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G
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B
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w
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c
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B
e
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a
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N
u
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a
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G
E
W
I
C
H
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B
E
G
R
I
F
F
E
Standardleergewicht
Leergewicht
E
i
n
s
a
t
z
a
u
s
r
s
t
u
n
g
u
n
d
Betriebsstoffe
R
o
l
l
k
r
a
f
t
s
t
o
f
f
S
c
h
m
i
e
r
s
t
o
f
f
D
i
e
n
s
t
l
a
s
t
Grundgewicht [G0]
Betriebsleergewicht
K
r
a
f
t
s
t
o
f
f
K
r
a
f
t
s
t
o
f
f
im
im
R
u
m
p
f
F
l
g
e
l
Betriebsladung [Gu]
Freiladung
Betriebsstoff-Leergewicht
Leertankgewicht
Flgel-Leertankgewicht
Hchstzulssiges Fluggewicht [Gmax]
Hchstzulssiges Rollgewicht [Gmax-max]
Tabelle 1
Zusammenhang
von Massehauptgruppen
und Massebegriffen im Flugzeugbau
nach Luftfahrtnormen LN 9020
> bertragen aus [Engmann] <
IP 25/11/2009 [09:09]
Nr.
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1
A
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f
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2
P
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p
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S
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s
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m
3
S
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a
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q
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p
m
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n
t
4
S
p
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c
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a
l
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q
u
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p
m
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n
t
5
[Re]
M
o
v
a
b
l
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6
C
r
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w
E
q
u
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p
m
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n
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r
v
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a
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7
U
s
e
f
u
l
L
o
a
d
8
OIL and FUEL
F
O
F
u
i
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e
l
e
l
l
in
in
F
u
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l
a
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W
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L
o
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9
T
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B-
Table 1-bis
Relation between
aircraft weight main groups
and weight categories
cf. Luftfahrtnormen LN 9020
> Adapted from [Engmann] <
IP 25/11/2009 [09:09]
B-
IP 25/11/2009 [09:09]
B-
Table 2
Weight-main-groups in % of Gmax
Multi-[piston]engined-[transport]airplanes
- cf. [Sechler] -
Operational load
Gu
GROUP / Subgroup
OVERALL G0 /Gmax
WING
FUSELAGE
TAIL
ALIGHTING GEAR (2-Point)
Main landing gear
Tail wheel
ALIGHTING GEAR (3-Point)
Main landing gear
Tail wheel
POWR PLANT
Engines
Propellers
Engine accessories
Power plant controls
Starting system
Fuel system
Lubricating system
SURFACE CONTROLS
(STANDARD) EQUIPMENT
Instruments
Electrical equipment
Communicating equipment
De-icer installation
FURNISHINGS
Weight per passenger
RESIDUAL FUEL and OIL
OVERALL Gu /Gmax
Crew / Passengers
Standard weight plus hand bag
% Gmax
40 60
Observation
13 17
8 13
1,5 2,5
5,5 8,8
58
0,5 0,8
5,5 9,5
47
1,5 2,5
15 27
10 20
24
12
0,1 0,4
0,3 0,9
1,5 2,5
0,3 0,6
12
4,5 7,2
0,5 1,2
23
!23!
0,06
4 10
45 85 daN/pax
15 daN/motor
20 40
80 + 20 =
100 daN/pax
0,3 0,6
IP 25/11/2009 [09:09]
B-
Idem [n SI]a), c)
"Obiect"
Wing
Horizontal tail
Vertical tail
Fuselage
Landing gearb)
Avioane
de
vntoare
45
20
26.5
24
0.033
0.045 Navy
1.3
0.17
Avioane de
transport i
bombardiere
50
27.5
27.5
25
0.043
Installed engine
1.3
"All-else empty"
0.17
a)
Rezultate n daN
b)
15% to nose gear
85% to main gear
c)
Conversie:
1 lb(f) = 0.454 daN ; 1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 lb(f)/ft2 = 0.454/0.30482 = 4.886... 5 daN/m2
d)
e)
Avioane
n
general
12.5
10
10
7
0.057
Poziia
aproximativ
a CG
40% MACe)
40% MAC
40% MAC
40-50% length
1.4
0.10
40-50% length
a)
"Multiplicator "
IP 25/11/2009 [09:09]
B-
Whorizontal tail
F
3.316 1 w
Bh
0.5
0.4
2.0
Wdg N z
1000
0.5
1 Sr / Svt
004
cos 1.0 Scsw
(15.1)
0.26
0.806
Sht
Wdg N z
0.348
0.05
0.488
0.223
Avt
(15.2)
0.25
cos vt
0.323
(15.3)
IP 25/11/2009 [09:09]
B-
(15.4)
0.25 0.973
Lm
(15.5)
(15.6)
0.557
0.4
F
0.0379 Kuht 1 w
Bh
0.25
0.225
tail
1.0
(15.25)
S
Ah0.166 1 e
Sh
(15.26)
0.1
cos vt
W fuselage
0.1
cos 1.0 Scsw
Wdg
N z Sht Lt K y
cos ht
Wvetical 0.0026 1 H t / H v
0.1
(15.27)
Av0.35
t / c
1 K ws
0.5
root
0.04
L
D
0.10
(15.28)
Wmain
(15.29)
Wnose
0.45
0.032 K npWl0.646 N l0.2 L0.5
n N nw
(15.30)
landing gear
landing gear
cos2
Whorizontal 0.016
tail
Wvertical
tail
0.6
100t / c
q0.006 0.04
cos
cos
H
0.073 1 0.2 t N zWdg
Hv
0.12
N zWdg
cos ht
A
cos2
vt
0.49
(15.46)
0.043
h0.02
(15.47)
0.49
(15.48)
0.357
vt0.039
0.177
Lt 0.051 L / D
0.768
Lm /12 0.409
(15.50)
0.566
Ln /12 0.845
(15.51)
0.3
0.922
Winstalled engine ( total ) 2.575Wen
N en
0.072 0.241
W press
(15.49)
(15.52)
IP 25/11/2009 [09:09]
B-
Terminologie (local!)...
