Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

Titlul original: INTRODUCTION TO PROFESSIONAL WHEEL ALIGNMENT

FASEP SRL ITALY Traducerea si adaptarea : Claudiu COLIBABA Toate drepturile pentru materialele publicate in aceasta lucrare apartin F.A.S.E.P SRL - ITALIA Reprodcerea oricaror texte sau fotografii din aceasta lucrare, fara acordul F.A.S.E.P SRL - ITALIA este strict interzisa. Copierea acestui CD fara acorul X-MEDITOR ROMANIA reprezinta infractiune si se pedepseste conform legii.

X-Meditor Romania

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

1.NOTIUNI GENERALE 1.1. Conditiile de baza ale geometriei vehiculului. . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . 2. DEFINITI I2.1. Suspensiile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2. Unghiuri caracteristice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3. UNGHIUL DE CADERE 3.1. Definitii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . 3.2. Conditii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 .. 3.3. Cauze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.4. Efecte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 .. 3.5. Exemple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4. UNGHIUL DE INCLINARE A PIVOTULUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.1. Definitii .. 4.2. Unghiul inclus .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 .. 4.3. Efecte .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 .. 5. UNGHIUL DE FUGA 5.1. Definitii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 . .. 5.2. Stabilitatea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 . .. 5.3. Fenomenul inclinarii cu rotile in pozitia de virare . . . . . 27 . . . .. 5.4. Alti factori ce influenteaza unghiul de fuga . . . . . . . . . .28. . . . 6. UNGHIUL DE CONVERGENTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 . 6.1. Definitii . . .. 6.2. Masuratori . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 30 6.3. Efectele sarcinii asupra convergentei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 . . . .. 6.4. Sistemele Jeantaud si Panhard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 . . .. 6.5. Efectele dinamice asupra convergentei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 6.6. Alunecarea rotii . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .33. . . 6.7 Uzura neuniforma a pneurilor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 . . . ..

X-Meditor Romania

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

7. GEOMETRIA DIRECTIEI 7 Definire si conditi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 .1. . 7 Convergenta in curba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2. 37 7 Paralelogramele directiei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38. . .3. . 7 Centrul de rotatie instantanee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39. . . . .4. . 7 Centrarea directiei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 . . . .5. .. 7 Devierea axelor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 .6.

8. EFECTE DINAMICE PARTICULARE 8.1. Efectele alunecarii asupra pneului . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 8.2. Influneta alunecarii in timpul rularii in linie 44 dreapta. .alunecarii. in timpul virarii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45. . . . ....... 8.3. Influenta . 8.4. Alunecarea primara si secundara . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .46. . . .

X-Meditor Romania

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

3R]LLDYHKLFXOXOXLUHSUH]LQWFRQGLLD $WXQFLFkQGVHDMXVWHD]SR]LLD JHRPHWULFDWXWXURUFRPSRQHQWHORUFHFRQ JHRPHWULFvQFRQFRUGDQFXGDWHOH WULEXLHODGHWHUPLQDUHDSR]LLHLURLORUvQWLP IXUQL]DWHGHSURGXFWRUIDFWRULL SXOGHSODVULLILHDFHDVWDvQOLQLHGUHDSW HQXPHUDLDLVXVVXQWOXDLvQFRQVLGHUDUH VDXvQFXUE GDULEDODQDFRUHFWDIRUHORUSUHFXP 3R]LLDJHRPHWULFSRDWHILYHULILFDWQXPDL LSXQFWXOGHDSOLFDUHDODFHVWRUDvQWLP vQWLPSXOVWDLRQULL SXOPLFULL7RDWHDFHVWHDvQVHDPQF $WXQFLFkQGDXWRYHKLFXOXOVHDIODvQPLFDUH DGHYUDWDEDODQDIRUHORUSRDWHIL GDWRULWVWULORUGHvQFUFDUHYDULDELOHPXOWL HIHFWXDWH[DFWFDLFXPDXWRYHKLFXOXO SOHIRUHvLIDFDSDULLDIRUHFUHDWGH DUILvQPLFDUH UH]LVWHQODvQDLQWDUHJUHXWDWHDFFHOHUDUH VDXGHFHOHUDUHFUHDWHGHFXSOXOPRWRUIRUD FHQWULIXJIUkQHHWFFHWLQGVPRGLILFH SR]LLDJHRPHWULF

&DLXQJKLXOFDU DFWHULVWLFDOU WUHEXLHVVDWLVIDFDQ RLORUFHvOYRPW XPLWHFRQGLLLGHVLPH DUWDWvQILJ UDWDvQFDSLWR WULHLSHUSHQGLFXODU OHOHXUPWRDUH LWDWHSHD[HDDFXPHV YHKLFXOXO WH

PD si PS= Ampatamentul pe dreapta si pe stanga; Ca si Cp= Urmele fata si spate

X-Meditor Romania

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

$PSDWDPHQWXO LXUPHOHQXWUH GHFD]XULvQFDUHX EXLHLQWRWGHD UPHOHVXQWGLIHU egale. XDVILHHJDOH'HI LWHLPDLSXLQFRP &D]XULWLSLFH DSWH[LVWDXQQ XQvQFDUHDPSDWD GHDPSDWDPHQ XPUPDUH PHQWHOHQXVXQW WHGLIHULWHSR WILJVLWHSHXQ HOHYHKLFXOHF XWUDFLXQHID WDL

(Renault 4R, R6, R16).

&RQGLLDG HVLPHWULH YHULILFDUHH DVDVLXOXL VWHSURLHFW $FHDVWDW SRDWHILYH DUHSXQFWH UHEXLHIFX FHDLQGLFDWGHSURGXFWRU ULILFDWDvQ ORUGHPVXU WODQLYHO ODOWDFRQGLLHI PDLPXOWHI DUHODQLYHO XOVROXOXL RDWUHLPSRUW DFLRQHD]DVX HOXULRPHW XOVROXOXLF LDUFRQGLL DQFHWUHEXLH SUDYHKLFXOXO SUHFXPHVWHDUWDWvQILJXULOHL RGVLPSOG XXQILUFXSOX DHVHQLDO OXDWvQVHDPD XLLHIHFWHOH H PE DHVWHFDS HVWHGLVWUXE QLYHOXOXLORQ UHVLXQHDv XLUHDJUHXWLL JLWXGLQDOLW QURLVILH FH UDVQYHUVDOID WDGHVRO

Nivel / Garda la sol

X-Meditor Romania

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

Nivel / Garda la sol; Presiune specificata

Practica curenta de a masura pozitia geoVehiculul poate fi folosit gol (numai cu metrica a vehiculului in stare neincarcata, RIHUXOvQXQWUXVDXFXSDVDJHULLFXVDX in care nu se specifica alta metoin cazul IUFRPEXVWLELOVDXEDJDMHLQIOXHQDDFHV da de catre producator: acesta este folosiWRUFRQGLLLYDULDELOHGHvQFUFDUHDVXSUD masuratorile se pot face rapid ta pentru ca FRPSUHVLHLSULORUHODVWLFHDOHVXVSHQVLHL si pentru ca aceasta stare, neincarcata, SOXVHIHFWXODQXPLWRUIRUHvQWLPSXO reprezinta cea mai apropiata varianta de GHSODVULLDXWRYHKLFXOXOXLFRQGXFOD conditiile de folosire zilnice ale vehiculului, SR]LLHYDULDELODDJHRPHWULHLURLORU ce functioneaza in majoritatea vehicul TUDJHPFRQFOX]LDFRFXQRDWHUH timpului doar cu soferul la bord; o excepDSURIXQGDWDJHRPHWULHLURLORULDDIHFWH atunci cand se verifica daca tie se iveste lor generate de contidiile de folosire ale variatiile produse in timpul incarcarii la YHKLFXOXOXLHVWHQHFHVDUSHQWUXDVHIDFHR maxim a vehiculului ce au ca efect comLQWHUSUHWDUHLQWHOLJHQWDGDWHORUIXUQL]DWH elastice ale suspensiei presia elementelor GHSURGXFWRULDWROHUDQWHORUDSOLFDWH nu caracteristicile de elasticialtereaza sau tate si pozitionare geometrica. QDLQWHGHDYHULILFDSR]LLDJHRPHWULFDYHKLFXOXOXLHVWHHVHQLDOVVHREVHUYH XUPWRDUHOHFRQGLLLGHED] /RFDOL]DLLHOLPLQDLRULFHMRFDOVXVSHQVLHLVDXDOGLUHFLHL 3R]LLRQDLYHKLFXOXOSHRVXSUDIDSODQ 9HULILFDLSUHVLXQHDURLORU 5HVSHFWDLLOXDLvQFRQVLGHUDUHFRQGLLLOHVSHFLILFDWHGHvQFUFDUH 5HVSHFWDLLOXDLvQFRQVLGHUDUHGLVWULEXLDVDUFLQLL 9HULILFDLGDFH[LVWDYUHRQHUHJXODVXSUDSULORUHODVWLFHDOHVXVSHQVLHLLDOH ULJLGLWLLDUWLFXODLLORU

X-Meditor Romania

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

X-Meditor Romania

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

1. janta 2. pivot 3. butuc 4. amortizor DUWLFXODLHDPRUWL]RU SLYRWXOGHGLUHFLH EDUGHUHJODMSHQWUXDMXV WDUHDXQJKLXOXLGHFGHUH LGHIXJDOURLORU DUWLFXODLH EUDXOVXVSHQVLHL DUWLFXODLHVIHULF LQIHULRDU DUWLFXODLH

Elementele suspensiei

Termenul suspensie este utilizat pentru a 3HQWUXDvQGHSOLQLGLYHUVHOHFHULQHGHIDEUL descrie totalitatea pieselor elastice care FDUHDOHYHKLFXOHORUH[LVWPDLPXOWHWLSXULGH FRQHFWHD]URLOHODDVLXVDXODFDURVHULD sisteme de suspensie: Mac Pherson, mecanism DXWRSRUWDQW FXDUWLFXODLHFXSDWUXEDUHWUDQVYHUVDOGHIRUP 6LVWHPHOHGHVXVSHQVLHDXXUPWRDUHOH DELOPHFDQLVPFXDUWLFXODLHFXSDWUXEDUH IXQFLL ORQJLWXGLQDOWLSWUDYHUVHWF'DWILLQGFQX $EVRUERFXULOHGHSHFDURVDELOHOH HVWHSRVLELOVRIHULPRGHVFULHUHGHWDOLDWD QHUHJXODWHDVLJXUkQGvQWURDQXPLW ILHFUXLWLSvQDFHVWGRFXPHQWLQILJSXWHWL PVXUGHSODVDUHDOLQDSDVDJHULORU gasi o reprezentare schematica a suspensiei, VDXRELHFWHORUWUDQVSRUWDWHLHYLWDUHD denumirile tehnice ale pentru a clarifica VXSXQHULLSLHVHORUPHFDQLFHODX]XU SLHVHORUFDUHDOFWXLHVFVLVWHPXO H[FHVLY $VLJXUFRQWDFWXOSHUPDQHQWDO SQHXULORUFXVROXOLFRQIHURDGHUHQ FRUHVSXQ]WRDUHFXFDURVDELOXO IXQFLRQDUHDFRUHFWDGLUHFLHLL VLJXUDQDFOWRULHL
X-Meditor Romania

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

VDXD[DGLUHFLRQDODYHKLFXOXOXLVXQWGXSFXPXUPHD] D8QJKLXOGHFGHUHDURLORU E&RQYHUJHQDURLORU F&RQYHUJHQDQHJDWLYDURLORUODYLUDMH G QFOLQDLHWUD GLUHFLH QVYHUVDODSLY H8QJKLORQJLWXGLQDOGHIXJDURLORUVDXSHVFXUW8QJKLGHIXJDURLORU RWXOXLGHGLUH pot fi: FLHVDXSHVFXU WvQFOLQDLD I8QJKLGHFGHUHDURLORU SLYRWXOXLGH J&RQYHUJHQDVDXFRQYHUJHQDQHJDWLYDURLORU 'DWILLQGFDFH VWHXQJKLXULV n diferite limbi. XQWVHWDWHG HSURGXFWRUH VWHXWLOVVH FXQRDVFWHUP LQRORJLD

X-Meditor Romania

10

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

Left Toe Convergenza sinistra Spur links Paralellisme gauche

Right Toe Convergenza destra Angle de braquage Spur rechts Paralellisme droite

Steering angle Angolo de sterzata Radeinshlag

Total Toe Convergenza totale Gesamtspur Paralellisme totale

Camber Inclinazione Sturz Carrossage

Toe-out on turns at 20 Divergenza angolo de sterzata Spurdifferenzwinkel Angle de difference de parallelisme

Caster Incidenza Nachlauf Avance

Camber Inclinazione Sturz Carrossage

King Pin Incl. transv. montante Spreizung Incl. du pivot de fusee

Included angle Angolo incluso Eingeschlossener Winkel Angle inclu

Meditor Romania

X-

11

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

X-Meditor Romania

12

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

UQJKLXOGHFGHUHDOURLORUHVWHXQJKLXO PVXUDWvQJUDGHGLQWUHOLQLDPHGLDQDURWLL LSHUSHQGLFXODUSHVRODWXQFLFkQGVH SULYHWHYHKLFXOXOGLQIDWDILJ 'DFSDUWHDVXSHULRDUDURWLLHVWHDSOHFDWD FWUHH[WHULURUXOYHKLFXOXLXQJKLXOGHFGHUH este (fig. 8). 'DFSDUWHDVXSHULRDUDURWLLHVWHDSOHFDWD FWUHLQWHULRUXOYHKLFXOXOXLXQJKLXOGHFGHUH este (fig. 9).

