o8era*ionale5 Deoarece 2co81l 8reBent3rii ace2tei 8lani+ic3ri e2te 4oar ca 2i08l3 e,e08li+icare ;i ace2t 4oc10ent n1 2ati2+ace cerin*ele 8reciBate anterior =3 8ro81ne0 c>te=a teme AnaliBa*i <n ce 0321r3 la lec*ia Relie+1l9 oDiecti=elor 4e re+erin*3 le core281n4 2it1a*ii 4e <n=3*are a4ec=ate ;i oDiecti=e 4e e=al1are 8rin care 2e 4o=e4e;te realiBarea lor5 Re+or01la*i ;i co08leta*i 2it1a*iile 4e <n=3*are ;i oDiecti=ele 4e e=al1are 8entr1 a re0e4ia 4e+icien*ele5 AnaliBa*i 4ac3 a1 +o2t 28eci+icate toate re21r2ele nece2are ace2tei lec*ii ;i 4ac3 re21r2ele 8roce41rale 21nt cele 0ai 8otri=ite5
17C

 Co08leta*i 2a1 <nloc1i*i re21r2ele 0ateriale ;i re21r2ele 8roce41rale <n a;a +el ca oDiecti=ele 4e re+erin*3 ale2e 23 +ie realiBate <n lec*ia re28ecti=35 Tabelul 48=8 )lani+icare 2e0e2trial3 a acti=it3*ii 4i4actice 8entr1 8erioa4a 4e 8re4are-<n=3*are
Unitatea ;colar3 :::55 )ro+e2or ::::::55 Aria c1rric1lar3 4m i societate Di2ci8lina @eografie Se0nat1ra 4irector$

6lani icare DemeDtrial 2 DemeDtrul I 2 peri&ada de predare("n!#are "Diecti=e 4e re+erin*3: ,8 Situarea c&rect "n Dpa#iu %i timp 151523 rec1noa2c3 ele0entele 8rinci8ale ale 1nei re8reBent3ri cartogra+ice 157523 1tiliBeBe 0o4alit3*i ;i in2tr10ente 4e orientare <n 28a*i1 *8 Cun&a%terea %i interpretarea Dup&rturil&r 'ra ice %i cart&'ra ice 751523 1tiliBeBe corect ele0entele G3r*ii 757523 e,8ri0e oral ele0entele re4ate 8e G3r*i 18 9n#ele'erea %i utilizarea adec!at a limba)ului de Dpecialitate %51523 1tiliBeBe corect n10ele 8ro8rii a1Bite 2a1 citite %5%523 1tiliBeBe <n 2cri2 ter0enii co01ni ;i 8ro8rii =8 In!eDti'area %i interpretarea en&menel&r din mediul 'e&'ra ic &51523 i4enti+ice ele0entele nat1rale ;i 10ane <n realitatea oD2er=at3 &5&523 oD2er=e$ +olo2in4 1n 8lan$ realitatea oDiecti=3 38 F&rmarea unei atitudini c&nDtructi!e %i reDp&nDabile a# de mediul "nc&n)urt&r ?51523 4o=e4ea2c3 intere2 8entr1 c1noa;terea 0e4i1l1i C&dul &b8 de re erin# C&n#inutul "n!#rii 15Ce 2e <n*elege 8rin E1ro8a 75)oBi*ia geogra+ic3$ li0ite$ *3r01ri$ <ntin4ere Nr8 &re 6er i( &ada

Situa#ii de "n!#are -co08ararea 4iagra0elor 218ra+e*ei ;i 8o81la*iei continentelor -elaDorarea 4iagra0ei <n 83trat a 218ra+e*ei continentelor -analiBarea G3r*ii +iBice a E1ro8ei ;i co08letarea 1nei +i;e 4e l1cr1 -localiBarea 0ate0atic3 8e Garta +iBic3 a l10ii -i4enti+icarea 8e Gart3 a li0itelor ;i a rela*iilor c1 28a*iile =ecine -i4enti+icarea 8e Gart3 a in21lelor$ 8enin21lelor$ 03rilor ;i oceanelor li0itro+e -i4enti+icarea caracteri2ticilor e2en*iale ale relie+1l1i 4183 Garta +iBic3 -i4enti+icarea ;i localiBarea 8rinci8elelor 1nit3*i 4e relie+ 4183 carto2cGe03 -analiBarea 1nor +otogra+ii -localiBarea 8e Garta cli0atic3 a regi1nilor c1 ti81ri 4i+erite 4e cli03 -i4enti+icarea caracteri2ticilor ti81rilor 4e cli03 4in taDel -analiBarea 1nor cli0ogra0e

1515J 157

1515J 157

751J 7575J %51J %5%5J &515

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7515J 7575

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751J 7575J %515J %5%5

?5R>1rile$ +l1=iile$ lac1rile5 AnaliBa 1n1i +l1=i1: D1n3rea .5Vegeta*ia$ +a1na$ 2ol1rile

7515J 7575J &515 7515J 7575J %515J %5%5J &5&5J ?515J 7515J 7575J %515J %5%5 7515J 7575J ?515

C5)o81la*ia

@5Narta 8olitic3 /5Re21r2ele nat1rale ;i re8arti*ia lor 1'5 In4eletniciri tra4i*ionale$ acti=it3*i econo0ice (in412trie$ agric1lt1r3$ c3i 4e co01nica*ie$ co0er*$ t1ri20! ,,8Eur&pa central- 28eci+ic1l geogra+ic ;i 2tatele

7515J 7575J &515J ?515

7515J 7575J %515J %5%5

1575J 7515J 7575J %515J %5%5

175Oer0ania

-localiBarea +l1=iilor ;i lac1rilor 8rinci8ale -2taDilirea rela*iilor 4intre +l1=ii$ lac1ri ;i 28a*iile =ecine -analiBarea caracteri2ticilor e2en*iale ale D1n3rii ;i a rela*iilor 2ale c1 28a*iile =ecine -localiBarea 8e Gart3 a Bonelor Diogeogra+ice ;i 8e4ogeogra+ice -caracteriBarea +iec3rei Bone Diogeogra+ice ;i 8e4ogeogra+ice -analiBarea 4iagra0ei *3rilor c1 n103r 0are 4e loc1itori -analiBarea G3r*ilor: Den2itarea 8o81la*iei$ Or18ele 4e =>r2t3$ )o8oarele E1ro8ei -analiBarea 1nor +otogra+ii -23 e,8lice in+l1en*a 8o81la*iei a218ra 0e4i1l1i -cla2i+icarea 2tatelor 4183 4i=er2e criterii: <ntin4erea 218ra+e*ei$ +or0a 4e g1=ern30>nt$ +or0a 4e organiBare -analiBarea 4i2triD1*iei re21r2elor nat1rale <n E1ro8a$ 4183 Gart3 -cla2i+icarea re21r2elor nat1rale 4183 4i=er2e criterii -23 i4enti+ice 0o4alit3*i 4e 8rotec*ie 4e re21r2elor -i4enti+icarea 1nor <n4eletniciri tra4i*ionale <n te,te -cla2i+icarea ra01rilor econo0iei 4183 te,t -i4enti+icarea caracteri2ticilor e2en*iale ale econo0iei E1ro8ei 4183 G3r*i$ te,te$ taDele -co08ararea econo0iei E1ro8ei c1 cea a altor continente 4183 G3r*i -analiBarea 1nor G3r*i ale c3ilor 4e co01nica*ii -analiBarea 1nor +otogra+ii -23 4e2crie in+l1en*a econo0iei a218ra 0e4i1l1i -localiBarea regi1nii ;i i4enti+icarea 2tatelor co08onente -2taDilirea 8artic1larit3*ilor nat1rale ;i econo0ice a regi1nii -localiBarea 2tat1l1i$ a ora;elor 8rinci8ale$ a a8eor$ 1nit3*ilor 4e relie+$ a =ecinilor 8e Gart3 -i4enti+icarea carateri2ticilor e2en*iale ale 2tat1l1i (<ntin4ere$ 28eci+icitatea 8o81la*iei$ +or0a 4e g1=ern30>nt$ 4eB=oltare econo0ic3! 4183 G3r*i ;i te,te -caracteriBarea cli0ei =egeta*iei$ +a1nei$ 2ol1rilor 4183 G3r*i$ taDele$ te,te Obiecti!e de e!aluare -23 i4enti+ice ? caracteri2tici e2en*iale ale E1ro8ei -23 8reBiBeBe 218ra+a*a$ n103r1l 8o81la*iei$ 4en2itatea$ n103r1l 2tatelor -23 localiBeBe E1ro8a 8e gloD ;i <n rela*ie c1 28a*iile =ecine -23 8reciBeBe ;i 23 localiBeBe in21lele$ 8enin-

ReDurDe materiale 15 N5+iBic3 a l10ii$ N5+iBic3 a E1ro8ei Ai;e 4e l1cr1 75 N5+iBic3 a l10ii$ N5+iBic3 a E1ro8ei 0an1al1l$ N5 2cGe-

ReDurDe pr&cedurale Qrain2tor0ing-1l$ 4eBDatere$ elaDorarea 4iagra0ei$ O>n4i*iKL1cra*i <n 8erecGiK Co01nica*i L1cr1l c1 Garta$ 2t14ierea 0an1al1l1i$ con=er2a*ia$ Drain2tor0ing-1l

17/

0atic3 a E1ro8ei %5 N5 +iBic3 a E1ro8ei$ 0an1al1l$ N5 2cGe0atic3 a relie+1l1i &5 N5 cli0atic3$ cli0ogra0e ?5 N5 c1 +l1=iile ;i lac1rile 0ari$ Narta DaBin1l1i Gi4rogra+ic al D1n3rii .5 Narta Bonelor Diogeogra+ice

etc L1cr1l c1 Garta$ 2t14ierea 0an1al1l1i con=er2a*ia$ Drain2tor0ing-1l etc5 L1cr1l c1 Garta$ 2t14ierea 0an1al1l1i con=er2a*ia$ Drain2tor0ing-1l etc5 L1cr1l c1 Garta$ 2t14ierea 0an1al1l1i con=er2a*ia$ Drain2tor0ing-1l etc5 L1cr1l c1 Garta$ 2t14ierea 0an1al1l1i con=er2a*ia$ Drain2tor0ing-1l etc5

21lele$ 03rile ;i oceanele =ecine -23 8reciBeBe ;i 23 localiBeBe 8e Gart3 8rinci8elele 1nit3*i 4e relie+ etc -23 caracteriBeBe +iecare ti8 4e cli03 -23 4eli0iteBe 28a*iile c1 4i+erite ti81ri 4e cli03 -23 analiBeBe o cli0ogra03 etc -23 i4enti+ice ;i 23 localiBeBe 8rinci8alele +l1=ii ;i lac1ri 4in E1ro8a <n rela*ie c1 28a*iile =ecine -23 arg10enteBe ? caracteri2tici e2en*iale ale +l1=i1l1i D1n3rea etc -23 4e+inea2c3 Bona Diogeogra+ic3 -23 localiBeBe ;i 23 caracteriBeBe Bonele Diogeogra+ice -23 en10ere 28ecii 4e 8lante ;i ani0ale 4in +iecare Bon3 Diogeogra+ic3 -23 2taDilea2c3 rela*ia 4intre cli03$ =egata*ie$ +a1n3$ 2ol1ri -23 analiBeBe Garta 4en2it3*ii 8o81la*iei$ gr18ele 4e =>r2t3$ 8o8oarele E1ro8ei -23 i4enti+ice 28eci+icitatea 1nor 8o8oare -23 analiBeBe re8arti*ia a;eB3rilor 10ane -23 caracteriBeBe 4i+erite ti81ri 4e a;eB3ri -23 analiBeBe Garta 8olitic3 -23 cla2i+ice 2tatele 4183 <ntin4erea 218ra+e*ei$ +or0a 4e g1=ern30>nt$ +or0a 4e organiBare -23 i4enti+ice 8rinci8alele re21r2e nat1rale ale E1ro8ei -23 localiBeBe regi1ni c1 re21r2e nat1rale 0ari -23 cla2i+ice re21r2ele nat1rale -23 4e2crie <n4eletniciri tra4i*ionale <n E1ro8a -23 cla2i+ice ra01rile econo0iei -23 co08are econo0ia E1ro8ei c1 a altor continente -23 analiBeBe Garta c1lt1rilor agricole -23 i4enti+ice 8rinci8alele ;o2ele e1ro8ene$ 8rinci8alele c3i +ero=iare$ 8ort1ri ;i aero8ort1ri -23 2taDilea2c3 caracteri2ticile e2en*iale ale in412triei e1ro8e0e -23 localiBeBe 0arile regi1ni in412triale -23 localiBeBe 8rinci8alele regi1ni ;i oDiecti=e t1ri2tice -23 4e+inea2c3 regi1nea -23 gr18eBe 2tatele 4183 4i=er2e criterii -23 i4enti+ice 2tatele 4in regi1ne -23 localiBeBe ;i 23 caracteriBeBe E1ro8a central3 ca regi1ne -23 localiBeBe *ara$ =ecinii$ ora;ele 0ari$ +l1=iile$ 1nit3*ile 4e relie+$ regi1nile agricole -23 arg10enteBe caracteri2ticile e2en*iale ale *3rii -23 caracteriBeBe cli0a$ Bonele Diogeogra+ice ;i 23 localiBeBe arealele core281nB3toare etc

C5 N5 4en2it3*ii 8o81la*iei$ N5 a;eB3rilor @5 N5 8olitic3 /5 N5 re21r2elor nat1rale a E1ro8ei 1'5 N5 c1lt1rilor agricole$ N5 in412triei$ N5 tran28ort1rilor +ero=iare$ N5 tr5 r1tiere$ N5 aero8ort1rilor$ N5 tr5 +l1=iale ;i 0ariti0e$ N5 8rinci8alelor regi1ni ;i oDiecti=e t1ri2tice 115 N5 2tatelor 4in E1ro8a central3$ N5 cli0atic3$ Narta 2cGe0atic3 relie+1l1i 175 Oer0ania

L1cr1l c1 Garta$ 2t14ierea 0an1al1l1i con=er2a*ia$ Drain2tor0ing-1l etc5 L1cr1l c1 Garta$ 2t14ierea 0an1al1l1i L1cr1l c1 Garta$ 2t14ierea 0an1al1l1i con=er2a*ia$ Drain2tor0ing-1l etc5 L1cr1l c1 Garta$ 2t14ierea 0an1al1l1i con=er2a*ia$ Drain2tor0ing-1l etc5

L1cr1l c1 Garta$ 2t14ierea 0an1al1l1i con=er2a*ia$ Drain2tor0ing-1l etc5 L1cr1l c1 Garta$ 2t14ierea 0an1al1l1i con=er2a*ia$ Drain2tor0ing-1l etc5

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c! Proiectarea activitii didactice pentru perioada de evaluare =iBeaB3: 2taDilirea con*in1t1rilor 4e2tinate e=al13riiJ 2taDilirea 0o4alit3*ilor 4e e=al1areJ 2taDilirea 4e2cri8torilor 4e 8er+or0an*35 Tabelul 4838 Mo4el 4e 8lani+icare 2e0e2trial3 a acti=it3*ii 4i4actice 8entr1 8erioa4a 4e e=al1are
Unitatea ;colar3 :::55 )ro+e2or ::::::555 Aria c1rric1lar3 :::::: Di2ci8lina :::::::5:5

6lani icare DemeDtrial 2 peri&ada de e!aluare "Diecti=ele-ca4r1 ale 4i2ci8linei: :::::::::::::::::: "Diecti=ele 4e re+erin*3: :::::::::::::::::::::55 Obiecti!e ( cadru Obiecti!e de re erin# C&n#inuturil e e!alurii 6eri&ada M&dalit#i de e!aluare DeDcript&ri de per &rman#

4! Proiectarea sistemului de lecii =iBeaB3: 2taDilirea 2co81l1i te0elorJ 4eli0itarea lec*iilorJ 2taDilirea oDiecti=elor +1n4a0entale ale lec*iilor ;i a oDiecti=elor concreteJ 2taDilirea re21r2elor 0ateriale ;I 8roce41raleJ 2taDilirea 8roDelor 4e e=al1are5 Tabelul 4848 Mo4el 4e 8lani+icare a 1n1i 2i2te0 4e lec*ii
6lani icarea DiDtemului de lec#ii 77777788 Nr8 crt8 Data Elemen( tele de c&n#inut Obiecti!ul unda( mental Obiecti!e &pera#i&( nale Met&de didac( tice Mi)l&ace de "n!#m$nt 6r&be de e!aluare

e! Proiectarea leciei de geografie =iBeaB3: or4onarea logic3 a con*in1t1l1i <n +1nc*ie 4e oDiecti=ele o8era*ionaleJ 2taDilirea ti81l1i 4e lec*ie <n +1nc*ie 4e oDiecti=1l 4i4actic +1n4a0entalJ 2taDilirea 0o0entelor lec*iei <n +1nc*ie 4e oDiecti=ele 4i4actice +1n4a0entale (8re4are-<n=3*are$ +i,area c1no;tin*elor$ e=al1are etc!J 2taDilirea 2trategiilor 4i4actice (0eto4e ;i 8roce41ri$ 0iEloace 4e <n=3*30>nt!J 8re+ig1rarea 2cenari1l1i acti=it3*ii: 4er1larea logic3-te08oral3 a acti=it3*ilor <n +iecare 0o0ent al lec*ieiJ 4oBarea ti081l1iJ 8reciBarea con*in1t1l1i 4e2tinat +iec3r1i 0o0ent al lec*ieiJ 28eci+icarea +or0elor 4e organiBare a acti=it3*ii <n +iecare 0o0entJ elaDorarea 2cGi*ei logice a lec*iei 4e2tinat3 a +i 2cri23 8e taDl3J alc3t1irea 0aterialelor 4e2tinate 8roDelor 4e e=al1are corelate c1 oDiecti=ele o8era*ionale ale lec*iei ;i 0o0entelor 4e acti=itate in4i=i41al35
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 2taDilirea te0ei 4e ca235 M&dele de pr&iecte de lec#ie

:arianta A 6ROIECT DE LEC<IE S1Diect1l lec*iei: Cla2a: Ti81l lec*iei: "Diecti=1l +1n4a0ental: "Diecti=ele o8era*ionale: Meto4e ;i 8roce4ee 4i4actice: MiEloace 4e <n=3*30>nt: De2+3;1rarea lec*iei 15Mo0ent organiBatoric 75Veri+icarea c1no;tin*elor anterioare %5DoD>n4irea noilor c1no;tin*e &5Ai,area noilor c1no;tin*e ?5Te0a 4e ca23 ScGi*a logica 4e 8e taDl3 QiDliogra+ie

6ROIECT DE LEC<IE Subiectul- Circ1la*ia general3 a at0o2+erei ClaDa- a IW-a DemerD didactic ,8Obiecti!ul undamental- ele=ii <n=a*3 +or0area =>nt1rilor 8er0anente$ 8roce2e +1n4a0entale 8entr1 28a*i1l tere2tr1 *8Obiecti!e &pera#i&nale- La 2+>r;it1l lec*iei ele=ii =or +i ca8aDili: - 23 4e+inea2c3 anticiclon1l$ ciclon1l$ =>nt1lJ - 23 e,8lice +or0area =>nt1rilor 8er0anenteJ - 23 4e2eneBe 8rin 23ge*i 4irec*ia =>nt1rilor 8er0anente 8ornin4 4in Bonele 4e 4i=ergen*3J - 23 e,8lice caracteri2ticile =>nt1l1iJ 18C&ndi#ii prealabile- ele=ii a1 c1no;tin*e 4e28re te08erat1r3$ 8re2i1ne$ aer5 =8E!aluare- 8rin 4e2en 2cGe0etic5 38ReDurDe %i mana'ementul timpului- re21r2e 4e ti08 F o or3J 48 Strate'ii didactice -re21r2e 0ateriale F 4e2ene 2cGe0atice$ Garta cli0atic3 -re21r2e 8roce41rale: e,8lica*ia$ l1cr1l c1 Garta$ con=er2a*ia$ 8roDle0atiBarea5 08Tipul %i !arianta de lec#ie- lec*ie 4e 4oD>n4ire 4e noi c1no;tin*e 8rin 4e2co8erire 8e cale in41cti=3 Lec#ia pr&priu(ziD GdeD %urarea lec#ieiH ,8M&ment &r'anizat&ric *8:eri icarea cun&%tin#el&r anteri&are Ge!&careaH 2 Ce e2te at0o2+eraH (:<n=eli;1l 4e gaBe contin11 al 8lanetei5! F Care e2te 2tr1ct1ra =ertical3 a at0o2+ereiH (:tro8o2+era$ 2trato2+era$ 0eBo2+era$ iono2+era$ e,o2+era5! F Ce <n2ea0n3 tro8o2+eraH (0i;care! 1%7

F De ce e2te 4en10it a;a ace2t 2tratH (:aer1l 2e a+l3 <n contin13 0i;care5! F C>t la 21t3 4in 0a2a aer1l1i 2e a+l3 <n tro8o2+er3H (/'%! F De ceH (:+or*a gra=ita*ional3! F Ce e2te 8re2i1ne at0o2+eric3H (:+or*a c1 care aer1l a8a23 a218ra 218ra+e*ei tere2tre5! F C10 2e n10e;te a8arat1l c1 care 2e 032oar3 8re2i1nea aer1l1iH (:Daro0etr15! F "D2er=a*i Garta cli0atic35 C10 =ariaB3 te08erat1ra aer1l1i 4e-a l1ng1l 8aralelelorH (Te08erat1ra aer1l1i 2ca4e 4e la ec1ator la 8oli5 Ele=a arat3 Ec1ator1l ;i 8olii5 Intre %'oC ;i 7'oC <n Bona cal43 F 8e Gart3 c1 c1loare roB -$ 4e la 7' oC la 1'oC <n Bona te08erat3 F 8e Gart3 c1 c1loare =er4e F 4e la 1' oC la 'oC <n Bona rece F 8e Gart3 colorat c1 alDa2tr15! F De ce 2ca4e te08erat1ra 4e la Ec1ator 28re 8oliH (:4atorit3 +or0ei 8lanetei$ 0i;c3rii 4e rota*ie$ <nclin3rii a,ei +a*3 4e 8lan1l orDitei$ 0i;c3rii 4e re=ol1*ie5! F Alege 1n 81nct 4e 8e continent ;i 281ne ce te08erat1r3 are5 (A0 ale2 continent1l A+rica$ 1n 81nct 4in 4e;ert1l SaGara5 Are te08erat1ra <ntre 7'oC ;i %'oC5! F Te08erat1ra =ariaB3 4e la Bi la noa8te5 De ceH (:4atorit3 rota*iei 8lanetei ;i a Dilan*1l1i ra4iati=5! F C10 arat3 218ra+a*a tere2tr3 <n 4e;ertH (:li82e;te =egeta*ia5! F De ceH (:in2ola*ia 81ternic3$ =>nt1rile 12cate 4eter0in3 =aria*ia te08erat1rii5! F In ce 1nitate 4e 0321r3 2e 032oar3 te08erat1raH ( :gra4e Cel2i125! F C10 2e n10e;te a8arat1l c1 care 2e 032oar3 te08erat1raH (:ter0o0etr1l5! F Ai +olo2it ter0o0etr1lH (Da5! F )entr1 ceH ( :0321rarea te08erat1rii cor81l1i5! F Ce 4eo2eDire e,i2t3 <ntre ter0o0etr1l c1 care 0321r30 te08erat1ra cor81l1i ;i cel 8entr1 aerH (Ora4a*ia 4e la ter0o0etr1l 8entr1 0321rarea te08erat1ra cor81l1i are n10ai =alori 8oBiti=e$ iar cel3lalt are ;i =alori negati=e5 Cel 8entr1 te08erat1ra cor81l1i e2te c1 0erc1r$ cel3lalt c1 alcool5! F Ce =alori a*i citit 8e ter0o0etr1l 8entr1 aerH (:-1oC $ - 1oC5! F In "cean1l Arctic la -7oC <ngGea*3 a8aH (N15! F De ceH (55e cantitate +oarte 0are$ e a4>nc3$ e 23rat35! 18D&b$ndirea n&il&r cun&%tin#e Grealizarea DenDuluiH 2 A0 <n=3*at 4e28re te08erat1r3$ 8reci8ita*ii$ a2t3Bi <n=3*30 4e28re =>nt1ri5 )entr1 a <n*elege 8ro41cerea =>nt1rilor <n=3*30 circ1la*ia general3 a aer1l1i <n tro8o2+er35 De ce e2te ne=oie 23 <n=3*30 ace2te l1cr1riH (Aici tr3i0$ 2e g32e;te cea 0ai 0are cantitate a aer1l1i$ 2e 8ro41c 8rinci8alele +eno0ene 0eteorologice5! F Ce e2te 8re2i1nea at0o2+eric3H F C1 c>t a8a23 aer1l a218ra 218ra+e*ei tere2treH ( :c1 1 Lg 8e c075! F Cor81l =o2tr1 218ort3 ca0 1C Lg5 C>n4 le =e*i 2i0*i li82aH (:la 01nte5! F :4eci 8re2i1nea 2ca4e c1 altit14inea5 )e 218ra+a*a tere2tr3 e,i2t3 arii 4e 0a,i03 ;i 0ini03 8re2i1ne5 Ce e2te o arieH (:218ra+a*3 la 0ate0atic3$ 2inoni0 c1 areal la geogra+ie5! F De2en30 1n areal c1 alD ;i 1n1l c1 alDa2tr15 Un1l e2te 4e 0a,i03 8re2i1ne$ iar cel3lalt 4e 0ini03 8re2i1ne5 In 28a*i1l c1 0a,i03 8re2i1ne aer1l are 0olec1lele 0ai a8ro8iate5 C>n4 aer1l are 0olec1lele 0ai a8ro8iateH ( :c>n4 te08erat1ra e2te 0ai 2c3B1t35! M D

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T\ )] T] )\ F Ce +el 4e aer e2te <n ace2t arealH ( :aer rece5! <l not30 c1 M care 2e0ni+ic3 arie 4e 0a,i03 8re2i1ne5 Scrie0 <n 4re8t1l ei te08erat1r3 0ic3$ 8re2i1ne 0are5 Acea2t3 arie 2e noteaB3 c1 2e0n1l - ;i 2e n10e;te anticiclon5 In 4re8t1l ei 2crie te08erat1r3 0are$ 8re2i1ne 0ic35 A+ar3 e2te 0ai cal4 2a1 0ai +rig 4ec>t <n cla23H (:0ai rece5! F Ce 2e =a <nt>08la 4ac3 4e2cGi4e0 gea01lH (:! F Ce 2i0*i0H (:! F Un4e 2i0*i0H (:! F )>n3 c>n4 2i0*i0 acea2t3 circ1la*ieH (:8>n3 aer1l 2e 1ni+or0iBeaB35! F A intrat aer rece$ 4ar a ie;it ce=aH ( :aer cal4! F De ceH (Aer1l cal4 2e 4e8la2eaB3 8e 212$ aer1l rece 8e la 8artea in+erioar35! F C10 2e n10e;te acea2t3 circ1la*ie general3 a aer1l1iH (:=>nt5! F De+ini0 =>nt1l: De8la2area 0a2elor 4e aer 4e la anticiclon 28re ciclon la 8artea in+erioar3 ;i 4e la ciclon 28re anticiclon la 8artea 218erioar3 8>n3 2e 1ni+or0iBeaB35 S3 analiB30 ce 2e <nt>08l3 la 218ra+a*a gloD1l1i5 De2en30 gloD1l$ 8aralelele 4e ? o$ tro8icele$ cerc1rile 8olare5 La Ec1ator te08erat1rile 21nt 8er0anent 0ari$ raBele 2olare ca4 8er8en4ic1lar 8e 218ra+a*a tere2tr35 La Ec1ator e2te 1n centr1 4e 0a,i03 2a1 0ini03 8re2i1neH (:0ini03 8re2i1ne5! F C1 ce liter3 not30 H (D 2a1 2e0n1l -5! F )re2i1nea e2te 0ic35 La tro8ice e2te 0ai cal4 2a1 0ai +rig 4ec>t la Ec1atorH (:0ai +rig5! F )rin co08ara*ie c1 regi1nea anterioar3 e2te 0ini03 2a1 0a,i03 8re2i1neH (:0a,i03 8re2i1ne5! F Not30 c1 M ;i 2e0n1l -5 C1 te08erat1ra c3rei Bone a0 co08arat te08erat1ra la tro8iceH (:c1 cea 4e la Ec1ator5! F La 8ol e2te cal4 2a1 +rigH (:+rig5! F E2te 0ini03 2a1 0a,i03 8re2i1neH (:0a,i03 8re2i1ne5! F C1 ce not30 H (M ;i -! F Co08ar30 te08erat1ra la cerc1l 8olar c1 cea 4e la 8ol5 C10 e2te te08erat1ra la cerc1l 8olar H (:0ai 0are5! F )re2i1nea e2te 0a,i03 2a1 0ini03 8rin co08ara*ie c1 cea 4e la 8olH (:0ini035! F Ce 2e0ne 81ne0H (:D ;i -5! F Cine=a 23 =in3 23 in4ice 8rin 23ge*i 4e8la2area 0a2elor 4e aer 4e la M la D 8rin 8artea in+erioar3 a at0o2+erei5 )ro+e2or1l trage o linie 4rea8t3 8er8en4ic1lar3 4e la 8oli 28re Ec1ator$ 8e 0eri4ian1l Bero$ a8oi ele=1l 0arcGeaB3 23ge*ile a4ec=ate5 F Acea2t3 4e8la2are 2-a e+ect1at <n 2en21l 0eri4ianelor +3r3 23 *ine0 cont 4e 0i;carea 4e rota*ie5 "D2er=30 c3 21nt Bone 4e 1n4e 23ge*ile a1 8ornit ;i Bone 1n4e 2-a1 <nt>lnit5 )ri0ele 21nt Bone 4e 4i=ergen*3$ iar celelalte 21nt Bone 4e con=ergen*35 Care 21nt ace2teaH (Vonele 4e con=ergen*3 a aer1l1i 8e gloD 21nt: 15 Vona ec1atorial3J 75 Vona cerc1rilor 8olare 4e nor4 ;i 4e 2145! F Care 21nt Bonele 4e 4i=ergen*3H (15 Vonele 8olareJ 75 Vonele tro8icale5! F C>te Bone 21nt <n totalH (C! F Acea2t3 0i;carea a aer1l1i 2e <nt>08l3 n10ai <n aD2en*a 0i;c3rii 4e rota*ie5 Ce con2ecin*e are 0i;carea 4e rota*ieH (:t1rtirea )>0>nt1l1i la 8oli ;i Do0Darea la Ec1ator$ alternan*a Bilelor ;i a no8*ilor etc5!

