Proiect Frigorifice

Putere termica P=160 kW
Agent frigorific: ammoniac

Temperatura agentului de
racire tw1=22; tw2=27
(apa)
Temperatura agentului racit
(sola) ts1= -2; ts2= -7
Agent racit (sola): clorura
de calciu CaCl2
Date de proiectare:
, NH3, tw1/tw2, ts1/ts2
Condensator multitubular (24)[C]
1.
2.
3.
=
+
= f( )
= ts+
= f( )
=
Condensator placi (12) [C]

Condensator multitubular (24) [C]
Condensator placi (12) [C]
+ (36) [C]
4. determinarea sarcinii frigorifice maxime.

= - [kJ/kg]
5.debitul masic de amoniac.
m= [kg/s]
6. determinarea sarcinii termice masice la condensator.
= - [kJ/kg]
7.determinarea puterii termice totale a condensatorului.
= mx [kW]
8. determinarea lucrului mecanic theoretic necesar antrenarii compresorului.
= - [Kj/kg]
9. puterea teoretica de antrenare la compressor.
= mx [kW]
10. sarcina termica maxima la compressor.
= - [kJ/kg]
11. Puterea termic total a subrcitorului

= mx
[kW]
12. Bilanul energetic al instalaiei
+ = +
13. coeficientul de performanta.
COP = [-]
Compresor multitubular.
=
+ = 27+3= 30 [C]
= f( )
3.
= ts2+ = -7-3 = -10 [C]

= 0.29 [MPa]
+ (36) = 22+4.5= 26.5 [C]

= - = 1450-320= 1130[kJ/kg]
m= =
= 0.14[kg/s]
= - = 1675-341.76 = 1333.24 [kJ/kg]
= mx = 0.14x1333.24 = 186.65 [kW]
= - = 1675-1450 = 224.3[Kj/kg]
= mx = 0.14x225 = 31.4 [kW]
= - = 341.76-320 = 21.76[kJ/kg]
11. puterea termic total a subrcitorului
= mx
= 0.14x21.76 = 3.04[kW]
12. Bilanul energetic al instalaiei

+ = +
=> 1130.7+224.3=1333.24+21.76=> 1355=1355
13. coeficientul de performanta.
COP = =
= 5.09 [-]
Compresor cu placi.
=
+
= f( )
3.
= ts2+ = -7-3 = -10 [C]

= 0.29 [MPa]
+ (36) = 22+4.5= 26.5 [C]

= - = 1451.3-320= 1131.3[kJ/kg]
m= =
= 0.14[kg/s]
= - = 1650-334.5 = 1315.5 [kJ/kg]
= mx = 0.14x1315.5 = 187.17 [kW]
= - = 1650-1451.3 = 198.7[Kj/kg]
= mx = 0.14x198.7 = 27.8 [kW]
= - = 334.5-320 = 14.5[kJ/kg]
11. puterea termic total a subrcitorului
= mx
= 0.14x14.5 = 2.03[kW]
+
=> 1131.3+198.7=1315.5+14.5=> 1330=1330
COP =
= 5.75 [-]
R22.
= ts2+ = -7-3 = -10[C]
=
+ = 27+3= 30[C]
= 0.35 [MPa]
= 1.19 [MPa]
- iesirea din vaporizator = + 6 = -10+6 = -4 [C]

- iesirea vaporilor supraincalziti = +12 = -4+12 = 8 [C]
Bilantul SRL
=
=>
=-
= -415+405+236.62= 226.62
Calculul termic
=
= 405-226.62 = 178.38[kJ/kg]
m=
=
=
= mx
=
= 0.896 [kg/s]
= 415-405= 236.62-226.62 = 10 [kJ/kg]
= 0.896x10 = 8.96[kW]
=445-415 = 30[kJ/kg]
= mx = 0.896x30 = 26.88[kW]
=
= 445-236.62 = 208.38[kJ/kg]
= mx
= 0.896x208.38 = 186.7[kW]
Bilantul energetic
+ = => 160+26.88=186.7
COP = =
= 5.95
R22
t [C]
P [MPa]
h[kJ/kg]
s [kJ/kg]
v [m3]
x [-]
1
-10
0.35
401.2
1.76
0.065
1
-4
0.35
405
1.78
2
70
1.19
445
1.7
0.019
-
8
0.35
415
1.81
0.071
-
30
1.19
414.26
1.71
0.019
1
3
30
1.19
236.62
1.12
0.00085
0
4
226.62
0.00085
-
R134a
= ts2+ = -7-3 = -10 [C]
= 0.2 [MPa]
=
=
=
+ = 27+3= 30 [C]
= 0.77 [MPa]
+ 6 = -10+6 = -4 [C]
+12 = -4+12 = 8 [C]
Bilantul SRL
=
=>
=-
= -405+395+241.72 = 231.72
Calculul termic
=
= 395-231.72= 163.28[kJ/kg]
m=
=
=
= mx
=
= 0.98[kg/s]
= 405-395 = 241.72-231.72= 10 [kJ/kg]
= 0.98x10 = 9.8 [kW]

