Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
DE INGINERIE MECANICA
Cat. de Autovehicule i Motoare
PROIECT
Tema
M.A.S
Putere nominala: Pn=76 KW
Turatia nominala: nn=6000
Nr de cilindri: 4 (in linie)
Cuprins
1. Studiu comparativ
2.Calculul termic al motorului cu aprindere prin scnteie
2.1 Alegerea parametrilor iniiali
2.2 Parametrii procesului de schimbare a gazelor
2.3 Parametrii procesului de comprimare
2.4 Parametrii procesului de ardere
2.5 Parametrii procesului de destindere
2.6 Parametrii principali ai motorului
2.7 Dimensiunile fundamentale ale motorului
1.Studiu comparativ:
74
Turatie
maxima
[rot/min]
5600
Cursa
cilindru
[mm]
77.4
Alezaj
cilindru
[mm]
81.6
1595
77
5700
86.9
1595
74
5600
1598
77
1796
75
Marca
autovehicul
Cilindree
[cm3]
Putere
[Kw]
Skoda
Octavia
VolksWagen
Golf
Audi A4
1595
Hyunday
coupe
Opel Vectra
Raport
compresie
Cuplu
[N/m]
10.5
148/3800
76
11
148/3800
77.4
81
10.5
148/3800
6000
83.6
78
10
145/4000
5500
81
84
8.8
162/4250
T0 T
pr
293 25
1.05 10 5
0.045
Tr
p a p pr
1000 9.5 0,8 10 5 1.1 1.2 10 5
347.556 K
1 r
1 0.045
Coeficientul de umplere:
p
p a T0
0,8 10 5 293
9.5
1.1
V
0.777
5
p0 Ta 1 1 r 1,02 10 347.556 9.5 1 1 0.045
1 c h o
1 0.854 0.142 0.004
h c
0.142 0.854
0.457
4
12
4
12 0.928
0
L
0.457
Coeficientul real de variaie molar a ncrcturii proaspete:
L
0 r 0.928 0.045
= 0.931492
1 r
1 0.045
9.2
13.8
9.2
13.8
)(
15.5) 10 4 Tz (20
)(
15.5) 10 4 Tz
0,95
0,95
=29.28903454 Tz kJ/kmolK
Qi
Lmin (1 r )
C Rm Tc (C RM ) f Tz 3062 K
P z 62.430 10 5
3.817
Pc
1.52 10 5
pz
n2
62,430 *10^5
3,743 *10^5 N/m2
9.51.25
Tb
Tz
n 1
2
3062
1744.097 K {1200..1700}
9.51.251
pc
1
1
1
1 n2 1
1 n1 1
1
1
n2 1
n1 1
16.339 10 5
9.5 1
3.5 1.09
1
1
1
3.51.09 1 1.25 1 1 9.51.251 1.32 1 1 9.51.341 11,442 *10^5 N/m2
i RM
pi M 1 T0
pi Lmin T0
1.098 10 5 0,95 0.507 293
8.314
8.314
0.360908
p0 Qi
p0 Qi
1.02 10 5 0.6 43500
36000
36000
0.407 l
pe n i
9.349 10 5 6000 4
Alezajul:
Vh
D3
4 Vh
4 0,407
3
77.775 mm
3,14 1.1
Cursa pistonului:
S D 1 0,777 85.554 mm
Viteza medie a pistonului:
S n 0,777 6000
16.411 m/s
30
30
Cilindreea totala:
Vt i Vh 4 0,407 1.628 l
Puterea litrica:
P
76
Pl n
46.685 kW/l
Vt 1,628
3.Diagrama indicat:
Volumul la sfritul admisiei:
V 0,407 9.5
Va h
0.455 dm3
1
9.5 1
Volumul la sfritul compresiei:
Va
0,455
0.048 dm3
9.5
Unghi de avans la aprindere:
Vc
s=30 RAC
6000000
Diagrama indicat
5000000
4000000
P [N/m2]
3000000
px [N/m2]
2000000
1000000
0
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
Volum [l]
0.40
0.50
6000000
5000000
p [N/m2]
4000000
3000000
2000000
1000000
0
0
90
180
270
360
alfa [grd]
450
540
630
720
4. Caracteristica extern:
Puterea efectiv:
n
Pex Pe max a x
n p
b nx
Consumul specific:
n
g ex g ep c d x
n
2
3
2
3
nx
nx
n
n
x
x
c 761
1
,
2
n
6000
6000
6000
k nx
nx
nx
269.772 1.2 1
0,8
6000
6000
Consumul orar:
Gcx Pex g ex 10 3
Momentul motor:
P
Pex
M ex 3 10 4 ex 3 10 4
nx
3.14 n x
Caracteristica extern
80
450
400
70
350
60
300
50
250
200
Me, ge
Pe, Ge
40
30
150
20
100
Pe [kW]
10
50
Ge [kg/h]
Me [Nm]
0
0
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