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F Ce in+l1en*3 are +or*a l1i Corioli2 a218ra 0i;c3rii aer1l1iH (Datorit3 +or*ei l1i Corioli2$ cor81rile a+late <n 0i;care 21nt 4e=iate 28re 4rea8ta <n e0i2+era nor4ic3 ;i 28re 2t>nga <n cea 214ic35! F De=ierea aer1l1i o <n*elege0 corect 4ac3 4e +iecare 4at3 ne i0agin30 c3 <n2o*i0 0a2a 4e aer <n 4e8la2area ei 4e la 81nct1l 4e 4i=ergen*3 28re cel 4e con=ergen*35 Ne 4e8la230 c1 +a*a 2a1 c1 28atele <n 4irec*ia 4e 4e8la2areH (:c1 +a*a5! F S1nte0 <n e0i2+era nor4ic3 la tro8ice <n Bona 4e 4i=ergen*3 c1 0a,i03 8re2i1ne ;i ne 4e8la230 28re Ec1ator5 In ce 4irec*ie 4e=iaB3 aer1lH (:4rea8ta5! F Dar <n e0i2+era 214ic3H (:2t>nga5! Re8reBent30 23geata5 F Re8reBent30 23geata 4in28re tro8ice 28re cerc1rile 8olare <n e0i2+era nor4ic35 In ce 4irec*ie 4e=iaB3 aer1lH (:4rea8ta5!5 F Re8reBent30 23geata 4in28re tro8ice 28re cerc1rile 8olare <n e0i2+era 214ic35 In ce 4irec*ie 4e=iaB3 aer1lH (:2t>nga5! F Ac10 8orni0 4e la Bona 4e con=ergen*3 4in Bona 8olar3 nor4ic35 De=ierea e2te 28re 4rea8ta5 Din Bona 8olar3 214ic3 4e=ierea e2te 28re 2t>nga5 Re8reBent30 c1 c1lori Bonele ter0ice 8e gloD (c1 ro;1$ c1 =er4e$ c1 alDa2tr1!5 C10 2e n10e2c =>nt1rile 4in Bona cal43H (:aliBee5! F Scrie0 8e 4e2en aliBee5 C10 2e n10e2c =>nt1rile 4in Bona te08erat3H (:=>nt1ri 4e =e2t5! F Scrie0 8e 4e2en =>nt1rile 4e =e2t5 C10 2e n10e2c =>nt1rile 4in Bona 8olar3H (: =>nt1ri 8olare5! F Scrie0 8e 4e2en =>nt1ri 8olare5 A r30a2 o Bon3 1n4e n1 21nt =>nt1riH ( :<ntre ? o lat N ;i ?o lat S5! F In acea2t3 Bon3 aer1l cal4 2e ri4ic35 C10 2e n10e;te acea2t3 Bon3H ( :Bona cal0elor ec1atoriale5! F )entr1 a caracteriBa 1n =>nt 8reciB30 direcia& Ce in4ic3 4irec*ia =>nt1l1iH (:4e 1n4e$ 28re ce 4irec*ie Date5! F Ce 4irec*ie a1 aliBeele <n e0i2+era nor4ic3H ( :NE-SV5! F Dar <n e0i2+era 214ic3H (:SE-NV5! F C1 aE1tor1l c1i 2taDili0 4irec*ia (:c1 roBa =>nt1rilor5! F Ce 4irec*ie are =>nt1l 4e =e2tH (:SV-NE 2a1 V-E5! F Ce 4irec*ie a1 =>nt1rile 8olareH (:ca ;i aliBeele5! F )entr1 a caracteriBa =>nt1l 28eci+ic30 durata& A0 2cri2 8e taDl3 circ1la*ia general3 a at0o2+erei5 De28re ce =>nt1ri a0 4i2c1tatH (:=>nt1ri 8e0anente care Dat tot ti081l an1l1i c1 aceea;i 4irec*ie ;i inten2itate5! F A treia caracteri2tic3 a =>nt1rilor e2te intensitatea 2a1 t3ria5 AliBeele care Dat c1 7'%'L0Kor3 21nt 2laDe$ =>nt1l 8olar <n Antarctica Date c1 7'' L0Kor3 +iin4 1n =>nt c1 inten2itate 0are5 In Ro0>nia Date =>nt1l 4e =e2t ;i a41ce 8reci8ita*ii 4i28re "cean1l Atlantic5 V>nt1rile 8olare aE1ng <n Ro0>niaH (Da5! F C>n4H (:iarna5! 18Fixarea cun&%tin#el&r 2 Ti08 4e % 0in1te e+ect1a*i 8e o +oaie 4e2en1l care a +o2t 8e taDl3$ a=>n4 caietele <ncGi2e5 =8Tem pentru acaD8 E,8lica*i <n 2cri2 c10 ;i 4e ce 2e 4e8la2eaB3 aer1l 4in Bonele 4e 4i=ergen*3 28re cele 4e con=ergen*3 <n 1na 4in e0i2+ere5

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@ONELE C5 MAPIMR ?I MINIMR 6RESI5NE A AER5L5I

:>NT5RILE 6ERMANENTE

ScEi#a pe tabl Circula#ia aerului "n tr&p&D er 15 )re2i1nea at0o2+eric3 F 2ca4e c1 altit14inea 75 Ariile 4e: -0a,i03 8re2i1ne -0ini03 8re2i1ne %5 V>nt1l aer cal4 1%.

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V>nt aer rece &5 Vonele 4e con=ergen*3 a 0a2elor 4e aer (%! ?5 Vonele 4e 4i=ergen*3 a 0a2elor 4e aer (&! :arianta .

6ROIECT DE LEC<IE S1Diect1l lec*iei: Cla2a: Ti81l lec*iei: "Diecti=1l +1n4a0ental: "Diecti=ele o8era*ionale: Strategia 4i4actic3: a! Re21r2e 8roce41rale: D! Re21r2e 0ateriale:

Structura lec#iei
Mo0entele lec*iei Mo0ent organiBatoric (7_! Veri+icarea c1no;tin*elor anterioare (1'_! Acti=itatea 8ro+e2or1l1i 15Veri+ic3 8reBen*aJ 75)reg3te;te 0aterial1l5 Acti=itatea ele=1l1i Materiale 15Co01nicarea aD2en*ilor5 75)reg3tirea 8t5 lec*ie5 15Ele=ii r3281n4 la <ntreD3ri5 75)reBint3 1n re+erat 2c1rt 4e28re %5LocaliBeaB3 8e Gart3 &5De2cri1 :5 15A2c1lt3 e,81nerea 5 75AnaliBeaB3 +otogra+ia 2a1 a28ect1l real5 %5A2c1lt3 e,8lica*ia 8ro+e2or1l1i5 &5R3281n4 la <ntreD3ri5 ?5De2eneaB3 ;i 2cri1 2cGi*a <n caiete5 15R3281n4 la <ntreD3ri5 15ReBol=3 te2t1l5 75A1tocorecteaB3 te2t1l5 15NoteaB3 te0a DiDliogra+ia5 Re21r2e )roce41rale

15Se 4e2+3;oar3 +rontal 8e DaBa <ntreD3rilor 75Solicit3 8reBentarea re+erat1l1i (te03!$ %5Solicit3 localiBarea 8e Gart3: DoD>n4irea 15Ca8tarea aten*iei 8rin noilor 75)reBentarea ;i analic1no;tin*e Barea 1nei +otogra+iii (7?_! 2a1 a28ect 4in realitate5 %5E,8licarea 8roce21l1i 8e DaBa 1n1i 4e2en 2cGe0atic5 &5Scrierea 2cGi*ei 8e taDl3 etc5 Ai,area no- 15Aor01leaB3 <ntreD3ri ilor c1no;tin*e (%! E=al1are 15A8licarea 1n1i te2t5 c1no;tin*e 75Di2c1t3 c1 ele=ii renoi (C_! Bol=area5 Te0a 4e ca- 15Co01nic3 te0a5 235 In4ica*ii 75Reco0an43 8t5 <n=3*are5 DiDliogra+ie5

Narta +iBic3 a l10ii Re+erat Aotogra+ia

Con=er2a*ia E,81nere L1cr1l c1 Garta

Aotogra+ia : E,81nere De2en "D2er=are 2cGe0atic Con=er2a*ie e1ri2tic3 E,8lica*ie "D2er=are

Con=er2a*ie Te2t E=al1are 2cri23

;i QiDliogra+ia E,81nere

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A8recierea lec*iei (%!

%5A8reciaB3 acti=itatea ele=ilor5

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:arianta C 6ROIECT DE LEC<IE

S1Diect1l: Cla2a: De0er2 4i4actic 6re'tirea lec#iei 15Moti=a*ie: Acea2t3 lec*ie e2te =aloroa23 8entr1 c3 : 75"Diecti=e: %5Con4i*ii 8realaDile: &5E=al1area: ?5Re21r2e ;i 0anage0ent1l ti081l1i a5Re21r2e 0aterialeJ D5Ti081lJ Lec#ia pr&priu(ziD
E=ocare "n!#areCadrul de Timp C&n#inut

Met&de GAle'e#iSH

Re+lec*ie 2en21l1iRealiBarea

15Cone,i1ni c1 c1no;tin*ele anterioare: acti=it3*i in4i=i41ale ;i <n ecGi8e 75"rganiBarea c1no;tin*elor anterioare: acti=it3*i +rontale 15Moti=area ele=ilor 8entr1 <n=3*are 75S8eci+icarea 2arcinii 4e <n=3*are %5Di2triD1irea te,telor K 0aterialelor &5Ti08 4e acti=itate in4i=i41al3 ?5"rganiBarea c1no;tin*elor noi: acti=itate +rontal3 15S8eci+icarea acti=it3*ii 75 Ti08 8entr1 acti=itatea in4i=i41al3$ <n 8erecGi 2a1 +rontal

Qrain2tor0ing$ CiorcGine$ Scriere liDer3$ O>n4i*i K L1cra*i <n 8erecGi K Co01nica*i SINELO$ Sti1-Vrea1 23 ;ti1-A0 <n=3*at$ MoBaic1l$ Lect1r3KreB10are <n 8erecGi$ E,81nere$ E,8lica*ie$ E,8eri0ent$ De0on2tra*ie

E2e1$ DeBDaterea$ Linia =alorilor$ Diagra0a Venn$ Q1la 41Dl3$ Col*1rile$ Un1l 2t3$ trei circ1l3$ T1r1l galeriei$ St14i1l 4e caB$ )roDle0atiBarea

6ROIECT DE LEC<IE
Subiectul- Mi;c3rile )30>nt1l1i DemerD didactic 6re'tirea lec#iei ,8M&ti!a#ie- acea2t3 lec*ie e2te i08ortant3 4eoarece 2e e,8lic3 8roce2e +1n4a0entale 4e 8e 8lanet35 *8Obiecti!e-Ele=ii =or 4e0on2tra 0o41l 4e 8ro41cere a 0i;c3rii 4e rota*ie ;i re=ol1*ie c1 1n gloD geogra+ic5 1%@

-Ele=ii =or e,8lica ce con2ecin*e a1 0i;carea 4e rota*ie ;i 0I;carea 4e re=ol1*ie5 18C&ndi#ii prealabile- ele=ii a1 c1no;tin*e 4e28re +or0a 8lanetei$ 8aralelele i08ortante$ 8oli5 =8E!aluare- 8rin 4e0on2trarea 0i;c3rilor c1 gloD1l geogra+icJ 8rin r3281n21rile 8e DaBa 4e2en1l1i 2cGe0atic5 38ReDurDe %i mana'ementul timpului- ti08 F o or3J re21r2e 0ateriale F gloD1l geogra+ic$ 4e2en1l Mi;carea 4e re=ol1*ie9 Lec#ia pr&priu(ziD
Cadrul de "n!#are E=ocare C&n#inut Ce 0i;c3ri e+ect1eaB3 )30>nt1lH E,8eri0ent5 In +iecare Bi$ a4ic3 <n 7& ore$ 8laneta e+ect1eaB3 o 0i;care co08let3 <n E1r1l a,ei$ 4e la =e2t 28re e2t$ n10it3 0i;carea 4e rota*ie5 A8lica*i 4eget1l 0are 8e 1n 81nct 2it1at 8e ec1ator ;i +3r3 23 ri4ica*i 4eget1l e+ect1a*i o rota*ie co08let3 a gloD1l1i <n E1r1l a,ei$ 4e la =e2t 28re e2t55 E,8eri0ent5 A8rin4 ace2t Dec5 El re8reBint3 Soarele5 Roti*i <ncet gloD1l ;i oD2er=a*i c10 e2te l10inat ace2ta 4e c3tre Soare5 Ce 2-ar <nt>08la 4ac3 8laneta n1 2-ar rotiH Ce con2ecin*3 are +a8t1l c3 8laneta 2e rote;te <n E1r1l a,eiH (+or0area Bilei ;i a no8*ii!5 -Dac3 o 8arte a 8lanetei e2te l10inat3 ;i o 8arte <nt1necat3$ c10 =ariaB3 te08erat1ra 8e gloD$ <n c1r21l 1nei BileH (e2te 0ai 0are Bi1a 4ec>t noa8tea! E,8eri0ent5 Roti*i gloD1l 8rin +a*a Dec1l1i5 C10 2e n10e;te 0o0ent1l Bilei <n care Soarele a8are la oriBontH (r323rit! Dar c>n4 e2te <n 81nct1l cel 0ai <nalt 8e Dolt3H (a0iaB3! Dar c>n4 4i28are 4e la oriBontH (a812! La ce or3 r32are SoareleH La ce or3 a81neH Ce 2-ar <nt>08la 4ac3 8laneta n1 2-ar rotiH E,8lica*ie5 In 7& ore$ +iecare 81nct 4e 8e 218ra+a*a tere2tr3$ e,ce8t>n4 8olii$ trece 8rin +a*a Soarel1i 8rin 0o0entele 4e r323rit$ a0iaB3$ a812 ;i noa8te5 Dac3 <083r*i0 o 8aralel3 (%.' o ! la nr 4e ore c>t 41reaB3 o rota*ie (7&! oD*ine0 8t +iecare or3 4e 0i;care a 8lanetei o 4i2tan*3 4e 1? o latit14ine$ n10it3 +12 orar5 S18ra+a*a 8lanetei are 7& +12e orare5 )rin 0iEloc1l 8ri01l1i +12 orar trece 0eri4ian1l Bero5 Toate localit3*ile 4in acela;i +12 orar a1 aceea;i or3 o+icial35 S1nte*i <ntr-1n a1toD125 VireaB3 Dr12c 28re 4rea8ta5 In ce 8arte =3 ar1nc3H De ceH (+or*a centri+1g3! E,8eri0ent Roti*i ra8i4 gloD1l5 Toate 81nctele 4e 8e gloD 2e rote2c c1 aceea;i =iteB3H De ceH )roDle03 C10 calc1l30 =iteBa c1 care 2e rote;te 1n 81nct 2it1at 8e Ec1atorHCalc1la*i c1 ce =iteB3 2e rote;te 1n 81nct a+lat 8e Ec1ator 4ac3 8arc1rge &'''' L0 <n 7& ore$ =iteBa 1n1i 81nct a+lat 8e 8aralela 4e .'o (%'''' L0! ;i a 1n1i 81nct 2it1at la 8ol5C10 =ariaB3 =iteBa 4e rota*ie 4e la Ec1ator 28re 8oliHIn care 8arte a 8lanetei 0ateria e2te ar1ncat3 28re e,terior 0ai 81ternicH Ce con2ecin*3 are ace2t +a8tH L1cra*i <n 8erecGi5 Di2c1ta*i ;i 8reciBa*i cele & con2ecin*e ale Timp Met&de Qrain2tor0ing E,8eri0ente

RealiBarea 2en21l1i

E,8lica

*ie

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Con=er2a*ie E,8eri0ent ReBol=area 8roDle0ei

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Re+lec*ie

rota*iei 8lanetei <n E1r1l a,ei5 A2c1ltarea o8iniilor E,8eri0ent5 Un ele= re8reBint3 Soarele$ iar alt1l e+ect1eaB3 o rota*ie c1 gloD1l <n E1r1l l1i5 E,81nere )>0>nt1l e+ect1eaB3 o 0i;care 4e re=ol1*ie 8e o orDit3 <n E1r1l Soarel1i$ c1 =iteBa 4e %' L0K2$ <n ti08 4e %.? 4e Bile ;i . ore (1n an!$ 4atorit3 +or*ei 4e atrac*ie 2olare5 E,8eri0ent Acela;i ele= e+ect1eaB3 2i01ltan cele 4o13 0i;c3ri ale 8lanetei5 )roDle035 )laneta e+ect1eaB3 2i01ltan 0i;carea 4e rota*ie ;i 0i;carea 4e re=ol1*ie5 C>te 0i;c3ri 4e rota*ie e+ect1eaB3 <n ti08 4e 1n anH Unii ani 21nt n10i*i ani Di2ec*i5 De ceH An1l Di2ect are %.? Bile$ iar l1na +eDr1arie are 7/ Bile 4eoarece cele . ore 2e a41n3 ti08 4e & ani ;i +or0eaB3 o Bi care 2e a4a1g3 an1l1i 4e %.? Bile5 ,egul& )entr1 i4enti+icarea anilor Di2ec*i +3r3 aE1tor1l calen4ar1l1i$ 2e ia n103r1l an1l1i (1//.!$ a8oi 1lti0ele 4o13 cire con2i4erate ca n103r 2e <08art la & (/.:&!5 Dac3 <083r*irea e2te e,act3 an1l e2te Di2ect5 E,8eri0ent5 "D2e=a*i c3 a,a 8olilor e2te <nclinat35 )oBi*iona*i gloD1l c1 a,a 8er8en4ic1lar3 8e 1n 8lan oriBontal ;i 4e41ce*i 8e care 8aralel3 ca4 8er8en4icalar raBele 2olare5 E,8lica*ie5 Dac3 a,a 8olilor n1 ar +i <nclinat3$ raBele 2olare ar c34ea <ntot4ea1na 8er8en4ic1lar 8e Ec1ator5 Ce con2ecin*e are a=ea ace2t +a8tH (te08erat1ra ar 2c34ea relati= 1ni+or0 4e la Ec1ator 28re 8oli$ <n +iecare Bon3 ter0ic3 ar +i 1n 2ing1r anoti08$ <n Bona rece ar +i 2e0i<nt1neric$ Bilele ar +i egale c1 no8*ile!5 Datorit3 0i;c3rii 4e re=ol1*ie ;i a <nclin3rii a,ei$ raBele 2olare ca4 8er8en4ic1lar 4e-a l1ng1l 1nei 8aralele 2it1ate <ntre cele 4o13 tro8ice$ iar e0i2+erele 21nt l10inate ;i <nc3lBite inegal5 AnaliBarea 4e2en1l1i 2cGe0atic5 La 77 i1nie raBele 2olare ca4 8er8en4ic1lar 8e Tro8ic1l Rac1l1i5 Ce anoti08 <nce8e <n e0i2+era nor4ic3H Dar <n cea 214ic3H Care e0i2+er3 e2te 0ai l10inat3H La care 8ol e2te BiH <n care e0i2+er3 e2te Bi1a cea 0ai l1ng3H La 77 i1nie e2te 2ol2ti*i1l 4e =ar35 -)e care 8aralel3 ca4 8er8en4ic1lar raBele 2olare la 7% 2e8te0DrieH E2te ecGinoc*i1l 4e toa0n3H Ca anoti081ri <nce8 <n +iecare e0i2+er3H Care e2te l1ngi0ea Bilelor ;i a no8*ilorH C10 21nt l10ina*i 8oliiH La ce 4at3 e,i2t3 1n 0o0ent 2i0ilarH (71 0artie! AnaliBarea 4e2en1l1i 2cGe0atic5 Scrie*i ce +eno0ene 2e 8ro41c la 77 4ece0Drie$ a8oi la 71 0artie5

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E,8eri0ent E,8lica*ie

AnaliBarea 4e2en1l1i 2cGe0atic AnaliB3 4e2en

4838 Obiecti!ele pr&ceDului de "n!#m$nt 'e&'ra ic %i &pera#i&nalizarea l&r "Diecti=ele 8roce21l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt geogra+ic 21nt corelate c1 oDiecti=ele 2i2te01l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt ro0>ne2c act1al$ care 21nt ierarGiBate5
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D183 criteri1l gra41l1i 4e generalitate$ e,i2t3 oDiecti=e generale (8ri0ele ni=el1ri! ;i oDiecti=e o8era*ionale (1lti01l ni=el!5 Obiecti!ele 'enerale =iBeaB3 co08eten*e +oarte largi care i08lic3 4oD>n4irea 1n1i an2a0Dl1 4e c1no;tin*e$ 4e8rin4eri$ ca8acit3*i ;i atit14ini$ care =or +i atin2e <ntr-o 8erioa43 <n4el1ngat3 (ani!$ 8rin antrenarea <n 2it1a*ii 4e <n=3*are 4i=er2e5 In 2i2te01l 4e <n=3*30>nt ro0>ne2c$ oDiecti=ele 8e4agogice generale 21nt 2tr1ct1rate 8e 0ai 01lte ni=ele 4e co08le,itate: Treapta I c18rin4e idealul educaional ;i finalitile- care 1r0eaB3 a +i atin2e 4e c3tre to*i ele=ii$ <n ti08 <n4el1ngat$ <n 1r0a inter=en*iilor 8e4agogice ale t1t1ror e41catorilor care ac*ioneaB3 <n ca4r1l 2i2te01l1i5 In4e8linirea oDiecti=elor generale re8reBint3 o reB1ltant3 a realiB3rii t1t1ror oDiecti=elor 2it1ate 8e ni=ele ierarGice in+erioare5 I4eal1l e41ca*ional ;i +inalit3*ile$ 28eci+icate <n Legea <n=3*30>nt1l1i (1//?$ 8ag5 %! con2tit1ie trea8ta cea 0ai <nalt3 a oDiecti=elor care =or +i realiBate 8rin <n=3*area geogra+iei5
Ainalit3*ile e41ca*iei I4eal1l e41ca*ional Aor0area 8er2onalit3*ii integrale

"Diecti=ele 2i2te01l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt "Diecti=ele cicl1l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt "Diecti=ele 8ro+il1l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt

"Diecti=ele-ca4r1 ;i 4e re+erin*3 ale 4i2ci8linei 4e <n=3*30>nt "Diecti=ele gloDale ale ca8itol1l1i "Diecti=ele concrete (o8era*ionale$ 8artic1lare$ ter0inale! ale lec*iei

Fi'8 4808 IerarGiBarea oDiecti=elor <n 2i2te01l 4e <n=3*30>nt ro0>ne2c Treapta a II(a c18rin4e 1n an2a0Dl1 4e oDiecti=e 4e generalitate 0e4ie$ 28eci+ice 1nor cicl1ri 2a1 8ro+ile 4e <n=3*30>nt$ ce =or +i 4oD>n4ite <n acti=it3*i 4e <n=3*are care 2e =or 4er1la$ <n 1nele caB1ri$ <n 0ai 01l*i ani5 Treapta a III(a c18rin4e oDiecti=ele F ca4r1 ;i oDiecti=ele 4e re+erin*3 ale 4i2ci8linelor 4e <n=3*30>nt$ 28eci+icate <n 8rogra0ele ;colare5 Obiecti!ele(cadru ale diDciplinei a1 gra4 0are 4e generalitate ;i co08le,itate5 Ele in4ic3 2en21l 28re care 4ori0 23 e=ol1eBe ele=1l <n 0ai 01l*i ani 4e 2t14i1$ la o 4i2ci8lin35 Se re+er3 la +or0area 1nor ca8acit3*i ;i atit14ini 28eci+ice 4i2ci8linei5

