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Hematologie Clinica Curs Farmacie An II
Hematologie Clinica Curs Farmacie An II
i $n
8A-
D
. =neori pot reprezenta o modalitate de debut $n lA8,
fiind determinate de infiltraia leucemic sau de hemoragia
meningo#cerebral.
# *eterminrile $n '>:, testicule i rinichi reprezint
sanctuarele $n care se pot refugia limfoblatii i pot scpa de
efectul tratamentului ducnd la recderea bolii
# Alte determinri@ tumefacia glandelor salivare i lacrimale,
determinri mamare, ovariene, pulmonare, orbitale.
Di4$!sticul .!9iti3 %" LA
'ugerat de
1. semnele hematopoezei ineficiente 5anemie, infecii, sindrom
hemoragipar6
9. semnele proliferrii i infiltraiei blsastice $n organele limfatice sau
nelimfatice
D.
:onfirmat de@ e&amenul -C i al sngelui periferic, prezena blatilor
atipici, cu caractere morfologice, citochimice, citogenetice i
imunofenotipice specifice.
:riteriile de diagnostic ale :0* $n cursul 8A 5dup :omitetul (aponez de
cercetare6@
'cor punctat 2 1 9 1
leucemie nu da # #
*isfuncie organic datorit
:0*
nu da # #
7 protrombin 5sec6 E1D f 1D!92 f92 #
3bg 5mgF6 I1D2 g1D2!122 g 122 #
)*3 ser 5Hg!ml6 E12 f 12!92 f92!2 f 2
:0* G 'cor f puncte
Di4$!stic %i&"r"$'il
# Beaciile leucemoide din stri infecioase septice sau
paraneoplazice+ dei e&ist devierea la stnga, niciodat nu apar blati,
lipsete hiatusul leucemic i afectarea hematopoezei generale 5anemia,
trombocitopenia6.
#Anemia aplastic@ lipsa blatilor din snge i -C, aspectul
XdeerticQ al -C
# 'indroamele mielodisplazice@ -C bogat, cu semne de
dismielopoez, blatii sunt $ntotdeauna sub 12F
# -ononucleoza infecioas i limfocitozele virale@ dei angina,
splenomegalia, micropoliadenopatia pot preta la o confuzie cu 8A8, absena
anemiei, neutropeniei i trombocitopeniei, aspectul normal al -C i testul
)aul#Aunnel#Hngnuiu traneaz diagnosticul.
# -etastazele medulare 5simpatoblastom, cancer bronic anaplazic6
cu celule asemntoare limfoblatilor+ biopsia medular cu aprecierea
corect a celulelor tumorale poate face diferenierea.
Di4$!stic %" l)!rt!r
# %&amenul sngelui periferic
1. numr crescut de leucocite 5frecvent peste 2222!mmc6+
uneori poate apare numr normal de leucocite sau chiar
leucopenie+ $n prezena pancitopeniei diagnosticul va fi
precizat pe baza mielogramei
D/
9. anemie secundar progresiv, $n urma infiltrrii cu celule
tumorale
1. trombocitopenie progresiv sever
. formula leucocitar@ confirm prezena de celule blastice
atipice+ lipsa celulelor de vrst intermediar, Xhiatusul
leucemicQ, este aproape $ntotdeauna prezent
#%&amenul mduvei osoase
%ste indispensabil pentru diagnostic, mai ales $n formele
aleucemice, mduva fiind bogat dar compus $ndeosebi din blati
leucemici 5cel puin 12F6, cu aspecte morfologice specifice.
LIMFOAMELE MALIGNE NEHODG;INIENE (LMNH)
C!$si%"r'ii 4"$"rl"
8->H sunt neoplasme ale componentelor celulare ale sistemului
imun i ale precursorilor acestora, componente aflate $n structura organelor
limfoide 5ganglioni, splin, inel ^aldeUer6 sau $n formaiuni limfoide din
structura altor organe i esuturi 5tub digestiv, piele, etc6.
Beprezint .2#/2F din totalul limfoamelor maligne+ incidena lor
crete odat cu vrsta+ cunosc o heterogenitate pronunat sub aspect
imunofenotipic, histologic, clinic i prognostic.
Eti!.t!4"$i"
n producerea 8->H sunt incriminai@
1. frecvente aberaii ale sistemului imunitar 5imunodeficiene
dobndite sau congenitale6 pe fondul crora acioneaz posibilii
ageni patogeni oncogeni
9. virusuri@ %pstein#Aarr, H78;#1 5virusul leucemiei!limfomului
uman cu celule 76 i 9, H0; 5virusul imunodeficienei
umane6,anticorpi anti virusul hepatitei :
1. radiaiile
. diverse substane chimice 5benzen i derivaii lui sau
medicamentoase 5polichimioterapia citostatic pentru alte
neoplasme+ fenitoina6
D. stimulrile antigenice cronice 5$n bolile inflamatorii cronice,
colagenoze6
.. HelUcobacter pUlori 5pentru limfoame cu debut gastric6
/. %&punere la ierbicide, lacuri, adezivi, diluani, chiar soare
D"
)roliferarea monoclonal din 8->H este $nsoit de anomalii
cromozomiale ne$ntmpltoare, de regul translocaii# t5",16, t511,16,
t51,1"6#avnd $n prim#plan cromozomul 1 pe care se afl fragmentul de
gen pentru receptorul antigenic+ oncogena format 5bc19, bc11, c6 prin
produse proteice 5oncoproteine, cicline6 determin cancerizarea celulei.
Clsi&icr" LMNH
*e#a lungul anilor au fost $ncercate variate clasificri ale 8->H
5Bappaport, 8u?es, :ollins, Wiel6, fiecare cu nea(unsurile ei. 'chema de
lucru X^or?ing 3ormulationQ a permis $n ultimii ani o mai facil
sistematizare cu utilitate practic 5diagnostic i terapeutic6@
1. 8->H cu malignitate sczut 5prognostic favorabil6@
a6 limfom malign 58-6 cu limfocite mici
b6 8- folicular, predominant cu celule mici clivate
5difereniate6
c6 8- folicular mi&t, cu celule mici clivate i celule mari
9. 8->H cu malignitate medie 5prognostic intermediar6
d6 8- folicular, predominent cu celule mari
e6 8- difuz, cu celule mici clivate 5difereniate6
f6 8- difuz mi&t, cu celule mici i mari
g6 8- difuz cu celule mari
1. 8->H cu malignitate $nalt 5prognostic rezervat6
h6 8- cu celule mari, imunoblastic
i6 8- limfoblastic
(6 8- cu celule mici neclivate 5nedifereniate6# tip Aur?itt i
non#Aur?itt
. *iverse@
# limfomul compus
# mUcosis fungoides
# limfomul histiocitic
# plasmocitomul e&tramedular
# alte forme neclasificabile
-ai recent 514416, ,rupul 0nternaional de 'tudiu al limfoamelor a
propus o clasificare a neoplaziilor limfoide pe baza creia s#a elaborat
5provizoriu6 clasificarea europeano#american a limfoamelor.
7abel#scan
Di4$!stic cli$ic
*ebutul este insidios, cu apariia unei adenopatii sau a
poliadenopatioei superficilae sau profunde 5mediastinale, subdiafragmatice6+
D4
debutul poate avea loc $n splin, cu generalizarea ulterioar a bolii. 'tarea
general, iniial nealterat, se agraveaz treptat cu apariia simptomelor
generale 5febr, scdere ponderal, transpiraii nocturne6.
-anifestrile clinice, asemntoare cu cele din AH, prezint fa de
aceasta diferene clinico#biologice@
# $n momentul diagnosticrii, frecvent 8->H sunt $ntr#un
stadiu generalizat 5000#0;6+ prezena $n circulaie a
limfocitelor proliferante $nc de la debutul bolii determin
debutul multicentric al 8->H
# prezena sindromului anemic i a semnelor generale trdeaz
e&istena unei boli generalizate mai severe dect AH
# interesarea frecvent a ganglionilor profunzi 5mezenterici,
retroperitoneali6 sau coafectarea amigdalian 5adesea asociat
cu determinri gastrice6
# afectarea intratoracic 5mediastinal, hilar, pulmonar6 este
mai puin frecvent dect $n AH+ localizarea se face
$ntotdeauna $n mediastinul anterior sau mi(lociu
# debut e&traganglionar $n 1!1 a cazurilor+ cel mai adesea este
vorba despre debut digestiv 5gastric sau intestinal6, cutanat
5$n limfoame cu celule 7, frecvent 7 helper ca $n mUcosis
fungoides6, $n '>: 5$ndeosebi $n '0*A6 sau $n orice alt organ
5plmn, sistem osos, pancreas, tiroid, testicul6
# interesarea mai frecvent a mduvei osoase 5infiltrarea
limfocitar peste 12F6 cu $ncadrarea bolii $n stadiul 0;
# descrcarea subleucemic sau leucemic, cu leucocitoz prin
limfocitoz absolut i prezena de celule atipice 5uneori
sugestive pentru orientarea diagnostic6+ $n cazurile cu
splenomegalie voluminoas i hipersplenism poate apare
leucopenia
# hemograma este mult mai frecvent modificat 5anemie prin
hemoliza autoimun, prin insuficien medular sau prin
sngerri oculte $n cazul determinrilor digestive+
trombocitopenie6
# frecvena crescut a tulburrilor imunitare
5hipogammaglobulinemie, afectarea subseturilor 7s i 7h,
apariia de proteine anormale@ crioglobuline, creteri
monoclonale de 0g,+ factor lupic, factor reumatoid6 cu
manifestri clinice de sindrom BaUnaud sau purpur
vascular paraproteinemic.
.2
FORME PARTICULARE DE LMNH
1. -icosis fungoides
# limfom primar cutanat produs de proliferarea celulelor 7
helper cu epidermotropism foarte pronunat
# factori de risc incriminai@ stimulare antigenic cronic,
e&punerea la substane chimice sau la soare, infecii fungice
i virale ale pielii
:linic evolueaz $n trei etape@
1. localizri cutanate 5pete eritematoase,
placarde, papule, noduli fermi, zone infiltrate
cu caracter ulcerat6
9. afectare sistemic 5eritrodermie generalizat6
1. sindrom 'ezarU 5eritrodermie generalizat cu
invadare leucemic@ peste 1DF celule atipice
$n sngele periferic6
*iagnostic prin biopsie cutanat@ infiltrat limfocitar epidermic+
microabcese
)oitrier epidermice+ limfocite infiltrante cu nucleu incizat, cerebriform.
'tadializarea bolii se face similar cu cea atumorilor solide 5sistemul
7>-6
7ratament@ aplicarea local de corticoizi $n pomezi+ iradierea
superficial cu flu& de electroni+ aplicarea de )soralen 5tehnica )=;A6+
badi(onarea tegumentelor cu azot#iperit sau :armustin+ doze mici,
sptmnale de -etotre&at+ polichimioterapie 5:HC)6 $n caz de boal
generalizat sau sindrom 'ezarU.
9. 8imfoame -A87 5prin proliferarea celulelor din sistemul limfoid al
mucoaselor6@
#proliferarea de celule A, cu localizri prefereniale $n
mucoasa i submucoasa tubului digestiv, arborelui bronic, glandele salivare
sau lacrimale+ diseminare redus i limitat de regul la teritoriile -A87.
#simptomatologie identic cu cea a tumorilor nelimfoide cu
punct de plecare similar
#tratament@ e&erez chirurgicalRradioterapie 5sau
chimioterapie6
'tadializarea 8->H gastric
't 0% limfom limitat la stomac
't 00 1% afectarea stomacului i a ganglionilor de contiguitate
.1
't 00 9% afectarea stomacului i a ganglionilor subdiafragmatici
't 000 afectarea stomacului i a ganglionilor de ambele pri ale
diafragmului
't 0; diseminarea hematologic 5afectarea stomacului i a unuia
sau mai multor organe sau esuturi e&tralimfatice
1. 8imfomul anaplastic 5:*12R6
# proliferarea de celule 7 5:*12R6 la nivelul tegumentelor
5peste /DF la biopsia cutanat6, cu caracter agresiv+ forma :* 12 este mult
mai sever
# mai frecvent la adolesceni i vrstnici 5A!3#1!96
# poliadenopatieRmanifestri e&tranodale 5$ndeosebi cutanate6
# prognostic nefavorabil, recderi frecvente
. 8imfomul cu celule >W 5:*D.R, :* 16
#predomin la brbai tineri@ evolueaz cu limfadenopatie,
hepatosplenomegalie i afectarea -C
D. 8imfomul splenic cu celule viloase
#splenomegalie pronunat, limfadenopatie absent sau
nesemnificativ
#prezena de limfocite circulante cu viloziti, fenotip specific
5s0g
R
, pan A
R
, :*D#6 i citochimic reacie pozitiv pentru fosfataza acid+
limfocitoz fr leucopenie
#afectare medular $n peste D2F din cazuri
#evoluie blnd 5Plob#gradeQ6
#trebuie difereniat de leucemie cu celule PhairUQ
5pancitopenie $n sngele periferic6
.. 8imfoamele asociate cu '0*A
#evolueaz cu poliadenopatie i frecvente determinri
e&traganglionare 5$ndeosebi $n '>:, -C, tub digestiv6
#evoluie sever, cu prezena semnelor generale
#tip histologic de $nalt malignitate 5celule imunoblastice sau
cu celule mici neclivate6.
E3!lu'i" +i .r!4$!stic
%voluia este progresiv cu remisiuni i recderi, cu visceralizarea
bolii.
.9
)rognosticul depinde de tipul histologic i stadiul bolii+ $n formele
cu malignitate sczut evoluia este lent, .2#"2F din cazuri supravieuind D
ani de zile+ $n formele de malignitate $nalt, evoluia este afresiv i
supravieuirea 1#1 ani+ diseminarea $n '>: comport un prognostic grav
5supravieuirea 9#1 luni6.
Trt-"$t
7ratamentul 8>-H trebuie s in cont de tipul histologic i de
stadiul evolutiv al bolii@
#$n cazurile localizate, radioterapia i e&ereza chirugical pot
duce la o remisiune complet prelungit a bolii
#$n stadiile 000#0; 5$n care sunt diagnosticai de fapt cei mai
muli bolnai6 se recurge la polichimioterapie citostatic@
1. n 8->H cu risc sczut se utilizeaz schema :;) 5la persoanele
$n vrst, $n forma izomorf cu 88: se poate recurge doar la
monochinmioterapie cu 8eu?eran6+ $n formele de malignitate
crescut se utilizeaz schema :HC) R!# Aleo+ este necesar
frecvent profila&ia determinrilor $n '>:.