= 435-405 = 30 [kJ/kg]
5
-10
0.35
226.62
-
= mx = 0.98x30 = 29.4 [kW]

=
= 435-241.72 = 193.28 [kJ/kg]
= mx
= 0.98x193.28 = 189.4 [kW]
Bilantul energetic
+ = => 160+29.4 = 189.4
COP = =
= 5.44
R134a
t [C]
P [MPa]
h[kJ/kg]
s [kJ/kg]
v [m3]
x [-]
1
-10
0.2
392.66
1.73
0.099
1
-4
0.2
395
1.75
0.1
-
8
0.2
405
1.78
0.11
-
2
50
0.77
435
1.78
0.028
-
30
0.77
414.82
1.71
0.026
1
3
30
0.77
241.72
1.14
0.00084
0
R-404A.
= ts2+ = -7-3 = -10 [C]
=
+ = 27+3= 30 [C]
=
=
+ 6 = -10+6 = -4 [C]
+12 = -4+12 = 8 [C]
Bilantul SRL
=
=>
=-
= -378+368+245 = 235
Calculul termic
=
= 368-235= 133 [kJ/kg]
m=
=
=
= mx
=
= 1.2 [kg/s]
= 378-368 = 245-235 = 10 [kJ/kg]
= 1.2x10 = 12 [kW]
= 420-378 = 42 [kJ/kg]
4
22
231.27
0.00084
-
5
-10
0.2
231.72
-
= mx = 1.2x42 = 50.4 [kW]

=
= 420-245 = 175 [kJ/kg]
= mx
= 1.2x175 = 210 [kW]
Bilantul energetic
+ = => 160+50.4 = 210
COP = =
= 3.17
R-404A
t [C]
P [MPa]
h[kJ/kg]
s [kJ/kg]
v [m3]
x [-]
1
-10
0.43
360
1.61
0.045
1
-4
0.43
368
1.62
0.045
-
8
0.43
378
1.65
0.05
-
2
51
1.41
420
1.65
0.015
-
30
1.41
378
1.59
0.013
1
3
30
1.41
245
1.14
0.00097
0
R-410A.
= ts2+ = -7-3 = -10 [C]
=
+ = 27+3= 30 [C]
=
=
+ 6 = -10+6 = -4 [C]
+12 = -4+12 = 8 [C]
Bilantul SRL
=
=>
=-
= -435+425+248 = 238
Calculul termic
=
= 425-238= 187 [kJ/kg]
m=
=
=
= mx
=
= 0.85 [kg/s]
= 435-425 = 248-238 = 10 [kJ/kg]
= 0.85x10 = 8.5 [kW]

= 471-435 = 36[kJ/kg]
4
24
1.41
235
1.12
0.00097
-
5
-10
0.43
235
1.14
-
= mx = 0.85x36 = 30.6 [kW]

=
= 471-248 = 223 [kJ/kg]
= mx
= 0.85x223 = 189.55 [kW]
Bilantul energetic
+ = => 160+30.6 = 189.55
COP = =
= 5.22
R-404A
t [C]
P [MPa]
h[kJ/kg]
s [kJ/kg]
v [m3]
x [-]
1
-10
0.57
418
1.83
0.045
1
-4
0.43
425
1.85
0.043
-
8
0.43
435
1.89
0.05
-
2
68
1.88
471
1.89
0.016
-
30
1.88
428
1.75
0.013
1
3
30
1.88
248
1.16
0.00096
0
R-407C.
= -5 [C]
= + 6 = -5+6 = 1[C]
= +12 = 1+12 = 13 [C]
Bilantul SRL
=
=>
=-
= -424+411+240 = 227
Calculul termic
=
= 411-227= 184 [kJ/kg]
m=
=
=
= mx
=
= 0.86 [kg/s]
= 424-411 = 240-227 = 13 [kJ/kg]
= 0.86x13 = 11.18 [kW]