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Obiecti!ele de re erin# 28eci+ic3 reB1ltatele a;te8tate ale <n=3*3rii 8e +iecare an 4e 2t14i1 ;i 1r03re2c 8rogre2ia <n acGiBi*ia 4e co08eten*e ;i 4e c1no;tin*e 4e la 1n an 4e 2t14i1 la alt1l5 Treapta a I:(a c18rin4e oDiecti=ele gloDale ale ca8itolelor c18rin2e <n ca4r1l 1nei 4i2ci8line 4e <n=3*30>nt$ realiBaDile <n c1r21l 1n1i inter=al 0ai <n4el1ngat 4e ti08 (ore 2a1 238t30>ni!5 Treapta a :(a c18rin4e oDiecti=ele o8era*ionale (concrete$ 28eci+ice$ 8artic1lare$ ale <n=3*3rii$ 4e e=al1are!$ care con2tit1ie ZZ*intaZZ +iec3rei acti=it3*i 4i4actice ;i care 21nt realiBaDile 4e c3tre ele=i 4183 8arc1rgerea 1nei 2ing1re 2it1a*ii 4e <n=3*are5 "Diecti=ele o8era*ionale 21nt +or01late <n +1nc*ie 4e oDiecti=ele 0en*ionate 8e tre8tele anterioare5 Obiecti!ele &pera#i&nale 21nt en1n*1ri care 4e2cri1 co08orta0ent1l ;i 8er+or0an*a 8e care o =a 4o=e4i ele=1l 4183 o 2it1a*ie 4e <n=3*are5 Un oDiecti= concret operaionali(at +or01lat corect c18rin4e 1r03toarele ele0ente : a& 'ubiectul !CineD# care =a 4o=e4i realiBarea oDiecti=1l1i5 M1l*i 28eciali;ti <nce8 +or01larea oDiecti=1l1i c1 e,8re2ia: 2a sfr itul activitii didactice toi elevii vor fi capabili&& S1D /? % <nce8e ine+icacitatea in2tr1irii5 Aor01l3ri 0ai 2c1rte 21nt : Elevii vor fi capabili&&&5 Elevii s &&& 2a1 n1 2e 28eci+ic3 21Diect1l care e2te 21D<n*ele25 b& Comportamentul !?int?# observabil i msurabil !CeD# 2 8e care-l =a 4oD>n4i ele=1l 4183 2it1a*ia 4e <n=3*are$ e,8ri0at 8rintr-1n =erD concret (4e ac*i1ne! 8reciBat 1ni=oc5 Co08orta0ent1l 2e 0ani+e2t3 8rintr-o ca8acitate$ aDilitateK8rice8ere$ atit14ine5 Capacitatea (8rice8ereJ 81tin*a 4e a 2i0*i$ a <n*elege 2a1 a +ace ce=aJ a8tit14ine! F <n21;ire ne1ro82iGic3 (81terea ;i calitatea! a in4i=i41l1i care-i 8er0ite 23 e+ect1eBe o8era*ii$ acti=it3*i$ 23 aiD3 an10ite rela*ii ;i co08orta0ente 2ociale5 Abilitatea intelectual e2te 1n 0o4 <n=3*at 4e a r3281n4e a4ec=at la 1n an2a0Dl1 2a1 la o categorie 4e 2arcini a8ar*in>n4 1n1i an10it 4o0eni15 Atitudinea e2te o 2tare$ o 4i28oBi*ie 2a1 8re4i28oBi*ie 0ental3 a in4i=i41l1i relati= 2taDil3$ 4e a ac*iona 2a1 a 2e co08orta +a=oraDil 2a1 ne+a=oraDil$ 1ni=oc$ +a*3 4e 1n oDiect$ o 8er2oan3 2a1 o 2it1a*ie5 VerD1l 1tiliBat e,8ri03 o 2ing1r3 operaie logic- abilitate mental sau fi(ic activat- atitudine- 0ani+e2tat3 =iBiDil ;i care are ca reB1ltat 1n 8ro412 0321raDil cantitati= ;i calitati=5 Co08orta0ent1l e2te e,8ri0at 8reci2 8entr1 ca oricine 23 re8reBinte 8ro4121l a;te8tat relati=5 <n aceea;i +or035 VerDele a nelege- a ti- a citi- a apreciaa spune- a cunoa te 21nt generale ;i nono8era*ionaDile5 c& *escrierea performanei- re(ultatului 2a1 produsului aciunii !CeD#& Performana c18rin4e an2a0Dl1l 4e caracteri2tici oD2er=ate ;i 0321rate ale co08orta0ent1l1i int e0i2 <ntr-o 2it1a*ie5 Ea e2te 1n con*in1t 0e0orat$ <n*ele2$ a8licat$ analiBat$ 2intetiBat$ e=al1at 2a1 o 0ani+e2tare =iBiDil3 (82iGo-0otric3$ atit14inal3$ a+ecti=3! 0321raDil3 2a1 non0321raDil35 )er+or0an*a ;i co08orta0ent1l 2e 8ro41c 8rin acti=area competenelor5 )entr1 oDiecti=ele cogniti=e (Ce =a ;tiH! 8ro412ele 21nt conce8teKno*i1ni$ 4ate (cote$ 218ra+e*e$ 4en2it3*i!$ +a8te 8artic1lare$ 4en10iri$ reg1li$ con=en*ii$ legi$ +or01le$ 8rinci8ii$ cla2i+ic3ri etc5 )entr1 oDiecti=ele
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0eto4ologice (Ce =a ;ti +aceH! 8ro412ele 21nt a8licarea 1nor 0eto4e$ 8roce4ee$ teGnici ;i 1tiliBarea 1nor in2tr10ente$ a8arate 2a1 0ateriale5 )entr1 oDiecti=ele 82iGo-0otorii 8ro4121l e2te o ac*i1ne =iBiDil3 (Ce =a ;ti +aceH!$ iar 8entr1 oDiecti=ele atit14inale (Ce =a ;ti 23 +ieH! 8ro4121l e2te 0ani+e2tarea 1n1i co08orta0ent: a l1cra or4onat$ a +i 81nct1al$ a +i 8olitico2$ a re28ecta reg1lile etc5 d& Condiiile n care se dovede te comportamentul i se obine performana !CumD# in4ic3 ce in2tr10ent 2a1 4oc10ent 1tiliBeaB3 ele=1l (0an1al$ Gart3$ +otogra+ie$ 2cGi*3!$ ce re2tric*ii 2a1 +acilit3*i 21nt i0812e (folosind "arta&&&&- cu a:utorul desenului1te%tului1profesorului &&&- fr "art &&&- dup planul &&&- n scris1oral- dup citirea &&&- la prima vedere &&& etc!5 f& Criteriul de performan1de nvare 2a1 nivelul performanei re8reBint3 1n in4ice calitati= 2a1 cantitati= al caracteri2ticilor 8er+or0an*ei (8rocentaE$ 8ro8or*ie$ 8reciBie$ cantitate$ 8rag 4e acce8taDilitate$ ti08 li0it3$ n103r1l 0ini0 4e r3281n21ri corecte 2a1 gre;eli a40i2e etc!5 Criteri1l 4e <n=3*are con2tit1ie 1n 81nct 4e re+erin*3 <n e=al1area 8er+or0an*ei ;i <n l1area 1nei 4eciBiiKE14ec3*i 4e28re realiBarea 2arcinii5 Se a8reciaB3 c3 21nt trei categorii 4e performane standard 8 4e ni=el 218erior (A5Q5!$ 0e4i1 (Q5! ;i 0ini0 (S5!5 Performana standard minimal (ni=el 0ini0! e2te ni=el1l la care ra8ort30 reB1ltat1l 8entr1 a E14eca re1;ita ele=ilor ;i nici 1n1ia n1 i 2e cere 0ai 81*in 4ec>t acea2t3 8er+or0an*35 )ro+e2or1l 4eci4e c>t 4e 81*in 8oate <n=3*a 1n ele=$ +3r3 ca 8rogre21l 231 1lterior 23 +ie a+ectat5 StaDilirea 8er+or0an*ei 2tan4ar4 0ini0al3 n1 oDlig3 8la+onarea ele=ilor la ni=el1l ace2teia$ ci 4i08otri=35 Li0itarea 8er+or0an*elor 2e +ace <ntot4ea1na <n Eo2$ nicio4at3 <n 212$ <n 2en21l c3 8rin e,8re2ia cel puin$ +iecare ele= e2te 2olicitat 23 4e83;ea2c3 neli0itat 1n 8rag 8er+or0an*ial i0812 4e 8rogra0a ;colar3 ;i 4e 8o2iDilit3*ile in4i=i41ale 4e 8rogre25 E,: Elevul va fi capabil s enumere subdivi(iunile $unilor Apuseni !>K grupe de muni i L depresiuni#- fr "art& Tipuri de &biecti!e &pera#i&nale dup natura l&r 4biectivele cognitive !informative# =iBeaB3 c1no;tin*e 4eclarati=e (R2a=oir2R!$ a4ic3 ce va ti elevul 4183 o 2ec=en*3 4e 8re4areK<n=3*are (23 4e+inea2c3 conce8teJ 23 cla2i+ice ele0entele 1nei 01l*i0i 4183 1n criteri1J 23 en1n*e legi$ 8rinci8ii etc5!5 VerDele a4ec=ate 21nt: a defini- a enuna- a caracteri(a- a recunoa te- a identifica- a descrie- a denumi- a specifica- a indica- a pre(enta- a enumera$ a redefini- a transcrie- a nlocui- a detalia- a completa- a argumenta- a interpreta- a anali(a- a sinteti(a- a deduce- a conclu(iona- a stabili- a decide- a detecta- a ordona- a e%trage !idei#- a compara- a deosebi- a alege- a e%trapola- a interpola- a clasifica- a prevedea& 4biectivele metodologice =iBeaB3 c1no;tin*e 8roce41rale (R2a=oir-+aireR! (8rice8eri$ 4e8rin4eri intelect1ale ;i 8ractice$ a8licarea 0eto4elor$ 8roce41rilor ;i teGnicilor$ 1tiliBarea in2tr10entelor ;i a8aratelor!$ a4ic3 ce va ti s fac elevul 4183 o 2ec=en*3 4e 8re4areK<n=3*are (23 analiBeBe 1n 8ei2aEJ 23 inter8reteBe o Gart3J 23 con2tr1ia2c3 o 4iagra03 2a1 carto2cGe03$ 23 032oare 1n in4icator al 0e4i1l1i c1 1n in2tr10ent 2a1 a8arat etc!5 VerDele a4ec=ate 21nt: a estima- a calcula- a msura- a ntocmi- a elabora- a se orienta- a utili(a- a aplica- a comenta- a re(olva- a combina- a modela- a e%perimenta- a repre(enta etc
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 4biectivele motorii =iBeaB3 4e8rin4eri 0otrice$ a4ic3 ce va ti s fac elevul 4183 o 2ec=en*3 4e 4e0on2trare e+ect1at3 4e 8ro+e2or ;i e,er2are 23=>r;it3 8er2onal (23 0earg3 8e 218ra+e*e <nclinate$ 23 e2cala4eBe 1n aDr18t etc!5 VerDele a4ec=ate 21nt: a demonstra- a pre(enta- a dovedi etc5 4biectivele atitudinale (R2a=oir-etreR! =iBeaB3 2enti0ente$ atit14ini$ co08orta0ente$ a4ic3 ce va ti s fie elevul 4183 o 2ec=en*3 4e 8re4areK<n=3*are5 Ace2te oDiecti=e 21nt 4oD>n4ite <n 0ai 01lte lec*ii$ la 0ai 01lte 4i2ci8line5 Co08orta0entele co08le,e ale ele=1l1i ;i 0aEoritatea oDiecti=elor 4o0eni1l1i a+ecti= n1 8ot +i e,8ri0ate <n ter0eni o8era*ionali ;i n1 8er0it 0321rarea 8er+or0an*ei 4183 o 2it1a*ie 4e <n=3*are (23 8roteEeBe 8lantele ;i ani0alele$ 23 re28ecte nat1ra ;i oa0enii etc!5 VerDele a4ec=ate 21nt: a dovedi- a demonstra- a e%prima etc5 "Diecti=ele 0eto4ologice$ 0otorii atit14inale 21nt 4en10ite obiective formative& Re'uli "n &rmularea &biecti!el&r unei lec#ii Deoarece ace2te oDiecti=e 21nt realiBate 4e c3tre ele= <ntr-o lec*ie e2te ne=oie 23 +ie re28ectate an10ite cerin*e: 8entr1 o lec*ie +or01l30 1n 2i2te0 4e &-? 4e oDiecti=e integrate ;i 4eri=ate logic 4in oDiecti=1l +1n4a0ental (2co81l! al lec*iei ;i 4in oDiecti=ele 4e re+erin*3J 4ac3 8ro81ne0 8rea 01lte oDiecti=e ri2c30 23 n1 +ie realiBateJ oDiecti=ele ale2e a8ar*in celor trei categorii: atit14inale$ 0eto4ologice ;i cogniti=e$ 8entr1 a a2ig1ra orientarea <n=3*3rii 4e la c1no;tin*e 28re ca8acit3*i$ atit14ini ;i co08eten*eJ +or01larea oDiecti=elor 23 8er0it3: trecerea 4e la 8re4area centrat3 8e 8ro+e2or 28re organiBarea 2it1a*iilor 4e <n=3*are ;i e=al1are centrate 8e ele=J orientarea <n=3*3rii 28re calitate$ n1 28re cantitateJ a4a8tarea con*in1t1rilor <n=3*3rii 28re realitatea coti4ian3J oDiecti=ele 23 2ati2+ac3 ne=oile$ 2co81rile ;i intere2ele ele=ilorJ 8entr1 +iecare oDiecti= 8reg3ti0 o 8roD3 4e e=al1are 8rin care 23 2e 4o=e4ea2c3 realiBarea 2aJ oDiecti=ele =or +i +or01late <n c1=inte c>t 0ai 81*ine5 Avanta:ele 8roiect3rii ;i organiB3rii 2it1a*iilor 4e <n=3*are a,ate 8e oDiecti=e concrete 21nt: con*in1t1l1i <n=3*3rii e2te 2electat ;i 2tr1ct1rat o8ti0 corelat c1 oDiecti=eleJ e=it30 ri2i8a 4e ti08 8rin Rr3t3cirea 8rintre 4etaliiRJ la +inal1l lec*iei 81te0 e=al1a oDiecti= reB1ltatelor ele=1l1i ;i e+icien*a acti=it3*ii <n +1nc*ie 4e ace2te oDiecti=e o8era*ionaleJ 8ro+e2or1l c>;tig3 2ig1ran*3 <n 8roiectarea ;i 8re2tarea acti=it3*ii5

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Capit&lul 0 E:AL5AREA RE@5LTATELOR 9N:;<;RII

08,8 E!aluarea 2 c&mp&nent a pr&ceDului de "n!#m$nt E=al1area 8e4agogic3 re8reBint3 o ac*i1ne 0anagerial3 8rin care reB1ltatele oD*in1te <ntr-o acti=itate 21nt ra8ortate la criterii 28eci+ice 8entr1 l1area 1nei 4eciBii o8ti0e5 Di2tinge0 0ai 01lte 8lan1ri 8entr1 e=al1are: conceperea 1nei 8roce41ri 4e e=al1areJ aplicarea 8roce41rii 4e e=al1areJ verificarea reB1ltatelor 8rin co08ararea cantit3*ii ;i calit3*ii 8ro4121l1i (c1no;tin*e$ ca8acit3*i$ atit14ini! c1 caracteri2ticile oDiecti=1l1i o8era*ional (E,5 to*i ele=ii a1 reBol=at corect ite0ii te2t1l1i 4e c1no;tin*e 4e28re +rana!J aprecierea reB1ltatelor 8rintr-o E14ecat3 4e =aloare ;i e2ti0area calit3*ii 8ro4121l1i (c1no;tin*e$ ca8acit3*i$ atit14ini! ( ,spunsul este f& b&7 Eseul a fost e%celent7 2ucrarea conine erori de coninut i gre eli de ortografie 5!J msurarea e2te o8era*ia 4e c1anti+icare a reB1ltatelor (atriD1irea 1nor 2i0Dol1ri con=en*ionale e,acte 1nor ele0ente acGiBi*ionate!5 Nota ;i cali+icati=1l 21nt in4icatori calitati=i ;i cantitati=i ai 8ro4121l1i oD*in1t 8rin <n=3*are5 08*8 Func#iile e!alurii Sco81l e=al13rii n1 e2te 4e a oD*ine 4ate 4e28re reB1ltatele 1n1i gr18Kin4i=i4 ;i 4e a +ace o E14ecat3 4e =aloare a218ra ran4a0ent1l1i acti=it3*ii$ ci 4e a 8er+ec*iona 8roce21l e41cati=5 A1nc*iile e=al13rii 21nt: de constatare a e,i2ten*ei 1n1i 8ro412 (c1no;tin*3$ ca8acitate$ atit14ine! <nainte 2a1 4183 o 2it1a*ie 4e <n=3*areJ de diagno( a calit3*ii ;i cantit3*ii reB1ltatelor$ a ca1Belor care a1 4eter0inat reB1ltateleJ de reglare a activitii& Se i4enti+ic3 reB1ltatele 8rin ra8ortare la oDiecti=e$ la cerin*ele 8rogra0ei$ la reB1ltatele altor in4i=iBi$ 2e re0arc3 4i+ic1lt3*ile ;i lac1nele <n <n=3*are ;i 2e 4eci4e a218ra organiB3rii =iitoare a in2tr1irii (8rogra0e 4e rec18erare$ 4e <0Dog3*ire 2a1 corecti=e!5 de progno( a =alorii$ a ni=el1l1i ;i a 8er+or0an*elor 8e care le-ar 81tea oD*ine ele=1l <n eta8a 1r03toareJ de deci(ie a218ra 8oBi*iei 2a1 integr3rii 1n1i in4i=i4 <ntr-o ierarGie$ ni=el al 8reg3tirii 2ale 2a1 +or03 4e 8reg3tireJ