n [rot/min]
ge
[g/kWh]
1/3.21/4
max= 15 {12..18}
Ap= *D^2/4= 0.00437 m2
Deplasarea pistonului:
Xp=R[(1-cos )+1/ (1-cos )]
Xp=R[(1-cos )+1/ (1-cos )]
Acceleraia pistonului:
Ap=R ^2*(cos + )
D=
S=
Ap=
0.0746
0.0821
0.00437
=
n1=
r0=
n2=
R=S/2=
psi=
=pi*n/30=
mb=
mp=
mAC=
N=Ftg*
S=F/cos*
T=Ssin*( + )
M=F*R
0.278
1.34
3.817
1.25
0.0411
180 3.1415927
628
p0=
pa=
pr=
pz=
p'l=
102000
80000
120000
6236903
1144241.256
n=
Va=
Vc=
Vz=
Vt=
6000
0.455
0.048
0.048
1.628
0.6555 kg
0.54625 kg
0.6555 kg
mj=mp+m1b=
m1b=0.275*mb=
m2b=0.725*mb=
Z=Scos*(
m
m
m2
+ )
150 kg/m2
125 kg/m2
150 kg/m2
0.727 kg/m2
0.180 kg/m2
0.475 kg/m2
N/m2
N/m2
N/m2
N/m2
N/m2
Fg=(pg-p0)*Ap
Fj=-mjR ^2(cos
+ cos2 )
F=Fg+Fj
vp=R *(sin + /4cos2alfa
ap=R ^2*(cos - cos2 )
Beta=arcsin( sin )
x, v, a= f(alfa)
100
25000
20000
80
15000
60
10000
xp [mm]
5000
20
0
ap [m/s2]
40
xp
[mm]
vp
[m/s]
ap
[m/s2]
0
0
30
60
90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 -5000
-20
-10000
-40
-15000
alfa [grd]
10000
0
0
90
180
270
360
-10000
-20000
alfa [grd]
450
540
630
720
Variaia forelor N i S
15000
N [N]
S[N]
10000
5000
0
0
90
180
270
360
-5000
-10000
-15000
[grade RAC]
450
540
630
720
Variaia forelor T i Z
15000
T [N]
Z [N]
10000
T, Z [Nm]
5000
0
0
90
180
270
360
450
-5000
-10000
-15000
alfa [grd]
540
630
720
400
300
200
M [Nm]
100
M [Nm]
0
90
180
270
360
-100
-200
-300
-400
alfa [grd]
450
540
630
720
Momentul total
1000
800
600
400
Mt [Nm]
200
Mt
0
90
180
270
360
450
-200
-400
-600
-800
alfa [grd]
540
630
720
Rm [N]
80000
70000
60000
Rm [N]
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
90
180
270
360
450
[grd]
540
630
720
630
720
Rp [N]
45000
40000
35000
R
30000
Rp [N]
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0
90
180
270
360
[grd]
450
540
La inceputul anilor '20, motorul rotativ a devenit demodat si invechit, iar dezvoltarea lui a
incetat. Pana in anul 1957, cand inginerul german, Felix Wankel, a inventat un design
special, o evolutie a motorului rotativ, care utiliza un rotor in forma de triunghi ce se
invarte intr-o carcasa ovala. Si pentru ca nu are pistoane, motorul Wankel este
considerat un motor rotativ fara pistoane. Incepand cu anii '60, dezvoltarea motorului
nou creat de Wankel a inceput in forta, dar chiar si asa, numai Mazda a reusit sa
modifice cu succes designul initial si sa-l integreze in identitatea brandului, fiind singura
marca ce a pus motorul pe masini de serie.
Cum functioneaza
Motorul Wankel merge in 4 timpi ca si cel cu piston, rotorul central realizand toate
cele 4 cicluri: admisie, compresie, aprindere si evacuare, in interiorul camerei
ovale. Si chiar daca ambele tipuri de motoare functioneaza dupa aceleasi reguli,
diferentele sunt in ceea ce priveste transformarea miscarii in forta mecanica. Intr-o
camera de combustie rotativa, presiunea este aplicata pe o parte a rotorului. Rotorul,
fiind triunghiular, interiorul blocului oval va fi intotdeauna impartit in 3 parti, in 3 camere
functionale. Adica un sistem diferit fata de motorul cu pistoane, unde cele 4 procese au
loc in fiecare cilindru.