Unghiul de cadere

6DUXQFPRSULYLUHDVXSUDPRWLYHORUSHQWUX FDUHURDWDDUHXQXQJKLGHFGHUH'DF SQHXODUILSR]LLRQDWSHUIHFWSHVROLX]XUD SHVXSUDIDDGHUXODUHDDFHVWXLDDUIL VLPHWULFDWXQFLURDWDDUWUHEXLVDLEXQJ KLXOGHFGHUH]HURDGLFSHUSHQGLFXODU SHVROSHQWUXRULFHVLWXDLHDSUXWvQWLPSXO UXOULL'LQPRPHQWFHDFHVWHVLWXDLLVXQW H[WUHPGHYDULDELOHH[LVWHQDXQXLXQJKLGH FGHUHSR]LWLYVDXQHJDWLYDMXVWDWFRUHFW WUHEXLHFRQWLHQWL]DWD UQJKLXOGHFGHUHDIRVWFUHDWSHQWUXD vQGHSOLQLFHULQHFHDSUXWHFXPXOWvQDLQWHD DXWRPRELOXOXLFKLDUGHSHYUHDPHDFUXHORU WUDVHGHFDLQDFHDYUHPHURLOHHUDXGH GLDPHWUXPDUHSHQWUXDIDFHPDLXRDU WUHFHUHDSHVWHGHQLYHOULOHVXSUDIHHLGHUX ODUHLvQDFHODLWLPSGLQPRWLYHGHJUHX WDWHSUH]HQWDXVSLHDWDDWHEXWXFXOXLILJ 10).

Unghi de cadere pozitiv

Unghi de cadere negativ

XMeditor Romania

13

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

3HQWUXDFRPSHQVDIUDJLOLWDWHDVSLHORUFHVHSXWHDXUXSHGHVWXO GHXRUDWXQFLFkQGVHWUHFHDSHVWHXQREVWDFROGHQLYHODUH DFHVWHDHUDXvQFOLQDWHFWUHLQWHULRUXOYHKLFXOXOXLGkQGXOHR IRUPFRQFDYDQVHIHFWXOJUHXWDULLSXWHDFDX]DUXSHUHDDFHV tora fie la mbinarea cu butucul fie la mbinare cu cercul de ruODUHSXQFWHOH$L%vQILJ
Greutatea vehiculului la 3HQWUXDUHPHGLDDFHDVWSUREOHPEXWXFXODIRVWRULHQWDWvQ impactul cu un obstacol

Greutatea vehiculului

MRVDVWIHOvQFkWJUHXWDWHDYHKLFXOXLHVWHGLVWULEXLWDSHVSLHvQ SRVLWLDYHUWLFDOILJvQDFHODLWLPSIRUPDFRQFDYDDURLL IRDUWHUH]LVWHQWODLPSDFWXOODWHUDOFDX]DWGHORYLUHFXREVDFROH DIRVWPHQLQXWLGDWRULWUHDFLHL5JHQHUDWGHJUHXWDWH YHKLFXOXOXLHUDLPSRVLELOFURDWDVVHGHVSULQGGHSHEXWXF GHFLSXWHPVSXQHVSULQWURPRGLILFDUHVDXUH]ROYDWGRXSURE leme. $XWRYHKLFXOHOHDXXUPDWGHvQGDWDFHVWPRGHOILJ$FHDV WDPHWRGDIRORVLWvQDYDQWDMXOVXIDSWXOFUHDFLD5 JHQHUDWGHJUHXWDWHDYHKLFXOXOXLDYHDFDHIHFWvPSLQJHUHDURWLL FWUHYHKLFXOGHFLFXPDPVSXVPDLVXVGHVSULQGHUHDDFHVWHLH HUDSUDFWLFLPSRVLELOGDUvQDFHODLWLPSDOWHQHFHVLWLDXIRVW create

Greutatea vehiculului

QSULPXOUkQGGDWRULWYLWH]HLDXWRYHKLFXOHORUVDLYLWQHYRLDFD URWLOHVDLERPDVFkWPDLPLFSHQWUXDHOLPLQDHIHFWXOJLUR VFRSLFILJDFHVWHIHFWFRQIRUPOHJLORUIL]LFLLFUHD]R UH]LVWHQSXWHUQLFDWXQFLFkQGVHGRUHWHVFKLPEDUHDGLUHFLHL Greutatea FRUSXOXLVXSXVDFHVWHLIRUHLFXFkWPDLPDUHPDVLYLWH] FXDWkWHIHFWXOVHIDFHVLPLWPDLSXWHUQLF QDOGRLOHDUkQGVDLYLWQHYRLDFDQXPDLURWLOHVVHvQWRDUF QXWRDWSXQWHDIDFDvQFD]XOFUXHORUDFHVWOXFUXHVWHQHFH VDUSHQWUXVWDELOLWDWHDYHKLFXOXOXLGLIHUHQDGHDPSDWDPHQWGLQ WUHSXQLILLQGPDLPLFVHHYLWDUVWXUQDUHDYHKLFXOXOXLODYLWH]H PDULFDUH]XOWDWDOIRUHLJUHXWLLLDOIRUHLFHQWULIXJHVDXvQ DFHODLWLPSUHGXFHUHDGLPHVLXQLORUSXQLLIDWDFHDGHYHQLWIL[ (fig. 15).

X-Meditor Romania

14

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

$FHVWHSUREOHPHVXQWGHSLWHSULQPRQWDUHD URLORUYLUDWRDUHSHGRXSLYRWXULFH IDFLOLWHD]VFKLPEDUHDGLUHFLHLILJ Pivotul este folosit pentru a vira, dar UH]LVWHQDvQWkOQLWvQWLPSXOYLUULLFUHWHR GDWFXGLVWDQDGLQWUHSXQFWXOGHFRQWDFWDO URWLLLSURLHFLDSLYRWXOXLSHVROGLVWDQWD FXQRVFXWFDGHYLDLDSLYRWXOXLGLVWDQWD% vQILJGHIDSWXQHIHFWGHUH]LVWHQ HVWHFUHDWSURSRULRQDOFXGHYLDLDSLYRWXOXL Bracajul rotior la viraje %DWXQFLFkQGUH]LVWHQWDGDWRULWIUHFULL GLQWUHURDWDLVXSUDIDDGHUXODUH DFLRQHD]DVXSUDURLLVDXRIRUSHUWXUED WRDUHHVWHJHQHUDWGHLPSDFWXOFXXQREVWD col (fig. 16). 5H]XOWDWXO)S[%HVWHPRPHQWXOUH]LVWHQHL MSFHWUHEXLHGHSLWSHQWUXDIDFHSRVLELO virarea rotii; evident, cu ct valoarea B este mai mare, cu att efortul depus n nWRDUFHUHDVDXPHQLQHUHDGLUHFLHLURWLLR GDWYLUDWDHVWHPDLPDUH Punctul de QDFHODLWLPSRGDWFXFUHWHUHDYDORULL rupere Fp=Forta de rezistenta la inaintare; %FUHWHLUD]DGHvQWRDUFHUHLvQ Mp=Momentul fortei de rezistenta; B=Distanta intre FRQVHFLQLULVFXOGHUXSHUHDOEXWXFXOXLvQ axa rotii si axa pivotului; Ms=Momentul necesar pentru a roti roata in jurul ]RQDLQGLFDWvQILJ
axei pivotului

n trecut, butucul a fost nclinat n jos pentru a UHGXFHGHYLDLDSLYRWXOXLDFHVWXOXFUXvQV nu este suficient pentru a reduce efectul IRUHORUSHUWXUEDWRDUHFHDIHFWHD]GLUHFLD QDFHODLWLPSXQJKLXOGHFGHUHQXDSXWXW ILPULWvQDDPVXUvQFkWVVHDQXOH]H GHYLDLDSLYRWXOXLILJ Pentru a reduce interferentele perturbatoare asupra diectiei, presiunea pneurilor a fost VF]XWPRILFDQGXVHDVWIHOLVWUXFWXUDDFHV WRUD$VWIHOFRQWDFWXOGLQWUHVXSUDIDDGH UXODUHLURDWDHVWHPDLPDOHDELO

X-Meditor Romania

15

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

QVHIHFWXOXQXLXQJKLGHFGHUHPDUHFRPEL nat cu cel al pneului mai moale este unul negativ, GLQPRPHQWFHVXSUDIDDH[WHULRDUDSQHXOXLVH GHIRUPHD]LSDUFXUJHRGLVWDQPDLPDUHvQ FXUEGHFkWFHDLQWHULRDU5H]XOWDWXOHVWHX]XUD QHXQLIRUPDSHVXSUDIDDGHUXODUHDSQHXOXL SDUWHDH[WHULRDUVHX]HD]PDLWDUHILJ Re Raza exterioara de rotatie a rotii Ri Raza interioara de rotaie a rotii QLOXVWDWLHVHSRDWHYHGHDFVXSUDIDDGHFRQ tact a pneului cu solul este una conica, lucru ce IDFHFWHQGLQDURWLLVILHXQDYLUDWRDUHFWUH H[WHULRUJHQHUkQGX]XUDQHUHJXODWLLQVWDELOL WDWHvQFD]XOvQFDUHXQJKLXULOHGHFGHUHDOH FHORUGRXURLDOHDFHOHLDLSXQLQXVXQWLGHQ tice. $DGDUXQJKLXOGHFGHUHWUHEXLHUHGXVGDU DFHVWOXFUXDUGXFODPULUHDGHYLDLHLSLYRWXOXL %LHIHFWHOHVDUVLPLLPDLWDUHDWXQFLFkQG VHYRUPRQWDLIUkQHGHIDSWGDFIRUDGH IUkQDUHQXHVWHDFHLDLSHDPEHOHURWLHIHFWHOH QHJDWLYHDVXSUDYLUULLVXQWFRPSDUDELOHFXHIHFW Intersectia dintre proiectia axei pivotuluiHOHIRUHORUSHUWXUEDWRDUHDVXSUDGLUHFLHL si sol 6ROXLDDFHVWHLSUREOHPHSRDWHILJVLWQXPDL GDFvQFOLQDUHDURLORUVHIDFHRSXVSLYRWXOXL DVWIHOvQFkWSURLHFLDSLYRWXOXLVFDGSH]RQD GHFRQWDFWDSQHXOXLFXVXSUDIDDGHUXODUHILJ 19)
Deformarea axei la puntile rigide

$FHVWOXFUXvQVHDPQFXQJKLXOGHFGHUHDO URLORUSRDWHILUHGXVFRQVLGHUDELOOVkQGXQPLF XQJKLSHQWUXDFRPSHQVDGHIRUPDUHDSXQLL DSUXWDGLQFDX]DvQFUFULLSHYHKLFXOHOH HFKLSDWHFXSXQLULJLGHILJQDFHODLWLPS acest lucru ar duce la reducerea devierii pivotuOXL%vQILJLHIHFWHORUQHJDWLYHFHOHDUH DFHVWDDVXSUDYLUULL 'HIDSWvQILJVHSRDWHYHGHDFURWLOHWLQG VDLEXQXQJKLGHFGHUHHJDOFX]HURDWXQFL R si r - razele de inclinare a suspensiilor functie FkQGYHKLFXOXOPDLH[DFWSXQWHDHVWHVXSXV de compresia arcului XQHLJUHXWLFHRGHIRUPHD]
X-Meditor Romania