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 motivaional& Veri+icarea rit0ic3 <l 4eter0in3 8e ele= 23 <n=e*e reg1lat$ 2i2te0atic$ con;tiincio25 E=al1area in4ic3 21cce21l$ in21cce21l 2a1 0e4iocritatea ;colar35 S1cce21l o+er3 2ati2+ac*ii ele=ilor ;i <i 2ti01leaB3 8entr1 <n=3*3t1r35 In21cce21l 4eter0in3 in2ati2+ac*ie$ 4ar 8rintr-o e=al1are oDiecti=3$ 8oate 0oti=a ele=1l 8entr1 <n=3*are5 de informare a ele=1l1i$ a 8ro+e2or1l1i$ a 83rin*ilor$ a 4irector1l1i$ a 2ociet3*ii a218ra 2ta4i1l1i +or03rii ;i a218ra 8rogre2elor act1ale ;i 8o2iDileJ funcia de validare social a 8ro412elor 2i2te01l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt$ 8e ni=ele 4e integrare ;colar3 ;i 8ro+e2ional3J funcia de orientare social- colar i profesional la 4i+erite ni=ele 4e 4eciBie; funcia de selecie social- colar i profesional la 4i+erite ni=ele 4e cla2i+icare ;i ierarGiBare a reB1ltatelor acti=it3*ii 4i4actice$ 4e +or0are ini*ial3 ;i contin13$ e,8ri0ate <n ter0eni 4e 8roce2 ;i 8ro4125 0818 Tipuri de e!aluare Evaluarea e2te acti=itatea 8ro+e2or1l1i 8rin care 2e 8rel1creaB3 in+or0a*iile oD*in1te 8rin =eri+icare$ <n 2en21l <nt3ririi$ a8recierii ;i corect3rii c1no;tin*elor$ 8rice8erilor ;i 4e8rin4erilor ele=ilor5 Ea e2te 1n 8roce2 2i2te0atic 8rin care 2e 4eter0in3 gra41l 4e realiBare a oDiecti=elor 4e c3tre ele=i$ o E14ecat3 4e =aloare a218ra reB1ltatelor ;colare ale ele=1l1i oD*in1te 8rin =eri+icare$ o 4e2criere calitati=3 ;i cantitati=3 a co08orta0ent1l1i$ corelat3 c1 oDiecti=ele5 Dup criteriul &biecti!it#ii %i al 'radului de certitudine 2e 4i2tinge: Evaluarea empiric !subiectiv#- care 2e DaBeaB3 8e int1i*ia 8ro+e2or1l1i5 Caracteri2ticile ace2tei e=al13rii 21nt: 2i08litatea$ +rec=en*a 0are$ gra4 0ic 4e oDiecti=itate$ 4i2contin1itate etc5 Evaluarea obiectiv- care 2e DaBeaB3 8e teGnici 28eciale 4e 0321rare a 1nei 8er+or0an*e$ a 1nei 8re2ta*ii$ a 1nei caracteri2tici5 Ea nece2it3 crearea 1nor in2tr10ente 4e colectare a 4atelor ;i 4e co08arare a co08orta0ent1l1i ele=1l1i c1 1n 2tan4ar45 S1nt nece2are 4o13 8roce41ri: 1na 4e ra8ortare a co08orta0ent1l1i ele=1l1i la oDiecti=ele 8roce21l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt$ 4e+inite <n ter0eni 0321raDiliJ 1na 4e ra8ortare a co08orta0ent1l1i ele=1l1i la 0e4ia 2tati2tic3 a realiB3rii ace2t1i co08orta0ent <n aceea;i categorie 4e 21Diec*i5 Dup criteriul Dc&pului %i al rec!en#ei "n utilizare 2e 4i2tinge: Evaluarea iniial !pronosticul#- 8rin care 2e 4eter0in3 ni=el1l 4e 8reg3tire al ele=1l1i la <nce81t1l 1n1i 8rogra0 4e <n=3*are (an$ cicl1$ la cla2e no1 +or0ate!$ al3t1ri 4e con4i*iile <n care ace2ta 2e 8oate integra <n 8rogra01l 4e in2tr1ireJ are ca oDiecti= 4iagno2ticarea calit3*ii ;i cantit3*ii c1no;tin*elor$ i4enti+icarea lac1nelor c1 2co81l organiB3rii a4ec=ate a 8re43rii 2a1 gr18area ele=ilor5 Evaluarea formativ !continu#- care i08lic3 =eri+icarea 8er0anent3 a reB1ltatelor$ <n 2ec=en*e 0ici$ 8e tot 8arc1r21l 8rogra01l1i 4e in2tr1ireJ are ca oDiecti= c1noa;terea 2i2te0atic3 ;i contin13 a reB1ltatelor Bilnice ;i a 8rogre21l1i ele=ilorJ ea
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=iBeaB3 i4enti+icarea lac1nelor ;i erorilor$ +or0area ;i corectareaJ 2e i4enti+ic3 1n4e ;i <n ce <nt>08in3 1n ele= o 4i+ic1ltate ;i-l in+or0eaB35 Ea +aciliteaB3 inter=en*ia i0e4iat3 a 8ro+e2or1l1i5 Se +1n4a0enteaB3 8e 8rinci8i1l c3 e2te 0ai 1;or 23 corecteBi 0ici erori 8e 8arc1r2 4ec>t 210a erorilor ac101late la +inele 1nei l1ngi 8erioa4e 4e in2tr1ire5 Sec=en*a re28ecti=3 e2te re<n=3*at3 ;i erorile 21nt corectate <naintea in2tal3rii lor 4e+initi=e5 E2en*ial1l e2te 23 n1 2e treac3 la eta8a 1r03toare c1 lac1ne 4e <n=3*are 4in eta8a anterioar35 N1 2e +ace 2elec*ionare$ cla2are$ notare5 Ea cere ac*i1nea corecti=3 +3r3 care n1 e,i2t3 o =eritaDil3 <n=3*are5 E=al1area +or0ati=3 e2te contin13$ criterial3$ corecti=3 ;i ni=elatoare: - continu ;i integrat n procesul de nvare$ 4183 +iecare 1nitate 4e con*in1t$ 1r03rin4 <n 0o4 reg1lat 4r101l +iec3r1i ele=$ ca o retroac*i1ne 8er0anent3 a 8roce21l1i 4e <n=3*are5 - criterial 8entr1 c3 2e co08ar3 contin11 reB1ltatele ;i 8er+or0an*ele in4i=i41ale c1 criteriile 2taDilite 2a1 8er+or0an*a 2tan4ar45 Se ia <n con2i4erare n10ai 8reBen*a 2a1 aD2en*a 8er+or0an*ei 2tan4ar4 8re2taDilite a +iec3r1i ele=5 ReB1ltatele 21nt co01nicate 8rintr-1n 2i2te0 Dinar: 2ati2+3c3tor-ne2ati2+3c3tor$ 21+icient-in21+icient5 - corectiv 4eoarece 4183 i4enti+icarea erorilor$ 8rin co08ara*ie c1 oDiecti=ele 8re=3B1te$ orienteaB3 <n 8re2crierea 1n1i <n=3*30>nt corecti= 8entr1 cei care a1 4i+ic1lt3*i te08orare5 - nivelatoare 4eoarece 4183 8rogra0ele 4e corectare to*i ele=ii ating cel 81*in oDiecti=ele 1r03rite5 Evaluarea sumativ- cumulativ 2a1 de bilan !verdictul# 2e realiBeaB3 la 2+>r;it1l 1nei 8erioa4e 4e +or0are (ca8itol$ 2e0e2tr1$ an$ cicl1 4e <n=3*30>nt! ;i are ca oDiecti= =eri+icarea cantitati=3 ;i calitati=3 a <n21;irii <ntregii 0aterii 2t14iate5 ReB1ltatele 21nt co08arate c1 cele 4e la <nce81t1l 8rogra01l1i 4e in2tr1ire ;i c1 cele oD*in1te 8rin e=al1are +or0ati=35 Ea are caracter 4e 2on4aE ;i n1 8er0ite a0eliorarea 8roce21l1i 4i4actic 4ec>t 8entr1 alte 2erii 4e ele=i5 Se =eri+ic3 te0einicia <n=3*3rii$ 2e 4e8i2teaB3 8ier4erile 4e c1no;tin*e ;i 4i+ic1lt3*ile 8ro=ocate 4e 1itare5 Se DaBeaB3 8e 0321rarea oDiecti=3 a c1no;tin*elor ;i co08eten*elor$ 4ar n1 e,cl14e a8recierea 8er2onal3$ n1an*at3 a 8er+or0an*elor ele=ilor5 E=al1area 210ati=3 e2te: - terminal ;i e%tern procesului de nvare 4eoarece 2e a8lic3 la 2+>r;it1l ace2t1ia$ c>n4 n1 2e 0ai 8ot corecta erorile5 "rganiBat3 post facto ea con2tat3 in21cce21l ;i n1 8ro01lg3 21cce21l ;colar5 - difereniatoare ;i selectiv 4eoarece noteaB3 ;i cla2eaB3 ele=ii 1nii <n ra8ort c1 ceilal*i5 - normativ 4eoarece 2it1eaB3 in4i=i41l <ntr-o colecti=itate ;i co08ar3 reB1ltatele 2ale c1 cele ale ace2tei colecti=it3*i (norma!5 Dup pr&!enien#a e!aluat&rului exiDt Evaluare intern e2te e+ect1at3 4e cei care a1 organiBat <n=3*areaJ autoevaluarea e2te e+ect1at3 4e cel care <n=3*3 ;i =iBeaB3 reB1ltat1l 8ro8riei <n=3*3ri5 Evaluare e%tern e+ect1at3 4e c3tre 8er2oane 4in a+ara ;colii5
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Dup ritmul e!alurii exiDt Evaluare punctual 2e e+ect1eaB3 <ntr-1n an10it 0o0ent$ <nainte 2a1 4183 2it1a*ia 4e <n=3*areJ Evaluare continu 2e e+ect1eaB3 8e tot 8arc1r21l 4e0er21l1i 4e <n=3*areJ Dup numrul Dubiec#il&r e!alua#i Dimultan exiDt Evaluare individual c>n4 e2te e=al1at 1n ele=$ iar ceilal*i a2c1lt3 2a1 8ri=e2c 8a2i=$ +ac e=ent1al co08let3ri ;i corect3riJ Evaluare frontal c>n4 21nt e=al1a*i to*i ele=ii; Evaluare de grup c>n4 e2te e=al1at 1n gr18$ iar ceilal*i a2c1lt3 2a1 8ri=e2c 8a2i=$ +ac e=ent1al co08let3ri ;i corect3ri5 08=8 Met&de %i pr&cedee de e!aluare c&ntinu 08=8,8 E!aluarea &ral e2te: - 2ubiectiv 4eoarece e2te in+l1en*at3 4e: 2tarea 4e 0o0ent a e=al1ator1l1i 2a1 e=al1a*ilor$ 4e gra41l 4e 4i+ic1ltate al <ntreD3rilor 2a1 8roDle0elor 8ro812e etcJ - limitat ;i incomplet 4eoarece =iBeaB3 an10ite 2ec=en*e 4in con*in1t1l <n=3*at ;i n10ai 1nii 4in 0e0Drii cla2ei5 CGiar 4ac3 to*i ele=ii ri4ic3 0>na 8entr1 a r3281n4e$ n1 a=e0 garan*ia c3 <ntr-a4e=3r c1no2c r3281n21l5 C1 certit14ine c1noa;te r3281n21l 4oar cel care l-a e,8125 Dac3 1n ele= r3281n4e e,celent la <ntreD3rile a4re2ate n1 a=e0 garan*ia c3 el c1noa;te tot con*in1t1l 4e2tinat <n=3*3rii$ ci 4oar acel con*in1t care a +o2t e,812 ;i e=al1at5 E2te e+icient 23 organiB30 1n 0o0ent 4e e=al1are oral3 <n +iecare lec*ie 8entr1 ca ele=ii 23-;i +or0eBe 4e8rin4erea 4e a <n=3*a 2i2te0atic ;i 8entr1 a e=ita 28ec1la*iile5 A3r3 acea2t3 e=al1are <n=3*area ar +i GaBar4at35 E=al1area oral3 nece2it3 1n cli0at 4e <ncre4ere ;i 4e ecGitate$ cGiar 4ac3 e,i2t3 1n 0ini0 4e ten2i1ne e0o*ional35 Incor4area e0o*ional3 re8etat3 41ce la 1B1ra +iBiologic3 a ele=1l1i$ 8ro=oac3 a=er2i1ne +a*3 4e =eri+icarea c1no;tin*elor$ 4eter0in3 ele=1l 23 <n=e*e 8entr1 not3 2a1 4e +rica notei$ 23 28ec1leBe 2i2te01l 4e e,a0inare 8racticat 4e 8ro+e2or ;i 23 <ncerce 23 2e 212trag3 8rin +1g3 4e la ore$ 8rin <nt>rBieri$ <0Doln3=iri etc5 Met&de %i pr&cedee de e!aluare &ral E%aminarea oral prin dialog profesor elev !te"nica ntrebrilor i rspunsurilor sau c"estionarea oral# e2te o +or03 8artic1lar3 a con=er2a*iei 8rin care =eri+ic30 gra41l 4e <n21;ire cantitati=3 ;i cantitati=3 a c1no;tin*elor$ ca8acitatea 4e a o8era c1 ele ;i 4e a le a8lica <n 8ractic35 Aor01l30 o <ntreDare$ l3230 ti08 4e g>n4ire$ 4e2e0n30 ele=1l care =a r3281n4e5 CGiar 4ac3 ele=ii n1 ri4ic3 0>na 4in tea03 2a1 co0o4itate <i 2olicit30 la r3281n25 Inainte 4e lec*ie alege0 4in catalog ele=ii care =or +i cGe2tiona*i (n1 a1 note!$ iar <n lec*ie <i alege0 aleator 2a1 <n +1nc*ie 4e reac*ia lor (4ore2c 23 r3281n43!5 Dac3 ele=1l n1 r3281n4e corect 2a1 co08let$ 4ac3 4e=iaB3 4e la 21Diect +or01l30 <ntreD3ri aE1t3toare 2a1 2olicit30 al*i ele=i5 Aiecare <ntreDare treD1ie 23 8ri0ea2c3 1n r3281n2 a4ec=at 4in 8artea cla2ei$ iar 4in 8artea noa2tr3 o con+ir0are =erDal3 2a1 non=erDal3 ;i cGiar in+or0a*ii 218li0entare5 In ti081l e=al13rii ele=ii co08ar3 0ental r3281n21rile lor c1 ale celor cGe2tiona*i
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realiB>n4 a1toe=al1area5 )entr1 a antrena c>t 01l*i ele=i <n con=er2a*ie ;i 8entr1 a2ig1rarea 1n1i rit0 ra8i4 a4re230 <ntreD3ri care nece2it3 r3281n21ri 2c1rte ;i care =iBeaB3 act1aliBarea 1nor c1no;tin*e 0e0orate$ citirea 1nor ele0ente 8e Gart3 2a1 8e 0iEloace gra+ice5 )entr1 cre;terea ni=el1l1i calitati= al reB1ltatelor ele=ilor$ +ie altern30 <ntreD3rile con=ergente c1 <ntreD3ri 4i=ergente$ +ie a,30 e=al1area n10ai 8e <ntreD3ri 4i=ergente5 CGe2tionarea oral3 n1 e2te 1n 4ialog c1 ele=ii a2c1lta*i$ cla2a +iin4 ignorat3 (8ro+e2or1l n1 4i2c1t3 <ncet c1 ele=1l la taDl3 2a1 la Gart3 F ti8 cabin telefonic -$ ceilal*i oc18>n41-2e c1 altce=a!5 "rganiB30 cGe2tionarea oral3 <n 4i+erite +or0e: +rontal3 (c>n4 2olicit30 23 r3281n43 alternati= 0aEoritatea ele=ilor 4in cla23$ 4ar 4intre ace;tia =iB30 1nii care =or +i nota*i ;i la care le 0e0or30 r3281n21rile!J <n gr18 (c>n4 2olicit30 23 r3281n43 alternati= an10i*i ele=i 8e care-i =o0 notaJ in4i=i41al3 (c>n4 +or01l30 0ai 01lte <ntreD3ri 8e care le a4re230 con2ec1ti= 1n1i ele=!5 E%aminarea oral prin e%punerea cuno tinelor de ctre elev !te"nica discuiei# - Ascultarea i observarea e%punerii& )entr1 4eB=oltarea ca8acitat3*ii ele=ilor 4e a e,81ne 1n 21Diect a08l1 +or01l30 o 8roDle03 2a1 o <ntreDare care 23-i oDlige la o 2elec*ie a 0aterialelor$ la analiBa$ co08ararea$ 2inteBa$ gr18area in+or0a*iilor ;i 8reBentarea lor <ntr-o +or03 8er2onal3 care 2olicit3 0e0oria ;i g>n4irea5 C>n4 ele=1l 2e o8re;te 8entr1 c3 n1 ;tie 2a1 e2te ne2ig1r$ n1 inter=eni0 8rin i altceva &&&- mai departe &&&- spune-mi ceva despre 555 ci 8rin <ntreD3ri aE1t3toare ;i in4icii5 Dac3 inter=en*ia @nde te bine7 n1 are e+ect$ +or01l30 o <ntreDare aE1t3toare concret3 2a1 430 1n in4ici15 Ele=1l <ntrer18t e,ce2i= c>n4 e,81ne tr3ie;te o 2tare 4e ten2i1ne$ 4e 4e8en4en*3 4e 8ro+e2or$ a;tea8t3 a8roDarea +iec3rei in+or0a*ii e,812e5 Ele=1l 2e 8oate Dloca 2a1 inGiDa 4ac3 e2te 8ert1rDat ;ir1l logic al e,81nerii 2ale5 Acea2t3 e=al1are 8oate +i organiBat3 <n +or0e =ariate: in4i=i41al3 (c>n4 ele=1l e2te a8reciat ;i notat i0e4iat 4183 e,81nere!J <n gr18 (c>n4 21nt a2c1lta*i 0ai 01l*I ele=i$ 1n1l 4183 cel3lalt$ iar co08let3rile ;i corect3rile le +ac 4e 8re+erin*3 cei care =or +i nota*i!5 - Ascultarea e%plicaiei 1n1i 8roce2 2a1 +eno0en5 Aor01l30 <ntreD3ri care nece2it3 e,8licarea ca1Belor (*in ce cau( se produce efectul de serD Cum e%plicai producerea erupiei unui vulcanD !$ a +actorilor care 4eter0in3 8roce2eleK +eno0enele (Care sunt factorii care determin producerea erupiei vulcaniceD Cum determin ace tia producerea erupieiD!$ a con4i*iilor care +r>neaB3$ accelereaB3 2a1 2to8eaB3 8ro41cerea 8roce2elor !n ce condiii se accelerea( deplasarea magmei spre suprafaa terestrD!$ 4e2crierea 4e2+3;1r3rii <n 28a*i1 ;i ti08 a 1n1i 8roce2K+eno0en (Care sunt etapele erupiei vulcaniceD! ;i a con2ecin*elor (Care sunt efectele erupiei vulcaniceD!5 " e,8lica*ie i08lic3 i4enti+icarea rela*iilor 4intre ele0ente$ 1tiliBarea arg10entelor ;i contraarg10entelor$ inter8retarea 0o41l1i 4e ac*i1ne a 1nor legi ale nat1rii 2a1 2ociale$ con2tr1irea 1n1i 4e0er2 logic ;i cronologic5 Ascultarea demonstraiei& Ele=1l recon2tit1ie o 4e0on2tra*ie 8reBentat3 4e c3tre 8ro+e2or$ 4ar 8oate a=ea ;i o contriD1*ie original35 Se 1tiliBeaB3 +otogra+ii$ 4iagra0e$ carto2cGe0e$ G3r*i$ 0acGete$ 01laEe etc5 08=8*8 E!aluarea DcriD
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E=al1area 2cri23 =iBeaB3 8ro412e 2cri2e elaDorate 4e c3tre ele=i <n cla23$ <n 8reBen*a e=al1ator1l1i 2a1 aca235 Are avanta:e 4eoarece 8er0ite: e=al1area t1t1ror ele=ilor <ntr-1n inter=al 0ic 4e ti08J e=al1area 0ai oDiecti=3 ;i 0ai a08l3 a c1no;tin*elor$ ca8acit3*ilor ;i atit14inilor ele=ilor$ 8rin co08ara*ie c1 e=al1area oral3J ra8ortarea reB1ltatelor la 1n criteri1 1nic 4e e=al1areJ a=antaEarea 1nor ele=i ti0iBi 2a1 c1 8roDle0e <n co01nicarea oral3J 4o=e4irea c1no;tin*elor ele=ilor 8entr1 83rin*i$ colegi$ 8ro+e2oriJ i4enti+icarea gre;elilor$ con+1Biilor ;i lac1nelorJ i4enti+icarea gra41l1i 4e realiBare a oDiecti=elor 8re=3B1teJ i4enti+icare e+icien*ei 2trategiilor 1tiliBate etc5 DeBa=antaEele 21nt: +ee4-DacL-1l 2laD 4eoarece erorile ;i lac1nele n1 21nt eli0inate i0e4iat 8rin inter=en*ia 0e0Drilor cla2ei 2a1 a 8ro+e2or1l1iJ 2laDa co01nicare <ntre 8ro+e2or ;i ele=i5 Met&de %i inDtrumente de e!aluare DcriD E%aminarea prin e%temporale& E%temporalul e2te 1n in2tr10ent 4e e=al1are 2cri23 nean1n*at3 care =iBeaB3 =eri+icarea c1no;tin*elor 4in lec*ia 4e Bi5 "D*ine0 in+or0a*ii 4e28re 0321ra <n care ele=ii +ac +a*3 1n1i control ino8inat$ 4e28re con;tiincioBitatea c1 care 2e 8reg3te2c ;i 4e28re 8rice8erea 4e a +or01la$ <ntr-1n ti08 2c1rt$ r3281n21ri <ncGegate la <ntreD3ri 8reci2e5 E%aminarea prin lucrri de control& 2ucrarea de control e2te 1n in2tr10ent 4e e=al1are 2cri23 care =iBeaB3 =eri+icarea c1no;tin*elor 4intr-1n ca8itol ;i a ca8acit3*ii 4e 2inteB3 a ele=ilor5 S1Diectele n1 2olicit3 2i08la re8ro41cere a c1no;tin*elor 0e0orate$ ci 8retin4 o analiB3$ o co08ara*ie$ o inter8retare$ o 2elec*ie ;i o 8rel1 crare a 0aterial1l1i <n=3*at$ 1tiliBarea <ntr-1n conte,t no1 a c1no;tin*elor 4oD>n4ite5 E%aminarea prin te(e& 5e(a e2te o l1crare 2e0e2trial3 8rin care 2e e=al1eaB3 1n =ol10 0are 4e c1no;tin*e5 E%aminarea prin concursuri& Concursul e2te o 0eto43 ;i 1n in2tr10ent 4e e=al1are care i08lic3 o con+r1ntare c1 rol 4iagno2tic$ 8rogno2tic$ 2electi= ;i 4eci2i= 8ri=in4 conc1ren*ii5 E%aminarea prin teste& 5estul (engl5 8roD3! e2te 1n in2tr10ent 4e e=al1are 2cri23$ +rontal3$ oDiecti=3$ 4183 criterii ;tiin*i+ice$ a 1nei realit3*i 0321raDile (a8tit14ini$ aDilit3*i$ in+or0a*ii$ teGnici$ atit14ini$ inten2itate$ 41rat3$ cantitate etc!5 Se 032oar3 8rogre2ele 2a1 4i+ic1lt3*ile 4e <n=3*are ale ele=ilor$ cantitatea ;i calitatea c1no;tin*elorKca8acit3*ilor 8roiectate <n 8rogra0ele ;colare F gra41l 4e <n*elegere$ a8licare$ analiB3 ;i 2inteB3 a in+or0a*iei 4oD>n4ite <ntr-o 8erioa43 4e ti08$ <ntr-1n 4o0eni1 4e c1noa;tere5 E%aminarea prin teme de cas 5 Te0ele 4e ca23 21nt acti=it3*i 8re2tate 4e c3tre ele=i <n a+ara ;colii$ +3r3 28riEin 4in 8artea 8ro+e2or1l1i5 )entr1 ca acea2t3 acti=itate 23 +ie e+icient3 e2te ne=oie ca te0ele 23 +ie =eri+icate ;i e=al1ate c1 8r14en*3 4eoarece n1 <ntot4ea1na ele 21nt realiBate 4e c3tre ele=5 0838 TeEnici de e!aluare a acEizi#iil&r %i a rezultatel&r "n!#rii 5estele de cuno tine c18rin4 1n an2a0Dl1 4e ite0i =aria*i ca 0o4 4e +or01lare (<ntreD3ri$ e,erci*ii$ 8roDle0e! c1 care 2e =eri+ic3 calitatea ;i cantitatea c1no;tin*elor ;i ca8acit3*ile 4e a o8era c1 ele$ 2e 4eB=3l1ie ce ;tie ele=1l ca
1?'

in+or0a*ie ;i ce ;tie ele=1l 23 +ac3 (4e8rin4eri$ 8rice8eri$ o8era*ii! ;i <n care 2e 2olicit3 4i+eritele 8roce2e 82iGice (g>n4ire$ 0e0orie$ i0agina*ie!5 Itemul (8roDa! re8reBint3 cel 0ai 0ic ele0ent in4e8en4ent$ i4enti+icaDil al l1cr3rii 2cri2e 2a1 o 1nitate 4e con*in1t e,8ri0at3 21D +or0a 1nei <ntreD3ri$ 1nei 8roDle0e 2a1 2arcini 4e e+ect1at5 Earemul e2te o gril3 4e e=al1are 1nitar3 care 4e2co081ne te0a <n 21Dte0e ;i 8re=e4e 1n an10it 81nctaE 8entr1 +iecare 21Dte03 ;i e=ent1al o+er3 2ol1*iile corecte5 )rin Dare0 2e a2ig1r3 con4i*iile 1nei not3ri oDiecti=e5 )1nctaE1l 2e <n210eaB3 <n +inal ;i 2e ecGi=aleaB3 <n note ;colare 2a1 cali+icati=e5 Deoarece te2tele c18rin4 1n Dare0 2a1 gril3 4e e=al1are care 8re=e4e 1n 81nctaE 8entr1 +iecare ite0 21nt n10ite te2te-gril35 5e"nici de testare scris a&5e"nicile de testare obiectiv 1tiliBeaB3 itemii cu rspunsuri nc"ise- care aDor4eaB3 1n 2ing1r a28ect cogniti=$ 8reci2 4eli0itat$ iBolat 4in =ol101l 4e c1no;tin*e5 Cotarea 2e +ace 8rin co08ararea r3281n21l1i c1 1n 0o4el co08let al r3281n21l1i corect5 )rin ace;ti ite0i e2te eli0inat3 in+l1en*a E14ec3*ii 21Diecti=e a e=al1ator1l1i5 5e"nica alegerii duale !discriminare binar# 2olicit3 21Diect1l1i 23 a2ocieBe en1n*1l c1 1na 4intre co08onentele 1nor c18l1ri 4e alternati=e 41ale: a4e=3ratK+al2J corectKgre;itJ 4aKn1J acor4K4eBacor45 E,e08le: " F 23 i4enti+ice caracteri2ticile 8rinci8ale ale 1nor co08onente 4in realitateJ Cite;te atent en1n*1l5 Dac3 a8recieBi c3 a+ir0a*ia e2te a4e=3rat3$ <ncerc1ie;te litera AJ 4ac3 a8recieBi c3 e2te +al23$ <ncerc1ie;te litera A5 At0o2+era e2te <n=eli;1l 4i2contin11 4e gaBe al )30>nt1l1i5 A K A " F 23 coreleBe +eno0ene <n=3*ate c1 8la2area 8e 1n 218ort cartogra+ic5 Cite;te c1 aten*ie en1n*1l5 Dac3 a8recieBi c3 a+ir0a*ia e2te a4e=3rat3$ <ncerc1ie;te DaJ 4ac3 a8recieBi c3 e2te +al23$ <ncerc1ie;te N15 Delta D1n3rii e2te 8re23rat3 c1 lac1ri 4e origine glaciar35 Da K N1 " F 23 i4enti+ice o rela*ie 4e 4eter0inare oD2er=aDil35 Cite;te en1n*1l5 Dac3 a8recieBi c3 a+ir0a*ia e2te a4e=3rat3$ <ncerc1ie;te CorectJ 4ac3 a8recieBi c3 e2te +al23$ <ncerc1ie;te Ore;it5 Cantitatea 0ai 0ic3 4e 8reci8ita*ii 4in c1loar1l AlDa-I1lia-T1r4a e2te 4atorat3 e+ect1l1i +oeGn1l1i5 CorectKgre;it5 " F 23 a8lice 1n +eno0en +iBic <n=3*at5 Cite;te en1n*1l5 Dac3 a8recieBi c3 a+ir0a*ia e2te a4e=3rat3$ <ncerc1ie;te CorectJ 4ac3 a8recieBi c3 e2te +al23$ <ncerc1ie;te Ore;it5 Cantitatea 0ic3 4e 8reci8ita*ii 4in regi1nile 8olare e2te 4eter0inat3 4e li82a e=a8ora*iei5 CorectKgre;it5 Tabelul 08,8 A28ecte re+eritoare la ite0ii 4e 4i2cri0inare Dinar3
Cerin#ele pr&iectrii enun#ului clar$ +3r3 a0Dig1it3*iJ A!anta)ele itemil&r 2e con2tr1ie2c 1;orJ Deza!anta)ele itemil&r =eri+ic3 8re4o0i-

1?1

 2c1rt$ n1 l1ng 2a1 co08le,J +3r3 nega*ie 2a1 41Dl3 nega*ieJ o 2ing1r3 i4ee <ntr-1n en1n*J en1n*1l a4e=3rat a8ro,i0ati= egal c1 cel +al2J n1 8rea general nici 8rea 1;oare$ nici aD21r4e n1 re8ro41c te,t1l 4in 0an1al 23 +ie 8la1BiDile n1 <nce8 c1 toi1niciodat (21nt +al2e$ 4e oDicei!

1;or 4e c1anti+icatJ 1;or 4e =eri+icatJ =eri+ic3 ana 2a1 0ai 01lte 1nit3*i 4e con*in1tJ =eri+ic3 c1noa;terea ter0inologiei$ a 1nor 4ate +act1ale 2a1 8rinci8iiJ i4enti+ic3 rela*ii <ntre co08onente$ localiBareaJ

nant c1no;tin*e 0e0orate anterior$ c1 e,ce8*ia i4enti+ic3rii 1nor rela*ii ;i a 4i2cri0in3rii 4intre en1n*1ri +act1ale ;i en1n*1ri 4e o8inieJ 8er0it gGicirea r3281n21l1iJ +a=oriBeaB3 co8iat1lJ

5e"nica perec"ilor& Ite0ii 4e ti8 8erecGe 2olicit3 2taDilirea 1nor core28on4en*e <ntre c1=inte$ 8ro8oBi*ii$ +raBe$ n10ere$ litere 2a1 alte categorii 4e 2i0Dol1ri$ 4i2triD1ite 8e 4o13 coloane 8aralele5 Ele0entele 4in 8ri0a coloan3$ 8entr1 care 1r0eaB3 a 2e i4enti+ica ele0entele core28on4ente 4in coloana a 4o1a$ 21nt 4e oDicei n10ite premise$ iar cele 4in coloana a 4o1a 21nt +rec=ent n10ite rspunsuri5 Criteri1lKcriteriile 8e DaBa c3rora 2e 2taDile;te r3281n21l corect 21nt en1n*ate 2a1 e,8licate <n in2tr1c*i1nile care 8rece4 coloanele 4e 8re0i2e ;i r3281n21ri5 )rin ite0i 2e i4enti+ic3 rela*ii <ntre: ter0eni F 4e+ini*iiJ reg1li F e,e08leJ 2i0Dol1ri F conce8teJ a1tori F o8ereJ 8lante$ ani0ale$ 2ol1ri F cla2i+ic3riJ a;eB3ri 10ane F cla2i+ic3riJ 8rinci8ii F e,e08li+ic3riJ 83r*i co08onente F +1nc*iiJ 4ate F e=eni0enteJ i0agini F c1=inte5 Ele=ii 21nt in2tr1i*i 8entr1 2it1a*ii 4i=er2e: +iecare r3281n2 8oate +i 1tiliBat o 4at3J +iecare r3281n2 8oate +i 1tiliBat 4e 0ai 01lte oriJ +iecare r3281n2 8oate 23 n1 +ie 1tiliBat nici o 4at35 Tabelul 08*8 A28ecte re+eritoare la ite0ii 4e ti8 8erecGe
Cerin#ele pr&iectrii enun#uril&r clar$ +3r3 a0Dig1it3*iJ 2c1rt$ n1 l1ng 2a1 co08le,J +3r3 nega*ie 2a1 41Dl3 nega*ieJ o 2ing1r3 i4ee <ntr-1n en1n*J 23 c18rin43 0aterial o0ogen <n ite0J 23 incl143 1n n103r inegal 4e r3281n21ri ;i 8re0i2eJ toate 8re0i2ele ;i r3281n21rile 8la2ate 8e aceea;i 8agin3J r3281n21rile or4onate al+aDetic$ cre2c3tor K 4e2cre2c3tor 8entr1 a n1 +1rniBa in4iciiJ A!anta)ele itemil&r 2e con2tr1ie2c 1;or$ ra8i4J 1;or 4e c1anti+icatJ 1;or 4e =eri+icatJ =eri+ic3 1na 2a1 0ai 01lte 1nit3*i 4e con*in1tJ Deza!anta)ele itemil&r =eri+ic3 8re4o0inant c1no;tin*e 0e0orate anterior$ c1 e,ce8*ia i4enti+ic3rii 1nor rela*ii ;i a 4i2cri0in3rii 4intre en1n*1ri +act1ale ;i en1n*1ri 4e o8inieJ 4i+ic1ltatea g32irii 1n1i 0aterial o0ogen (8re0i2e ;i r3281n21ri! 2e0ni+icati= corelat c1 oDiecti=ele ;i reB1ltatele e=al1ate5

E,e08le: " F 23 i4enti+ice caracteri2ticile e2en*iale ale 1nor 1nit3*i Gi4rogra+ice5

1?7

In coloana 4in 2t>nga 21nt en10erate c>te=a 1nit3*i Gi4rogra+ice5 In2crie*i <n 28a*i1l 4in +a*a +iec3rei 1nit3*i Gi4rogra+ice litera 4in coloana Q care core281n4e 8rinci8alei caracteri2tici a ace2teia5 A Q F lac1l a5ac101lare 4e gGea*3 4e 0ari 4i0en2i1ni 2it1at3 8e 2coar*a tere2tr35 F ocean1l D5ac101lare 4e a83 2it1at3 <ntr-o conca=itate 4e 8e continente5 F gGe*ar1l c5a83 c1rg3toare c1 4eDit 0are care 2e =ar23 <n ocean 2a1 0are5 F +l1=i1l 45ac101lare 4e gGea*3 2it1at3 4ea218ra ocean1l1i5 45ac101lare 4e a83 23rat3 2it1at3 <ntr-o conca=itate i0en23 4in 2coar*a tere2tr35 " F 23 i4enti+ice caracteri2tici ale 1nor +eno0eneJ In coloana 4in 2t>nga 21nt en10erate +eno0ene +iBice5 In2crie*i <n 28a*i1l 4in +a*a +iec3r1i +eno0en litera 4in coloana Q care core281n4e caracteri2ticii 8rinci8ale5 A Q F e=a8orarea a5trecerea 4in 2tare 2oli43 <n 2tare gaBoa235 F 21Dli0area D5trecerea 4in 2tare licGi43 <n 2tare gaBoa235 F con4en2area c5trecerea 4in 2tare 2oli43 <n 2tare licGi43 F to8irea 45trecerea 4in 2tare licGi43 <n 2tare 2oli43J F <ngGe*1l e5trecerea 4in 2tare gaBoa23 <n 2tare 2oli43J +5trecerea 4in 2tare gaBoa23 <n 2tare licGi435 5e"nica alegerii multiple5 Ite0ii c1 alegere 01lti8l3 2olicit3 alegerea 1n1i r3281n2 4intr-o li2t3 4e alternati=e o+erite 8entr1 o 2ing1r3 8re0i235 Li2ta 4e alternati=e c18rin4e 1n 2ing1r rspuns corect (cea 0ai D1n3 alternati=3! ;i distractori !alternati=e incorecte$ 4ar 8la1BiDile ;i 8aralele!5 Alternati=ele 21nt 21D +or0a 1nor c1=inte$ n10ere$ 2i0Dol1ri 2a1 +raBe5 Ace2t ti8 4e ite0i 2e 1tiliBeaB3 8entr1 0321rarea reB1ltatelor <n=3*3rii 21D +or03 4e c1no;tin*e 0e0orate anterior (te0inologie$ +a8te$ 8rinci8ii$ 0eto4e$ 8roce41ri!$ aDilit3*i 4e inter8retare a rela*iilor (ca1B3-e+ect!$ 4e a arg10enta 0eto4eK8roce41ri$ 4e a i4enti+ica a8lica*ii ale 8rinci8iilor5 Tabelul 0818 A28ecte re+eritoare la ite0ii c1 alegere 01lti8l3
Cerin#ele pr&iectrii enun#uril&r 8re0i2a 23 +ie o 8roDle03 Dine 4e+init3 ;i 2e0ni+icati=3$ in4e8en4ent3 4e alternati=eJ clar$ +3r3 a0Dig1it3*iJ 2c1rte$ n1 l1ngi 2a1 co08le,eJ +3r3 nega*ie 2a1 41Dl3 nega*ieJ o 2ing1r3 i4ee <ntr-1n en1n*J 4i2tractori 8la1BiDili ;i 8araleliJ corecte gra0aticalJ li0DaE a4ec=at c1no;tin*elor A!anta)ele itemil&r eli0in3 a0Dig1itatea altor ti81ri 4e ite0iJ alegerea 4in & alternati=e cre;te +i4elitatea$ 2ca4e 8o2iDilitatea gGicirii r3281n21l1iJ n1 nece2it3 o0ogenitatea 0aterial1l1iJ e=al1eaB3 1n 2ing1r oDiecti=J 2e 0arcGeaB3 1;or$ ra8i4J Deza!anta)ele itemil&r 1;or 4e con2tr1it ite0i 4e 2laD3 calitateJ nece2it3 ti08 relati= l1ng 8t elaDorareJ te2teaB3 8re4o0inant ni=el1rile cogniti=e in+erioare (c1no;tin*e 0e0orate anterior!$ c1 e,ce8*ia i4enti+ic3rii 1nor rela*ii ;i a 4i2cri0in3rii 4intre en1n*1ri +act1ale ;i en1n*1ri 4e o8inieJ