In primul rand, este vorba de dimensiunea mica si greutatea scazuta. Asta este un
amanunt crucial, atunci cand creezi o masina usoara cu un motor puternic. In plus, ajuta
la imbunatatirea sistemelor de siguranta in caz de accident, pentru ca este mai mult loc
sub capota. In plus, spatiul poate fi folosit pentru alte sisteme si pentru o mai buna
distribuire a greutatii.
Un alt amanunt interesant este plaja cuplului motor care este constanta indiferent
de turatie. Un motor rotativ cu 2 rotoare produce un cuplu similar cu cel al unui
motor clasic V6, iar unul cu 3 rotoare produce cuplul unui motor V8.
Un alt avantaj consta in structura simpla a motorului, fiabilitate si durabilitate. Nu
exista pistoane, biele, valve actionate mecanic, curele puse la punct, ceea ce inseamna
ca motorul e mai usor de fabricat si are mult mai putine piese in miscare. Prin umare, in
cazul unui mers sportiv, motorul Wankel este mai fiabil in timp. Si asta pentru ca daca
motorul merge cu 8.000 rpm, rotoarele se invart la o treime din aceasta valoare.
Acestea sunt destul de multe, dar nu sunt foarte grave. Este vorba de proasta
etanseizare a camerelor atunci cand rotorul se invarte, ceea ce se traduce prin multa
benzina nearsa, adica un consum mare. Durata unui ciclu dureaza cu 50% mai mult
decat la un piston, iar functionarea motorului lasa mai mult monoxid de carbon sa iasa
pe evacuare, ceea ce il face un "paria" printre ecologisti.
Insa cel mai mare dezavantaj este consumul mare de benzina. Teste comparative
arata ca un Mazda RX8 consuma mai mult decat o masina mai grea, cu motor V8, cu o
capacitate cilindrica mai mare de 4 ori, obtinand performante similare. Un alt dezavantaj
este ca diferite cantitati de ulei ajung in camerele de ardere, ceea ce ii obliga pe
proprietarii de masini cu motoare rotative sa adauge permanent ulei.
Motoarele Mazda
Mazda a introdus primul motor rotativ cu doua rotoare in luna Mai, 1967 cu
modelul Cosmo Sport 110S. Acesta avea doua rotoare si o capacitate de 491 cc,
producand o putere de 110 cp la 7.000 rpm. In 1970, Mazda a venit cu prima transmisie
automata pe un motor Wankel si 3 ani mai tarziu a lansat prima camioneta cu un motor
rotativ.
Dupa ce a implementat sistemul de inductie cu 6 porturi, pentru mai multa putere si o
economie mai buna, Mazda a dezvoltat motorul pentru a incerca sa scada emisiile de
carbon. A reusit sa faca un catalizator cu 2 stagii pentru a scadea poluarea, iar pentru a
consuma mai putin s-au folosit cate 3 admisii pentru fiecare camera de rotor, controlate
in 3 etape.
O alta etapa in evolutia Mazda a fost folosirea turbinelor pe motorul rotativ. In
1982, modelul Cosmo RE Turbo a inceput sa se vanda ca fiind prima masina din lume
cu motor rotativ, dotat cu turbo. Ulterior, Mazda a venit si cu turbina "twin-scroll" pentru
a minimaliza lag-ul.