16

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

OGDWFXvPEXQWLUHDWHKQLFLORUGHIDEULFDUHLFX LQWURGXFHUHDVXVSHQVLHLFXEUDHLQGHSHQGHQWHXQJKLXO GHFGHUHVDPLFRUDWGUDVWLFWLQ]kQGVSUHRYDORDUH IRDUWHDSURSLDWGH]HURvQFRQGLWLLHFHOHPDLX]XDOHGH IRORVLUHLvQFUFDUHDOHYHKLFXOXOXLWUHEXLHVOXPvQ VHDPFXQJKLXOGHFGHUHWLQGHVYDULH]HvQWLPSXO UXOULL 'HIDSWvQWLPSXOUXOULLEUDHOHVXVSHQVLHLXUPHD]DQX PLWHWUDLHFWRULLFHDXUD]HOHUL5ILJ $WXQFLFkQGVXVSHQVLDHVWHFRPSULPDWSR]LLDURWLLYDIL PDLULGLFDWIDGHFDURVHULHFHVWHGHVWLQVDSR]LLD URWLLYDILPDLOVDWIDGHFDURVHLUHQWLPSXODFHVWRU PLFULDOHURLLXQJKLXOGHFGHUHVHYDVFKLPEDGHOD negativ n timpul compresiei la pozitiv n timpul destinderLLDFHVWOXFUXHVWHFUHDWGHFRPELQDLDIDFWRULORUOHJDLGH GHIRUPDUHDSDUDOHORJUDPXOXLIRUPDWGHEUDHOHVXSHULR DUHLLQIHULRDUHDOHVXVSHQVLHLLGHSLYRWXOURWLL Acesta a fost unul din factorii ce au condus la favorizarea suspensiei independente n defavoarea celei cu ax ridig. Beneficiile acestui efect sunt cel mai bine vizibile n curbe, Compresie, destindere XQGHFRPSUHVLDVXVSHQVLHLURLORUH[WHULRDUHFXUEHL FDX]DWGHIRUDFHQWULIXJSURGXFHXQXQJKLGHFGHUH QHJDWLYDVXSUDURWLLLDFLRQHD]FRQWUDUIRUHLGH UVWXUQDUHDYHKLFXOXOXLDFHVWOXFUXQXVHvQWkPSOvQFD zul vehiculelor echipate cu suspensii cu ax rigid. Un alt aspect pozitiv al suspensiei independente, ilustrat vQILJHVWHUHIHULWRUODGLVWDQD(GLQWUHUHDFLLOH HODVWLFHDOHFHORUGRXVLVWHPHvQFD]XOVXVSHQVLHLLQGH SHQGHQWHDFHDVWGLVWDQDUHDFHLDLYDORDUHGHFL Compresie, destindere, sarcina VWDELOLWDWHDILLQGPDLEXQFRPSDUDWLYFXVLVWHPXOGH destindere, maxima, compresie, golire suspensii cu ax rigid (fig. 23). 'HIRUPDELOLWDWHDSDUDOHORJUDPXOXLIRUPDWGHEUDXOVXSHUL RVLFHOLQIHULRUDOVXVSHQVLHLLSLYRWXOURWLLHVWHOHJDW de o serie de raporturi prestabilite. 'HIDSWvQILJVHSRDWHYHGHDF5DSRUWXOGLQWUH OXQJLPLOHUL5GHWHUPLQDJUDGXOGHYDULDLHDOXQJKLX OXLGHFGHUHILHSR]LWLYRULQHJDWLYvQFRQFRUGDQFX GHSODVDUHDSHYHUWLFDOFXFkWHVWHPDLPDUHUDSRUWXO U5FXDWkWHVWHPDLPDUHYDULDLDXQJKLXOXLGHFGHUH Compresie, destindere, sarcina maxima, compresie, destindere, ODRGHSODVDUHPLQRUSHYHUWLFDO
golire

X-Meditor Romania

17

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

'LVWDQD THVWHUH FRUHFWDSLYR JODWvQIXQ WXOXL8QJKLX $L%DGLFGDFDFHVWHDVXQWVDXQXODIHOEUDHSDUDOHOHLGHSR]LLDEUDHORU FLHGHOXQJ OGHFGHUHSR IDGHVROvQFRQGLLLQRUPDOHGHIRORVLUHDOHYHKLFXOXOXL'DFGHH[HPSOXVHGHFLGH LPHDEUDH ]LWLYVDXQHJD FURDWDVDLEXQJKLXOGHFGHUH]HURvQFRQGLLLQRUPDOHGHvQFUFDUHLIRORVLUH ORUUL WLYHVWHGHW DFHVWOX 5SHQWUX HUPLQDWGHG FUXHYLG SUHVLDWRWDO DGDvQFOLQ LVWDQHOH HQWDFHV LGHVWLQGHU PDUHDWRWDOF DLD WOXFUXv HDWRWDOFXD kWLGHGHVWLQ RYDORDUHSR]LWLYFkQGYHKLFXOXOHVWHJROLFWUHRYDORDUHQHJDWLYFkQGYHKLFXOXO QVHDPQF OWHFXYLQHOD GHWHDWRWDO HVWHvQFUFDW URDWDV DFHLDLGLVWD QDFHVWFD]XQJ &kQGEUDHOHVXVSHQVLHLVXQWvQSR]LLDFODVLFDDFXPHVWHDUWDWGHSR]LLLOHL HDIODvQS QDWkWIDGH KLXOGHFGHUHY DOHILJFRQGLLDGHVFULVPDLVXVYDILVDWLVIFXW XQFWXOG FRPSUL DWLQGHFWUH 'HIDSWFXEUDHOHVXVSHQVLHLDVWIHOUHJODWHFHHDFHvQVHDPQFGLVWDQD$YDIL HPLMORF GLIHULWGH GLQWUHF GLVWDQWD RP FGHUHLQHYLWDELOYDYDULD %SHQWUX 'LQPDLPXOWHPR XQPLQLPGH WLYHQXHVWHv 3 DUDQMDPHQWXOXL GHSODVDW QWRWGHDXQDS FODVLFGHDLFLPRGX WUXDVHHYL vQVXVVDXv RVLELOFDSURGX ULOHGHDUDQMDUH WDFDOFXOH UHVSHFWHXUPWRDUHOHSURFHGXULDWXQFLFkQGVHVWDELOHWHXQJKLXOGHFGHUH QMRVDOUR FWRUXOVUHVS DOHEUDHORUVXQ FRPSOH[HFXS $IODLLUHVSHFWDLFRQGLLLOHGHvQFUFDUHVSHFLILFDWHGHSURGXFWRU LLXQJKLXOG HFWHUHJXOLOH WIRDUWHPXOWHLS ULYLUHODDU OEVHUYDLYDORULOHXQJKLXOXLLWROHUDQWHOH H HQ DQMDUHDJH OEVHUYDLWHQ RPHWULFVH GLQDURWLLD PHWRGH&O UHFRPDQGV WXQFLFkQGH WLQDLYH URWLLGHDDYHDXQXQJKLGHFGHUHSR]LWLYVDXQHJDWLY VH VWHVXSXVPL KLFXOXOX 'XSDFHHDFXQRVFkQGFDUHDUILFHOPDLXWLOL]DWPRGGHIRORVLUHDOYHKLFXOXOXL FULLSHYHUW RUPDLvQW LQIRUPDLLOHVS LFDOIRORVLQ kLvQMRVL HFLILFDWHSRWIL GXUPDWRUHO DSRLvQVXV XWLOL]DWHIROR H SHQWUXDY VLQGXVHODPD[L QJKLXULGHFGHUHVSHFLILFDWGHSURGXFWRULFXDXWRYHKLFXOXOJRO U HGHDWHQ PWROHUDQWHO GLQD HXQJKLXOGHFG RIHUXOFOW HUH RUHWHSUHGR XQJKLXOVSUHQHJDWLYVXEFRPSUHVLH$WXQFLFkQGVHDMXVWHD]XQJKLXOGHFGHUHVH PLQDQWVLQJXU UHFRPDQGDXQJKLXOURWLLGLQVWkQJDGHFLFHOGHSHSDUWHDRIHUXOXLVHDMXVWHD]OD JUHXWDWHDSH LDUFHOGHSHSDUWHDGUHSWDXQGHYHKLFXOXOHVWHPDLXRUVHDMXVWHD]OD VWkQJD LURLOHWLQG RIHUXOFOW VUHGXF RUHWHSUHGR XQJKLXOVSUHSR]LWLYVXEFRPSUHVLH$WXQFLFkQGVHDMXVWHD]XQJKLXOGHFGHUHVH PLQDQWVLQJXU UHFRPDQGDXQJKLXOURWLLGLQVWkQJDGHFLFHOGHSHSDUWHDRIHUXOXLVHDMXVWHD]OD JUHXWDWHDSH LDUFHOGHSHSDUWHDGUHSWDXQGHYHKLFXOXOHVWHPDLXRUVHDMXVWHD]OD VWkQJD LURLOHWLQG VFUHDVF
X-Meditor Romania

18

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

QFOLQDLDSLYRWXOXLHVWHXQJKLXOPVXUDWvQJUDGHIRUPDW LQWUHOLQLDPHGLDQDSLYRWXOXLLSHUSHQGLFXODUSHVRO privind vehiculul din fata (fig. 26). UQJKLXOGHFGHUHDIRVWLQYHQWDWSHQWUXDUHGXFH GHYLDLDSLYRWXOXLUHVSUH]HQWDWDGHGLVWDQWD%GLQWUH Unghiul de inclinare SURLHFLDD[HLSLYRWXOXLSHVROLSXQFWXOGHFRQWDFWDO a pivotului URWLLFDSSDJ;;GDUVDREVHUYDWFRPULUHD DFHVWXLXQJKLFUHD]HIHFWHQHJDWLYvQVSHFLDOFkQG VHIRORVHVFURWLOHFXFDXFLXFXULIUFDPHUDWXEHOHVV $VWIHOVDVLPLWQHYRLDUHGXFHULLXQJKLXOXLGHFGHUH IRDUWHPXOWDSURDSHGHYDORDUHD]HUROXFUXQHFHVDUL SHQWUXDRELQHRX]XUXQLIRUPDFDXFLXFXULORU3UREOH PDDIRVWUH]ROYDWSULQLQFOLQDUHDSLYRWXOXLFWUHSDUWHD de jos a rotii (fig. 27). QFD]XOVXVSHQVLLORUFXSXQWHULJLGvQFOLQDLDSLYRWXOXL Unghiul de cadere QXYDULD]VXEHIHFWXOJUHXWLLLGHSODVULLSHYHUWLFDO DURLLFXFRQGLLDFDD[XOVQXVHGHIRUPH]HvQFD]XO VXVSHQVLHLLQGHSHQGHQWHJUHXWDWHDLPLFDUHDSH YHUWLFDODYHKLFXOXOXLIDFHFDWkWXQJKLXOGHFGHUH FkWLvQFOLQDUHDSLYRWXOXLVYDULH]HvQDFHLDLPVXU GLQPRPHQWFHSLYRWXOVHPLFRGDWFXEXWXFXOURWLL (fig. 28). ,QFOLQDUHDSLYRWXOXLHVWHFRQVLGHUDWSR]LWLYDWXQFL Unghiul cnd proiecia axului pivotului ajunge aproape de punc- de cadere WXOGHFRQWDFWDOURWLLFXVXSUDIDDGHUXODUHvQFOLQDWvQ SDUWHDRSXVXQJKLXOXLGHFGHUHHVWHGLILFLOGDFQX LPSRVLELOVDYHPRvQFOLQDLHQHJDWLYDSLYRWXOXL

Variatia unghiulara constant) ( B - constant

Meditor Romania X-

19

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

UQJKLXOGLQWUHD[DSLYRWXOXLLD[DURWLL este egal cu suma algebrica a unghiului vQFOLQDLHLSLYRWXOXLLDXQJKLXOXLGH FGHUHDLHVWHGHILQLWFXQJKLXOLQFOXV (fig. 29). EXEMPLU

UQJKLXOGHFGHUH8QJKLXOvQFOLQDLHL pivotului +6, deci unghiul inclus +8 UQJKLXOGHFGHUH8QJKLXOvQFOLQDLHL pivotului +8, deci unghiul inclus +7
unghiul de cadere; unghiul inclus; inclinarea pivotului