9. n formele agresive sau rezistente la tratament pot fi $ncercate
scheme mai agresive 5AA:C), :C-8A, m#AA:C*6, iar $n
formele limfoblastice se recomand tratament similar celui din
8A limfoblastic
1. ncercri moderne de tratament@ transplant de -C+ transplant de
celule stem pluripotente circulante+ anticorpi monoclonali
anti:*92 ZBitu&imab,1/D mg!m9 i.v.!zi ,cuplai cu cito?ine sau
cu izotopi radioactivi ca factori to&ici pentru celulele tumorale+
utilizarea factorilor stimulatori de cretere pentru seria
granulocitar 5,#:'3@ 3ilgastrin, >eupogen6 sau granulo#
monocitar 5,-#:'36cu efect de limitare a mielosupresiei i de
permitere a aplicrii schemelor agresive de polichimioterapie.
Sc,"-" %" cit!sttic" &!l!sit" #$ trt-"$tul LMNH
schema *oza i calea
de administrare
Vilele de
administrare
)erioada de
repetare a
curei
C/P
:iclofosfamid
;incristin
22 mg!mp iv
1, mg!mp iv
1#D
1 91 zile
.1
)rednison 122 mg!mp po 1#D
CHOP<0l"!
:iclofosfamid
Adriamicin
5do&orubicin6
Cncovin
5vincristin6
)rednison
Aleomicin
/D2 mg!mp iv
D2 mg!mp iv
1, mg!mp iv
122 mg!mp po
1D mg!zi iv
1
1
1
1#D
1 i D
91 zile
0OALA HODG;IN
C!$si%"r'ii 4"$"rl"
Aoala Hodg?in este o afeciune caracterizat prin proliferarea
malign a celulelor sistemului limfo#histiocitar 5imun6 la care se adaug o
reacie inflamatorie granulomatoas 5limfogranulomatoz malign6+ apare
mai frecvent la vrtele tinere 5vrfuri de inciden@ 1"#9D i 2#D2 de ani6 i
reprezint 12#2F din limfoamele maligne.
:elula malign proliferant este reprezentat de celula Beed#
'ternberg a crei origine pare a fi $n seri alimfocitar 5A sau 76 sau
monocitar, nefiind e&clus apariia ei ca urmare a fuziunii $ntre limfocitul
A i monocit, sub aciunea unui virus 5%pstein#Aarr6 sau a unor factori de
mediu 5to&ice, substane chimice6 sau a altor ageni microbieni.
:elula Beed#'ternberg este de talie mare 59D#D H6 cu citoplasma
abundent, polipoid, nucleul este multilobat, cu cromatin la&, cu mai
muli nucleoli bazofili, bine vizibili+ aspectul este conferit $n urma
fenomenului de endomitoz, cu creterea masei cromozomiale, fr
diviziune.
)rezena anomaliilor cromozomiale ne$ntmpltoare 5peste D2F din
cazuri6 pledeaz pentru natura neoplazic a celulei Beed#'ternberg 5B'6.
n boala Hodg?in e&ist pronunate modificri imunologice, cu rol $n
patogeneza bolii@
1. afectarea celulelor >W cu rol $n supravegherea anticanceroas
9. afectarea imunitii celulare 58U76 printr#un factor glicoproteic#
seric, cu creterea numrului de celule supresoare, afectarea
funciilor 8U7 helper i inversarea raportului 7h!7s+ testul la
tuberculin este negativ i rspunsul la fitohemaglutinin absent+
.
1. perturbarea funciilor 8UA i afectarea imunitii umorale
5secundar colaborrii deficitare cu 8U76
. afectarea factorilor de cretere celular
70)=B08% H0'7C8C,0:% *% AH
3orma cu predominan( limfocitar@ predomin limfocite cu aspect
morfologic normal, proliferarea este nodular sau difuz, celulele B' sunt
rare+ prognosticul este bun fiind o form sensibil la tratament.
3orm cu sclero# nodular@ nodulii limfoizi sunt separai prin benzi
de colagen, numrul celulelor B' este variabil, apar celule Hodg?in
5intermediare $n procesul de formare a celulelor B'6 XvacuolateQ+ prognostic
foarte bun+ $ntlnite mai ales la femei tinere cu adenopatie mediastinal.
3orm cu celuraritate mixt@ polimorfism celular 5limfocite,
eozinofile, plasmocite6, numeroase celule B' prognostic rezervat.
3orm cu deple(ie limfocitar@ limfocite puine, structura
ganglionar aproape complet $nlocuit de celule B', reea $ngroat de
reticulin+ $ntlnit frecvent la vrstnici cu aspect de boal diseminat+
prognostic sever.
n cursul evoluiei, variantele histologice cu prognostic mai favorabil
pot trece $n formele mai grave. 7ipul histologic este acelai $n toate organele
interesate. Afectarea splenic precede $ntotdeauna afectarea hepatic.
'tudii mai recente au $ncercat stabilirea unor posibile corelaii dintre
fenotipul celulei B' i subtipul histopatologic 5antigenul :*D ar
caracteriza forma cu predominan limfocitar, iar :*1D celelalte trei
forme6.
Di4$!stic cli$ic
*ebut de regul ganglionar, cel mai adesea latero#cervical, mai rar
inghinal sau $n ganglionii profunzi 5mediastinal, hilar, retroperitoneal6
putnd produce fenomene compresive.
Adenopatia este nedureroas, ferm, cu caracter simetric, uneori se
pot forma conglomerate neaderente de piele sau de planurile subiacente+ nu
supureaz, nu produce fistule.
=neori debutul se face prin simptome generale de evoluie a bolii
5fsatigabilitate, inapeten, scdere ponderal, febr uneori ondulant )el#
.D
%bstein, pruriot cutanat6, $n general aceste manifestri apar $ns la un
interval de timp dup constituirea limfadenopatiei.
3oarte rar, AH poate debuta e&traganglionar 5splin, ficat, pleur,
pericard, etc6
*iseminarea bolii se face $n mod ordonat, de la o arie ganglionar la
alta 5pe cale limfatic6+ ulterior boala se e&tinde $n afara sistemului limfatic
5pe cale hematogen sau prin contiguitate6.
Adenopatia supraclavicular stng este asociat cu cea abdominal
5metastaze prin canalul toracic6, iar afectarea ganglionilor inghinali este
corelat cu cea a ganglionilor limfatici iliaci i lomboaortici.
Adenopatia mediastinal este localizat $n mediastinul anterior i
mi(lociu, este unilateral i radiologic prezint aspect policiclic.
'plenomegalia este constant $ntr#un stadiu mai avansat al bolii i
precede afectarea hepatic 5foarte sever, cu hepatomegalie ferm, durere,
icter6
n evoluie sunt interesate i alte organe 5plmn, tractul
gastrointestinal, piele, sistem nervos6.
Di4$!stic %" l)!rt!r
Hemograma poate fi normal+ $n fazele avansate apare anemie
normo sau hipocrom prin invazia mduvei sau postterapeutic. >umrul
leucocitelor este normal sau uor crescut, cu eozinofilie i limfopenie
absolut. >umrul trombocitelor este normal sau sczut $n fazele avansate.
-C@ deviaia la stnga a seriei granulocitare cu eozinofilie moderat+
apariia de celule B' $n stadiul 0;.
Aiopsia ganglionar este obligatorie $n vederea diagnosticului.
Badiografia toracic $n vederea depistrii adenopatiilor mediastinale
sau a determinrilor pulmonare.
Badiogarfii osoase $n vederea determinrilor osoase.
%chografie abdominal care pune $n eviden hepatosplenomegalia
i adenopatiile abdominale retroperitoneale.
7A: necesar pentru evidenierea adenopatiilor mici
retroperitoneale care nu se pot evidenia prin echografie.
Alte modificri@
# accelerarea ;'H#ului
# creterea fibrinogenului
# prezena proteinei : reactive
..
# valori crescute ale 8*H 5criteriu de urmrire al evoluiei6
# creterea fraciunii h
9
a proteinelor serice
# teste renale
# teste hepatice
# sideremie sczut
# valori serice crescute 5peste limita superioar de 9, mg!l6 ale
T
9
microglobulinei+ se coreleaz pozitiv cu stadiile avansate de AH,
cu substadiul clinic A i cu masa tumoral crescut
STADIALIZAREA 0H (COT S=OLDS)
STADIUL CARACTERISTICI
0 Afectarea unui singur ganglion sau a
unei singure structuri limfoide
00 Afectarea a doi sau mai muli ganglioni
de aceeai parte a diafragmului
5mediastinul este considerat o singur
localizare, ganglionii hilari bilaterali sunt
considerai dou localizri. >umrul de
localizri anatomice poate fi indicat
printr#o subscripie numeric 5e& 0016
000 Afectarea ganglionilor sau astructurilor
limfoide de ambele pri ale
diafragmului
000 1 :u sau fr afectare splenic, hilar,
celiac sau a ganglionilor portali
000 9 :u afectarea ganglionilor paraaortici,
iliaci, mezenterici
0; Afectarea ganglionilor sau a structurilor
limfoide de ambele pri ale
diafragmului cu determinare obligatorie
i e&traganglionar 5-C, ficat, multiple
metastaze pulmonare6. Afectarea unuia
sau a dou organe nelimfoide@ ficat, -C,
pleur, pericard.
3iecare stadiu poate fi $mprit $ntr#un substadiu A 5absena
semnelor generale de boal6 sau substadiu A 5prezena febrei, a
transpiraiilor profuze, a scderii ponderale peste 12F $n ultimele . luni6.
./
8ocalizarea e&traganglionar a bolii, prin contiguitate, se
desemneaz cu litera %.
Di4$!stic %i&"r"$'il
1. limfoamele nehodg?iniene@ afectarea mai frecvent a strii
generale $nc din stadiile incipiente+ poliadenopatie adesea generalizat,
$nc din momentul diagnosticului.
9. leucemiile 5$ndeosebi 88:6@ aspectul -C i al frotiului periferic,
cifre leucemice ale leucocitelor+ poliadenopatie generalizat
1. limfadenite acute regionale@ evidenierea porii de intrare+
adenopatie dureroas, prezena limfangitei+ dispare odat cu stingerea
procesului piogen primar
. mononucleoza infecioas@ limfadenopatie laterocervical,
hepatosplenomegalie, febr, leucocitoz 5cu prezena celulelor
mononucleare tipice $n frotiul periferic6+ reacia )aul#Aunnel#Hngnuiu
pozitiv
D. adenopatia tuberculoas@ ganglioni sensibili, formeaz
conglomerate, sunt adereni de piele, consisten iniial ferm, dar ulterior
cazeificare i fistulizare 5las cicatrici stelate6+ prezena i a altor semne de
impregnare bacilar
.. sarcoidoza@ limfoganglioni mici, mobili, fermi, preauricular,
occipital, submandibular, laterocervical, epitrohlear+ limfadenopatie
mediastino#hilar bilateral, simetric i policiclic+ modificri chistice ale
oaselor mici 5mn6, afectarea parotidei i a glandei lacrimale, eritem nodos,
test Wveim pozitiv+ dozarea angiotensinconvertazei serice i a lava(ului
bronho#alveolar a(ut diagnosticul
/. metastaze ganglionare ale altor tumori maligne@ consisten dur,
cartilaginoas, nedureroas, aderente de planurile profunde
C!-.lic'ii
1. infecii severe@ virale, bacteriene, fungice, tbc pulmonar
9. fenomene compresive@ mediastinale, icter mecanic, ocluzie
intestinal, edeme limfatice
1. insuficien hepatic, insuficien medular@ provocate de boal,
secundare tratamentului
. apariia unei a doua neoplazii 5dup D#12 ani de tratament6@
limfom non Hodg?in 59#F6, 8A 51#9F6, alt cancer visceral
."
5pulmonar. mamar, gastric, laringian, melanoame, cancer glande
salivare6.
Pr!4$!stic
3actori de prognostic@
# tipul histologic
# e&tinderea bolii
# localizrile viscerale
# prezena simptomatologie generale
# localizarea mediastinal
# vrsta 5$naintat6
# se&ul 5masculin6
Trt-"$t
-i(loace terapeutice@
1. radioterapia $n stadiile 0 i 00@ cobaltoterapia 51D22#222 rads!cmp,
$n 12 edine6 P$n mantaQ 5pentru localizrile supradiafragmatice sau
P$n e inversatQ 5pentru teritoriul subdiafragmatic6
9. polichimioterapia poate fi aplicat dup radioterapie 6pentru
$ntreinerea remisiunii
1. chirugicale# e&tirparea de pachete ganglionare $n scop diagnostic sau
de $ndeprtare a unei mase tumorale, $n stadiile localizate sau a unei
adenopatii refractare la tratament+ splenectomia $n scop diagnostic
5debut splenic6 sau de prevenire a diseminrii heaptice 5$n staiile 0#00
dup obinerea remisiunii6.
':H%-% *% ):7 =7080VA7% > 7BA7A-%>7=8 AH
M0PP:
-ecloretamin 5-ustin, :ariolUsine6 . mg!mp iv zilele 1 i "
Cncovin 5;incristin6 1, mg!mp iv zileler 1 i "
)rocarbazin 5>atulan6 122 mg!mp po zilele 1#1
)rednison 2 mg!mp po zilele 1#1
)erioada de repetare a curei@ 9" zile
'$4&
Adriamicin 9D mg!mp iv zilele 1 i 1D
Aleomicina 12 mg!mp iv 1 i 1D
.4
;inblastin . mg!mp iv 1 i 1D
*acarbazin 1/D mg!mp iv 1 i 1D
-etode moderne de tratament
#autotransplant de mduv osoas combinat cu polichimioterapie
agresiv
#transplant de celule stem hematopoietice, administrare de factori de
cretere i doze mari de citostatice
:a urmare a tratamentului $n stadiile 0#00 se obin B: la 42#12FF
din cazuri cu supravieuire de peste "2F la D ani, iar $n stadiile 000#0; totalul
B: i B) este de /2F.
SINDROMUL MIELOROLIFERATI/ CRONIC
SMC
C!$si%"r'ii 4"$"rl"
'-: reprezint un grup de afeciuni caracterizate prin proliferarea
patologic autoimun a unor clone neoplazice derivate dintr#o celul stem
pluripotent, tulburare care poate s intereseze simultan sau succesiv diverse
serii celulare+ rezult o proliferare a esutului mieloid din teritoriile intra i
e&tramedulare 5metaplazie mieloid cu hematopoiez e&tramedular $n
splin, ficat6.
n '-: sunt incluse urmtoarele afeciuni@
# leucemia granulocitar cronic 58,:6
# policitemia vera 5);6
# trombocitemia hemoragic 57H6
# metaplazia mieloid cu mieloscleroz 5---6
'-: sunt boli clonale care se pot transforma una $n alta, $n evoluie
putnd aprea mielofibroza e&tensiv+ dei iniial maturaia i funciile
celulare sunt relativ normale, aceste suferne sunt progresive i adesea
evoluia se face spre o 8A- sau spre o insuficien medular.