ANEXE
Tabel 1
n[rot/min]
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500
3600
3700
3800
3900
4000
4100
4200
4300
4400
4500
4600
4700
4800
Pe [kW]
14.426
16.019
17.632
19.261
20.906
22.563
24.230
25.906
27.588
29.274
30.963
32.652
34.338
36.020
37.696
39.363
41.020
42.665
44.294
45.906
47.500
49.072
50.622
52.146
53.642
55.109
56.544
57.945
59.311
60.639
61.926
63.171
64.372
65.526
66.632
67.688
68.690
69.637
70.528
ge
[g/kWh]
284.759
281.522
278.405
275.407
272.530
269.772
267.134
264.616
262.218
259.940
257.782
255.744
253.825
252.027
250.348
248.790
247.351
246.032
244.833
243.754
242.795
241.956
241.236
240.637
240.157
239.797
239.558
239.438
239.438
239.558
239.797
240.157
240.637
241.236
241.956
242.795
243.754
244.833
246.032
Ge [kg/h]
4.108
4.510
4.909
5.305
5.697
6.087
6.473
6.855
7.234
7.610
7.982
8.350
8.716
9.078
9.437
9.793
10.146
10.497
10.845
11.190
11.533
11.873
12.212
12.548
12.882
13.215
13.546
13.874
14.201
14.526
14.850
15.171
15.490
15.807
16.122
16.434
16.743
17.050
17.352
Me [Nm]
113.380
114.458
115.481
116.449
117.362
118.219
119.021
119.768
120.459
121.095
121.676
122.201
122.671
123.086
123.446
123.750
123.999
124.192
124.331
124.414
124.441
124.414
124.331
124.192
123.999
123.750
123.446
123.086
122.671
122.201
121.676
121.095
120.459
119.768
119.021
118.219
117.362
116.449
115.481
4900
5000
5100
5200
5300
5400
5500
5600
5700
5800
6000
71.359
72.130
72.837
73.478
74.052
74.556
74.988
75.347
75.630
75.834
76.000
247.351
248.790
250.348
252.027
253.825
255.744
257.782
259.940
262.218
264.616
269.772
17.651
17.945
18.235
18.518
18.796
19.067
19.331
19.586
19.831
20.067
20.503
114.458
113.380
112.246
111.057
109.812
108.513
107.158
105.747
104.282
102.761
99.553
Beta [grd]
0.000
0.048
0.095
0.139
0.180
0.214
0.243
0.264
0.277
0.281
0.277
0.264
0.243
0.214
0.180
0.139
0.095
0.048
0.000
-0.048
-0.095
-0.139
-0.180
-0.214
-0.243
-0.264
-0.277
xp [mm]
0.000
0.795
3.141
6.921
11.953
17.999
24.787
32.027
39.429
46.725
53.678
60.091
65.814
70.742
74.810
77.982
80.246
81.603
82.054
81.603
80.246
77.982
74.810
70.742
65.814
60.091
53.678
Vp [I]
0.000
0.003
0.014
0.030
0.052
0.079
0.108
0.140
0.172
0.204
0.235
0.263
0.288
0.309
0.327
0.341
0.351
0.357
0.359
0.357
0.351
0.341
0.327
0.309
0.288
0.263
0.235
vp [m/s]
0.000
5.701
11.118
15.990
20.096
23.273
25.425
26.525
26.611
25.778
24.162
21.922
19.224
16.221
13.044
9.788
6.515
3.252
0.000
-3.252
-6.515
-9.788
-13.044
-16.221
-19.224
-21.922
-24.162
Tabel 2
Alfa [grd]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
ap [m/s2]
20695.924
20178.529
18666.544
16276.406
13188.740
9629.846
5848.848
2093.114
-1415.238
-4499.114
-7040.331
-8986.157
-10347.962
-11192.372
-11626.214
-11777.292
-11773.502
-11722.960
-11697.696
-11722.960
-11773.502
-11777.292
-11626.214
-11192.372
-10347.962
-8986.157
-7040.331
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
-0.281
-0.277
-0.264
-0.243
-0.214
-0.180
-0.139
-0.095
-0.048
0.000
0.048
0.095
0.139
0.180
0.214
0.243
0.264
0.277
0.281
0.277
0.264
0.243
0.214
0.180
0.139
0.095
0.048
0.000
-0.048
-0.095
-0.139
-0.180
-0.214
-0.243
-0.264
-0.277
-0.281
-0.277
-0.264
-0.243
-0.214
46.725
39.429
32.027
24.787
17.999
11.953
6.921
3.141
0.795
