Broiler Ross

UNIVERSITATEA DE TIINE AGRICOLE I MEDICIN VETERINAR CLUJ-NAPOCA COALA DOCTORAL FACULTATEA DE MEDICIN VETERINAR
Ing. IOAN V. DUNCA
REZUMAT AL TEZEI DE DOCTORAT CERCETRI PRIVIND TEHNOLOGIA DE CRETERE A PUILOR DE GIN PENTRU CARNE
CONDUCTOR TIINIFIC Prof. univ. dr. ROMAN MORAR
CLUJ-NAPOCA 2010
INTRODUCERE Creterea puilor de carne are ca scop obinerea de carne ntr-un timp scurt i cu eficacitate economic maxim. Explozia demografic, mbogirea substanial a volumului de cunotine privitor la alimentaia raional a omului, precum i alte considerente de ordin social-economic, au condus la intensificarea creterii puilor de carne i la elaborarea tehnologiilor care s conduc la exteriorizarea capacitilor de producie. Puiul de carne este o realizare practic remarcabil a geneticii i nutriiei, realizare ce a putut fi materializat datorit progreselor tiinifice i tehnologice postbelice. Dezideratul principal al ambelor categorii de specialiti amintii mai sus, l reprezint rentabilitatea n exploatarea puilor de carne, prin gsirea cilor sau posibilitilor de realizare a produciei mari i constante de carne n scurt timp, cu un minim de investiii i de cheltuieli. Creterea puilor broileri este o activitate complex, fiind ntr-o competiie extrem de dur. Este foarte greu s depeti performanele productive realizate n UE, i chiar n ar. Pentru realizarea acestui deziderat s-a recurs ntr-o prim etap de la creterea tradiional extensiv, la exploatarea de tip semiintensiv i mai apoi, la cea de tip intensivindustrial. Obiectivul urmrit n aceast tranziie a fost ridicarea potenialului productiv al organismului puilor de carne n vederea obinerii produsului scontat ntr-un timp mai redus, prin mbuntirea substanial a condiiilor tehnologice de exploatare. n contextul relatat, creterea industrial a puilor de carne presupune i aplicarea unor programe imunoprofilactice specifice pentru ca aceste organisme productive s aib o rezisten normal pentru orice stimul, endogen i exogen. STRUCTURA TEZEI Teza ncepe printr-un cuvnt nainte i o introducere, i cuprinde 325 pagini, fiind structurat n dou pri. Prima parte (cap. 1-10) sintetizeaz principalele date bibliografice din literatura de specialitate i constituie Stadiul cunoaterii. Partea a II-a este structurat pe 12 capitole. Capitolele 11-22, se refer la cercetrile proprii privind dinamica indicilor de incubaie, despre analiza difereniat a rezultatelor de producie obinute n decursul a doi ani, despre depopulri i valorificrile produciei, despre evoluia mortalitilor i a cauzelor acestora. Totodat, n aceste capitole se discut despre evoluia titrurilor de anticorpi, introducerea de acidifiani n apa de but i n furajul combinat destinat puilor de carne, precum i influena acestora asupra indicilor biochimici sanguini i a compoziiei chimice a crnii, a cercetrii privind epurarea apelor uzate. n capitolul 22 al prii a II-a, sunt sintetizate concluziile generale care sau desprins n urma cercetrilor efectuate. Lucrarea este ilustrat cu un numr de 51 de figuri, 79 de tabele, 64 de grafice, 6 scheme i diagrame i se bazeaz pe 193 titluri bibliografice. Prima parte a lucrrii reprezint o sintez a datelor disponibile la ora actual legate de creterea puilor. Capitolul 1.: cuprinde date actuale i tendine tehnologice cu privire la puii de carne pe plan mondial i n ara noastr, la evoluia produciilor, valorificarea la maxim a potenialului genetic, la creterea puilor de carne n era informaiilor i viitorul nutriiei avicole, la sigurana alimentar, la avicultura ecologic i ansele ei n Romnia, i se ncheie cu cteva consideraii privind creterea industrial a puilor de carne. Capitolul 2.: prezint cerinele privind amplasarea i dotarea unei ferme de pui de carne i cteva date despre incubaia oulor. Capitolul 3.: n acest capitol este prezentat tehnologia pregtirii halei n vederea populrii.
Capitolul 4.: cuprinde modul n care se face popularea halelor cu pui de o zi, tehnologia de hrnire i adpare folosit. Capitolul 5.: n cadrul acestui capitol se face referire la tractusul digestiv al psrilor, pH-ul intestinal i populaiile de microorganisme ce-l populeaz odat cu folosirea acidifianilor. Capitolul 6.: cuprinde aspecte actuale privind condiiile de microclimat ce trebuie asigurate n creterea puilor de carne (mediul de cretere, zona de confort, stresul de cldur, umiditatea, ventilaia, componentele gazoase ale aerului i iluminatul) Capitolul 7.: cuprinde normele minime sanitar-veterinare ce trebuie aplicate n perioada de cretere, cunoaterea i prevenirea bolilor la puii de carne. Capitolul 8. : n acest capitol sunt prezentate unele aspecte ale sistemului imun la psri, fiind nominalizate organele implicate n rspunsul imun. Se face referire la limfocitele T i B ca i celule implicate n rspunsul imun. De asemenea, sunt scoase n eviden aspectele anatomopatologice i histopatologice n diagnosticul bolilor. Capitolul 9. :cuprinde modul n care se fac vaccinrile i rspunsul imun la puii broiler. Capitolul 10. : cuprinde aspecte privind epurarea apelor uzate. Partea a II-a CAPITOLUL 11 CERCETRII PROPRII Capitolul de Cercetri proprii, este structurat pe 12 capitole. 11.1 SCOPUL CERCETRILOR n contextul globalizrii economiei, al aderrii rii noastre la UE i al apariiei unei piee concureniale, obinerea unor pui de carne cu o calitate superioar a carcasei, asigurarea aspectului comercial al produselor i a unui pre competitiv al acestora reprezint condiiile eseniale pentru dezvoltarea n Romnia a produciei de carne de pasre. La fel ca n toate rile dezvoltate ale lumii, i n Romnia a crescut exigena consumatorului fa de calitatea crnii i a produselor din carne de pasre. Modificarea permanent a potenialului genetic al hibrizilor de carne impune reevaluarea continu a cerinelor de energie, protein, aminoacizi i microelemente n funcie de faza de hrnire i de vrsta de sacrificare a puilor de carne. Hrana i apa administrat puilor de carne influeneaz n mod hotrtor, att performanele bioproductive ct i calitatea carcasei, permind exprimarea potenialului genetic ridicat al hibridului. Ca urmare, exist recomandri diferite privind cerinele de energie, protein, AA, macrominerale, oligominerale, vitamine i aditivi ale puilor de carne, respectiv coninutul n nutrieni al nutreului combinat care se administreaz n funcie de vrsta puilor, astfel nct s se obin rezultate de producie ct mai bune, n condiii de eficien economic. Se cunoate faptul c, utilizarea aditivilor constituie o cale sigur de deblocare a potenialului productiv al psrilor. Aportul prin furaje al aditivilor n condiii de cretere intensiv este insuficient, att din cauza coninutului foarte variabil al materiilor prime furajere utilizate pentru producerea nutreurilor combinate, ct i a existenei unor antagonisme de absorbie. Aceasta face necesar suplimentarea cu ajutorul compuilor de natur anorganic, precum i a unor compui chimici de natur organic care se regsesc n ciclul Krebs, dintre care mai important pentru protejarea ficatului este acidul aspartic sub form de sare de magneziu, n
vederea prevenirii tulburrilor de metabolism, a prelungirii perioadei de exploatare i pentru mbuntirea performanelor bioproductive ale puilor de carne. Estimarea cerinelor n compui chimici de natur organic sau anorganic reprezint o problem deosebit de dificil, att din cauza neconcordanelor rezultatelor metodelor de determinare ct i a multitudinii factorilor de influen a acestora. Numeroase cercetri relev diferene mari ale gradului de utilizare digestiv a fiecrui compus organic sau anorganic, n funcie de forma chimic utilizat ca surs. n acest context, se nscriu cercetrile ntreprinse n cadrul prezentei teze de doctorat, viznd efectul nutriional i metabolic n apa i n hrana puilor de carne, al acicifianilor folosii, sub diferite forme i cu diferite grade de solubilitate. Scopul cercetrilor acestei teme de doctorat a constat n analiza indicilor de incubaie i posibilitile de mbuntire a acestora; mbuntirea performanelor productive ale puilor de carne (masa corporal, consum specific, indici biochimici, compoziia chimic a crnii, constante sanguine) la hibrizii de carne COBB -500, Hybro PN i ROSS-308; eficacitatea aciunilor sanitar veterinare aplicate, reflectate n pierderile prin mortaliti reliefate prin analiza anatomopatologic, histologic i imunohistochimic n vederea elucidrii pierderilor, precum i reducerea polurii prin mbuntiri aduse staiei de epurare a apelor uzate.
11.2 OBIECTIVELE URMRITE

Utilizarea aditivilor constituie o cale sigur de stimulare a potenialului productiv al psrilor. Obiectivul cercetrilor s-a axat pe influena pe care o au asupra principalilor indici de producie, (sporul n greutate, starea de sntate, mortalitatea, gradul de utilizare a nutreurilor, evaluat prin consumul specific/kg spor), unii ingredieni care, adugai n hrana psrilor sau a apei de but, conduc la modificarea pH-ului n (gu, proventricul, stomac, intestine). Se cunoate faptul c valoarea pH-ului este responsabil de condiiile propice sau nu dezvoltrii organismelor productoare de acid lactic, care inhib aciunea agenilor patogeni. Pentru obinerea unei mase corporale mari i a unor carcase de calitate superioar, ntr-un timp scurt, se impune, pe lng modernizarea tehnologiilor de cretere i mbuntirea condiiilor de microclimat, i o alimentaie i adpare corespunztoare. Puii de carne se caracterizeaz printr-un matabolism intens. Ca urmare, eventualele dezechilibre nutriionale se reflect promt n metabolismul general cu efecte negative asupra sntii i produciei. 1. Urmrirea valorilor indicilor de incubaie (fecunditate, mortalitate i ecloziune) la hibridul COBB-500. 2. Analiza difereniat a indicilor de producie la trei hibrizi crescui n adposturi diferite, utiliznd surse de protein vegetal i animal. 3. Monitorizarea profilaxiei, eficacitii vaccinurilor i titrul anticorpilor. 4. Corelaia existent ntre vaccinare, imunitate, titruri i remanena acestora. 5. Utilizarea acidifiantului Acid Pack 4-Way n apa de but a puilor de carne crescui pe aternut permanent i analiza influenei pe care acesta o are asupra unor indici de producie. 6. Utilizarea unor acidifiani originali n furajul combinat administrat puilor de carne crescui pe aternut permanent i influena acestora asupra compoziiei chimice a crnii i a indicilor biochimici sanguini. 7. Folosirea unor acidifiani originali n apa de but la pui crescui pe aternut permanent i influena acestora asupra indicilor biochimici sanguini. 8. Reducerea polurii prin soluii constructive aduse staiei de epurare.
11.3 LOCUL I PERIOADA EXPERIENELOR

Unitatea n care au fost fcute observaiile, avnd destinaia de spaii specializate pentru creterea puilor i industrializarea crnii de pasre, depozitarea i industrializarea materiei prime, alte servicii specializate n acest domeniu, laboratoare dotate pentru diverse analize specifice, spaii amenajate corespunztor pentru depozitarea produsului finit, magazii, ateliere, utilaje tehnologice, aparatur i mijloace de transport, active care fac obiectul lucrrii sunt situate pe platforma societii i n alte localiti. Adposturile societii sunt construite dup proiecte realizate standard n anii 1980. Cercetrile pe pui de carne au fost derulate n serii experimentale, dup cum urmeaz: - Cercetrile privind indicii de incubaie au fost efectuate n perioada decembrie 2006 octombrie 2007. - Analiza difereniat a rezultatelor de producie la cei 3 hibrizi s-a efectuat n perioada 2004-2005, pe 42 de loturi crescui n hale nemodernizate i hale modernizate. - Eficacitatea aciunilor sanitar veterinare aplicate, pierderile prin mortaliti i cauzele acestora, aspectele anatomopatologice, histologice, imunohistochimice i titrurile de anticorpi gsii cu scopul elucidrii pierderilor s-a efectuat n perioada 2004-2005. - Experiena nr.1, a fost efectuat pe o serie de 100 cap pui de carne din hibridul COBB500 crescui la sol pe aternut, n perioada 03 XI -13 XII 2004. - Experiena nr.2, cu variantele A i B, adaosul s-a fcut n furajul combinat utilizat n alimentaia puilor, i a fost efectuat pe dou loturi a cte 100 capete pui carne din hibridul COBB-500, crescui la sol pe aternut n perioada 20 X 29 XI 2005. - Experiena nr.3, cu variantele A, B i C, produsele administrate n apa de but i a fost efectuat pe 3 loturi a cte 100 capete pui de carne din hibridul COBB-500, crescui la sol pe aternut n perioada 29 I 12 III 2006. - mbuntirile aduse i propuse la staia de epurare s-au fcut n perioada 2006-2007.
11.4 MATERIALUL BIOLOGIC UTILIZAT
Materialul biologic a fost reprezentat de pui de carne din hibridul COBB-500, Hybro PN i ROSS-3008. Hibridul COBB-500, este realizat de firma Cobb Breeding Company Ltd din Anglia, fiind adaptat diverselor tipuri de clim, precum i diferitelor sisteme de cretere. Are o viabilitate excelent, i nu reclam condiii speciale de cretere. La vrsta de 42 de zile, n cazul creterii puilor nesexai, poate realiza mase corporale de 2633,7 g, cu un indice de conversie de 1,76. Puiul de carne Hybro PN, produs al Companiei Euribrid din Olanda, este recunoscut pentru performanele ridicate pe care le realizeaz. Produs al unei firme de renume puiul de carne ROSS, este prezent n mic msur n Romnia, ns performanele pe care le realizeaz l recomand n creterea industrial.
11.5 METODA DE LUCRU

Studiile experimentale s-au fcut pe trei faze de cretere. Prima faz a fost de la ecloziune la 21 de zile, a doua de la 22 zile la 35 zile i a treia faz de la 36 zile la sacrificare.
La fiecare serie experimental, a fost constituit i un lot martor cu care s-au comparat rezultatele obinute. Experienele de producie au fost efectuate n cadrul societi comerciale amintite. Analizele biochimice din serul sanguin au fost efectuate la o clinic privat i laboratorul DSVSA, cele privind coninutul chimic brut al carcaselor puilor, compoziia chimic a dejeciilor la laboratorul DSVSA, iar probele de ap au fost analizate la Direcia Apelor Mure. Puii din loturile experimentale au fost crescui pe aternut permanent, cte 100 capete pe lot separai prin plas de srm. Pe parcursul desfurrii studiilor, s-a urmrit pe loturi evoluia masei corporale, al consumului specific de nutre combinat la 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 a-zi i la sacrificare, n paralel cu observaii asupra comportamentului, morbiditii, mortalitii i a profilului metabolic n asociere cu indicii de abator, compoziia chimic a crnii, compoziia chimic a dejeciilor i eficiena economic. Metoda experimental utilizat n cele trei serii de experiene a fost metoda grupelor, fiecare serie de experiene fiind constituit din lot experimental i lot martor. Toate cntririle puilor au fost fcute dup o diet de 12 ore. Calculele privind sporul mediu zilnic i consumul specific pentru 1 Kg spor au fost fcute dup tehnicile cunoscute. Pentru asigurarea strii de sntate a puilor pe parcursul experienelor, au fost efectuate toate vaccinrile prevzute, n tehnologia de cretere a acestora. n vederea stabilirii efectului Acid Pak 4-Way i a celorlalte produse utilizate asupra metabolismului puilor i pentru a putea justifica stiinific rezultatele de producie s-au determinat: - Proteinele plasmatice (proteine totale g/dl, albumine g/dl, gamaglobuline g/dl, acid uric g/dl, uree g/dl, creatinin g/dl); - Profilul energetic (glicemie mg/dl, colesterol mg/dl, trigliceride mg/dl, lipide totale mg/dl); -Profilul enzimatic (GOT-glutamat-oxilacetat-transferazaU.I/l, GPT-glutamat-piruvattransferaza U.I/l, GGT-gamma-glutamil-transferaza U.I/l); - Profilului hematologic (numr de leucocite m/mm, limfocite %, granulocite %, eritocite m/mm, VEM fl, hematocrit %, CHEM g/dl, hemoglobina g/dl, trombocite m/mm, volum plachetar mediu fl, trombocrit % i distribuia plachetar medie); - Profilului mineral (calciu mg/dl, fosfor mg/dl i magneziu mg/dl). Probele de snge necesare determinrii acestor constante sangvine au fost recoltate pe anticoagulant la finele perioadei experimentale (la 42 zile) din cord, de la cte 10 indivizi a cror mas corporal a fost egal cu masa medie a puilor din lotul respectiv. Determinarea principalelor constante sangvine s-a fcut dup metodele recomandate de P. KARLSON (1967); GH. NU, C. BUNEAG (1977) i R. DUNCAN i col. (1994) astfel: - Proteinele totale- metoda Wechselbaum; proteinele serice- electoforez; acid uricmetoda colorimetric, cu acid picric; uree- metoda colorimetric, cu ureaz; creatinin; glicemie-metoda colorimetric, cu ortotoluidin; colesterol-micrometoda fr deproteinizare; trigliceride; lipide; G.O.T i G.P.T- metoda colorimetric cu 2-4 dinitrofenilhidrazin; G.G.T; valorile hematologice; calciul- metoda complexometric cu indicator Murexid; magneziul; fosforul- metoda fotocolorimetric (fr precipitarea proteinelor). Coninutul n substane nutritive brute a crnii de pui a fost stabilit dup STAS-9065/2,3,41973,1981. Compoziia dejeciilor a fost stabilit dup STAS-9065/3,4,7,9-1973,1981, 1974.
CAPITOLUL
CUPRINDE INDICIILOR DE INCUBAIE
12.
CERCETRI
PRIVIND
DINAMICA
12.1 SCOPUL CERCETRILOR

A fost acela de a urmri valorile indicilor de incubaie ale hibridului COBB-500, corelat cu vrsta ginilor la depunerea oului de incubaie.
12.2 MATERIALUL BIOLOGIC

Studiile au fost efectuate n staia de incubaie a societii, n perioada decembrie 2006octombrie 2007 pe ou provenite de la hibridul COBB-500, ginile avnd vrsta de la 20 la 30 de sptmni.

Incubaia este procesul complex prin care se asigur condiii de mediu optime pentru dezvoltarea normal a embrionului de pasre. Incubaia artificial presupune urmtoarele operaiuni: -Recoltarea i pstrarea oulor; -transportul oulor la staia de incubaie; -sortarea i preincubarea oulor; -ncrcarea incubatoarelor; -incubaia; -controlul biologic al incubaiei; ecloziunea i sortarea puilor de o zi. Oule de incubaie au avut o vechime de 4 zile, organizndu-se un nr. de 6 serii de ou repartizate pe 4 sertare de control. O serie de incubaie a fost format din 25000 de ou puse la incubat. Din care s-au urmrit cte 4 sertare a cte 132 ou (total 528 ou/serie. Oule au provenit de la gini outoare n vrst de la 20 la 30 de sptmni. Primul lot de ou a fost introdus la incubaie n luna decembrie i psrile au avut vrsta de 20 de sptmni. Al 2-lea lot n februarie cnd ginile au avut 22 de sptmni. Al 3-lea lot n aprilie cnd ginile au avut 24 de sptmni. Al 4-lea lot n iunie cnd ginile au avut 26 de sptmni. Al 5-lea lot n august cnd ginile au avut 28 de sptmni. Al 6-lea lot n octombrie cnd ginile au avut 30 de sptmni. Exist 5 incubatoare avnd capacitatea de 47520 ou fiecare, deci o capacitate de incubaie de 237600 ou, iar capacitatea fiecrui eclozionator este de 9504 ou. Se produc pui pentru ferma proprie aproximativ 450000 capete anual iar pentru diferite alte ferme aproximativ 250000 capete.
12.4 REZULTATE I DISCUII

n continuare, prezentm rezultatele obinute, pentru fiecare indice de incubaie n parte. Valoarea indicilor de incubaie ale oulor au fost urmrite pe ase serii de ou Conform studiului, fecunditatea oulor este cuprins ntre 431 i 475 buci, ceea ce reprezint un procent de 81,6 i de 89,9 din totalul celor 528 de ou incubate, limita minim fiind proprie seriei 6, iar cea maxim seriei 4. - Se constat o mai bun uniformitate a procentului de ecloziune din oule fecunde, comparativ celui raportat la oule introduse. Acest lucru este reliefat de valorile sczute ale coeficientului de variabilitate, n primul caz cuprinse ntre 0,85-1,96%. Au fost mai ridicate n cazul al doilea, fiind cuprinse ntre 2,48-6,11%.
- Procentul de ecloziune are valori medii mai ridicate n cazul n care numrul de pui rezultai se raporteaz la oule fecunde, fiind cuprins ntre 88,380,38%, i 89,700,63%, respectiv mai redus cnd raportarea se face la oule introduse, cu limite cuprinse ntre 72,151,91 i 80,681,71%. - Procentul de ou cu embrioni mori este cuprins ntre 10,30 0,63%, la seria I-a, iar cea maxim de 11,620,38%, la seria 6-a.
CAPITOLUL 13. ANALIZA DIFERENIAT A REZULTATELOR DE PRODUCIE OBINUTE LA 3 HIBRIZI, CRESCUI PE PARCURSUL A DOI ANI DE PRODUCIE
Studiu comparativ n condiii de producie a 42 loturi de pui de carne hibrizi diferii crescui n condiii de microclimat identic, cu diferene n sistemul de furajare i adpare, cu scopul evidenierii diferenelor ce apar.
13.1 SCOPUL
Acest studiu a avut ca scop compararea indicilor de producie prin administrarea unor reete de nutreuri combinate bazate pe fin de pete i full-fat soia.

Pe parcursul perioadei de cretere s-a urmrit n special, evoluia sporului mediu zilnic i implicit a greutii corporale, evoluia consumului de furaj g/cap, consumul specific de furaj kg/kg spor, precum i pierderile prin mortaliti.