1?%

anterioare e=al1a*ilorJ aceea;i l1ngi0eJ 23 n1 +ie 2inoni0e 2a1 o812e ca <n*ele2J 23 n1 21gereBe alegerea 1nei alternati=eJ

1;or 4e c1anti+icatJ 1;or 4e =eri+icatJ in41c 1n gra4 4e 4i+ic1ltate 0ai 0areJ 032oar3 ti81ri =ariate 4e c1no;tin*e$ Dene+iciin4 4e +le,iDilitate +oarte 0are5

8er0it 1neori gGicirea r3281n21l1iJ 1tiliBarea aD1Bi=3 4eter0in3 8licti2eal35 +aciliteaB3 co8iat1l 4e la colegiJ

E,e08le: " F 23 i4enti+ice 1n ele0ent care +ace 8arte 4in 2i2te05 Citi*i c1 aten*ie ;i <ncerc1i*i litera core281nB3toare r3281n21l1i corect5 Tro8o2+era e2te co08onent3 a: a5 iono2+ereiJ D5 at0o2+ereiJ c5 litoto2+ereiJ 45 Dio2+erei5 " F 23 i4enti+ice o rela*ie 4e con4i*ionare5 A0aBon1l e2te +l1=i1l c1 cel 0ai 0are 4eDit 4eoarece: a5 e2te 2it1at <n c>08ieJ e2te 2it1at <n a8ro8ierea Ec1ator1l1iJ c5 e2te 2it1at <n Bona c1 cli03 ec1atorial3J 45are l1ngi0e 0are5 " F 23 8reciBeBe corect o localiBare geogra+ic35 E2te 2tr3D3t1t 4e r>1l M1re; ora;1l: a5 Ti0i;oaraJ D5 De=aJ c5 T>rg1 M1re;J 45 Me4ia;5 " F 23 i4enti+ice o or4ine <ntr-o 21cce2i1ne5 Cele 0ai 8o81late *3ri$ <n or4ine 4e2cre2c3toare 21nt: a5 In4ia$ CGina$ SUAJ D5 CGina$ In4ia$ SUAJ c5 CGina$ SUA$ In4iaJ 45 SUA$ CGina$ In4ia5 " F 23 i4enti+ice o rela*ie ca1Bal3 <ntre 4o13 +a8te 28eci+ice5 L1na arat3 aceea;i 8arte 28re )30>nt 4eoarece: a5 n1 are a,a <nclinat3J D5 2e rote;te 2i01ltan c1 )30>nt1lJ c5 41rata 0i;c3rii 4e rota*ie ;i re=ol1*ie coinci4J 45 n1 e+ect1eaB3 o 0i;care 4e rota*ie <n E1r1l a,ei 2ale5 " F 23 i4enti+ice localiBarea corect35 "ra;1l Qra;o= e2te 2it1at <n: a5 Car8a*ii "rientaliJ D5 Car8a*ii Meri4ionaliJ c5 De8re2i1nea Colinar3 a Tran2il=anieiJ 45 De8re2i1nea Qaraolt5 Ite0ii c1 alegere 01lti8l3 c1 218ort gra+ic 2a1 cartogra+ic 2olicit3 analiBa 1nei G3r*i 2a1 re8reBent3ri gra+ice 8entr1 i4enti+icarea 1nor ele0ente 28eci+ice concrete5 N1 2e =eri+ic3 0e0orarea 1nor 4ate$ 4en10iri$ localiB3ri$ ci inter8retarea 1nei re8reBent3ri cartogra+ice$ a 1nor 2i0Dol1ri$ a 1nor 4ate n10erice5 " F localiBarea 1nor ele0ente 28a*iale 8e 218ort cartogra+ic5 "D2er=a*i Garta ;i alege*i r3281n21rile corecte la <ntreD3rile 1r03toare5 Regi1nea notat3 c1 A re8reBint3 M1n*ii: a5 ReteBatJ D5 V>lcanJ c5 barc1J 45 Oo4ean1J e5 Cernei5 In loc1l 0arcat c1 Q 2e a+l3: a5 Ni4rocentrala Lotr1-Ci1ngetJ D5 lac1l Vi4raJ c5 lac1l Vi4rar1J 45 lac1l Sa41J e5 Gi4rocentrala Vi4rar15 In 81nct1l C e2te re8reBentat ora;1l: a5 SiDi1J D5 SeDe;J c5 C1girJ 45 "r3;tieJ e5 Si0eria5 In 81nct1l D 2e e,trage: a5 +ierJ D5 0ar01r35 c5 gaB 0etanJ 45 ne+eroa2eJ e5 c3rD1niJ
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In 81nct1l E 2e a+l3: a5 )arc1l Na*ional ReteBatJ D5 cet3*ile 4aciceJ c5 o regi1ne c1 +eno0ene car2ticeJ 45 1n areal c1 in=er2i1ni ter0iceJ e5 re21r2e 4e 0inere1ri5 Cea 0ai 0are altit14ine 2e a+l3 <n 81nct1l: a515 D5 75 c5 %5 45 &5 e5 ?5 5e"nica rspunsului scurt 2olicit3 con2tr1irea 1n1i r3281n2 <n totalitatea l1i 2a1 o 8arte co08onent3 a 1nei a+ir0a*ii$ a2t+el <nc>t acea2ta 23 4oD>n4e2c3 2en2 ;i 2e0ni+ica*ie5 TeGnica are 4o13 =ariante: - r3281n21l e2te 2olicitat 8rintr-o <ntreDare: Care e2te ca8itala Ro0>nieiH:: - r3281n21l e2te 2olicitat 8rin inter0e4i1l 1nei +or01l3ri inco08letate (lac1nare!: Ca8itala Ro0>nei e2te :5 E,e08le: " F 23 8reciBeBe caracteri2tici cantitati=e ;i calitati=e ale 1nor co08onente ale realit3*ii5 Ce altit14ine 0a,i03 a1 Car8a*ii Ro0>ne;tiH (:::! " F 23 o8ereBe c1 1n algorit0 4e calc1l5 Ce 4en2itate are 8o81la*ia 1n1i 2tat c1 218ra+a*a 4e ?''''' L0 7 ;i o 8o81la*ie 4e 7' 0il5 4e loc1itoriH(:55! " F 23 8reciBeBe o rela*ie =iBiDil3 <ntre co08onentele 0e4i1l1i5 ArDorii 4in 2a=an3 <;i 8ier4 +r1nBele 4eoarece :5 " F 23 4e2crie caracteri2ticile 1n1i +eno0en 2a1 8roce25 Direc*iile 28re care 2e 8ro41ce 2i01ltan eroBi1nea +l1=ial3 21nt: 28re :::55$ 28re :::$ 8e +1n41l ::::$ 8e lateralele ::: " F 23 localiBeBe 1n ele0ent 8e 1n 218ort cartogra+ic 4at5 Scrie*i 4ea218ra liniilor 4e 8e Gart3 4en10irile a4ec=ate5 ,e(olvarea e%erciiilor i a problemelor& E,e08l1: " F 23 calc1leBe 4i2tan*e 8e Gart3 Calc1la*i l1ngi0ea tra2e1l1i Q1c1re;ti F Ia;i F S1cea=a$ <n linie 4rea8t3 c1 aE1tor1l G3r*ii 01rale a Ro0>niei (2care 1K&'''''!5 Calc1la*i 4i2tan*a Ti0i;oara F Sat1 Mare 8e calea +erat3 c1 aE1tor1l G3r*ii 01rale a Ro0>niei (2care 1K&'''''!5 Tabelul 08=8 A28ecte re+eritoare la ite0ii c1 r3281n2 2c1rt
Cerin#ele pr&iectrii enun#uril&r 23 +ie conci2$ 8reci2 23 nece2ite 1n 2ing1r r3281n2 corect$ 8reci2 4eli0itat 4in =ol101l 4e c1no;tin*eJ +or01lat corect gra0aticalJ A!anta)ele itemil&r 2e con2tr1ie2c 1;orJ a1 1n 2ing1r 0o4el co08let al r3281n21l1iJ e=al1eaB3 1n 2ing1r oDiecti=J 2e 0arcGeaB3 1;or$ ra8i4J 1;or 4e c1anti+icatJ 1;or 4e =eri+icatJ n1 8er0it gGicirea r3281n21l1iJ in41c 1n gra4 4e 4i+ic1ltate 0ai 0areJ Deza!anta)ele itemil&r 1;or 4e con2tr1it ite0i 4e 2laD3 calitateJ nece2it3 01lt ti08 8entr1 c1anti+icareJ liDertatea 4e a organiBa in+or0a*ia 8ri0it3 ;i 4e a +or01la r3281n21l e2te re4123J r3281n21l e2te li0itat ca 28a*i1$ +or03 ;i con*in1t 4e

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 032oar3 ti81ri =ariate 4e c1no;tin*e$ Dene+iciin4 4e +le,iDilitate +oarte 0are5 aDilitatea 4e a elaDora cel 0ai a4ec=at ;i 2c1rt r3281n25

2tr1ct1ra <ntreD3rii5 2arcina e2te 81ternic 2tr1ct1rat3J

D5Te"nicile de testare subiectiv (itemi cu rspunsuri desc"ise# 2olicit3 con2tr1irea r3281n21rilor 4e c3tre 21Diec*i$ 2ti01leaB3 creati=itatea$ ra*iona0ent1l ;i g>n4irea critic35 )entr1 +or01larea r3281n21l1i 2e 1tiliBeaB3 c1no;tin*e ;i ca8acit3*i c1 care 2e +or0eaB3 2tr1ct1ri integrate5 )entr1 ni=el1rile 218erioare ale 4o0eni1l1i cogniti= (inter8retarea$ a8licarea$ analiBa$ 2inteBa etc! n1 e2te 8o2iDil ;i nici 4e 4orit 23 elaDor30 0o4el1l co08let al r3281n21ril1i corect5 Nee,i2t>n4 1n 0o4el 2tan4ar4$ co08let al r3281n21l1i$ o8inia$ criteriile ;i E14ec3*ile 4e =aloare ale e=al1ator1l1i 21nt +oarte i08ortante5 E=al1atorii coteaB3 4i+erit r3281n21rile$ <n +1nc*ie 4e e,8erien*a ;i co08eten*a 8ro8rie5 Se 1tiliBeaB3 4i=er;i ite0i: Itemi de e%plicare: C10 e=ol1eaB3 al1nec3rile 4e teren <n an10ite con4i*iiH C10 2e 8ro41ce o al1necare 4e terenH Itemi de anali( de ca(: Un =er2ant 4in Cl1E e2te 4egra4at 4e o al1necare 4e teren5 Ce 2ol1*ii 8ro81ne*i 8entr1 o8ti0iBarea teren1l1iH Itemi de anali( a relaiei cau(-efect: Dac3 Soarele n1 ar 0ai 8ro41ce l10in3 ;i c3l41r3$ at1nci ce 2-ar <nt>08laH Ce con2ecin*3 are 4e+ri;area 1nei 8341ri 2it1at3 8e =er2ant1l 1n1i 4ealH Itemi de argumentare: C10 arg10enta*i a+ir0a*ia c3 )30>nt1l 2e rote;te <n E1r1l Soarel1iH )rin ce arg10ente co0Date*i a+ir0a*ia c3 Soarele 2e rote;te <n E1r1l )30>nt1l1iH Itemi de comparare: Care 21nt a2e03n3rileK4eo2eDirile 4intre 8341rea 4e +oioa2e ;i cea 4e tro8ical3 10e43H Itemi de descriere: De2crie*i 8ei2aE1l 4in +otogra+ie5 Itemi de interpretare a unui document : C10 caracteriBa*i cli0a ace2t1i 28a*i1 8e DaBa cli0ogra0eiH ,e(olvarea situaiilor-problem i08lic3 act1aliBarea 1nor c1no;tin*e anterioare$ reco0Dinarea lor c1 2co81l g32irii 2ol1*iei5 "+eri0 4ateleKconte,t1l 2it1a*iei8roDle03$ +or01l30 <ntreDarea 2a1 8roDle0a$ 2olicit30 23 +or01leBe i8oteBe 8la1BiDile$ 23 ca1te 0eto4eKc3I 4e reBol=are$ 2e aleag3 cea 0ai D1n3 =ariant35 " F 23 +or01leBe i8oteBe 8la1BiDile ;i 23 o aleag3 8e cea 0ai D1n3 8e DaBa arg10entelor geogra+ice5 )ort1rile 2it1ate 8e *3r01l "cean1l1i Arctic 21nt Dlocate <n ti081l iernii 4e DancGiB35 Tot1;i 8ort1l M1r0an2L n1 e2te Dlocat 8er0anent5 C10 e,8lica*i acea2t3 2it1a*ieH Itemii de tip eseu a1 gra4 0are 4e 21Diecti=itate5 Se e=al1eaB3 aDilit3*i =ariate: e=ocarea$ organiBarea ;i integrarea i4eilorJ e,8ri0area <n 2cri2J inter8retarea ;i a8licarea 4atelor5 Se e=al1eaB3 aDor4area gloDal3 a 1nei 2arcini 4e l1cr15 Ace;ti ite0i 2olicit3 con2tr1irea 1n1i r3281n2 liDer con+or0 1nor cerin*e 4ate5 C1 c>t cerin*ele 21nt 0ai 8reci2 +or01late ;i 0ai 4irect e,8ri0ate <n 2cGe0a 4e notare$ c1 at>t cre;te +i4e1?.

litatea 81nct3rii5 Ace2t ite0 2e 1tiliBeaB3 n10ai c>n4 oDiecti=1l =iBat (4in categoria oDiecti=elor 4e tran2+er 2a1 4e e,8ri0are! n1 8oate +i e=al1at e+icient 8rin alt ti8 4e ite05 Sarcina 4e l1cr1 2e +or01leaB3 clar$ 21ccint ;i 8reci2$ <n ter0eni 4e 8er+or0an*3 a;te8tat35 Conco0itent c1 elaDorarea en1n*1l1i 2e e2ti0eaB3 r3281n21l a;te8tat5 Se 2taDile;te 2cGe0a 4e notare$ o8t>n4 8entr1 0o41l a4ec=at 4e acor4are a 81nctelor5 D183 4i0en2i1nea e2e1l1i a;te8tat e,i2t3: - e2e1 c1 r3281n2 re2tr>n2 (0inie2e1!$ <n care 4i0en2i1nea e2te 8reciBat3 8rin cerin*ele en1n*1l1iJ - e2e1 c1 r3281n2 e,tin2$ 8entr1 care 2e 8reciBeaB3 4oar li0ita ti081l1i 4e reBol=are5 E,e08le: " F 23 i4enti+ice +actorii care a1 4eter0inat 4eB=oltarea econo0ic3 a 1nei *3ri5 E,8lica*i <n 0a,i010 o 8agin3 1r03toarea a+ir0a*ie: Secole 4e-a r>n41l$ Marea Qritanie a +o2t 218ran10it3 regina 03rilor$ c3r31;1l l10ii ;i +ierar1l l10ii5 Con2tr1i*i-=3 e,8lica*ia 8e DaBa <ntreD3rilor: C10 a 4e=enit Marea Qritanie cea 0ai 81ternic3 4in l10e <n 4o0eniile 8reciBateH De ceH Din ce ca1B3 a 8ier41t 218re0a*ia 0on4ial3H Ce *3ri a1 4e83;it-oH C10H ScGe0a 4e notare: -8entr1 i4enti+icarea ;i e,8licarea ca1Belor care a1 +3c1t 23 aiD3 218re0a*ia 8e 0are (&$'! -rol1l 8oBi*iei geogra+ice$ 4e *ar3 in21lar3 <n "cean1l Atlantic :: (1$'! -rol1l +lotei <n <n=ingerea ri=alilor 81ternici ;i crearea cel1i 0ai 0are i08eri1 coloniaJ (1$'! -rol1l tra4i*iei$ e41ca*iei$ calit3*ilor 8o8or1l1i engleB <n organiBarea e,8e4i*iilor 8e 0areJ (1$'! -21Dlinierea 0o41l1i <n care a1 creat ;i controlat c3i 0ariti0e 8rin 81ncte 2trategice (OiDraltar$ S1eB etc!5 (1$'! -8entr1 i4enti+icarea ;i e,8licarea ca1Belor care a1 +3c1t 23 +ie +ierar1l l10ii (7$'! -rol1l re21r2elor 4e c3rD1ne 4in *ar3 :::::55 :::::: (1$'! -rol1l re21r2elor 4e 0inere1 4e +ier 4in colonii :::::::: (1$'! -8entr1 i4enti+icarea ;i e,8licarea ca1Belor care a1 4eter0inat 8ier4erea 218re0a*iei (%$'! -rol1l 4e2tr303rii 2i2te01l1i colonial ;i l18ta 8o8oarelor 4in colonii 8entr1 in4e8en4en*3J (1$?! -rol1l noilor 81teri (SUA$ Oer0ania$ (a8onia! care a1 c1cerit 8ie*ele tra4i*ionale ale Marii QritaniiJ (1$?! Un 81nct 4in o+ici1 ::::::::::::::: Total 1' 81ncte 0848 6r&ceduri %i inDtrumente de e!aluare c&mplementar CEeDti&narul DcriD e2te 1n in2tr10ent c1 aE1tor1l c3r1ia 2e <nregi2treaB3 o8inii$ atit14ini$ intere2e$ 2it1a*ii$ +a8te re+eritoare la 1n an10it a28ect 4in realitatea co08le,35 E2te con2tit1it 4intr-1n an2a0Dl1 4e <ntreD3ri la care 21Diect1l r3281n4e

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<n 2cri25 )rin cGe2tionar 2e i4enti+ic3 1n +eno0en e41ca*ional$ 4ar n1 2e 2taDile;te ca1Ba 2a1 2ol1*ia 4e reBol=are5 Re eratul8 )rin re+erate 2e e=al1eaB3 ca8acit3*ile ele=ilor: 4e a elaDora ;i 8reBenta 1n te,t ;tiin*i+ic 2cri2J 4e a 1tiliBa c1=inte-cGeieJ 4e a conce8e 1n 8lanJ 4e a or4ona DiDliogra+iaJ 4e a 8reBenta 8ro8ri1l 8ro412J 4e a e=al1a 8ro4121l 231 ;i al celorlal*i5 In 4e0er21l 4i4actic 4e elaDorare a re+erat1l1i 8arc1rge0 0ai 01lte eta8e5 8reBentarea 4ec18aE1l1i 4in realitate ;i a i08ortan*ei co08eten*eiJ e=al1area co08eten*ei act1aleJ 8reciBarea titl1l1i orientati= al re+erat1l1iJ c31tarea DiDliogra+iei a4ec=ate 21Diect1l1i 8ro812J elaDorarea 1n1i 8lan orientati= al re+erat1l1i (ce 2crie <n intro41cere$ c18rin2$ <ncGeiere!J citirea l1cr3rilor$ e,tragerea i4eilor e2en*iale ;i a citatelor 8e +i;eT 2electarea i4eilor e2en*iale ;i a citatelor 8entr1 +iecare 81nct al re+erat1l1i$ +3r3 a generaliBa 2a1 2cGe0atiBaJ elaDorarea re+erat1l1i5 In 4e0er21l 4i4actic 4e e=al1are a re+eratelor 2e 8arc1rg an10ite eta8e: 8reBentarea =erDal3 a re+eratelorJ +or01larea <ntreD3rilor 4e c3tre colegiJ +or01larea r3281n21rilor la <ntreD3riJ +or01larea a8recierilor re+eritoare la con*in1t1l re+erat1l1i$ 0o41l 4e elaDorare ;i 4e 8reBentare5 6r&iectul e2te o 0eto43 4i4actic3 4e <n=3*are interacti=3 a08l3 ;i 1n in2tr10ent 4e e=al1are co08le0entar35 Proiectul e2te 1n 8lan 2a1 o l1crare c1 caracter a8licati=$ <ntoc0it3 8e DaBa 1nei te0e 4ate$ care c18rin4e analiBa F ca1Bal3$ cronologic3$ 28a*ial3 F a 1nei 8roDle0e ;i 1n 4e0er2 e,8licit 4e e=ol1*ie ;i 2ol1*ionare a ei5 Ele=ii 2e con+r1nt3 c1 o 8roDle03 co08le,3$ a1tentic3$ e,tra23 4in realitatea act1al3$ 8e care o analiBeaB3 ;i 8entr1 care ca1t3 2ol1*ii 4e reBol=are5 )roiect1l con2tit1ie o 8ro=ocare a4ec=at3 8o2iDilit3*ilor ele=ilor ;i i08lic3 o acti=itate e+ecti=3 4e cercetare$ 4e2+3;1rat3 <ntr-1n an10it inter=al 4e ti085 Aiin4 o acti=itate a08l3$ 4e 41rat3$ 8er0ite o a8reciere n1an*3t3 a <n=3*3rii5 )roiect1l e2te o +or03 4e e=al1are 0oti=ant3 8entr1 ele=i$ c1 toate c3 i08lic3 01lt3 01nc3 ;i e+ort intelect1al5 5ipurile de proiecte dup demersul reali(at 21nt8 proiect de tip constructiv : 23 elaDoreBe 1n a+i;$ 1n colaE 4e +otogra+ii$ 1n ierDar$ o colec*ie (roci$ 0inerale$ 2e0in*e etc!$ 23 con2tr1ia2c3 o 0acGet3 2a1 1n 01laE$ 23 re4acteBe 1n articol 2a1 o re=i2t3 etc5 proiect de tip problem: 23 reBol=e o 2it1a*ie F 8roDle03 (8re=enirea 1nei al1nec3ri 4e terenJ a0enaEarea 1n1i teren ero4at$ 8ol1at$ in1n4aDilJ 8roteEarea 1nor 28ecii 4e 8lante 2a1 ani0ale etc5 proiect de tip nvare: 23-;i <0D1n3t3*ea2c3 o teGnic3 2a1 8roce41r3 4e in2tr1ire (1tiliBarea 4ic*ionar1l1i$ c31tarea DiDliogra+iei 8entr1 o te03! etc5 Etapele "n realizarea unui pr&iect 21nt: Comunicarea sarcinii de lucru i alegerea subiectului 1 temei proiectului 5 S1Diect1l 8oate +i ale2 4e c3tre 8ro+e2or 2a1 4e c3tre ele=i5 S1Diect1l treD1ie ale2 c1 01lt 4i2cern30>nt$ 8entr1 ca ele=ii 23 0ani+e2te intere2 8entr1 realiBarea l1i ;i ca 23 +ie 0oti=a*i <n crearea 1n1i 8ro412 no15 E2te Dine ca ele=ii 23 c1noa2c3 4inainte 1n4e 8ot g32i re21r2ele 0ateriale 2a1 DiDliogra+ice nece2are5 )entr1 ca ele=ii 23 ;tie c1 claritate ce an10e a1 4e +3c1t$ 8re2cri8*iile 4ate 4e 8ro+e2or =or +i e,8licite$ 8reci2e5
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 *iscutarea obiectivelor proiectului =ariaB3 4e la 8roiect la 8roiect: a8licarea 8ractic3 a 1nor no*i1ni teoretice <n=3*ateJ +or0area ;i 4eB=oltarea 4e8rin4erilor 4e a l1cra <n gr18 (28irit1l 4e ecGi83$ colegialitatea$ toleran*a$ 4ialog1l!J 4eB=oltarea 0ai 01ltor ti81ri 4e inteligen*3J +or0area 1nor 4e8rin4eri 4e 4oc10entare ;tiin*i+ic3 (c31tarea DiDliogra+iei$ alc3t1irea li2tei DiDliogra+ice$ 1tliBarea 4ic*ionarelor etc!J 4eB=oltarea ca8acit3*ii 4e a 2tr1ct1ra ;i 2intetiBa 0aterial1l etc5 Constituirea grupelor de lucru& Un gr18 o8ti0 4e l1cr1 c18rin4e 7-? 0e0Dri$ <n +1nc*ie 4e te0a 8roiect1l1i$ e,8erien*a 8artici8an*ilor$ nat1ra oDiecti=elor5 C1 c>t cre;te n103r1l 0e0Drilor gr181l1i$ c1 at>t 2ca4e 8o2iDilitatea 8artici83rii e+ecti=e la acti=itate$ 4ar 8oate cre;te calitatea 8ro4121l1i realiBat5 )ro+e2or1l 8oate 8ro81ne 21Diecte 8entr1 8roiecte in4i=i41ale 2a1 ele=ii aleg a2t+el 4e 8roiecte5 Programarea etapelor de lucru i distribuirea responsabilitilor 5 In +1nc*ie 4e oDiecti=e$ ti08$ 28a*i1$ 0iEloace 4i28oniDile$ gra4 4e 4i+ic1ltate al 8roiect1l1i$ ele=ii 2taDile2c 21cce2i1nea$ 41rata ;i con*in1t1l +iec3rei eta8e (i4enti+icarea 21r2elor 4e 4oc10entare$ analiBa 2it1a*iei-8roDle03$ 8rel1crarea 0aterialelor$ 8ro81nerea 1nor =ariante 4e reBol=are$ alegerea 2ol1*iei o8ti0e etc!5 Dac3 2e l1creaB3 <n gr18 2e 4i2triD1ie re28on2aDilit3*ile5 E2te i08ortant ca ele=ii 23 c1noa2c3 4ata 8re43rii ;i 8reBent3rii 8roiect1l1i <n +a*a colegilor5 ,eali(area proiectului i monitori(area procesului& E2te i08ortant ca 8ro+e2or1l 23 re28ecte toate eta8ele acti=it3*ii$ 23-i 0onitoriBeBe 8e ele=i$ 23 <i aE1te$ 23 <i oD2er=e atent <n +iecare 0o0ent a2t+el$ ca la +inal$ 23 8oate +i e=al1at ;i 8roce21l$ n1 n10ai 8ro4121l5 )entr1 0onitoriBarea acti=it3*ii 2e 8oate cere ca 4183 o 238t30>n3 23 co01nice 21Diect1l ale2$ co08onen*a ecGi8ei$ DiDliogra+ia 8e care o a1 <n aten*ie5 )entr1 e=al1area 8roce21l1i 4e elaDorare a 8roiect1l1i e2te Dine ca 8ro+e2or1l 23 aiD3 4i2c1*ii 238t30>nale c1 ecGi8ele 8entr1 a oD2er=a ce 4i+ic1lt3*i a1$ 8entr1 a analiBa an10ite alternati=e 4e reBol=are$ 8entr1 a-i <nc1raEa etc5 Evaluarea re(ultatelor& )roiectele 21nt 8reBentate$ analiBate$ co08arate$ a8reciate5 Se e=al1eaB3 4e c3tre 8ro+e2or$ 4ar ;i 4e c3tre ele=i (intere=al1are ;i a1toe=al1are!: cercetarea <n an2a0Dl1$ 0o41l 4e l1cr1$ 8reBentarea ;i 8ro412ele realiBate5 Aiecare ecGi83 treD1ie 23 e,8lice c10 a1 l1crat$ care a1 +o2t atriD1*iile 0e0Drilor ecGi8ei$ c10 a <n4e8linit +iecare 2arcinile5 In ti081l 8reBent3rii 8roiectelor$ ele=ii ia1 noti*e$ +or01leaB3 <ntreD3ri 2a1 r3281n21ri$ +ac a8recieri a218ra 8roiectelor$ 4a1 note5 Deoarece 8reBentarea 8oate a=ea a28ect1l 1nei co08eti*ii$ +iecare ecGi83 2e 2tr341ie;te 23 g32ea2c3 +or0e c>t 0ai originale ;i atracti=e <n realiBarea ;i 8reBentarea 8roiect1l1i5 6&rt& &liul e2te 1n in2tr10ent co08le, 4e e=al1are integratoare$ ce incl14e e,8erien*a ;i reB1ltatele rele=ante oD*in1te 8rin celelalte +or0e 4e e=al1are ;i care o+er3 8o2iDilitatea 4e a e0ite o E14ecat3 4e =aloare 8a DaBa 1n1i an2a0Dl1 4e reB1ltate al 1nei 8er2oane5 )orto+oli1l 8er0ite 1r03rirea$ con+or0 1nor oDiecti=e concrete ;i criterii 2taDilite$ a 8rogre21l1i <nregi2trat 4e ele= <n acGiBi*ia c1no;tin*elor <ntr-1n inter=al 0are 4e ti08 (2e0e2tr1$ an ;colar$ cicl1 4e <n=3*30>nt! ;i <n +or0area 1nor ca8acit3*i ori co08eten*e 8rin analiBarea 0aterialelor elaDorate 4e c3tre 1n ele= <ntr-1n inter=al 0are 4e ti085
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Deoarece ter0enii 4e 8orto+oli1 ;i 8roiect n1 21nt +1n4a0enta*i teoretic 21+icient <n l1cr3rile 4e 28ecialitate$ <n acti=itatea c1 ele=ii 2e co0it con+1Bii5 Intre 8roiect ;i 8orto+oli1 e,i2t3 c>te=a a2e03n3ri: a0Dele =iBeaB3 o acti=itate a08l3 4in 8artea ele=ilorJ acti=itatea 2e 4e2+3;oar3 ;i <n a+ara cla2eiJ i08lic3 in=e2tigarea 1n1i 4o0eni1$ 1tiliBarea 1nei DiDliogra+ii <n toate eta8ele 4e 4oc10entareJ nece2it3 o e=al1are co08le,3 ;i n1an*at3 a <n=3*3rii5 )orto+oli1l 8oate 23 incl143 8roiect1l ca 0eto43 4e e=al1are5 )orto+oli1l 1n1i ele= 8oate c18rin4e in2tr10ente +or0aliBate9 4e e=al1are (te2te 4e c1no;tin*e$ te2te 4e e=al1are a co08eten*elor =iBate 4e aria c1rric1lar3$ te2te 4e in=entariere care a1 ca 2co8 e=al1area 210ati=3$ cGe2tionare!$ in2tr10ente non-+or0aliBate9 (re+erate$ e2e1ri$ recenBii$ reB10ate$ 8o2tere$ +i;e 4e acti=itate e,8eri0ental3$ +i;e 4e a1toe=al1are etc!5 La geogra+ia continentelor 2e 8oate elaDora 1n 8orto+oli1 <n ti08 4e 4o13 l1ni5 Aiecare ele= =a alege ca 21Diect o *ar3 e1ro8ean35 "Diecti=ele 8ot +i: - +a0iliariBarea c1 teGnicile 4e 4oc10entare ;i re4actare (<ntoc0irea DiDliogra+iei$ a41narea ;i 2electarea 0aterial1l1i$ +i;area ;i or4onarea in+or0a*iei$ realiBarea 8lan1l1i etc!J - o e=al1are oDiecti=3 a reB1ltatelor oD*in1te <n 1r0a 4oc10ent3rii ;i re4act3riiJ - c1noa;terea 8ro+1n43 a 1nei *3ri e1ro8eneJ - 4e2co8erirea 1nor 8artic1larit3*i ale 1nei *3ri ;i 8reBentarea ace2tora <n +or0e 4i=er2e etc5 )orto+oli1l =a c18rin4e: DiDliogra+ia$ +i;a 4e a1toe=al1are$ +i;a 4e e=al1are$ +i;a 4e +ee4-DacL ;i 8ro412ele 28eci+icate <n taDel1l 4e 0ai Eo25 )entr1 a +i notat c1 81nctaEe 0a,i0e$ +iecare 8ro412 4in 8orto+oli1 =a 2ati2+ace an10ite cerin*e5 In+or0a*iile 8rinci8ale 8ot +i <n2cri2e <ntr-1n taDel ;i a+i;ate <n cla23 8entr1 ca +iecare ele= 23 tran2crie <n caiet cerin*ele ;i oDiecti=ele5 )entr1 clari+icarea t1t1ror 8roDle0elor ;i 8entr1 a c1noa;te o8inia lor ele=ilor 8ot +i a4re2ate c>te=a <ntreD3ri: Care 8ro412e =3 8ar cel 0ai gre1 4e realiBatH De ceH C10 cre4e*i c3 =e*i re1;i 23 elaDora*i ace2te 8ro412eH Ce a*i 0ai 4ori 23 c18rin43 8orto+oli1l =o2tr1H )reBent30 co08onentele$ 4e2cri8torii ;i oDiecti=ele 8orto+oli1l1i 8ro812 ele=ilor 4in cla2a a VI-a 4e la Lice1l teoretic OGeorgGe Sincai9 4in Cl1E-Na8oca 4e c3tre 0entor1l Nicoleta Da=i45 Tabelul 0838 Co08onentele$ 4e2cri8torii ;i oDiecti=ele 8orto+oli1l1i 8entr1 cla2a a VI-a
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)rin elaDorarea ace2tor 8ro412e ele=ii <;i 4eB=olt3 ca8acit3*i 8ri=in4 c1legerea$ 8rel1crarea ;i 8reBentarea in+or0a*iilor <n 4i+erite +or0e$ iar 8rin +a8t1l c3 n1 a1 +o2t ale;i 4e2cri8tori rigiBi ei <;i 8ot 0ani+e2ta creati=itatea5 In a+ara +a8t1l1i c3 ele=ii oD*in o not3$ ei a8lic3 2trategii 0etacogniti=e 8entr1 c1noa;terea 0etac1no;tin*elor F in+or0a*ii 4e28re 8ro8riile c1no;tin*e 4eclarati=e$ 8roce41rale$ atit14inale$ co08eten*e etc5 )entr1 realiBarea ace2t1i 4eBi4erat ele=ii incl14 <n 8orto+oli1 1n e2e1 <n care 23 2crie ceea ce g>n4e2c 4e28re ceea ce a1 <n=3*at 8rin realiBarea 8orto+oli1l1i5 Deoarece n1 to*i ele=ii a1 ca8acit3*ile nece2are 8entr1 a-;i e,8ri0a i4eile ei 8ot alege <ntre a r3281n4e la <ntreD3rile 1n1i cGe2tionar 2a1 a 2crie e2e1l5 IntreD3rile incl12e <n cGe2tionar 21nt: In ce +el 8ro412ele 4in 8orto+oli1 re+lect3 ceea ce ai <n=3*at <n ace2t 2e0e2tr1H In ce 0321r3 creBi c3 realiBarea ace2tor 8ro412e a 4eter0inat 1n 8rogre2 <n 8reg3tirea ta 8entr1 =ia*3 ;i 8entr1 <n=3*3rile 1lterioareH Care 21nt l1cr1rile cele 0ai =aloroa2e 8e care le-ai <n=3*at 8rin elaDorarea 8orto+oli1l1iH In ce 0321r3 con2i4eri c3 ai realiBat 2co81rile <n=3*3rii <n ace2t 2e0e2tr1H (Da=i4$ 7'''!5 E2e1l ;i r3281n21rile la cGe2tionar 21nt
1.1