= 460-424 = 36[kJ/kg]
= mx = 0.86x36 = 30.96 [kW]
4
24
1.88
238
1.12
0.00096
-
5
-10
0.57
238
1.14
-
= mx
= 460-240 = 220 [kJ/kg]

= 0.86x220 = 189.2 [kW]
Bilantul energetic
+ = => 160+30.96 = 189.2
COP =
= 5.16
R-404A
t [C]
P [MPa]
h[kJ/kg]
s [kJ/kg]
v [m3]
x [-]
1
-5
0.38
405
1.78
0.06
1
1
0.38
411
1.81
0.066
-
13
0.38
424
1.85
0.07
-
2
68
34
1.4
422
1.73
0.017
1
460
1.85
0.02
-
3
26
4
15
240
1.14
0.00089
0
227
1.07
0.00089
-
5
-12
0.38
227
1.08
-
Compresor Freon (R134a)

Nr.crt
1
2
3
Tip K
66F
8FC60.2Y40P
=
=
=
160
160
160
=
x
x
113.7
69.5
82.1
32.9
17.59
23.8
1.4
2.3
1.9
2
3
2
1
1
1
3
4
3
227.4
208.5
164.2
65.8
57.77
47.6
COP
3.46
3.95
3.45
3
3
4
3
3
179.2
211
225.6
177.6
167.8
46.6
51
53.61
42.8
41.6
COP
4.21
4.14
4.21
4.14
4.03
= 1.005 [kg/s]
= 1.005x189.4 = 190.25 [kW]
= 1.005x10 = 10.05 [kW]
Compresor amoniac (R22)
Nr.crt
1
2
3
4
5
Tip K
W6FA
160
160
160
160
160
W6GA
=
=
=
=
x
x
89.6
105.8
75.2
88.8
83.9
21.3
25.5
17.87
21.4
20.8
1.6
1.5
2.1
1.8
1.9
2
2
3
2
2
= 0.148 [kg/s]
= 0.148x1333.24 = 197.3 [kW]
= 0.148x3.04 = 0.45 [kW]
1
1
1
1
1
Dimensionarea condensatorului
=kS
[kW]
= 30-24.5 = 5.5 [C]
k=
= 24.5 [C]
= 823 [w/
= 0.40.6 mm
= 12 w/mK
= 0.030.06 mm
= 0.130.15 w/mK
- convectie fortata
- curgere la interiorul tevilor
- la incalzirea fluidului
Nu = ct
=
= 0.023
= 28508
K]
= 175.96
= 3 mm
= 372.5 w/mK
- w = 051.5 [m/s]
- lc = di = 0.024 [m]
- tabele => Pr, , ,cp la
(pag 150 tab.6.2)
=> Pr = 6.299; = 0.604 w/mK ; = 0.912
Nu =
=>
= 4087.67 [w/
/s]
K]
- convectie la condensare
= f(Nu)
Nu= ct
=
= 0.724
=
= 1302.3
= 1.128
Ku =
= 378.8
lc = de = 0.032 [m]
=
=> =
= 5720.43 la tx= 29.68[C]
A= 0.724
13641.35
B=
=
= 0.724
= A
= B
= 1103
- din tabele (pag 150;6.2) f(tc) => , Pr,

tc => Pr = 2.45; = 0.796 [w/mK] ; = 0.169
r= 173.1 [kJ/kg]
/s]; cp = 1.447 [kJ/kgK];
q1;q2
24.5
25
25.5
- se calculeaza
- S=
26
26.5
27
27.5
28
28.5
29
= 3239.5 [w/
= 42.94[
29.5
30t
[C]
K]
Ecuatia de continuitate a curgerii
=w
=>
L dm
S=
=> L =
= 15.5 => 16
= 4.9 => 5 [m]
L
2
4
6
16 32
16 64
16 96
Dim= m t + 2 + de = 10.382440+28+32=462 [mm] => STAS 480x9