LGC
C!$si%"r'ii 4"$"rl"
D"&i$i'i": reprezint o proliferare mieloid monoclonal caracterizat
printr#o cretere autonom foarte pronunat a produciei de granulocite
5adesea peste 122222!mm
1
6, prin splenomegalie tumoral nedureroas i o
evoluie $n dou faze succesive@ una cronic, $n care mieloproliferarea este
/2
bine controlat terapeutic, $n care mieloproliferarea este bine controlat
terapeutic li alta de transformare$ntr#o 8A terminal, refractar la orice
tratament.
8,: este o afeciune a :') $n care se produc mutaii sub aciunea
unor factori virali , ageni fizici sau chimici, iradiere,dezvoltndu#se o clon
anormal de celule stem caracterizat prin@ translocaia reciproc i inegal
$ntre cromozomii 4 i 99#t 54+996 care duce la apariia cromozomului
)hiladelphia 5)h16 prezent $n toate celulele mieloide precum i $n
eritroblati, megacriocite i chiar limfocitele A+ derepresia oncogenic
produs duce la sinteza unui AB>m modificat, rspunztor de producerea
unei proteine anormale 5p. 9126 cu activitate tirozin?inazic i care va
determina proliferarea necontrolat a seriei granulocitare cu creterea masei
granulocitare totale, hiperleucocitoza i infiltrarea esuturilor, mai ales a
splinei i ficatului.
Di4$!stic cli$ic
3orme de debut@
# insidios, pe un fond de fatigabilitate, astenie, scdere
ponderal sau (en $n hipocondrul stng
# aparent brusc dar de fapt cu o complicaie@ infarct splenic,
colic renal, priapism, hemoragii retiniene, tulburri
neurologice prin leucostaz
# rar diagnosticul se pune $n momentul transformrii blastice
n perioada de stare apar@ transpiraii, manifestri hemoragice, dureri osoase.
:linic@
# paloare
# splenomegalie voluminoas, nedureroas $n absena
infarctelor, regulat, mobil cu respiraia, cu fenomene de
compresiune
# hepatomegalie moderat care se accentueaz $n timp
Di4$!stic %" l)!rt!r
1. e&amenul sngelui periferic@
#hiperleucocitoz 5peste 122222!mmc6
#formula deviat la stnga pn la mieloblast sub DF
#predomin mielocite i metamielocite, eozinofile, bazofilie
# Hb normal sau uor sczut
#trombocite moderat crescute
#fosfataza alcalin leucocitar 3A8 sczut sau 2
/1
9. e&amenul -C@
#hipercelular cu raport ,!% mult crescut, $n cae mieloblatii i
promielocitele nu depesc 12F
#prezena cromozomului )h.1 $n peste 42F din cazuri $n toate seriile
hematopoietice+ $n caz de absen a acestui mar?er diagbnosticul trebuie s
fie completat cu e&amen de genetic molecular
1. alte e&amene@
#acid uric, uree, creatinin# crescute moderat
#8*H crescut
#histaminemie crescut asociat cu diferite manifestri+ frecvent
apare hiperaciditatea gastric cu semne directe de ulcer, teste de coagulare
modificate
Di4$!stic .!9iti3
:riterii clasice :riterii actuale
1. splenomegalieR!# hepatomegalie 8eucocitoz cu formul tipic
9. hiperleucocitoz Aazofilie absolut
1. 38 deviat pn la mbl -onocitopenie
. bazofilie crecut 5D#1DF6 7rombocite peste 22 222!mmc
D. 3A8 sczut *isplazii ale granuleleor minime
.. prezena cromozomului )h.1 :romozom )h.1 542#4DF6
/. -C hipercelular i absena
mielofibrozei
,ena de fuziune A:B!AA8 5peste
44F6
". ;rsta 9D#D ani
Di4$!stic %i&"r"$'il
#Beaciile leucemoide din infeciile severe 57A:, abcese subfrenice,
sfera CB86 secundare unor tumori maligne, into&iicaii+ $n aceste cazuri,
leucocitoza este moderat, cu scor 3A8 normal sau crescut, reacia
disprnd odat cu cauza
#alte boli mieloproliferative cronice@
# ---#splenomegalie gigant, dur 3A8 este normal+ $n
sngele periferic apar semne de hematopoiez e&tramedular
5eritrocite $n pictur, eritroblati, etc6
# ); i 7H# leucocitoza este mai puin pronunat i predomin
creterea masei eritrocitare, respectiv plachetare
/9
# 8eucemia mielo#monocitar cronic, form de '-*, apare
cu splenomegalie moderat, leucocitot moderat cu
predominana monocitozei, cu neutropenie i chiar
trombopenie
# 8eucemia acut# $n care apare hiatusul leucemic+ mai dificil
este cnd pacientul vine $n puseu blastic $n evoluia 88:
E3!lu'i"
8,: evolueaz progresiv $n 1 faze@
1. faza cronic, $n care evoluia clinic este paralel cu modificrile
hematologice 5cretere lent, progresiv a leucocitelor, cu
accentuarea anemiei i apariia de blati $n periferie+ sub tratament
evoluia este favorabil, cu scderea numrului de leucocite,
scderea splenomegaliei, persisten bazofiliei+ dup 1#9 ani reapare
hiperleucocitoza i splenomegalia nu mai rspunde la tratament
9. faza accelerat 5nu este obligatorie6#apare o rezisten la tratament,
splina crete progresiv, procentul de blati se menine $n (ur de 12F
1. faza de metamorfoz blastic, $n cae 8,: se poate transforma $n
8A, de obicei 8A-1, 8A-, sau chiar 8A8
3enomenele care anun acutizarea 8,:@
1. apariia semnelor de insuficien medular 5anemie,
trombocitopenie6
9. creterea procentual a mieloblatilor i a promielocitelor cu
asincronism de maturare nucleocitoplasmatic 5peste 12F
blatiRpromielo $n -C i!sau sngele periferic6
1. apariia de anomalii cromozomiale suplimentare 5)h.1 dublu, deleii,
trisomia "6
. creterea bazofiliei
D. creterea 3A8
.. accentuarea splenomegaliei
/. apariia de complicaii infecioase i hemoragice
". instalarea rezistenei la mi(loacele de tratament specifice fazei
cronice
Fct!rii %" .r!4$!stic
# )h.1R
# )rocentul de mieloblati circulani
# 7umori leucemice e&tramedulare
/1
# Anomalii ma(ore ale produciei de eritrocite i trombocite
# Aazofilie i eozinofilie marcate
# ;alori crescute ale 8*H
# ,radul splenomegaliei
)rognostic nefavorabil@
# AaR%o peste 1DF
# Alati -C peste DF
# :ariotip anormal adugat la )h.1
Trt-"$tul LGC
Cbiective@
# scderea masei granulocitare i absena semnelor de boal
# meninerea strii de remisiune
# $ntrzierea metamorfozei bolii
# dorina de curabilitate a bolii
5n fa#a de evolu(ie cronic:
'e $ncepe tratamentul $n cazul unei simptomatologii evidente i a
unuio numr de leucocite de peste 12 222#2 222!mmc
a6 tratament citostatic@
# :itosulfan sau -Uleran sau Ausulfan #. mg!zi pn la
scderea leucocitelor sub 92 222!mmc
# Hidro&iuree 1D22#1222 mg!zi
b6 tratament biologic, curativ, de eradicare a clonei )h.1@
# alfa#interferon Zutilizat $n doze de 1#4 milioane ui!zi timp de
.#19 luni pn la obinerea remisiunii complete i dispariia
cromozomului )h.1,singur sau asociat cu hidro&iuree
c6 transplantul medular cu mduv alogenic sau autolog# se
face la pacienii tineri sub D de ani+ recent s#a introdus
combinaia $ntre tratament cu 0nterferon i transplant medular
d6 utilizarea oligonucleotidelor antisens# stimuleaz distrugerea
acestora de ctre ribonucleaze cu lipsa sinteizrii p 912
5protein?inaz6+ prezena $n celule a oligopeptidelor antisens
poate duce la distrugerea celulei cu limitarea evoluiei 8,:
i ofer sperane pentru o posibil vindecare a bolii
e6 cuplarea unui agent citostatic cu un anticorp monoclonal $n
scopul distrugerii celulelor )h.1 pozitive# este $n e&periment
/
f6 iradierea splinei# utilizat $n cazul splenomegaliilor
voluminoase cu fenomene de compresiune
g6 splenectomia de necesitate este indicat $n splenomegalii
gigante cu fenomene mecanice, hipersplenism accentuat,
rezisten la alte tratamente, $n faza accelerat pentru a
preveni criza blastic
h6 0matinib,inhibitor de tirozin#?inaz A:B#AA8,22mg!zi
Ad(uvant@
# prevenirea efectelor hiperuricemiei
5AllopurinolRalcalinizarea uriniiRhiperhidratare6
# leucafereze repetate la cazurile cu leucocitoz peste 122 222
pentru prevenirea leucostazei i $n prezena semnelor
neurologice
5n fa#a accelerat se recurge la polichimioterapie sau combinaia de
citostaticeR03>Rgref de mduv osoas. 7ratamentul citostatic const $n
utilizarea de ;:BR.#-)RHz=R)*> repetat lunar
5n fa#a blastic se aplic tratamentul din 8A. Bezultatele tratamentului sunt
minore, cu supravieuire de 9#1 luni.
POLICITEMIA /ERA
C!$si%"r'ii 4"$"rl"
); apare $n urma proliferrii predominante i necontrolate
5independent de nivelul eritropoietinei6 a eritrocitelor, avnd drept urmare
creterea masei eritrocitare totale, poliglobulie, hipervscozitate i
hipervolemie, cu repercusiuni hemodinamice importante.
'e asociaz, $n grade variate, proliferarea seriilor granulocitare i
megacariocitara 5pancitoz6 precum i un proces variabil de mieloscleroz
cu metaplazie mieloid ectopic.
Apare mai frecvent la brbai, $n vrst de peste 2 de ani.
Di4$!stic cli$ic
*ebut@ # insidios@ cefalee, verti( ameeli, astenie, tulburri
vizuale, prurit dup baie cald
# # brusc 5mai rar6@ episod trombotic acut 5infarct
miocardic,
embolie pulmonar, tromboflebita membrelor6
/D
'imptome@
1. neurologice 5datorate hipervscozitii6@ cefalee, verti(, insomnii,
parestezii, astenie, tulburri vizuale
9. cardiovasculare@ dispnee, palpitaii, crize de angin pectoral, dureri
de tip claudicaie intermitent
1. hemoragice@ epista&is, gingivoragii, hemoragii digestive, priapism
. abdominale@ epigastralgii cauzate de coe&istena unui ulcer gastro#
duodenal
D. altele@ manifestri psiohice 5depresie, confuzie, halucinaii6, artralgii
5cauzate de hiperuricemie6, dureri osoase, mialgii
%&amen clinic
cianoz roie a tegumentelor i mucoaselor, facies pletoric,
semne de grata(
splenomegalie moderat prin hematopoiez e&tramedular i
proliferarea sistemului reticular
hepatomegalie moderat
H7A secundar hipervolemiei
Di4$!stic %" l)!rt!r
# creterea masei eritrocitare totale
# creterea volumului sanguin 5pn la "#12 litri6 cu valori ale
Ht de peste D2F
# ;'H foarte sczut, pn la 1 mm!or
# 8eucocitoz moderat $n (ur de 12 222!mmc, cu bazofilie i
trombocitoz pn la 1 milion
# 3A8 crescut
# 'aturaia cu o&igen a sngelui arterial normal 5peste 49F6
# Hiperuricemie 5peste " mgF6
# ;scozitate sanguin crescut
# >ivel seric crescut al vit A19 5peste 422 pg!ml6 ca urmare a
creterii transcobalaminei 1
# -C hipercelular cu absena hemosiderinei medulare datorit
necesarului de fier pentru producerea unei mase eritrocitare
crescute
# *ozarea eritropoietinei din ser i urin arat valori sczute $n
); i crescute $n poliglobuliile secundare
Di4$!stic %i&"r"$'il
/.
1. )oliglobulia fals 5relativ6 cu Ht crescut i mas eritrocitar
noraml apare $n@
# pierderi e&cesive de@ plasm@ arsuri, oc traumatic+ de ap i
electrolii@ vrsturi, diaree, acidoz diabetic
# prin distribuie particular a sngelui $n marile vase
5poliglobulia de stress6
9. )oliglobulii secundare
)rin supraproducie de eritropoetin apar $n@
# hipo&ie tisular generalizat@ hipo&ia de altitudine,
cardioaptii congenitale cu unt dreapta#stnga, unt arterio#
venos, afeciuni pulmonare cronice, efect mieloto&ic al unor
substane chimice 5benzen, Hg, anilin, )b6 urmat de
eritrocitoz compensatorie
# hipo&ie renal localizat@ rinichi polichistic, hidronefroz,
hipernefron, stenoza arterei renale
)rin producia autonom de eritropoetin@ feocromocitom, boala
:ushing, fibrom uterin, afeciuni ale '>: 5tumori hipofizare6
1. 3orme cu debut poliglobulic al celorlalte boli mieloproliferative
588:, ---, 7H6
E3!lu'i"
); are o evoluie lent 51D#92 de ani6, cu mai multe faze succesive@
3aza de eritrocitoz 5D#92 ani6@ predomin creterea produciei de
eritrocite i a masei eritrocitare
3aza de epuizare compensat@ valorile eritrocitare se stabilizeaz$n
limiote normale 5luni#ani de zile6
3aza de epuizare@ apare ---, cu pancitopenie i tablou de
hematopiez e&tramedular
3aza de metamorfozare blastic@ instalarea unei 8A terminale 512#
1DF din cazuri6
C!-.lic'ii
;asculare@
#manifestri hemoragice@ epista&is, hemoragii con(unctivale,
gastrointestinale, uro#genitale, cerebrale
# fenomene trombotice@ accidente vasculare cerebrale, infarct
miocardic, tromboz mezenteric
ulcer gastric sau duodenal
hiperuricemia@ artrit gutoas, litiaz renal, nefropatie uric
//
anemia hipocrom feripriv
aplazia medular iatrogen
Trt-"$t
n faza de eritrocitoz@ are ca scop scderea masei eritrocitare totale i
inhibiia proliferrii medulare.
