ARHITECTURA NAVEI CAPITOLUL 3 – DESCRIEREA TEHNICA PAG.

3-1

CAPITOLUL 3 – DESCRIEREA TEHNICA

Descrierea tehnica (Technical Specification) reprezinta un document scris care precizeaza prin text o parte din
informatiile din planul general si mai ales informatii complementare care impreuna cu reprezentarea grafica a
planului general sa defineasca si sa descrie cat mai complet nava.

Se intocmeste in faza initiala de proiectare si se actualizeaza pas cu pas pe masura evolutiei proiectului.
Caracteristicile navei rezultate din descrierea tehnica se pun de acord cu cerintele clientului si servesc ca
informatii de baza la stabilirea pretului navei si la negocierea contractului de constructie.
Forma finala a descrierii tehnice se include in documentatia trimisa la avizare si in documentatia predata la nava.

Continutul descrierii trebuie sa acopere toate aspectele tehnice si legale.

In general armatorul si constructorul au tendinte diferite in redactarea specificatiei. Armatorul va pune accent pe
performantele operationale ale navei si echipamentelor fara a insista asupra detaliilor tehnice care specifica cum
se ating aceste performante.Pe de alta parte, constructorul prefera sa fie mentionate caracteristici tehnice precise.
Indiferent de cine a redactat forma initiala a specificatiei, aceasta trebuie negociata in detaliu si pusa de acord
intre armator si constructor. Aveasta deoarece specificatia este parte la contract si in caz de disputa orice cuvant
si orice cifra devine importanta.

Pentru a evita confuzii si contradictii este de dorit:

- sa se evite erorile de formulare
- specificatia sa fie redactata pe baza unui format standard
ARHITECTURA NAVEI CAPITOLUL 3 – DESCRIEREA TEHNICA PAG. 3-2

Erorile de formulare

De regula specificatia este scrisa de una din parti, armator sau constructor si face parte integranta din contractul
de constructie. Nu intodeuna o specificatie este scrisa cu buna credinta, drept urmare erorile de formulare pot fi
din greseala sau intentionate. Indiferent de natura lor, cele mai frecvente erori sunt:
- omisiunea: anumite caracteristici sau cerinte sunt omise din descrierea tehnica; in acest caz constructorul nu
mai are obligatia de a respecta cerintele omise, chiar daca aceste cerinte sunt de bun simt sau evidente
- repetitia: aceeasi cerinta poate fi mentionata in mai multe locuri in descriere. Exista riscul ca in caz de
modificare, aproape sigur, una sa fie uitata iar confuzia sa devina motiv de disputa.
- formularile evazive de tipul “spre satisfactia clientului” sau “ conform practicii uzuale” sunt subiective si in
caz de litigiu nu pot fi cuantificate.
- definirea excesiva: a nu se uita ca specificatia tehnica este intocmita pe baza proiectului preliminar unde nu
toate aspectele sunt clarificate in detaliu. O definire excesiva a unor caracteristici (grosimi, diametre, dotari,
etc.) poate intra in contradictie cu reglementarile Societatii de Clasificare si genera dispute. Solutia consta
in formulari de tipul ” conform cerintelor Societatii de Clasificare”
- dubla definire: exista cazuri cand se definesc ca cerinte marimi derivate; de ex. se defineste si viteza si
puterea motorului sau dimensiunile principale si deadweight-ul si alte asemenea perechi care de fapt rezulta
una din alta. Exista riscul ca respecitivele cerinte sa fie incompatibile si trebuiesc evitate.
- nominalizarea furnizorilor (ex: motoare Caterpillar) poate fi benefica sau daunatoare dupa caz si trebuie
utilizata cu prudenta. Recomandata este nominalizarea unei liste de potentiali furnizori (makers list) astfel
incat sa se asigure si un echipament la un standard ridicat dar si sa se dea posibilitatea negocierii pretului
intre diferiti furnizori.
ARHITECTURA NAVEI CAPITOLUL 3 – DESCRIEREA TEHNICA PAG. 3-3