0.000
0.795
3.141
6.921
11.953
17.999
24.787
32.027
39.429
46.725
53.678
60.091
65.814
70.742
74.810
77.982
80.246
81.603
82.054
81.603
80.246
77.982
74.810
70.742
65.814
60.091
53.678
46.725
39.429
32.027
24.787
17.999
0.204
0.172
0.140
0.108
0.079
0.052
0.030
0.014
0.003
0.000
0.003
0.014
0.030
0.052
0.079
0.108
0.140
0.172
0.204
0.235
0.263
0.288
0.309
0.327
0.341
0.351
0.357
0.359
0.357
0.351
0.341
0.327
0.309
0.288
0.263
0.235
0.204
0.172
0.140
0.108
0.079
-25.778
-26.611
-26.525
-25.425
-23.273
-20.096
-15.990
-11.118
-5.701
0.000
5.701
11.118
15.990
20.096
23.273
25.425
26.525
26.611
25.778
24.162
21.922
19.224
16.221
13.044
9.788
6.515
3.252
0.000
-3.252
-6.515
-9.788
-13.044
-16.221
-19.224
-21.922
-24.162
-25.778
-26.611
-26.525
-25.425
-23.273
-4499.114
-1415.238
2093.114
5848.848
9629.846
13188.740
16276.406
18666.544
20178.529
20695.924
20178.529
18666.544
16276.406
13188.740
9629.846
5848.848
2093.114
-1415.238
-4499.114
-7040.331
-8986.157
-10347.962
-11192.372
-11626.214
-11777.292
-11773.502
-11722.960
-11697.696
-11722.960
-11773.502
-11777.292
-11626.214
-11192.372
-10347.962
-8986.157
-7040.331
-4499.114
-1415.238
2093.114
5848.848
9629.846
680
690
700
710
720
-0.180
-0.139
-0.095
-0.048
0.000
11.953
6.921
3.141
0.795
0.000
0.052
0.030
0.014
0.003
0.000
-20.096
-15.990
-11.118
-5.701
0.000
13188.740
16276.406
18666.544
20178.529
20695.924
alfa
[grd
]
Xp
Vx
px
vp
ap
Fg
Fj
Beta
[m]
[l]
[N/m2]
[m/s]
[m/s2]
[N]
[N]
[N]
[rad]
[N]
[N]
[N]
[N]
[Nm]
0.000
0.048
102000.000
0.000
20707.527
0.000
-15044.277
-15044.277
0.000
0.000
-15044.277
0.000
-15044.277
0.000
10
0.001
0.051
80000.000
5.704
20189.841
-96.140
-14724.963
-14821.103
0.048
-715.738
-14838.375
-3278.522
-14471.651
-134.583
20
0.003
0.062
80000.000
11.124
18677.009
-96.140
-13680.938
-13777.078
0.095
-1314.847
-13839.679
-5947.590
-12496.514
-244.149
30
0.007
0.078
80000.000
15.999
16285.531
-96.140
-11995.167
-12091.307
0.139
-1695.784
-12209.643
-7514.245
-9623.487
-308.460
40
0.012
0.100
80000.000
20.107
13196.133
-96.140
-9797.379
-9893.519
0.180
-1795.359
-10055.100
-7734.757
-6424.841
-317.512
50
0.018
0.127
80000.000
23.286
9635.245
-96.140
-7250.660
-7346.800
0.214
-1599.969
-7519.001
-6656.416
-3496.785
-273.246
60
0.025
0.156
80000.000
25.439
5852.127
-96.140
-4534.877
-4631.017
0.243
-1147.755
-4771.127
-4584.456
-1321.523
-188.192
70
0.032
0.188
80000.000
26.540
2094.288
-96.140
-1828.852
-1924.992
0.264
-520.518
-1994.125
-1986.928
-169.259
-81.563
80
0.039
0.220
80000.000
26.626
-1416.031
-96.140
706.683
610.543
0.277
173.642
634.756
631.420
-64.985
25.920
90
0.047
0.252
80000.000
25.792
-4501.636
-96.140
2943.445
2847.305
0.281
823.320
2963.951
2847.305
-823.320
116.882
100
0.054
0.283
80000.000
24.175
-7044.278
-96.140
4795.675
4699.535
0.277
1336.577
4885.905
4396.044
-2132.337
180.458
110
0.060
0.311
80000.000
21.934
-8991.194
-96.140
6224.889
6128.749
0.264
1657.214
6348.852
5192.340
-3653.427
213.146
120
0.066
0.336
80000.000
19.235
-10353.763
-96.140
7238.905
7142.765
0.243
1770.269
7358.869
5300.682
-5104.480
217.593
130
0.071
0.357
80000.000
16.230
-11198.646
-96.140
7885.422
7789.282
0.214
1696.332
7971.854
4876.555
-6306.320
200.183
140
0.075
0.375