UQJKLXOLQFX OVSRDWHY URWLL)L*vQILJ'DFvQWLPSXORSHUDLLORUGHYHULILFDUHVHREVHUYDFXQJ DULDQXPDL KLXOvQFOLQD GDFH[LVW LHLSLYRWXOXL DWXQFLvQ RGHIRUPDU LXQJKLXOGHFG DLQWHGHD LQFOXVDUPDVQHVFKLPEDW HLQWUHD[ HUHGLIHUFRQV GHFLGHFHD DSLYRWXO LGHUDELOGHYD FLXQHWUH XLLEXWXF ORULOHVSHFLIL EXLHHIHFW UQJKLXOGHFGHUH +2 = +1 (mai mic dect spec.) XO FDWH XDWVIWXL QFOLQDLDSLYRWXOXL +6 = +7 (mai mare dect spec.) PVYHULILF DLGDFXQJ KLXO QDFHVWFD]GHIRUPDUHDXRDUVDXSR]LLRQDUHDDQRUPDODSULORUYDILOHJDWILHGH EUDHOHVXVSHQVLHLILHGHVXSRUWXOEUDHORUGHWDOLL$%&L'vQILJQDFHVW FD]SR]LLRQDUHDSLYRWXOXLLEXFXWXOXLQXVDXVFKLPEDW 'DFSHGHDOWSDUWHVXQWREVHUYDWHXUPWRDUHOHXQJKLXUL UQJKLXOGHFGHUH QFOLQDLDSLYRWXOXL +1 +6________

([LVWDRGHIURPDUHvQDQVDPEOXOSLYRWEXWXFGHWDOLL)L*vQILJ

X-Meditor Romania

20

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

Unghiul de nclinare al pivotului, printre DOWHOHFUHD]IHQRPHQXOGHvQWRDUFHUHDO URLLvQSR]LLDGHPHUVvQDLQWHGHDVHPH QHDWLQGHVPHQLQDFHDVWSR]LLH GXSXQLPSDFWFXXQREVWDFRO Acest efect natural, care este de o LPSRUWDQYLWDOGDWRULWvQFOLQDLHLSLY RWXOXLGHULYGLQIDSWXOFURDWDDWXQFL Unghiul de inclinare a pivotului cnd se nvrte n jurul acestei axe obAxa de siguranta OLFHIRUPHD]XQFRQFXYkUIXOvQMRV DDFXPHVWHDUWDWvQILJ Se poate vedea din fig. 30 ca, atunci FkQGEXWXFXOHVWHvQSR]LLDVHDIODvQ FHOPDLvQDOWSXQFWvQUDSRUWFXVROXOL URDWDHVWHvQSR]LLDGHPHUVvQDLQWH $WXQFLFkQGYLUPFkWHGUHDSWDVDXVWkQ JDSR]LLLOHLEXFXWXOFRERDUL vQFRQVHFLQURDWDWLQGHVVHGXFVXE QLYHOXOVROXOXLGLQPRPHQWFHDDFHYD HVWHLPSRVLELOWHQGLQDHVWHGHDULGLFD obstacole; greutatea vehiculelor FDURVHULDvQWURSR]LLHLQVWDELO$VWIHO DWXQFLFkQGvQWRDUFHYRODQXORIHUXOQX QXPDLFvQWRDUFHURWLOHGDUGHDVHPH QHDGDWRULWHIHFWXOXLFUHDWGHJUHXWDWHULGLFLFDURVHULDYHKLFXOXOXLLPHGLDW FXPRIHUXOvQFHWHD]VPDLLQYRODQXOFDURVHULDGDWRULWWHQGLQHLQDWXUDOH FUHDWHGHSURSULDJUHXWDWHUHYLQHvQSXQFWXOFHOPDLMRVLvPSUHXQFXDFHDVW PLFDUHIDFHFURWLOHVUHYLQvQSR]LLDGHPHUVvQDLQWH(YLGHQWFXFkWYHKLF XOXOHVWHPDLJUHXVDXPDLPDUHvQFOLQDLDSLYRWXOXLFXDWkWIRUQHFHVDUYLUULL LYLWHD]DGHUHYHQLUHVXQWPDLPDUL $VWIHOILHFDUHIRUDSHUWXUEDWRDUH)SDVXSUDGLUHFLHLGHPHUVvQDLQWHDURLORUYD vQWkOQLRIRUHJDOGHVHQVFRQWUDUGDWRULWJUHXWLLYHKLFXOXOXLDFLRQkQGvQ GLUHFLHWUDQVYHUVDOGHDOXQJXOD[HLSLYRWXOXLREOLFLDVWIHOFRQWULEXLQGHQRUP ODFRQVHUYDUHDVWDELOLWLLYHKLFXOXOXL)LJ

X-Meditor Romania

21

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

X-Meditor Romania

22

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

UQJKLXOGHIXJDHVWHXQJKLXOPVXUDWvQ JUDGHIRUPDWvQWUHD[DSLYRWXOXLL SHUSHQGLFXODUSHVROSULYLQGYHKLFXOXO din lateral (fig. 32). Din moment ce acest unghi este format longitudinal n raport cu vehiculul, cea mai 1. H[DFWGHILQLWHHVWHXQJKLXOORQJLWXGLQDO 2. 3. GHIXJQXWLOL]DUHDSUDFWLFHVWHFXQR 4. VFXWSXULVLPSOXFXQJKLGHIXJ 3ULQFRQYHQLHVDVWDELOLWFGDFH[WHQ sia axei pivotului cade n fata punctului de FRQWDFWDOURLLFXVXSUDIDDGHUXODUHXQJ KLXOGHIXJDHVWHGHILQLWFD32=,7,9L GDFDFHDVWDFDGHvQVSDWHOHSXQFWXOXLGH FRQWDFWDOURLLFXVXSUDIDDGHUXODUHXQJ hiul de fuga este definit ca fiind NEGATIV. UQJKLXOGHFGHUHHVWH]HURGDFSLYRWXO este perfect vertical (fig. 33).

Inclinarea pivotului Axa verticala Axa pivotului Pct de contact dintre axa pivotului si suprafata de rulare 5. Pct de contact cu solul

Directia de deplasare UQJKLXOGHIXJGDWGHSLYRWFUHD]GRX WHQGLQHIHQRPHQHIRDUWHLPSRUWDQWHDOH UXOULLYHKLFXOXOXLSULPDWHQGLQDHVWH OHJDWGHVWDELOLWDWHPHQLQkQGOLQLD GUHDSWGHUXODUHDYHKLFXOXOXLFXUHYHQL UHDUHODWLYDURLORUGXSRFXUELDO GRLOHDHVWHvQFOLQDUHDURLLvQWLPSXOYLUULL

Directia de deplasare

Meditor Romania X-

23

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

$FHVWIHQRPHQHVWHFUHDWGDWRULWGLVWDQHL% GLVWDQDGLQWUHSXQFWXOGHSURLHFLHDOD[HLSLYRWXOXL SXQFWXOvQUDSRUWFXGLUHFLDGHPHUVLSXQFWXO GHFRQWDFWDOSQHXOXLFXVXSUDIDDGHUXODUHILJ

Directia de deplasare

FLJDUDWGRXURLFXXQJKLGHIXJSR]LWLY (extensia pivotului cade naintarea punctului de conWDFWDOSQHXOXLFXVXSUDIDDGHUXODUHIRORVLQGGRX VLVWHPHXQXOHVWHGHDvQFOLQDSLYRWXOLFHOODOWHVWH GHDPXWDSR]LLDSLYRWXOXLvQUDSRUWFXD[DURLL6WD ELOLWDWHDODPHUVXOvQOLQLHGUHDSWHVWHSUH]HQWvQ ambele cazuri. 'HIDSWvQFD]XOXQJKLXOXLGHIXJSR]LWLYURDWDHVWH WUDVGLQPRPHQWFHHVWHvQOLQLDGHDFLXQHDIRUHL DSOLFDWHDVXSUDD[XOXLIRUDFHWUHFHSULQSXQFWXO DIODWvQIDWDURLLIUDOXDvQFRQVLGHUDUHGLUHFLDGH mers fig. 35). OULFHvQFHUFDUHDURLLGHDGHYLDGHODGLUHFLDGH PHUVvQOLQLHGUHDSWYDILFRQWUDFDUDWGHFXSOXOGH vQGUHSWDUHJHQHUDWGHIRU6LGHUH]LVWHQODUX ODUHDURLL5ILJ QVvQFD]XOXQJKLXOXLGHIXJQHJDWLYURDWDHVWH vPSLQVGLQPRPHQWFHHVWHSHOLQLDGHDSOLFDUHD IRUHLFHDFLRQHD]DVXSUDD[XOXLIRUDFHWUHFHSULQ SXQFWXOSXQFWDIODWvQVSDWHOHURWLLIUVOXPvQ FRQVLGHUDUHGLUHFLDGHPHUVILJ

Directia de deplasare

X-Meditor Romania

24

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

OULFHvQFHUFDUHDURWLLGHDGHYLDGHODGLUHFLD GHPHUVvQOLQLHGUHDSWYDILDMXWDWDL DPSOLILFDWGHFXSOXOJHQHUDWGHIRUD6LGH UH]LVWHQODUXODUHDURWLL5ILJ QFRQVHFLQFHDPDLEXQFRQGLLHGHVWDELOL WDWHSHQWUXPHUVXOvQOLQLHGUHDSWDURWLLHVWH RELQXWFXXQXQJKLGHIXJSR]LWLYLGHFL tragerea rotii; de fapt, n acest caz, fenomenul GHRVFLODUHDOURWLLLHIHFWHOHQHJDWLYHDOHDFHVWX LDVXQWvQOWXUDWH Directia de deplasare 6H[DPLQPDFXPFHVHvQWkPSOFXURDWDvQ WLPSXOYLUULLQFD]XOXQJKLXOXLGHIXJFXYDO oare zero, axa de ntoarcere va coincide cu SXQFWXOGHFRQWDFWDOSQHXOXLFXVXSUDIDDGH rulare (fig. 37). n acest caz comportamentul rotii HVWHXQXOQHXWUXLHVWHVHQVLELOODWRDWHIRUHOH SHUWXUEDWRDUHFHvQFHDUFVPRGLILFHWUDLHFWRULD GUHDSWDDFHVWRUDLGHFLLQVWDELOLvQ FRQVHFLQQXSUH]LQWWHQGLQDGHUHYHQLUHOD GLUHFLDGHPHUVvQDLQWHGXSHIHFWXDUHDXQHL curbe. Axa de 'DFURDWDDUHXQXQJKLGHIXJSR]LWLYDWXQFLrotatie ; Directia de deplasare FkQGHVWHvQWRDUVvQMXUXOD[HLSLYRWXOXLvLVFKLP EDSXQFWXOGHFRQWDFWFXVXSUDIDDGHUXODUHL vQFRQVHFLQSXQFWXOvQFDUHUH]LVWHQWDODvQDLQ WDUH5HVWHDSOLFDWSUHFXPHVWHDUWDWvQILJ IRUD6vQVvQWRWGHDXQDDFLRQHD]vQ DFHLDLGLUHFLH Acest lucru conduce la crearea cuplului de nWRDUFHUH0UGHFWUHIRUHOH5L6FHWLQG VUHDGXFURDWDvQSR]LLDGHPHUVvQDLQWHILJ 38). Axa de rotatie ; Directia de deplasare