m= 10.3824
t= 40 [mm]
de= 32 [mm]
= 8 [mm]
Dimensionarea racordurilor
- apa
STAS
=w
108x2.5
=>
= 0.102 [m]
- agent frigorific
- introducere: m
=>
= 0.06 [m]
STAS 65x2.5
- evacuare m
=>
STAS 35x1.5
Vaporizatorul pentru ammoniac
Se cunosc:
=>
L
=kS
[kW]
= -4.5+10
= 5.5 [C]
= -4.5 [C]
k=
- convectie fortata
- la interiorul tevilor
- f.s.f
- la racire fluidului
= ct
=
= 0.023
=
= 5586.6
- alegem = 0.81.5 [m/s]

- lc = di = 0.02 [m]
- alegem 25x2.5
= 72.65
= 0.032 [m]
- tg - temperatura de inghet, tg=f( )

tg= -t = -10-10 = -20
- cu tg extragem (pag 175)
- cu =
extragem:
=3.58
[ /s];
=0.53[w/mK];
= 24.04;
=2.91189 [kJ/kgK];
= 1220 [kg/ ]
=>
= 1932.65 [w/mK]
= 0.40.6 mm
= 12 w/mK
= 7.04
= 0.030.06 mm
= 0.130.15 w/mK
= 2 mm
= 50 w/mK
= 4.2 (1+0.007 ) (
= 998.3 [W/ K]
100 =
= 450.24
|
reluam calculele de la
- = 4.2 (1+0.007 ) (
= 927.68 [W/ K]
k=
|
100 =
= 4.2 (1+0.007(-10))
- calculam k=
- calculam =
100 = 9.95% > 4% - propunem
=k,
= 4.2 (1+0.007(-10))
=435.16
|
100 = 3.34% 4% presupunerea este buna.
= 442.7 [w/
K]
- calculam S=
= 68.92 [
- se calculeaza
-
=w
=>
- S= dm L
= 30.08 => 31
= 11.53 [kg/s]
=
=> L =
= 5.24 => 5.25 [m]
L
2
4
6
31 62
31 124
31 186
- z din tabel pag.154 => m

- Dim= m t +2 +de = 1431.25+26.26+25 = 475 [mm] => STAS 508x9
m= 14
t= 31.25 [mm]
de= 25 [mm]
= 6.25 [mm]
- sola:
=>
= 0.109 [m]
STAS: 114x4
- NH3:
- lichid:
=>
= 0.0169[m]
STAS: 25x3
- vapori:
=>
STAS: 89x4
Vaporizatorul pentru Freon

Se cunosc:
=> S,n,L
Tipul solei
=kS
[kW]
- se calculeaza
=
- se alege
= -4.5+10
= 5.5 [C]
= -4.5 [C]
= 180-350 (300) w/mK
- se calculeaza S =
= 99.51[
- alegem L= 26 (4)[m]
- S= dm
L =>
= 351.9 => 352
- alegem teava Cu
= m t + de+ 2 = 19.697831.25+25+26.25 = 653 => 655[m]
m= 19.6978
Din tabel t= 31.25 [mm]
de= 25 [mm]
= 6.25 [mm
- alegem tabla ruluita =814 (11) [mm]
- = -10 = -10-10 = -20 [C]
- functie de se determina solei: = 23.8%
- functie de si
=>
= 2.91189 [kJ/kgK]
= 0.532046 [w/mK]
=1220 [kg/ ]
= 3.58
[ /s]
= 24.04
=0.079 [m]
= 11.28 [kg/s]
- = ([m]+1) s = (2+1)163.256.25 = 0.0214 [