1. flebotomia@ 122#D22 ml snge la interval de 9#1 zile, pn la
scderea Ht sub DF, ritmul sngerrilor de $ntreinere fiind
dictat de ritmul de refacere al poliglobuliei. 8a bolnavii $n vrst
i la cei cu suferine cardiace se scot cel mult 922 ml i se
recurge la flebotomia izovolumetric 5administrarea
concomitent de *e&tran sau 'er fiziologic6
9. chimioterapia@ Hidro&iuree 51D#92 mg!?g+ 9#1 capsule a D22
mg!zi6+ mai pot fi utilizate Ausulfan 59# mg!zi6 sau Al?eran 59
mg!zi6+ :lorambucilul 58eu?eran6 este mai leucemogen. %&ist
ris crescut de instalare a hipoplaziei medulare.
1. tratamentul cu fosfor radioactiv este rezervat doar pentru
bolnavii $n vrst i la cazurile refractare la chimioterapie.
3avorizeaz instalarea 8A terminale.
n faza de --- sau de metamorfozare $n 8A se recurge la@
1. tratament substitutiv 5hematii splate6
9. androgeni, corticoterapie
1. tratamentul 8A
CRITERIILE DE DIAGNOSTIC ALE P/
:A7%,CB0A A
A1# creterea masei eritrocitare 5peste 1. ml!?g la brbai, peste 19 ml!?g la
femei6 sau Ht f .2F
A9# saturaia normal $n o&igen a sngelui arterial 5f 49F6
A1# splenomegalie
/"
:A7%,CB0A A
A1# trombocitoz 5peste 22 222!mmc6
A9# leucocitoz 5peste 19 222!mmc 65$n absena febrei sau infeciei6
A1# creterea 3A8 peste 122
A# creterea vit A19 $n ser 5peste 422 pg!ml6 sau a capacitii serului de
legare a vit A19 5peste 9222 pg!ml6
);G A1RA9RA1 sau A1RA9R9A
-ai recent aceste criterii au fost modificate $n sensul c s#au mai adgat trei
aspecte@
1. aspectul mduvei osoase@ hipercelulara, hiperplazie
megacariocitar, absena 3e
9. eritropoetin seric sczut
1. colonii eritroide $n absena eritropoetinei e&ogene
TROM0OCITEMIA HEMORAGIC1
TH
C!$si%"r'ii 4"$"rl"
7H este o boal mieloproliferativ $n care mduva are tendina de a
produce i elibera un numr anormal de trombocite+ este o boal clonal,
stimulul acionnd pe :') cu orientare spre seria megacariocitar@ )e plan
clinic predomin sindromul hemoragic.
Di4$!stic cli$ic
splenomegalie tumoral
hemoragii spontane cutanate i mucoase
tromboze arteriale i venoase manifestate prin atacuri ischemice
tranzitorii, congestii cerebrale, infarcte miocardice, embolii
pulmonare
Di4$!stic %" l)!rt!r
16 hemoleucograma
# anemie moderat
/4
# leucocitoz moderat $n fazele iniiale
# trombocitoz important peste 1 milion !mmc
96 -C@ mduva hipercelular cu prezen de megacariocite hiperploide
16 7este de coagulare modificate $n sensul creterii hipocoagulrii datorit
trombocitelor nefuncionale
6 Hiperuricemie
Di4$!stic .!9iti3
'plenomegalie Rsindrom hemoragic sau tromboticRtrombocitoz
important
Di4$!stic %i&"r"$'il
1. :u celelalte boli ale '-:@ );, 8,:, ---
9. trombocitoze reactive, frecvent posthemoragice,
care nu depesc 1 milion!mmc
1. leucemii acute# $n care apare frecvent
trombopenia
C!-.lic'ii
1. hemoragice@ #mucoase # epista&is, gingivoragii, metroragii,
hematurie, H*'
#cutanate@ purpur, peteii, echimoze, sufuziuni
hemoragice
9. trombotice@ infarct miocardic, embolie pulmonar, accidente
trombotice cerebrale, tromboflebite
1. posibil evoluie spre --- sau 8A
E3!lu'i
7H are o avoluie cronic, legat de complicaiile trombotice sau
hemoragice care pot fi fatale. *urata de supravieuire este $n (ur de .#12
luni.
Trt-"$t
patogenic@ cu ageni al?ilani gen :lorambucil sau
Hidro&iuree $n cure prelungite care pot $ntrzia proliferarea
trombocitelor dar $n acelai timp pot determina
transformarea leucemic a bolii
simptomatic i substitutiv@ vasotrofe, Aspirin, 7iclid.
"2
0nterferon alfa, mielosupresiv, 1#D-=0 de 1#D ori pe
sptmn.
Anagrelid#interferaz cu diferenerea terminal a
megacariocitelor, afectnd producia plachetar
METAPLAZIA MIELOID1 CU MIELOSCLEROZ1 (MMM)
C!$si%"r'ii 4"$"rl"
--- este o boal mieloproliferativ cronic, caracterizat prin
coe&istena a dou procese@ proliferare clonal crescut a celulelor
hematopoetice provenite din :') i proliferarea elementelor stromale
5fibroblati, osteoblati6 neparinnd clonei maligne, sub aciunea unor
factori stimulatori eliberai de megacariocitele anormale, cu constituirea
fibrozei medulare.
-ieloproliferarea 5rspunztoare de apariia panmielozei6 se
desfoar paralel cu metaplazia mieloid 5$n splin, ficat, ganglioni6, :')
cantonndu#se de la $nceput $n splin 5apar splenomegalie i hematopoiez
e&tramedular caracteristice bolii6.
3ibroza medular 5cauzatoare a insuficienei medulare, cu
pancitopenie $n stadiile avansate de boal6 apare preponderent $n -C $nc
de la debutul afeciunii i este datorat unei displazii megacariocitare.
Di4$!stic cli$ic
debut insidios@ oboseal, inapeten, pierdere ponderal, disconfort
abdominal, ocazional dureri osoase
hepatomegalie moderatsau gigant 5uneori cu aspect tumoral6, dur,
neted, nedureroas
paloare muco#tegumentar ca e&presie a anemiei produse prin
dislocarea hematopoiezei, hematopoiez splemic insuficient i
ineficient, hemoragie i deficit de folai
Di4$!stic %" l)!rt!r
# hemoleucograma arat anemie de grade variate, mai sever $n
stadii avansate
"1
# numr de leucocite crescut prin granulocitoz absolut, dar
niciodat peste D2 222!mmc+ $n fazele avansate limfocitele
pot fi chiar sczute
# trombocitele pot fi crescute iniial, pentru ca $n fazele
terminale s evolueze cu trombopenie
# frotiul de snge periferic este caracteristic prin prezena
hematopoiezei e&tramedulare, poi?ilocitoz marcat 5hematii
P$n lacrimQ sau P$n picturQ+ eritroblati, forme tinere din
seria granulocitar+ macrotrombocite, fragmente de
megacariocite
# -C@ puncie medular PalbQsau cu suc medular foarte redus+
de aceea este obligatorie )AC+ aceasta arat creterea
esutului fibros, benzi scleroase $ntre care sunt prezente
insule de hematopiez activ
# Hiperuricemie
# 3A8 crescut
Di4$!stic .!9iti3
# splenomegalie gigant, discordant fa de leucocitoza
moderat
# tablou de hematopoiez e&tramedular
# fibroz medular la biopsia -C
# scor 3A8 normal sau crescut
Di4$!stic %i&"r"$'il
# mielofibroza ca etap final $n evoluia altei boli
mieloproliferative cronice 58,:, );, 7H6
# mielofibroza secundar
1. neoplazii
# carcinom de prostat, sn, plmn, stomac
# mielom multiplu, boala Hodg?in, limfoame maligne
nehodg?iniene, leucemia cu celule PhairUQ
9. infecii@ tbc, lues
1. ageni chimici i fizici@ benzen, arsenic, estrogeni,
iradiere
. alte boli@ ,aucher, osteopetroz
n mielofibrozele secundare e&ist hidro&iprlinurie crescut.
E3!lu'i"( c!-.lic'ii
"9
# forma cronic, cea mai frecvent, evolueaz lent 5D#1D ani6+
se a(unge la insuficien medular sau la transformarea $ntr#o
8A mieloblastic 51D#92F din cazuri6
# forma acut, rar poate avea o evoluie de cteva luni
:omplicaiile sunt relativ frecvente i $ntunec prognosticul@
1. complicaiile legate de splenomegalie@
# compresii de vecintate
# infarcte splenice
# H7 portal
# Anemie prin sechestrare eritrocitar
9. complicaii legate de insuficiena medular@ anemie sever,
infecii repetate, hemoragii
1. complicaii legate de apariia focarelor de metaplazie
# retroperitoneal
# mezenteric
# ileocecal
. complicaii legate de tulburri de metabolism@
hiperuricemie, artrit gutoas, litiaz renal, 0BA
Trt-"$t
%ste $n general simptomatic i adaptat fazei evolutive a bolii.
1. faza de mieloproliferare
# corectarea anemiei severe 5transfuzii, administrare de acid
folic6
# iradierea cu doze mici a splinei 5$n caz de splenomegalie
gigant6
# chimioterapie 5Hidro&iuree 1 g!zi+ Ausulfan 9 mg!zi6 pentru
oprirea proliferrii megacariocitare
# 0nterferon alfa, D -=0, 1#D ori!sptm$n
9. faza de insuficien medular
# transfuzii
# androgeni de sintez 5Anapolon 122 mg!zi6 .#19 luni 5pentru
stimularea focarelor de hematopoiez
# corticosteroizi $n prezena hemolizei sau a manifestrilor
hemoragice.
8a pacienii cu pronostic rezervat se impune transplant precoce.
"1
MIELOMUL MULTIPLU
C!$si%"r'ii 4"$"rl"
-ielomul multiplu 5--6 face perte din gamapatiile monoclonale,
grup de afeciuni caracterizate prin proliferarea necontrolat a unei singure
clone celulare ce sintetizeaz o singur clas de 0g detectabil$n ser i!sau
urin.
%ste o afeciune malign, caracterizat printr#o proliferare
monoclonal de plasmocite mielomatoase@ celule tinere, cu diametrul de 1D#
12 microni, rotunde sau ovale, cu nucleu e¢ric cu structur fin+ pot fi
evideniai unul sau mai muli nucleoili, anormali, hipertrofiai+ citoplasma
este intens bazofil 5albastr6 sau roie#violacee 5aspect de Pcelul $n
flacrQ6 i poate conine vacuole cu material hialin 5corpi Bussel6, uneori
numeroase, cu aspect de mur 5celule -ott6 sau cristale azurofile.
0g sintetizat este identic 5imunochimic6 $n toate celulele
mielomatoase i este format dintr#un singur tip de lan greu 5H6 i un singur
tip de lan uor 586, ? sau l, ca o substan omogen format din molecule
identice 5monoclonal6.
)roliferarea monoclonal de plasmocite mielomatoase 5produs de
regul $n -C, mai rar e&tramedular6 va avea consecine locale i consecine
la distan care e&plic manifestrile clinice ale bolii.
n producerea -- sunt incriminate stimulri antigenice cronice pe
fondul unei predispoziii genetice+ ca factori declanatori ai bolii sunt
incriminai+ virusurile, iradierea, e&punerea la azbest, benzen sau alte
substane chimice to&ice. n apariia clonei maligne din -- au un rol
important@
1. interleu?inele 508#1, 08#.6@ 08#. ca factor de cretere pentru
celulele mielomatoase, iar 08#1 ca factor activator osteoclastic i
de cretere a e&primrii moleculelor adezive+ 08#1 este
responsabil de prrogresia ,-'> $n --.
9. oncogenele@ c#mUc 5stimuleaz sinteza 0g monoclonale6, bcl#9
5inhib apoptosisul6, ras 5stimuleaz proliferarea
plasmoblastic6, genele supresoare p#D1 i BA
1. precursorii plasmocitari
Clsi&icr" 4-.tiil!r
"
a. ,amapatii policlonale
b. ,amapatii monoclonale 5maligne6
1. -ielomul multiplu 5--6
9. macroglobulinemia ^aldenstrom
5-^6
1. boala lanurilor grele
a. boala lanurilor O
b. boala lanurilor h
c. boala lanurilor H
. boala lanurilor uoare
c. gamapatii monoclonale cu semnificaie
nedeterminat 5,-'>6 i component - asociat altor afeciuni@ 88:,
limfoame, boala aglutininelor la rece, diverse infecii bacteriene,
colagenoze, afeciuni neurologice din cadrul sindromului )C%-'
5polineuropatie, organomegalie, endocrinopatie, component -, modificri
cutanate#Xs?inQ6, afeciuni dermatologice
Di4$!stic cli$ic
-odaliti de debut@
dureri osoase sau fracturi spontane 5bolnavi tratai
pentru Pmanifestri reumatismaleQ6
febr, scdere ponderal, infecii recurente
simptomatologie neurologic@ dureri de tip nevralgic
sau nevritic, paraparez sau manifestri ale
sindromului de hipervscozitate
depistarea $ntmpltoare prin descoperirea unei ;'H
accelerate, prin efectuarea unei electroforeze, prin
evidenierea unei proteinurii nee&plicabile sau a unei
insuficiene renale ne$nsoite de H7A
'imptomatologia cuprinde ca principale manifestri@
durerile osoase cu caracter surd, uneori reumatoid, cu e&acerbri i
remisiuni spontane, accentuate de micare, localizate mai frecvent la
coloana vertebral, bazin, centura scapular, coaste+ pot fi prezente
tumefacii, deformri osoase, uneori fracturi spontane, 'unt
consecina osteolizei i osteoporozei pronunate.
"D
-anifestrile neurologice sunt consecina@
# prbuirii vertebrelor lezate 5sciatalgii, pareze, paraplegii6
# infiltraiei PamiloidiceQ a rdcinilor nervilor periferici
5radiculite, nevralgii intercostale6
# infiltrrii nervilor cranieni 5modificri de vedere, diplopie6
# hipervscozitii 5somnolen, obnubilare, dezorientare
temporo#spaial, cefalee, ameeli, verti(, hipoacuzie,
nistagmus, tulburri de vedere6
manifestri renale@ colici nefretice, litiaz renal, insuficien renal
5produs sub aciunea mai multor factori@ proteinuria Aence#Yones,
hipervscozitatea, hiperuricemia, hipercalcemia, infecia urinar,
amiloidoza, deshidratarea, utilizarea de substane de contrast6
amiloidoza 5complicnd 12#1DF din cazuri6 este responsabil de
apariia neuropatiilor periferice senzitivo#motorii, a sindromului de
canal carpian, a modificrilor articulare inflamatorii simulnd o
poliartrit reumatoid
manifestri generale@
# astenie, alterarea strii de nutriie, fatigabilitate
# anemie, manifestri hemoragipare 5echimoze, peteii,
epista&is, gingivoragii6 prin trombocitopenie, afectarea
funciilor plachetare i interferarea 0g anormale cu factori ai
coagulrii+ infecii recurente 5prin leucopenie, diminuarea
capacitii de migrare i fagocitoz a granulocitelor, afectarea
rspunsului imun6.