X-Meditor Romania

25

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

'DFXQJKLXOGHIXJDHVWHQHJDWLYDWXQ FLFkQGURDWDHVWHvQWRDUVvQMXUXOD[HL SLYRWXOXLvLVFKLPESXQFWXOGHFRQWDFW FXVXSUDIDDGHUXODUHLvQFRQVHFLQ punctul n care rezistenta la naintare R HVWHDSOLFDWSUHFXPHVWHDUWDWvQILJ IRUD6vQVvQWRWGHDXQD DFLRQHD]vQDFHLDLGLUHFLH Acest lucru conduce la crearea cuplului Devierea GHFWUHIRUHOH5L6FDUHvQFRQ WUDVWFXFD]XODQWHULRUWLQGVDPSOLILFH n cel mai comun caz, cel cu unghi de HIHFWXOYLUULLURLORULvPSLHGLFDUHYHQL IXJSR]LWLYFXSOXO0UFHFUHD]HIHFWXO UHDDFHVWRUDvQSR]LLDGHPHUVvQDLQWH GHUHYHQLUHDOURLORUYDDFLRQDFRQWUDW &RPSRUWDPHQWXOGLIHULWDOURLORUFXXQJKL IRUHLLPSXVHGHRIHUGHDYLUDDVWIHOVH GHIXJSR]LWLYLQHJDWLYSRDWHILYHULIL SRDWHVSXQHFFXFkWPDLPDUHYDORDUH FDWSUDFWLFSULQFRQGXFHUHDDFHOXLDL XQJKLXOXLGHIXJSR]LWLYFXDWkWPDLPDUH YHKLFXOvQDLQWHLvQDSRLPDLH[DFWDWXQ IRUQHFHVDUDILDSOLFDWSHQWUXDYLUD FLFkQGYHKLFXOXOPHUJHvQDLQWHLDUHXQ vQVvQDFHODLWLPSVWDELOLWDWHDvQFD]XO XQJKLGHIXJSR]LWLYURWLOHYRUUHYHQLvQ GLUHFLHGHPHUVvQDLQWHDWXQFLFkQGYRU SR]LLDQHXWUGXSHIHFWXDUHDXQXLYLUDM LQWHUYHQLIRUHSHUWXUEDWRDUHYDILPDL OXFUXFDUHQXVHYDvQWkPSODGXSHIHFWX mare. DUHDXQXLYLUDMvQPDUDULHUvQFD]XO 'DFXQJKLXOGHIXJDHVWHGLIHULWSHFHOH XQJKLXOXLGHIXJQHJDWLYOXFUXULOHYRUIL GRXURLDOHDFHOXLDLD[FDX]kQGUHDFLL H[DFWLQYHUVLDQXPHURWLOHYRUUHYHQL diferite n cazul varierii traiectoriei), vehicuQXPDLGXSHIHFWXDUHDXQXLYLUDMvQ OXOYDWLQGHVGHYLH]HVLQJXUGHODWUDLHF PDUDULHU WRULHFWUHSDUWHDXQGHXQJKLXOHVWHPDL QFHOHGRXFD]XULLOXVWUDWHvQILJL PLFvQYDORDUHDEVROXWDFHVWHIHFWHVWH VHSRDWHYHGHDFFXFkWPDL VLPLWPDLSXWHUQLFvQWLPSXODFFHOHUULLL PDUHXQJKLXOGHIXJILHHOSR]LWLYVDX IUkQULL$FHVWOXFUXHVWHLOXVWUDWFODUvQILJ negativ) cu att mai mare va fi deplasa40. PHQWXOORQJLWXGLQDO%LWUDQVODLDSXQF FHQRPHQXOGHUHYHQLUHvQSR]LLDGHPHUV WXOXLGHDSOLFDUHDOIRUHLUH]LVWHQWHvQ vQDLQWHHVWHJDUDQWDWGHvQFOLQDLD WLPSXOYLUULL5'HDFHHDVHSRDWH WUDQVYHUVDODSLYRWXOXLIDSWXOFXQJKLXO WUDJHFRQFOX]LDFFXSOXO0UHVWHDWkW GHIXJFRQWULEXLHLHOODDFHODLHIHFW FHOFDUHDMXWODvQGUHSWDUHDURLORUILJ DMXWDQFD]XODXWRYHKLFXOHOHWUDGLLRQDOH FkWLODDXWRYLUDUHILJLHVWH XQJKLXOGHIXJWLQGHFWUH]HURLHVWH GLUHFWSURSRULRQDOFXGHSODVDPHQWXO mai mare numai pe vehiculele care longitudinal B. SUH]LQWRVDUFLQPLFSHURWLOHYLUDWRDUH

X-Meditor Romania

26

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

n capitolul n care am vorbit despre unghiul de FGHUHDOURLORUVHSRDWHYHGHDFDFHVWXQJKL YDULD]vQFRQFRUGDQFXSR]LLDVDXOXQJLPHD EUDHORUVXVSHQVLHLVXEHIHFWXOFRPSUHVLHLLGHVWLQGHU ii (fig. 21). $FHVWHIHFWHVWHIRDUWHIRORVLWRUDWXQFLFkQGYLUP DWXQFLFkQGIRUDFHQWULIXJFHGHIRUPHD]SDUDOHOR JUDPHOHIRUPDWHGHEUDHOHVXVSHQVLHLPRGLILFD Axa de rotatie a pivotului XQJKLXOGHFGHUHQHJDWLYSHQWUXURDWDH[WHULRDU YLUDMXOXLLSR]LWLYSHQWUXFHDLQWHULRDUILJ $FHODLUH]XOWDWHVWHRELQXWSHQWUXURWLOHFHSUH]LQW XQJKLGHIXJQILJVHSRDWHYHGHDFURDWD FDUHVHSUHVXSXQHDILvQSR]LLD2$FXXQJKLGH FGHUHDWXQFLFkQGHVWHURWLWvQMXUXOD[HLSLYRWX OXLFHDUHXQXQJKLGHIXJUHSUH]HQWDWLYLGXSR vQWRDUFHUHFXYDILSR]LLRQDWvQSXQFWXO2%FX XQJKLXOGHFGHUHHJDOFXFHOGHIXJDPEHOHQHJD WLY$WXQFLFkQGYLUHD]FXGDUGHODSR]LLD O$ODSR]LLD2&XQJKLXOGHFGHUHYDILWRWODIHO FDFHOGHIXJvQVFXYDORDUHSR]LWLY 1. Unghi de cadere pozitiv QFDGUXOPLFULLGHOD2$FWUH2%URDWDvQ 3. Axa pivotului DFHODLWLPSWLQGHVVHULGLFHGHODVROSHGHDOW SDUWHDWXQFLFkQGPLFDUHDDUHORFGHOD2$FWUH O&URDWDYDvQFHUFDVLQWUHVXEQLYHOXOVROXOXL'LQ moment ce acest lucru nu este posibil, caroseria va fi FHDFDUHVHYDOVDvQUDSRUWFXURDWDvQSULPXOFD] LVHYDULGLFDvQDOGRLOHD
2. Unghi de cadere negativ

Deformarea dinamica a rotii A - teoretica B - efectiva

Meditor Romania X-

27

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

6HSRDWHWUDJHXUPWRDUHFRQFOX]LH atunci cnd roata se ntoarce n jurul D[HLSLYRWXOXLFXXQJKLGHIXJSR]LWLY GDFHVWHvQSR]LLDH[WHULRDUFXUEHL YDFSWDXQJKLGHFGHUHQHJDWLYFH FUHWHRGDWFXXQJKLXOGHYLUDUHL DVWIHOYDDFLRQDvPSRWULYDUVWXUQULL YHKLFXOXOXLGDFSHGHDOWSDUWHVH DIODvQLQWHULRUXOFXUEHLYDFSWDXQJ KLGHFGHUHSR]LWLYFHXUPHD]L asista la virare. QFRQVHFLQFkQGYHKLFXOXOXUPHD] RFXUEODUJODRYLWH]IRDUWHPDUH IRUDFHQWULIXJSULQGHIRUPDUHDSD UDOHORJUDPHORUYDILFHDFDUHDMXWOD SR]LLRQDUHDSHRVHDFkQGFXUED HVWHIRDUWHVWUkQVLYLWH]PRGHUDW XQJKLXOGHIXJYDILFHOFHYDGHWHUPL QDPRGLILFDUHDXQJKLXOXLGHFGHUH SHQWUXDDMXWDvQXUPUHDWUDLHFWRULHL

3QHXULOHG HMRDVSUHV UHDXQJKLXOXL LXQH GHIXJGDWRUL DWXQFLFkQGVHDIODVXELQIOXHQDDFFHOHUULVDXIUkQDULLSQHXOVHGHIRUPHD]LWLQGH WXEHOHVV WXQJKLXOXLG VPUHDVFGHSODVDUHDORQJLWXGLQDODSULQPRGLILFDUHDSXQFWXOXLGHFRQWDFWFX GHSHYHKLFX DWSLYRWXOXL VXSUDIDDGHUXODUHILJ OHOHPRGHU vQWLPSXOFRQ QHFRQWULE QJKLXOGHIXJYDULD]GHDVHPHQHDRGDWFXYDULHUHDGLVWULEXLHLJUHXWLLYHKLFXOX U VWUXFLHLGHI XLHODUHGXF DSW OXLGDFJUHXWDWHDHVWHPXWDWSHSXQWHDVSDWHDWXQFLXQJKLXOGHIXJSR]LWLYYD H FUHWHLDUGDFHVWHPXWDWSHSXQWHDIDDFHVWDVHYDPLFRUDILJ

X-Meditor Romania

28

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

&RQYHUJHQWDURLORUHVWHXQJKLXOIRUPDWGHOLQLD PHGLDQDYHKLFXOXOXLOLQDFHWUHFHORQJLWXGLQDO SULQFHQWUXODFHVWXLDLOLQLDPHGLDQDURLORUDWXQ ci cnd privim vehiculul de sus. 6XPDYDORULORUFRQYHUJHQWHLDILHFUHLURWL + ) da 1. FRQYHUJHQWDWRWDOILJ$WXQFLFkQGH[WHQVLD Axa rotii 2. Axa longitudinala OLQLORUFHQWUDOHDOHURLORUWLQGVVHvQWkOQHDVFvQ IDWDYHKLFXOXOXLDWXQFLVSXQHPFDYHPFRQYHUJHQ WDSR]LWLYGDFDFHVWHDWLQGVVHXQHDVFvQ VSDWHOHYHKLFXOXOXLDWXQFLVSXQHPFDYHPFRQYHU JHQWDQHJDWLYILJ &kQGOLQLLOHPHGLDQHDOHURLORUVXQWSDUDOHOHFX OLQLDPHGLDQDYHKLFXOXOXLVSXQHPFDYHPFRQ vergenta zero. &RQYHUJHQWQHJDWLYHVWHUDUHRULGDWvQJUDGH Convergenta GHFWUHSURGXFWRUHVWHPDLFRPXQVVHGHD YDORDUHDH[SULPDWvQPPYDORDUHPVXUDWvQWUH MDQWHOHURLORUFHOHGRXPVXUWRULVHIDFvQIDL vQVSDWHOHEXWXFXOXLODMXPWDWHDvQOLPLL MDQWHORUURLORU 'DF%HVWHPDLPDUHF$URWLOHVHDIODvQ SR]LLDGHFRQYHUJHQSR]LWLY'DF$HVWHPDL PDUHF%URWLOHVHDIODvQSR]LLDGHFRQYHUJHQ Divergenta QHJDWLY'DF%HVWHHJDOFX$URWLOHVHDIODvQ SR]LLD]HUR

Convergenta = B - A

X-Meditor Romania

29

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

1 - janta 16" 2 - janta 10" Convergenta = B - A

&kQGFRQYHUJHQWDHVWHPVXUDWvQJUDGHSHQ tru a se reveni la valori n mm, trebuie luat n considerare diametrul jantei . 6HSRDWHYHGHDvQILJFDFXDFHHDLYDO RDUHXQJKLXODU + FRQYHUJHQWGDWGH GLIHUHQD%$HVWHHYLGHQWPDLPDUHvQFD]XO MDQWHORUGHLQFKLIDGHFHOHGHLQFKL 9DORDUHDFRQYHUJHQWHLVWDELOLWGHSURGXFWRU HVWHFRQVLGHUDWvQDDIHOvQFkWDWXQFLFkQGVH FLUFXOvQFRQGLLLQRUPDOHGHVDUFLQWLQGHFWUH zero. 'HIDSWVXEHIHFWXOVDUFLQLLFHGHIRUPHD] paralelogramele suspensiei (vezi cap. 4 fig. 24), sub efectul cuplului motor ce poate fi sau QXDSOLFDWURLORUvQFDX]LVXEHIHFWXO UH]LVWHQHLODvQDLQWDUHYDORULOHFRQYHUJHQWHL YDULD]IRDUWHPXOW