in2tr10ente e+iciente 8rin care ele=1l <n=a*3 23 2e a1toe=al1aBe ;i 4oD>n4e;te 0etac1no;tin*e5 )entr1 o a1toe=al1are c>t 0ai co08let3 +iecare ele= 2crie 8e 4o2ar nota 8e care con2i4er3 c3 o 0erit35 In inter=al1l 4e la co01nicarea 2arcinii 4e l1cr1 8>n3 la e=al1area ei ele=ii a1 8ri0it <n toate lec*iile 28riEin1l nece2ar 8rin 4irec*ionarea ;i 2ec=en*ialiBarea acti=it3*ii lor5 Deoarece 8ro412ele 8ro812e 21nt 4i=er2e ca +or03 ;i con*in1t$ <n +iecare lec*ie 2e 8oate aloca 1n inter=al 4e ti08 +iec3r1i ti8 4e 8ro412 <n care 23 2e 28eci+ice c>t 0ai e,8licit ce an10e 2e a;tea8t3 23 realiBeBe ele=ii5 )entr1 a n1 2taDili ni;te li0ite rigi4e <n 4eB=oltarea creati=it3*ii 2e e=it3 8reBentarea 0o4elor5 )entr1 a n1 intra <n criB3 4e ti08 2e 21gereaB3 ele=ilor inter=al1l o8ti0 <n care ar +i Dine 23 realiBeBe 8ro4121l 2a1 o +or03 8ri0ar3 a 2a5 L1cr>n4 <n ace2t +el$ ele=ii =or a=ea ti08 21+icient 23-;i <0D1n3t3*ea2c3 8ro412ele 8e 8arc1r2$ at1nci c>n4 le =or =eni i4ei noi5 Deoarece +iecare ele= are ne=oie 4e 1n +ee4-DacL clar 4in 8artea 8ro+e2or1l1i$ n1 4oar 4e o not3$ <n 0o0ent1l 8re43rii 8orto+oli1l1i 2e organiBeaB3 1n inter=i1 <n care 2e analiBeaB3 ra8i4 8ro412ele c1 +iecare ele=$ 2e cere 23-;i 8reBinte 8ro8riile 8ro412e ;i 23 +ac3 o a8reciere a218ra lor5 Ace2t inter=i1 are a=antaE1l c3 4i2c1*ia are loc 8e DaBa 0aterial1l1i 8ro4125 In acea2t3 4i2c1*ie 2e a8reciaB3 l1cr1l Dine e,ec1tat ;i 2e i4enti+ic3 c1 ele=1l a28ectele care nece2it3 <0D1n3t3*iri (Care 21nt a28ectele cele 0ai 2laDe ale 8orto+oli1l1iH!5 Ele=1l 2e con=inge c3 e=i4en*ierea 81nctelor 2laDe ale 2ale 2a1 ale 8orto+oli1l1i n1 e2te 1n 2co8 <n 2ine$ o e=i4en*iere a e;ec1l1i5 Ele=1l e2te 28riEinit 8rin inter=i1 23-;i +i,eBe 2ing1r oDiecti=e 8entr1 a-;i <0D1n3t3*i <n=3*3rile =iitoare ;i a alege 0iEloacele concrete 8rin care le 8oate atinge5 )rin 4i2c1*ie 2e <ncearc3 o 2cGi0Dare a 0oti=a*iei ele=1l1i 8rin +a8t1l c3 oDiecti=ele =iBate 4e 8ro+e2or n1 0ai 21nt oDiecti=e e,terioare$ ci 4e=in ale ele=1l1i5 Ace2ta n1 0ai are i08re2ia c3 e2te <08in2 8e 1n 4r10 la ca83t1l c3r1ia n1 are ni0ic 4e c>;tigat$ ci con;tientiBeaB3 +inalitatea5 E=al1area 2e +inaliBeaB3 8rin acor4area ;i 0oti=area notei 4e c3tre 8ro+e2or5 )ro+e2or1l <n*elege 4e ce ele=1l ;i-a acor4at o not3 4i+erit3 4e cea acor4at3 4e c3tre el$ iar ele=1l <n*elege care 21nt 0oti=ele 8ro+e2or1l1i <n 2taDilirea notei5 )rin arg10entarea notei$ ele=1l <n*elege ca ar 81tea +ace <n =iitor 8entr1 a oD*ine reB1ltate a8reciate ;i notate 0ai Dine5 Inter=i1l 81rtat <ntr-1n cli0at 82iGologic 4e 2inceritate ;i one2titate con2tit1ie 1n +ee4-DacL i08ortant 4at 4e c3tre ele= 8ro+e2or1l1i5 Ace2ta oD2er=3 ce an10e ar treD1i 23 <0D1n3t3*ea2c3 <n =iitor <n acti=itatea 2a 8entr1 ca ele=ii 23 n1 2e con+r1nte c1 4i=er2e 4i+ic1lt3*i5 )ro+e2or1l co08etent =a oD2er=a c3 toate in4ica*iile corecte$ 4ar ;i erorile co0i2e 4e c3tre el 2e re+lect3 <n 8ro412ele elaDorate 4e c3tre ele=i5 E=al1area 8rin 8orto+oli1 are a=antaEe 8entr1 ele=: <nc1raEeaB3 <n=3*area a1to4iriEat3J ele=ii 4e=in a1tore+le,i=i$ 2e g>n4e2c la ei ;i la 01nca lor c>n4 elaDoreaB3 8ro412ele$ c>n4 2cri1 e2e1l 4e28re ce a1 <n=3*at$ c>n4 calc1leaB3 2a1 e2ti0eaB3 nota$ c>n4 2taDile2c oDiecti=ele 8entr1 acti=it3*ile =iitoare$ c>n4 4i2c1t3 c1 8ro+e2or1l 8lan1rile 4e realiBare a ace2tor oDiecti=e5 E=al1area 8rin 8orto+oli1 are ;i 1nele 4eBa=antaEe care +ac ca acea2t3 0eto43 alternati=3 4e e=al1are 23 +ie e=itat3 4e 8ro+e2ori ;i ne4orit3 4e c3tre ele=i: nece2it3 re21r2e 0ari 4e ti08 8entr1 4oc10entare$ 8entr1 realiBarea 8ro412elor ;i e=al1area lorJ i08lic3 an10ite cGelt1ieli 4e Dani 2a1 0ateriale 4e 4oc10entare (Biare$ re=i2te$
1.7

+otogra+ii$ acce2 la Internet$ 4o2are$ +oi etc5!5 Deoarece 8ro412ele 21nt realiBate <n a+ara cla2ei ;i <n aD2en*a 8ro+e2or1l1i e,i2t3 ri2c1l ca ace2tea 23 +ie realiBate 4e c3tre alte 8er2oane5 )entr1 a 4e2c1raEa ace2t 8roce4e1 8e care <l antici830$ e,8lic30 c3 *inta e2en*ial3 n1 o con2tit1ie 8ro412ele <n 2ine$ ci e,er2area ;i 4eB=oltarea 1nor ca8acit3*i <n ti081l acti=it3*ii5 Ele=ii <n*eleg c3 01l*i 8ot elaDora e,celent ace2t 8orto+oli1$ 4ar c3 e2te <n intere21l lor ca ei 23 +ie ace;tia5 Atit14inile 8oBiti=e +1n4a0entale +or0ate la ele=i 21nt: corectit14ine <n re28ectarea 8re2cri8*iilor 8ri0iteJ a210area 1nei erori$ lac1ne 2a1 a 1n1i e;ecJ reac*ie 8oBiti=3 la oD2er=a*iile ;i la nota acor4at3 4e e=al1atorJ 4orin*a 4e 8rogre2 <n <n=3*areJ c1raE <n <n+r1ntarea 4i+ic1lt3*ilor etc5

1.%

Capit&lul A O6TIMI@AREA LEC<IILOR DE GEOGRAFIE

A8,8 Ale'erea Dtrate'iil&r didactice adec!ate pentru e icientizarea acti!it#ii de predare("n!#are a 'e&'ra iei C&nceptul de Dtrate'ie de inDtruireIaut&inDtruire Strategiile 4e in2tr1ire K a1toin2tr1ire 21nt 2i2te0e 4e 0eto4e$ 8roce4ee$ 0iEloace ;i +or0e 4e organiBare a acti=it3*ii 4e in2tr1ire K a1toin2tr1ire$ integrate <n 2tr1ct1ri o8era*ionale$ care a1 la DaB3 o =iBi1ne 2i2te0ic3 ;i care 21nt 0enite 23 a2ig1re o <n=3*are acti=3 ;i creatoare a c1no;tin*elor ;i aDilit3*ilor ;i 23 rela*ioneBe 8roce21l in2tr1irii (M5Ione2c1$ 7'''$ 8ag5 1%/!5 Caracteristicile strategiilor de instruire1autoinstruire caracter 2i2te0ic$ <ntre co08onente e,i2t>n4 cone,i1ni$ interrela*ii ;i inter4e8en4en*eJ 21nt alc3t1ite 4intr-o 21it3 4e o8era*ii$ eta8e$ reg1li 4e 4e2+3;1rare$ reg1li 4e 4eciBieJ caracter 4ina0ic$ 4eoarece 2tr1ct1reaB3 <nl3n*1irea 4e 2it1a*ii 4e <n=3*areJ 4eclan;eaB3 0ecani20ele 82iGologice ale <n=3*3riiJ =iBeaB3 8roce21l in2tr1irii <n an2a0Dl1$ n1 4oar oD*inerea 1nei 8er+or0an*e i0e4iate$ la ni=el1l 1nei 2it1a*ii 4e 8re4are-<n=3*are-e=al1are ca 0eto4a 4i4actic3J +le,iDilitate$ +3r3 rigi4itatea 1nor reg1li 2a1 algorit0$ c1 toate c3 a1 1n oarecare caracter nor0ati=J caracter ;colar ;i e,tra;colar 4eoarece =iBeaB3 toate acti=it3*ile 4e2+3;1rate 4e 8ro+e2ori ;i ele=i5 caracter 8roDaDili2tic$ 4eoarece n1 garanteaB3 re1;ita 8roce21l1i 4e in2tr1ire 4in ca1Ba n103r1l1i 0are 4e =ariaDile care inter=in5 Tax&n&mia Dtrate'iil&r de inDtruire %i aut&inDtruire M5Ione2c1 (7'''$ 8ag5 1&%! 8reBint3 o ta,ono0ie a 2trategiilor 4i4actice: *up gradul de generalitate8 generale (co01ne 0ai 01ltor 4i2ci8line 4e 2t14i1!$ 8artic1lare (28eci+ice 1nei 4i2ci8line 4e 2t14i1!J *up caracterul lor8 4e r1tin3 (DaBate 8e a1to0ati20e rigi4e!J DaBate 8e 2i2te0e 4e 4e8rin4eri$ 8e 0o41ri generale 4e aDor4are a 8re43rii 8entr1 categorii 4e 8roDle0eJ no=atoare$ creati=e (elaDorate 4e c3tre cei care 8re4a1!J *up natura obiectivelor 8e care 21nt centrate: cogniti=e$ ac*ionale$ a+ecti=atit14inaleJ *up evoluia gndirii elevilor8 in41cti=e$ 4e41cti=e$ analogice$ tran241cti=e$ 0i,teJ *up gradul de diri:are a nvrii8 - algoritmice (4e <n=3*are rig1ro2 4iriEat3!$ semialgoritmice (4e <n=3*are 2e0iin4e8en4ent3!$ nealgortimice (4e <n=3*are 8re8ron4erent in4e8en4ent3!J
1.&

- prescrise (4e 4iriEare rig1roa23 a <n=3*3rii!: i0itati=e$ e,8licati=re8ro41cti=e (e,8oBiti=e!$ e,8licati=-int1iti=e (4e0on2trati=e!$ algorit0ice$ 8rogra0ateJ neprescrise 1 participative (4e acti=iBare a ale=ilor!: e1ri2tice (e,8licati= F in=e2tigati=e K 4e2co8erire 2e0i4iriEat3$ in=e2tigati=Ke,8licati=e$ 4e e,8lorare oD2er=ati=3$ 4e e,8lorare e,8eri0ental3$ 4e 4e2co8erire F in4e8en4ent3$ 4iriEat3$ 2e0i4iriEat3$ DaBate 8e con=er2a*ia e1ri2tic3$ 8roDle0atiBante$ DaBate 8e cercetarea <n ecGi83!$ creati=e$ DaBate 8e originalitatea ele=ilorJ mi%te8 algorit0ico-e1ri2ticeJ e1ri2tico-algorit0ice5 Criterii de Dtabilire a Dtrate'iil&r didactice Sco81l 1tiliB3rii 2trategiilor 4i4actice e2te i4enti+icarea cel1i 0ai e+icient 4e0er2 4e in2tr1ire ;i a1toin2tr1ire$ 4e =alori+icare ;i co0Dinare o8ti03 a re21r2elor 0ateriale$ a re21r2elor 8roce41rale ;i a re21r2elor 10ane <n ace2t 4e0er25 )rinci8alele criterii 4e 2taDilire a 2trategiilor 4i4actice 21nt: conce8*ia 8e4agogic3 ;i 4i4actic3 act1al3$ 8rinci8alele orient3ri 4in 4i4actica 28ecialit3*ii ;i conce8*ia ca4r1l1i 4i4actic reB1ltat3 4in e,8erien*a 8ro8rieJ 2i2te01l 8rinci8iilor 4i4actice generale ;i 2i2te01l 8rinci8iilor 4i4actice 28eci+ice 4i2ci8linei 4e 2t14i1J i4eal1l e41ca*ional$ +inalit3*ile 2i2te01l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt$ oDiecti=ele-ca4r1 ale 4i2ci8linei 4e 2t14i1$ oDiecti=ele 4e re+erin*3$ oDiecti=1l +1n4a0ental ;i oDiecti=ele o8era*ionale ale acti=it3*ii 4i4actice$ <ntre care e,i2t3 congr1en*3J 28eci+ic1l con*in1t1l1i ;tiin*i+icJ rol1l 8re4o0inant al 1n1ia 4in cei 4oi 0e0Dri ai Dino01l1i e41ca*ionalJ 8artic1larit3*ile cla2ei 4e ele=i: n103r1l ele=ilorJ gra41l 4e o0ogenitate 2a1 eterogenitate al colecti=1l1iJ ni=el1l 4e 8reg3tire al cla2ei <n general ;i la 4i2ci8lina re28ecti=3J 8artic1larit3*ile 82iGologice 4e =>r2t3 ;i in4i=i41ale ale ele=ilorJ ni=el1l 4e 4eB=oltare intelect1al3 ;i ca8acitatea 4e <n=3*are a ele=ilorJ ni=el1l 0oti=a*ional 8entr1 <n=3*area 4i2ci8linei re28ecti=eJ ne=oile$ intere2ele ;i 2co81rile ele=ilorJ a8tit14inile 8entr1 4i2ci8lina re28ecti=35 0o41l ;i +or0a 4e e=al1areJ re21r2ele 0ateriale ale ;colii$ caracteri2ticile 28a*i1l1i ;colarJ ti081l ;colar 4i28oniDil 8entr1 acti=itatea 4i4actic3 re28ecti=3J 8er2onalitatea$ co08eten*a 82iGo8e4agogic3$ 0eto4ic3 ;i 4e 28ecialitate a ca4r1l1i 4i4actic$ creati=itatea ;i 2til1l 4e acti=itate 4i4actic3$5 Se con2i4er3 e+iciente acti=it3*ile care 8er0it realiBarea oDiecti=elor in2tr1cti=-e41cati=e <n ti081l 8lani+icat (or3$ 2e0e2tr1$ an ;colar etc! c1 cGelt1ieli 0ini0e 4e re21r2e 0ateriale ;i e41ca*ionale5 Acti=itatea e2te 4e calitate D1n3 c>n4 4i+eren*a 4intre oDiecti=ele 8ro812e ;i reB1ltatele oD*in1te e2te 0ini03 2a1 n1l35 E+icien*a acti=it3*ii 8oate +i 8ri=it3 21D trei a28ecte: e+icien*a 8e4agogic3 (ran4a0ent1l ;colar$ calit3*ile 4e 8er2onalitate etc!$ e+icien*a econo0ic3 (cGelt1ielile ;i co2t1rile 4e ;colariBare$ =aloarea 8ro41c*iei ;colare! ;i e+icien*a 2ocial-c1lt1ral3 (ni=el1l 4e c1lt1r3 ;i c1noa;tere$ gra41l 4e 8artici8are a e41ca*ilor la acti=itatea 2ocial-c1lt1ral3

1.?

etc!5 C>n4 alege ;i 8roiecteaB3 2trategia 4e in2tr1ire 8ro+e2or1l are <n aten*ie 0ai 01lte a28ecte 28eci+icate <n taDel1l 1r03tor5 Tabelul A8,8 A28ecte 8ri=in4 inter=en*ia 8ro+e2or1l1i <n lec*ie
9ntrebrile la care rDpunde inter!en#ia peda'&'ic Ce 2co8 are 2trategiaH In ce con4i*ii 2e =a 4e2+3;1ra acti=itateaH Cine ;i 8e cine =a in2tr1iH C1 ce =a realiBa oDiecti=eleH C10 =a 8roce4a 8entr1 realiBarea oDiecti=elorH C10 =a ;ti ca a1 +o2t realiBate oDiecti=eleH Ac#iunile care !&r i realizate de pr& eD&r Aor01larea oDiecti=elor o8era*ionale ale acti=it3*ii AnaliBa 0e4i1l1i 4e in2tr1ireJ 2taDilirea ti081l1i 8entr1 in2tr1ire AnaliBa re21r2elor 10ane: ele=ii ;i 8ro+e2or1l AnaliBa ;i alegerea re21r2elor 0ateriale 4i28oniDile$ crearea altora noi Alegerea 2trategiei 4e in2tr1ire 2a1 a1toin2tr1ire corelat3 c1 oDiecti=ele Alegerea +or0elor 4e organiBare a acti=it3*ii ElaDorarea 1nor 8roDe 4e e=al1are corelate c1 oDiecti=ele o8era*ionale

)entr1 e+icientiBarea lec*iei 2e +or01leaB3 &-? oDiecti=e o8era*ionale 4eri=ate 4in oDiecti=1l +1n4a0ental$ realiBaDile <n 2ec=en*a re28ecti=3 4e ti08J 4ac3 2e 8ro81n 8rea 01lte e,i2t3 ri2c1l ca ele 23 n1 +ie atin2e 4e c3tre ele=i5 "Diecti=ele 8ro812e a8ar*in celor trei categorii (atit14inale$ 0eto4ologice$ cogniti=e! 8entr1 orientarea <n=3*3rii 4e la c1no;tin*e$ 28re ca8acit3*i$ atit14ini$ co08eten*e5 Mo41l 4e +or01lare a oDiecti=elor 8er0ite trecerea 4e la acti=it3*i centrate 8e 8ro+e2or$ la cele centrate 8e ele=5 "Diecti=ele =or a2ig1ra orientarea <n=3*3rii 28re calitate$ n1 28re cantitate5 )entr1 e+icientiBarea lec*iei 2e aleg 0iEloace 4e <n=3*30>nt care +aciliteaB3 <n*elegerea realit3*ii5 Alegerea 2e +ace <n +1nc*ie 4e: calitatea$ 4i0en2i1nea ;i con*in1t1l 0iEloc1l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt$ 4e oDiecti=1l o8era*ional =iBat$ 4e con*in1t1l =eGic1lat5 Se 8re+er3 1tiliBarea 1n1i n103r 0ai 0ic 4e 0iEloace 4e <n=3*30>nt$ <n E1r1l c3rora 2e organiBeaB3 2it1a*ii 4e <n=3*are e+iciente5 )entr1 realiBarea oDiecti=elor o8era*ionale 8ro+e2or1l alege <ntre 4i=er2e co0Dina*ii 4e 0eto4e$ 8roce41ri ;i teGnici 4e in2tr1ire ;i a1toin2tr1ire$ la care el le c1noa;te <n 4etali1 0o41l 4e a8licare ;i e+icien*a5 )ro+e2or1l g>n4e;te 2trategia 0eto4ic9$ a4ic3 8a2 c1 8a2$ 8entr1 a a2ig1ra realiBarea oDiecti=elor o8era*ionale5 El o8teaB3 8entr1 o an10it3 2trategie$ <n +1nc*ie 4e oDiecti=e$ *in>n4 cont 4e ti81rile =ariate 4e 2trategii cla2i+icate con+or0 criteriiloe 28eci+icate anterior5 Se a8reciaB3 c3 2trategiile 21nt c1 at>t 0ai e+iciente c1 c>t n103r1l ;i con*in1t1l inter=en*iilor 8ro+e2or1l1i e2te 0ai 0ic$ iar ele=ii 21nt i08lica*i acti= <n 2it1a*iile 4e <n=3*are5 )entr1 cre;terea e+icien*ei 2e con2i4er3 ca i4eal3 0oti=area ele=ilor <nainte 4e 1tiliBarea 2trategiei$ 4ar ;i 23 genereBe 4in a8licarea ei5 A8*8 Optimizarea lec#iil&r de 'e&'ra ie prin rap&rtarea c&n#inuturil&r la un Dup&rt 'ra ic %i cart&'ra ic adec!at A8*8,8 5tilizarea Dup&rturil&r 'ra ice "n lec#ie

1..