-ieloamele localizate 5plasmocitom solitar6 sunt oligosimptomatice+
ele pot avea localizare osoas sau e&tramedular 5ci respiratorii superioare,
bronhii, plmn, piele, ganglion, splin, esut subcutanat, tract gastro#
intestinal, tiroid, testicul6. -ieloamele indolente sunt asimptomatice, fiind
prezente doar modificrile paraclinice.
n leucemia cu plasmocite 5e&trem de rar, fie ca variant a -- cu
plasmocite mielomatoase $n circulaie, fie ca stadiu terminal al --6,
simptomatologia este mai zgomotoas, cu manifestri generale pronunate.
Clsi&icr" st%il5 MM
'tadiul 0@ toate criteriile de mai (os@
1. Hb sub 12,D g!dl
9. calcemie peste 11 mg!dl
1. leziuni osoase absente sau leziune unic
".
. producie unic de component -@ 0g, sub D g!dl+ 0gA sub 1 g!dl+
)AY sub g!9 h
'tadiul 00@ ;alori $ntre 0 i 000
1. Hb sub ",D g!dl
9. calcemie peste 11,D mg!dl
1. leziuni osoase multiple
. producie ridicat de component -@ 0g, peste / g!dl+ 0gA peste D
g!dl+ )AY peste 19g!9 ore
D. beta#9#microglobulina seric peste D,D mg!l
'ubstadii@ A creatinemie sub 9 mg!dl
A creatinemie peste 9 mg!dl
Di4$!stic %i&"r"$'il
1. Afeciuni evolund cu leziuni osoase@
a6 osteoporoza senil@ lipsesc plasmocitoza medular i
modificrile proteice $n snge i urin
b6 metastazele osoase carcinomatoase 5prostat, tiroid6+ 5$n
metastaze focarele de osteoliz sunt $ncon(urate de
condensare osoas6
9. Afeciuni $nsoite de disproteinemie@
a6 boala ^aldenstrom@# adenopatii periferice i splenomegalie
# 0g- monoclonal
# proliferare limfoplasmocitar $n
-C i organele limfoide
# sd. hemoragipar frecvent
# precipitare intravascular de
crioglobuline 5acrocianoz, fenomene
BaUnaud, accidente vasculare6
b6 gamapatia monoclonal cu semnificaie nedeterminat@
# plasmocitoz medular disret
# lipsa leziunilor osoase i a )AY
# titrul componentului - rmne
constant pe perioade lungi de timp
# 1D#92F din cazuri evolueaz spre
--, A^ sau un
c6 Aoala lanurilor grele 5gama, alfa, miu6
# proliferri plasmocitare cu sintez
incomplet de lanuri H i lipsa de
sintez a lanurilor 8
"/
# evolueaz cu adenopatii, febr, edem
uveal 5gama6+ malnutriie, cae&ie i dezvoltarea unui limfom abdominal
5alfa6+ leucocitoza i limfocitoz 5similar 88:6 cu limfocite i plasmocite
vacuolizate 5miu6
d6 gamapatiile policlonale din infecii crnice 57A:,
osteomielit, hepatopatii cronice, colagenoze6@
o aspectul policlonal al gamapatiei
o manifestri ale bolii de baz
1. Afeciuni cu prezena plasmocitozei medulare reactive@ cancere, boli
ale esutului con(unctiv, infecii, stri de hipersensibilitate@
# absena anomaliilor morfologice p?lasmocitare
# grupare perivascular 5i nu nodular ca $n --6 a
plasmocitelor
# caracterul policlonal al plasmocitelor 5la e&aminarea prin
imunofluorescen6.
Di4$!sticul %" l)!rt!r
)erturbarea metabolismului proteic
1. accelerarea ;'H
9. hiperproteinemia 5"#11 g!dl6,
hipergamaglobulinemie cu hipoalbuminemie
1. gradient - cu creterea monoclonal a unei 0g 5cel
mai frecvent 0g,, mai rar 0gA, foarte rar 0g* sau
0g%6
. proteinurie Aence#Yones 5)AY6 prin eliminarea unui
singur tip de lan ?appa sau lambda identic cu cel al
0g mielomatoase+ se evideniaz prin precipitarea la
$nclzirea urinii la D2#.2
2
: i redizolvare la
temperatuiri mai (oase sau mai $nalte+ poate fi
evideniat 5i dozat6 electroforetic
D. $n mielomul micromolecular e&ist numai
modificri urinare, $n snge constatndu#se
hipoproteinemie, hipoglobulinemie i ;'H normal
.. $n mielomul nesecretor testele sanguine i urinare
sunt negative+ numai imunofluorescena poate
""
demonstra prezena 0g monoclonale $n plasmocitele
medulare.
%&amenul sngelui periferic@ anemie 5cu tendina erirocitelor de
dispunere $n Pfiicuri de baniQ6, granulocitopenia, trombocitopenie. )e lng
infiltrarea -C, $n producerea anemiei intervine supresia eritropoiezei prin
medierea cito?inelor.
-edulograma@ proliferarea tumoral 5peste 12F din celulele
medulare6 de plasmocite atipice, cu dislocarea $n timp a celorlalte serii
celulare.
%&aminri radiologice osoase@
1. focare osteolitice de diferite mrimi, rotunde sau
ovalare, cu margini bine delimitate, fr semne de
condensare $n (ur+ apar pe calot, grila(ul sterno#costal,
vertebre, bazin, oasele lungi
9. osteoporoz difuz 5demineralizare scheletic6
1. modificri de form ale vertebrelor5tasri, fracturi,
prbuiri6 sau ale coastelor 5fusiforme, fracturi
patologice6
. uneori pot apare tumori osoase care erodnd periostul
s invadeze esuturile moi.
Alte e&aminri@
1. hiperuricemie i hiperuricurie+ hipercalcemie
9. azotemie, creterea creatininei serice
1. cilindri $n sedimentul urinar
. alterri ale testelor de coagulare
D. valori peste 1 mg!l ale beta#9#microglobulinei serice
.. uneori prezena crioglobulinelor
Di4$!stic .!9iti3
:riteriile de diagnostic ale --
-a(ore@
0. )lasmocitoz $n biopsia tisular
00. )lasmocitoz $n frotiul de -C peste 12F
000. )rezena de 0g monoclonal@ 0g, peste 1,DgF+
0gA peste 9 gF. %&creie de lanuri uoare peste
1g!zi la electroforeza urinii $n absena
amiloidozei.
"4
-inore@
a. plasmocitoz pe frotiurile de -C 512#12F6
b. prezena 0g monoclonale 0g, sub 1,D gF, 0gA
sub 9 gF
c. leziuni litice osoase
d. scderea 0g normale@ 0g- sub D2 mgF,0gA
sub 122 mgF, 0g, sub .22 mgF
:onfirmarea diagnosticului 5oricare din combinaiile6@
1. 0Rb+ 0Rc+ 0Rd
9. 00Rb+ 00Rc+ 00Rd
1. 000
. aRbRc+ aRbRd.
E3!lu'i"( .r!4$!stic( c!-.lic'ii
%voluie subclinic prelungit@
# faza cronic evolueaz cu perioade de recrudescen i
remisiuni, cu laterarea progresiv a strii generale i apariia
$n timp a complicaiilor 5infecioase, renale, neurologice,
hemoragice, fracturi osoase, cae&ie6
# faza acut, terminal@ infiltraia plasmocitar masiv a -C
duce la o pancitopenie sever, refractar la orice tratament.
3actori de prognostic nefavorabil@
# insuficiena renal
# anemia
# hipercalcemia
# )AY 5$ndeosebi ca lanuri lambda6
# 7itrul 0g serice
# Hipervscozitatea
# ;olumul masei tumorale
# %&tinderea leziunilor osoase
# :reatinemia peste 9 mg!dl
# ;alori peste D mg!l ale beta#9#microglobulinemiei.
7BA7A-%>7
# :himioterapia $n doze convenionale@
-elphalanR)*># fie $n schem continu cu doze mici@
-elphalan 1 mg!mp!zi 12 zile, apoi 1#1,D mg!mp!zi 9#1 luni, )*>
2#.2 mg!zi 12 zile, apoi 12#92 mg!zi, 9 luni + fie $n schem
intermitent cu doze mari, utilizat $n formele cu evoluie blnd@
42
-elphalan 12 mg!mp!zi zile la fiecare #. sptmni, )*> 2#.2
mg!zi zile.
# :himioterapia combinat 5;A-:), ;-:)!;AA), AA:-6
;-:) *oza i calea de administrare Vile de trat 0nterval de repetare al
curei
;incristin 1 mg!zi iv 1
-elphalan . mg!mp!zi iv 1#
:iclofosfamid 922 mg!zi po 1# 91 zile
)rednison .2 mg!mp!zi po 1#
;AA)
;incristin 1 mg!zi iv 1
A:>= 12 mg!mp!zi iv 1
Adriamicin 12 mg!mp!zi iv 1 91 zile
)*> 122 mg!zi po 1#
n recderi se recurge la schema ;A*@
;incristin 2, mg!mp!zi iv continuu 1#
Adriamicin 4 mg!mp!zi iv continuu 1# 9" zile
*e&amethazone 2 mg!zi po 1#, 4#19, 1/#92
:himioterapia $n doze mari@ -elphalan 12 mg!mp cu doz unic
5rezultate similare curei ;A*, dar cu to&icitate foarte crescut6
7ransplant de -C alogenic sau de -C autolog sau de celule stem
din sngele periferic@ administrarea de ,-#:'3 i ,#:'3 poate mri
numrul de celule stem din sngele periferic+ pentru a reduce recderile,
ulterior se poate recurge la administrarea de inteferon alfa.
HEMOSTAZA
FIZIOLOGIA SI 0IOCHIMIA HEMOSTAZEI
:oagularea sngelui este procesul care menine integritatea
structural i funcional a sistemului circulator.
41
6istemul "emostatic cuprinde proteine plasmatice! trombocite i
celule endoteliale ce ini(ia# reac(ii complexe ce duc la formarea unei
re(ele tridimensionale de polimeri de fibrin.
8a realizarea hemostazei contribuie 9 sisteme enzimatice@ sistemul
coagulant i cel fibrinolitic cu aciune antagonist, aflate $n echilibru
dinamic.
SISTEMUL COAGULANT
7eoretic i fiziopatologic hemostaza decurge $n 9 faze consecutive@
#primar+
#secundar.
Hemostaza primar contribuie la formarea dopului plachetar.
'urvine $n decurs de secunde de la momentul agresiunii i stopeaz
pierderea de snge din vasele mici 5capilare, arteriole, venule6.
Hemostaza secundar conduce la consolidarea dopului primar prin
formarea cheagului de fibrin, prevenind recurena sngerrii $n zilele
consecutive lezrii vasculare.
'ngerrile prin tulburrile hemostazei primare au tabloul clinic
dominat de leziuni cutaneo#mucoase 5purpur, peteii, echimoze etc6, iar
cauza cea mai frecvent este afectarea cantitativ i calitativ a
trombocitelor, mai rar cea vascular.
0n cazul afectrii hemostazei secundare, tabloul clinic cuprinde
hemoragii profunde 5hematoame, sufuziuni, hemartroze6 prin deficite ale
cascadei coagulrii.
Principalele deosebiri ale defectelor 7n "emosta#a primar i
secundar pot fi sistemati#ate astfel:
H"-!st9 .ri-r5
(%"&"ct 3sculr( tr!-)!citr)
H"-!st9 s"cu$%r5
(%"&"ct l .r!t"i$"l!r
.ls-tic")
*ebutul sngerrii dup
traumatism
imediat $ntrziat 5ore, zile6
'ediul sngerrii superficial@ piele, mucoase
5tract respirator, digestiv, urinar6
profund@ muchi, articulaii,
retroperitoneu
'emne fizice purpur, peteii, echimoze hematoame, hemartroze
Bspuns la terapie imediat@ msuri locale eficiente necesit terapie sistemic
susinut
49
HEMOSTAZA PRIMAR1
+olul peretelui 'a$%ular
0ntervenia peretelui vascular se traduce prin vasoconstricie local,
controlat de sistemul nervos simpatic i amine vasoactive.
Beducerea calibrului vascular faciliteaz contactul trombocitelor cu
structurile subendoteliale, permite acumularea factorilor de coagulare
activai la locul in(uriei vasculare i reduce rata de inactivare hepatic a
acestora.
)eretele vascular particip la hemostaz prin eliberare de
tromboplastin tisular ce activeaz calea e&trinsec a coagulrii, A*) care
mediaz agregarea plachetar i bradi?inin.
:elulele endoteliale sintetizeaz factorul von ^illebrand, activatori
ai plasminogenului, prostaciclina, trombomodulina.
+olul trombo%itelor
7rombocitul are normal aspectul unui disc cu diametru de 1# m,
volum mediu de " m
1
, iar numrul mediu de elemente care asigur o
hemostaz normal este de 1D2.222 Z 22.222!l.
)rincipalele componente structurale ale trombocitului sunt
membrana celular, sistemul microtubular, sistemul tubular dens, granule
variate i un sistem canalicular deschis de comunicare cu mediul e&terior.
Membrana celular conine numeroase glicoproteine ce
functioneaz ca receptori de suprafa.
,licoproteina 0b 5,)0b6 se leag de factorul von ^illebrand 5v^36
i mediaz aderarea la structurile subendoteliale ale vasului lezat.
,licoproteina 00b5,) 00b#000a6 leag fibrinogenul i mediaz interaciunea
trombocit#trombocit.
3actorul ;a membranar leag factorul <a. Beceptorii trombinici i
A*)#azici prezint importan pentru stimularea de ctre A*) i asigur
legtura cu calea acidului arahidonic 5AA6 cu eliberarea de trombo&an A9
57<A96 care stimuleaz ulterior agregarea plachetar.
Micr!tu)ulii +i -icr!&il-"$t"l"
-icrotubulii sunt compui din tubulin, particip la formarea
citoscheletului $n asociere cu microfilamentele ce conin actin i contribuie
la formarea pseudopodelor plachetare.
6istemul tubular dens leag selectiv cationi divaleni i servete ca
rezervor plachetar de calciu. Beprezint i sediul cicloo&igenazei
trombocitare i sintezei prostaglandinelor.
41
8ranulele depoziteaz diverse substane ce se secret $n timpul
agregrii plachetare
1. ,ranulele electron Z dense conin concentraii mari de
A*), calciu,
serotonin ce poteneaz agregarea
9. alfa granulele depoziteaz proteine secretate de
trombocitele stimulate, inclusiv factor plachetar, beta
tromboglobulina, factorul de cretere derivat din
trombocite, fibrinogen, factor ;, factor von ^illebrand i
glicoproteine cu rol $n adeziune@ trombospondina i
fibronectina.