Standardizarea formatului

Uniformizarea formularilor
Modul gramatical in care se scrie o descriere tehnica nu este standardizat. Exista mai multe posibilitati:
- modul fara verb: “grosimea conform Regulilor”
- modul prezent: “grosimea este conform Regulilor”
- modul viitor: “grosimea va fi conform Regulilor”
- modul imperativ: “grosimea sa fie conform Regulilor”
- modul infinitiv: “grosimea fiind conform Regulilor”
Adoptarea uneia sau alteia dintre variante este la latitudinea celui care redacteaza specificatia, dar odata adoptata,
maniera de exprimare trebuie mentinuta. O schimbare a manierei de exprimare pe parcursul documentului poate
fi interpretata ca o schimbare de importanta a respectivei cerinte si poate duce la confuzii sau litigii.
Un alt aspect il constituie uniformitatea stilului, stiut fiind ca in general capitole diferite sunt scrise de persoane
diferite, pe specialitati. Este necesar un coordonator care sa uniformizeze formatarea, referintele si formularile.

Structurarea documentului
Este de dorit ca specificatia sa aiba un format unitar cu capitole si sub-capitole predefinite. In acest fel se evita
probleme legate de omisiuni si repetitii, permitand si gasirea rapida a informatiei. Gruparea diverselor elemente
de descriere sub anumite capitole poate fi diferita de la caz la caz in functie de tipul navei si in functie de cine a
intocmit specificatia. In cadrul fiecarui capitol se face o descriere cat mai detaliata a particularitatilor
constructive, caracteristicilor si echipamentelor.In general, gruparea se face pe deoartamente- general, corp,
masini, electric, amenajati, etc. Este evident ca in functie de tipul si dotarea navei navei, anumite capitole pot
lipsi sau pot apare capitole noi.
ARHITECTURA NAVEI CAPITOLUL 3 – DESCRIEREA TEHNICA PAG. 3-4

In continuare se indica trei tipuri de structurare a descrierii tehnice, prima conform traditiei din constructiile
navale romanesti, a doua conform “Practical Ship Design” si a treia conform standardelor Damen Shipyard
(exemplu pentru o nava de dragare). In anexa la capitolul C3 se prezinta un document emis de departamentul
transporturilor din Statele Unite ca format recomandat de intocmire a descrierii tehnice pentru navele comerciale.
Variantele preluate din bibliografie au fost mentinute special in limba engleza pentru a se evita confuziile de
traducere si pentru a pastra termenii consacrati.

Asa cum se observa nu exista un standar unitar, fiecare model avand avantajele si dezavantajele sale.
ARHITECTURA NAVEI CAPITOLUL 3 – DESCRIEREA TEHNICA PAG. 3-5

Formatul ICEPRONAV

1. Tipul si destinatia navei

2. Clasa navei
3. Reguli si Regulamente utilizate
4. Caracteristicile principale ale navei
4.1 Dimensiuni principale
4.2 Capacitate de transport
4.3 Capacitati tancuri
4.4 Putere, viteza si autonomie
4.5 Echipaj
5. Compartimentare
6. Corpul metalic
6.1 Materiale
6.2 Distante regulamentare si sistemul de osatura
6.3 Fundul navei
6.4 Bordaje
6.5 Punti si platforme
6.6 Guri de magazie
6.7 Pereti transversali si longitudinali
6.8 Postamenti
6.9 Suprastructuri
6.10 Cosul de fum
6.11 Parapet, balustrazi, brau
ARHITECTURA NAVEI CAPITOLUL 3 – DESCRIEREA TEHNICA PAG. 3-6

7. Masini si instalatii de masini

7.1 Masini de propulsie
7.2 Lnii de arbori
7.3 Propulsorul
7.4 Instalatia energetica
7.5 Caldarine
7.6 Instalatia de combustibil
7.7 Instalatia de ungere
7.8 Instalatia de racire
7.9 Instalatia de evacuare gaze
7.10 Ventilatie CM
7.11 Instalatia de aer comprimat
8. Instalatii si echipamente de corp si punte
8.1 Instalatia de balast
8.2 Instalatia de drenaj-santina
8.3 Instalatia de stins incendiu
8.4 Instalatia de apa potabila
8.5 Instalatii frigorifice
8.6 Instalatia de ventilatie si conditionare
8.7 Instalatia de incalzire
8.8 Instalatia de scurgeri sanitare
8.9 Instalatia de tratare a reziduurilor
8.10 Instalatia de sonde si aerisiri
8.11 Instalatia de guvernare
ARHITECTURA NAVEI CAPITOLUL 3 – DESCRIEREA TEHNICA PAG. 3-7