Materialul biologic folosit (COBB 500, ROSS 308, HYBRO PN etc.) a provenit de la staia de incubaie a societii, oule fiind procurate de la diverse ferme de reproducie din ar. S-a respectat tehnologia de cretere, mergndu-se pe principiul totul plin- totul gol. Densitatea la populare a fost de 20-21 cap/m. Perioada de cretere a fost cuprins ntre 38-42 zile.
13.4 METODA DE LUCRU Studiile au fost efectuate pe parcursul a doi ani, pe pui de carne hibrizi diferii repartizai n 42 serii, crescui la sol pe aternut permanent asigurndu-se condiii de microclimat identice, diferind doar sistemul de furajare i adpare. Furajele folosite n anul 2004 au fost pe suport de fin de pete, iar n anul 2005, full-fat soia. n anul 2004, hibrizii au fost crescui astfel: Lotul A- COBB-500-32,09% n hale modernizate i 22,9% n hale nemodernizate; Lotul B- ROSS-308 -9,02% n hale modernizate i 8,02% n hale nemodernizate, iar lotul C- HYBRO PN 10,56% n hale modernizate i 17,37% n halele nemodernizate dintr-un total de 402035 capete. Hibrizii crescui n anul 2005 au fost reprezentai de lotul A- COBB-500 - 45,5% i lotul B- ROSS-308- 54,5%, creterea acestora fcndu-se numai n hale modernizate.
Dup anul 2004, n cadrul societii s-au fcut modernizri ale tehnologiei de cretere mbuntindu-se mult i factorii de microclimat.
13.5 ASPECTE PRIVIND CONDIIILE MICROCLIMATULUI DIN HALA DE PRODUCIE

Condiiile de microclimat din cele 4 hale de cretere a puilor broiler de gin pentru carne au fost identice. Halele sunt amplasate corespunztor raportat la direcia vntului dominant. Monitorizarea mediului halei este efectuat manual, bazndu-ne mai mult pe experiena acumulat. Doar temperatura poate fi monitorizat cu ajutorul unor senzori de temperatur amplasai n dou puncte din hal, nivelul de temperatur fiind afiat pe un panou electric de unde se regleaz temperatura pe ntreaga perioad de cretere. Confortul puilor, depinde, n mare msur, de felul cum este asigurat nclzirea mediului halei de cretere. n halele de cretere se folosete procedeul conveciei (se nclzete aerul) folosind aeroterme. Extracia aerului din hal se face cu ajutorul ventilatoarelor elicoidale, euroemme EMS 50-43500 m/h, care sunt amplasate pe peretele din spatele halei, i efectueaz o mturare longitudinal, parcurgnd astfel aerul, contribuie la o bun eficacitate a ciclului aer proaspt, aer extras. Pe fiecare perete al halei exist cte 32 guri de admisie fiecare avnd o suprafa de 0,81 mp, suprafaa total de admisie fiind de 51,8 m, amplasate la nlimea de 1,70 m de la pardoseal. Dintre factorii chimici ai microclimatului este important de urmrit concentraia amoniacului. Aciunea amoniacului este iritativ, caustic, cu efect cumulativ. Prin determinrile efectuate concentraia de amoniac a fost de 12 ppm. Aceast concentraie a fost posibil prin tratarea aternutului cu produsele bio-enzimatice SunnyGlobe Sty. La aceast concentraie puii nu se afl n disconfort. Viteza curenilor de aer este cuprins ntre 0,19-0,31 m/s. Regimul de lumin. Prin sistemul de iluminat existent (se folosesc lmpile cu incandescen (tungsten). Suprafaa iluminat este de 1026 mp, pentru care sunt necesari 2565 Wai, revenind 2,5 Wai/mp), nu se poate aplica un program de lumin adecvat care s mbunteasc unele caractere economice.
13.6 PREZENTAREA I ANALIZA REETELE FURAJERE FOLOSITE

Structura reetelor de nutreuri combinate administrate n cei doi ani de observaii a fost diferit, n sensul c s-au folosit raii cu protein asigurat din fin de pete i raii n care proteina a fost exclusiv de origine vegetal. Folosite astfel, reetele au corespuns optimului de protein i aminoacizi pentru hrana puilor de carne (schema 1). n consecin, concentraiile de substane nutritive trebuie crescute proporional cu energia din raia alimentar, pentru a se asigura ingestia la nivelul cerinelor. n acest scop, pe cele patru faze de vrst 0-7, 8-21 i 22-35 i 36 zile-sacrificare reetele de nutre combinat cu protein vegetal asigur niveluri energetice de 2989,00 Kcal EM / Kg, 3014,32 Kcal EM / Kg, 3188,96 Kcal EM / Kg i 3206,94 Kcal EM / Kg, iar reetele cu fin de pete asigur urmtoarele niveluri: 2990,00 Kcal EM / Kg, 3010,34 Kcal EM / Kg, 3071,40 Kcal EM / Kg, i 3190,30 Kcal EM / Kg. Nivelul proteic al nutreurilor combinate utilizate a fost mai mare n
perioada a III-a ( 22-35 zile) la nutreurile cu full-fat soia 21%, fa de 19,99% la nutreurile cu fin de pete. Prin reetele cu protein vegetal administrate, se asigur 1,4% lizin n faza I; 1,38% n faza a II-a; 1,26% n faza a-III-a i 1,07% n faza a IV-a, iar prin cele cu fin de pete se asigur 1,40% n faza I; 1,39% n faza a-II-a; 1,20% n faza a III-a i 1,16% n faza a-IV-a. Prin reetele administrate cu protein vegetal, nivelul de metionin asigurat este de 0,60% n faza I, 0,56% n faza a II-a; 0,47% n faza a III-a i 0,41 n faza de finisare, iar prin reeta cu fin de pete nivelul asigurat este de 0,60% n faza I, 0,59% n faza a II-a; 0,53% n faza a III-a i 0,49% n faza a IV-a. Raport EM/PB faza I -129,39;134,62- faza II-a; 148,0 faza a-III-a i 167,0 faza a IV-a, la reeta cu protein vegetal i 129,71-faza I; 136,70-faza II-a; 153,64 faza a-III-a i 161,61-faza aIV-a, la reeta cu fin de pete.
Specificare Reeta cu protein din fin de pete Reeta cu protein de origine vegetal
Perioada I-a 1-7 zile Nivel de protein brut (%) din greutatea furajului 23,05 combinat Nivel de aminoacizi limitani Lizin (L)-% din greutatea furajului 1,40 -valoarea relativ (100) Metionin:-% din greutate 0,60 -valoarea relativ Perioada a-II-a 8-21 zile Nivel de protein brut (% din greutatea furajului 22,05 combinat) Nivel de aminoacizi limitani Lizin (L)-% din greutatea furajului 1,39 -valoarea relativ (100) Metionin:-% din greutate -valoarea relativ 0,59
23,12
1,40 (100) 0,60
22,39
1,38 (100) 0,56
Perioada a-III-a 22-35 zile Nivel de protein brut (% din greutatea furajului combinat 19,99 Lizin (L)-% din greutatea furajului -valoarea relativ Metionin:-% din greutate -valoarea relativ Nivel de aminoacizi limitani 1,20 (100) 0,53
21,00
1,26 (100) 0,47
Perioada a-IV-a 36-42 zile Nivel de protein brut (% din greutatea furajului combinat) 19,74 Nivel de aminoacizi limitani Lizin (L)-% din greutatea furajului 1,16 -valoarea relativ (100) Metionin:-% din greutate 0,49 -valoarea relativ
19,32 1,07 (100) 0,41
Schema 1. Structura reetelor de nutreuri combinate

Rezultatele obinute n cei doi ani de producie confirm faptul c, n alimentaia puilor de carne, modul de asigurare al proteinei (protein vegetal sau fin de pete) nu are importan mare. Rezultatele obinute n aceast perioad (tabel 1, 2) se remarc n principal, prin masa medie corporal realizat de puii din loturile anului 2005, aceasta fiind de 2099,90 g, la vrsta medie de sacrificare de 40,9 zile. Prin comparaie, la cei din loturile anului 2004, la vrsta medie de sacrificare de 40,18 zile masa medie corporal a fost de 2050,0 g n cazul puilor din halele nemodernizate i de 2097,27 g la puii din halele modernizate. Tabelul 1 Rezultatele prelucrrii statistice a datelor primare privind masa medie corporal
Vrsta Anul Nr. de indivizi X sx 40,360,266 39,730,516 39,950,405 151,912,165 150,092,075 154,501,496 391,555,526 388,456,427 395,502,799 752,009,51 746,008,254 760,154,216 1217,6414,00 1210,6411,64 1201,7013,95 1784,557,391 1755,6411,28 1722,5014,53 2097,2728,71 2050,0021,79 2099,9019,72 12,516 31,528 27,376 18,815 46,455 38,618 62,419 24,515 37,429 65,009 95,236 72,268 86,185 1,710 1,813 7,179 6,882 6,690 18,327 21,317 s 0,811 2004(HM) Ecloziune 2004(HN) 2005(HM) 7 zile 2004(HM) 2004(HN) 2005(HM) 14 zile 2004(HM) 2004(HN) 2005(HM) 21 zile 2004(HM) 2004(HN) 2005(HM) 28 zile 2004(HM) 2004(HN) 2005(HM) 35 zile 2004(HM) 2004(HN) 2005(HM) Sacrificare/ 2004(HM) 2004(HN) 2005(HM) 100 100 99 98 99 99 97 99 98 96 98 98 96 98 97 96 97 96 95 96 4.305 4,619 4,276 4,585 4,330 4,681 5,488 3,165 4,193 3,670 2,480 3,815 3,190 5,194 1,374 2,132 3,774 4,541 3,525 4,104 +0,22 +1,82 +4,41 +3,10 +7,05 +6,0 +14,15 +7,0 -8,94 +28,91 -33,14 +47,27 +49,90 100 2,184 +0,63 V% Diferena fa de lotul martor
Sporul mediu zilnic nregistrat n perioada de cretere menionat a fost ns mai mare la puii loturilor anului 2004 hale modernizate (51,29 g), urmai de puii loturilor anului 2005 (49,67 g) i de cei din loturile anului 2004 hale nemodernizate (47,87 g).
Consumul de nutre pentru 1 kg spor n greutate vie se situeaz n general, la o valoare bun, fiind cuprins ntre 1,82 kg nutre combinat/kg spor, n cazul puilor din halele modernizate (2004-2005) i 1,88 kg nutre combinat /kg spor, n cazul puilor crescui n hale nemodernizate (2004). n cifre relative, consumul specific este mai mare n cazul puilor crescui n hale nemodernizate cu 3,29%. Tabelul 2 Indicii medii de producie nregistrai pe ntreg ciclul experimental (1 zi-sacrificare)
Specificare 2004 (Hale modernizate) 2004 (Hale nemodernizate) 2005 (Hale modernizate)
Masa medie corporal - la o zi (g) - la 21 zile /(g) - la sacrificare (g) 40,36 752,00 2097,27 39,73 746,00 2050,00 Sporul mediu zilnic - 1-21zile (g) (%) (g) (%) (g) (%) - 1-21 zile (kg) (%) (kg) (%) (kg) (%) cap. Mortaliti: (%) 33,87 98,68 67,26 100,00 51,29 100,00 33,74 98,31 65,23 96,98 47,87 93,33 34,32 100,00 66,98 99,59 49,67 96,84 39,95 760,15 2099,90
- 22 zile-22 - Sacrificare -1 zisacrificare
Consum mediu pentru 1 kg spor 1,42 101,42 2,16 104,34 1,82 100,00 4,34 106,89 1,42 101,42 2,16 104,34 1,88 103,29 4,47 110,09 1,40 100,00 2,07 100,00 1,82 100,00 4,06 100,00
- 22 zileSacrificare -1 zisacrificare
CAPITOLUL 14. CERCETRI PRIVIND DEPOPULAREA I VALORIFICAREA PRODUCIEI

Faza final a procesului de producie se organizeaz astfel ca puii s fie transportai ctre abator n condiii optime, asigurnd ndeplinirea cererilor pentru prelucrare i meninerea unui nalt standard de bunstare. Ferma are ca scop livrarea pentru prelucrare a unui numr ct mai mare de psri de calitate. Recepia realizat la ferm este completat cu recepia efectuat la abator, unde se face repartizarea definitiv a puilor, pe clase de calitate.
Clasele de calitate sunt stabilite conform STAS-7031/83. Conform acestui STAS, puii broiler se clasific n trei clase de calitate (I, II, III). n abatorul modern, se aplic principiile HACCP. Capacitatea abatorului este de 12000 capete de pui /8 ore. Sortimentele rezultate de la sacrificarea a 20000 capete de pui sunt urmtoarele: pui C+G+P cal. I -21%; pui griller cal. I- 32%; piept de pui la pung 6,1%; piept de pui la caserol 2,7%; pulp de pui la pung 7,3%; pulp de pui la caserol 3,0%; aripi la pung 0,73%; aripi la caserol 0,56%; ficat la pung 1,8%; ficat la caserol 0,4%; pipot la pung 1,2%; pipot la caserol 0,4% tacm de pui 21%; gturi de pui 0,2% i carne pentru gtit 0,7%. Pentru comercializare, carnea ndeplinete condiiile tehnice de calitate privind: proprietile organoleptice i fizico-chimice.
14.1 VERIFICAREA CALITII CRNII

Verificarea calitii biochimice a crnii se face prin analize de laborator la fiecare lot de ctre un laborator autorizat. Controlul sanitar-veterinar dup tiere se face prin examinarea fiecrei carcase i a organelor. Probele recoltate pentru examenul microbiologic constau din recoltarea randomizat a 1% din ambalajele care formeaz lotul controlat. Se recolteaz pri din acestea, de 250-500 g n aceeai proporie. n acelai fel se procedeaz i pentru examenul fizico-chimic. Pentru analizele referitoare la Salmonella, se preleveaz aleatoriu probe de la minim 15 carcase de la fiecare lot (pui sacrificai ntr-o zi) dup ce acetia au fost refrigerai 12 ore. Prelevarea const n recoltarea de la fiecare carcas a unei buci de piele de pe gt, de aproximativ 10 g. Cele 3 recoltri (probe) se grupeaz i se ambaleaz n pungi de plastic i se trimit la laborator pentru a forma cte 25 de grame, adic 5 probe finale. Criteriul de igien este absena microorganismelor n cele 25 de g dintr-o prob.
CAPITOLUL 15. EVALUAREA EFICIENEI CURENIEI I DEZINFECTRII HALELOR

Observaiile au fost fcute pe 42 hale, n perioada anilor 2004-2005. Dezinfecia este precedat de: evacuarea aternutului, curenia mecanic, splarea i apoi dezinfecia propriu-zis care const din: aplicarea de substane dezinfectante respectiv virocid n concentraie de 0,25% cu ajutorul Kit-ului de spumare care se aplic la aparatul cu nalt presiune, pe ntreaga suprafa a halei i a echipamentelor folosite n tehnologia de cretere. Controlul eficienei dezinfeciilor se efectueaz dup fiecare depopulare n Laboratorul Sanitar-Veterinar Mure, prin testul stafilococilor (TS). n cazul dezinfeciilor profilactice, se consider test stafilococic pozitiv, (considernduse dezinfecia necorespunztoare), atunci cnd procentul de analize pozitive / hal analizat depete 30%. n cazul dezinfeciilor de necesitate, dac la o singur analiz pozitiv ntr-o hal se consider testul stafilococic pozitiv i se recomand repetarea dezinfeciei.
CAPITOLUL 16. CERCETRI PRIVIND EFICACITATEA ACIUNILOR SANITAR-VETERINARE CORELATE CU PIERDERILE PRIN MORTALITI N PERIOADA ANALIZAT
n acest capitol, vom prezenta rezultatele obinute n urma anchetelor epidemiologice, ca urmare a prezenei unor elemente epidemiologice sau anatomo-clinice care au condus la mortaliti i suspiciunea de infecie cu un anumit agent patogen. Asigurarea unei perfecte stri de sntate a efectivelor de pui de carne este esenial att pentru bunstarea puilor, ct i pentru realizarea unor produse avicole de bun calitate i ieftine, oferite pieei.

Cercetrile au fost efectuate n perioada 2004-2005 pe un numr de 42 populri i depopulri. S-a urmrit creterea a 3 hibrizi de pui de carne crescui n condiii identice de adpostire, dar diferite n primul an n ceea ce privete sistemul de furajare i adpare hale nemodernizate (HN) i hale modernizate (HN). De a observa modul n care prin asigurarea msurilor de profilaxie general i specific pe durata ciclului de exploatare, procesul epidemiologic se poate modifica i influena evoluia bolilor i deci, indicatorii epidemiologici.

Am urmrit pierderile prin mortaliti, cauzele acestora i eficacitatea vaccinurilor i titrul anticorpilor obinui. Aspectele anatomo-patologice, histopatologice i imunohistochimice gsite. 16.3 MATERIALUL BIOLOGIC
Materialul biologic a fost reprezentat de trei hibrizi de pui de carne: ROSS-308, COBB500 i HYBRO PN.
16.4 METOD DE LUCRU

Pentru a putea observa mai bine tabloul lezional, am efectuat i un examen histopatologic. Am prelevat fragmente mici de organe de la cadavre, cu leziuni vizibile macroscopic, dup cum urmeaz: cecum, proventricul, rinichi, ficat, trehee, splin, pulmon i cord. Pentru studiul imunohistochimic, s-au prelevat cecum i proventricul. Fragmentele de organe au fost recoltate de la pui mori la vrst de 40 zile, care aveau leziuni vizibile macroscopic dup cum urmeaz: jejun, ileon, proventricul, rinichi, ficat, trehee, splin, pulmon i cord. Fragmentele prelevate i fixate n formalin neutr 10% au fost incluse n parafin. Seciunile au fost colorate cu Hematoxilin Eozin, metoda Tricrom Masson examinate i fotografiate la microscop. Prin metoda Tricrom Masson, fibrele de colagen apar n culoare albastr. S-a efectuat reacia histochimic PAS-Albastru Alcian pentru evidenierea mucinei. Cu Albastru Alcian se evideniaz mucina, care conine mucopolizaharide acide, iar cu reacia PAS se evideniaz mucina care conine mucopolizaharide neutre.
Pentru studiul imunohistochimic (IHC), prile incluse n parafin au fost secionate la 3-5 m grosime. Am folosit anticorpul CD20, clona L26 i CD45RO, clona OPD4 de la LabVision, diluia pentru ambii anticorpi fiind de 1:50. Metoda de lucru a presupus utilizarea sistemului EnVision de la LabVision. Ambii anticorpi marcheaz membrana celular. Elementele pozitive au fost colorate n maro, iar cele nemarcate imunohistochimic n albastru. Am folosit ca i control pozitiv extern limfocitele din limfonodulul normal. Anticorpul CD20 marcheaz limfocitele B, iar CD45RO limfocitele T.
16.5 DINAMICA MORTALITILOR LA PUII BROILER N PERIOADA ANALIZAT

n cadrul cercetrilor au fost realizate urmtoarele examene: epidemiologic (ancheta epidemiologic, calcularea mortalitii cumulative, evidenierea sursei de infecie i a factorilor favorizani), clinic (simptomele generale), anatomopatologic (macroscopic i microscopic), serologic (testul imunoenzimatic ELISA) n creterea industrial a puilor, pierderile sunt de (1-2%) din efectiv, altfel acest sistem de cretere nu ar fi rentabil. i prin toate mijloacele se urmrete reducerea acestor pierderi. n ansamblu, pierderile sunt cauzate de diveri factori; se mpart n prima sptmn de via a puilor i n ultimile zile nainte de depopulare. De obicei, sunt tehnopatii. Pierderile din primele zile sunt cauzate n principal de greeli de incubaie, greeli fcute la populare, pui neviabili etc. Pierderi mari se nregistreaz n primele 2 sptmni de via, datorit defectelor de incubaie, vitelosaculitelor, peritonitelor viteline, accidentelor din timpul manipulrii, transportului i populrilor. n restul perioadei, pierderile au fost mici i sporadice i au fost cauzate n cea mai mare parte de infecii cu bacili Gram-negativi. Totui, nu poate fi exclus ca aceste infecii s apar pe fondul unei imuniti diminuate cauzate de prezena paraziilor din genul Eimeria. Tabelul 3 Structura hibrizilor i mortalitatea nregistrat n anul 2004
2004 Numr Hibrid COBB-500 HM Mori (cap) Vii (cap.) Total (cap.) Mortalitate(%) 5540 123480 129020 4,29 HN 3831 88324 92155 4,11 ROSS-308 HM 2006 34274 36280 5,53 HN 1824 30456 32280 5,6 HYBRO HM 1457 41003 42460 3,43 HN 2817 67023 69840 4,03 Total 17475 384560 402035 4,34
Tabelul 4 Structura hibrizilor i mortalitatea nregistrat n anul 2005

2005 Numr \ Hibrid Mori (cap) Vii (cap.) Total (cap.) Mortalitate(%) COBB-500 7828 184054 191882 4,08 ROSS-308 9294 220541 229835 4,04 Total 17122 404595 421717 4,06
Evalund distribuia hibrizilor pe hale i incidena mortalitii globale, (tabelul 3,4) la acetia se poate constata c hibridul ROSS a prezentat o mortalitate cuprins ntre 4,04-5,6%, n timp ce hibridul COBB a nregistrat un procent de mortalitate cu limitele cuprinse ntre 4,084,29%, iar cel mai mic procent l-a nregistrat hibridul HYBRO de 3,43-4,03%. Nu s-au determinat diferene de mortalitate ntre sexe. Modernizarea halelor (automatizarea sistemelor de furajare, adpare, microclimat i iluminat) a influenat favorabil creterea puilor i scderea incidenei ieirilor prin mortalitate cu1-2%. Distribuia populrilor pe anotimpuri i pierderile prin mortaliti este redat n tabelul 5. Tabelul 5 Pierderile prin mortaliti (cap) Numr
XII-II III-V
2004 Lunile
VIVIII IX-XI Total XII-II III-V
2005 Lunile
VI-VIII IX-XI Total
Mori Vii Total %
3400 73970 77370 4,39
4273 96452
5755
4014
17475
3014 60626 63640 4,73
5170 138505 143675 3,59
4902 100728 105630 4,64
4036 17122 104736 404595 108772 421717 3,74 4,06
110275 103896 384560
100725 116030 107910 402035 4,24 4,96 3,71 4,34
Procentul cel mai mare de mortaliti la pui s-a nregistrat n perioada de var, n lunile iunie-august, 4,08% n anul 2004, respectiv 4,3% n aceai perioad a anului 2005, iar cele mai mici pierderi (3%), au fost n sezonul de primvar-iarn. Cauzele pierderilor prin mortaliti n sezonul de var le constituie temperaturile ridicate i imposibilitatea asigurrii unui microclimat corespunztor, halele nefiind echipate cu sistem de rcire evaporativ. n zilele clduroase, temperatura din interiorul halelor este de aproximativ 32C, cu 1-2 C mai puin dect temperatura exterioar, mai ales la puii de peste 1,5 Kg greutate vie.
16.6 COCCIDIOZA
Modificrile morfopatologice se ntlnesc la nivel intestinal: tiflit hemoragic sau hemoragico-necrotic, cecumurile sunt mult mrite n volum, dure i prin transparena seroasei se observ hemoragii de mrimi diferite i de nuane mai deschise sau brune (de intensiti
diferite). Coninutul este hemoragic cu snge coagulat, uneori mucoasa este ulcerat. Leziunea este produs de Eimeria tenella cu localizare n cecum. - Leziunile histopatologice pentru cocidioz scot n eviden infiltrat leucocitar abundent n submucoas i viloziti nsoite de hiperplazia foliculilor limfatici. - Aspectele imunohistochimice marcheaz limfocitele B n profunzimea mucoasei proventriculare i a limfocitelor T n numr redus n epiteliul glandular.
16.7 COLIBACILOZA
n timpul perioadei de cretere mai apar cazuri de colibaciloz, provocat de speciile bacteriene, condiionat patogene din genul Escherichia. Modificri anatomo patologice. n forma acut de boal se constat: congestii i hemoragii pe seroasele toracice i abdominale, n ficat, splin i rinichi, enterit cataral, pericardit, i peritonit seroas, cu tendin de cronicizare. Conform examenului bacteriologic cerut, buletinul de analiz cu rezultatul examenului de laborator arat astfel: - Examen anatomopatologic: poliserozit fibrinoas, edem pulmonar, ascit, distrofie hepatic, echimoze n esutul adipos i n musculatur; - n colibaciloz leziunile macroscopice se ntlnesc la sacul vitelin n care se gsete vitelus neresorbit, sau fluid de culoare galben-maroniu iar sacul este congestionat i edemaiat. n pulmon s-a observat bronhopneumonia cataral i inflamaia fibrinoas a tuturor seroaselor toraco-abdominale, iar organele sunt congestionate i distrofice. - La examenul histopatologic al cecumurilor ies n eviden viloziti atrofiate, fibrozate acoperite cu infiltrat leucocitar. - La examenul imunohistochimic ntlnim limfocite B n corionul mucoasei proventriculare i limfocite T n epiteliul mucoasei proventiculare. - La examenul histopatologic al ileonului i jejunului puilor mori de colibaciloz ntlnim ileit cu atrofia vilozitilor i descuamarea epiteliului precum i infiltrat al mucoasei fundice cu limfocite B i T la examenul imuno-histochimic. - La examenul histopatologic al rinichiului puilor mori de colibaciloz se observ congestie i staz vascular, distrofie a epiteliului tubular, iar n ficat se ntlnesc focare de necroz i hepatit nsoit de disocierea structurilor trabeculare. - Examenul histopatologic al pulmonilor ne indic bronite fibro-necrotice iar n trahee reacie limfo-granulocitar cu traheit necrotic.
CAPITOLUL 17. n acest capitol, intitulat Cercetri privind evoluia titrurilor de anticorpi n principalele boli ale puilor de carne, s-au recoltat probe de snge, efectunduse testul Elisa pentru determinarea titrurilor de anticorpi.

