Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
*
Cercettor postdoctoral, UMF Grigore T.Popa Iai, Romnia- Centrul de Etic i Politici de Sntate,
lector univ. dr., Universitatea Al. I. Cuza, Iai, Romnia, Facultatea de Psihologie i tiine ale Educaiei,
e-mail: andreiholman@yahoo.com
51
Argument
Ca n orice domeniu de cercetare care
implic participani umani, i cercettorii
n psihologie se pot confrunta cu dileme
etice importante atunci cnd i planific
i realizeaz investigaiile. Condiiile
studierii participanilor umani sunt trasate
ntr-un set comun de reguli, aflate la baza
codurilor de etic a cercetrii din toate
domeniile. Cercetarea este reglementat
i de legislaiile naionale (1), ceea ce
permite apariia unor variaii de la o ar
la alta (2, 3). Totui, n momentul de fa
exist o arie comun ce constituie nucleul
reglementrilor valabile internaional
pentru un anumit domeniu de cercetare,
n special n privina drepturilor
participanilor in studiu i a obligaiilor
cercettorului fa de ei (4). Pe de alt
parte,
internaionalizarea
tiinific,
responsabil pentru aceast omogenizare
a codurilor etice specifice fiecrui
domeniu, a fost nsoit i de o
specializare progresiv a fiecrei tiine.
Construirea identitilor specifice a creat
condiiile apariiei unor diferene de
permisivitate a regulilor eticii cercetrii
ntre domenii. Psihologia este una dintre
tiinele ce ilustreaz acest fenomen, cu
precdere n privina abaterilor de la
norma consimmntului informat.
Specificul cercetrii psihologice n
aceast privin este acela c acesta
permite trecerea argumentelor etice
invocate n disputele pe tema unor astfel
de abateri prin filtrul testrii empirice. n
cele ce urmeaz vom prezenta sintetic
controversele etice generate de practica
minirii participanilor i vom ilustra
tema susinerii empirice a argumentelor
aduse n aceste dezbateri. Acestea
vizeaz o serie de puncte de reper
fundamentale beneficii i consecine
negative, autonomie i principii etice; n
toate aceste planuri, poziiile pro i
contra
invoc
rezultate
empirice
52
de
etic
practicii
sociale.
Argumentul principal invocat de
aprtorii practicii minirii participanilor
(de exemplu, Bortolotti & Mameli (22))
este acela c informaiile ce pot fi culese
n situaiile n care ea este folosit sunt
mult mai valide dect n cazul n care
psihologul ar fi complet sincer cu
participanii. Exist mai multe poteniale
surse ale invaliditii datelor n acest
ultim scenariu. Pe de o parte, participanii
i-ar
adapta
comportamentul
la
ateptrile experimentatorului, aa cum
sunt ele descifrate din scopul studiului,
un
fenomen
denumit
efectul
Hawthorne (23). Mai frecvent, ns,
studiile n psihologie vizeaz anumite
comportamente indezirabile social, pe
care oamenii sunt motivai s le
mascheze din varii motive; ca atare, n
condiiile unei sinceriti depline ale
psihologilor, aceste comportamente
cum ar fi agresivitatea sau discriminarea
social nu ar mai fi manifestate pe
parcursul studiului (22). Participanii ar
ncerca s proiecteze o imagine pozitiv
despre propria persoan i deci s joace
ei nii un rol, s adopte o fals
identitate. Minirea participanilor ar fi
util, n acest context, pentru contraatacarea tendinei participanilor nii de
a mini cercettorul. n sprijinul acestei
idei vin unele studii (24) care arat c n
anumite situaii experimentale descrierea
complet i sincer a metodelor folosite,
scopului i ipotezelor poate elimina
complet fenomenul psihologic urmrit.
Mai mult, unele studii nu pot miza pe
validitatea informaiilor oferite de
subieci despre propriul comportament
fie cel din trecut, fie cel intenionat,
potenial, chiar i n condiiile sinceritii
lor depline (25). Astfel de auto-descrieri
sunt deseori eronate, influenate de
diverse tendine ce le deformeaz
imaginea de sine. Comportamentul lor
real ar putea fi, n consecin, diferit de
Soluii
Autorii care acuz nclcarea
autonomiei participanilor de ctre
practica minirii lor propun i o soluie
care ar menine posibilitatea nelrii, cea
a consimmntului informat indirect,
inspirat din cercetarea biomedical. Aa
cum
aceasta
admite
exprimarea
consimmntului, n condiii speciale, de
ctre un reprezentant legal al pacientului,
i n psihologie ar fi acceptabil ca
altcineva o persoan n care viitorul
participant are ncredere s primeasc
toate informaiile despre experimentul n
care acesta va fi inclus, s evalueze
acceptabilitatea condiiilor i a scopului
cercetrii i, dac e cazul, s i exprime
consimmntul cu privire la participarea
respectivului individ (37). n acest caz,
autonomia participantului nu ar mai fi
nclcat.
O alt soluie propus este una pe
care
am
putea-o
denumi
a
consimmntului parial informat.
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