Canaliculii formeaz o reea de invaginaii cu aspect
pseudovacuolar ce cresc suprafaa intern a trombocitului. :oninutul
granulelor este e&pulzat prin intermediul acestui sistem.
Fu$c'iil" tr!-)!cit"l!r #$ ,"-!st9 .ri-r5
'derarea trombocitului la fibrele din subendoteliul vascular se face
prin intermediul unui receptor specific pentru colagen reprezentat de ,) 0a
i 00a, reprezentnd prima intervenie a celulei $n procesul coagulrii.
0nteraciunea trombocit Z perete este stabilizat de factorul von
^illebrand ce realizeaz legtura $ntre un receptor plachetar situat pe ,) 0 b
i fibrele de colagen subendotelial.
0n urma eliberrii coninutului granulelor se modific suprafaa
plachetei astfel $nct fibrinogenul s se poat ataa la un comple& format
din ,) 00 b i 000 a membranare.
'gregarea plac"etar este reglat prin modificarea nivelului
nucleotidelor ciclice, influ&ului de :a, hidrolizei fosfolipidelor membranare
i fosforilrii proteinelor intracelulare.
8egarea epinefrinei, colagenului sau trombinei de receptorii de
suprafa activeaz fosfolipaza A i : care catalizeaz eliberarea acidului
arahidonic din fosfatidilinozitol i fosfatidilcolin. C parte din acidul
arahidonic este convertit $n trombo&an A9 57<A96 care activeaz la rndul
sau fosfolipaza :. 3ormarea 7<A9 este catalizat de enzima
cicloo&igenaz.
*in precursorii endopero&idici se sintetizeaz i prostaciclina
5),096 ce inhib fosfolipaza : prin creterea A-)c intracelular 5),096
,enerarea 7<A9 $n trombocit i postaciclinei $n celulele endoteliale
are loc astfel@
A:0* ABAH0*C>0:
:icloo&igenaza
4
%>*C)%BC<0V0 5),,
9
, ),H
9
6
7rombo&ansintetaza )rostaciclin sintetaza
7<A
9
),0
9
7<A
9
.W%7C#),3
1alfa
5trombocit6 5celule endoteliale6
)rocesul de agregare este iniial reversibil, dar pe msur ce au loc
modificri structurale i funcionale ale trombocitelor, procesul devine
ireversibil. C mic parte din trombocitele agregate rmn nedistruse i au
rol $n orientarea filamentelor de fibrin pentru care reprezint puncte de
ancorare, determinnd retracia cheagului.
HEMOSTAZA SECUNDAR1 5sistemul plasmatic al
coagularii6
3actorii plasmatici ai coagulrii 5$n general enzime de tip serin Z
proteaz6 circul $n plasm sub form inactiv 5de zimogen6. 0n urma
activrii, acetia sunt transformai prin proteoliz limitat $n cursul
procesului de coagulare. %i pot fi grupai $n 1 tipuri@
a6 factori ai fazei de contact 5<0, <006+
b6 factori dependeni de vitamina W 500, ;00, 0<, <6+
c6 factori trombinosensibili 50, ;, ;000, <0006.
3actorii plasmatici ai coagulrii
Fct!r D"$u-ir" Cl" T *>8
(!r")
0 3ibrinogen :
42#192
00J )rotrombina :
"#192
4D
000 3actor tisular 0
#
; )roaccelerina :
19#9
;00J )roconvertina %
9#.
;000 3actorul antihemofilic A 0
12#19
0<J 3actor :hristmas 0
1"#92
<J 3actor 'tuart#)rober 0,%,:
9#.2
<0 )lasma tromboplastin#antecedent 0
D#"2
<00 3actor Hageman 0
2#/2
<000 3actor stabilizator al fibrinei 0
/9#922
W-- 3actor 3itzgerald 0
1D2
)re?alicreina 3actor 3letcher 0
"#D9
: G calea comun ,0Gcalea intrinsec, % G calea e&trinsec, JG
factori dependeni de vitamina W, W-- G ?ininogen cu mas molecular
mare.
*up formarea agregatului trombocitar, proteinele plasmatice ale
coagulrii sunt activate i iniiaz hemostaza secundar.
)rocesul de coagulare poate fi submprit teoretic $n 1 faze@
- generarea protrombinazei 5<a, ;, :a
9R
, fosfolipide6 pe
cale intrinsec
- generarea protrombinazei pe cale e&trinsec
- transformarea fibrinogenului $n fibrin.
3igura 9 sintetizeaz succesiunea reaciilor de coagulare.
4.
Cl" i$tri$s"c5
Cl"
":tri$s"c5
W--
;00
<00 <00a
Walicreina
<0 <0a
0< 0<a R ;000 3actor tisular
:a
9R
:a
9R
:a
9R
38
< <a R ;
:a
9R
38
)rotrombina 7rombina
3ibrinogen
3ibrina
<000 <000a
:heag
:a
9
insolubil
de
fibrin
CONTROLUL COAGUL1RII
>ecesitatea autocontrolului reaciilor de coagulare este dictat de
faptul c formarea cheagului este un proces limitat $n spaiu i timp $n
condiiile $n care factorii de coagulare sunt ubicuitar prezeni $n organism.
Acc"l"rt!ri &i9i!l!4ici i c!4ul5rii
4/
#formarea trombinei accelereaz agregarea trombocitelor, activeaz
factorii ; i ;000 i autocatalizeaz transformarea protrombinei $n trombin.
#eliberarea de fosfolipide trombocitare crete concentraia local a
reactanilor din sistem+
#inhibitorii heparinei i antiplasminelor aflai $n trombocit.
I$,i)it!ri &i9i!l!4ici i c!4ul5rii
'ntitrombina ,,, *cofactorul "eparinic %- formeaz comple&e cu
toate serin Zproteazele factorilor coagularii cu e&cepia 3 ;00. Bata formrii
comple&elor e accelerat de heparin i de molecule heparin#li?e pe
suprafaa celulelor endoteliale. Aceast proprietate a heparinei de a accelera
activitatea antitrombinei st la baza aciunii anticoagulante a heparinei.
Cofactorul ,, al "eparinei e o protein plasmatic ce inhib numai
trombina $n prezena heparinei.
Pr!t"i$"l" C +i S
)roteina : este vitamina W#dependent, se activeaz sub aciunea
trombinei ce o transform $n serin#proteaz. Activarea proteinei : este
accelerat prin legarea de o protein prezent pe celulele endoteliale#
trombomodulina. 3uncia inhibitorie a proteinei : necesit prezena
proteinei ', fosfolipidelor trombocitare i calciului. )roteina : activat are
aciune proteolitic selectiv asupra 3 ; i 3 ;000.
'cderea nivelului de antitrombin sau protein : i ' 5sau e&istena
unor forme moleculare disfuncionale6 este responsabil de aa#numitele
stri pretrombotice sau de hipercoagulare.
SISTEMUL FI0RINOLITIC
'istemul fibrinolitic cuprinde $n primul rnd enzima cu aciune
proteolitic asupra fibrinei insolubile@ plasmina care se formeaz prin
modificarea structural a unei proenzime inactive Z plasminogenul. Ali
constituieni ai sistemului fibrinolitic sunt activatorii fiziologici ai
plasminogenului care iniiaz fibrinoliza prin transformarea
plasminogenului $n plasmin i inhibitorii naturali ai fibrinolizei cu rol de
autocontrol al acestui proces.
Plasminogenul este o glicoprotein cu structur monocatenar, cu
concentraie seric $n (ur de 12#19 mgF.
Plasmina este o endopeptidaz cu aciune hidrolitic la nivelul
legturii peptidice arginin#lizin. 0n condiii normale degradeaz numai
fibrina. )rin pierderea patologic a specificitii de aciune poate degrada i
alte proteine plasmatice 53 ;, 3 ;000, fibrinogen6.
Acti3r" .ls-i$!4"$ului
4"
'ctivatori tisulari
0n numeroase esuturi e&ist o protein ce poate induce
transformarea plasminogenului $n plasmin, denumit activator tisular al
plasminogenului 5t#)A6. )lmnul, uterul i prostata au coninut crescut de
t#)A e&plicnd hemoragiile masive dup interveniile pe aceste organe ca
urmare a declanrii fibrinolizei. t#)A este prezent $n cantitate mare i la
nivelul celulelor endoteliale de unde este eliberat.
'ctivatori plasmatici
9actorul .,,a activea# 9 ., i pre:alicreina cu formarea 9 .,a i
:alicreinei care au capacitatea de a activa direct plasminogenul! putnd fi
considera(i activatori intrinseci.
=ro?inaza activeaz numai plasminogenul liber circulant i nu i pe
cel legat de reeaua de fibrin.
'trepto?inaza e o protein izolat din culturi de streptococi beta
hemolitici.
,n"ibitorii plasminei
)rezeni $n snge i urin sunt proteine ce scad activitatea sistemului
fibrinolitic in vivo. -ai importante sunt alfa#9#antiplasmina cu aciune
rapid i alfa#9#macroglobulina care acioneaz lent dup ce $ntreaga
cantitate de alfa#9#antiplasmin este cuplat cu plasmina.
Alfa#9#antiplasmina 5alfa 9#)06 inhib rapid plasmina, intervine $n
formarea fibrinei stabile $n prezena <000a i $n procesul de absorbie a
plasminogenului pe reeaua de fibrin.
Alfa#9#macroglobulina 5alfa 9 -6 are aciune nespecific inhibnd $n
afara plasminei i trombina sau ?alicreina.
'uccesiunea reaciilor de fibrinoliz cuprinde cele 1 etape
consecutive@
- activarea plasminogenului+
- degradarea fibrinei+
- inactivarea plasminei.
44
I6 Acti3r" .ls-i$!4"$ului6 Cbinuit acest proces are loc
aproape e&clusiv sub aciunea activatorului tisular 5t#)A6 eliberat $n condiii
de staz venoas din endoteliul vascular.
t-)A se fi&eaz pe cheagul de fibrin $n paralel cu fi&area
plasminogenului,
ambele suferind modificri ce duc la formarea plasminei active.
*up degradarea fibrinei, plasmina se desprinde de pe fragmentele
proteice
rezultate din proteoliz i este inactivat de inhibitorii plasmatici.
'istemul intrinsec de activare este iniiat de activarea factorului <00
prin contact
cu suprafee strine.
3 <00
'uprafee strine
)8A'-0>C,%>
3 <00a
)B%WA80:B%0>L WA80:B%0>L
)8A'-0>L
II6 D"4r%r" &i)ri$"i
'ub aciunea proteolitic a plasminei asupra fibrinei sau
fibrinogenului, se scindeaz iniial unele polipeptide din lanurile alfa i beta
rezultnd fragmentul <. Acesta este degradat $n fragmentul e i $n
continuare $n produi finali * i % cu mas molecular mic@
30AB0>C,%> sau 30AB0>L
3BA,-%>7 < R )%)70*%
3BA,-%>7 e R 3BA,-%>7 *
3BA,-%>7 % R 3BA,-%>7 *
III6 I$cti3r" .ls-i$"i
/imitarea procesului de fibrinoli# este reali#at prin interven(ia
alfa)2)antiplasminei i alfa)2)macroglobulinei. 'ntiplasmina inactivea#
122
aproape instantaneu plasmina desprins de pe fibrin *circulant-!
intervine 7n cuplarea plasminogen)fibrin i 7n reac(ia de transformare a
fibrinei solubile 7n fibrin insolubil. Cuplarea plasminei cu antiplasmina
este in"ibat de acidul aminocaproic i acidul tranexamic.
*up ce toat antiplasmina circulant se cupleaz cu plasmina
intervine alfa#9#macroglobulina care inhib lent enzima.
!uprin$
H"-t!.!i"9
*efinitie
%tapele hematopoiezei
Beglarea hematopoiezei
A$"-iil"
:onsideratii generale
Anemia feripriva
Anemiile megaloblastice
121
Anemiile hemolitice
Anemia aplastica
Pt!l!4i !$c!,"-t!l!4ic
'indroamele mielodisplazice
8eucemiile limfoide cronice
8eucemiile acute
8imfoame maligne nonhodg?iniene
Aoala Hodg?in
'indroamele mieloproliferative cronice
-ielomul multiplu
H"-!st9
0I0LIOGRAFIE
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Alut "@914#99,14"
11. ^inter Y>, ;aria?o(is *, ,aUnor %B, et al@ 8ob#dose cUtosine
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continuous infusion of lob#dose cUtarabine. > %ngi Y -ed 124@1D44#1.29,
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144/
11. 7a?i 7. 'a?o -, 7suchida -, HaUashi e@ 7he t5 11@1.65c91+pl1.16
translocation in mUelodUsplastic sUndrome fuses the -88 gene to the :A)
gene. Alood "4@14D, 144/
1. >ucifora ,, AegU :B, 3ric?son ), *rab?in HA, BobleU Y*@ 7he 1@91
translocation in mUelodUsplasia results in afusion transcript betbeen the
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42@//". 1441
1D. Yotterand A-, 0_ariier ;, -uhlematter *, ,roh Y), Aeris )@ 7hree neb
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121
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92. von 0?im W. Hagemei(er A, 'mit 3-%, Hahlen W. ,roeneveld W.
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-onosomU / can he demonstrated in the mUeloid and in the lUmphoid
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91. Wroef-Y, Aol? -Y. -uus ). etal@ -osaicism of the Dc deletion as
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12
9D. Aunge '. 'teglich :, Vuther :, et al@ 0duronate#9#sulfatase gene
mutations in 1. patients bith mucopolUsacchari# dosis tUpe 07 5Hunter
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ofhematopoiesis in essential thrombocUtUemia@ Advantage of studUing 7
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9/. Auscue 0., Vhu Y, *cllart *, et aM@ An e&pression based clonalitU assaU at
the human androgen receptor locus 5H=-ABA6 on chromosome <. >ucleic
Acids Bes 99@.4/, 144
9". Asano H, Chasi H, 0chihara -, et al@ %vidence for nonclonal
hematopoietic progenitor cell populations in hone marrob of patients bith
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12D
1. 'tone B@ -UelodUsplastic sUndrome after autologous transplantation for
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factor 57>36 and interferon 50>36#gamma bU hone marrob cells from
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;. )archaridou A, 8oeb Y, -arcus A, Whan V. :hancU :. 'hobei Y.