Scopul a fost de a observa eficiena anumitor tulpini vaccinale folosite curent i respectarea programului de vaccinare la hibridul ROSS-308.
17.2 OBIECTIVE
Dac s-a dezvoltat suficient imunitatea dup vaccinare i s-au obinut titruri apropiate de titrurile ateptate, dac persist titrurile suficient n timp i dac uniformitatea rspunsului imun este bun.

A fost reprezentat de pui de carne din hibridul ROSS-308, provenit de la staia de incubaie a societii. Puii au fost crescui n condiii identice, efectundu-se toate vaccinrile conform tehnologiei de cretere.
17.4 MATERIAL I METOD

Vaccinarea puilor s-a fcut la date diferite, conform programului de vaccinare pentru fiecare hal. Prelevarea probelor de snge s-a fcut de la cte 25 pui luai randomizat, n ziua ecloziunii, la 21 zile i la sacrificare (42 zile) iar determinrile de laborator au fost efectuate prin testul ELISA.

Interpretarea rezultatelor serologice obinute dup vaccinare se face prin evaluarea celor trei componente cheie ale rspunsului imun: - Intensitatea rspunsului imun, indicat de Titrul Mediu. Vom vedea dac s-a dezvoltat suficient imunitatea dup vaccinare i s-au obinut titruri apropiate de titrurile ateptate respectnd programul de vaccinare i folosind o anumit tulpin vaccinal. Titrurile ateptate dup vaccinare sunt aa numitele Titruri Standard sau Titruri Ateptate. Aceste Titruri Standard variaz n funcie de tipul de pasre, vrsta, tipul de vaccin, programul de vaccinare i de ali factori. Uniformitatea rspunsului imun indicat de Coeficientul de variabilitate CV%, se apreciaz astfel: < 40% Excelent 40-60% Bun > 60% Necesar s fie imbuntit - Persistena rspunsului imun este indicat de Titrul Mediu n decursul timpului. sau este necesar o nou vaccinare pentru a ridica titrurile peste nivelul minim protector ?
17.5.1 Pseudopesta aviar

Efectivul de broileri a fost vaccinat la vrsta de 1 zi 9 i 22 de zile, prin aerosoli, cu un vaccin care conine o tulpin lentogen. Probele de snge au fost recoltate la o zi, 22 zile, i 42 de zile Testul Elisa a relevat titruri maxime de 9210 D.O. la prima recoltare, de 6257 D.O. la cea de a doua recoltare, i de 11146 D.O. la vrsta de 42 de zile. Faptul c titrurile obinute, n dinamic au evoluat ascendent, nu exclude ipoteza c titrurile respective ar fi putut s fie reprezentate de anticorpi vitelini reziduali i n acelai timp, de vaccinrile efectuate ulterior conform tehnologiei (tabelul 6).
17.5.2 Bursita infecioas

Puii au fost vaccinai la vrsta de 14 zile, prin apa de but, cu un vaccin care conine tulpina vaccinal cea mai puin atenuat tulpin intermediar de virus B.I.A. S-au recoltat probe de snge la o zi, 22 zile, i 42 de zile. Dup vaccinare rezultatele arat seroconversie pn la 100%. Coeficientul de variabilitate indicat de uniformitatea rspunsului imun este sub 40%, ceea ce nseamn c este foarte bun (8,5% la ecloziune, 24,8% la 22 zile i 8,0% la 42 de zile). Se observ c titrurile persist n timp, persistena rspunsului imun fiind indicat de Titrul Mediu. Vaccinarea a fost efectuat corespunztor, sunt titruri uniforme, nalte i de durat, aflate n limitele titrurilor ateptate (6000-9000). Probele determinate sunt 100% pozitive. Nivelul mai mare de anticorpi materni la vrsta de o zi poate fi determinat de vaccinrile efectuate la ginile de reproducie la vrsta de 14, 27, 92 i 132 de zile, fiind imunizate contra virusului cu o tulpin intermediar, care asigur o transmitere corespunztoare a anticorpilor la pui. Titrurile medii imediat postecloziune au fost mai mari de 8133, fa de 4672 la 21 zile de la ecloziune, respectiv de 11800 la vrsta de 42 zile. Titrul minim a avut valorile cuprinse ntre 1555 la vrsta de 22 zile i 11800 la 42 zile, iar titrul maxim a avut valorile cele mai mici tot la 22 zile 6843, respectiv 14328 la 42 zile (tabelul 6).
17.5.3 Bronita infecioas

Vaccinarea a fost efectuat la vrsta de o zi cu un vaccin viu atenuat contra bronitei, tulpina H-120 i la 10 zile, folosindu-se tulpina 4-91 prin aerosoli. Au fost recoltate probe de snge la o zi, la 22 de zile, i la 42 de zile. Dup vaccinare, rezultatele arat seroconversie pn la 100%. Coeficientul de Variabilitate este sub 40%, ceea ce nseamn c este foarte bun (10,5% la ecloziune, 24,1% la 22 zile i 12,2% la 42 zile). Toate probele sunt 100% pozitive. Se observ un nivel mai mare de anticorpi materni la vrsta de o zi deoarece ginile de reproducie au fost imunizate contra virusului bronitei la vrsta de 9, 23, 47, 71 i 132 de zile cu un vaccin viu, tulpina lentogen, imunizarea dureaz toat perioada de ouat i asigur o transmitere corespunztoare a anticorpilor la progeni. Nivelurile titrurilor medii au fost mai mari imediat posteclozional 7280, dect dup 21 de zile de la ecloziune respectiv de 2852, iar la vrsta de 42 de zile acesta s-a situat la 7162. Titrul minim a avut valorile mai mici de 5433 la vrsta de 42 de zile i de 5857 la ecloziune, iar titrul maxim a avut valorile cele mai mici la ecloziune de 1430, respectiv de 9196 la 42 de zile (tabelul 6).
17.5.4 Encefalomielita aviar

S-au recoltat probe de snge la o zi i 42 de zile. Titrul mediu, indicat de intensitatea rspunsului imun, ne arat c nu s-a dezvoltat suficient imunitatea dup ecloziune i nu s-au obinut titruri apropiate de titrurile ateptate la vrsta de 42 zile. Coeficientul de Variabilitate indicat de uniformitatea rspunsului imun este de sub 40% (17,7% la ecloziune) i peste 60% (112,6%) la 42 de zile. Se observ c titrurile nu persist n timp, persistena rspunsului imun fiind indicat de Titrul Mediu. Faptul c nu s-a efectuat vaccinarea titrurile nu sunt uniforme i de durat, nu se afl n limitele titrurilor ateptate (4000-6000). Probele determinate sunt 100% pozitive la vrsta de o zi i sunt 100 % negative la vrsta de 42 zile.
Titrurile medii la ecloziune au fost mai mari de 6617, fa de 49 la vrsta de 42 de zile. Titrul minim a avut valorile cuprinse ntre 4145 la ecloziune i 1 la 42 de zile, iar titrul maxim a avut urmtoarele valori, 9724 la ecloziune respectiv 174 la 42 de zile (tabelul 6).
17.5.5 Micoplasmoza respiratorie

Puii de carne nu s-au vaccinat contra micoplasmozei, ca urmare, prezena anticorpilor maternali la ecloziune se datoreaz faptului c ginile de reproducie au fost imunizate la vrsta de 33 i 85 zile cu un vaccin viu, mpotriva Mycoplasmei Gallisepticum, fcndu-se o imunizare activ pentru reducerea semnelor clinice determinate de tulpina slbatic. S-au recoltat probe de snge la o zi i la 42 de zile. Examenul serologic efectuat prin testul ELISA pe un numr de 25 probe de ser, a evideniat prezena anticorpilor specifici la pui de carne. Coeficientul de Variabilitate indicat de uniformitatea rspunsului imun este de >60% (66,7% la ecloziune i 70,1% la 42 de zile). Probele determinate sunt 100% negative, att la vrsta de o zi ct i la vrsta de 42 de zile, dei puii provin din ou din aceeai surs. Nivelul mediu de anticorpi materni la vrsta de o zi a fost mai mic de 97, fa de 161 la vrsta de 42 de zile. Titrul minim a avut valoarea 1 la ecloziune i la 42 de zile, iar titrul maxim a fost mai mic la ecloziune de 200 i de 418 la 42 de zile (tabelul 6).
17.5.6 Anemia infecioas

Pentru efectuarea examenului s-au recoltat probe de snge la o zi i 42 de zile. Examenul serologic efectuat prin testul ELISA pe un numr de 25 probe de ser, a evideniat prezena anticorpilor specifici la pui de carne din unitate. Coeficientul de Variabilitate indicat de uniformitatea rspunsului imun este sub 40% (19,0% la ecloziune i 9,6% la 42 de zile). Se observ c titrurile nu persist n timp, persistena rspunsului imun fiind indicat de Titrul Mediu. Probele determinate sunt 100% pozitive la vrsta de o zi negative la vrsta de 42 de zile, dei puii provin din ou din aceeai surs i au crescut n aceai hal. Nivelul mediu de anticorpi materni la vrsta de o zi a fost de 0,148, fa de 1,722 la vrsta de 42 de zile. Titrul minim a avut valoarea de 0,105 la ecloziune i de 1,507 la 42 de zile, iar titrul maxim a fost la ecloziune de 0,202 i de 2,09 la 42 de zile (tabelul 6).
17.5.7 Influena aviar

S-au recoltat probe de snge la o zi i 42 de zile. Examenul serologic efectuat prin testul ELISA pe un numr de 25 probe de ser, nu a evideniat prezena anticorpilor specifici la pui de carne. Efectivul de broileri nu a fost vaccinat mpotriva gripei aviare, ceea ce denot faptul c probele determinate sunt 100% negative. Coeficientul de Variabilitate este 0. Se observ c titrurile nu persist n timp. Nivelul mediu de anticorpi materni la vrsta de o zi i de 42 de zile a fost 1. Titrul minim a avut valoarea 1 la ecloziune i la 42 de zile, iar titrul maxim a fost la ecloziune 1 i 1 la 42 de zile (tabelul 6).
17.5.8 Rinotraheita curcilor

S-au recoltat probe de snge la o zi i 42 de zile. Examenul serologic efectuat prin testul ELISA pe un numr de 25 probe de ser, a evideniat prezena anticorpilor specifici la pui de carne doar la ecloziune. Deoarece titrurile nu persist n timp, Coeficientul de Variabilitate este 0. Faptul c nu s-a efectuat vaccinarea, arat c titrurile nu sunt uniforme i de durat, i se afl n limitele titrurilor ateptate (< 90). Probele determinate sunt 100% pozitive la vrsta de o zi i negative la vrsta de 42 de zile. Nivelul mediu de anticorpi materni la vrsta de 1 zi a fost 2, fa de 1 la vrsta de 42 de zile. Titrul minim a avut valoarea 2 la ecloziune i 1 la 42 de zile, iar titrul maxim a fost 2 la ecloziune i 1 la 42 de zile (tabelul 6).
17.5.9 Reoviroz
Efectivul de pui nu a fost vaccinat contra reovirozei. Ca urmare, prezena anticorpilor maternali la ecloziune se datoreaz faptului c ginile de reproducie au fost imunizate la vrsta de 8 i 132 de zile zile cu un vaccin inactivat antireovirus. S-au recoltat probe de snge la o zi i 42 de zile. Examenul serologic efectuat prin testul ELISA pe un numr de 25 probe de ser, a evideniat prezena anticorpilor specifici la pui de carne (tabelul 6). Coeficientul de Variabilitate este de sub 40% (13,5% la ecloziune) i de peste 60% (113,4%) la 42 de zile. Se observ c titrurile nu persist n timp, persistena rspunsului imun fiind indicat de Titrul Mediu. Probele determinate sunt 100% pozitive la vrsta de o zi negative la vrsta de 42 de zile, dei puii provin din ou din aceeai surs i au crescut n aceeai hal. Nivelul mediu de anticorpi materni la vrsta de o zi a fost de 7133, fa de 50 la vrsta de 42 de zile. Titrul minim a avut valoarea de 5120 la ecloziune i de 1 la 42 de zile, iar titrul maxim a fost la ecloziune de 8545 i de 182 la 42 de zile.
Tabelul 6
Rezultatele prelucrrii statistice a datelor primare privind titrurile de anticorpi la puii broiler
X A (n=25) vrsta 1 zi 22 zile 4672 2852 6257 42 zile 1 zi X G (n=25) vrsta 22 zile 4392 2764 6163 42 zile 1 zi Sd (n=25) vrsta 22 zile 1444 745 1113 42 zile 0 55 0,165 947 873 756 113 57 0 CV % (n=25) vrsta T minim (n=25) vrsta T maxim (n=25) vrsta 1 zi 22 zile 6843 5453 9831 -
Specificare/
1 zi
22 zile 30,9 26,1 17,8 -
42 zile 0 112,6 9,6 8,0 12,2 6,8 70,1 113,4 0
1 zi
22 zile 1555 1430 4234 -
42 zile 1 1 1,507 9718 5852 9707 1 1 1
Grip aviar Encefalomielit Bursit infecoas
1 6617
1 49 1,722 11800 7162 11146 161 50 1
0 6513 0,145 8109 7240 9165 63 7067 2
0 10 1,715 11762 7111 11121 98 13 0
0 1170 0,028 693 762 908 65 961 0
0 17,7 19,0 8,5 10,5 9,9 66,7 13,5 0
1 4145 0,105 7056 5857 7739 1 5210 2
1 9724 0,202 9412 8944 10769 200 8545 2
Anemie infecioas 0,148 8138 Bronit infecioas 7280 Pseudopest aviar e9210 Micoplasmoz respiratorie Reoviroz Rinotraheit 97 7133 2
CAPITOLUL 18
CERCETRI PRIVIND FOLOSIREA ACIDIFIANTULUI ACID PACK 4-WAY N APA DE BUT ASUPRA UNOR PARAMETRII BIOLOGICI LA PUII DE CARNE CRESCUI PE ATERNUT PERMANENT.
Experiena nr. 1 cu Acid Pak 4-Way un probiotic, ce conine acid citric i citrat de sodiu, folosit curent n creterea puilor broiler. Acidifiantul Acid Pack 4-Way, de natur organic, produs omologat, produs de Alltech Biotechnology SUA. Conform buletinului de analiz, acesta are ca principale componente: acidul citric, citrat de sodiu i microelemente Cu, Mn, Zn, Mg, S(SO4 ), precum i cantiti mici de Ca. Adaosul s-a fcut n apa de but.

Scopul adugarii Acid Pak 4-Way, n apa de but a fost scderea pH-ului apei sub 4 chiar ntre 3 si 3,5. Acidul Pak 4-Way, reduce pH-ul apei prin tamponarea cu acizi organici (acid citric i citrat de sodiu). Ingredientele din Acid Pak 4-Way provin din surse naturale i sunt compatibile cu ingredienii sau aditivii furajeri. Electroliii din acidifiant ajut la meninerea echilibrului apei, iar enzimele digestive din produs suplimenteaz pe cele secretate de pasre pentru optimizarea digestiei. Scderea pH-ului apei ajut ca n gu s poat scdea pH-ul rapid astfel nct s favorizeze activitatea organismelor productoare de acid lactic i s inhibe dezvoltarea agenilor patogeni. Apa folosit n unitate are pH-ul de 6,44. Apa dur, datorit pH-ului crescut i a legrii acizilor/capacitii de tamponare, ngreuneaz dezvoltarea microorganismelor productoare de acid din gu. Acesta a fost motivul pentru care am folosit acest acidifiant, dar mai ales pentru c puii nu posed populaii microbiene. Acizii din acest produs pot fi mai rapid metabolizati, nu schimb echilibrul electolitic i au o palatabilitate mai mare.

Obiectivul cercetrilor s-a axat pe influena pe care o au asupra principalilor indici de producie, unii ingredieni care, adugai n hrana psrilor sau a apei de but, conduc la modificarea pH-ului n (gu, proventricul, stomac, intestine). S-au urmrit o serie de indicatori metabolici, percum i profilul energetic, enzimatic i mineral. 18.3 MATERIALUL BIOLOGIC Materialul biologic a fost reprezentat de cte 200 pui de carne din hibridul COBB-500, cte 100 pentru lotul experimental i 100 pentru lotul martor.

Materialul biologic constituit din cte 100 de capete pui de carne, pentru lotul experimental i lotul martor, au fost separai prin plas de srm n hala de producie. Programul de utilizare. La lotul experimental s-a administrat zilnic n apa de but Acid Pak 4-Way 2x (fr dextoz) n cantitate de 0,5 g/l ap n primele 5 zile de via a puilor, apoi o dat pe sptmn pn la sacrificare. La lotul martor s-a administrat ap din reea fr adaos. n vederea stabilirii efectului Acid Pak 4-Way asupra metabolismului puilor i pentru a putea justifica stiinific rezultatele cu efect productiv, s-au determinat: (de la 10 pui din fiecare lot) - Proteinele totale g/dl, acid uric g/dl, uree g/dl;-profilul energetic (glicemie mg/dl, colesterol mg/dl, trigliceride mg/dl, lipide totale mg/dl);- profilul enzimatic (GOT-glutamatoxilacetat-transferazaU.I/l, GPT-glutamat-piruvat-transferaza U.I/l, GGT-gamma-glutamiltransferaza U.I/l);- profilul mineral (calciu mg/dl, fosfor mg/dl i magneziu mg/dl). Pe parcursul experienelor au fost efectuate toate vaccinrile prevzute n tehnologia de cretere a puilor.