8.12 Greement si catarge

8.13 Echipamente de semnalizare
8.14 Instalatia de salvare
8.15 Instalatia de manevra-legare
8.16 Instalatia de ancorare
8.17 Instalatia de remorcare
8.18 Rampe si capace
8.19 Instalatia de manipulat marfa
8.20 Instalatia de amarare incarcatura

9. Instalatii electrice
9.1 Generatoare
9.2 Tablouri electrice
9.3 Cabluri electrice
9.4 Actionari
9.5 Protectii si semnalizari
9.6 Automatizari
9.7 Telecomenzi
9.8 Pupitre de comanda
9.9 Instalatia de iluminat principala si de avarie
9.10 Instalatia de avertizare incendiu
9.11 Echipamente de navigatie
9.12 Echipamente radio si comunicatii
9.13 Antene
9.14 Comunicarii interioare
ARHITECTURA NAVEI CAPITOLUL 3 – DESCRIEREA TEHNICA PAG. 3-8

10. Amenajari
10.1 Materiale si mobilier
10.2 Izolatii si captuseli
10.3 Usi, ferestre, scari
10.4 Amenajari cabine
10.5 Amenajari culoare, saloane, spatii de recreere
10.6 Amenajare timonerie
10.7 Amenajare spatii tehnice
11. Vopsitorie
12. Inventar si piese de rezerva
13. Balast solid
14. Protectie catodica
15. Inspectii si probe
16. Cerinte speciale
17. Volumul documentatiei
18. Specificatie de materiale si greutati
19. Specificatie de echipamente
ARHITECTURA NAVEI CAPITOLUL 3 – DESCRIEREA TEHNICA PAG. 3-9

Formatul recomandat de WATSON in “Practical Ship Design”

1 General Specification
1.1 General Description
1.2 Principal Dimensions
1.3 Deadweight and Capacities
1.4 Machinery, Power and Speed
1.5 Hull Form and Model Testing
1.6 Stability and Trim Requirements
1.7 Ship Operating Conditions
1.8 Vibration and Noise Levels
1.9 Alterations and Additions
1.10 Classification, Regulations
1.11 Certificates
1.12 Working Plans
1.13 As Fitted Plans and Instruction Manuals
1.14 Inspections, Tests and Trials
1.15 Materials and Workmanship, Cleanliness
1.16 Standardisation
1.17 Spares
1.18 Contract and Completion
1.19
ARHITECTURA NAVEI CAPITOLUL 3 – DESCRIEREA TEHNICA PAG. 3-10

2 Hull Specification
2.1 Structure
2.1.1 General, Materials and Methods
2.1.2 Shell Plating and Framing
2.1.3 Stem, Sternframe, Rudder and Stock
2.1.4 Bottom Construction and Machinery Seats
2.1.5 Bulkheads and Tanks
2.1.6 Decks, Pillars and Girders
2.1.7 Casings and Superstructure
2.1.8 Stairs and Ladders
2.1.9 Access Hatches and Doors
2.1.10 Masts and Miscellaneous Steelwork
2.1.11
2.2 Specialist Hull (Dry Cargo Ships)
2.2.1 Cargo hatches and Doors
2.2.2 Cargo Handling Gear
2.2.3 Cargo Stowage
2.2.4 Cargo Ventilation
2.2.5 Cargo and Stores Refrig. Mc.
2.2.6 Cargo and Stores Insulation
2.2.7
ARHITECTURA NAVEI CAPITOLUL 3 – DESCRIEREA TEHNICA PAG. 3-11