80000.000
13.051
-11632.731
-96.140
8241.101
8144.961
0.180
1478.052
8277.985
4103.227
-7189.476
168.437
150
0.078
0.389
80000.000
9.794
-11783.895
-96.140
8397.622
8301.482
0.139
1164.268
8382.728
3142.456
-7771.428
128.998
160
0.080
0.399
80000.000
6.519
-11780.102
-96.140
8446.534
8350.394
0.095
796.939
8388.337
2107.125
-8119.373
86.497
170
0.082
0.405
80000.000
3.254
-11729.532
-96.140
8464.860
8368.720
0.048
404.141
8378.473
1055.212
-8311.759
43.316
180
0.082
0.407
80000.000
0.000
-11704.254
-96.140
8503.287
8407.147
0.000
0.000
8407.147
0.000
-8407.147
0.000
190
0.082
0.405
93565.434
-3.254
-11729.532
-36.859
8578.443
8541.584
-0.048
-412.489
8551.538
-1077.009
-8483.446
-44.211
200
0.080
0.399
95434.639
-6.519
-11780.102
-28.691
8670.249
8641.558
-0.095
-824.727
8680.824
-2180.597
-8402.482
-89.514
210
0.078
0.389
98704.741
-9.794
-11783.895
-14.400
8724.672
8710.271
-0.139
-1221.600
8795.518
-3297.199
-8154.116
-135.350
220
0.075
0.375
103627.463
-13.051
-11632.731
7.112
8661.548
8668.660
-0.180
-1573.086
8810.237
-4367.053
-7651.739
-179.268
230
0.071
0.357
110599.037
-16.230
-11198.646
37.578
8386.491
8424.069
-0.214
-1834.574
8621.520
-5273.970
-6820.252
-216.496
240
0.066
0.336
120216.168
-19.235
-10353.763
79.605
7805.372
7884.976
-0.243
-1954.219
8123.535
-5851.480
-5634.891
-240.203
250
0.060
0.311
133369.111
-21.934
-8991.194
137.083
6839.541
6976.624
-0.264
-1886.479
7227.177
-5910.668
-4158.857
-242.633
260
0.054
0.283
151395.871
-24.175
-7044.278
215.860
5439.837
5655.697
-0.277
-1608.515
5879.985
-5290.458
-2566.180
-217.173
270
0.047
0.252
176339.123
-25.792
-4501.636
324.862
3597.544
3922.406
-0.281
-1134.193
4083.095
-3922.406
-1134.193
-161.015
280
0.039
0.220
211376.995
-26.626
-1416.031
477.977
1350.845
1828.823
-0.277
-520.129
1901.348
-1891.358
-194.655
-77.640
290
0.032
0.188
261542.273
-26.540
2094.288
697.200
-1214.200
-517.000
-0.264
139.797
-535.567
533.635
-45.458
21.906
300
0.025
0.156
334881.076
-25.439
5852.127
1017.690
-3968.410
-2950.720
-0.243
731.309
-3039.994
2921.053
-842.028
119.909
310
0.018
0.127
444095.822
-23.286
9635.245
1494.959
-6749.591
-5254.632
-0.214
1144.342
-5377.795
4760.851
-2500.996
195.433
320
0.012
0.100
607876.132
-20.107
13196.133
2210.679
-9376.932
-7166.254
-0.180
1300.447
-7283.293
5602.580
-4653.757
229.986
330
0.007
0.078
847579.296
-15.999
16285.531
3258.182
-11668.117
-8409.936
-0.139
1179.478
-8492.243
5226.426
-6693.479
214.545
340
0.003
0.062
1165430.604
-11.124
18677.009
4647.192
-13457.223
-8810.031
-0.095
840.805
-8850.062
3803.307
-7991.149
156.126
350
0.001
0.051
1487467.462
-5.704
20189.841
6054.493
-14611.380
-8556.887
-0.048
413.228
-8566.859
1892.838
-8355.133
77.701
360
0.000
0.048
1633953.218
0.000
20707.527
6694.636
-15044.277
-8349.641
0.000
0.000
-8349.641
0.000
-8349.641
0.000
360
0.000
0.048
5925058.229
0.000
20707.527
25446.764
-15044.277
10402.487
0.000
0.000
10402.487
0.000
10402.487
0.000
370
0.001
0.051
5713689.615
5.704
20189.841
24523.084
-14724.963
9798.120
0.048
473.169
9809.539
2167.406
9567.100
88.972
380
0.003
0.062
4550638.909
11.124
18677.009
19440.552
-13680.938
5759.614
0.095
549.682
5785.785
2486.436
5224.264
102.068
390
0.007
0.078
3381080.501