- s=(0.10.3)
= 0.25655 = 163.25 [mm]
= (0.10.25)
= - (0.10.25)
=
=
=
= 0.14
= 0.0502[
]
]
= 0.0502 - 0.16
= 0.0219 [
= 0.0226[
= 0.42 [m/s]
- se calculeaza Re, Nu,
Re =
= 2933
Nu = 0.235
=
= 1718.5 [w/
K]
= 7.04
=> pag 206
= 0.194
= C1
m=
= 674 [w/
= 83.64 [kg/
=
-
= 80.75
- =
S=
s]
= 9.25 [kg/s]
=
|
K]
= 361.66 [w/
100 =
= 82.54[
100 = 17% 10% =>
=
= 291.9 => 292
= 17.776431.25+25+26.25 = 593 => 595[m]
- = (18+1)148.256.25 = 0.0176 [ ]
- s=(0.10.3)
= 0.25595 = 148.25 [mm]
-
= 0.14
= 0.0414[
K]
se reia calculul
= 0.0414 - 0.17
=
=
=
= 3701
- Nu = 0.235
-m=
= 1976 [w/
= 100.8 [kg/
= 0.194
= 875.24 [w/
S=
K]
= 425 [w/
100 =
= 70.24[
K]
s]
- =
= 92.84
= 0.53 [m/s]
= 0.0173 [
- Re =
-
= 0.0171[
100 = 15% 10% =>
= 248.4 => 249
= 16.370831.25+25+26.25 = 549 => 550[m]

- = (18+1)137.56.25 = 0.0146 [ ]
- s=(0.10.3)
= 0.25550 = 137.5 [mm]
= 0.15
= 0.0356 - 0.17
=
=
=
- Re =
= 0.0356[
-m=
= 0.0147 [
]
]
= 0.62 [m/s]
- Nu = 0.235
-
]
= 0.0149[
= 4329.6
= 102
= 2162.4 [w/
= 100.14 [kg/
s]
K]
K]
se reia calculul
= 0.194
- =
= 867.23 [w/
K]
=
|
= 431 [w/
100 =
- L=
100 = 1.39% 10% => Ok
= 428 => S =
=
K]
= 69.75 [
= 3.96 => 4[m]
- sola
=>
= 0.137 [m]
STAS 146x4
- agent frigorific
- introducere
=>
=>
=0.037 [m]
.STAS 40x1.5
- evacuare
= 0.27 [m]
STAS 30x1
Predimensionarea aparatelor auxiliare
Pentru instalatia cu freon.
SIV/SRL= SI(SCR)
Rezervor de lichid
Ventil de laminare
Rezervor de lichid.
=
=
= 2.16 [ ]
= 0.15 + = 0.15x0.45+0.8= 0.86 [
=
L-
L=
5 - 96
]
5 = 0.45[
Ventil de laminare.
SIV/SRL. (Subracitor coaxial STT-7)
= 23.95 [C]
= - = 30-8 = 22 [C]
= - = 22-+4 = 26 [C]
=
k=
= 6.88 [
= 1202.3 [kg/ ]
= 81.44
[W/mK]
= 1.43 [kJ/kgK];
= 0.175
= 60.62 [w/
/s];
= 2.5
K]
= 1.05 [m/s]
= 192.000
= 0.023
=
= 48.28
= 0.023
= 122.87 [W/
K]
= 9.53 [kg/ ]
= 0.0119 [W/mK]
= 0.877 [kJ/kgK]
= 1.2
[ /s]
= 2
= 127 [m/s]
Re =
= 4021666
= 0.023
Pr=
= 260
= 0.023
= 8.42
= 130 [w/
K]
Instalatia frigorifica cu absorbtie intr-o treapta imbunatatita
Date de proiectare:
= 160 [kW]
tw1/tw2 = 22/27 [C]
ts1/ts2 = -2/-7 [C]
Agent incalzitor: abur saturat
t
p
h
1 bar, t=100 [C]

2 bar, t=119 [C]
3 bar, t=133 [C]
10
11
12
13
80
11.66
120
45
80
11.66
1450
99.95
90
11.66
200
39
40
11.66
-44.4
39
38
2.46
80
39
27
2.46
-120
45
27
13.16
-120
45
70
12.16
100
45
55
11.16
1375
99.98
30
11.66
163
99.98
25
11.46
120
99.98
-14
2.46
120
99.98
-10
2.46
1265
99.98
5
2.46
1308
99.98
790
580
810
845
845
840
840
810
580
610
620
678
675
662
=
+24 = 27+3 = 30 [C]
= 11.669 [bar]
= = -24 = -7-3 = -10 [C]
= = -4 = -10-4 = -14 [C]
= 2.464 [bar]
=
=
-8..10 = 100-10 = 90 [C]

+
= 22+5 = 27 [C]
=46 [C]
= sb - ss = 45-39 = 6 5%
= -10 = 80-10 = 70 [C]
= -46 = 30-5 = 25 [C]
f=
(f-1)(
= =
= f(
= f(
=
= 10
) = f( -
) => (10-1)(200- ) = 10(100+120) => = -44.4
= 1375-163 = 1212 [kJ/kg]