Tipuri de materiale 'ra ice8 Materialele gra+ice 2e gr18eaB3 <n cla2e con+or0 1nor criterii: *up te"nica de reali(are re0arc30: 4e2enele 2cGe0atice$ carto2cGe0ele$ etc5 *up suportul material al mi:locului grafic: <n 0an1al$ 8e 8lan;e$ 8e +olie 4e retro8roiector$ 8e 4ia8oBiti=$ 8e +oi =olante$ 8e CD-1ri$ <n 8rogra01l calc1lator1l1i$ 8e taDl3$ 8e +li8-cGart$ 8e caietele 4e noti*e etc5 A!anta)ele %i deza!anta)ele utilizrii di eritel&r tipuri de materiale 'ra ice UtiliBarea 0aterialelor gra+ice <n lec*ie 8reBint3 0ai 01lte a=antaEe: 8er0it 8erce8erea 1n1i 28a*i1$ oDiect 2a1 +eno0en 8rin inter0e4i1l 1n1i 21D2tit1tJ +aciliteaB3 <n*elegerea corect3$ ra8i43$ +acil3$ in4irect3 a realit3*iiJ +aciliteaB3 c1noa;terea 1n1i 28a*i1 inacce2iDil 8rin 4i0en2i1ne$ 8eric1loBitate$ 4i2contin1itate 28a*ial3 2a1 te08oral3J integrarea lor e2te 8o2iDil3 <n orice 0o0ent al lec*iei (4oD>n4irea c1no;tin*elor$ +i,are$ e=al1are!J in+or0a*iile 2e +i,eaB3 te0einic <n MLD 8rin a2ocierea =erDal3 ;i =iB1al3 a ele0entelor ;i rela*iilorJ +aciliteaB3 <n=3*area con;tient3 a c1no;tin*elor5 Tabelul A8*8 A=antaEele ;i 4eBa=antaEele 1tiliB3rii 0aterialelorr gra+ice <n +1nc*ie 4e 218ort1l 8e care 21nt realiBate
Tip de material 'ra ic De2ene 8e taDl3 A!anta)e "+er3 8o2iDilitatea 8reBent3rii 1n1i +eno0en 8rin 4e2ene con2ec1ti=e "+er3 8o2iDilitatea 8reBent3rii 1n1i +eno0en 8rin 4e2ene con2ec1ti=e 2a1 +olii 218ra812e calitate D1n3 econo0ie 4e ti08 calitate D1n3 econo0ie 4e ti08 =iBiDile la 4iatan*3 0are +3r3 8roiectare c1 a8arate calitate D1n3 econo0ie 4e ti08 <n lec*ie 8er0it 2t14ierea <n a+ara lec*iei calitate D1n3 econo0ie 4e ti08 <n lec*ie calitate D1n3 econo0ie 4e ti08 <n lec*ie 8er0it <n=3*area <n a+ara lec*iei o+er3 8o2iDilitatea 8reBent3rii 1n1i +eno0en 8rin 4e2ene con2ec1ti=e 8er0it <n=3*area <n a+ara lec*iei o+er3 8o2iDilitatea 8reBent3rii 1n1i Dea!anta)e calitate =ariaDil3 (con*in1t$ elaDorare! nece2it3 ti08 n1 21nt <ntot4eana =3B1te 4e ele=i nece2it3 a8arat 8entr1 8roiec*ie

De2ene 8e +olie

De2ene 8e 8lan;e

De2ene 4in 0an1al

De2ene 8e 4ia8oBiti= De2ene 8e CD 2a1 la calc1lator

De2ene <n caiet De2ene 8e +oi

nece2it3 218ort ;i 28a*i1 8entr1 4e8oBitare nece2it3 ti08 ;i 0aterial 8entr1 realiBare nece2it3 calit3*i 4e 4e2enator 4i0en2i1ne 1neori 8rea 0ic3 calitate =ariaDil3 8ro+e2or1l n1 8oate in4ica e,act loc1l la care 2e re+er3 nece2it3 0iEloace 8entr1 +otogra+iere nece2it3 a8arat 4e 8roiec*ie nece2it3 ca01+laE nece2it3 2o+t 8entr1 elaDorare 2a1 21r23 4e 4oc10entare nece2it3 calc1latoare <n lec*ie nece2it3 aDilit3*i 4e +olo2ire a calc1lator1l1i 4in 8artea 8ro+e2or1l1i ;i a ele=ilor calitate =ariaDil3 nece2it3 0iEloace 4e 01lti8licare

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=olante De2ene 8e +li8cGart

+eno0en 8rin 4e2ene con2ec1ti=e 8er0it <n=3*area <n a+ara lec*iei o+er3 8o2iDilitatea 8reBent3rii 1n1i +eno0en 8rin 4e2ene con2ec1ti=e

8ro+e2or1l n1 8oate in4ica e,act loc1l la care 2e re+er3 calitate =ariaDil3 nece2it3 ti08 n1 21nt <ntot4ea1na =3B1te 4e ele=i

Optimizarea lec#iei prin utilizarea deDenel&r DcEematice *esenul sc"ematic geografic e2te o re8reBentare a 1n1i oDiect$ +eno0en 2a1 8roce2$ areal$ 28a*i1 8rin 0iEloace gra+ice5 Lec*ia 4e=ine 0ai e+icient3 4ac3 <n ti081l e,8lica*iei 1n1i +eno0en 8ro+e2or1l 2cGi*eaB3 8e taDl3 1nele a28ecte re+erioare la ace2ta5 )entr1 a2ig1rarea 8re0i2ei 1nei lec*ii e+iciente 4e2enele 2cGe0atice geogra+ice 2ati2+ac an10ite cerin*e: de coninut8 23 re8reBinte e2en*ial1l$ +3r3 4etalii ne2e0ni+icati=e care <08ie4ic3 <n*elegereaJ 23 core281n43 con*in1t1l1i ;tiin*i+ic 4in 8rogra0a ;colar3$ 4in 0an1al ;i e,8lica*iei 8ro+e2or1l1iJ 23 re8reBinte corect ;i 21ge2ti= tr323t1rile caracteri2tice (+or0a$ 4i0en2i1nea$ 8ro8or*ia$ c1loarea$ alc3t1irea! co08onentelor 0e4i1l1i geogra+ic (23 n1 +ie 4eal1l 0ai 0are 4ec>t co8ac1l 2a1 23 aiD3 8ante 0ai 0ari 4ec>t <n realitate etc!J 23 re4ea 21cce2i1nea logic3 a +eno0enelor 2a1 8roce2elorJ 23 c18rin43 titl1l$ legen4a$ 4en10irile in4icate 8rin 23ge*i etc5 estetice: 23 +ie e,ec1tate c1 linii 2i08le$ groa2e$ clare ;i =iBiDile 4in orice 81nct al cla2eiJ literele 23 +ie 0ari$ 4i2tan*ate ;i 2cri2e c1 linii groa2e 8entr1 a +i liBiDile la 4i2tan*3J c1lorile inten2e$ contra2tante$ ale2e con+or0 con=en*iilor interna*ionaleJ 23 re8reBinte realitatea 2cGe0atic$ n1 arti2ticJ 23 +ie or4onate$ c1rate ;i +3r3 ;ter23t1riJ metodice8 23 +ie 1tiliBate c>n4 re8reBint3 cea 0ai e+icient3 cale 4e <n21;ire a c1no;tin*elor$ 4e <n*elegere a +eno0enelor ;i 8roce2elorJ 23 n1 +ie 1tiliBate 1n n103r e,agerat 4e 4e2ene$ ci 23 +ie intro412e ;i alte 0iEloace 4e <n=3*30>nt (+otogra+ii$ G3r*i$ 0o4ele tri4i0en2ionale!J ti081l a+ectat 4e2en3rii 23 n1 4e83;ea2c3 7-% 0in1teJ 23 +ie e,ec1tat c1 0>na liDer3$ n1 c1 aE1tor1l liniar1l1i$ 8entr1 +or0area 4e8rin4erii 4e a 2cGi*a ;i 8entr1 +a8t1l c3 nici <n nat1r3 +or0ele n1 21nt cont1rate 4e linii 4re8teJ 23 n1 +ie co8iate i4entic 4in 0an1al (8rin 218ra81nerea 1nei +oi 4e in4igo! 8entr1 c3 2co81l 4e2en3rii n1 e2te +or0area 4e8rin4erii 4e a co8iaJ 8entr1 a e=ita 4egra4area c3r*ilor 4e2enele 23 n1 +ie 4ec18ate ;i li8ite 8e caiete5 Su'eDtii pri!ind utilizarea e icient a deDenel&r DcEematice "n lec#ie )reg3tirea 8ro+e2or1l1i 8entr1 4e0o2tra*ia 8rin 4e2ene 2cGe0atice c18rin4e: +or01larea oDiecti=1l1i o8era*ionalJ 4oc10entarea teoretic3J alegerea 4e2en1l1i 2cGe0aticJ alegerea 0o4alit3*ii 4e 8reBentare a 4e2en1l1i 2cGe0aticJ e+ect1area 4e2en1l1i (+olie$ +oaie$ 8lan;3!J alegerea 0o0ent1l1i 1tiliB3rii (4oD>n4irea c1no;tin*elor$ +i,are$ reca8it1lare$ e=al1are!5

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De0er21l 4e integrare e+icient3 a 4e2en1l1i 2cGe0atic <n lec*ie c18rin4e: 2ti01larea 0oti=a*iei 8rin <ntreD3ri ca1Bale 2a1 alte 8roce4ee 4i4acticeJ co01nicarea oDiecti=1l o8era*ionalJ e+ect1area 2a1 8reBentarea 4e2en1l1i 2i01ltan c1 e,8licarea +eno0en1l1i 2a1 8roce21l1iJ integrarea 4e2en1l1i <n 2cGe0a lec*iei 4e 8e taDl3J a4re2area 1nor <ntreD3ri 8entr1 +iecare a28ect 8e care-l 8ot i4enti+ica$ analiBa 2a1 e,8lica ele=ii 2ing1riJ co01nicarea in+or0a*iilor 8e care n1 le 4e41c 2ing1riJ 2olicitarea ele=ilor 23 +or01leBe <ntreD3ri a218ra a28ectelor neclareJ 2olicitarea ele=ilor 23 ca1te 2ing1ri r3281n21ri c1 aE1tor1l 1nor in+or0a*ii 218li0entare5 Ele=ii 23=>r;e2c 4i=er2e acti=it3*i: oD2er=3 4e2en1l ;i a2c1lt3 0e2aEele 8ro+e2or1l1i (<ntreD3ri$ e,8lica*ii!J r3281n4 la <ntreD3riJ +or01leaB3 <ntreD3ri$ e,8lica*iiJ 4e2eneaB3 4183 <ncGeierea 4e0on2tra*iei (4ac3 ti081l 8er0ite$ 4ac3 e2te nece2ar!5 )rin e,ec1tarea 4e2enelor 2cGe0atice ele=ii <n=a*3: 23 re8reBinte 8la2tic ;i con;tient 1n a28ect al realit3*iiJ 23 o8ereBe c1 2i0Dol1ri gra+ice (c1lori$ linii$ 2e0ne!$ 23 co0Dine ele0ente$ 23 4ea ar0onie ;i +r1012e*eJ 23 4e2co081n3 ;i 23 reco081n3 gra+ic realitateaJ +i,eaB3 c1no;tin*ele <n MLDJ 4e=in 0ai creati=iJ <;i 4eB=olt3 2en2iDilitatea 8entr1 +r1012e*ea 2a1 1r>*enia realit3*iiJ <;i 2cGi0D3 atit14inea +a*3 4e 0e4i1l <n care tr3ie2c5 Tem- Alege*i 1n 4e2en 2cGe0atic ;i 8reciBa*i <n or4ine logic3 <ntreD3rile 8e care le =e*i a4re2a ele=ilor 8entr1 analiBarea ;i inter8retarea 2a5 Optimizarea lec#iei prin utilizarea cart&cEemel&r GEr#i DcEematiceF cr&cEiuriH ;arta sc"ematic sau cartosc"ema e2te o re8reBentare 0ic;orat3$ <n 8lan a caracteri2ticilor e2en*iale ale 1n1i 28a*i1 tere2tr1$ +3r3 1tiliBarea 2c3rii 4e 8ro8or*ie$ 4ar c1 0en*inerea 8ro8or*iilor ;i a +or0elor5 C>n4 ele=ii re8ro41c <n caiete G3r*i +r10oa2e ;i con+or0e celor 4in 0an1al$ n1 elaDoreaB3 carto2cGe0e5 Acea2t3 acti=itate e2te 2teril3 8entr1 ele= 4eoarece 4oar <;i 8er+ec*ioneaB3 teGnica 4e co8iere ;i 4e colorare ;i n1 +ace nici 1n e+ort 82iGic care 23 aiD3 ca reB1ltat +or0area 1nei ca8acit3*i intelect1ale 2a1 acGiBi*ia 1nei c1no;tin*e5 )entr1 ca acti=itatea 23 +ie e+icient3 ;i 23 con2tit1ie 1n act 4e <n=3*are +inaliBat 8rin acGiBi*ia 1nei ca8acit3*ii 8ro+e2or1l angaEeaB3 ele=1l <ntr-o a1tentic3 2arcin3 4e l1cr15 UtiliBarea carto2cGe0elor <n lec*ie are a=antaEe 8entr1 ele=i: 2electeaB3 logic in+or0a*iiJ e,ec1t3 con;tient o carto2cGe03J 2e orienteaB3 8e Gart3J localiBeaB3 co08onentele 2i2te0elor geogra+ice ;i 2taDile2c rela*iile 4intre eleJ +i,eaB3 in+or0a*iile <n MLD (4en10irile ;i 8oBi*ia geogra+ic3! 8rin a2ocierea =erDal3 ;i =iB1al3 a ele0entelor$ c1no;tin*ele 4e=enin4 te0einiceJ 2e 21D2tit1ie 2cGi*a logic3 a lec*iei 2cri23 8e taDl3 ;i <n caiete c1 o Gart3 2cGe0atic3J )entr1 ca 1tiliBarea carto2cGe0elor 23 +ie e+icient3 <n lec*ie$ ace2tea 2ati2+ac an10ite cerine8 de coninut8 23 aiD3 titl1$ legen43$ 81ncte car4inaleJ 23 re8reBinte corect 218ra+e*ele ;i ele0entele co08onente (orientarea$ 4i0en2i1nea$ 8ro8or*ia$ 8oBi*ia$ +or0a etc5!J 23 re8reBinte e2en*ial1l$ +3r3 4etalii ne2e0ni+icati=e care ar 4i2trage aten*iaJ <n carto2cGe0a 1nei *3ri re8reBent30 grani*ele$ 4en10irea *3rilor$ 03rilor ;i oceanelor <n=ecinate$ 1nit3*ile 4e relie+ 0ai i08ortante$ =>r+1l c1 altit14inea 0a,i03$ +l1=iile$ ca8itala ;i ora;ele i08ortanteJ eli0in30 4etaliile ne2e0ni+icati=e
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care 218ra<ncarc3 carto2cGe0a ;i 0e0oria ele=1l1i Dloc>n4 loc1l ;i ti081l 1tiliBaDil <n 4e0er21ri 0ai =aloroa2eJ 8ro+e2or1l care ;tie ce e2te e2en*ial ;i 28eci+ic <ntr-o regi1ne K *ar3 K continent <i <n=a*3 8e ele=i 23 2elec*ioneBe in+or0a*iile 4183 criteri1l =aloriiJ 23 re28ecte con=en*iile interna*ionale (4ac3 e2te 8o2iDil!J estetice: 23 +ie e,ec1tate c1 linii 2i08le$ groa2e$ clareJ literele 23 +ie 0ari$ 4i2tan*ate ;i 2cri2e c1 linii groa2eJ c1lorile 23 +ie inten2e$ contra2tante$ ale2e con+or0 con=en*iilor interna*ionaleJ 23 +ie or4onate$ c1rate$ +3r3 ;ter23t1riJ 8entr1 +acilitarea tra23rii cont1r1rilor *3rilor ;i continentelor 2e 1tiliBeaB3 ;aDloane 4e carton 2a1 8la2ticJ metodice8 23 +ie 1tiliBate c>n4 re8reBint3 cea 0ai e+icient3 cale 4e <n21;ire a c1no;tin*elor$ 4e <n*elegere a +eno0enelor ;i 8roce2elorJ ti081l a+ectat 4e2en3rii 23 n1 4e83;ea2c3 7-% 0in1teJ 23 +ie e,ec1tate c1 0>na liDer3J 23 n1 +ie co8iate i4entic 4in 0an1alJ 23 +ie 4e2enate 4183 analiBarea c1 ele=ii a 1nor G3r*i5 De0er21l 4e integrare e+icient3 a carto2cGe0elor <n lec*ie c18rin4e: 2ti01larea 0oti=a*iei 8rin <ntreD3ri ca1Bale 2a1 alte 8roce4ee 4i4acticeJ co01nicarea oDiecti=1l o8era*ionalJ e+ect1area 2a1 8reBentarea carto2cGe0ei 2i01ltan c1 analiBarea co08onentelor ;i rela*iilorJ integrarea carto2cGe0ei <n 2cGe0a lec*iei 4e 8e taDl3 2a1 <nloc1irea ace2teiaJ a4re2area 1nor <ntreD3ri 8entr1 +iecare a28ect 8e care-l 8ot i4enti+ica$ analiBa 2a1 e,8lica ele=ii 2ing1riJ co01nicarea in+or0a*iilor 8e care n1 le 4e41c 2ing1riJ 2olicitarea ele=ilor 23 +or01leBe <ntreD3ri a218ra a28ectelor neclareJ 2olicitarea ele=ilor 23 ca1te 2ing1ri r3281n21ri c1 aE1tor1l 1nor in+or0a*ii 218li0entare5 Ele=ii 23=>r;e2c 4i=er2e acti=it3*i: oD2er=3 carto2cGe0a ;i a2c1lt3 0e2aEele 8ro+e2or1l1i (<ntreD3ri$ e,8lica*ii!J r3281n4 la <ntreD3riJ +or01leaB3 <ntreD3ri$ e,8lica*iiJ 4e2eneaB3 2i01ltan c1 8ro+e2or1l5 )rin e,ec1tarea carto2cGe0elor <n=a*3: 23 re8reBinte con;tient 1n 28a*i1 geogra+icJ 23 o8ereBe c1 2i0Dol1ri gra+ice (c1lori$ linii$ 2e0ne!$ +i,eaB3 c1no;tin*ele <n MLD5 Tem- AnaliBa*i o Garta 4in 0an1al5 ElaDora*i carto2cGe0a 28a*i1l1i re28ecti=5 Aor01la*i <n 2cri2 in+or0a*iile 8e care le =e*i o+eri ele=ilor <n ti081l 4e2en3rii carto2cGe0ei 8e taDl35 A8*8*8 5tilizarea materialel&r cart&'ra ice "n lec#ie a8 Su'eDtii met&d&l&'ice pri!ind utilizarea e icient a Er#il&r "n lec#ie ;arta e2te o re8reBentare a 218ra+e*ei tere2tre$ con=en*ional3$ generaliBat3$ 0ic;orat3 con+or0 1nei 2c3ri ;i 1nei 8roiec*ii cartogra+ice$ 8e care e2te re4at3 re8arti*ia 28a*ial3 a ele0entelor concrete 2a1 aD2tracte ce 8ot +i localiBate <n 28a*i15 Narta e2te 1n 0o4el 0ate0atic al 218ra+e*ei tere2tre 4eoarece acea2ta e2te re8reBentat3 0ic;orat con+or0 1nei 2c3ri 4e 8ro8or*ie$ care in4ic3 4e c3te ori a +o2t 0ic;orat3 l1ngi0ea 2a1 218ra+a*a 4in nat1r35 Narta re43 ele0entele concrete 4e 8e 218ra+a*a tere2tr3 <n 0o4 con=en*ional ;i int1iti= c1 aE1tor1l 2e0nelor con=en*ionale (c1lori$ Ga;1ri$ iBolinii$ 2i0Dol1ri etc!$ care 21nt e,8licate <n legen435 Avanta:ele utili(rii "rilor <n lec*ie 21nt: 8erce8erea =iB1al3 a 1n1i 28a*i1 8rin inter0e4i1l 1n1i 21D2tit1tJ <n*elegerea corect3$ ra8i43$ +acil3$ in4irect3 a realit3*iiJ c1noa;terea 1n1i 28a*i1 inacce2iDil 8rin 4i0en2i1neJ c1noa;terea
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localiB3rii 28a*iale a co08onentelor 2i2te0elor geogra+ice ;i 2taDilirea rela*iilor 4intre eleJ orientarea <n 28a*i1l tere2tr1J +i,area te0einic3 a in+or0a*iilor <n MLD5 Su'eDtii pri!ind pr&iectarea %i &r'anizarea Ditua#iil&r de "n!#are cu Dup&rt cart&'ra ic )reg3tirea 8ro+e2or1l1i 8entr1 lec*ie i08lic3 an10ite acti=it3*i legate 4e organiBarea acti=it3*ii c1 Garta: +or01larea oDiecti=elor o8era*ionaleJ 4oc10entarea teoretic3J alegerea G3r*ilor <n +1nc*ie 4e oDiecti=1l +i,at$ 4e con*in1t1l ale2 ;i 4e ni=el1l 4e 8reg3tire al ele=ilorJ 8roiectarea 2it1a*iei 4e <n=3*are 8e DaBa G3r*ii (+or01larea <ntreD3rilorJ 2taDilirea +or0ei 4e organiBare a acti=it3*iiJ! alegerea 0o0ent1l1i <n care =a +i 1tiliBat3 Garta (4oD>n4irea c1no;tin*elor noi$ +i,are$ reca8it1lare$ a8licare$ e=al1are!5 )entr1 o8ti0iBarea <n=3*3rii geogra+iei$ <n lec*ie 2e 1tiliBeaB3 tipuri =ariate de "ri (VeBi S1Diect1l &575! In ti081l lec*iei$ 4e +iecare 4at3 c>n4 1tiliB30 1n no1 ti8 4e Gart3 2e 8arc1rg an10i*i 8a;i: citirea ;i <n*elegerea 2e0ni+ica*iei titl1l1i G3r*iiJ i4enti+icarea ti81l1i G3r*ii 4183 4i+erite criteriiJ analiBa legen4eiJ analiBa 2c3riiJ citirea ele0entelor G3r*ii care intere2eaB3 <n 2it1a*ia re28ecti=3 4e <n=3*areJ inter8retarea rela*iilor 4intre ele0entele i4enti+icate 8e Gart35 Acti=it3*ile <n care 2e 1tiliBeaB3 Garta a1 +or0e =ariate 4e organiBare: acti=it3*i +rontale (c1 G3r*ile 01raleJ c1 G3r*ile 4in 0an1al 2a1 atla2!J acti=it3*i 8e gr18e (c1 G3r*ile 4in 0an1al$ 4in atla2 2a1 4e 8e +oi =olante!J acti=it3*i in4i=i41ale (c1 G3r*ile 4in 0an1al$ 4in atla2$ 4e 8e ecran1l calc1lator1l1i 2a1 4e 8e +oi =olante!5 C>n4 ele=ii 21nt <n 8ri0a eta83 4e <n=3*are a 1tiliB3rii G3r*ii 2e 8re+er3 acti=it3*ile +rontale 4iriEate 4e 8ro+e2or$ a8oi 2e alterneaB3 c1 acti=it3*ile 8e gr18e ;i aDia c>n4 ele=ii a1 co08eten*a 4e a citi ;i inter8reta 2ing1ri Garta 2e organiBeaB3 acti=it3*i in4i=i41ale5 )e 8arc1r21l ;colarit3*ii e,i2t3 01lti8le 2it1a*ii 4e <n=3*are <n care ele=ii 21nt antrena*i 8entr1 4oD>n4irea co08eten*ei 4e a 1tiliBa Garta: orientarea 8e Gart3 4183 81nctele car4inaleJ orientarea 8e Gart3 4183 re*ea1a cartogra+ic3 2a1 4183 re8ereJ orientarea <n teren c1 aE1tor1l G3r*iiJ orientarea G3r*ii c1 D12olaJ orientarea G3r*ii +a*3 4e 4etaliile 4in terenJ i4enti+icarea 2a1 tran281nerea 8e Gart3 a 4etaliilor 4in terenJ i4enti+icarea <n teren a 1n1i 4etali1 re8reBentat 8e Gart3J 4e8la2area <n teren 4183 Gart3J calc1larea coor4onatelor geogra+ice ale 1n1i 81nct 4183 Gart3J calc1larea 4i2tan*ei 4intre 4o13 localit3*i$ c1 aE1tor1l G3r*ii ;i a riglei gra4ateJ calc1larea l1ngi0ii 1nei linii 4re8te 8e Gart3$ 4183 2cara gra+ic3$ c1 aE1tor1l 1n1i co08a2J calc1larea l1ngi0ii 1nei linii c1rDe 4e 8e Gart3$ c1 aE1tor1l 1nei DenBi 4e G3rtieKa*ei 10eBite ;i a 2c3riiJ calc1larea 1nei 218ra+e*e 4e 8e Gart3 c1 aE1tor1l G>rtiei 0ili0etriceJ calc1larea altit14inii 2a1 a4>nci0ii relati=e a 1n1i 81nct$ c1 aE1tor1l 2c3rii <n3l*i0ilor ;i a4>nci0ilorJ analiBa 2c3riiJ analiBa legen4eiJ analiBa re*elei cartogra+iceJ analiBa ele0entelor re8reBentate 8e Gart3J co08ara*ia ele0entelor re8reBentate etc5 Aplica#ie- "D2er=a*i Narta +iBic3 a Ro0>niei5 Aor01la*i <ntreD3rile 8e care le =e*i a4re2a ele=ilor 8entr1 analiBarea titl1l1i$ a8oi 8entr1 analiBarea legen4ei5 Crea*i e,erci*ii 8rin care ele=ii e,er2eaB3 1tiliBarea 2c3rii5 )entr1 analiBarea ;i inter8retarea con*in1t1l1i G3r*ii +or01la*i <ntreD3ri con=ergente ;i <ntreD3ri 4i=ergente5
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b8 Su'eDtii met&d&l&'ice pri!ind utilizarea e icient a dia'ramel&r "n lec#ie *iagramele 21nt re8reBent3ri gra+ice 2intetice$ e,8re2i=e$ la 2car3$ ale 4atelor 2tati2tice$ 21D +or03 4e 4e2ene geo0etrice$ liniare 2a1 <n 218ra+a*3$ care re4a1 +eno0enele cercetate at>t 21D a28ect1l cantitati=$ c>t ;i calitati=$ e=i4en*iin4 tr323t1rile e2en*iale ale ace2tora5 Diagra0ele 1tiliBate <n lec*ii <n4e8line2c 0ai 01lte cerin*e: n1 re8reBint3 0ai 01lt 4e % F & ele0ente 2a1 +eno0ene 8entr1 a n1 <nc3rca 4e2en1lJ a1 titl1$ legen43$ 2car3J n1 c18rin4 te,t e,8licati=$ e,ce8t>n4 1nele ci+re 2a1 4en10iri 8rinci8ale5 In lec*ii 2e 1tiliBeaB3 4i+erite tipuri de diagrame8 Diagra0e 2i08le: <n coloane (4iagra0a <n coloane$ 4iagra0a <n coloane <n a+l1,$ 2tereogra0a!$ <n DenBi (4iagra0a <n DenBi$ 4iagra0a <n DenBi <n a+l1,!$ 4iagra0a areolare (<n 83trate$ 8rin cerc1ri 8ro8or*ionale! Diagra0e co08le,e: cronogra0a 2a1 Gi2toriogra0a (2i08l3 2a1 co0Dinat3!$ 4iagra0ele 2tr1ct1rale (8rin cerc 2tr1ct1ral$ 8rin 4re8t1ngGi 2tr1ct1ral$ 8rin 83trat 2tr1ct1ral!$ 4iagra0a 8olar3$ 8ira0i4a 2tr1ct1ral3 etc5 'ugestii privind proiectarea i organi(area situaiilor de nvare cu a:utorul diagramelor )reg3tirea 8ro+e2or1l1i 8entr1 lec*ie i08lic3 an10ite acti=it3*i legate 4e organiBarea acti=it3*ii: +or01larea oDiecti=elor o8era*ionaleJ 4oc10entarea teoretic3J alegerea 4iagra0elor <n +1nc*ie 4e oDiecti=1l +i,at$ 4e con*in1t1l ale2 ;i 4e ni=el1l 4e 8reg3tire al ele=ilorJ 8roiectarea 2it1a*iei 4e <n=3*are 8e DaBa 4iagra0ei (+or01larea <ntreD3rilorJ 2taDilirea +or0ei 4e organiBare a acti=it3*iiJ! alegerea 0o0ent1l1i <n care =a +i 1tiliBat3 4iagra0a (4oD>n4irea c1no;tin*elor noi$ +i,are$ reca8it1lare$ a8licare$ e=al1are!5 In ti081l lec*iei$ 4e +iecare 4at3 c>n4 1tiliB30 o 4iagra03 2e 8arc1rg an10i*i 8a;i: citirea ;i <n*elegerea 2e0ni+ica*iei titl1l1i G3r*iiJ analiBa legen4eiJ analiBa 2c3riiJ citirea ele0entelor 4iagra0ei care intere2eaB3 <n 2it1a*ia re28ecti=3 4e <n=3*areJ inter8retarea rela*iilor 4intre ele0entele i4enti+icate 8e 4iagra03J corelarea in+or0a*iilor 4e 8e 4iagra03 c1 cele 4in te,t$ 4in taDele$ 4in alte 21r2e5 Acti=it3*ile <n care 2e 1tiliBeaB3 4iagra0e a1 +or0e =ariate 4e organiBare: acti=it3*i +rontale (c1 4iagra0e a+i;ate 8e taDl3J c1 4iagra0ele 4in 0an1al 2a1 4in alte 21r2e!J acti=it3*i 8e gr18e (c1 4iagra0ele 4in 0an1al$ 4in atla2 2a1 4e 8e +oi =olante!J acti=it3*i in4i=i41ale (c1 4iagra0ele 4in 0an1al$ 4in atla2$ 4e 8e ecran1l calc1lator1l1i 2a1 4e 8e +oi =olante!5 C>n4 ele=ii 21nt <n 8ri0a eta83 4e <n=3*are a 1tiliB3rii 4iagra0elor 2e 8re+er3 acti=it3*ile +rontale 4iriEate 4e 8ro+e2or$ a8oi 2e alterneaB3 c1 acti=it3*ile 8e gr18e ;i aDia c>n4 ele=ii a1 co08eten*a 4e a citi ;i inter8reta 2ing1ri o 4iagra03 2e organiBeaB3 acti=it3*i in4i=i41ale5 Aplica#ie- Alege*i o 4iagra035 Aor01la*i toate <ntreD3rile 8e care le =e*i a4re2a ele=ilor 8entr1 analiBarea ;i inter8retarea ei5 Selecta*i c1no;tin*ele 8e care le =e*i e,81ne ele=ilor 8entr1 <n*elegerea con*in1t1l1i ace2teia5 A818 Rap&rtul dintre met&dele exp&ziti!e %i cele axate pe dial&'