15.999
16285.531
14329.582
-11995.167
2334.415
0.139
327.397
2357.262
1450.742
1857.964
59.553
400
0.012
0.100
2479627.457
20.107
13196.133
10390.232
-9797.379
592.853
0.180
107.584
602.535
463.493
384.998
19.026
410
0.018
0.127
1850142.116
23.286
9635.245
7639.381
-7250.660
388.721
0.214
84.655
397.832
352.193
185.016
14.458
420
0.025
0.156
1421845.479
25.439
5852.127
5767.725
-4534.877
1232.848
0.243
305.550
1270.148
1220.453
351.810
50.100
430
0.032
0.188
1129051.306
26.540
2094.288
4488.214
-1828.852
2659.362
0.264
719.092
2754.868
2744.927
233.830
112.679
440
0.039
0.220
925637.897
26.626
-1416.031
3599.298
706.683
4305.981
0.277
1224.648
4476.744
4453.221
-458.317
182.805
450
0.047
0.252
781661.125
25.792
-4501.636
2970.119
2943.445
5913.565
0.281
1709.951
6155.825
5913.565
-1709.951
242.752
460
0.054
0.283
678004.323
24.175
-7044.278
2517.139
4795.675
7312.814
0.277
2079.810
7602.819
6840.561
-3318.070
280.805
470
0.060
0.311
602381.554
21.934
-8991.194
2186.667
6224.889
8411.557
0.264
2274.485
8713.642
7126.358
-5014.238
292.537
480
0.066
0.336
546774.031
19.235
-10353.763
1943.663
7238.905
9182.568
0.243
2275.815
9460.385
6814.430
-6562.197
279.732
490
0.071
0.357
505857.818
16.230
-11198.646
1764.859
7885.422
9650.281
0.214
2101.616
9876.473
6041.651
-7813.012
248.010
500
0.075
0.375
476048.445
13.051
-11632.731
1634.592
8241.101
9875.693
0.180
1792.125
10036.983
4975.126
-8717.175
204.229
510
0.078
0.389
454918.854
9.794
-11783.895
1542.255
8397.622
9939.877
0.139
1394.050
10037.158
3762.656
-9305.211
154.457
520
0.080
0.399
396759.390
6.519
-11780.102
1288.099
8446.534
9734.633
0.095
929.047
9778.865
2456.422
-9465.315
100.836
530
0.082
0.405
346227.114
3.254
-11729.532
1067.272
8464.860
9532.133
0.048
460.324
9543.241
1201.907
-9467.253
49.338
540
0.082
0.407
255079.707
0.000
-11704.254
668.958
8503.287
9172.245
0.000
0.000
9172.245
0.000
-9172.245
0.000
550
0.082
0.405
216817.751
-3.254
-11729.532
501.754
8578.443
9080.197
-0.048
-438.499
9090.779
-1144.922
-9018.393
-46.999
560
0.080
0.399
204063.766
-6.519
-11780.102
446.019
8670.249
9116.268
-0.095
-870.032
9157.690
-2300.385
-8864.058
-94.431
570
0.078
0.389
191309.780
-9.794
-11783.895
390.284
8724.672
9114.955
-0.139
-1278.356
9204.162
-3450.389
-8532.961
-141.638
580
0.075
0.375
178555.795
-13.051
-11632.731
334.549
8661.548
8996.097
-0.180
-1632.506
9143.021
-4532.008
-7940.765
-186.039
590
0.071
0.357
165801.810
-16.230
-11198.646
278.814
8386.491
8665.305
-0.214
-1887.110
8868.410
-5424.998
-7015.561
-222.696
600
0.066
0.336
153047.824
-19.235
-10353.763
223.079
7805.372
8028.451
-0.243
-1989.778
8271.350
-5957.953
-5737.423
-244.574
610
0.060
0.311
140293.839
-21.934
-8991.194
167.344
6839.541
7006.885
-0.264
-1894.662
7258.525
-5936.306
-4176.896
-243.685
620
0.054
0.283
127539.853
-24.175
-7044.278
111.609
5439.837
5551.446
-0.277
-1578.866
5771.600
-5192.940
-2518.878
-213.170
630
0.047
0.252
114785.868
-25.792
-4501.636
55.874
3597.544
3653.419
-0.281
-1056.413
3803.088
-3653.419
-1056.413
-149.973
640
0.039
0.220
102000.000
-26.626
-1416.031
0.000
1350.845
1350.845
-0.277
-384.189
1404.416
-1397.036
-143.780
-57.348
650
0.032
0.188
102000.000
-26.540
2094.288
0.000