2.2 Specialist Hull (Tankers)

2.2.1 Cargo Hatches
2.2.2 Cargo Pumps
2.2.3 PumpRoom
2.2.4 Tank Piping
2.2.5 Deck Piping
2.2.6 Cargo Heating
2.2.7
Remark: Other modified versions of this section can be devised for different ship types

3 Accommodation
3.1 Joinerwork General
3.2 Furniture and Fittings
3.3 Upholstery
3.4 Sidelight and Windows
3.5 Cabins and Offices
3.6 Bathrooms and Lavatories
3.7 Public Rooms
3.8 Galleys and Pantries
3.9 Store Rooms and Lockers
3.10 Air Conditioning and Ventilation
3.11
ARHITECTURA NAVEI CAPITOLUL 3 – DESCRIEREA TEHNICA PAG. 3-12

4 Hull Machinery and Deck Equipment

4.1 Steering Gear
4.2 Bow and Stern Thrusters
4.3 S tabilisers
4.4 Anchoring and Mooring Equipment
4.5 Anchors, Cables and Hawsers
4.6 Rails and Stanchions
4.7 Rigging, Awnings and Covers
4.8 Stores Cranes
4.9

5 Navigation and Safety Equipment

5.1 Navigation Spaces
5.2 Navigation Equipment
5.3 Navigation Lights
5.4 Radio, Radar, Direction Finder
5.5 Communication Systems
5.6 Clocks, Flags, Bells.
5.7 Lifesaving Appliances
5.8 Fire Detection and Extinguishing
5.9
ARHITECTURA NAVEI CAPITOLUL 3 – DESCRIEREA TEHNICA PAG. 3-13

6 Pipework Systems
6.1 Piping General
6.2 Sanitary Fittings
6.3 Water Supplies
6.4 Scuppers, Discharges and Sewage System
6.5 Fire and Wash deck System
6.6 Bilge, Ballast and Fuel Systems
6.7 Air and Sounding Pipes, Depth Gauges
6.8 Steam Heating
6.9 Miscellaneous
6.10

7 Finishing, Stores and Spare Gear

7.1 Deck Coverings
7.2 Painting
7.3 Cathodic Protection
7.4 Insulation
7.5 Nameplates and Notices
7.6 Bosuns, Carpenters and Stewards Stores
7.7 Spare Gear
7.8 Owners Supply
7.9
ARHITECTURA NAVEI CAPITOLUL 3 – DESCRIEREA TEHNICA PAG. 3-14

8 Machinery Specification
8.1 General
8.1.1 Machinery General
8.1.2 Design Conditions
8.1.3 Machinery Schedule
8.1.4 Shop Trials
8.2 Main Propulsion Machinery
8.2.1 Main Engine
8.2.2 Couplings
8.2.3 Gearbox
8.2.4 Shafting and Sterntube
8.2.5 Propeller
8.3 Auxiliary Machinery
8.3.1 Main Generators
8.3.2 Emergency Generator
8.3.3 Steam Generating Plant
8.3.4 Heat Exchangers
8.3.5 Pumps
8.3.6 Air Compressors
8.3.7 Separators
8.3.8 Incinerator
8.3.9 Water Purification Plant
8.3.10
ARHITECTURA NAVEI CAPITOLUL 3 – DESCRIEREA TEHNICA PAG. 3-15

8.4 Piping Systems in Engine Room

8.4.1 Fresh Water Systems
8.4.2 Sea Water Systems
8.4.3 Fuel Oil systems
8.4.4 Lub. Oil Systems
8.4.5 Compressed Air Systems
8.4.6 Steam Systems
8.4.7 Condensate and Boiler Feed Systems
8.4.8 Bilge and Ballast, General Service, Fire Fighting
8.4.9 Pipework Standards, Joints, Valves and Fittings
8.4.10 Lagging and Insulation
8.4.11
8.5 Engine Room Equipment
8.5.1 Uptakes, Silencers and Funnel
8.5.2 Floorplates, Gratings, Ladders
8.5.3 Ventilation
8.5.4 Tanks in Engine Room
8.5.5 Workshop and Storeroom
8.5.6 Fire Extinguishing
8.5.7 Painting
8.5.8 Lifting Gear
8.5.9 Spare Gear and Tools
ARHITECTURA NAVEI CAPITOLUL 3 – DESCRIEREA TEHNICA PAG. 3-16