Deoarece cantitatea i calitatea apei are un rol esenial n creterea i ngrarea puilor, n tabelul 7 prezentm modificrile suferite de ap n urma adugarii Acid Pak 4-Way. Tabelul 7 Indicatorii apei analizai nainte i dup adugarea de Acid Pak 4-Way
Nr. crt. Indicatorul analizat
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 pH(uniti de pH) Conductivitate electric(ms/cm) Alcalinitate/HCO3-(m vali/mg/l) Aciditate total /aciditate real mv/l Duritate total D/ Duritate temporar D/ Duritate permanent D/ Calciu(Ca +) mg/l Magneziu(Mg+) mg/l/ Cloruri(Cl-) mg/l Sulfai(SO4-) mg/l Fluoruri(F-) mg/l Azotai(NO-) mg/l Azotii(NO-) mg/l Fosfati(PO4-) mg/l Sodiu(Na+) mg/l Potasiu(K+) mg/l SO(CCO-Mn) mg/l Fe(Fe+ si Fe +) mg/l Mangan(Mn +) mg/l Zinc(Zn+) mg/l
Valoarea obinut Ap reea

6,44 237,0 1,15/70 -
Ap reea +Acid Pak 4 W

3,40 649,0 6,0/1,5
Valori normale
Metoda de analiz
6,5-9,5 2500
SR ISO 10523 /1997 SR EN 27888/1997 SR ISO 9963/1997 SR ISO 9963/1997
4,2 3,22 0,98 23,0 4,26 24,8 16,4 0,0563 1,67 0,005 0,010 16,3 2,75 2,3 0,456 0,019 0,004
8,4 8,4 24,0 21,9 213,0 24,8 0,00996 1,75 0,008 0,015 53,6 24,0 232,0 2,75 0,036 0,085
5-20
STAS 3026 /1976 STAS 3026 /1976 STAS 3026 /1976 SR ISO 7980 /1997 SR ISO 7980 /1997
250
SR ISO 9297 /2001 STAS 8601 /1970 SR ISO 10359/2001
50 0,50
SR ISO 7890 /1996 SR ISO 6777 /1996 SR EN 1189 /2000 STAS 8295 /1969 STAS 8295 /1969 SR EN ISO 8467/2001
200
SR ISO 6332/1996 SR ISO 6333/1997 SR ISO 8288/2001
23
Conductivitatea electric a apei aproape se tripleaz. Duritatea total se dubleaz; la fel i cea permanent. Creteri semnificative sunt la Mg, cloruri, sulfai, fosfai, Na, K, SO, Fe, Mn, Zn cu efecte benefice asupra creterii i dezvoltrii puilor. Se poate constata c dei masa medie iniial a puilor din cele dou loturi experimental i martor a fost sensibil egal, masa medie final a crescut n special la lotul experimental ajungnd la 2319,58155,940 g, iar la lotul martor masa corporal a ajuns la 1950,31 187,623 g . Sporul mediu zilnic a fost de 47,77 g la lotul martor i de 57,01 g la lotul experimental cu 16,2% mai mic la lotul martor fa de lotul experimental. De remarcat faptul c, cel mai mic consum a fost la lotul experimental 1,76 kg fa de 1,91 kg la lotul martor.
18.6 INFLUENA ACIDIFIANTULUI ASUPRA INDICILOR BIOCHIMICI SANGVINI LA PUII DE CARNE DIN LOTUL EXPERIMENTAL, LA VRSTA DE 40 DE ZILE
Studiul biochimic are drept obiectiv principal, cunoaterea originii metabolice a diferitelor perturbri productive n scopul corectrii lor rapide (tabelul 8) Testul pentru profil metabolic s-a efectuat la 40 zile, vrsta de sacrificare a puilor. Tabelul 8 Constantele biochimice la pui Valori medii de referin 3,36 5,05 3,90 70 12 10 620 130 620 105 60 8,8 6,9 1,8
Constantele biochimice Protein total Acid uric Uree GOT (glutamic oxalacetic transaminase) GPT (glutam-pyruvic transaminase) GGT (gamma glutamyl transferase) PA (alkaline phosphatase ) Glucoza Lipide totale Colesterol Trigliceride Calciu Fosfor Magneziu
U/M g/dl g/dl g/dl UI UI UI UI mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl
M 3,92 8,91 4,90 70 12 23 580 194 650 109 70 8,10 2,15 0,810
E 3,73 4,10 5,5 71 11 21 570 205 645 117 60 8,65 2,35 0,935
Proteina total, tabelul 8 are valori apropiate valorilor de referin. Se observ o cretere mai mare a acidului uric i a ureei la lotul martor Hiperuricemia poate fi urmarea perturbrii funciei uricolitice prin absena sau diminuarea epurrii renale (tabelul 8) Pentru pui, este important dozarea activitii enzimatice a transaminazei glutamoxalacetice, transaminazei glutampiruvice, gamaglutamil transferazei i fosfatazei alcaline.
24
Dac n acest caz GOT, GPT i PA au valori apropiate de valorile de referin ale puilor, se observ o cretere de dou ori mai mare a GGT faa de valoarea normal la ambele loturi. Aceste valori indic afeciuni hepatice de tipul colestazei i steatozei (tabelul 8). Tabloul clinic al profilului energetic, (substanele organice neazotate) tabelul 8, indic exces de glucide la ambele loturi, comparativ cu valorile din literatura de specialitate. Prin sacrificarea puilor la vrsta de 40 zile se reduce posibilitatea apariiei steatozei hepatorenale, care apare la exces de glucide. Valorile determinate la lipide, colesterol i trigliceride sunt caracteristice pentru aceast vrst. Tabloul clinic al profilului mineral (tabelul 8), cu elementele minerale eseniale pentru meninerea vieii: calciu, fosfor i magneziu prezint un deficit mare de fosfor i magneziu, cu toate c raportul Ca/P n hrana puilor este optim. Deficitul a aprut ca urmare a reducerii absorbiei digestive de fosfor i magneziu, rezultat al excesului de fitai, oxalai sau grsimi n hrana puilor. Nu s-au observat manifestri morfoclinice care s indice lipsa de mineralizare.
CAPITOLUL 19 CERCETRI PRIVIND FOLOSIREA UNOR ACIDIFIANI ORIGINALI ADMINISTRAI N FURAJUL COMBINAT, ASUPRA UNOR PERFORMANE A PUILOR DE CARNE CRESCUI PE ATERNUT PERMANENT
Gsirea unor posibiliti de mbuntire a performanelor productive ne-a determinat s studiem continuu urmtoarele variante de amestecuri biochimice i minerale adugate n apa de but sau n furajul puilor. Experiena nr. 2 varianta a cu urmtoarea compoziie (original): fosfat monopotasic i monosodic (KH2PO4, NAH2PO4) i aspartat de magneziu; varianta b, a avut urmtoarea compoziie: fosfat monopotasic i monosodic, aspartat de magneziu i gluconat de calciu. Adaosul s-a fcut n furajul combinat utilizat n alimentaia puilor.

Scopul cercetrilor a fost acela de a stabili cele mai corespunzatoare combinaii de acizi anorganici, care adugai n hran, pot corecta pH-ul n tractusul digestiv fr s influeneze negativ prin dezechilibre metabolice i care s determine n final, sporuri de producie. Utilizarea aditivilor furajeri de bun calitate constituie o cale sigur de mbuntire a potenialului productiv al psrilor, pe cale natural.

Obiectivele au fost asigurarea aminoacizilor necesari biosintezei de proteine proprii urmrindu-se sporul mediu zilnic, masa medie, consumul specific i procentul de mortaliti.
19.3 MATERIAL BIOLOGIC

Materialul biologic a fost reprezentat de pui de carne din hibridul COBB -500, n vrst de 1-41 zile.
25

Experienele au fost efectuate pe trei loturi a 100 capete pui alei randomizat i separai prin plas de srm n hala de producie. La lotul 1 s-a administrat n furaj: compuii chimici ce intr n ciclul Krebs, astfel din varianta A, 0,25%, iar la lotul 2 s-au folosit compuii din varianta B, 0,30%. Lotul martor, fiind hrnit cu furajul de baz folosit n unitate fr acidifiani. Menionm c toate condiiile de adpostire, ngrijire, hrnire i microclimat au fost identice pe tot parcursul experienei. Pui din fiecare lot au fost cntrii sptmnal dup 12 ore de diet. Datele obinute au fost prelucrate statistic, observaiile i determinrile au fost fcute prin metode uzual folosite. La sfritul experienei (41 de zile) s-au recoltat probe de snge, pentru determinri biochimice, respectiv determinarea proteinelor plasmatice prin electroforeza pe hrtie.

Comparnd principalii indici de producie nregistrai pe ntreg ciclul experimental (1-41 zile) (tabelul 9) se observ c, dei masa medie iniial a puilor din cele 3 loturi a fost practic egal, cea final a fost mai mare n cazul loturilor experimentale 1 i 2, fiind de 2350,0 14,08g, respectiv 2335,010,68g fa de 2258,023,40 g diferenele fiind foarte semnificative (tabelul 3). Din analiza comparativ a datelor, se constat c puii nregistreaz sporuri n greutate satisfctoare, (56,43g0,34 lotul 1, 56,04g0,26lotul 2 i 54,19g0,57 la lotul martor) corespunztoare calitii furajelor combinate administrate, cu valori treptat crescnde, paralel cu naintarea lor n vrst (tabelul 10). Consumul specific se situeaz n general, la o valoare bun, fiind cuprins ntre 1,79 Kg la lotul 1 fa de 1,81 Kg n cazul lotulului martor (tabelul 11). Cele mai bune rezultate pe ntreaga perioad experimental au fost obinute la puii din lotul 1, la care s-a adugat n hran compuii chimici de natur anorganic i organic varianta A, 0.25%. A urmat lotul 2, la care s-a adugat n hran compuii chimici de natur anorganic i organic, varianta B, 0,30% Adaosul de acidifiani i mineralizani n reetele de nutreuri combinate poate mbunti valoarea biologic a acestora, asigurnd puilor de carne cerinele n minerale i acizi, aspect dovedit de viteza de cretere i de masa medie corporal ridicat nregistrat la puii din cele dou loturi experimentale la finele perioadei. Tabelul 9 Rezultatele prelucrrii statistice a datelor primare privind masa medie corporal
Parametri statistici pe loturi Vrsta
Ecloziune
Valorile standard
MARTOR
LOT 1
LOT 2
1 2 3 4 5 6
42,0 175,4 486,6 931,8 1467,3 2049,2 2551,7
Xsx 36,01 0,13 151,10 1,77 390,0010,75 748,00 4,67 1250,20 6,52 1798,00 7,85 2258,0023,40
V% 3,58 11,61 10,75 6,18 5,18 4,30 10,15
Xsx 36,01 0,13 157,00 2,02 436,00 3,75 818,98 4,05 1430,00 4,98 1895,00 7,62 2350,00 14,08
V%
3,58 12,78 8,55 4,95 3,44 3,98 5,93
Xsx
36,00 0,13 155,91 1,45 429,70 3,49 810,00 4,19 1415,00 3,76 1885,21 5,84 2335,0010,68
V%
3,60 9,22 8,09 5,12 2,63 3,05 4,51
26
Tabelul 10 Valorile medii i variabilitatea pentru sporul mediu zilnic

Parametri statistici pe loturi LOT 1 Xsx 17,260,29 28,560,27 37,280,20 49,780,18 53,090,22 56,430,34
Vrsta 1 2 3 4 5 6
Valorile standard 14,77 31,75 42,37 50,90 57,34 61,70
MARTOR
Xsx 16,450,25 25,290,30 33,900,22 43,360,23 50,340,22 54,190,57 V% 15,04 11,88 6,43 5,29 4,36 10,30
LOT 2
V%
16,50 9,32 5,27 3,52 4,08 6,01
Xsx
17,130,21 28,090,26 36,850,20 49,270,14 52,820,17 56,040,26
V%
11,94 9,09 5,32 2,89 3,10 4,63
Tabelul 11 Valorile medii i variabilitatea pentru consumul specific
Parametri statistici pe loturi LOT 1 MARTOR Vrsta

1 2 3 4 5 6
LOT 2
Xsx V% 9,16 8,25 5,21 10,55 3,08 4,47
Valorile standard
0,85 1,05 1,26 1,44 1,61 1,76
Xsx 0,740,01 1,160,01 1,360,01 1,490,01 1,640,01 1,810,02
V% 11,14 10,75 6,61 5,14 5,81 9,51
Xsx 0,790,01 1,150,01 1,340,01 1,470,01 1,640,01 1,790,01
V% 14,01 8,49 4,96 3,49 4,07 5,76
0,790,01 1,160,01 1,340,64 1,460,02 1,640,01 1,790,01
19.6 INFLUENA COMPUILOR CHIMICI DIN VARIANTA A I B ADMINISTRAI N FURAJUL COMBINAT, ASUPRA COMPOZIIEI CHIMICE A CRNII
Din fiecare lot s-au sacrificat cte 5 pui, acetia reprezentnd media masei corporale pentru fiecare lot cercetat. Dup sacrificare, carcasele puilor au fost tranate n pri anatomice, prelevndu-se de la fiecare lot pieptul i pulpa. Din acestea au fost luate probe medii analitice pentru determinarea coninutului n grsime, substane proteice i ap. Compoziia chimic brut a carcaselor, s-a efectuat cu scopul constatrii unor diferene de calitate nutritiv. Analiznd valorile medii obinute, constatm c n pieptul de pui din loturile 1 i lotul 2 cantitatea de ap este aproximativ egal cu cea din pieptul de pui de la lotul martor. n pulpa de pui, procentul de ap este cuprins ntre 70,06 la lotul martor i 71,17 la lotul 2. Coninutul n protein este puin mai mare (23,55%) la lotul martor-sortimentul pulp de pui, iar la loturile 1 i 2 acesta este cuprins ntre 18,64-19,93%. Sortimentul piept de pui are valorile cuprinse ntre 20,78-21,90%. Cel mai mic procent de grsime se gsete n pieptul de pui
27
de la lotul martor (8,64%), iar cel mai ridicat 11,32% se gsete la sortimentul pulp de pui-lotul martor.
19.7 INFLUENA COMPUILOR CHIMICI DIN VARIANTELE A I B ADMINISTRAI N FURAJUL COMBINAT ASUPRA INDICILOR BIOCHIMICI SANGVINI LA PUII DE CARNE DIN LOTURILE EXPERIMENTALE, LA VRSTA DE 41 ZILE
Cercetrile au fost fcute pe 2 loturi experimentale i un lot martor (n fiecare lot- 100 pui). Din fiecare lot s-au sacrificat cte 10 pui, ce reprezint media masei corporale. Menionm c recoltarea sngelui s-a fcut individual, dar din raiuni economice probele au fost reunite ntro prob medie care a fost analizat pentru fiecare lot. S-au determinat indicii biochimici ca: proteine totale, proteinele serice, substanele organice neazotate, substanele enzimatice, substanele minerale i valorile hematologice. Urmrind valorile medii, se constat c la lotul 1 serumalbuminele reprezint 25,9%, n timp ce serumglobulinele reprezint 74,1%. La lotul 2, serumalbuminele reprezint 39,4%, n timp ce serumglobulinele reprezint 60,6%. La lotul martor, serumalbuminele reprezint 41,7%, n timp ce serumglobulinele reprezint 58,3%. Cum serumalbuminele sunt sintetizate n ficat pe seama aportului de aminoacizi alimentari i din fondul metabolic comun, credem c la lotul 1 acest aport a fost deficitar, motiv pentru care serumalbuminele au reprezentat doar 25,9% (tabelul 12).
28
Tabelul 12
Rezultatele biochimice comparative pe loturi, ale proteinelor serice (electroforeza proteinelor) Proteine serice Specificare Serumalbumine % Lot 1 Lot 2 Lot Martor 25,9 39,4 41,7 g/dl 1,17 1,50 1,67 % Alfa 1 g/dl 0,33 0,08 Serumglobuline Alfa 2 Beta % g/dl % g/dl 1,9 1,4 1,0 0,09 0,04 14,2 13,2 13,0 0,64 0,52 Gama g/dl 2,28 1,7 Total proteine
Raport A/G
g/dl 4,50 3,63 4,00 0,35 0,65 0,72
7,4 3,3 1,9
50,6 42,7 42,4
29
Urmrind valorile profilului proteic, se observ o cretere a proteinei totale la lotul 1 cu 1,14 mg/dl comparativ cu valorile de referin. Valori crescute ale acidului uric (hiperuricemie) se constat la lotul 1, datorat creterii catabolismului proteic. La lotul 1 se mai observ o reducere a nivelului ureei cu 2,27 mg/dl, att fa de lotul 2 i martor, ct i fa de valorile din literatura de specialitate (tabelul 13). Tabelul 13 Constantele biochimice la pui Valorile medii de referin Constante biochimice Protein total Acid uric Uree Glucoza Lipide totale Colesterol Trigliceride GOT (glutamic oxalacetic transaminase) GPT (glutam-pyruvic transaminase) GGT (gamma glutamyl transferase) PA (alkaline phosphatase ) Calciu Fosfor Magneziu U/M mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl U/I U/I U/I U/I mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl 1 4,5 9,84 1,63 199 630 137 119 51 10 22 Lotul 2 3,63 6,24 3,2 245 635 94 38 55 10 14 M/C 4,0 4,42 4,0 240 655 94 40 40 7 19 560 2,33 3,14 0,828
3,36 5,05 3,90 130 620 105 60 70 12 10 620 8,8 6,9 1,8
570 570 3,51 3,36 4,00 3,00 0,845 0,822
Tabloul clinic al profilului energetic, (substanele organice neazotate) indic exces de glucide, att la loturile experimentale, ct i la lotul martor comparativ cu valorile din literatura de specialitate (valori crescute cu pn la 115 mg/dl) (tabelul 13). Valorile determinate la lipide, sunt caracteristice pentru aceast vrst. Se observ ns o cretere a trigliceridelor la lotul 1, cu 59 mg/dl fa de datele din literatur, iar valorile gsite la lotul 2 i martor sunt mai sczute fa de valorile de referin. Activitatea enzimatic este redat n tabelul 13. n acest caz GOT, GPT i PA au valori apropiate de valorile de referin. Valori mai crescute ale gamaglutamiltransferazei la lotul 1 i martor, ar indica afeciuni hepatice. Profilul mineral la care am urmrit elementele minerale eseniale meninerii vieii; calciu, fosfor i magneziu prezint un deficit mare de calciu, fosfor i magneziu, cu toate c raportul Ca/P n hrana puilor este optim. Deficitul a aprut ca urmare a reducerii absorbiei de fosfor i magneziu, rezultat al excesului de fitai, oxalai sau grsimi n hrana puilor. Nu s-au observat manifestri morfoclinice care s indice lipsa de mineralizare (tabelul 13).
30
19.8 DINAMICA ELEMENTELOR FIGURATE SANGUINE LA LOTURILE LUATE N STUDIU

Cercetrile au fost fcute pe 2 loturi experimentale notate 1 i 2 i un lot martor notat 3 (n fiecare lot 100 pui). Elementele figurate determinate sunt: leucocitele, limfocitele, monocitele, granulocitele, eritrocitele, volumul eritrocitar mediu, hematocritul, hemul, concentraia n hemoglobin eritrocitar medie, distribuia eritrocitar, hemoglobina, trombocitele, volumul plachetar, tombocritul i distribuia plachetar. Leucocitele. Valorile medii gsite variaz ntre 11,72 mii/mm la lotul martor i 16,03 la lotul 1, valorile de referin fiind de 26 mii/mm. Variaia n plus sau n minus sesizeaz apariia unor stri patologice. Limfocitele. Datele din literatur publicate recent indic valori medii, de 63%. Valorile gsite au fost de 38,16 la lotul 1, i 46,70% la lotul martor. Se observ reducerea numrului de limfocite (limfocitopenia), n special la lotul 1. Monocitele. Valorile gsite de noi sunt uor mrite fiind cuprinse ntre 7,87% la lotul 1 i 8,56% la lotul martor, fa de valorile de referin de 6,1%. Granulocitele (heterofilele, eozinofilele i bazofilele). Valorile gsite variaz ntre 44,74% la lotul martor i 53,97% la lotul 1. Eritrocitele. Valorile gsite au fost cuprinse ntre 2,78 mil/mm la lotul martor i 2,91 mil/mm la lotul 1, fiind apropiate valorilor de referin de 2,35 mil/mm . Volumul eritrocitar mediu (VEM). Valorile gsite au fost cuprinse ntre 99,2 la lotul martor i 102,6 la lotul 2, fiind apropiate valorilor de referin din literatura de specialitate unde media este de 112 . Hematocritul. Valorile gsite au fost cuprinse ntre 27,44% la lotul martor i 29,21% la lotul 1, fiind apropiate de valorile normale de 26%. Hemul. A fost gsit ntre urmtoarele limite 24,22 pg-26,04 pg. Concentraia n hemoglobin eritrocitar medie (C.H.E.MValorile gsite au fost cuprinse ntre 24,52 g/dl la lotul martor i 25,43 g/dl la lotul 2, ele sunt considerate valori normale. Distribuia eritrocitar a fost cuprins ntre urmtoarele limite 7,64-8,76. Hemoglobina. Valorile gsite au fost de 6,74 g/dl la lotul martor i de 7,37 g/dl la lotul 1, date apropiate celor din literatura de specialitate (7,3 g/dl). Trombocitele. Numrul trombocitelor gsite a variat ntre 92,14 mii/mm la lotul 2 i 100,40 mii/mm la lotul 1. Nu s-au constatat perturbri patologice ale seriei trombocitare. Volumul plachetar este cu limite de variaie cuprins ntre 9,98 la lotul martor i 10,37 la lotul 2. Volumul plachetar mediu normal este de 7-10 fl. Trombocritul. Valorea gsit a fost de 0,10 la toate loturile. Distribuia plachetar. Fa de 9,84 gsit la lotul martor, a fost de 7,13 la lotul 2 i de 8,96 la lotul 1.
19.9 EVIDENIEREA INFLUENEI CERCETRILOR EFECTUATE ASUPRA PERFORMAELOR ECONOMICE

Pentru a evalua sustenabilitatea economic a cercetrilor efectuate sa folosit drept indicator de analiz pragul de rentabilitate zero al activitii. Acesta este definit ca fiind acea cantitate a produciei (n cazul studiat numr de pui), pentru care totalul veniturilor obinute de societate egaleaz suma dintre cheltuielile variabile i cheltuielile fixe ale ntreprinderii. Cu ct pragul de rentabilitate zero este mai redus cu att activitatea este mai atractiv din punct de 31
vedere economic, ntruct: orice cretere a produciei peste acest nivel prag determin o cretere a profitului; societatea trebuie s desfac o cantitate mai mic de produse, deci va avea o libertate mai mare pe piaa de desfacere (tabelul 14). Tabelul 14 Calculul ctigului corporal de la o perioad la alta i a preului unitar de valorificare Specificare Iniial 1- 7 zile 7-14 zile 14- 21 zile 21- 28 zile 28- 35 zile 35-La sacrificare Total (grame) Randament sacrificare Total valorificat PV unitar Sursa: calcule proprii Standard 42 133,4 311,2 445,2 535,5 581,9 502,5 2551,7 0,83 2,117911 14,253541 Martor Lot I Lot II 36,01 36,01 36 115,09 20,99 119,91 238,9 379 273,79 358 382,98 380,3 502,2 611,02 605 547,8 465 470,21 460 455 449,79 2258 2350 2335 0,83 0,83 0,83 1,87414 1,9505 1,93805 12,612962 13,126865 13,043077
Calculul a fost realizat pe fiecare interval de vrst, prin efectuarea unei diferene dintre greutatea corporal a puilor de la sfritul perioadei analizate i greutatea corporal a acestora la nceputul perioadei. Randamentul la sacrificare precum i preurile de valorificare sunt cele realizate de societate pe parcursul anilor 2004 i 2005, adic 83% n cazul randamentului la sacrificare i respectiv de 6,73 lei/kg n cazul preului de valorificare. Aa dup cum se poate observa, ctigul cel mai mare la fiecare pui valorificat este cel obinut n cadrul lotului experimental I, cu un venit de aproximativ 13,2 lei la fiecare pui valorificat. Pornind de la rezultatele obinute s-a realizat i calculul ratei de rentabilitate prin raportarea sporului de profit obinut la costul acidifiantului folosit n experiene (580 lei) 6 loturi de 20000 pui pentru atingerea pragului de rentabilitate zero). Astfel costul acidifiantului este recuperat de 11,57 ori din sporul de profit obinut de societate.
CAPITOLUL 20. CERCETRI PRIVIND FOLOSIREA UNOR ACIDIFIANI ORIGINALI VARIANTA A,B,C ADMINISTRAI N APA DE BUT, ASUPRA UNOR PERFORMANE A PUILOR DE CARNE CRESCUI PE ATENUT PERMANENT
Experiena nr.3 Varianta A cu urmtoarea compoziie (original): acid citric, acid lactic, fosfat monopotasic, fosfat monocalcic Ca(HPO4)2 i aspartat de magneziu; Varianta B, fosfat monopotasic i monosodic, aspartat de magneziu i acid citric, iar n Varianta C s-au folosit acid citric, acid lactic, fosfat monopotasic i monosodic, K2H2PO4 (acid pirofosforic) i aspartat de magneziu. Adaosul s-a fcut n apa de but. Acidifianii realizai dup reete proprii au avut n compoziie cu preponderen compuii de natur anorganic: fosfat monopotasic i monosodic (KH2PO4, NAH2PO4). Alturi de acetia, s-au adugat compui chimici de natur organic, care se regsesc n ciclul Krebs, dintre care mai important, pentru rolul pe care l are n protejarea ficatului, a fost acidul aspartic sub form de sare de magneziu. Pentru a determina influena pe care o are raportul acidifianilor organici fa de cei anorganici, n reetele proprii am adugat i compui organici precum melas, acidul citric i gluconatul de calciu.
32

A fost acela de a stabili cele mai corespunztoare combinaii de acizi i mineralizani, care adugai n apa de but corecteaz pH-ul n tractusul digestiv i asigur un suport proteic ce intr n metabolismul general al puilor (combinaii care menin organismul puilor n stare de sntate i obinerea unei mase corporale ridicate).