Suspensie vazuta din fata

Suspensie vazuta din fata

X-Meditor Romania

30

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

QFDSvQFDUHDPWUDWDWXQJKLXOGHFGHUH este descris comportamentul paralelogramelor VXVSHQVLHLVXEVDUFLQLYDULDLLOHXQJKLXODUH SURGXVHDVXSUDURLLLSLYRWXOXL 'LQPRPHQWFHDFHVWHYDULDLLVHED]HD]SH SR]LLRQDUHDSLYRWXOXLFXvQFOLQDUHDLXQJKLXO VDXGHIXJFDUDFWHULVWLFSXWHPVSXQHF Compresie ; revenire PLFDUHDVXVSHQVLHLFDX]HD]YDULDLLQRWDELOH ale valorii convergentei (fig. 49). Varierea valorii convergentei mai poate fi FDX]DWGHSR]LLDEDUHLGHGLUHFLDvQUDSRUW cu rotile. MLFDUHDYHUWLFDODURLLvQUDSRUWFXDVLXO HVWHXUPDWGHEDUDGHGLUHFLHFDUHSUHVX SXQkQGFHVWHOVDWGHDUWLFXODLHXUPHD] FLUFXPIHULQDDUFXOXLGHUD]D5WUD]DHJDOFX OXQJLPHDEDUHLGHGLUHFLHILJ Sistemul Jeantaud &D]XULOHGLIHULWHSRVLELOHYDULD]SULQIDSWXOF EDUHOHGHGLUHFLHLEUDHOHVXVSHQVLLORUVXQWvQ PRGQRUPDOGHOXQJLPLGLIHULWHLFXSXQFWHGH DSOLFDUHGLIHULWHFHYDULD]GHODYHKLFXOOD vehicul. De fapt, sunt multe tipuri de paralelograme de GLUHFLHGDWRULWQXPUXOXLPDUHGHVROXLL DGRSWDWHGHSURGXFWRULGLQDFHVWPRWLYQX HVWHSRVLELOVDYHPRUHJXOH[DFWGHVSUH YDULDLDFRQYHUJHQWHLvQIXQFLHGHJUHXWDWH

$WXQFLFkQGPVXUDPFRQYHUJHQWHVWHLQGL FDWVFRQVXOWDPVSHFLILFDLLOHSURGXFWRUXOXLL VYHULILFPGDFWHQGLQDGHPRGLILFDUHD FRQYHUJHQWHLHVWHSR]LWLYVDXQHJDWLYDWXQFL FkQGPLFPYHKLFXOXOvQVXVLvQMRVSH YHUWLFDOGXSDFHDVWDVHWDLWROHUDQWHOHL YDORULOHVSHFLILFDWHGHSURGXFWRUSHQWUX FRQGLLLX]XDOHGHIRORVLWH

Meditor Romania X-

Sistemul Panhard

31

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

QXUPWRDUHOHH[HPSOHFODVLFHGHSDUDOHORJUDPH GHGLUHFLHVLVWHPHOH-($17$8'L3$1+$5'VH SRDWHYHGHDFVLVWHPHOHPDQLIHVWDFRPSRUWDPHQW GLIHULWDOFRQYHUJHQWHLGDWRULWIDSWXOXLFEDUHOH Divergenta rotilor GHGLUHFLHVXQWvQSR]LLLRSXVHvQUDSRUWFXSXQWHD St = Tractiunea generata de vehicul IDILJL
Sp = Tractiunea partiala transmisa rotilor, observabila pe pivot Rs = Rezistenta la inaintare din partea drumului

Roata tinde sa se inchida

&kQGYHKLFXOXOVHPLFDvQOLQLHGUHDSWURWLOH YLUDWRDUHFHQXVXQWLSURSXOVRDUHLGHFLQXVXQW LQIOXHQDWHGHFXSOXOPRWRUWLQGVDGRSWHR FRQYHUJHQQHJDWLYVXELQIOXHQDUH]LVWHQHLOD vQDLQWDUH$FHDVWDFRQYHUJHQWDQHJDWLYHVWHvQ mod natural premisa de totalitatea jocurilor din VLVWHPXOGHGLUHFLHLGHVXVSHQVLHGDULGHIOH[L ELOLWDWHDEXFHORU

6HSRDWHYHGHDvQILJFUH]LVWHQDPDQLIHVWDWGHVXSUDIDDGHUXODUHFDUH YDULD]vQUD SRUWFXFXSO FRPELQFXFXSOXSHQWUXDJHQHUDRIRUFHWLQGHVPRGLILFHFRQYHUJHQWDURWLOHVSUH XOPRWRU QHJDWLYvQFHOHPDLPXOWHFD]XULSHQWUXDFRPSHQVDDFHVWHIHFWHVWHQHFHVDUR DFHVWDDFL FRQYHUJHQSR]LWLYvQWLPSXOVWDLRQULL RQHD]DVXSU DSULLLQWH &kQGSHGHDO ULRDUHDURL WSDUWHURW SURSXOVRDUHDFHVWHDWLQGVFUHH]HRFRQYHUJHQSR]LWLY LVH LOHYLUDWRD UHVXQWLQIOX QILJVHREVHU HQDWHGLUH YFXSOXOPRW EXWXFXOU FWGHFXSOXO RUFHWUHFHS RLLvQFRQ SLYRWXOXLFU PRWRUGHFLVX ULQDUERUHO VHFLQGH HkQGXQFXSO VWUDJVSUHLQWHULRUURDWQFHOHPDLPXOWHFD]XULSHQWUXDFRPSHQVDDFHVWHIHFW QW HFDUGDQLFL GDWDDFHD XGHIRUFXUH HVWHQHFHVDURFRQYHUJHQQHJDWLYvQWLPSXOVWDLRQULL DUWLFXODLH VWDFXSOX ]LVWHQD5PG GLUHFWOD ODFLRQHD DWRULDLQHU QHUDOYRUELQGXUPWRDUHOHFRQFOX]LLSRWILWUDVHSHQWUXYHKLFXOHOHFXVXVSHQVLH Ge ]DVXSUDS LHLYHKLFXO LQGHSHQGHQW ULLH[WHU XOXLFHWLQG 5RWLOHIDWDVDXVSDWHFDUHQXVXQWSURSXOVRDUHDXFRQYHUJHQWDSR]LWLYvQWLPSXO LRDUHD H VWDLRQULL 5RWLOHIDWDVDXVSDWHFD UHVXQWSURSXOVRDUHDXFR QYHUJHQWDQHJDWLYvQWLP X-Meditor Romania SXOVWDLRQULL 32

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

&RQYHUJHQWPDLSRDWHILH[SULPDWLvQDOWIHOGXSD cum se poate observa in fig. 55: 'DFURLLVXSXVHXQJKLXOXLGHFRQYHUJHQLVHSHUPLWH VUXOH]HOLEHUIUYUHRIRUPGHLPSHGLPHQWvQ GLUHFLDJHQHUDWGHFRQYHUJHQvQUDSRUWFXD[D ORQJLWXGLQDODYHKLFXOXOXLGXSRDQXPLWGLVWDQD DFHDVWDVHYDDIODvQDOWSR]LLHIDGHFHDvQFDUHVH DIODvQUHDOLWDWHSR]LLDGLQUHDOLWDWHILLQGIRUDWGHJUHX WDWHDYHKLFXOXOXLLUH]LVWHQDFUHDWGHFHDODOWURDWDD DFHOXLDLD[ (VWHHYLGHQWGLQILJFDGXSFHDUXODWNPURDWD OLEHUYDILvQSR]LLD%GDUUHDFLDFHOHLODOWHURWLR Pozitia rotilor dupa 1 km de deplasare IRUHD]VDMXQJvQSR]LLD$DVWIHOSHQWUXILHFDUH AB - tararea rotii vQWRDUFHUHURWLUHURDWDHIHFWXHD]RPLFDUHODWHUDO FDUHED]DWSHGLVWDQGHXQNLORPHWUXDUHRYDORDUH HJDOFXVHJPHQWXO$%VHJPHQWFHFUHWHvQ FRQFRUGDQFXPULPHDYDORULLGHFRQYHUJHQ MLFDUHDODWHUDOHVWHGHILQLWFD$/81(&$5($52,, LSRDWHILPVXUDWvQJUDGHPDLH[DFWXQJKLXOIRUPDW GHD[ORQJLWXGLQDODYHKLFXOXOXLFXD[DGHGLUHFLHD D[XOXLURLLSHQWUXRYDORDUHvQPHWULVHJPHQWXO$%HVWH PVXUDWODRDQXPLWGLVWDQ$6DVWDELOLWSULQ FRQYHQLHFDOXQHFDUHDURLLVHPVRDUvQPHWULSH NLORPHWUXFHHDFHvQVHDPQFkLPHWULDOXQHFURDWOD fiecare kilometru parcurs de vehicul. c FLJFRQLQHRUHSUH]HQWDUHDVLVWHPXOXLvQFDUH A'B = alunecare n m/km AA' = 1km parcurs (1000 m) AA" = diametrul jantei A"B" = convergenta 6HSRDWHVWDELOLXUPWRDUHUHODLHSURSRULRQDO :km=C:D de unde &RQYHUJHQWP >m) x D(m)]/1km(1000m) (

X-Meditor Romania

33

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

3HQWUXDFRQYHUWLvQPPIUDSDUFXUJHWRL SDLLVIWXLPVIRORVLWIRUPXO &RQYHUJHQWPP $OXQHFDUHDvQPNP[ ? ntr-un metru ([HPSOXVHGDOXQHFDUHDGHPNPL GLDPHWUXOMDQWHLGHFRQYHUJHQDYDIL 12"=0.3m Convergenta=6 x 0.30 = 1.8 mm 3HQWUXDWUHFHGHODFRQYHUJHQODDOXQH FDUHIRORVLLDFHLDLIRUPXO $OXQHFDUHDvQPNP &RQYHUJHQDvQPP ? ntr-un metru ([HPSOXVHGGLDPHWUXOMDQWHLL FRQYHUJHQDGHPPDOXQHFDUHDYDIL 12"=0.3m Alunecarea=(2:0.3)=6.6m/km QFD]XOFRQYHUJHQHLQHJDWLYDOXQHFDUHD va fi negativ.

U]XUDSULFLQXLWXQXLSQHXFXFRQYHUJHQ H[FHVLYSUH]LQDXQHOHFDUDFWHULVWLFLWLSLFH OURDWFXFRQYHUJHQSR]LWLYH[FHVLY WLQGHVVHWkUDVFGLQLQWHULRUFWUHH[WHULRU DVWIHOFDGXSRVFXUWGLVWDQGHUXODUH SURGXFHXQWLSDUGHX]XUFHHVWHDWkWYL]L ELOFkWLSDOSDELOILJ 3HGHDOWSDUWHRURDWFXFRQYHUJHQ QHJDWLYH[FHVLYWLQGHVVHWkUDVFGHOD H[WHULRUFWUHLQWHULRUDVWIHOFWLSDUXO SURGXVHVWHGHGLUHFLHRSXVIDGHFD]XO anterior (fig. 58).

X-Meditor Romania

34

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

Unghiurile caracteristice, tratate anterior, SR]LLRQHD]URLOHSUHFLVvQWLPSXOUXOULLvQOLQLH GUHDSWSHOkQJDFHVWOXFUXPDLVXQWFkWHYD HIHFWHSDUWLFXODUHVLPLWHvQWLPSXOQHJRFLHULLXQHL curbe. &kQGURLOHVXQWEUDFDWHRDOWFRQGLLHIRDUWH LPSRUWDQWHVWHFUHDWFRQGLLHOHJDWGLUHFWGH raza curbei negociate. 3HQWUXDvQHOHJHDFHDVWFRQGLLHHVWHPDLELQH VFRQVLGHUPYLWH]DGHUXODUHDURLLXQDIRDUWH PLFIULQWHUIHUHQHvQDFHDVWVLWXDLHQX H[LVWIRUHSHUWXUEDWRDUHFHDFLRQHD]DVXSD YHKLFXOXOXLFXPDUILIRUDFHQWULIXJvPSLQJHUHD ODWHUDOGDWRUDWYkQWXOXLIRUHDFFHOHUDWRDUHGD torate cuplului motor, etc. OFRQGLLHHVHQLDOSHQWUXDSUHYHQLFURDWDV ILHVXSXVIUkQULLODWHUDOHFHDUILIRDUWH GXQWRDUHSQHXOXLHVWHFDDWXQFLFkQGXUPHD] WUDLHFWRULDLPSXVDFHDVWDWUHEXLHVILHSHUIHFW SHUSHQGLFXODUSHUD]DFXUEHL

