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PSIHOLOGIA ca ȘTIINȚĂ.
Róbert Balázsi
Facultatea de Psihologie și Științe ale Educației
Cuprins
UNICĂ: nicio experiență nu poate fi replicată, ”Nimeni nu poate călca de două ori
în apa aceluiași râu.” (Heraclit, c. 535 – c. 475 BC)
REALISM CRITIC: realitatea există, însă aceasta este/și poate fi descrisă/explicată doar
prin intermediul conceptelor. Realitatea din când în când ”răspunde”. Răspunsurile pot
fi interpretate diferit, însă existența răspunsurilor conferă caracter empiric științei.
REALISM IPOTETIC: nu există nimic în afara subiectului, însă este adaptativ să credem
că există (pragmatism). Realitatea (cu toate legitățile ei) reprezintă doar un instrument
euristic, teoretizarea ei permite organizarea și structurarea gândurilor noastre.
Ex. DACĂ observăm că MSD la copii este mai redusă decât la adulți. DACĂ
observăm că anumite regiuni ale creierului se maturizează mai lent (lobul
prefrontal aprox. 11 ani). DACĂ observăm că anumite regiuni ale creierului (lobul
prefrontal) involuează timpuriu comparativ cu altele (lobul parietal). DACĂ
observăm că MSD la vârstnici este mai redusă comparativ cu adulții tineri.
xoxoxo ...
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Trăsăturile caracteristice ale cunoașterii științiice?
Abordarea unor FENOMENE TESTABILE: poate că exită suflet și ”chakra” sau ”chi”
însă cunoașterea noatră nu ne permite să le abordăm (deocamdată!) – tiranie a
percepțiilor.
Berezow A., B. (2012) Keep Psychology Out of the Science Club. RealClear
Science. http://www.realclearscience.com/blog/2012/07/keep-psychology-out-of-
science-club.html
Science vs. Pseudoscience
”But you know what other fields suffer from a lack of accurate definitions? My own fields,
chemistry and drug discovery. For instance there has been a longstanding debate in our field
about how you define a "druglike" molecule, that is, a chemical compound most likely to
function as a drug. The number of definitions of "druglike" that have sprung up over the
years are sufficient to fill a phonebook. There are several concepts in chemistry -
aromaticity, hydrophobic effects, polarizability, chemical diversity - which succumb to
multiple definitions and are not strictly quantifiable.”
”Nobody observed the Higgs boson directly, it was only visible through the agency of
complex tests of statistical significance.”
”The third criterion is actually interesting and important and it's not completely clear how to
get around it. Since human beings are not electrons, it's indeed very hard to do an
experiment with them and get the exact same results every single time. The accusation that
"softer" fields are less rigorous and scientific than your own it's more of an accusation
than, well, a quantifiable truth.”
Ashutosh Jogalekar (2013) Is psychology a “real” science? Does it really matter? Scietific
American. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/the-curious-wavefunction/is-psychology-a-
e2809creale2809d-science-does-it-really-matter/
Science vs. Pseudoscience
In my own field we routinely predict the activity or lack thereof of novel drug molecules.
Sometimes our predictions are 90% successful, sometimes they are 40% successful.
Even when they are 40% successful we can get useful data out of them, although it's also
clear that they have some way to go before they can be used on a completely quantitative
basis. And all this is still science.
"Physicists are trying to discover 3 laws that will explain 99% of the universe; financial
modelers should be content with discovering 99 laws that explain 3% of the universe". So is
finance a science? The point is that we still know too little about biology and social
systems to achieve the kind of quantitative prediction that sciences like physics do (on
the other hand, physics - depending on what kind of physicist you are talking to - does
not have to deal with emergent phenomena on a routine basis).
Is this science? Well, it's not a science like physics, but why should physics be the yardstick
for measuring the "sciencyness" of various fields?
Ashutosh Jogalekar (2013) Is psychology a “real” science? Does it really matter? Scietific
American. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/the-curious-wavefunction/is-psychology-a-
e2809creale2809d-science-does-it-really-matter/
Science vs. Pseudoscience
”Is psychology a science? Yes, in the sense that psychology was defined by the application
of scientific method(s) and psychologists conduct valuable research and have developed
some key insights into animal behavior, cognition, consciousness, and the human condition.
But a key feature of real scientific knowledge is that there is a clear, consensual center
that provides a foothold to describe how (portions of) the world actually work. And it is
here that psychology falls down in ways that physics, chemistry and biology do not. And it is
in that sense that psychology is not a real science.”
Henriques, G. (2011). A New Unified Theory of Psychology. New York: Springer. Chicago.
Raportarea selectivă!
Fabricare de date!
http://nick.brown.free.fr/stapel/FakingScience-
20161115.pdf
Sloppy science
Gost-writing!