Cunoaterea msurii n care nutrienii, sub form de combinaii complexe intervin n funciile vitale ale organismului puilor de carne, i dezvolt sporuri de producie. A fost reprezentat de hibridul COBB-500. Microclimatul a fost acelai pentru toate loturile.

S-au format patru loturi de pui hibridul COBB-500 crescui pe aternut permanent, cte 100 de capete pe lot separate cu plas de srm, direct n hala de producie. astfel: - lotul experimental 1 a primit n apa de but zilnic compui chimici de natur anorganic i organic varianta A (pH-ul apei determinat a fost de 3,7); - lotul experimental 2 a primit n apa de but zilnic compui chimici de natur anorganic i organic varianta B (pH-ul apei determinat a fost de 3,5); - lotul experimental 2 a primit n apa de but zilnic compui chimici de natur anorganic i organic varianta C (pH apei determinat a fost de 3,6); - lotul martor nu a primit n apa de but compui chimici de natur anorganic, (pH-ul apei determinat a fost de 6,44) Pe parcursul desfurrii experienelor s-a urmrit evoluia masei corporale, a consumului specific la 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 i sacrificare, n paralel cu observaii asupra comportamentului, morbiditii, mortalitii i a constantelor sangvine n asociere cu indicii de abator, compoziia chimic a dejeciilor i eficiena economic. n ultima zi de experimentare au fost recoltate probe de snge de la cte 10 de indivizi din fiecare lot pentru analize biochimice. Toate cntririle puilor au fost fcute dup o diet de 12 ore. Determinarea principalelor constante sangvine s-a fcut dup metodele recomandate de P. KARLSON (1967); GH. NU, C. BUNEAG (1977) i R. DUNCAN i col. (1994) astfel: - proteinele totale-metoda Wechselbaum; proteinele serice-electoforez; acid uricmetoda colorimetric, cu acid picric; uree-metoda colorimetric, cu ureaz; creatinin; glicemiemetoda colorimetric, cu ortotoluidin; colesterol- micrometoda fr deproteinizare; trigliceridele; lipidele; G.O.T i G.P.T-metoda colorimetric cu 2-4 dinitrofenilhidrazin; G.G.T; calciul-metoda complexometric cu indicator Murexid; magneziul; fosforul-metoda fotocolorimetric (fr precipitarea proteinei). Compoziia dejeciilor a fost stabilit dup STAS-9065/3,4,7,9-1973,1981, 1974. 20.4 REZULTATE I DISCUII Analiznd tabelul 11 se poate observa c la populare, masa corporal nu depete valoarea standard. Are ns o acumulare bun de mas corporal, ajungnd la 42 zile la 2460,65 27,28 n cazul lotului 2, 2450,0025,26 n cazul lotului 1, 2402,2428,91 n cazul lotului 3, comparativ
33
cu lotul martor la care greutatea a fost de 2259,9417,15. La loturile experimentale valorile sunt apropiate de standardul rasei pentru vrsta de sacrificare (tabelul 9). Cele mai bune rezultate, pe ntreaga perioad experimental (tabelele 15,16,17) au fost obinute de puii din lotul 2 care au realizat cel mai mare spor mediu zilnic de 57,65 g, consumnd 1,79 kg furaj/kg spor; urmat de lotul 1-cu un spor mediu zilnic de 57,40 g, consumnd 1,80 kg furaj/kg spor; urmat de lotul 3-cu un spor de 56,26 g, consumnd 1,80 kg furaj/kg spor i lotul martor-cu un spor de 52,88 g, consumnd 1,85 kg furaj/kg spor. Tabelul 15 Valorile medii i variabilitatea pentru sporul zilnic
Vrsta Valorile standard
14,77 31,75 42,37 50,90 57,34 61,70
Parametri statistici pe loturi

MARTOR
Xsx 16,290,16 25,210,08 34,560,09 43,430,09 50,310,12 52,880,41 V% 9,87 3,20 2,69 2,13 2,32 7,56
LOT 1
Xsx 18,440,07 30,070,04 39,940,03 53,390,11 53,940,13 57,40063 V% 3,68 1,44 0,73 1,97 2,47 10,91
LOT 2
Xsx 19,420,04 30,070,04 39,940,03 52,140,02 53,600,06 57,650,65 V% 1,81 1,45 0,70 0,30 1,12 11,15
LOT 3
Xsx 17,990,07 28,860,06 37,700,05 49,690,12 52,040,10 56,260,69 V%
1 2 3 4 5 6
4,05 2,15 1,03 2,33 1,90 12,12
Tabelul 16 Valorile medii i variabilitatea pentru consumul specific

Vrsta 1 2 3 4 5 6
Valorile standard
0,85 1,05 1,26 1,44 1,61 1,76
Parametri statistici pe loturi

MARTOR Xsx V%
0,790,01 1,120,00 1,340,00 1,480,00 1,640,00 1,850,01 8,08 2,85 2,89 2,08 2,28 7,51
LOT 1 Xsx V%
0,770,00 1,140,00 1,330,00 1,480,00 1,630,00 1,800,02 2,77 1,37 0,74 1,89 2,56 11,26
LOT 2 Xsx V%
0,770,00 1,150,00 1,340,00 1,480,00 1,670,00 1,790,02 1,53 1,34 0,70 0,43 1,28 11,11
LOT 3 Xsx V%
0,780,00 1,150,00 1,360,00 1,480,00 1,670,00 1,800,02 3,37 2,02 1,27 1,67 1,89 12,22
34
Tabelul 17 Dinamica masei corporale medii la cele 4 loturi pe sptmni Valorile standard 42,0 175,4 486,6 931,8 1467,3 2049,2 2633,7 Parametri statistici pe loturi LOT 1 LOT 2 Xsx V% Xsx 39,000,05 1,39 39,000,07 167,950,47 2,79 157,000,28 460,050,61 1,32 460,000,61 878,000,63 0,71 878,000,59 1533,972,96 1,92 1499,000,46 1927,004,72 2,42 1915,002,15 10,73 245026,56 2460,6527,28
Vrsta Ecloziune 1 2 3 4 5 6
MARTOR Xsx 39,000,08 153,001,13 392,001,14 764,891,97 1255,002,63 1800,004,15 2259,9417,1 5
V% 2,06 7,34 2,88 2,55 2,07 2,27 7,44
V% 1,76 1,58 1,32 0,66 0,31 1,12 10,98
LOT 3 Xsx 39,030,09 165,00056 443,000,91 830,811,04 1432,902,44 1860,003,56 2402,2428,91
V% 2,36 3,35 2,03 1,25 1,70 1,9 11,91
35
a)
b)
c) d) Figura 1 a, b, c, d) Aspectul puilor din lotul martor, lotul 1, lotul 2 i lotul 3 n figurile 1 a, b, c, d este prezentat aspectul puilor din loturile experimentale, crescui la sol, la vrsta de 35 zile.
20.5 INFLUENA COMPUILOR CHIMICI DIN EXPERIENA 3, VARIANTELE A, B I C ADMINISTRAI N APA DE BUT ASUPRA INDICILOR BIOCHIMICI SANGVINI LA PUII DE CARNE
Indicii biochimici din serul sanguin (proteinele serice, proteinele totale, substanele organice neazotate, substanele enzimatice, minerale i valorile hematologice) au fost determinate la cte 10 pui din fiecare lot la 42 de zile, reprezentnd media greutii corporale pe loturi. Urmrind valorile medii, se constat c la lotul 1 serumalbuminele reprezint 25,9%, n timp ce serumglobulinele reprezint 74,1%; la lotul 2 serumalbuminele reprezint 39,4%, n timp ce serumglobulinele reprezint 60,6%; la lotul martor serumalbuminele reprezint 41,7%, n timp ce serumglobulinele reprezint 58,3%. Tabloul clinic este caracteristic speciei din lotul 2 i lotul martor. Cum serumalbuminele sunt sintetizate n ficat pe seama aportului de aminoacizi alimentari i din fondul metabolic comun, credem c la lotul 1 acest aport a fost deficitar, motiv pentru care serumalbuminele au reprezentat doar 25,9% (tabelul 18).
37
Tabelul 18 Valorile profilului proteic la pui Lotul Parametrul Proteine totale Serumalbumine Serumglobuline din care:alfa 1 alfa 2 Beta Gama Albumine /Globuline Acid uric Uree U/M g/dl g/dl g/dl g/dl g/dl g/dl mg/dl mg/dl 1 3,10 1,67 0,14 0,37 0,38 0,54 1,17 5,82 5,30 2 4,40 2,35 0,10 0,51 0,44 1,00 1,15 3,55 3,20 3 4,50 2,55 0,14 0,48 0,55 0,78 1,30 5,36 6,00 M 5,50 3,03 0,20 0,60 0,71 0,95 1,23 7,30 7,20 Valori medii de referin 3,36 1,63
1,0 5,05 3,90
Prin urmare, proteinele totale i fraciunile lor au valori apropiate celor de referin la aceeai vrst, excepie fcnd lotul martor care are valori mai mari. Aceleai valori se constat i la acidul uric i uree excepie fcnd lotul 2, care are valori mai mici, i lotul martor care are valori mai mari. Dozarea ureei este testul cel mai semnificativ pentru depistarea disfunciilor renale. Valorile ridicate la lotul martor ar indica o perturbare a funciei uricolitice. Profilul energetic, (substanele organice neazotate) tabelul 19, indic exces de glucide la toate loturile comparativ cu valorile din literatura de specialitate, valori crescute cu pn la 119 mg/dl. Puii au fost sacrificai la vrsta de 42 zile, astfel c posibilitatea apariiei steatozei hepatorenale (care apare la exces de glucide) este practic redus. Valorile determinate la lipide, colesterol i trigliceride sunt caracteristice pentru aceast vrst. Tabelul 19 Constantele biochimice la pui
Lotul Constante biochimice U/M Glucoza Lipide totale Colesterol Trigliceride GOT glutamic oxalacetic transaminase GPT glutam-pyruvic transaminase GGT gamma glutamyl transferase PA alkaline phosphatase Calciu Fosfor Magneziu mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl UI UI UI UI mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl 1 249 640 102 57 69 11 20 570 21,2 2,36 0,856 2 234 630 101 60 68 10 21 570 26,4 2,34 0,846 3 235 635 97 69 66 10 21 560 31,4 2,37 0,857 M/C 247 655 95 70 71 12 23 580 24,8 2,29 0,854 130 620 105 60 70 12 10 620 8,8 6,9 1,8 Valorile medii de referin
Valorile profilului enzimatic, prezentate n tabelul 19, sunt apropiate de valorile de referin ale puilor de carne. Urmrind valorile profilului mineral tabelul 19, se observ exces de calciu, cu 22,4 mg/dl mai mult la lotul 3, respectiv 12,4 mg/dl la lotul 1, fa de valorile de referin, care n acest caz interfereaz cu absorbia fosforului. Creterea calciului n snge peste valoarea 38
normal, poate fi determinat de hipovitaminoza D. Carena n fosfor ar putea fi agravat de excesul de calciu. Valorile magneziului dei sunt mai mici dect cele de referin, influeneaz mai puin ritmul de cretere i numai n situaii excepionale (regimuri sintetice sau interferene patologice). Compoziia chimic a dejeciilor a scos n eviden urmtoarele valori (tabelul 20): Tabelul 20 Compoziia chimic a dejeciilor LOTUL/ Amoniac mg/100g 97.24 104.18 97.24 167.47 Azotii mg/100g 0.35 0.28 0.20 0.20 Azotai mg/100g 8.70 9.51 7.85 10.97 Protein brut g % 8.06 6.26 6.24 7.44 Umiditate % 71.59 71.86 71.85 70.33 SU % 24.41 28.14 28.15 29.67
1 2 3 M
Compoziia chimic a dejeciilor a fost influenat de administrarea n apa de but a acidifianilor i mineralizanilor, observndu-se din aceste determinri, valori crescute ale amoniacului la lotul martor 167,47 mg/100g, comparativ cu lotul 1 i 3 -97,24 mg/100g i 104,18 mg/100g la lotul 2. Valorile azotiilor, azotailor i proteinei prezint de asemenea, diferenieri, indicnd astfel modificri ale compoziiei chimice. A fost modificat i pH-ul dejeciilor. Valorile determinate sunt redate n tabelul 21 Tabelul 21 PH-ul dejeciilor puilor de carne la diferite vrste.
Vrsta (zile) 5 15 25 35 Age (days)Age 42 (days)Age (days)Age (days)
Lotul 1 8 7 6 6 5
Lotul 2 8 7 6 6 5
Lotul 3 8 7 6 6 5
Lotul M CCG 8 8 8 7 6,5
Analiznd datele din tabelul 21 constatm, c pn la vrsta de 5 zile, pH-ului dejeciilor are o reacie alcalin (pH 8) att la loturile experimentale, ct i la lotul martor. La vrsta de 15 zile reacia este neutr (pH 7), la loturile experimentale i alcalin la lotul martor. De remarcat este faptul c dup aceast vrst, la loturile experimentale reaciile sunt exprimate prin pH acid, reacii care se menin pn la sfritul perioadei de experimentale. La lotul martor, reacia acid a dejeciilor apare doar n ultima perioad de cretere. Din aceste considerente, trebuie evideniat existena unei relaii de dependen a pHului dejeciilor la loturile experimentale de cantitatea de acidifiani i mineralizani administrai n apa de but. Nutreurile combinate utilizate la cele trei serii experimentale (2004, 2005, 2006) au fost asemntoare n ceea ce privete structura acestora, valoarea nutritiv i profilul aminoacizilor eseniali (lizin i metionin), ct i n ceea ce privete modul de asigurare a nivelului de protein (exclusiv protein de origine vegetal).
39
Din tabelul 22, n care sunt prezentate datele comparative privind diferenele nregistrate ntre cele trei serii experimentale se poate constata c masa medie corporal final a fost mai mare la toi puii din loturile experimentale. Astfel, cea mai mare mas medie final a fost obinut la puii din lotul 2, din seria a III-a de experiene respectiv 2461,0 g /cap fa de 2320,0 g/cap ct s-a nregistrat la lotul experimental din seria I-a de experien i 2350,0 g/cap la seria a II-a de experien. O evoluie asemntoare a fost nregistrat i n ceea ce privete sporul mediu zilnic, remarcndu-se din nou puii din lotul 2 din seria a III-a de experien la care a fost cu 1,1% mai mare comparativ cu cel mai mare spor realizat de puii din seria a I-a, respectiv 2,16% fa de cei din seria a II-a de experien. Consumul specific pentru 1 kg spor a fost mai sczut n cazul puilor din seria a I-a de experien i a fost cuprins ntre 1,75-1,90 kg nutre combinat / kg spor n cazul seriei I a de experien, 1,78-1,80 kg nutre combinat / kg spor n cazul seriei a II a de experien i 1,791,85 kg nutre combinat / kg spor n cazul seriei a III a. n ceea ce privete evoluia celorlali parametri de producie, diferenele nregistrate ntre cele trei serii experimentale sunt evidente. Tabelul 22 Date comparative privind cele trei serii experimentale
Seria I-a (2004)
L(E) Masa medie corporal (g): -iniial/-initial -final/final Spor mediu zilnic/ -g Consumul specific: kg/kg spor Mortaliti % L(M)
Seria a II-a (2005)
Seria a III-a (2006)
Specificare
L1
L2
L(M)
L1
L2
L3
L(M)
40,01 2319,58 57,0 100,0 1,75 100,0 2,8
39,0 1950,3 47,77 83,80 1,90 108,5 4,5
36,01 2350,0 56,43 100,0 1,78 100,0 2,0
36,0 2335,0 56,07 100,56 1,79 100,56 3,0
36,01 2258,0 54,19 96,03 1,80 101,12 4,0
39,0 2450,0 57,40 99,56 1,80 100,55 2,0
39,0 2460,65 57,65 100,00 1,79 100,00 2,0
39,03 2402,24 56,26 97,58 1,81 100,55 2,0
39,0 2259,94 52,88 91,74 1,85 103,35 4,0
CAPITOLUL 21. CERCETRI PRIVIND EPURAREA APELOR UZATE TEHNOLOGICE DIN UNITATE 21.1 SCOPUL CERCETRILOR.
Reducerea polurii prin mbuntirea variantei de epurare mecanico-biologic deoarece indicatorii de calitate ai apelor uzate rezultai au valori mari n special la CBO5, CCOCR, amoniu NH4+ i extractibile.
40

Staia iniial de epurare a apelor uzate tehnologice de la societate se compunea din: cmin aduciune ape uzate; - fos septic unicompartimentat, cu dimensiunile de 10 x 5 x 2,5m (Hactiv=2m); - staie pompare ap i vidanjare nmol: - camin evacuare ap preepurat. Pentru aceasta, s-a adoptat un sistem de epurare dimensionat pentru cantitatea de 200 mc/zi ape uzate, cantitate de ap rezultat n urma procesului tehnologic. n urma procesului tehnologic, indicatorii de calitate ai apelor uzate rezultai au valori mari n special la CBO5, CCOCr, Amoniu NH4+ i extractibile, motiv pentru care se impune mbuntirea variantei de epurare mecanico-biologic, mbuntire care const din urmtoarele: Apele uzate s intre n treapta mecanic prin sistemul de grtare numai dup ce a fost separat de suspensiile grosiere i fine astfel c sngele, penele, componentele grosiere rezultate n procesul de tiere s fie reinute i separate nc din abator, pe linia de abatorizare, prin montarea unui separator de pene i viscere, precum i a unei prese de pene, (figura 2 d) astfel nct apa s nu conin materii solide grosiere care s ncarce apa uzat i s necesite o decantare primar. Dup cminul de dezinfecie cu ozon, ar trebui amenajat aa-zisul filtru biologic (filtru stropitoare): (figura 2 e) un bazin din beton cptuit cu membran de cauciuc, avnd un strat filtrant din buci de cocs sau zgur cu dimensiuni de 5-7 cm. Apa rezidual decantat s fie mprtiat sub form de ploaie, ncrcndu-se astfel cu oxigen i formnd o membran biologic la suprafaa fragmentelor de material filtrant, realiznd epurarea apei care se prelinge peste membran.
a c d b e
Figura 2 Staia de epurare cu mbuntirile aduse. Vedere de ansamblu. a) Treapta mecanic; b) Treapta aerob; c) Treapta biologic; d) Separator de pene i viscere; e) Filtru biologic. Apele uzate intr n treapta mecanic unde trec prin sistemul de grtare i dup omogenizare i coagulare sunt pompate n decantorul primar. Apa este separat de suspensiile 41
grosiere i fine i trece gravitaional n prima treapt aerob de epurare, dup care ajunge n al doilea decantor lamelar unde se separ de nmolul activ care este recirculat, apa ajugnd n a doua treapt de epurare biologic. Apa epurat i separat de suspensiile solide este evacuat n cminul de dezinfecie cu ozon (figura 2). O parte din nmolul activ format este recirculat n treapta biologic, iar nmolul n exces este pompat n ngrotor. Decantoarele secundare au rolul de a reine flocoanele de nmol activat evacuate odat cu apa uzat din bazinul cu nmol activat i de a evacua apele epurate. Ele sunt construite din tabl de polipropilen uoar i rezistent la coroziune. Tabelul 23 Indicatorii de calitate ai apelor uzate rezultate n urma procesului tehnologic Valori determinate Nr. crt. 1. 2 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Indicatori de calitate Quality indicators Materii fecale n suspensie MTS Consum biochimic de oxigen CBO5 Consum chimic de oxigen CCOCr Amoniu NH4+ Azotii NH2 Azotai NH3 Fosfor total P Extractibile Reziduu filtrat la 105C pH UM Limita Maxim 60 25 125 3 2 37 2 20 2000 6,5-8,5 Treapta mecanic 1586 2543 5376 103,11 0,76 24,95 43,22 65,0 x 6,45 Treapta aerob 910 1144 1912 102,69 0,46 4,45 32,10 58,0 x 6,65 Treapta biologic 63 74 183,8 18,7 1,74 31,5 6,2 53,0 x 7,62
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l -
Determinarea parametrilor tehnologici (tabelul 23) s-a axat pe analiza variaiei indicatorilor MTS, CBO5, CCOCr, NH4+, NH2, NH3, P, extractibile i pH, ca parametri de interes n derularea procesului de epurare biologic. Pentru aceti parametri, s-au fixat puncte de analiz pe tronsoanele instalaiei de epurare. Datele obinute n urma studierii probelor de ap arat c nu se menine un debit constant, sunt fluctuaii de ncrcare, nmolul pare umflat, poate din cauza ncrcrii organice mari aplicate i din lipsa oxigenului dizolvat, este o concentraie mare de amoniac. n perioada de vrf de sarcin, cnd se oprete alimentarea staiei cu energie electric, nmolul activ din treptele biologice consum tot oxigenul. n acelai timp, n bazinul de omogenizare cantitatea de ap crete. La pornirea staiei, dup 2-3 ore, treptele biologice sunt n deficit de oxigen i exces de nutrieni, ceea ce duce la modificarea flocoanelor care formeaz nmolul activ, dintr-un nmol compact i greu, care se decanteaz uor, ntr-un nmol umflat, uor, cu filamente, care nu decanteaz i se evacueaz parial. Pierderea de nmol scade capacitatea de epurare biologic, iar funcionarea n regim anoxic prelungit i uneori anaerob, crete cantitatea de amoniu i amoniac, fiind toxic pentru bacteriile aerobe care formeaz nmolul activ, sczndu-i i mai mult puterea de epurare. Apa devine tulbure, miroase intens, nmolul nu decanteaz i are capacitate redus de epurare. 42
Sursa de aer este insuficient. Rezultatele indic o cretere a concentraiei de CBO5 n treapta mecanic, concentraie care ncepe s scad n treapta aerob, ajungnd la limita de 74 mg/l n treapta biologic. Concentraia materiilor fecale n suspensie, depete doar cu 3 mg/l cantitatea maxim admis n efluent. CCOCr-scade de la 5376 mg/l n treapta mecanic la 183,8 mg/l n treapta biologic depind cu 58,8 mg/l valoarea maxim admis. Trebuie reevaluat sursa de aer, nlocuind-o cu una cu debit mai mare (sau prin funcionarea simultan a suflantelor) i crearea condiiilor aerobe i n bazinul de omogenizare pentru ca epurarea biologic s poat funciona.
CAPITOLUL 22. CONCLUZII GENERALE I RECOMANDRI