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Meto4ele 4i4actice e,8oBiti=e 21nt cele 8rin care 8ro+e2or1l$ care are rol 4e e0i*3tor$ tran20ite 1ni4irec*ional$ 8e cale oral3$ c1no;tin*e 4eclarati=e c3tre ele=i$ care a1 rol 4e rece8tori5 Meto4ele e,8oBiti=e 21nt: e,81nerea$ 4e2crierea$ 8o=e2tirea$ e,8lica*ia5 Meto4ele 4i4actice a,ate 8e 4ialog 21nt cele <n care in+or0a*iile 21nt =eGic1late <n a0Dele 2en21ri$ 8e care =erDal3$ <ntre 8ro+e2or ;i ele=i$ 4ar ;i <ntre ele=i5 Meto4ele a,ate 8e 4ialog 21nt: con=er2a*ia$ 4eBDaterea$ 2t14i1l 4e caB$ Drain2tor0ing1l$ 8roDle0atiBarea etc5 Caracteri2ticile co01ne 0eto4elor e,8oBiti=e ;i celor a,ate 8e 4ialog 21nt: co01nicarea 2e +ace 8e cale oral3J 8er0it co01nicarea 1n1i =ol10 0are 4e in+or0a*ii$ <n 28ecial c1no;tin*e 4eclarati=eJ 8er0it 1tiliBarea 0iEloacelor 4e <n=3*30>nt 8entr1 +acilitarea <n*elegerii ;i a a <n=3*3rii5 Deo2eDirile 4intre cele 4o13 ti81ri 4e 0eto4e 21nt 28eci+icate <n taDel1l 1r03tor: Tem- Adugai alte deosebiri sau asemnri dintre cele dou tipuri de metode& Tabelul A818 Deo2eDirile 4intre 0eto4ele e,8oBiti=e ;i cele a,ate 8e 4ialog
CaracteriDtica analizat Direc*ia 4e co01nicare In=3*area Rol1l 8ro+e2or1l1i <n lec*ie Met&dele exp&ziti!e Uni4irec*ional3: )-]E QaBat3 8e 0e0orare 8a2i=3 nonin4i=i41aliBat3 8e ele=i S1r23 ;i e0i*3tor 4e in+or0a*ii ControleaB3 4e0er21l 4i4actic <n <ntregi0e Mo4el 4e a e,81ne Rece8tor 4e in+or0a*ii Vol10 0areJ 2i2te0atiBatJ logicJ SlaD (non=erDal! Aoarte 0are Mic A e,81ne$ a 4e2crie$ a 8o=e2ti$ a e,8lica$ a arg10enta (la 8ro+e2or!J De a a2c1lta$ a <n*elege (la ele=! Met&dele axate pe dial&' M1lti4irec*ional3: )-]EJ E-])J E-]EJ QaBat3 8e 0e0orare acti=3 Mai in4i=i41aliBat3 8e ele=i Rece8tor ;i e0i*3tor 4e in+or0a*ii N1 controleaB3 8er0anent 4e0er21l 4i4actic Mo4el <n co01nicare Rece8tor ;i e0i*3tor 4e in+or0a*ii Vol10 0ai 0icJ 2laD 2i2te0atiBatJ n1 <ntot4ea1na logicJ Q1n (=erDal$ non=erDal$ 8ara=erDal! Mai 0ic3 Mai 0are A e,81ne$ a 4e2crie$ a 8o=e2ti$ a e,8lica$ a a2c1lta$ a <n*elege$ a +or01la <ntreD3ri$ a +or01la r3281n21ri$ a arg10enta (la 8ro+e2ori ;i ele=i!

Rol1l ele=1l1i <n lec*ie Con*in1t =eGic1lat Aee4-DacL ViteBa co01nic3rii in+or0a*iilor Con2101l 4e ti08 Ca8acit3*i 4eB=oltate

Tem- Completai alte avanta:e i de(avanta:e ale celor dou tipuri de metode& Tabelul A8=8 A=antaEele ;i 4eBa=antaEele 0eto4elor e,8oBiti=e ;i ale celor a,ate 8e 4ialog
Met&dele exp&ziti!e Met&dele axate pe dial&'

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A=antaEe

ra8i4itatea co01nic3rii in+or0a*iilor =ol10 0are 4e in+or0a*ii =eGic1lat 0o4alitate +acil3 4e tran20itere a c1no;tin*elor 4e c3tre 8ro+e2or cale 4irect3 4e tran20itere a c1no;tin*elor +ee4-DacL 2laD +aciliteaB3 0e0orarea 8a2i=3 2e <n=3*3 4oar 21D ? la 21t3 4in ce 2e a14e

DeBa=antaEe

+aciliteaB3 0e0orarea acti=3 a c1no;tin*elor 8er0it e,er2area ca8acit3*ilor 4e co01nicare ale in4i=iBilor 8er0it 4eB=oltarea ca8acit3*ilor 4e a re+lecta$ 4e a arg10enta$ 4e a recon2tr1i$ 4e a crea$ 4e a ra*iona$ etc 2e =eGic1leaB3 1n =ol10 0ai 0ic 4e c1no;tin*eJ nece2it3 1neori o 8roiectare 4etaliat3 a 4e0er21l1i 4i4actic 2e <n=3*3 circa 7' la 21t3 4in ceea ce 2e co01nic3

A8=8 F&rme Duple de &r'anizare a lec#iei de 'e&'ra ie +orma de organi(are a activitii e2te 0o41l 2a1 0aniera 4e l1cr1 <n care 2e realiBeaB3 acti=itatea5 Tax&n&mia &rmel&r de &r'anizare a acti!it#ii8 E,i2t3 0ai 01lte +or0e 4e organiBare a aciti=it3*ii gr18ate <n cla2e$ 4183 4i+erite criterii5 *up numrul participanilor care lucrea( mpreun e,i2t3: acti=it3*i +rontale$ c1 <ntreaga cla23J acti=it3*i 8e ecGi8e 2a1 gr18e$ c>n4 ele=ii 21nt gr18a*i 4183 4i+erite criteriiJ acti=it3*i <n 8erecGi$ c>n4 ele=ii 21nt gr18a*i 4oi c>te 4oiJ acti=it3*i in4i=i41ale c>n4 +iecare ele= 4e2+3;oar3 2ing1r acti=itatea5 *up ponderea diferitelor categorii de metode didactice (M5Ione2c1$ 7'''$ 8ag5 7&C! e,i2t3: acti=it3*i <n care 8re4o0in3 0eto4ele 4e co01nicareJ acti=it3*i <n care 8re4o0in3 0eto4ele 4e cercetareJ acti=it3*i <n care 8re4o0in3 0eto4ele e,8eri0entaleJ acti=it3*i <n care 8re4o0in3 0eto4ele a8licati=e5 *up locul de desf urarea a activitii didactice e,i2t3: acti=it3*i 4e2+3;1rate <n 0e4i1l ;colarJ acti=it3*i 4e2+3;1rate <n 0e4i1l e,tra;colar5 Su'eDtii met&d&l&'ice pri!ind &r'anizarea Dupl a di!erDel&r m&mente ale lec#iei $omentul leciei re8reBint3 o 2ec=en*3 2a1 o 0icro2tr1ct1r3 4in ca4r1l lec*iei 4e2tinat3 realiB3rii 1n1i oDiecti= +1n4a0ental5 Scenari1l ;i 4er1larea concret3 a 1nei lec*ii c18rin4e o 21it3 4e 0o0ente care 2e 21cce4 te08oral ;i <n ca4r1l c3reia 2e 4e2+3;oar3 acti=it3*i 28eci+ice5 Mo0entele i4enti+icaDile <ntr-o lec*ie 21nt: 0o0ent1l organiBatoricJ =eri+icarea te0ei 4e ca23J =eri+icarea c1no;tin*elor anterioareJ 4oD>n4irea c1no;tin*elor noi (c1 21D0o0entele: e=ocarea c1no;tin*elor anterioare$ 2ti01larea 0oti=a*iei$ 4i2c1tarea oDiecti=elor o8era*ionale$ 4e2crierea 2arcinii 4e <n=3*are$ angaEarea <n 2it1a*ia 4e <n=3*are$ co01nicarea noilor c1no;tin*e etc!J e=al1area c1no;tin*elor noiJ +i,area c1no;tin*elor noi (corectarea gre;elilor$ co08letarea lac1nelor$ <0Dog3*irea c1no;tin*elor$ con2oli4area c1no;tin*elor!J 2i2te0atiBarea c1no;tin*elorJ reca8it1larea c1no;tin*elor5 Aiecare 0o0ent al lec*iei 8oate +i organiBat <ntr-o an10it3 +or035 Tem- Completai in fiecare tabel alte forme de organi(are a activitilor&
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Tabelul A838 Aor0e 4e organiBare a e=al13rii c1no;tin*elor

E!aluare &ral cG2tionare +rontal3 a2c1ltarea e,81nerii 1n1i ele= a2c1ltarea e,8lica*iei 1n1i ele= a2c1ltarea 4e0on2tra*iei 1n1i ele= a2c1ltarea 8reBent3rii 1n1i re+erat conc1r21ri 8e ecGi8e 2a1 in4i=i41ale E!aluare DcriD 8rin conc1r21ri 8e ecGi8e 2a1 in4i=i41ale 8rin e,te08orale (+rontaleK8e gr18e! 8rin te2te (+rontale! 8rin l1cr3ri 2cri2e (+rontale$ 8e gr18e! E!aluare prin pr&be practice 8rin 1tiliBarea in2tr10entelor K a8aratelor 8rin reBol=3ri 4e e,erci*ii ;i 8roDle0e 8rin elaDorarea 1nor 0ateriale gra+ice 8rin elaDorarea ;i 8reBentarea 1nor 8roiecte 8rin conc1r21ri 8rin e+ect1area 4e 4e0on2tra*ii 2a1 e,8eri0ente

Tabelul A848 Aor0e 4e organiBare a 4oD>n4irii c1no;tin*elor noi

F&rme de &r'ani( zare a predrii acti=it3*i DaBate 8e 0eto4e 4e co01nicare e,8oBiti=e acti=it3*i DaBate 8e 0eto4e 4e co01nicare c1 4ialog F&rme de &r'anizare a "n!#rii acti=it3*i DaBate 8e 0eto4e 4e cercetare (2t14i1 4e caB$ in=e2tiga*ie ;tiin*i+ic3! acti=it3*i DaBate 8e 0eto4e e,8eri0entale (+rontale$ 8e ecGi8e$ in4i=i41ale! acti=it3*i DaBate 8e 0eto4e a8licati=e: 2t14i1l in4i=i41al al 1n1i 4oc10ent (te,t$ Gart3$ 0aterial gra+ic!$ reBol=3ri 4e e,erci*ii ;i 8roDle0e$ elaDorarea 1nor te,te (e2e1$ re+erat$ reB10at!$ or4onarea 1nei DiDliogra+ii$ elaDorarea 1nor 0ateriale gra+iceK0o4eleK8roiecte etc

Tabelul A808 Aor0e 4e organiBare a +i,3rii c1no;tin*elor noi

Acti!it#i indi!iduale reBol=3ri 4e e,erci*ii K 8roDle0e co08letarea reD121rilor r3281n21ri 2cri2e la <ntreD3ri elaDorarea 0aterialelor gra+ice co08letarea +i;elor Acti!it#i In perecEi reBol=3ri 4e e,erci*ii K 8roDle0e Eoc1ri co08letarea reD121rilor r3281n21ri 2cri2e la <ntreD3ri elaDorarea 0aterialelor gra+ice Acti!it#i "n ecEipeI'rupe Eoc1ri conc1r21ri 4eBDateri 2t14ii 4e caB reBol=3ri 4e 2it1a*ii8roDle03 Acti!it#i r&ntale con=er2a*ie Eoc1ri conc1r21ri

Tabelul A8A8 Aor0e 4e organiBare a reca8it1l3rii c1no;tin*elor

Acti!it#i indi!iduale r3281n21ri 2cri2e la <ntreD3ri co08letarea +i;elor reBol=3ri 4e e,erci*ii K 8roDle0e Acti!it#i In perecEi reBol=3ri 4e e,erci*ii K 8roDle0e Eoc1ri co08letarea reD121Acti!it#i "n ecEipeI'rupe Eoc1ri conc1r21ri 4eBDateri Acti!it#i r&ntale con=er2a*ie Eoc1ri conc1r21ri

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 Eoc1ri co08letarea reD121rilor elaDorarea 2cGi*elor reca8it1lati=e elaDorarea 1nor con*in1t1ri 2intetice 2t14ierea te,telor ;i G3r*ilor

rilor r3281n21ri 2cri2e la <ntreD3ri elaDorarea 2cGi*elor reca8it1lati=e 2t14ierea te,telor ;i a G3r*ilor

2t14ii 4e caB reBol=3ri 4e 2it1a*ii8roDle03 2t14ierea te,telor ;i a G3r*ilor

4eBDateri reBol=3ri 4e e,erci*ii ;i 8roDle0e 8reBentarea ;i a2c1ltarea re+eratelor 8reBentarea 8roiectelor

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1C.

 utili(area unor variate modele de proiectare a leciei (VeBi ca85 .!$ <n +1nc*ie 4e 2tr1ct1ra lec*ieiJ <n +1nc*ie 4e oDiecti=ele 1r03rite ;i 4e e,8erien*a 8ro+e2or1l 8re+er3 1n ti8 4e 8roiect e2te <n loc1l alt1ia5 )entr1 a antici8a 4e0er21l logic al lec*iei 8ro+e2orii <nce83tori +or01leaB3 +iecare <ntreDare 8e care o =or a4re2a ele=ilor <n lec*ie5 La acti=it3*ile <n care ele=ii l1creaB3 8e ecGi8e$ in4i=i41al 2a1 <n 8erecGi n1 2e 8roiecteaB3 <n 4etali1 4e0er21l 4e 4oD>n4ire a c1no;tin*elor5 alegerea momentelor leciei& N1 +iecare lec*ie c18rin4e toate 0o0entele 8o2iDile (=eri+icarea c1no;tin*elor$ 4oD>n4irea c1no;tin*elor noi$ +i,area c1no;tin*elor noi$ 2i2te0atiBare$ reca8it1lare$ e=al1area c1no;tin*elor noi$ =eri+icarea te0ei 4e ca23 etc!$ 0oti= 8entr1 care 8ro+e2or1l 4eci4e 8entr1 +iecare lec*ie$ <n +1nc*ie 4e oDiecti=ele +1n4a0entale ;i 4e con*in1t1l 4e2tinat <n=3*3rii$ c>te ;i ce 0o0ente =a a=ea lec*ia5 Un 8ro+e2or creati= n1 =a organiBa toate lec*iile 4in r1tin3$ 4183 acela;i ti8ar9$ ci =a 2cGi0Da or4inea 0o0entelor 2a1 =a 8ractica 4i=er2e co0Dina*ii 4e 0o0ente ;i 21D0o0ente5 alegerea i amena:area spaiului <n care 21nt organiBate lec*iile5 Lec*iile 4e geogra+ie 8ot +i organiBate <n cla23$ <n caDinet1l 4e geogra+ie$ <n teren1l geogra+ic$ <n 01Bee$ <n 8arc1ri$ <n 28a*i1l 4in a8ro8ierea ;colii etc5 )entr1 a2ig1rarea 1n1i 0e4i1 o8ti0 8entr1 lec*ie$ 2ala <n care 2e organiBeaB3 lec*iile ar +i Dine 4ac3 ar a=ea +acilit3*ile 1n1i caDinet 4e geogra+ie (Vei ca85 ?5%!5 alegerea coninutul destinat nvrii& Con*in1t1l =eGic1lat <n lec*ie e2te cel 28eci+icat <n 8rogra0a ;colar3$ 4ar$ 4e oDicei$ 2e 8reciBeaB3 4oar 21Diect1l lec*iei$ l32>n4 0are liDertate 8ro+e2or1l1i5 )ro+e2or1l 1tiliBeaB3 Dene=ol$ ca re8er$ con*in1t1l 8re=3B1t <n 0an1alele ;colare$ 4ar 4eci4e ;i a218ra alt1i con*in1t 8ro=enit 4in alte 21r2e5 E2te i08ortant ca ele=ii 23 realiBeBe oDiecti=ele o8era*ionale 8re=3B1te 8entr1 lec*ie$ 4ar 8entr1 atingerea lor 2e 1tiliBeaB3 con*in1t1ri =ariate5 Un 8ro+e2or creati= =a a41ce <ntot4ea1na ele0ente 4e con*in1t ine4ite$ intere2ante$ act1ale$ 8reBentate a4e2ea <ntr-o +or03 ;ocant395 alegerea formelor de organi(are a activitii& Aiecare 0o0ent al lec*iei 8oate +i organiBat <n 0ai 01lte +or0e (VeBi ca85 @5&!5 )rin 8racticarea 4i=er2elor 0o4alit3*i 4e organiBare a acti=it3*ii in2tr1cti=-e41cati=e$ =ariate 4e la 0o0ent la 0o0ent$ lec*iile 4e=in originale <n an2a0Dl15 alegerea strategiilor de instruire i autoinstruire& C>n4 8roiecteaB3 lec*ia 8ro+e2or1l are la 4i28oBi*ie o =arietate 0are 4e 0eto4e$ 8roce4ee ;i 2trategii 4e in2tr1ire ;i a1toin2tr1ire 4in care alege5 Mo41l c10 =a 8roce4a 8a2 c1 8a2 <n lec*ie$ c10 =a 1tiliBa ace2te 0eto4e ;i 8roce4ee$ ce 0iEloace 4e <n=3*30>nt =a +olo2i ;i c10 an10e$ e2te 28eci+icat <n 2cenari1l acti=it3*ii5 )entr1 a2ig1rarea caracter1l1i creati= al lec*iei 21nt 1tiliBate 0iEloace 4e <n=3*30>nt 4i=er2e ca +or03$ con*in1t$ calitate etc$ +3r3 <n23 a +ace e,ce2e <n 8ri=in*a n103r1l1i ace2tora5 )e DaBa ace2tora 21nt organiBate 2it1a*ii 4e <n=3*are =ariate ;i e+iciente5 alegerea formelor- instrumentelor i te"nicilor de evaluare i autoevaluare (=eBi ca8 @5&!5 )entr1 e=al1area 4i=er2elor +or0e 4e reB1ltate ale <n=3*3rii 21nt nece2are +or0e =ariate 4e e=al1are corelate c1 oDiecti=ele =iBate5 Un 8ro+e2or creati= n1 2e li0iteaB3 la 1tiliBarea e=al13rii 8rin con=er2a*ie ;i 8e DaBa te2telor$ ci
1CC

8ractic3 o =arietate 4e +or0e alternati=e 4e e=al1are$ ;i <n 8l12 in2i2t3 0ere1 a218ra 4eB=olt3rii ca8acit3*ii 4e a1toe=al1are a ele=ilor5 alegerea strategiilor de consolidare a cuno tinelor =iBeaB3 0ai 01lte 4irec*ii: corectarea erorilor$ co08letarea lac1nelor$ <0Dog3*irea c1no;tin*elor =iBate 8rin oDiecti=e$ +ini2area ;i con2oli4area c1no;tin*elor a+late <n 8ri01l 2ta4i1 4e 4oD>n4ire a lor5 Creati=itatea i08lic3 8roiectarea 1nor 2it1a*ii 4e <n=3*are care 23 =iBeBe toate ace2te 4irec*ii5 Mo0ent1l 4e2tinat con2oli43rii e2te integrat lec*iei 2a1 e2te g>n4it ca o 8rel1ngire a acti=it3*ii 8rin te0ele e+ect1ate aca23 (VeBi ca85 @5&!5 )ro+e2or1l 0ani+e2t3 creati=itate 8rin 0o41l <n care 2i2te0atiBeaB3 c1no;tin*ele 8e taDl3 (VeBi ca85&515?5!$ 8rin 0o41l c10 8roiecteaB3 ;i con41ce reca8it1larea c1no;tin*elor anterioare$ 8rin 0o41l <n care 4eter0in3 e=ocarea c1no;tin*elor 4in MLD$ 8rin 0o41l <n care con41ce acti=itatea in2tr1cti=-e41cati=3 4e la <ntrarea <n cla23 8>n3 la ie;irea 2a5 )ro+e2or1l 8oate +i creati= 8rin 0ani+e2tarea 2a e,terioar3$ 8rin 0o41l <n care co01nic3 =erDal$ non=erDal$ 8ara=erDal c1 ele=ii$ 8rin <ntreg1l 231 co08orta0ent 0ani+e2tat <n +a*a ele=ilor5 A848 Rela#iile pr& eD&r(ele! 2 act&r de Dtimulare a "n!#rii 'e&'ra iei )roce21l 4e <n=3*30>nt i08lic3 0ani+e2tarea 1nor rela*ii <ntre 8ro+e2or ;i cla2a 4e ele=i$ <ntre 8ro+e2or ;i ele=i$ ca in4i=iBi ;i rela*iile 4intre ele=i5 Calitatea rela*iilor con2tit1ie 1n +actor 4e 2ti01lare 2a1 4e +r>nare a acti=it3*ii in2tr1cti=-e41cati=e$ iar 8ro+e2or1l 4e=ine 1n 0o4el ;i 1n 0o4elator al rela*iilor 0ani+e2tate <n lec*ie5 5ipuri de relaii manifestate ntre profesori i elevi ,elaii autoritariste !autocrate#5 Ter0en1l a1tocrat 8ro=ine 4in 4o13 c1=inte 4in li0Da greac3: a1to2 (<n21;i! ;i Lrato2 (81tere!5 )ro+e2or1l care 2taDile;te rela*ii a1tocrate c1 ele=ii 23i 4e*ine rol1l 4o0inant <n 8roce21l in2tr1cti=-e41cati=$ el 4iriEeaB3 ;i 4eci4e tot1l$ +3r3 a 2olicita 83rerea celorlal*i5 Ace2t ti8 4erela*ie 2to8eaB3 ini*iati=a ;i creati=itatea$ +r>neaB3 4eB=oltarea 8er2onalit3*ii a1tono0e a ele=ilor5 Ele=ii a;tea8t3 23 li 2e 281n3 ce 23 +ac3 <n +iecare 0o0ent ;i c10 an10e 23 +ac3 (Magi2ter 4i,it9!$ ei <nceteaB3 23 g>n4ea2c3 c10 an10e ar treD1i 23 8roce4eBe 2ing1ri5 )racticarea ace2t1i ti8 4e rela*ii 4eter0in3 roDotiBarea9 8er2onalit3*ii 10ane$ 1n oarecare 4re2aE95 ,elaii libere (lai22er-+aire!5 M1l*i 8e4agogi a1 212*in1t 0ani+e2tarea ace2tor rela*ii +3r3 con2tr>ngeri <n acti=itatea in2tr1cti=-e41cati=3: (5(5Ro122ea1$ Le= Tol2toi$ Monte22ori$ Areinet$ DecrolP etc5 Unele 2i2te0e 8e4agogice (Xal4or+$ Areinet$ Monte22ori!$ c1no2c1te 2a1 cGiar 1tiliBate la noi ca alternati=e e41ca*ionale$ 8ro0o=eaB3 ace2t ti8 4e rela*ii5 A3r3 a +i 2inoni0e liDertinaE1l1i$ ace2te rela*ii =iBeaB3 4eB=oltarea la ele=i a 28irit1l1i 4e in4e8en4en*3 ;i 4e ini*iati=3$ a 28irit1l1i 4e oD2er=a*ie ;i a cel1i critic K a1tocritic$ a210area re28on2aDilit3*ii ;i 2ti01larea creti=it3*ii5 In ace2te rela*ii 21nt i08ortante a1toe41ca*ia$ a1tocontrol1l$ a1toa8recierea ele=1l1i$ <n23 ele=1l nea=>n4 e,8erien*3 ;i +iin4 <n +or0are 2e i081ne re28ectarea 1nor con4i*ii: e,i2ten*a 1nei <n4r103ri 218le ;i co08etente 4in 8artea
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