8.6 Controls, Instruments and Alarms

8.6.1 General
8.6.2 Machinery Control Room
8.6.3 Bridge Control
8.6.4 Local Control Stations
8.6.5 Automatic Control of Machinery and Systems
8.6.6 Components
8.6.7 Calibration and Testing

9 Electrical Specification
9.1 General
9.1.1 Description
9.1.2 Classification and Regulations
9.1.3 Enclosures
9.1.4 Plans and Information
9.1.5 Inspections, Tests and Trials
9.1.6 Access and Handling Facilities
9.2 Supply and Distribution
9.2.1 General
9.2.2 Main Generators
9.2.3 Emergency Generator
9.2.4 Shore Supply
9.2.5 Transformer
9.2.6 Main Switchboard
9.2.7 Emergency Switchboard
9.2.8 Auxiliary Distribution Boards
ARHITECTURA NAVEI CAPITOLUL 3 – DESCRIEREA TEHNICA PAG. 3-17

9.2.9 24 Volt Supply and Distribution

9.3 Cables, Motors and Controllers
9.3.1 Cables General
9.3.2 Installation and Penetrations
9.3.3 Motors
9.3.4 Controllers
9.4 Lighting and Domestic Services
9.4.1 General Lighting
9.4.2 Emergency Lighting
9.4.3 Navigation Lighting
9.4.4 Searchlights and Signal Lights
9.4.5 Handlamps
9.4.6 Switches and Sockets
9.4.7 Galley equipment
9.4.8 Laundry and Drying Room Equipment
9.4.9 Space Heating
9.5 Alarms, Low Power Services, Spare Gear and Tools
9.5.1 Alarms
9.5.2 Emergency Stop Facilities
9.5.3 Internal Communications
9.5.4 External Communications
9.5.5 Navigation Equipment
9.5.6 Miscellaneous L.P. Equipment
9.5.7 Spare Gear, Stores and Tools
ARHITECTURA NAVEI CAPITOLUL 3 – DESCRIEREA TEHNICA PAG. 3-18

Formatul DAMEN

000 General items

000.01 General description and main dimensions
000.02 Principal dimensions
000.03 Performances
000.04 Deadweight
000.05 Tank capacities (approx.)
000.06 Range/ endurance
000.07 Environmental conditions
000.08 Fuel oil quality
000.09 Definitions
000.10 Quality policy
000.11 Workmanship
000.12 Materials
000.13 Makers list
000.14 Modifications
000.15 Delivery
030 Classification and certificates
031 Classification society and class notation
032 Flag state authorities
033 Other authorities / certificates
040 Tests / trials
041 Provisions for factory tests
042 Provisions for harbour tests
043 Provisions for sea trials
048 Fuel oil
070 Delivery and client costs
071 Manuals / documentation
ARHITECTURA NAVEI CAPITOLUL 3 – DESCRIEREA TEHNICA PAG. 3-19

072 Ship models / photo’s / film

073 Cleaning costs
074 Client supervision costs
075 Owner deliveries
100 Shipbuilding (hull and outfitting)
110 Hull
110.01 General description
110.02 Tank configuration
110.03 Hopper
110.04 Sea chests
110.05 Bilge keels
110.06 Anchor pockets/hawse pipes
110.07 Chain lockers
110.08 Bulwark
110.09 Deck camber
120 Superstructure
120.01 Deckhouse
120.02 Wheelhouse
120.03 Technical space
120.04 Casings
130 Hatches / doors / windows
131 Hatches
132 Manholes / manhole covers
133 Watertight / weather tight doors
135 Windows / portholes / blindages
139 Docking plugs / drain plugs
140 Stairs / ladders / platforms
141 Stairs / ladders / climbing steps
142 Railings / handrails / grips
ARHITECTURA NAVEI CAPITOLUL 3 – DESCRIEREA TEHNICA PAG. 3-20