Urmrind dinamica indicilor de reproducie ale oulor obinute de la gini n vrst de 22 30 de sptmni (hibridul COBB 500) constatm c: Fecunditatea oulor este foarte bun (de peste 86,7% la primele 4 serii, adic ou obinute de la gini n vrst de 22 26 de sptmni i scade la sub 85% la oule obinute de la gini n vrst de 28 respectiv 30 de sptmni. Procentul de ecloziune al oulor urmrit n funcie de vrsta ginilor de reproducie este ascendent de la 22 la 28 de sptmni i este inferior la 20 respectiv 30 sptmni (86,988,4%). Procentul de mortalitate este mic la oule obinute la gini n vrst de 20 de sptmni (10,30%) i este maxim la oule obinute de la gini n vrst de 30 de sptmni (11,63%). ntr-un studiu comparativ efectuat 2 ani n condiii de producie, pe 42 de serii de pui de carne, hibrizii crescui n condiii identice de microclimat dar cu diferene n sistemul de furajare i adpostire, tehnologia de cretere fiind totul plin totul gol densitatea la populare de 20 -21 pui / m2 i perioada de exploatare de 38 42 de zile, constatm urmtoarele diferene: Dup anotimp cele mai bune performane de producie se nregistreaz n lunile martie iunie i septembrie noiembrie, iar cele mai slabe performane se nregistreaz n lunile decembrie februarie i iulie august, adic indiferent de modernizrile aduse, factorii de macroclimat (cldura excesiv de vara i frigul de iarn) influeneaz negativ producia i cresc mortalitile. Modernizarea halelor a influenat pozitiv sporurile zilnice de producie care ajung la 51,29 g (n 2004) fa de 47,87 g la halele nemodernizate, diferene care se menin i la sfritul perioadei de cretere la: 2099,90 g respectiv 2097,27 g fa de 2050,60 g iar consumul specific crete cu 3,29% la puii crescui n halele nemodernizate. n ceea ce privete proteina administrat puilor se constat c sporurile nregistrate sunt superioare n cazul hrnirii puilor cu protein din soia, cu 2,4% comparativ cu fina de pete, fapt ce dovedete c proteina din soia are nivelul de aminoacizi i nivelul optim de EM/PB. n urma sacrificrii unui pui mascul de 2 kg mas vie rezult n medie 1,56kg carcas eviscerat. Respectiv 78,2% carcas, 8,1% mas intestinal, 6,1% pene, 4,3% snge, 3,4% viscere, 2,5% ficat i 2,4% cap. La femele: carcasa eviscerat este 1,46 kg, respectiv 73,4% carcas, 7,5% intestine, 6,1% pene, 4,0% snge, 2,4% viscere, 2,1% ficat i 2,1% cap. n urma tranri carcaselor structura lor este urmtoarea: la masculi piept 28,6%, pulpe 32,0%, spate 29,5% i aripi 10,2% (adic 75-80% din greutatea vie a puiului). La femele: pieptul reprezint 26,5%, pulpele 31,6%, spate 27,2% i aripi 10,2%. Studiind preferinele consumatorilor se constat c 55% prefer carnea la caserol, iar 45% prefer puiul n punga de plastic.
43
Principalele categorii de produse care se comercializeaz cel mai bine sunt puii categoria I cu gt, picioare i puiul griler calitatea I cu o cot de pia de 59%, urmat de tacmul de pui cu 16%, pulp de pui cu 16% i pieptul de pui cu 9%. Dupa depopulare, halele au fost curate mecanic, se scoate aternutul, se spal apoi se dezinfecteaz. Aceste operaiuni sunt costisitoare, necesit mult manoper i consum de substane dezinfectante, de aceea urmrirea, controlul i supravegherea permanent sunt obligatorii deoarece de acestea depinde sntatea seriei urmtoare de pui ce se crete n hal. Se recolteaz cte 10 buci tampoane de sanitaie din diferite puncte din hal (70% din aceste se recolteaz din zona de hal ce vine n contact cu puii). Acestea sunt transportate la unitatea sanitar veterinar unde se face prelucrarea, incubaia i interpretarea rezultatelor. Dac la peste 75% rezultatele sunt negative halele sunt considerate bine pregtite pentru o nou populare, aa cum s-a nregistrat n toat perioada urmrit. Cele mai mari pierderi se nregistreaz n primele dou sptmni de la populare, datorate unor deficiene de incubaie (vitelosaculite, peritonite viteline) i unor greeli de transport (asfixii) sau populare (hale nepregtite corespunztor). Comparnd cei trei hibrizi, cele mai mari pierderi s-au nregistrat la hibridul Ross 308 de 5,3-5,6% iar cele mai mici la hibridul Hybro de 3,43 4,03%. Prin modernizarea halelor, a microclimatului, hrnirii i adparea s-au redus mortalitile cu 1 2% pe hal i serie. Incidena mortalitilor este mai mare vara (4,96%) i iarna (4,73%) comparativ cu celelalte anotimpuri. La examenul necropsic efectuat puilor ieii din efectiv, am ntlnit leziuni de: tiflit hemoragic sau hemoragico- necrotic, leziuni ulceroase n mucoas, iar la examenul histopatologic am ntlnit viloziti atrofiate, fibrozate i infiltrat leucocitar. n cazul puilor mori de colibaciloz am ntlnit leziuni ale sacului vitelin, vitelus neresorbit, congestii, edeme, n pulmon bronite fibro necrotice, bronhopneumonie cataral i inflamaia fibroas a seroaselor toraco abdominale, congestii i distrofii. La examenul imunohistochimic ntlnim limfocite B n corionul mucoasei proventriculare i limfocite T, n epiteliul ei. n rinichi: staz vascular, congestie, distrofie a epiteliului tubular iar n ficat: focare de necroz i hepatit. Interpretarea rezultatelor serologice se face innd cont de: intensitatea, uniformitatea i persistena rspunsului imun. Monitorizarea efectivelor de pui prin testul ELISA este util pentru a afla dac un vaccin a fost corect aplicat sau nu i care este eficiena vaccinrii. Titrurile de anticorpi obinute indic uniformitatea i persistena rspunsului imun la puii vaccinai contra: pseudopestei aviare, bursitei i bronitei infecioase. n cazul bolilor la care s-au vaccinat ginile mame (n cazul encefalitei infecioase i reovirozei) s-au gsit titruri corespunztoare de anticorpi la 21 de zile, dar acestea au sczut treptat spre sfritul perioadei de exploatare. n cazul mycoplasmozei, la care s-au vaccinat ginile mam, nu s-a dezvoltat imunitatea nici la 21 de zile i nici la 42 de zile, probele rmnnd negative. n anemia infecioas probele au fost pozitive n prima perioad apoi s-au negativat la 42 de zile (s-au vaccinat ginile mam). n influena aviar la care nu s-au vaccinat nici ginile i nici puii se evideniaz o imunitate slab pe tot parcursul creteri ca i n rinotraheit. Acidifiantul folosit n apa de but are efect tampon i a redus aciditatea apei de la 6,44 la 3,4 triplnd conductibilitatea electric, dublnd duritatea total i cea permanent a apei, crete magneziu, NaK, clorurile, fosfaii, sulfaii, fierul, manganul i zincul cu efecte benefice asupra creterii puilor.
44
Lotul experimental a avut un start rapid, o mortalitate de 2,8%, spor zilnic mai mare i cea mai mare mas corporal final, consumul specific / kg a fost mai mic. Lotul martor a realizat spor zilnic mai mic, consum specific mai mare, mortalitate mai mare (4,2%), crete acidul uric i ureea cu 4,81 g/ dl. Pe ntreaga perioad experimental (1 41 de zile) cele mai mari sporuri de producie cu cel mai mic consum specific l realizeaz lotul experimental, avnd un start rapid i o mortalitate mic (2%). La loturile experimentale s-a modificat compoziia chimic a crnii prin reducerea procentului de ap i substane grase din carcas i creterea coninutului de protein i a acidului uric, nsoit de scderea procentului de uree. Se nregistreaz o cretere a glucidelor la toate loturile, ns fr pericolul steatozei hepatice deoarece puii se sacrific la 41 de zile. Cu toate c raportul calciu/fosfor din raie a fost optim, valorile principalelor elemente minerale de referin (Ca, P, Mg) gsite n sngele puilor, au fost mai mici dect cele din literatur, cu toate c nu s-au observat manifestri clinice, situaie ce o atribuim excesului de fitai, oxalai i grsimi din raie care ngreuneaz absorbia microelementelor eseniale i care trebuie corectate. Costul acidifianilor utilizai este de aproximativ 0,029 lei / pui adic 580 lei pentru 20 000 pui. Pe ntreg ciclul de ngrare, cele mai bune rezultate le nregistreaz lotul 2 (unde pH-ul apei a fost de 2,5) cu o mas medie de 2461,0 g, un spor mediu zilnic de 57,65 g i un consum specific de 1,78 kg, urmat ndeaproape de lotul 1 cu o mas medie corporal de 2450,0 g, spor mediu zilnic de 57,40 g i un consum specific de 1,80 kg. Mortalitatea medie nregistrat de loturile experimentale (1, 2, 3) a fost de 2% fa de 4% la lotul martor. Indicii biochimic nregistrai, mai ales n perioada a II-a de ngrare, denot intensificarea metabolismului pe baza proteinei i a grsimilor acumulate n corp, fapt confirmat de sporurile mari de cretere, dar i creteri ale ureei, acidului uric, glucozei i lipidelor, ceea ce sugereaz o intensificare a proceselor oxidative i de utilizarea unei pri din protein ca surs de energie n organism. Compoziia chimic a dejeciilor la loturile experimentate a fost schimbat, n sensul unor valori reduse de amoniac i azotii fa de martor, iar pH-ul dejeciilor s-a meninut acid de la 15 zile pn la sfritul observaiei la toate loturile experimentale. La lotul martor aceast reacie acid apare doar n ultima perioad de cretere. Menionm c la lotul experimental 2, introducerea melasei n apa de but a influenat performanele de cretere prin substanele azotate din melas (betaina, acidul glutamic, acidul aspartic. Betaina are rol excitant al organelor digestive, iar srurule de potasiu i confer un uor caracter laxativ, a crescut consumul de ap i de eliminare a metaboliilor toxici.) Protecia mediului nconjurtor i n special a apelor din reeaua hidrografic a zonei unde este amplasat unitatea a preocupat i preocup pe toi factorii responsabili din unitate. Staia iniial era format dintr-un bazin, o fos septic unicompartimentat, o staie de pompare ap i vidanjare nmol i un bazin pentru prelucrarea apelor nainte de deversare. Apele uzate rezultate n urma procesului tehnologic aveau valori mari n special la CBO5, CCOCr, amoniu, NH4, fosfor total, etc., motiv pentru care se impunea mrirea staiei i mai ales a treptei mecanico biologice de epurare. - Reducerea ncrcturii organice s-a realizat prin instalarea unui separator de pene i materii solide grosiere (viscere) i a unei prese de pene amplasate naintea compartimentelor decantrii primare. - Amenajarea unui filtru biologic (filtru, stropitoare) adic un bazin de beton de 8 x 4 m, pe fund avnd un strat filtrant format din buci din cox sau zgur i pulverizarea apei sub form de ploaie, cu ajutorul unei pompe (aerarea apei). Un bazin de omogenizare a apei uzate: aici apa e tratat chimic cu neutralizani i coagulani. Sptmnal n bazin sunt introdui 400 g bacterii Micropan complex (un concentrat de bacterii), ceea ce a dus la reducerea timpului de staionare a apelor n staie de la 28 30 de zile la 9-10 zile, iar indicatorii polurii s-au redus semnificativ.
45
BIBLIOGRAFIE SELECTIV
1. ADAMETEANU, I., i col., 1980, Diagnostic morfoclinic veterinar pe specii i sindroame, Edit. Ceres, Bucureti. 2. ADAMS, C.,1990, Effect of AP 4 W in drinking water on chick mortality days 1-7 and performance in commercial pullet and broiler units. Alltech Inc. 3. ALBERT, M. J., M. ANSARUZZAMAN, S. M. FARUQUE, P. K. B. NEOGI, K. HAIDER, and S. TZIPORI, 1991, An ELISA for the detection of localized adherent classical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli serogroups. J. Infect. Dis. 164. 4. BABA AL. I., ROTARU, O., 1991, Diagnostic necropsic veterinar. Tipo Agronomia, Cluj-Napoca. 5. CHAPMAN, H.D., HACKER, A.B.,1994, Sensitivity of field isolates of Eimeria from two broiler complexes to anticoccidial drugs in the chicken, Poultry Science. 6. COOFAN OTILIA., BRDAN, GH., 2000, Diagnostic necropsic la psri. Edit. Ion Ionescu de la Brad, Iai. 7. CUCU, I., MACIUC, V., MACIUC DOMNICA, 2004, Cercetarea tiinific i elemente de tehnic experimental n zootehnie. Edit. Alfa, Iai. 8. CULEA C. (1998) Zootehnie special i ameliorare. Editura Fundaia Romnia de mine, Bucureti. 9. DECUN, M., 1986, Infecii colibacilare la animale. Edit. Ceres, Bucureti. 10. DRGHICI, C., 1991, Microclimatul adposturilor de animale i mijloacele de dirijare. Edit. Ceres, Bucureti. 11.DRGHICI, C., 2001, Curs de igiena animalelor i protecia mediului. Edit. Academic Pres, ClujNapoca. 12. GHERGARIU, S., i BABA, A.I., 1990, Patologia nutriional i metabolic a animalelor. Edit. Academiei Romne, Bucureti. 13. MANOLESCU, N., i col., 1999, Tratat de hematologie animal, vol.I i vol.II. Edit. Fundaiei Romnia de Mine, Bucureti. 14. MANOLESCU, N., I col.,1978, Ghid de hematologie a animalelor crescute intensiv. Edit. Ceres, Bucureti. 15. MICLU, V., LISOVSCHI-CHELEANU, C., 2002, Histologie animal, Vol.I. Edit. Risoprint, Cluj-Napoca. 16. MORAR, R., 1993, Zootehnie vol.I. Tipo. Agronomia, Cluj-Napoca. 17. MORAR, R., CMPEAN, A., PACA, I., 2001, Practicum de Zootehnie. Edit.Todesco, ClujNapoca. 18. PRVU, GH., 1992, Supravegherea nutriional metabolic a animalelor. Edit. Ceres, Bucureti. 19.RPUNTEAN.,GH.,RPUNTEAN.,S.,2005, Epidemiologie veterinar general. Edit. Academic Pres, Cluj-Napoca. 20.TNSESCU, B., 1974, Diagnosticul hematologic, vol. I-II. Edit. Dacia, Cluj- Napoca. 21. TOBOLCEA, V., UNGUREANU, D., 1993, Managementul apelor uzate. Partea I,. Iai. 22. VCARU OPRI., I. (coordonator), 2005, Sisteme i tehnologii de cretere a puilor de carne. Edit. Ceres, Bucureti. 23. VAN, I., i col., 2003, Creterea i industrializarea puilor de carne. Edit.Ceres, Bucureti.
46
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND VETERINARY MEDICINE CLUJ-NAPOCA DOCTORAL SCHOOL FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
ENGINEER IOAN V. DUNCA
SUMMARY OF PHD THESIS
REASERCH REGARDING THE BREEDING TECHNOLOGY OF MEAT TYPE CHICKENS
SCIENTIFIC COORDINATOR PROF. PhD. ROMAN MORAR
CLUJ-NAPOCA 2010
INTRODUCTION The breeding of broilers has the purpose to obtain the meat in a short time and with maximum economic efficiency. The demographic explosion, the substantial amount of knowledge enrichment regarding the rational human nutrition and other socio-economic considerations have led to an increased growth of broilers and the development of technologies that lead to exteriorization production capacity. The chicken meat is a remarkable achievement practice of genetics and nutrition, which could be materialized due to scientific and technological progress postwar. The main desideratum of both categories of professionals mentioned above, is the return regarding broilers exploitation by finding ways and opportunities for achieving quickly high and stable production of meat, with minimal investment and spending. The broiler breeding is a complex activity, being in an extremely tough competition. It is difficult to overcome the productive performance achieved in the EU, and even in the country. In order to achieve this goal people appealed in a first stage from the traditional extensive growth, to the semi intense operation and then, to the intensive-industrial type. The objective of this transition has been that of raising the productive potential of broilers body to achieve the desired product in a shorter period of time, with substantial improvements of operational technological conditions. In this context, the industrial breeding of broilers requires the application of specific immune-prophylactic programs so that these productive organisms have a normal resistance to any stimulus, endogenous and exogenous. THESIS STRUCTURE The thesis begins with a foreword and an introduction, and contains 337 pages, being structured into two parts. The first part (ch. 1-10) summarizes the main bibliographic database of literature and constitutes the "stage of knowledge." Part II is organized in 12 chapters. Chapters 11-22, cover our own research regarding the dynamic of incubation indices, regarding the differential analysis of the production results obtained in two years, regarding depopulation and recovery of production, regarding the evolution of mortality and their causes. Furthermore, in these chapters we discuss about the evolution of antibody titers, the introduction of acidifiers in the drinking water and in the mixed fodder for broilers, as well as their influence on blood biochemical indices and on the chemical composition of meat, of research regarding the wastewater treatment. In Chapter 22 of Part II there are summarized the general conclusions that were came out from the investigations. The paper is illustrated with a number of 51 figures, 79 tables, 64 graphs, charts diagrams and 6 schemes and is based on 193 bibliographic titles. The first part of the paper is a summary of currently available data related to breeding young broilers. Chapter 1.: Contains current data and technological trends on broilers in the world and in our country, the development of production, exploitation within the genetic potential to increase broilers in the age of information and the future of poultry nutrition at food safety in ecologic poultry and its chances in Romania; it concludes with some considerations on the industrial breeding of broilers. Chapter 2.: Presents some requirements concerning the location and equipping of a meat chicken farm, as well as a few data on incubation eggs. Chapter 3.: In this chapter we have presented the technology of preparing the poultry house for populating it.
Chapter 4.: Includes the way how the populating of the houses with one day-old chicks are made, and the feeding and watering technology used. Chapter 5.: This chapter refers to the birds' digestive tract, their intestinal pH and populations of microorganisms that inhabit it with the use of acidifiers. Chapter 6.: Includes current issues for microclimate conditions which have to be provided during the broiler breeding (breeding environment, the comfort area, heat stress, humidity, ventilation, gaseous components of air and lighting). Chapter 7.: Includes the minimum veterinary standards to be applied during the breeding, awareness and prevention of diseases in broilers. Chapter 8. : In this chapter are presented some aspects of the immune system in birds, being mentioned organs involved in the immune response. We have referred to T cells and B cells involved in immune response. There are also emphasized the anatomicpathological and histopathological aspects in the diagnosis of diseases. Chapter 9. : includes the way vaccinations are made and the immune response in broilers. Chapter 10. : Includes issues regarding the treatment of wastewater. Part II of Chapter 11 The own research chapter is structured into 12 chapters. 11.1 PURPOSE OF RESEARCH In the context of a globalized economy, our country's accession to the EU and the emergence of a competitive market, the achievement of broilers with a high quality of the housing, the ensuring of the products commercial aspect and their competitive price represent the key conditions for the development of poultry production in Romania. The demand of the consumer towards the quality of meat and poultry products has increased in Romania and in all the developed countries of the world. The continuous genetic modification of hybrids of meat requires continuous reassessment of the energy, protein, amino acids and micronutrients requirements, according to the stage of feeding and to the slaughtering age of broilers. The food and the water given to broilers has a crucial influence on both the performance and the quality of the carcass, allowing the presentation of a high genetic potential of hybrid. As a result, various recommendations concerning the energy, protein, AA, macrominerals, oligominerals, vitamins and additives in meat-type chickens, as well as the nutrient content of mixed fodder which is given according to the age of chicks, so as to obtain good production results, in terms of economic efficiency. It is known that the use of additives is a sure way to unlock the productive potential of birds. Additives in feed intake by intensive conditions is insufficient, both because of the highly variable content of feed materials used for production of compound feed and because of the existence of antagonistic absorption. It requires supplementation with compounds of inorganic and organic nature, with chemical compounds that are found in the Krebs cycle, from which aspartic acid magnesium salt are the most important, as they protect the liver, they prevent metabolic disorders; they also extend the period of exploitation and improve the bio productive performances of broilers.
The estimation of requirements in chemical compounds of organic or inorganic nature is a particularly difficult problem, both because of inconsistencies of measuring results methods and of the multitude of factors that influence them. Many researches reveal large differences in the degree of digestive use of each organic or inorganic compound, depending on the chemical form used as a source. In this context, appear the researches in this PhD thesis, covering the nutritional and metabolic effects in the water and the feed of broilers, the acidifiers used, in various forms and with different degrees of solubility. The purpose of this doctoral theme of research was to analyze the indices of incubation and their opportunities of improvement; the improvement of the productive performance of broilers (body weight, specific consumption, biochemical indices, chemical composition of meat, constant blood) to Cobb -500 and Ross Hybro PN-308 hybrids of meat; the effectiveness of veterinary health measures, reflected in the mortality losses emphasized by the anatomo-pathological histological and immunohistochemical analysis, in order to elucidate the losses, and to reduce pollution through improvements made to the sewage treatment station. 11.2 OBJECTIVES PURSUED The use of additives is a sure way to boost the productive potential of birds. The objective of the research focused on the influence had by some ingredients (added to the birds food or drinking water) on the main indices of production (increase in weight, health, mortality, utilization of feed, measured by specific consumption / kg gain), influence leading to changes in pH (goiter, proventricle, stomach, intestines). It is known that the pH value is responsible or no for developing organisms that produce lactic acid, which inhibits the action of pathogen agents. In order to obtain in a short time a large body mass and the quality of carcasses it is required, in addition to upgrading technology growth and improving the microclimate, even a proper feeding and watering. Broilers are characterized by an intense metabolism. Therefore, any nutritional imbalances are reflected promptly in the general metabolism, with negative effects on health and production. 1. Tracking values of hatching indices (fertility, mortality and hatching) in hybrid Cobb-500. 2. Analysis of differential production indices in three hybrids bred in different shelters using plant and animal protein sources. 3. Monitoring prevention, effective vaccines and antibody titre. 4. Correlation between vaccination, immunity, titers and their reminisce. 5. Using Acid Pack 4-Way acidifier in the drinking water of broilers reared on permanent litter and analysis of the influence it has on some production. 6. The use of original acidifiers in the mixed feed given to the broilers bred on litter and their influence on the permanent chemical composition of meat and blood biochemical indices. 7. The use of some original acidifiers in the drinking water of chickens bred on litter and their influence on the permanent blood biochemical indices. 8. Constructive solutions to reduce pollution through the treatment of sewage house. 11.3 PLACE AND PERIOD OF EXPERIENCES The unit in which observations were made, bound for specialized facilities for breeding and industrialization of poultry chicks, storage and industrialization of raw materials