-1214.200
-1214.200
-0.264
328.320
-1257.806
1253.267
-106.761
51.447
660
0.025
0.156
102000.000
-25.439
5852.127
0.000
-3968.410
-3968.410
-0.243
983.534
-4088.474
3928.511
-1132.440
161.265
670
0.018
0.127
102000.000
-23.286
9635.245
0.000
-6749.591
-6749.591
-0.214
1469.910
-6907.794
6115.327
-3212.537
251.034
680
0.012
0.100
102000.000
-20.107
13196.133
0.000
-9376.932
-9376.932
-0.180
1701.615
-9530.076
7330.889
-6089.370
300.933
690
0.007
0.078
102000.000
-15.999
16285.531
0.000
-11668.117
-11668.117
-0.139
1636.432
-11782.312
7251.250
-9286.670
297.664
700
0.003
0.062
102000.000
-11.124
18677.009
0.000
-13457.223
-13457.223
-0.095
1284.321
-13518.370
5809.508
-12206.390
238.480
710
0.001
0.051
102000.000
-5.704
20189.841
0.000
-14611.380
-14611.380
-0.048
705.610
-14628.408
3232.130
-14266.873
132.679
720
0.000
0.048
102000.000
0.000
20707.527
0.000
-15044.277
-15044.277
0.000
0.000
-15044.277
0.000
-15044.277
0.000
Tabel 4
alfa
M1
M2
M3
M4
Mt
T1
T2
Z1
Z2
T'
Z'
Rm
Rp
[grd]
[Nm]
[Nm]
[Nm]
[Nm]
[Nm]
[N]
[N]
[N]
[N]
[N]
[N]
[N]
[N]
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
-15044.277
-8407.147
0.000
-3318.565
22745.924
3318.565
10
-134.583
-44.211
-46.999
88.972
-136.822
-3278.522
-1077.009
-14471.651
-8483.446
-1100.757
-2994.102
22414.367
3190.034
20
-244.149
-89.514
-94.431
102.068
-326.025
-5947.590
-2180.597
-12496.514
-8402.482
-1883.496
-2047.016
21055.630
2781.696
30
-308.460
-135.350
-141.638
59.553
-525.895
-7514.245
-3297.199
-9623.487
-8154.116
-2108.523
-734.685
18884.495
2232.853
40
-317.512
-179.268
-186.039
19.026
-663.792
-7734.757
-4367.053
-6424.841
-7651.739
-1683.852
613.449
16105.406
1792.115
50
-273.246
-216.496
-222.696
14.458
-697.981
-6656.416
-5273.970
-3496.785
-6820.252
-691.223
1661.734
13027.384
1799.764
60
-188.192
-240.203
-244.574
50.100
-622.870
-4584.456
-5851.480
-1321.523
-5634.891
633.512
2156.684
10121.010
2247.804
70
-81.563
-242.633
-243.685
112.679
-455.202
-1986.928
-5910.668
-169.259
-4158.857
1961.870
1994.799
8117.823
2797.884
80
25.920
-217.173
-213.170
182.805
-221.619
631.420
-5290.458
-64.985
-2566.180
2960.939
1250.598
7792.256
3214.212
90
116.882
-161.015
-149.973
242.752
48.646
2847.305
-3922.406
-823.320
-1134.193
3384.856
155.437
8987.892
3388.423
100
180.458
-77.640
-57.348
280.805
326.274
4396.044
-1891.358
-2132.337
-194.655
3143.701
-968.841
10771.836
3289.606
110
213.146
21.906
51.447
292.537
579.035
5192.340
533.635
-3653.427
-45.458
2329.353
-1803.984
12485.916
2946.225
120
217.593
119.909
161.265
279.732
778.500
5300.682
2921.053
-5104.480
-842.028
1189.814
-2131.226
13859.802
2440.857
130
200.183
195.433
251.034
248.010
894.659
4876.555
4760.851
-6306.320
-2500.996
57.852
-1902.662
14832.529
1903.541
140
168.437
229.986
300.933
204.229
903.585
4103.227
5602.580
-7189.476
-4653.757
-749.676
-1267.859
15446.100
1472.916
150
128.998
214.545
297.664
154.457
795.663
3142.456
5226.426
-7771.428
-6693.479
-1041.985
-538.975
15788.954
1173.127
160
86.497
156.126
238.480
100.836
581.940
2107.125
3803.307
-8119.373
-7991.149
-848.091
-64.112
15960.722
850.511
170
43.316
77.701
132.679
49.338
303.035
1055.212
1892.838
-8311.759
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