X-Meditor Romania

35

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

$WXQFLFkQGWRDWSXQWHDID YLUHD]FXWRDWHFURLOHSDU FXUJGRXFHUFXULGHUD]HGLIHU LWHHOHVHPHQLQ perpendiculare pe raza arcului GHFHUFGHVFULVGHFXUEILJ 60). Atunci cnd tot autovehicul este FRWLWWUHEXLHVVHUHVSHFWH DFHOHDLFRQGLLLFHHDFH vQVHDPQFGRXD[HWUHEXLH VUHVSHFWHFRQGLLLOHVLPXOWDQ LDUSXQWHDVSDWHWUHEXLHV vQYkUWvQMXUXODFHOXLDLFHQWUX GHURWDLHILJ $FHDVWFRQGLLHSRDWHIL UHVSHFWDWFXXXULQvQFD]XO vQFDUHWRDWSXQWHDIDVH URWHWHSUHFXPHVWHDUWDWvQ ILJQVGLQPRWLYHHYL GHQWHGHVWDELOLWDWHLUHVWULFLL GHVSDLXVXEYHKLFXODFHVW lucru nu este posibil n cazul vehiculelor motorizate; vehiculele motorizate sunt virate GDWRULWDUWLFXODLLORUSLYRLORU URLOHVHFRPSRUWFDLFXPDU ILSHGRXSXQLVHSDUDWHILJ 62). 'DUGDFDPEHOHURLVXQW YLUDWHvQDFHODLPRGFDvQILJ FXXQXQJKL"FHXUPHD] GRXWUDLHFWRULLGLIHULWHGDUGH DFHLDLUD]DWXQFLXQDGLQURL YDILWkUkWVSUHSXQFWXOLPSXV GHFHOHODOWHWUHLLDVWIHOX]XUD FDXFLXFXOXLFHHFKLSHD]DFHD URDWYDILIRDUWHPDUH

X-Meditor Romania

36

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

'LQILJVHSRWYHGHDXUPWRDUHOH '( WUDLHFWRULHLQFRUHFWDURLLH[WHULRDUH care, urmnd raza Re nu trece prin centrul real DOFXUEHL&DFHVWOXFUXVHvQWkPSOGDFURDWD VHvQWRDUFHFXDFHODLXQJKLL5HL5LVXQW SUDODOHOHFDL'(L)* $% WUDLHFWRULDH[DFWDURLLH[WHULRDUHDFH XUPHD]UD]D5LFHWUHFHSULQFHQWUXOFXUEHL&directie simetrice Bare de DFHDVWFRQGLWLLHSRDWHILvQGHSOLQLWQXPDL DWXQFLFkQGXQJKLXOGHvQWRDUFHUHDOURLORUQX HVWHDFHODL"LFHHDFHvQVHDPQF5LL 5HQXVXQWSDUDOHOHREVHUYDLGHDVHPHQHDF URLOHWUHEXLHVDLEFRQYHUJHQQHJDWLY SHQWUXDHYLWDWUkUHDXQHLDGLQWUHHOH $VWIHOJHRPHWULDGLUHFLHLHVWHGHILQLWFD SR]LLDGHFRQYHUJHQQHJDWLYOXDWvQWLPSXO YLUULLHVWHH[SULPDWvQGRXPRGXULSULPXO ILLQGvQJUDGHJDUGHGHvQWRDUFHUHDURLL FRQVLGHUkQGRYDORDUHIL[DvQWRDUFHULLGH VWDELOLWSULQFRQYHQLH ([HPSOXILJURDWDH[WHULRDUYLUDMXOXOXLVH URWHWHFXLDUFHDLQWHULRDUFXVDX Bare de directie simetrice YLFHYHUVDFHDLQWHULRDUVHURWHWHFXLDU FHDH[WHULRDUFXQDFHVWH[HPSOXVH SRDWHYHGHDFYDORDUHDFRQYHUJHQHLvQFD]XO XQJKLXOXLGHED]GHHVWHGHUH]XOWDW GLQGLIHUHQVDX $VWIHOFRQGLWLLDLGHDOHVWH&HOHGRXURLFH PHUJvQOLQLHGUHDSWWUHEXLHVDLERYDORDUH GHFRQYHUJHQQHJDWLYDSURDSHGHYDORDUHD GDULPHGLDWFXPvQFHSVQHJRFLH]HR FXUEYDORDUHDFRQYHUJHQHLWUHEXLHV FUHDVFSURJUHVLYGHYHQLQGPDLDFFHQWXDWR GDWFXFUHWHUHDXQJKLXOXLGHvQWRDUFHUH

X-Meditor Romania

37

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

Bare directie asimetrice

&RQYHUJHQWQHJDWLYDURLORU SURSRULRQDOFXUD]DGHvQ WRDUFHUHHVWHJHQHUDWGHFHOH GRXEDUHGHGLUHFLHDWDDWHSLYRW XOXLFXOXQJLPLLSR]LLLELQHGHIL nite. 'DFvQVFHOHGRXEDUHGH GLUHFLHIRUPHD]XQSDUDOHORJUDP DUWLFXODWVLPHWULFSHQWUXDPEHOHURL DOHDFHOHLDLSXQLDWXQFLFRQGLLD QXYDILVDWLVIFXWILJ $&,0$,,175,),*,'(/$ PAGINA 43 De fapt, se poate vedea din fig. FEDUHOHGHGLUHFLHVXQWSD UDOHOHFXD[DORQJLWXGLQDODYHKLF XOXOXLLHOHUPkQSDUDOHOHLvQ WLPSXOYLUULLDFHODLOXFUXVH vQWkPSOLFXURDWDFDUHQXHVWH FDSDELOVDGRSWHSR]LLDGH FRQYHUJHQQHJDWLYQHFHVDU Fig. 66 &RQYHUJHQWQHFHVDUvQWLPSXO vQWRDUFHULLSRDWHILRELQXWQXPDL GDFFHOHGRXEDUHGHGLUHFLH IRUPHD]XQSDUDOHORJUDPDVLPHW ULFFHHDFHvQVHDPQFEDUHOH GHGLUHFLHFRQYHUJFWUHVSDWHOH vehiculului (vezi sistemele Jeantaud L3DQKDUG

X-Meditor Romania

38

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

n cazul paralelogramelor Centru comun GHGLUHFLHDVLPHWULFDWXQ de rotatie FLFkQGHVWHQHJRFLDWR FXUERGDWFXPLFDUHD EDUHORUGHGLUHFLHDUFHOH de cerc descrise de acestea au raze diferite. Acest OXFUXVHvQWkPSOvQILJ XQGHEDUDGHGLUHFLHGH SHSDUWHDGUHDSW XUPHD]RWUDLHFWRULHPDL idepartata de axa ORQJLWXGLQDO;;LvQ DFHODLWLPSEDUDGH GLUHFLHGHSHSDUWHDVWkQJVHDSURSLHGHD[D<<UH]XOWDWXOVH WUDGXFHSULQIDSWXOFEDUDGHGLUHFLHGUHDSWDXUPHD]DUFXO $%FUHkQGXQXQJKL"LDUEDUDGHGLUHFLHVWkQJDXUPHD] DUFXO$%FUDQGXQXQJKL PDLPLFFD"$FHODLHIHFW HVWHREVHUYDWPXOWPDLXRUGDFDUFHOH%&L%&DXXQJ KLXULOHL6HSRDWHWUDJHFRQFOX]LDFFXSDUDOHORJUDPH GHGLUHFLHDVLPHWULFHGLIHUHQDGHvQWRDUFHUHGLQWUHURDWD LQWHULRDULFHDH[WHULRDUHVWHGREkQGLWDVWIHOSURGXFkQGR FRQYHUJHQSURJUHVLYvQUDSRUWFXXQJKLXOFXUEHLQHJRFLDWH &RQGLLDWHRUHWLFFDUHOHDJJHRPHWULDGLUHFLHLURLORUID YLUDWRDUHGHSR]LLDURLORUVSDWHQRQYLUDWRDUHOXFUXQHFHVDU SHQWUXDHYLWDWkUkUHDDFHVWRUDGLQXUPHVWHFDH[WHQVLDD[HL EDUHORUGHGLUHFLHVVHvQWkOQHDVFH[DFWSULQFHQWUXOSXQLL spate (fig. 68). UQJKLXO"DGRSWDWGHEDUHOHGHGLUHFLHGHYLQHRIXQFLHDDP SDWDPHQWXOXLYHKLFXOXOXLLvQFRQVHFLQDUDSRUWXOXL3& OGDWFHDFHVWHFRQGLLLWHRUHWLFHDXIRVWvQGHSOLQLWHURWLH DWXQFLFkQGYLUHD]DGRSWRSR]LLHSHUSHGLFXODUDSHUD]D WUDLHFWRULHLFXUEHLLQXVXQWVXSXVHQLFLXQHLDOXQHFULWkUkUL ODWHUDOHFHHVWHDWkWGHGXQWRDUHSQHXOXLILJ

Meditor Romania X-

39

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

&HQWUDUHDGLUHFLHLHVWHUHSUH]HQWDWGHFRQGLLDGHVLPHWULH SHUIHFWDSULORUGLUHFLHLvQUDSRUWFXD[DORQJLWXGLQDOD vehiculului. 'LUHFLDYHKLFXOXOXLHVWHFHQWUDWDWXQFLFkQGEDUHOHGHGLUHFLH FRQYHUJFWUHFHQWUXOSXQLLVSDWHILJ $[HOHFHWUHFSULQURLOHIDLQGLIHUHQWGDFDXVDXQX FRQYHUJHQVXQWVLPHWULFHvQUDSRUWFXURLOHVSDWHGLVWDQ$ %DUDGHGLUHFLHSLYRWXOLGLUHFLDUHYLQvQSR]LLDFHQWUDO %DUHOHGHGLUHFLHDMXVWDELOHDXDFHLDLOXQJLPHGLVWDQD% $WXQFLFkQGGLUHFLDHVWHFHQWUDWJHRPHWULDGLUHFLHLHVWHSHU IHFWVLPHWULFILHFYLUPVWkQJDVDXGUHDSWD$FHODLOXFUXVH DSOLFvQUDSRUWFXOLPLWDPD[LPGHvQWRDUFHUHDURLL

X-Meditor Romania

40

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

&RQGLLDWHRUHWLFvQFDUHSURLHFLDURLORU IDSHSXQWHDVSDWHHVWHVLPHWULF$ $ILJ URLOHYLUDWRDUHLVLVWHPXOGHGLUHFLH VXQWvQFHQWUXOUD]HLGHPLFDUHLEDULOHGH GLUHFLHDMXVWDELOHVXQWGHDFHLDLOXQJLPHQX SRDWHILvQWRWGHDXQDUHVSHFWDWGDWRULW GHIRUPDLLORUVDXGHYLDLLORUFHDSDUDVXSUD vQWUHJXOXLVLVWHPGHIRUPDLLFDX]DWHGH QHUHJXODULWLDOHVXSUDIHHLGHUXODUH $FHVWHGHYLDLLSRWILJUXSDUHvQWUHLFDWHJRULL FXWRDWHFVXQWXQHOHWLSXULGHGHYLDLLFDUH SRWILLGHQWLILFDWHLUHFWLILFDWHQXPDLIRORVLQG VLVWHPHOHJDWHGHUHFWLILFDUHDDVLXOXLVDX caroseriei. 3XQWHDIDHVWHREOLFvQUDSRUWFXD[D ORJLWXGLQDODDYHKLFXOXOXLLDUHRYDORDUH" (fig. 72). 'DWRULWUHVLVWHQWHLODvQDLQWDUHURLOHYRUIL DH]DWHvQWURSR]LLHVLPHWULFIDGH SXQWHDVSDWHFXSURLHFLLOH$L$HJDOH SUHFXPHVWHDUWDWvQILJvQPRGQRUPDO DFHVWOXFUXVHvQWkPSOGDFURLOHVXQW JKLGDWHSULQEDUHGHGLUHFLH 3HRVHDHVWHSRVLELOFDYRODQXOLGLUHFLD VILHGHYLDWHGLQFHQWUXILHFWUHVWkQJDILH FWUHGUHDSWDvQIXQFLHGHvQFOLQDUHDREOLF DSXQLL3HQWUXDUHSR]LLRQGLUHFLDSH FHQWUXHVWHQHFHVDUVVHVFXUWH]HXQXOGLQ EUDHOHGHGLUHFLHLVVHOXQJHDVFFHODODW ceea ce ar duce imediat la deformatea paUDOHORJUDPHORUGLUHFLHL QVFkQGGHYLDLDSXQLLGHSHWHYDORDUH GHDWXQFLJHRPHWULDGLUHFLHLHVWHLQHYLWD ELODIHFWDW $[DVSDWHHVWHREOLFvQUDSRUWFXD[D ORQJLWXGLQDODYHKLFXOXOXLFXRYDORDUH"ILJ 73).