and other specialized services in this area, equipped laboratories for various specific analysis properly arranged facilities for storage of the finished product, warehouses, workshops, equipment technology, equipment and vehicles, assets that are subject works are located on the platform company and in other cities. The shelters of the company are built on standard projects from the 1980s. The researches on broilers were conducted in experimental series, as follows:-Research on hatching indices were conducted during December 2006-October 2007. - Analysis of differential production results from the 3 hybrids was conducted from 2004-2005 on 42 plots kept in obsolete halls and upgraded halls. - Effectiveness of veterinary health actions, losses and causes mortality, pathological aspects, histology, immunohistochemical and antibody titers found in order to elucidate the loss was made during 2004-2005. - Experience No. 1, was performed on a series of 100 head of broiler hybrid Cobb-500 bred on bedding, from -13 XI 03 XII 2004. - Experience No. 2, with variants A and B, the supplement was added to the mixed fodder used in feeding chickens, and was conducted on two batches of 100 heads meat-type chicken each hybrid from Cobb-500, bred on litter from 20 X - 29 XI 2005. - Experience No.3, with variants A, B and C, products administered in the drinking water; it was performed on 3 batches of each 100 head of broilers hybrid Cobb-500, bred on ground litter from 29 I -- 12 III 2006. - Improvements and proposed the WWTP were made in 2006-2007. 11.4 BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL USED The biological material was the broiler hybrid of Cobb-500, and Ross-Hybro PN 3008. Hybrid Cobb-500 is made by the company "Cobb Breeding Company Ltd" in England, being adapted to different types of climates and different farming systems. It has an excellent durability, and require no special conditions of growth. At the age of 42 days for unsexed chickens breeding may make the body mass of 2633.7 g, indicating a conversion of 1.76. The meat-type chicken Hybro PN, product of Euribrid Company in Netherlands is recognized for the high performance achieved. The product of a well-known company ROSSmeat-type chicken, is now slightly in Romania, but the performance that made it recommends in industrial breeding. 11.5 WORKING METHOD Experimental studies were made on three phases of growth. The first phase was from hatching to 21 days, the second one, from 22 days to 35 days and the third phase was from 36 days to slaughter. In each experimental series, it was established a control group with which the results were compared. The production experiences were made in the mentioned company. The biochemical analysis of blood serum were made at a private clinic and laboratory DSVSA, those on the chemical content of raw chicken carcasses, chemical composition of effluents from laboratory DSVSA and water samples were analyzed at the Water Department of Mures. The chickens from experimental groups have been reared on permanent litter, separated by 100 heads wire mesh. During the study, we registered the body mass development, the specific consumption of mixed fodder to 7, 14, 21, 28 to 35 days and at slaughter, together with observations on behavior, morbidity, mortality and metabolic profile in combination with evidence of
slaughterhouse, chemical composition of meat, chemical composition of effluents and economic efficiency. The experimental method used in the three series of experiments was the group method. Each series of experiments consists of experimental and control group. All weightings were made to chickens after a diet \of 12 hours. Calculations on the average daily growth and specific consumption for 1 kg gain were made by known techniques. In order to ensure the health of chickens during the experiments all vaccinations from their breeding technology were carried out. To determine the effect of Acid Pak 4-Way and other products used on the metabolism of chicks and to justify the scientific results production were determined: - Plasma proteins (total protein g / dl, albumin g / dl, gamaglobuline g / dl, uric acid g / dl, urea g / dl, creatinine g / dl), - energy profile (blood glucose mg / dl, cholesterol mg / dl , triglycerides mg / dl, total fat mg / dl);-profile enzyme (GOT-glutamate-oxilacetattransferazaU.I / l, GPT-glutamate-pyruvate-transferase IU / l, GGT gamma-glutamyltransferase IU / l ); - Profile haematological (white blood cell numbers m / mm ,% lymphocytes, granulocytes% eritocite m / mm , VEM fl, hematocrit%, MCHC g / dl, hemoglobin g / dl, platelets m / mm , the average platelet volume fl trombocrit% platelet distribution medium) - Profile minerals (calcium mg / dl, phosphorus mg / dl and magnesium mg / dL). Blood samples necessary to determine these constants blood were collected on anticoagulation at the end of the experimental period (at 42 days) of the heart, from every 10 individuals whose body mass was equal to the average mass of pups in the consignment. Determination of the main constant blood was made by the methods recommended by P. Karlson (1967), GH. Nuta, C. BUNEAG (1977) and R. Duncan and col. (1994) as: - Total protein-Wechselbaum method, serum protein-electoforez, uric acidcolorimetric method with picric acid, urea-colorimetric method with urease, creatinine, blood sugar-colorimetric method, with ortotoluidin, cholesterol-micrometoda without deproteinizare, triglycerides, lipids; GOT and GPT 2-4 dinitrofenilhidrazin-colorimetric method, GGT, haematological values, calcium-indicator complexometric method Murexid, magnesium, phosphorus-Photocolorimeters method (without precipitation of proteins). Nutrient content of raw chicken meat was determined after STAS-9065 / 2,3,41973,1981. Droppings composition was determined after STAS-9065 / 3,4,7,9-1973,1981, 1974 . CHAPTER 12. INCLUDING RESEARCH ON THE DYNAMICS OF INDICES OF HATCHING 12.1 PURPOSE OF RESEARCH The purpose was to observe the hatching of the hybrid index values Cobb-500, correlated with the age of hens on egg hatching submission.
12.2 BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL The studies were performed in the incubation station of the company during December 2006-October 2007 on eggs from hybrid Cobb-500; the hens were aged 20 to 30 weeks.
12.3 WORKING METHOD Incubation is complex process that ensures optimal environmental conditions for normal development of bird embryos. Artificial incubation involves the following operations: Egg-harvesting and storage;-transport station hatching eggs, egg-sorting and preincubation;-loading incubators;-incubation;-biological control of incubation, hatching and sorting-day-old chicks. Hatching eggs were 4 days old and were held to a no. of 6 sets of eggs divided by 4 control drawers. A series of incubation was composed of 25,000 hatching eggs. From which there were 4 drawers each 132 eggs observed (total 528 eggs / number. Eggs came from hens aged 20 to 30 weeks. The first batch of eggs was placed in hatching in December and the birds were 20 weeks old. 2nd batch in February when hens were 22 weeks. 3rd batch in April when hens were 24 weeks. 4th batch in June when hens were 26 weeks. 5th batch in August when hens were 28 weeks. 6th batch in October when hens were 30 weeks. There are 5 incubators each having a capacity of 47,520 eggs, so a capacity of 237,600 eggs hatching and the capacity of each is 9504 eggs hatched. The farm produces about 450,000 chickens for heads and for various other farms annually about 250,000 head.
12.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Further on, we present the results obtained for each index in the first incubation. The value of incubation indices of eggs were observed on six sets of eggs. According to the study, fertility of eggs is between 431 and 475 pieces, representing a percentage of 81.6 and 89.9 of the total of 528 eggs hatched, the limit minimum of its series 6 and a maximum range 4. - There is greater uniformity in the percentage of hatching of fertilized eggs compared to that reported in eggs placed. This is highlighted by low values of the coefficient of variability, the first case between 0,85-1,96%. Were higher in the latter case, the range 2,486,11%. - The percentage of hatching has averaged higher if the number of chicks resulting fertilized eggs are reported at being between 88.38 0.38% and 89.70 0.63% and lower when reporting is made from eggs placed, with limits between 1.91 and 72.15 80.68 1.71%. - The percentage of eggs with dead embryos is between 10.30 0.63%, the series Ia, and a maximum of 11.62 0.38%, the 6th series. CHAPTER 13. DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS RESULTS OBTAINED FROM PRODUCTION 3 HYBRIDS INCREASED OVER TWO YEARS OF PRODUCTION Comparative study in terms of production of 42 batches of broilers reared in different hybrids of microclimate conditions identical, with differences in feeding and watering system, to highlight the differences that arise. 13.1 PURPOSE OF RESEARCH This study aimed to compare indices of production by administration of compound feed recipes based on fish meal and full-fat soybeans.
13.2 OBJECTIVES PURSUED During the growth was monitored in particular, average daily gain and hence evolution of body weight, changes in feed consumption g / head, specific consumption of kg feed / kg gain and loss by mortality. 13.3 BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL Biological material used (COBB 500, Ross 308, PN HYBRO etc..) Came from the incubation station of society, the eggs are purchased from different breeding farms in the country. He respected technology growth, going on the principle of "all full-all goals." Density popular was of 20-21 head / sq. Growth period ranged between 38-42 days. 13.4 METHOD OF WORK The studies were conducted over two years, the hybrid broilers divided into 42 different series, kept the ground Standing litter microclimate conditions ensuring identical, differing only feeding and watering system. Feedingstuffs used in 2004 were the support of fish meal and in 2005, full-fat soybeans. In 2004, hybrids were bred as follows: Lot A-Cobb-500-32, 09% in the halls upgraded and 22.9% in non-modernized halls, Lot B-ROSS-308 -9.02% in the halls upgraded and 8, 02% in non-modernized halls and group C-HYBRO PN 10.56% and 17.37% in the halls upgraded in halls unmodernised a total of 402,035 head. Hybrids grown in 2005 were represented by group A-Cobb-500 - 45.5% and group B-ROSS-308-54.5%, their growth being made only in halls upgraded. After 2004, the company have been modernized technology growth is improving more and microclimate factors. 13.5 ASPECTS OF CONDITIONS MICROCLIMATE PRODUCTION HALL Microclimate conditions of the 4 halls increase broiler chicken meat were identical. Halls are properly located relative to the dominant wind direction. Hall environmental monitoring is done manually, relying more on experience. Only temperature can be monitored using temperature sensors placed in two sections of the hall, the temperature is displayed on an electrical panel where the temperature control throughout the period of growth. Comfort offspring, depends largely on how the warming environment is ensured growth hall. In the halls of growth process uses convection (heat the air) using aeroterme. Extraction of the hall is air with fan winding, euroemme EMS 50-43500 m / h, which are located on the wall behind the hall, and made a sweeping longitudinal going through the air, contributing to good performance cycle fresh air, extract air. On each wall of the hall there are many inlets 32 each with an area of 0.81 sqm total area of 51.8 hectares inlet being located at a height of 1.70 m from the floor. The immediate chemical factors is important to follow the concentration of ammonia. Action ammonia is irritating, caustic, with cumulative effect. It measured by the concentration of ammonia was 12 ppm. This concentration of litter was possible by treatment with bio-enzyme products SunnyGlobe Sty. At this concentration chickens are not in discomfort. Speed draft is between 0,19-0,31 m / s. Light regime. The existing lighting system (lamps using incandescent (tungsten). Illuminated area is 1026 sqm, which requires 2565 Watts, returning 2.5 watts / sq m), can not apply a proper light program to improve some economic characters.
13.6 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS USED FODDER RECIPES Structure recipes mixed fodder given the two years of observations was different in that the rations were used to ensure the fish meal protein and feeding the protein was exclusively of plant origin. Used thus corresponded recipes optimum protein and amino acid feeding broilers (scheme 1). Consequently, concentrations of nutrients should be increased in proportion to energy intake to ensure intake level requirements. To this end, the four phases of age 0-7, 8-21 and 22-35 and 36 days-slaughter feed recipes combined with vegetable protein provides energy levels EM 2989.00 Kcal / kg, 3014.32 Kcal EM / kg, EM 3188.96 Kcal / kg and 3206.94 kcal EM / kg, and recipes with fish meal provides the following levels: 2990.00 kcal EM / kg EM 3010.34 Kcal / kg, 3071.40 Kcal EM / kg, and 3190.30 kcal EM / kg. Protein level of compound feed used was higher in period-III (22-35 days) to feed with full-fat soybean 21%, from 19.99% to feed the fish meal. The recipes with vegetable protein managed to ensure 1.4% lysine in Phase I, 1.38% in phase II, 1.26% in phase-III and 1.07% in phase IV a, and by the fishmeal to ensure 1.40% in phase I, 1.39% in phase-II, 1.20% in stage III and 1.16% in phase - IV. The recipes given with vegetable protein, the level of methionine provided is 0.60% in phase I, 0.56% in phase II, 0.47% in stage III and 0.41 finishing phase, and the recipe with the fish meal is provided by 0.60% in phase I, 0.59% in phase II, 0.53% in stage III and 0.49% in phase IV. Report EM / DB phase I -129.39, 134.62 - Phase II, 148.0-Phase III and Phase IV of 167.0, the recipe with protein 129.71-plant and phase I, phase II-136.70, 153.64 Phase-III and 161.61-PhaseIV, the recipe with fish meal.
Specification
Recipe with protein from fish flour Period 1st 1-7 days
Recipe with vegetal protein
Level of crude protein (%) from the weight of 23,05 mixed fodder Level of limiting amino acids Lysine (L)-% from the weight of fodder 1,40 -relative value (100) Methionine:-% from its weight 0,60 -relative value Period 2nd 8-21 days Level of crude protein (%) from the weight of mixed fodder 22,05 Level of limiting amino acids Lysine (L)-% from the weight of fodder 1,39 -relative value (100) Methionine:-% from its weight -relative value 0,59
23,12
1,40 (100) 0,60
22,39 1,38 (100) 0,56
Period 3rd 22-35 days Level of crude protein (%) from the weight of mixed fodder 19,99 Level of limiting amino acids Lysine (L)-% from the weight of fodder 1,20 -relative value (100) Methionine:-% from its weight -relative value 0,53
21,00 1,26 (100) 0,47
Period 4th 36-42 days Level of crude protein (%) from the weight of mixed fodder 19,74 Level of limiting amino acids Lysine (L)-% from the weight of fodder 1,16 -relative value (100) Methionine:-% from its weight -relative value 0,49
19,32 1,07 (100) 0,41
Scheme 3. The recipe structure of mixed fodder. Source: Own calculations
13.7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results obtained in the two years of production confirms that the feeding of broilers, how to achieve protein (vegetable protein or fish meal) has great importance. Results obtained during this period (table 1, 2) is notable mainly by average body mass of chickens made from lots of 2005, which is of 2099.90 g, the average slaughter age of 40.9 days. By comparison, those in lots of 2004, the average slaughter age of 40.18 days 10
average body weight was 2050.0 g for offspring of non-modernized halls and 2097.27 g in the offspring of halls upgraded. Table 1 The results of statistical transformation of primary data regarding the average body weight
Age
Year
Number of birds 100 100 100 99 98 99 99 97 99 98 96 98 98 96 98 97 96 97 96 95 96
X sx 40,360,266 39,730,516 39,950,405 151,912,165 150,092,075 154,501,496 391,555,526 388,456,427 395,502,799 752,009,51 746,008,254 760,154,216 1217,6414,00 1210,6411,64 1201,7013,95 1784,557,391 1755,6411,28 1722,5014,53 2097,2728,71 2050,0021,79 2099,9019,72
V%
Differnce from the control Group +0,63 +0,22 +1,82 +4,41 +3,10 +7,05 +6,0 +14,15 +7,0 -8,94 +28,91 -33,14 +47,27 +49,90
2004(HM) Hatching 2004(HN) 2005(HM) 7 days 2004(HM) 2004(HN) 2005(HM) 14 days 2004(HM) 2004(HN) 2005(HM) 21 days 2004(HM) 2004(HN) 2005(HM) 28 days 2004(HM) 2004(HN) 2005(HM) 35 days 2004(HM) 2004(HN) 2005(HM) Slaughter 2004(HM) 2004(HN) 2005(HM)
0,811 1,710 1,813 7,179 6,882 6,690 18,327 21,317
2,184 4.305 4,619 4,276 4,585 4,330 4,681 5,488
12,516 31,528 27,376 18,815 46,455 38,618 62,419 24,515 37,429 65,009 95,236 72,268 86,185
3,165 4,193 3,670 2,480 3,815 3,190 5,194 1,374 2,132 3,774 4,541 3,525 4,104
Average daily growth rate recorded during said growth was more than 2004 chickens lots halls upgraded (51.29 g), followed by lots of chickens in 2005 (49.67 g) and those of lots of 2004 Hale unmodernised ( 47.87 g). Consumption of feed for 1 kg increase in body weight is typically at a good value, falling from 1.82 kilograms combined feed / kg gain, where the halls upgraded pups (20042005) and 1.88 kilograms feed combined / kg gain, where chickens reared in halls unmodernised (2004). In relative numbers, specific consumption is higher for chickens reared in halls unmodernised to 3.29%. 11
Table 2 Average production indices, recorded during the complete experimental cycle (1 day - slaughter) Specification 2004 2004 (modern poultry (obsolete poultry houses) houses) Average body weight 40,36 752,00 2097,27 39,73 746,00 2050,00 2005 (modern poultry houses) 39,95 760,15 2099,90
- at one day (g) - at 21 days (g) - at slaughter (g)
Daily weight gain - 1-21 days (g) (%) - 22 days- (g) - slaughter (%) -1 day- (g) - slaughter (%) 33,87 98,68 67,26 100,00 51,29 100,00 33,74 98,31 65,23 96,98 47,87 93,33 34,32 100,00 66,98 99,59 49,67 96,84
Average consumtion for 1 kg of weight gain - 1-21 days (kg) (%) - 22 days- (kg) - slaughter (%) -1 day- (kg) slaughter (%) cap. Mortalities (%) 1,42 101,42 2,16 104,34 1,82 100,00 4,34 106,89 1,42 101,42 2,16 104,34 1,88 103,29 4,47 110,09 1,40 100,00 2,07 100,00 1,82 100,00 4,06 100,00
CHAPTER 14. RESEARCH ON PRODUCTION DEPOPULATION AND RECOVERY The final stage of the production process is organized so that chickens are transported to the slaughterhouse under optimal conditions, ensuring the fulfillment of requests for processing and maintaining a high standard of welfare. Farm aims to supply the processing of as many as poultry. Reception carried on the farm is filled with reception carried to the slaughterhouse, where the final distribution of offspring, the quality class.
12
Quality grades are determined according STAS-7031/83. According to the STAS, broilers are classified into three quality classes (I, II, III). In modern slaughterhouse, the principles of HACCP. Slaughterhouse capacity is 12,000 head of poultry / 8 o'clock. Assortments results of the slaughter of 20,000 head of poultry are: chicken C + G + P cal. I 21%, chicken griller horse. I-32% chicken in bag 6.1%, chest 2.7% chicken casserole, chicken leg bag 7.3% chicken leg casserole 3.0%; wings in bag 0, 73% 0.56% wings in casserole; live in Bag 1.8% 0.4% live in container, gizzards to bag 1.2% 0.4% Kitchenware gizzards in casserole chicken 21%; necks of chicken 0.2% and 0.7% cooked meat. marketing, meat quality meets the technical requirements for: organoleptic and physicochemical properties. 14.1 THE QUALITY MEAT The quality of meat is biochemical laboratory for each batch by an approved laboratory. Veterinary checks after cutting is done by examining each carcass and organs. Samples collected for microbiological examination consisting of a 1% random collection of packages forming the control group. The harvested parts thereof, of 250-500 g in the same proportion. In the same way to proceed and physico-chemical examination. For analysis on Salmonella, random samples are taken at least 15 carcasses from each batch (chicken slaughtered in one days) after they were chilled 12 o'clock. Sampling is the collection of every carcass of a piece of skin on the neck, approximately 10 g. The harvesting 3 (samples) are grouped and packed in plastic bags and sent to the laboratory to form of 25 grams, ie the final 5 samples. health criteria is the absence of microorganisms in the 25 g of a sample. CHAPTER 15. ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS CLEANING AND DISINFECTION HALE Observations were made on 42 halls, for the period 2004-2005. Disinfection is preceded by: evacuation litter, mechanical cleaning, washing and then disinfection itself consisting of: application of disinfectants that virocid concentration of 0.25% with foaming kit applicable to high-pressure device , the entire surface of the hall and equipment used in farming technology. The control efficiency shall be disinfected after each depopulation in Sanitary Veterinary Laboratory Mures by staph test (TS). If prophylactic disinfection, staph test is considered positive (considering the inadequate disinfection), where the percentage of positive tests / hall review exceed 30%. If necessary disinfected if a single positive review in a hall staph test is considered positive and repeated disinfection is recommended. CHAPTER 16. RESEARCH ON EFFECTIVENESS OF ACTIONS SANITARY VETERINARY COREL LOSS MORTALITY IN THE PERIOD UNDER REVIEW In this chapter we present the results of epidemiological investigations, the presence of anatomical clinical or epidemiological factors leading to mortality and suspected of infection with a pathogen. Ensure a perfect state of health of the flocks of broilers is essential for the welfare of chickens and poultry products to achieve good quality and cheap, the market offered.
13
16.1 PURPOSE OF RESEARCH The investigations were conducted during 2004-2005 on a total of 42 folk and depopulation. It was intended to increase 3 hybrids of broilers reared in the same housing, but different in the first year in terms of feeding and watering system - Hale unmodernised (HN) and upgraded halls (HN). To see how by providing general and specific preventive measures during the operational cycle, the process can change and influence the epidemiology of disease development and thus of key indicators. 16.2 OBJECTIVES PURSUED I followed losses by mortality, their causes and efficacy of vaccines and antibody titres obtained. Anatomic-pathological aspects, histopathological and immunohistochemical found. 16.3 BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL Biological material was represented by three hybrids of broilers: ROSS-308, Cobb500 and PN HYBRO. METHOD OF WORK In order to see better picture lesion, we performed a histopathological examination. We sampled small fragments of organs from cadavers with macroscopically visible lesions, as follows: cecum, proventricul, kidney, liver, trehee, spleen, lung and heart. For immunohistochemical study, and cecum were taken proventricul. Fragments of organs were harvested from dead chickens at age 40 days, which were macroscopically visible lesions as follows: jejunum, ileum, proventricul, kidney, liver, trehee, spleen , lung and heart. The fragments collected and fixed in 10% neutral formalin were included in paraffin. Sections were stained with hematoxylin Eozin method Tricrom Masson examined and photographed under a microscope. The method Tricrom Masson, collagen fibers appear blue. Histochemical reaction was performed for evidence of Alcian Blue PAS mucinei. Alcian blue is highlighted mucina containing mucopolizaharide acid and the PAS reaction is highlighted mucina containing mucopolizaharide neutral. To study immunohistochemical (IHC), the parties included in paraffin were sectioned at 3-5 m thick. We used CD20 antibody, clone L26 and CD45RO, clone OPD4 from LabVision, dilution for both antibodies being 1:50. Working method involved using the Envision LabVision. Both antibodies marks the cell membrane. Positive elements have been colored brown, and the immunohistochemical unmarked blue. We used as external positive control lymphocytes from normal lymph nodes. CD20 antibody marked lymphocytes B and T lymphocytes CD45RO. 16.5 DYNAMICS MORTALITY IN BROILERS DURING THE REPORTED PERIOD The research was conducted the following tests: epidemiological (epidemiological investigation, calculating cumulative mortality, highlighting the source of infection and factors favoring), clinical (general symptoms), pathologoanatomic (macroscopic and microscopic), serological (ELISA immunoassay tests test) in industrial growth the pups are losses (1-2%) of the owner, otherwise the system would not be profitable growth. And by all means aimed at reducing these losses. Overall, losses are caused by various factors, are
14
divided into first week of life the pups in the last days before depopulation. Usually are tehnopatii. Losses in the first days are mainly the fault of incubation, mistakes made in popular chicken etc. viable. Heavy losses recorded during the first 2 weeks of life, due to defects incubation vitelosaculitelor, yolk peritonitis, accidents during handling, transport and popular. In the remainder of the losses were small and sporadic and were mostly caused by infection with Gram-negative bacilli. However, it is conceivable that these infections occur against a background of reduced immunity caused by the presence of parasites of the genus Eimer. Table 3 Structure and mortality of hybrids registered in 2004 2004 ROSS-308 HM HN 36280 34274 2006 5,53 32280 30456 1824 5,6
Number Hybrid Total (heads) Living (heads) Dead (heads) Mortality(%)
COBB-500 HM HN 129020 123480 5540 4,29 92155 88324 3831 4,11
HYBRO HM HN 42460 41003 1457 3,43 69840 67023 2817 4,03
Total 402035 384560 17475 4,34 Table 4
Structure and mortality of hybrids registered in 2005