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stromal and hematopoietic cells in D2 patients bith mUelodUsplastic
sUndromes. Alood ".@9."# 144D
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e&pression on :*1Rhuman marrob cells is induced hU interferon gamma
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12"
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.4. -iller WA. Wirn W. -orrison 3', ^inter Y>, Aennett Y-, >eiman B',
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cUtarabine in the treatment ofmUelodUsplastic sUndromes@ A phase 000
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)ierce ', -oore -, Ahhrullese Y8, Andreeff-, Weating -, 3steU 3@
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/. -olldrem YY. :aples -, -avroudis *. )lante -. eoung >'# Aarrett AY@
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antithUmocUte globulin 5A7,6 treatment is associated bith a loss of :*"R
7#cell mediated :3=#,- inhibition. Alood 42 5'uppi 16@"Da, 144/ 5abstr6
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Haematol "@1.1, 1441
"2. Andersen Y%. Appelhaum 3B, 3isher 8*, 'choch ,, 'hulman H,
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'anders Y%. 'ullivan W-, 7homas %*. ^itherspoon B), Hansen YA, 'torb
B@ Allogeneic hone marrob transplantation for 41 patients bith
mUelodUsplastic sUndrome. Alood "9@.//, 1441
"1. C_*onnell -B, 8ong :.*. )ar?er )-, >iland Y. >ademaner A, AmUlan
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1.D 1/1.14"
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Anca ,hiurtz, pg.41#121, %dit. :asa :rii de 'tiin
11
12.. 7e&tboo? of -alignant HaematologU, -artin *unitz, 8aurent *egos,
*avid 8inch, Aob 8obenberg, pg. /"/#"1D, 1444
12/. HematologU Z ^illiams, fifth edition, Aeutler, 8ichtman, :oller,
Wipps, pg. 9D/#9/9
12". 7ratat de medicin intern, Badu )un, Aucureti , 144/
124. %ssential HaematologU, Hoffbrand, )ettit, third edition, pg 919#9D1,
Alac? 'cientific )ublications
112. >ote de curs, Hortensia 0oni
111. Hematologie oncologica, :atalin *anaila, 922D
119. Aazele hematologiei clinice, Anca Bo&ana 8upu
)lanse color
3igura 1# %ritropoieza#eritroblasti bazofili policromatofili si picnotici
3igura 9# %ritropoieza# eritroblasti policromatofili si picnotici
3igura 1# %ritropoieza fetala a# sectiune prin placenta+ b# eritropoieza
e&tramedulara 5hepatica6
3igura # Anemie sideroblastica#
3igura D#anemie feripriva 5aspirat medular6
3igura .# Anemie megaloblastica 5deficit de folat6
3igura / Anemie megaloblastica# biopsie creasta iliaca
3igura "#Anemie megaloblastica 5asincronism de maturare
nucleocitoplasmatic6
3igura 4# Anemie megaloblastica cu deficit mi&t
3igura 12# Anemie hemolitica autoimuna 5frotiu de sange periferic cu
eritroblasti si sferocitoza6
3igura 11# Anemie hemolitica 5hiperplazie eritroida si eritroblasti6
3igura 19# Anemie hemolitica 5celule in tinta, acantocite6
3igura 11# Anemie hemolitica 5microsferocite6
3igura 1# Anemie hemolitica indusa medicamentos
3igura 1D# 8imfom folicular, faza leucemica
3igura 1.# 8imfom limfoplasmocitic#sange periferic
3igura 1/# 8imfom nonhodg?in
3igura 1"# 8eucemie limfatica cronica
11D
3igura 14# 8eucemie cu celule paroase 5hairU6
3igura 92# 8eucemie limfoplasmocitara
3igura 91# 8eucemie acuta mieloblastica -.
3igura 99# 8eucemie acuta mieloblastica -#-D
3igura 91# 8eucemie acuta mieloblastica -2
3igura 9# 8eucemie acuta mieloblastica -/
3igura 9D# 8eucemie acuta mieloblastica -.
3igura 9.# 8eucemie acuta limfoblastica 81
3igura 9/# 8eucemie acuta limfoblastica 89
3igura 9"# 8eucemie acuta limfoblastica
3igura 94# 8eucemia acuta limfoblastica 81
3igura 12# 8eucemie acuta mieloblastica -/
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analUsis of the active < chromosome. 'tem :ells il@.9, 1441
91. 8iu e, )helan Y, ,o B:. )rchal Y3, )rchal Y7@ Bapid determination of
clonalitU bU detection of tbo closelU lin?ed <#chromosome e&onic
polUmorphisms using allele#specific ):B. Y :hn 0nvest 44@14", 144/
9. 8uhovU -, 8iu e, Aelic?ova -, )rchal Y7@ A novel clonalitU assaU
based on transcriptional polUmorphism of < chromosome gene pDD. Aio
Alood -arrob 7ransplant 1@"1, 144D
11"
9D. Aunge '. 'teglich :, Vuther :, et al@ 0duronate#9#sulfatase gene
mutations in 1. patients bith mucopolUsacchari# dosis tUpe 07 5Hunter
sUndrome6. Hum -ol ,enet 9@1"/1. 1441
9.. 30#Wassar >, Hetet ,, Ariere Y, ,randchamps A@ :lonalitU analUsis
ofhematopoiesis in essential thrombocUtUemia@ Advantage of studUing 7
lUmphocUtes and platelets. Alood "4@19", 144/
9/. Auscue 0., Vhu Y, *cllart *, et aM@ An e&pression based clonalitU assaU at
the human androgen receptor locus 5H=-ABA6 on chromosome <. >ucleic
Acids Bes 99@.4/, 144
9". Asano H, Chasi H, 0chihara -, et al@ %vidence for nonclonal
hematopoietic progenitor cell populations in hone marrob of patients bith
mUelodUsplastic sUndromes. Alood "@D"". 144
94. Auscue 0., Wohler ', *ehart *, et al@ High incidence of polUelonal
granulocUtopoiesis in mUelodUsplastic sUndromes. Alood "9 5suppi 16@14.a,
1441 5ahstr6
12. 8egacU B*, ,ibtea Y,, -aragh -. >ermunab?i ;osat?a A, >adler
8-, ,illiland *,@ )rediction of therapU#related acute mUelogcnous
leu?emia 5A-86 and mUelodUsplastic sUndrome 5-*'6 after autologous
bone marrob transplant AA-7 for lUmphoma. Am Y Hematolin press.144.
11. ,ale B%, Aunch :, -oir *Y, )attcrson W,# ,oldstone AH, 8inch *:@
*emonstration of developing mUelodUsplasia!acute mUeloid leu?emia in
haematologicallU normal patients after high dose chemotherapU and
autologous bone marrob transplantation using < chromosome inactivation
pattern. ArY Hacmatol 41@D1, 144.
19. )rovost ', -attioli Y, ,uertin -Y, ;ose Y, Auscue 8@ <#inactivation
patterns in AA-7 patients@ %vidence for clonal evolution. Alood "" 5suppi
16@ 111a, 144D5abstr6
11. -ach#)ascual ', 0jegare B*. 8u *, ct al@ )redictive value of clonalitU
assaUs in patients bith non#Hod?in_s lUmphoma undergoing autologous
bone marrob transplant@ A single institution studU. Alood 41@4., 144"
114
1. 'tone B@ -UelodUsplastic sUndrome after autologous transplantation for
lUmphoma@ 7he price of progress. Alood "1@11/, 144
1D. Auscue 0., ,illiland *,@ <#inactivation analUsis in the 1442s@ )romise
and potential problems. 8eu?emia19@19",144"
1.. ,ale B, ^headon H. Aoulos ), 8inch *@ 7issue specificitU of <#
chromsome inactivation patterns. Alood "1@9"44, 144
1/. Ab?obitz Y. 7ahoada -, 'helton ,0 0, :atlin '>, ,utterk ), Wi?ievich
Y;@ An < chromosome gene regulates stem cell ?inetics. )roc >ail Acad 'ci
4D@1".9, 144"
1". Auscue 7., -io B, -attiolo Y, et al@ >on#random <#inactivation patters
in normal females@ 8Uem!ationratios varU bith age. Alood, in press.144/
14. ,ale B%, 3ielding A, Harrison :>. 8inch *:@ Accuired s?ebing of<#
chromosomc inactivaiton patterns in mUeloid cells of the elderlU suggest
stochastic clonal loss bith age. Ar Y Haematol ""@D19, 144/ 00. >ovel
7herapeutic 'trategies for -UelodUsplastic 'Undrome
2. Aennett Y-, :atovs?U *. *aniel -7. 3landrin ,, ,allon *A,,
,ralnic? HB. 'ultan :@ )roposals for the classification of the
mUelodUsplastic sUndromes. Ar Y Haematol D1@1"4, 14"9
1. ,recnherg 0_ :o& :, 8eAeau --. 3enau& 0_. -orel 0_ 'an+_ ,. 'anz -.
;allespi 7. Hamhlin 7. Cscier *, ChUashi?i W, 7oUama W. Aul :. -ufti ,.
Aennett Y@ 0nternational scoring sUstem tor evaluating prognosis in
mUelodUsplastic sUndromes. Alood "4@ 92/4, 144/
9. Aac?& A. Areeders 0#, Hoefsloot 808 ^ognum A, 8obenberg A@
%rUthropoiesis in mUelodUsplastic sUndrome@ %&pression of receptors for
erUthropoietin and ?it ligand. 8eu?emia 12@.., 144.
1. Hoefsloot 8H, ;anameisvoort -). Areeders 8:A-, ;anderplas *:,
;antom W, Hoogerhrugge H, 7oub r)# 0jobenherg A@ %rUthropoietio#
induced activation of '7A7D is impaired in the mUelodUsplastic sUndrome.
Alood "4@1.42. 144/
192
. Hellstrom#8indberg B@ %fficacU of erUthropoietin in the mUelodUsplastic
sUndromes@ A meta#analUsis of 92D patients from 1/ studies. ArY Haematol
"4@./, 144D
D. ,ersu? ,m, 8ee Y^, Aec?ham :A, Anderson Y, *eeg HY@ 3as 5:*4D6
receptor and 3as#ligand e&pression in hone marrob cells from patients bith
mUelodUsplastic sUndrome. Alood ""@1199. 144.
.. Witagaba -, eamaguchi ', 7a?ahashi -, 7anii_aba 7, Hiro?aba W.
WamiUama B@ 8ocalisation of fas and fas ligand in hone marrob ceils
demonstrating mUelodUsplasia. 8eu?emia 19@"., 144"
/. AouscarU *, ;os Y*. ,uesnu -, Yondeau W. ;iguier 3, -eilc Y, )icard
3, *reUfus 3, 3ontenaU#Boupie -@ 3as! Apo#1 t:*4D6 e&pression and
apoptosis in patients bith mUelodUsplastic sUndromes. 8eu?emia 11@"14,
144/
". Ba!a A. -undle '. 'hcttU ;. Alvi '. :hopra H. 'pan 0.. )archaridou A,
*ar ', ;enugopal ), Aoro? B. ,e!er ', 'hobel Y. 8oeb Y, Bobin '@ >ovel
insights into the hiologU of mUelodUsplastic sUndromes@ %&cessive apoptosis
and the role of cUto?ines. 0nt Y Hematol .1@9.D, 144.
4. Witagaba -, 'aito 8 Wubata 7, eoshida '. eamaguchi '. 7a?ahashi -,
7anijaba 7, WamiUama B, Hiro?aba W@ Cvere&pression of tumor necrosis
factor 57>36 and interferon 50>36#gamma bU hone marrob cells from
patients bith mUelodUsplastic sUndromes. leu?emia 11@924, 144/
D2. Bala A, ,eler ', -undle '. ,ao <V. Alvi ', Aoro? B, Bif?in ', 'hetfU
;. )archaridou A, 8oeb Y, -arcus A, Whan V. :hancU :. 'hobei Y.
,regorU '. )reisler H@ Apoptosis in hone marrob hiopsU samples involving
stromal and hematopoietic cells in D2 patients bith mUelodUsplastic
sUndromes. Alood ".@9."# 144D
D1. -acie(ebs?i Y, 'ellerM :. Anderson ', eoung >'@ 3as antigen
e&pression on :*1Rhuman marrob cells is induced hU interferon gamma
and tumor necrosis factor alpha and potentiates cUto?ine#mediated
hematopoietic suppression in vitro. Alood "D@11"1, 144D
191
D9. *ai :, )rice YC, Arunner 7, Wrant/ '@ 3as ligand is present in human
erthroid colonU#forming cells and interacts bith fas induced bU interferon to
produce erUthroid cell apoptosis. Alood 41@191D. 144"
D1. )eddie :-, ^olf:B. -c8ellan 0.0. :ollins AB, Aoben *7@ C&idative
*>A damage in :*1R mUelodUsplastic cells is associated bith
intraceilular rcdo& changes and elevated plasma tumor necrosis factor#oc
concentration. Ar Y 00aematol 44@.9D, 144/
D. 8ist A3, ,linsmann#,ibson A. 'pier :. 7aetle B@ 0n vitro and in vivo
response to cUclosporin#A in mUelodUsplastic sUndromes@ 0dentification of a
hUpocellular subset responsive to immune suppression. Alood "2 5'uppi
16@9"a. 1449 5abstr6
DD. 8ist A3, Heaton B. ,linsmann#,ihson A, :api!i_i B@ Amifostine
stimulates formation of multipotent progenitors and generates macroscopic
colonies in normal and mUelodUsplastic bone marrob. )roc Am 'oc :lin
Cncol 1D@4, 144. 5abstr6
D.. Wlimec?i ^. Heaton B, ,linsmann#,ihson A, 8ist A@ Amifostme
suppresses apoptosis in mUelodUsplastic :*1R cells and promotes
progenitor grobth via polUamine#li?e effects. Alood "2 5'uppi 16@D92a,
144/ 5abstr6
D/. 8ist A3, Arasfield 3, Heaton B, ,linsmann#,ihson A, :roo? 0# 7aetle
B, :apijzi B@ 'timulation of hematopoiesis hU iimifostine in patients bith
mUelodUsplastic sUndrome. Alood, 42@11., 144/
D". Arasfield 3-. Heaton B. ,linsmann#,ibson A. Chregon e. 7alleU -,
7aetle B, 'tugnieb -, 'chein ). 8ist A3@ )hase 0!00 trial of subcutaneous
amifostine in patients bith mUclodUsplastic sUndrome 5-*'6. )roc Amer
'oc :lin Cncol 1/@a, 144" 5abstr6
D4. Bobins?U 3.W. *onehober B:. 'piva? Y8, et al@ %ffects of the
differentiating agent he&amethUlene bisacetainide on normal and
mUelodUsplastic hematopoietic progenitors. Y >ati :ancer 0nst "9@149.,
1442
199
.2. ,ore '*, 'am id *, ^eng 8)@ 0mpact of the putative differentiating
agents sodium phenUlbutUrate and sodium phenUlacetate on proliferation,
differentiation and apoptosis of primarU neoplastic mUeloid cells. :lin
:ancer Bes 1@1/DD, 144
.1. 7a?aUu?i e, ^a?ao H, -iUa(ima A. Asano '@ *ifferentiation inducers
modulate cUto?ine signaling pathbaUs in a murine erUthro leu?emia cell
line.:ancer Bes D"@DD.. 144"
.9. Bobins?U %W, :onleU AA, Yones BY, ct al@ He&amethUlene bisacetamide
in mUelodUsplastic sUndrome@ %ffect of five#daU e&posure to ma&imal
therapeutic concentrations. 8eu? .@D9., 1449
.1. ,ore '*. -iller :A. ^eng 8Y. Aur?s W. ,riffin :A. :hen 78, 'mith
;. Air?e )Y, ,rever -, Bobins?U 3W@ :linical development of sodium
phenUlbutUrate as a putative differentiating agent in mUeloid malignancies.