Par...
En...
Aspect ratio
Wing span (ft)
Horizontal tail span (ft)
Fuselage structural depth (ft)
Engine diameter (ft)
Fuselage width at horizontal tail intersection (ft)
Horizontal tail height above fuselage (ft)
= 0.0 for conventional tail; 1.0 for "T" tail
Vertical tail height above fuselage (ft)
A
Bw
Bh
D
De
Fw
Ht
Ht/Hv
Hv
Yawing moment of inertia, (lbft2) - see Chap. 16
Iy
Kcb = 2.25 for cross-beam (F-111) gear;
Kd
Kdoor
Kdw
Kdwf
KLg
Kmc
Kmp
Kng
Knp
Kp
Kr
Krht
Ktp
Ktpg
Ktr
Kuht
Kvg
Kvs
Kvsh
Kws
Ky
Kz
L
La
Ld
Lec
Lf
Lm
Ln
= 1.0 otherwise
...
= 1.0 if no cargo door;
= 1.06 if one side cargo door
= 1.12 if two side cargo doors
= 1.12 if aft clamshell door
= 1.25 if two side cargo doors and aft clamshell...
= 0.768 for delta wing; = 1.0 otherwise
= 0.774 for delta wing aircraft; = 1.0 otherwise
= 1.12 if fuselage-mounted main landing gear;
= 1.0 otherwise
= 1.45 if mission completion required after failure;
= 1.0 otherwise
= 1.126 for kneeling gear; = 1.0 otherwise
= 1.017 for pylon-mounted nacelle; = 1.0 otherwise
= 1.15 for kneeling gear; = 1.0 otherwise
= 1.4 for engine with propeller; = 1.0 otherwise
= 1.133 if reciprocating engine; = 1.0 otherwise
= 1.047 for rolling tail; = 1.0 otherwise
= 0.793 if turboprop; = 1.0 otherwise
= 0.826 for tripod (A-7) gear; = 1.0 otherwise
= 1.18 for jet with thrust reverser; = 1.0 otherwise
= 1.143 for unit (all-movable) horizontal tail;
= 1.0 otherwise
= 1.62 for variable geometry; = 1.0 otherwise
= 1.19 for variable sweep wing; = 1.0 otherwise
= 1.425 if variable sweep wing; = 1.0 otherwise
= 0.75[(1+2)/(1+)](Bwtan/L)
= Aircraft pitching radius of gyration (ft)
( 0.3 Lt)
= Aircraft yawing radius of gyration (ft) ( Lt)
= Fuselage structural length (ft) - excluded
radome, tail cap...
...
...
...
Total fuselage length (ft!)
Length of main landing gear (in!)
Nose-gear length (in!)
Rom...
Alungire (arip/ampenaje) - definiie uzual!
Anvergur arip
Anvergur ampenaj orizontal
"Grosimea" structural a fuzelajului (Diametrul!)...
Diametrul motorului
Limea fuzelajului n zona ampenajului orizontal
"Cota" ampenajului orizontal deasupra fuzelajui
"Cota" ampenajului vertical deasupra fuzelajui
Momentul de inerie de giraie al avionului
IP 25/11/2009 [09:09]
Ls
Lsh
Lt
Ltp
M
Nc
Nci
Nen
Nf
Ngen
Nl
NLt
Nm
Nmss
Nmw
Nnw
Np
Ns
Nt
Nu
Nw
Nz
q
Rkva
Scs
Scsw
Se
Sf
Sfw
Sht
Sn
Sr
Svt
Sw
SFC
T
Te
Vi
Vp
Vpr
Vt
W
Wc
Wdg
Wec
Wen
Wfw
Wl
Wpress
...
...
Tail length: wing quarter-MAC to tail quarterMAC (ft)
...
Mach number
Number of crew
= 1.0 if single pilot; = 1.2 if pilot plus backseater;
= 2.0 pilot and copassanger
Number of engines
...
...
Ultimate landing load factor; = Ngear 1.5
...
...
Number of main gear shock absorbers
Number of main gear wheels
Number of nose wheels
Number of personnel onboard (crew + passengers)
...
...
...
...
Ultimate load factor; = 1.5 limit load factor
Dynamic pressure at cruise (lb/ft2)
...
...
Control surface area (wing-mounted), ft2
...
Fuselage wetted area (ft2)
...
Horizontal tail area (ft2)
...
...
Vertical tail area (ft2)
Trapezoidal wing area (ft2)
Engine specific fuel consumption - maximum
thrust
Total engine thrust (lb)
Thrust per engine (lb)
...
...
Volume of pressurized section, ft3
Total fuel volume (gal)
Fuselage structural width (ft)
Maximum cargo weight (lb)
Design gross weight (lb)
Weight of engine and contents (lb) (per nacelle)
2.331 (Wengine) 0.091 KpKtr
Engine weight, each (lb)
Weight of fuel in wing (lb)
Landing design gross weight (lb)
Weight penalty due to pressurization
B-
IP 25/11/2009 [09:09]
Wuav
B - 10