143 Platforms / gratings

144 Boarding platform gangway
150 Additions to ship's construction
153 Bollards / bitts
154 Lifting lugs
158 Masts
159 Markings hull / superstructure
160 Corrosion protection / deck covering
161 Paint system
162 Deck covering (outside)
163 Cathodic protection
164 Active anti fouling system
200 Main machinery
210 Propulsion system
211 Propulsion engine system
212 Reduction gear system
213 Thrust system / shafts
214 Control system propulsion
220 Steering system
221 Rudder installation
222 Steering gear system
223 Transverse thrusters
250 Dredge system
252 Draghead, trailing suction pipe and side flange
253 Dredge / discharge pump
254 Gantries, winches and swell compensator
255 Dredge piping system
256 Dumping system / Overflow / PMOB
258 Dredge drive systems
ARHITECTURA NAVEI CAPITOLUL 3 – DESCRIEREA TEHNICA PAG. 3-21

259 Supporting dredge systems

300 Primary ship systems
310 Bilge / ballast / internal fifi
311 Bilge system
312 Ballast system
313 Deckwash / internal fifi system
320 Fuel oil system
321 Fuel oil transfer system
322 Fuel oil supply system
330 Cooling water system
340 Fresh / sea water / sewage system
341 Fresh water supply system
343 Sanitary gravity discharge system
345 Waste water treatment system
346 Internal deck scuppers / drainpipes
350 Filling, sounding and de-aeration system
360 Lubrication system
361 Lubrication system
362 Dirty-oil system
363 Sludge system
364 Crank case de-aeration
370 HVAC system
371 Ventilation system
372 Air conditioning system
373 Heating system
380 Exhaust system
400 Electrical system
410 Power generating system
411 Generator sets
ARHITECTURA NAVEI CAPITOLUL 3 – DESCRIEREA TEHNICA PAG. 3-22

415 Shore connection / batteries / UPS

420 Cables
430 Switchboards & components
440 Alarm / monitoring system
450 Lighting
500 Deck equipment
510 Anchor equipment
520 Mooring system
540 Hoisting equipment
570 Life saving / fire protection
570.01 General
570.02 Rescue boat
570.03 Davit rescue boat
570.04 Life rafts
570.05 Other lifesaving equipment
570.06 Fire prevention
570.07 Fire fighting equipment
570.08 Fire extinguishers
600 Secondary ship systems
610 Hydraulic system
620 Compressed air system
622 Working / control air system
670 Fixed internal fifi system
680 Cold store / freezing room system
700 Joinery / accommodation
710 Joinery
715 Insulation
716 Fixed furniture
719 Accommodation accessories
ARHITECTURA NAVEI CAPITOLUL 3 – DESCRIEREA TEHNICA PAG. 3-23

720 Wheelhouse / crew accommodation

721 Wheelhouse
722 Living quarters
723 Galley / pantry
724 Mess room
726 Laundry room
729 Other accommodation spaces
740 Technical spaces
741 Main engine room
742 Thruster / steering gear room
745 Switchboard room
747 Emergency generator room
750 Stores / workshops
751 Cool / freeze / dry stores
752 Rope / boatswain / deck stores
754 Paint store
756 Engine room workshop / tools
757 Deck workshops
780 Service yard eq & spares
782 Obligatory spare parts
795 Miscellaneous

800 Nautical / comms / automation

810 Navigation lighting / signals
811 Navigation lighting
812 Searchlight system
813 Signals / flags
820 Nautical / bridge system
821 Integrated bridge system
ARHITECTURA NAVEI CAPITOLUL 3 – DESCRIEREA TEHNICA PAG. 3-24

822 Radar equipment

823 Electronic Chart System
824 (D)GPS navigation
825 Compass / Gyro
826 Autopilot
828 Echo sounder
829 Speed log
840 Internal communication system
841 Intercom
842 Internal telephone system
850 External communication system
851 (GMDSS) communication station
855 GSM telephone system
858 AIS
860 Infotainment / office / automation
870 Meteorological equipment
871 Baro / thermo / hygro meter(s)
872 Anemometer

Abbreviations
Units