Anticancer Bes 1/@141"a. 144/ 5abstr6
.. :hristman YW. -edelshon >. Her&og *. et al@ %ffect of D#asacUtidinc on
differentiation and *>A methUlation in human promUelocUtic leu?emic
cells 5H8#.26. :ancer Bes 1@/.1, 14"1
.D. 'ilverman 8B, Holland Y3. ^einherg B', et al@ %ffects of treatment bith
D#a/acUtidine on the in vivo and in vitro hematopoiesis in patients bith
mUelodUsplastic sUndromes. 8eu?emia / 5'uppi 16@98 1441
... 'ilverman 8B. Holland Y3. >elson *. et al@ 7rilineage response of
mUelodUsplastic sUndromes to subcutaneous azacUtidine. )roc Am 'oc :lin
Cncol 12@999a. 1441 5abstr6
./. 'ilverman 8B, *ema?os %), )eterson A, Cdchimar#Beissig B, >elson
*, Wornblith AA, 'tone B, Holland Y:, )obell A8, *e:astro :. %llerton Y,
8arson BA, 'chiffer :A, Holland Y3@ A randomized controlled trial of
subcutaneous azacitidine 5aza c6 in patients bith the mUelodUsplastic
sUndrome 5-*'6@ A studU of the :ancer and 8eu?emia ,roup A 5:A8,A6.
)roc Amer 'oc dm Cncol 1/@1a. 144" 5abstr6
.". Womhlith AA. Herndon li Y%. 'ilverman 8B, *ema?os %), Beissig B,
Holland Y3, )obell A8, *e:astro :, 3llerton Y, 8arson BA. 'chiffer :,
Holland Y:@ 7he impact of D#azacUtidine on the cualitU of life of patients
191
bith the mUelodUsplastic sUndrome 5-*'6 treated in a randomised phase 000
trial of the :ancer and 8eu?emia ,roup A 5:A8,A6. )roc Amer 'oc :lin
CncoM 1/@4a 5abstract6, 144"
.4. -iller WA. Wirn W. -orrison 3', ^inter Y>, Aennett Y-, >eiman B',
Head *B. :assileth )A. C_:onnell -YC@ 7he evaluation of lob#dose
cUtarabine in the treatment ofmUelodUsplastic sUndromes@ A phase 000
intergroup studU 5published erratum appears in Ann Hematol 1441l. Ann
Hematol .D@1.9, 1449 ,roup 3rancais des -UelodUsplasias and %uropean
:--8 ,roup.
/2. ^attel %, 3uerci A, Hcccuct A, %conomopoulos 7, :ohhlestone A,
-ahe A. :outeau& -%, Besegoiti 0# ;oglova ;, )oussard -, -ugti ,,
Cscier *, 3enau& )@ A randomised trial of hUdro&Uurea versus ;) 1. in
adult chronic mUelomonocUtic leu?emia. Alood ""@9"1, 144.
/1. *oll *:, Wasper 8-. 7aetle B, 8ist A3@ 7reatment bith lob#dose oral
etoposide in patients bith mUelodUsplastic sUndromes. 8eu? Bes 99@/. 144"
/9. Aeran -. Wantar(ian H, C_Arien '. Woller :, A0#Aitar -, Arhu? '.
)ierce ', -oore -, Ahhrullese Y8, Andreeff-, Weating -, 3steU 3@
7opotecan, a topoisomerase 0 inhihitor, is active in the treatment of
mUelodUsplastic sUndrome and chronic mUelomonocUtic leu?emia. Alood
""@9/1, 144.
/1. Aeran -. Wantar(ian H. Weating -, C_Arien '. )ierce ', Woller :,
:ortes Y, Andreeff -. Wornblau '. %steU %@ Besults of combination
chemotherapU bith topotecan and high#dose cUtosine arabinoside 5ara#:6 in
previouslU untreated patients bith high#ris? mUelodUsplastic sUndrome
5-*'6 and chronic mUelomonocUtic leu?emia 5:--86. Alood 42 5'uppi
16@D".1a, 144/5ahstr6
/. -olldrem YY. :aples -, -avroudis *. )lante -. eoung >'# Aarrett AY@
AntithUmocUte globulin for patients bith mUelodUsplastic sUndrome. ArY
Haematol 44@.44, 144/
/D. Yonasova A# >eubirtova B, :erma? Y, ;osobulova ;, 'is?ova -,
-oci?ova W. Hochova 0@ )romising cUclospo7in A therapU for
mUelodUsplastic sUndrome. 8eu? Bes 91 5suppl6@"9. 144/
19
/.. ,eissler W, Chier 8. 3odinger -, ;irgolini 0, 0#eimer -, Wabrna %.
Wollars -. '?oupU '. Aohle A. BogU -. 8echner W@ 0nterleu?in 12 inhibits
grobth and granulo#cUte!macrophage colonU#stimulating factor production
in chronic mUelomonocUtic leu?emia cells. Y %&p -ed 1"@11//. 144.
//. -olldrem Y, Yiang e, -avroudis *, Baptis A. Hensel >. Aarrett A@
Hematololgic response of patients bith mUeodUsplastic sUndrome 5-*'6 to
antithUmocUte globulin 5A7,6 treatment is associated bith a loss of :*"R
7#cell mediated :3=#,- inhibition. Alood 42 5'uppi 16@"Da, 144/ 5abstr6
/". *e ^itte 7, 'uciu ', )eetermans -, 3enau& 7, 'tri(c?mans ). HaUat
-, Ya?sic A, 'elleslag *, Vittoun B, *ardenne -, 'olhu ,, Vbierzina H,
-uus )@ 0ntensive chemotherapU for poor prognosis mUelodUsplasia 5-*'6
and secondarU acute mUelogenous leu?emia follobing -*' of more than .
months duration. A pilot studU bU the 8eu?emia :ooperative ,roup of the
%uropean Crganisation for Besearch and 7reatment in :ancer 5%CB7:#
8:,6. 8eu?emia 4@1"2D, 144D
/4. *: ^tttc 7. ,ratbohl A@ Aone marrob transplantation for
mUelodUsplastic sUndrome and secondarU leu?aemias. Annotation. ArY
Haematol "@1.1, 1441
"2. Andersen Y%. Appelhaum 3B, 3isher 8*, 'choch ,, 'hulman H,
Anasetti :, Aensingcr ^l, ArUant %. Auc?ner :*, *oncU W, -artin )Y.
'anders Y%. 'ullivan W-, 7homas %*. ^itherspoon B), Hansen YA, 'torb
B@ Allogeneic hone marrob transplantation for 41 patients bith
mUelodUsplastic sUndrome. Alood "9@.//, 1441
"1. C_*onnell -B, 8ong :.*. )ar?er )-, >iland Y. >ademaner A, AmUlan
-# :hao >, >egrin B', 'chmidt ,-. 'lova? -0.. 'mith B). 'nUder *',
'tein A'. 7rabee? 7. Alume W,# 3orman 'Y@
Ausulphan!cUclophosphamide as conditioning regimen for hone marrob
transplantation tor mUelodUsplasia. Y :lin Cncol 11@94/1. 144D
"9. *: ^itfe 7. -uus ). *e )aub, llaancn :@ 0ntensive antileu?emic
treatment of patients Uounger than .D Uears bith mUelodUsplaslic
sUndromes and secondarU acute mUetogenous leu?emia. :ancer ..@"1 1,
1442
19D
"1. -e -illan AW. ,oldstonc AH. 1#inch *:, ,nbben Y,. )atterson W,.
Bichards Y*-. 3ran?lin 0. Aoughton AY, -illigan *^, 8eUland -,
Hutchison B-. >cbland A:@ High dose chemotherapU and autologous
bone marrob transplantation in acute mUeloid leu?emia. Alood /.@"2.
1442
". 8aporte Y), 0snard 3. 8esage ', 3enau& ). *ouaU 8, 8opeU -,
'tacobia? Y, >a(man A. ,orin >:@ Autologous bone marrob
transplantation bith marrob purged bU -afosfamide in seven patients bith
mUelodUsplastic sUndromes in transformation 5A-8#-*'6@ A pilot studU.
8eu?emia /@9212. 1441
"D. %steU 3, 7hall ), Aeran -, Wantar(ian H. )ierce ', Weating -@ %ffect of
diagnosis 5refractorU anemia bith e&cess blasts, refractorU anemia bith
e&cess of blasts in transformation, or acute mUeloid leu?emia mA-8n on
outcome of A-8#tUpe chemotherapU. Alood 42@94.4, 144/
".. Aernstein '01. Arunette ;0., *aveU 3B, ^urster#Hill *, -aUer BY.
'tone B-, 'chiffer :A. Aloomfield :*@ Acute mUeloid leu?emia#tUpe
chemotherapU for neblU diagnosed patients bithout antecedent cUtopenias
having mUelodUsplastic sUndrome as defined 3rench#American# Aritish
criteria@ A :ancer 8eu?emia ,roup A studU. Y dm Cncol 1@9".. 144.
"/. 3enau& ), -orel ). Bose :, 8aio Y8. Youet Y). Aauters 3@ )rognostic
factors in adult de novo mUelodUsplastic sUndromes treated bU intensive
chemotherapU. Ar Y Haematol //@4/, 1441
"". -ertelsmann B, 7haler H7. 7o 0., ,ee 7'. -cWenzie '. 'chauer ).
Arlin V, :irrincione :# :lar?son A@ -orphological classification, response
to therapU, and survival in 9.1 adult patients bith acute nonlUmphohlastic
leu?emia. Alood D.@//1. 1442
"4. *e ^itte 7, 'uciu '. ;erhoef ,, 8ahar A, Archimhaud %, Aul :,
'elleslag *, 3errant. ^l(ermans ), -andelli 3. Amadori ', Yehn 06, -uus ),
*e-uUnc? H, *ardenne -, Vittoun B, ^illem!e B, ,ratbohl A. AppericU
Y@ Autologous stem cell transplantation for patients bith poor ris? -*' and
19.
secondarU A-0. 5sA-86. A (oint studU of the %CB7:. %A-7, 'AWW and
,0-%-A leu?emia groups 5p9D46. Alood 42 5'uppl 16@D"1a, 144/ 5abstr6
42. *: ^itte 7, ;an Aicien A, Hermans Y, 8abopin -, Bundc ;, Cr B.
-eloni ,. -auri 'A, :arella A. ApperleU Y, ,ratbohl A. 8aporte Y#)@
Autologous hone marrob transplantation for patients bith mUeiodUsplastic
sUndrome 5-*'t or acute mUeloid leu?emia follobing -*'. Alood
42@1"D1, 144/
41. *elforge -, *emuUnc? H, ;andenberghe ), ;erhoef ,. Vachee ), ;an
*uppen ;. -ari(nen ), ;an den Acrghe H, Aoogaerts -A@ )olUclonal
primitive hematopoietic rogenitors can he detected in mobili._ed peripheral
hiood from patients bith high#ris? mUelodUsplastie sUndromes. Alood
".@1..2. 144D
49. *emuUnc? H, *elforge ,, ;erhoef ). Vachee ). ;andenherghe ). ;an
den Aerghc H. Aoogaerts -A@ 3easibilitU of peripheral blood progenitor
cell harvest and transplantation in patients bith poor#ris? mUelodUsplastic
sUndromes. ArY Haematot 49@1D1. 144.
41. *e ^itte 7, 'uciu ', Aoogaerts -. 8ahar A, Archimbaud %, Aul :#
'elleslag *. 3errant A. ^ei(ermans ). -andelli 3, Amadori ', Yehn =#
-uus ), *emuUnc? H. *ardenne -, ^illem!e B, ,ratbohl A. ApperleU Y@
7he influence ofcUtogenetic abnormalities on treatment outcome after
intensive antileu?emic therapU for patients bith high ris? -*' and A-8
follobing -*'. A (oint studU of the %CB7:, %A-7, 'AWW. ,0-%-A
8eu?emia ,roups 5p1"2.6. Alood "" 5suppi 16@Da. 144. 5ahstr6
4. :arella A-, *elana A, 8erma %. )odesta -. Aenvenuto 3, :himirri 3,
)arodi :, 'essarego -. )rencipe %. 3rassoni )@ 0n vivo mobilization of
?arUotUpicallU normal peripheral blood progenitor cells in high#ris? -*',
secondarU or therapU#related acute mUelogenous leu?aemia. ArY Haematol
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4D. ,reenberg A, *une A, Aarnetl 7, et al )hase 0#00 studU of 11 as retinoic
acid in mUelodUsplastic sUndrome :ancer 7reat Bep .4 11.4#11/. 14"D
4.. ,reenberg )8 7he smoldering mUeloid leu?emic states clinical and
biologic features Alood .1 121D#12, 14"1
19/
4/. Hoelzcr *, ,anser A, Heimpel H oAtUpicalo leu?emias preleu?emia,
smoldering leu?emia and hUpoplastic leu?emia Becent Besults :ancer Bes
41 .4#121, 14"
4". Wcr?hofs H, Hogemeizer A, 8a?sma :, et al 7he Dc#chromosomc
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dihUdro&Uvitamin
* inhibits proliferation of human promUelocUtic leu?emia 5H8#.26 cells and
induces monocUte#macrophage differentiation in H8#.2 and normal human
bone marrob 8eu? Bes / D1#DD, 14"1
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scoring sUstem bith prognostic significance Ar 1 Haematol D4 9D#11,
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proto#oncogene in hematopietic cells and its deletion in the Dc# sUndrome
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121. >ilsson AC )robablU in vivo inductions of iifferentitiation bU retinoic
acid of promUelocUtes in acute promUelocUtic leu?emia Ar Y Haematol D/
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12. Witagaba -. WamiUama B. Wasuga 7@ 0ncrease in number of hone
marrob macrophages in patients bithmUelodUsplastic sUndromes. %ur Y
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19"
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Alac? 'cientific )ublications
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