- = 1265-120 = 1145 [kJ/kg]
- )+
- = 10(-80+120)+1308+80 = 1788[kJ/kg]
- )+ - = 10(200-100)+1480-200 = 2250 [kJ/kg]
- = 1480-1375 = 105 [kJ/kg]
= 0.139 [kg/s]
= = 12120.139 = 168.47 [kW]

= = 17880.139 = 248.53 [kW]
= = 22500.139 = 312.75 [kW]
=
= 1050.139 = 14.6 [kW]
=
= 8.05 [kg/s]
= 11.87 [kg/s]
= 0.7 [kg/s]
= 0.24 [kg/s]
( -
f(
+
COP =
)=
)=
+
) = 0.139(163-120) = 0.139(1308-1265)
= 5.997 = 5.997 [kW]
(f-1)( - ) = 0.13910(100+120) = 0.1399(200+44.4)
= 305.8 = 305.74 [kW]
=> 160+312.75=168.47+248.53+14.6 => 472.75=431.6
= 0.51

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Putere termica P=160 kW

Agent frigorific: ammoniac

Condensator placi (12) [C]

Condensator placi (12) [C]

4. determinarea sarcinii frigorifice maxime.

11. Puterea termic total a subrcitorului

= ts2+ = -7-3 = -10 [C]

+ (36) = 22+4.5= 26.5 [C]

4. determinarea sarcinii frigorifice maxime.

12. Bilanul energetic al instalaiei

= ts2+ = -7-3 = -10 [C]

+ (36) = 22+4.5= 26.5 [C]

4. determinarea sarcinii frigorifice maxime.

=> 1131.3+198.7=1315.5+14.5=> 1330=1330

- iesirea din vaporizator = + 6 = -10+6 = -4 [C]

= 415-405= 236.62-226.62 = 10 [kJ/kg]

= 405-395 = 241.72-231.72= 10 [kJ/kg]

= 0.98x10 = 9.8 [kW]

= mx = 0.98x30 = 29.4 [kW]

= 435-241.72 = 193.28 [kJ/kg]

= 0.98x193.28 = 189.4 [kW]

= 378-368 = 245-235 = 10 [kJ/kg]

= mx = 1.2x42 = 50.4 [kW]

= 420-245 = 175 [kJ/kg]

= 1.2x175 = 210 [kW]

= 435-425 = 248-238 = 10 [kJ/kg]

= 0.85x10 = 8.5 [kW]

= mx = 0.85x36 = 30.6 [kW]

= 471-248 = 223 [kJ/kg]

= 0.85x223 = 189.55 [kW]

= 424-411 = 240-227 = 13 [kJ/kg]

= 0.86x13 = 11.18 [kW]

= mx = 0.86x36 = 30.96 [kW]

= 460-240 = 220 [kJ/kg]

Compresor Freon (R134a)

= 30-24.5 = 5.5 [C]

= 5720.43 la tx= 29.68[C]

- din tabele (pag 150;6.2) f(tc) => , Pr,

/s]; cp = 1.447 [kJ/kgK];

Ecuatia de continuitate a curgerii

= 4.9 => 5 [m]

Dim= m t + 2 + de = 10.382440+28+32=462 [mm] => STAS 480x9

- alegem = 0.81.5 [m/s]

- tg - temperatura de inghet, tg=f( )

100 = 9.95% > 4% - propunem

100 = 3.34% 4% presupunerea este buna.

= 5.24 => 5.25 [m]

- z din tabel pag.154 => m

Vaporizatorul pentru Freon

= 180-350 (300) w/mK

= 351.9 => 352

- = ([m]+1) s = (2+1)163.256.25 = 0.0214 [

- se calculeaza Re, Nu,

=> pag 206

100 = 17% 10% =>

100 = 15% 10% =>

= 248.4 => 249

= 16.370831.25+25+26.25 = 549 => 550[m]

100 = 1.39% 10% => Ok

= 3.96 => 4[m]

SIV/SRL. (Subracitor coaxial STT-7)

Instalatia frigorifica cu absorbtie intr-o treapta imbunatatita

1 bar, t=100 [C]

-8..10 = 100-10 = 90 [C]