X-Meditor Romania

41

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

3HRVHDURLOHIDVHWUDJvQWUR SR]LLHVLPHWULFFXSURLHFLLOHORUDVX SUDSXQLLVSDUH$L$HJDOHFHHDFH vQVHDPQFEDUHOHGHGLUHFLHFHQWUXO GLUHFLHLLFHQWUXOYRODQXOXLFRUHVSXQG valorilor normale. QDFHVWFD]URLOHVSDWHVXQWVXSXVH XQHLDOXQHFULQHJDWLYHVDXSR]LWLYH FHHDFHFDX]HD]X]XUDQHUHJXODWSH VXSUDIDDSQHXOXL $FHDVWRULHQWDUHDGLUHFLHLHVWH YDODELODWkWWLPSFkWXQJKLXO"QX GHSHWHYDORDUHSHVWH care vehiculul devine sensibil la cuplul motor, exprimat de raportul [cuplu motor]/[greutatea vehiculului]. 'DFDFHVWUDSRUWHVWHPDUHURLOH YLUDWRDUHVXQWWUDVHvQWURSR]LLH VLPHWULFFXQRXDD[FUHDWGHURLOH spate n modul descris n cele ce XUPHD] $FHDVWYDULHUHVHvQWkPSOvQGHWULPHQ WXOFHQWUXOXOGHGLUHFLHLDOFHQWUXOXL YRODQXOXLLHVWHLPSRVLELOGHFRPSHQ VDWGHRDUHFHHVWHGLQDPLFDFHVW efect caracteristic poate fi perceput pe RVHDFkQGVXEHIHFWXOFXSOXOXLPRWRU YRODQXOvLVFKLPEVLQJXURULHQWDUHD ([LVWRGHYLHUHWUDQVYHUVDO6QX REOLFvQWUHFHOHGRXSXQLILJ $FHVWWLSGHGHYLHUHSRDWHVDLEORF DWXQFLFkQGGDWRULWGLVWULEXLHLQHXQL IRUPHDJUHXWLLYHKLFXOXOXLHVWHFUHDW XQFXSOXFHIDFHFDURLOHIDVVH URWHDVFvQGHWULPHQWXOFHQWUXOXLGH GLUHFLHLDOYRODQXOXLDFHDVWFRQGLLH SRDWHILFUHDWFkQGYDORDUHD6 GHSHWHPP

X-Meditor Romania

42

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

n capitolul n care am tratat geometria GLUHFLHVDSURSXVHYDOXDUHDFRPSRUWDPHQ WXOXLURLORUvQWLPSXOQHJRFLHULLXQHLFXUEHOD YLWH]PLFIULQWHUHUHQWH'DFSUHVX SXQHPDFXPFYHKLFXOXOvQWLPSXOQHJR FLHULLFXUEHLHVWHVXSXVXQRUIRUH perturbatoare precum viteza, vntul, cuplul PRWRULIUkQDUHDVHYDYHGHDFYHKLFXOXO QXXUPHD]FXULJXUR]LWDWHWUDLHFWRULD FRUHVSXQ]WRDUHRULHQWULLURLORUvQVFKLPE YDILVXSXVGHYLDLLORUGDWRULWHIHFWHORUDFHV WRUIRUHFUHDWHDVXSUDSQHXOXL$FHVWHIHFW este cunoscut ca ALUNECAREA PNEULUI (fig. 75). Alunecarea pneului (a nu se confunda cu DOXQHFDUHDURLLWUDWDWvQFDSLWROXOGHVSUH FRQYHUJHQHVWHUH]XOWDWXOGHIRUPDLHL HODVWLFDSQHXOXLVXEHIHFWXOIRUHORUSHUWXU EDWRDUHDOXQHFDUHDSRDWHGHDVHPHQHDV ILHFUHDWDGDFYHKLFXOXOPHUJHvQOLQLH GUHDSWGDUvQWURPVXUPDLPLFGHFkWvQ curbe. Unghiul de alunecare al pneului, precum se vede n fig, 75, este unghiul format pe planul RUL]RQWDOGHD[DWHRUHWLFGHGLUHFLHDSQHX OXLLD[DHIHFWLY FUHWHRGDWFXFUHWHUHDJUHXWLLDVXSUD URLL VFDGHRGDWFXFUHWHUHDSUHVLXQLLSQHXOXL SRDWHYDULDPDLPXOWVDXPDLSXLQvQIXQFLH GHSR]LLDJHRPHWULFDURLORU

Meditor Romania X-

43

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

&XUHIHULUHODILJVSUHVXSXQHP FIRUSHUWXUEDWRDUH)SDFLRQHD] asupra vehiculului, iar punctul de aplicare al acesteia este centrul de greuWDWHJHQHUHD]RDOXQHFDUH'DD URLORUIDL'SDURLORUVSDWH &DLFRQVHFLQDIRUHLSHUWXUEDWRDUH FSGDFDOXQHFDUHD'DHVWHPDL mare dect Dp, vehiculul va avea WHQGLQDVvQFHDSVYLUH]HFWUH dreapta, ajungnd din punctul 1 n punctul 2 (fig. 77), dar ca rezultat al DFHVWXLOXFUXRIRUFHWULIXJD)FHVWH FUHDWFHDFFWLRQHD]DvQVHQVFRQWUDU IRUHL)SLDVWIHOGHYLHUHDFDX]DWGH alunecare nu mai are loc. Acest comportament este cunoscut ca STABIL. 'DFSHGHDOWSDUWHFDUH]XOWDWDO DFHOHLDLIRUHSHUWXUEDWRDUH)SDOXQH carea Dp este mai mare dect Da, YHKLFXOXOYDDYHDWHQGLQDVvQFHDS VYLUH]HVSUHVWkQJDDMXQJkQGGLQ SXQFWXOvQSXQFWXOILJ)RUD FHQWULIXJD)FFUHDWvQDFHOPRPHQW VHYDDGXJDLHDFDIRUSHUWXUED WRDUH9HKLFXOXOFDUHWLQGHVFUHDVF GHYLDLDFDX]DWGHDOXQHFDWHHVWH cunoscut ca INSTABIL.

X-Meditor Romania

44

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

3HQWUXDFRUHFWDDFHVWHDOXQHFULVDXVOH IDFIRORVLWRDUHSURGXFWRUXODvQFHUFDWV QWURFXUEIRUDFHQWULIXJUHSUH]HQWDW greutatea, pentru a stabili care redistribuie GH)FDSOLFDWFHQWUXOXLGHJUHXWDWH*DO SHQXULLODFHSUHVLXQHWUHEXLHVFIRORVLWH YHKLFOXOXLSURGXFHGHIRUPULHODWLFHODWH SHQWUXDDGDSWDSR]LLDJHRPHWULFDYHKLF UDOHDVXSUDSHQXULORUDFHVWHGHIRUPULVXQW XOXOXLODFHULQHOHRIHUXOXLDVWIHOvQFkWYHKLF legate de: XOXLVILHHFKLOLEUDWFRUHFW 'LVWULEXLDJUHXWLLSHSXQLVFKLPESXQF Toate aceste unghiuri caracteristice ale veWXO*GHDSOLFDUHDOIRUHL)F KLFXOXOXLLQIOXHQHD]DOXQHFDUHDLGHFL $FFHOHUDUHDLGHFHOHUDUHDLQGLIHUHQWGH comportamentul dinamic al vehiculului; rotile de aplicare al cuplului motor. SHQWUXFIHQRPHQXOHVWHXQXOIRDUWHFRP SOH[HVWHGLILFLOVvOWUDWPvQWRWDOLWDWHvQ 'DFSQHXULOHVSDWHVXQWVXSXVHXQHL DFHVWGRFXPHQWGDWILLQGQXPUXOPDUHGH DOXQHFULPDLPDULYHKLFXOXLYDvQFHUFDV GLIHUHQHVWUXFWXUDOHvQWUHGIHULWHOHWLSXULGH QHJRFLH]HFXUEDDGRSWkQGRUD]PDL PDLQLXQH[HPSOXYDILGDWDOFRUHFLHL PLFGHFkWFHDLPSXVGHURLOHYLUDWRDUH GLQDPLFHDXQXLYHKLFXODIODWvQWURFXUE QDFHVWFD]VHVSXQHFYHKLFXOXOHVWH68 caz, care este teoretic, punctul de n primul PRAVIRATOR. FRQYHUJHQDOEDUHORUGHGLUHFLHFRLQFLGH 'DFSHGHDOWSDUWHSQHXULOHIDVXQW FXFHQWUXOSXQLLVSDWHSXQFWXO'ILJ VXSXVHXQHLDOXQHFULPDLPDULGHFkWFHOH QDOGRLOHDFD]vQVSULQPXWDUHDSXQFWX VSDWHWUDLHFWRULDXUPDWGHYHKLFXOYD OXLGHLQWHUVHVFWLHDOEDUHORUGHGLUHFLHvQ DYHDRUD]PDLPDUHGHFkWFHDLPSXV IDDSXQLLVSDWHSXQFWXO'DWXQFLSR]LLD GHURLOHYLUDWRDUHYHKLFXOXOWLQGHVLDVvQ FHQWUXOXLFXUEHLVHVFKLPEGHDVHPHQHD FXUELVHVSXQHFYHKLFXOXOHVWH68%9, vQDFHVWFD]VHFUHD]RFRUHFLH RATOR. GLQDPLFFDX]kQGGHIRUPULHODVWLFHGLIHU

Meditor Romania X-

45

Reglarea profesionala a geometriei directiei

OXLHVWHJHQHUDWGHDVLPHWULDvQULJLGL WDWHDODWHUDODSQHXULORUDVLPHWULH 3QHXULHUDGLDOHPRGHUQHGDWRULWFDUDF FDX]DWGHGHIHFWHGHIDEULFDUH teristicilor structurale, produc un efect 'DFDFHVWHGRXIHQRPHQHVXQWDFFHQWX de alunecare care este independentDWHSRWDIHFWDGLUHFLDYHKLFXOXOXLvQOLQLH de IRUHOHH[WHUQHFHDUSXWHDLQWHUYHQLSHQWUX dreata, fiind constant nevoie de corectara le deforma elastic. HDGLUHFLHLGHPHUV8QIHQRPHQWVLPLODU $FHDVWDOXQHFDUHHVWHGLYL]DWvQGRX a fost observat n capitolul n care am categorii: YRUELWGHVSUHvQFOLQDUHDSLYRWXOXLDDGDU 1 ALUNECAREA PRIMAR are loc atunGDFHVWHGHWHFWDWvQWLPSXOYHULILFULORU FLFkQGGHIRUPDUHDODWHUDOHODVWLFD LFRUHFLLORUXQJKLXULORUURLORUDWXQFL SQHXOXLHVWHJHQHUDWGHDVLPHWULD trebuiesc luate n seama ambele fenomVWUXFWXUDODDQYHORSHLvQUDSRUWFXSODQXO HQHFDLFDX]HDOHGLUHFLHQHFHQWUDWH ODWLWXGLQDODOURLLGHIDSWVkUPHOHFH caz, pentru a remedia problema, n acest IRUPHD]DQYHORSHLDSQHXOXLQXVXQW XQJKLXOGHIXJDOURLORUYLUDWRDUHWUHEXLH SHUSHQGLFXODUHSHVXSUDIDDGHUXODUHFL VILHSHFkWSRVLELOHJDOLDURYHULILFDUH REOLFHDOXQHFDUHSULPDUYDILVSUHVWkQ DPQXQLWHVWHQHFHVDUSHQWUXDVH ga sau dreapta, n functie de orientarea YHGHDGDFH[LVWYUHRIRUDUH]LVWHQFH VkUPHORUFHIRUPHD]]RQDODWHUDOFHD acctioneaza asupra acestora, precum, de PDLDSURSLDWGHVXSUDIDDGHUXODUHL exemplu, frne, presiuni ale pneurilor DFHDVWWHQGLQHVWHLQYHUVDWGDFVH GLIHULWHVDXX]XUDGLIHULWDOHDFHVWRUDvQ LQYHUVHD]GLUHFLDGHURWDLHDURLL DOGRLOHDUkQGVFKLPEDUHDURLORUvQWUHHOH ALUNECAREA SECUNDAR are loc poate avea ca efect anularea ntr-o oareFkQGGHIRUPDUHDODWHUDOHODVWLFDSQHX

X-Meditor Romania

46