2005 Number \ Hybrid Total (heads) Living (heads) Dead (heads) Mortality(%) COBB-500 191882 184054 7828 4,08 ROSS-308 229835 220541 9294 4,04 Total 421717 404595 17122 4,06
Assessing the distribution of hybrids in the halls and the incidence of total mortality (Table 3.4) to find that they can be introduced hybrid ROSS mortality between 4,04-5,6%, while hybrid Cobb has a mortality rate the boundaries between 4,08-4,29% and the lowest percentage in registered hybrid HYBRO of 3,43-4,03%. There were no differences in mortality between the sexes determined. Modernizing halls (automation systems for feed, water, microclimate and lighting) favorably influenced the growth of chicks and decreased incidence of mortality cu1-output by 2%. The distribution of popular on the seasons and mortality losses reproduced in table 5.
15
Table 5 Mortality losses (heads)

2004 Number Months XII-II Total (heads) Living Dead % III-V VIVII I IX-XI Total Months XII-II III-V VI-VIII IX-XI Total 2005
77370 73970 3400 4,39
100725 116030 107910 402035 96452 4273 4,24 110275 103896 384560 5755 4,96 4014 3,71 17475 4,34
63640 60626 3014 4,73
143675 138505 5170 3,59
105630 100728 4902 4,64
108772 421717 104736 404595 4036 3,74 17122 4,06
The largest percentage of mortality in chickens was recorded in summer, during June to August, 4.08% in 2004 and 4.3% in the same period in 2005, and the lowest losses (3%) were spring-winter season. causes of mortality losses in summer and high temperatures it is impossible to ensure an appropriate microclimate, halls not equipped with evaporative cooling. In hot days the temperature inside the hall is about 32 C, 1-2 C less than outside temperature, particularly in chicks over 1.5 kg weight. 16.6 COCCIDIOSIS Changes in intestinal morphopathological meet: snook hemoragico-haemorrhagic or necrotic, cecumurile are much increased in volume, hard and transparency are observed bleeding seroasei sizes and shades lighter or brown (different intensities). Content is bleeding with blood clot is sometimes ulcerated mucosa. Lesion is produced by Eimer tenella in the cecum location. - Histopathological lesions to highlight cocidioz infiltrated leucocitar abundant in submucoas and viloziti hyperplasia accompanied by lymph follicles. Immunohistochemical aspects in depth marks B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes proventriculare mucosa in small numbers in glandular epithelium. 16.7 COLIBACILOSIS During the breeding period longer appear cases colibacilosis caused by species bacterial conditioning pathogenicity of the genus Escherichia. Changes anatomic pathology. As acute disease is found: congestion and hemorrhage on seroasele chest and abdomen, the liver, spleen and kidneys, enteritis tongue, pericarditis, and peritonitis serous, the trend of chronic. According to bacteriological examination required, the analysis of laboratory examination result looks like: -Exam pathologoanatomic: poliserozitis fibrin, pulmonary edema, ascites, hepatic dystrophy, bruising in fat and sinew; -The gross lesions colibacilosis meet the yolk sac in found vitelus neresorbit, or yellow-brown fluid and the bag is congested and edemaiat. Catarrhal bronchopneumonia was observed in lung inflammation and fibrin all serous toraco-abdominal and organs are congested and dystrophic.
16
-The histopathology of caecums stand out vilozities atrophied fibrosis infiltrated leucocytary covered. Immunohistochemical examination meet-B lymphocytes and chorionic proventriculars mucosal T lymphocytes in mucosal epithelium proventiculars. -The histopathology of the ileum and jejunal colibaciloz dead chickens ileit meet with atrophy and scaling vilozities infiltrated the mucosal epithelium and background B and T lymphocytes immuno-histochemical examination. -The histopathology of kidney colibacilosis dead pups observed vascular congestion and stasis, tubular epithelial dystrophy, and liver necrosis and meet outbreaks of hepatitis accompanied by dissociation of trabecular structures.-pulmonale histopathology of us fiber indicates necrotic bronchitis and trachea in response to granulocyte limfo-necrotic tracheitis. CHAPTER 17. In this chapter, entitled Research on the evolution of antibody titers in major diseases of broilers were taken blood samples, performed the ELISA test for determination of antibody titers. 17.1 PURPOSE OF RESEARCH The aim was to observe the effectiveness of certain vaccine strains currently used and comply with the vaccination program in hybrid ROSS-308. 17.2 OBJECTIVES PURSUED If developed sufficient immunity after vaccination and were similar to titres titres expected if sufficient titres persist over time and whether the immune response uniformity is good. 17.3 BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL He was represented by the hybrid broilers ROSS-308, derived from the incubation station of the company. The chicks were reared under identical conditions, all vaccinations are performed according to technology growth. 17.4 MATERIAL AND METHOD Vaccination of chickens was done on different dates, according to the program of vaccination for each hall. Sampling of blood was taken from each chicken 25 randomized, the day of hatching to 21 days and at slaughter (42 days) and laboratory examinations were performed by ELISA.
17.5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Interpretation of serological results obtained after vaccination is by assessing three key components of the immune response:-The intensity of immune response, indicated by "The actual environment. We'll see if it developed sufficient immunity after vaccination and were similar to titres titres expected the schedule of vaccination using a vaccine strain specific. Expected titres following vaccination are so-called "titers Standard" or "Expected titers. These
17
titers Standard varies by type of bird, age, type of vaccine, vaccination program and other factors. Uniformity immune response indicated by coefficient of variance CV%, is assessed as follows: <40% Excellent 40-60% Good >60% necessary to improve The immune response-persistence is indicated by titre environment over time or require a new vaccine to raise over the minimum protective titres? 17.5.1 Newcastle Disease Number of broiler was vaccinated at the age of 1 day 9 and 22 days, by aerosol, with a vaccine containing a strain lentogen. Blood samples were collected in one days, 22 days and 42 days revealed Elisa test maximum titers DO 9210 the first harvest of 6257 DO in the second harvest, and 11,146 DO at the age of 42 days. The fact that the titres obtained in dynamic evolved upward, does not exclude the hypothesis that these titres could be represented by residual yolk antibodies while, the vaccinations done later as technology (table 6). 17.5.2 Infectious bursitis The chicks were vaccinated at age 14 days through drinking water, with a vaccine containing the least attenuated strain vaccine virus strain term BIA were taken blood samples from one days, 22 days and 42 days. After vaccination results show seroconversion to 100% coefficient of variance indicated the uniformity of the immune response is below 40%, which means that it is very good (8.5% at hatching, 22 days and 24.8% to 8.0% in 42 days). It is noted that titres persist over time, persistent immune response as indicated by titre Environment. Vaccination was done properly, are titers uniform, high and long, located within the expected titres (6000-9000). 100% positive samples are determined. Higher levels of maternal antibodies to age one days may be caused by vaccinations carried out in breeding hens at the age of 14, 27, 92 and 132 days, were immunized against the virus with an intermediate strain, which ensures proper transmission of antibodies in chickens. postecloziune immediately mean titres were higher for 8133 compared to 4672 to 21 days after hatching, respectively 11,800 at the age of 42 days. Minimum titre had values ranging from 1555 at the age of 22 days and 11,800 to 42 days and the maximum titre was the lowest ever at 22 days 6843, respectively 14,328 to 42 days (table 6). 17.5.3 Infectious Bronchitis Vaccination was performed at the age of one days with a live attenuated vaccine against bronchitis, strain H-120 and 10 days, using strain 4-91 by aerosol. Blood samples were collected in one days, at 22 days and 42 days. After vaccination, the results show seroconversion to 100%. The coefficient of variance is below 40%, which means that it is very good (10.5% at hatching, 24.1% to 12.2% at 22 days and 42 days). All samples are 100% positive. Observe a higher level of maternal antibodies to age one days since breeding hens were immunized against the virus bronchitis at the age of 9, 23, 47, 71 and 132 days with a live vaccine strain lentogen, immunization lasts throughout the lay and ensure a proper transmission of antibodies to the progeny. Levels mean titres were higher immediately posteclozional 7280, until 21 days after hatching, respectively in 2852, and at the age of 42
18
days it stood at 7162. The actual minimum was lower values of 5433 at the age of 42 and 5857 days since hatching, and the maximum titre was the lowest since hatching of 1430, respectively 9196 to 42 days (table 6). 17.5.4 Avian encephalomyelitis They collected blood samples from one days and 42 days. Titre environment, indicated by the intensity of immune response, we show that it has developed sufficient immunity after hatching or not titres titres expected near the age of 42 days. Coefficient variability indicated by the uniformity of the immune response is less than 40% (17.7% at hatching) and over 60% (112.6%) at 42 days. It is noted that titres do not persist over time, persistent immune response as indicated by Alcoholic Medium. That did not get vaccinated titres are not uniform and lasting, is not within the expected titres (4000-6000). 100% positive samples are determined at the age of one days and are 100% negative at the age of 42 days. Titres average hatching were higher than 6617, compared to 49 at the age of 42 days. Minimum titre had values ranging from 4145 to hatching and 1 to 42 days and the maximum titre was following values, namely 9724 to hatching from 174 to 42 days (table 6). 17.5.5 Respiratory mycoplasmosis Broilers were not vaccinated against mycoplasmosis, therefore, the presence of maternal antibodies at hatching is because breeding hens were immunized at the age of 33 and 85 days with a live vaccine against Mycoplasma gallisepticum, making an immunization active for reduction of clinical signs caused by the wild strain. There were blood samples taken from one days and 42 days. Serological examination performed by ELISA on a total of 25 serum samples showed the presence of specific antibodies in broilers. The coefficient of variance indicated the uniformity of the immune response is> 60% (66.7% at hatching and 70.1% to 42 days). 100% negative samples are determined, both in one days of age and the age of 42 days, while chicks from eggs from the same source. The average maternal antibodies to age one days was than 97, compared with 161 at the age of 42 days. The actual minimum value was 1 at hatching and at 42 days and the maximum titre was reduced to 200 and 418 hatching to 42 days (table 6). 17.5.6 Infectious anemia To make the examination were blood samples taken from one days and 42 days. Serological examination performed by ELISA on a total of 25 serum samples showed the presence of specific antibodies in chicken meat establishment. The coefficient of variance indicated the uniformity of the immune response is less than 40% (19.0% at hatching and 9.6 % at 42 days). It is noted that titres do not persist over time, persistent immune response as indicated by titre Environment. 100% positive samples are due to negative one days old age of 42 days, while chicks from eggs from the same source and increased the same hall. The average maternal antibodies to age one days was 0.148 compared to 1.722 at the age of 42 days. The actual minimum value of 0.105 had to hatching and from 1.507 to 42 days and the maximum titre was the hatching of 0.202 and 2.09 to 42 days (table 6).
19
17.5.7Avian influenza They collected blood samples from one days and 42 days. Serological examination performed by ELISA on a total of 25 serum samples, did not reveal the presence of specific antibodies in broilers. Number of broiler not been vaccinated against avian influenza, which shows that 100% negative samples are determined. Coefficient variability is 0. It is noted that titres do not persist over time. The average maternal antibodies to age one days and 42 days was 1. The actual minimum value was 1 at hatching and at 42 days and the maximum titre was 1 and 1 hatching 42 days (table 6).
17.5.8 The Turkey Rhinotracheitis They collected blood samples from one days and 42 days. Serological examination performed by ELISA on a total of 25 serum samples showed the presence of specific antibodies in chicken meat only from hatching. Since titres not persist over time, variability coefficient is 0. That did not get vaccinated, shows that titres are not uniform and long, and is within the expected titres (<90). 100% positive samples are determined at the age of one day and negative at the age of 42 days. The average maternal antibodies at age 1 days was 2 to 1 at the age of 42 days. The actual minimum value was 2 to hatching and 1 to 42 days and the maximum titre was 2 at hatching and 1 to 42 days (table 6). 17.5.9 Reovirosis Number of chickens have been vaccinated against reovirozei. Therefore, the presence of maternal antibodies at hatching is because breeding hens were immunized at the age of 8 days and 132 days with an inactivated vaccine antireovirus. There were blood samples taken from one days and 42 days. Serological examination performed by ELISA on a total of 25 serum samples showed the presence of specific antibodies in chicken meat (table 6). The coefficient of variance is less than 40% (13.5% at hatching) and over 60% (113.4%) at 42 days. It is noted that titres do not persist over time, persistent immune response as indicated by titre Environment. Samples are 100% positive due to negative one days old age of 42 days, while chicks from eggs from the same source and grown in the same hall. The average maternal antibodies to age one days was 7133, compared 50 at the age of 42 days. The actual minimum value of 5120 was the hatching and 1 in 42 days and the maximum titre was the hatching of 8545 and of 182 to 42 days.
20
Table 6 Results obtained from the statistics based on the primary data regarding the antibodies titres at broilers
Specification
X A (n=25) age 1 day 22 days 42 days 1 49 1,722 1 day 0
X G (n=25) age 22 days 42 days 0 10 1,715 1 zi day 0 1170
Sd (n=25) age 22 days 1444 745 1113 42 days 0 55
CV % (n=25) age 1 day 0 17,7
T minim (n=25) age 22 days 1555 1430 4234 42 days 1 1 1,507 9718 5852 9707 1 1 1
22 42days 1 day days 30,9 0 112,6 9,6 8,0 12,2 6,8 70,1 113,4 0 1 4145 0,105 7056 5857 7739 1 5210 2
T maxim (n=25) age 1 day 22 days 1 9724 0,202 9412 8944 6843 5453
Avian influenza
Encephalomyelitis 6617 Infectious anemia 0,148 Infectious bursitis 8138 Infectious 7280 bronchitis Newcastle disease 9210 Respiratory 97 mycoplasmosis Reovirosis 7133 Rhinotracheitis 2
6513 0,145 8109 7240 9165 63 7067 2
0,028 693 762 908 65 961 0
0,165 19,0 947 873 756 113 57 0 8,5
4672 11800 2852 7162
4392 11762 2764 7111
10,5 26,1 9,9 66,7 13,5 0 17,8 -
6257 11146 161 50 1
6163 11121 98 13 0
10769 9831 200 8545 2 -
22
CHAPTER 18 RESEARCH ON USE OF ACID ACIDIFIANTULUI PACK 4-WAY ON SOME DRINKING WATER BIOLOGICAL IN BROILERS REARED ON LITTER STANDING. No Experience. 1 with 4-Way Acid Pak a probiotic, which contains citric acid and sodium citrate, currently used in broiler growth. Acid Pack 4-Way acidifier, such as organic approved products produced by Alltech Biotechnology USA. As of the analysis, it is the main ingredients: citric acid, sodium citrate and micronutrients Cu, Mn, Zn, Mg, S (SO4 ) and small amounts of Ca. The addition was made in the drinking water. 18.1 PURPOSE OF RESEARCH The purpose of Acid Pak 4-Way addition, in drinking water was lower in the water pH between 3 and 4 even 3.5. Pak 4-Way acid reduces pH by buffering water with organic acids (citric acid and sodium citrate). The ingredients in Acid Pak 4-Way from natural sources and are compatible with the ingredients or feed additives. Acid helps to keep electrolytes in water balance and digestive enzymes in the product supplement those secreted by the bird to optimize digestion. Decreased pH water helps that the crop can reduce the pH rapidly so as to encourage the activities of lactic acid producing and to inhibit the growth of pathogens. Water used in the unit has pH 6.44. Hard water due to increased pH and acid binding / buffering capacity, hampers development of acid-producing microorganisms from goitre. That was why I used this acidification, but mainly because chickens do not have microbial populations. Acids in this product can be rapidly metabolized, it changes the balance electolitic and a higher palatability. 18.2 OBJECTIVES PURSUED Research objective focused on the influence it has on the main indices of production, each ingredient, add the birds feed or drinking water, leading to changes in pH (goiter, proventricul, stomach, intestines). There followed a series of metabolic indicators, percum and energy profile, enzyme and mineral. 18.3 BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL The biological material was represented by 200 of the hybrid broilers Cobb-500, 100 for each experimental group and 100 for the control group. 18.4 WORKING METHODS Biological material consists of one 100 head broilers, the experimental group and control group, were separated by wire mesh in the production hall. Program use. The experimental group received daily in drinking water Acid Pak 4Way 2x (without dextrose) in quantities of 0.5 g / l water in the first 5 days of life the pups, then once weekly until slaughter. The control group received no added water network. To determine the effect of Acid Pak 4-Way on the metabolism of chicks and the scientific results to justify having a productive, were determined: (from 10 chickens from each group)
23
- glutamate-oxilacetat-transferazaU.I / l, GPT-glutamate-pyruvate-transferase IU / l, GGT gamma-glutamyl-transferase IU / l) - mineral profile (calcium mg / dl, phosphorus mg / dl and magnesium mg / dl). During all vaccination experiments were carried out under pup growth technology. 18.5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Since the quantity and quality of water plays a key role in raising and fattening chickens in Table 7 present the changes caused by water from adding acid Pak 4-Way. Table 7 Analysis of water indicators before and after adding Acid Pak 4-Way Nr. crt. Obtained value Fresh Fresh water+ water Acid Pak 4 Way Analyzed indicator pH units Electric conductivity (ms/cm) Alkalinity/HCO3-(m vali/mg/l) Total tartness/real tartness mvali/l Total toughness Temporary toughness Permanent toughness Calcium mg/l / Magnesium mg/l Chlorides mg/l Sulfates mg/l Fluorides mg/l Azotes mg/l Nitrites mg/l Phosphates mg/l/ Sodium mg/l Potassium mg/l O2/ OS mg/l Iron mg/l Manganese mg/l Zinc mg/l/ 6,44 237,0 1,15/70 4,2 3,22 0,98 23,0 4,26 24,8 16,4 0,0563 1,67 0,005 0,010 16,3 2,75 2,3 0,456 0,019 0,004 3,40 649,0 6,0/1,5 8,4 8,4 24,0 21,9 213,0 24,8 0,00996 1,75 0,008 0,015 53,6 24,0 232,0 2,75 0,036 0,085 5-20
Normal values Method of analysis 6,5-9,5 2500 SR ISO 10523 /1997 SR EN 27888/1997 SR ISO 9963/1997 SR ISO 9963/1997 STAS 3026 /1976 STAS 3026 /1976 STAS 3026 /1976 SR ISO 7980 /1997 SR ISO 7980 /1997 SR ISO 9297 /2001 STAS 8601 /1970 SR ISO 10359/2001 SR ISO 7890 /1996 SR ISO 6777 /1996 SR EN 1189 /2000 STAS 8295 /1969 STAS 8295 /1969 SR EN ISO 8467/2001 SR ISO 6332/1996 SR ISO 6333/1997 SR ISO 8288/2001
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
250
50 0,50
200
Electrical conductivity of the water almost tripled. Total hardness is doubled, and so the permanent. Significant increases are Mg, chlorides, sulfates, phosphates, Na, K, SO, Fe, Mn, Zn with beneficial effects on offspring growth and development. We can observe that
24
although the initial average mass of offspring of the two experimental groups and control of was substantially equal, the final average weight has increased especially in the experimental group reached 2319.58 155.940 g and the control group body weight reached 1950.31 187.623 g. The average daily growth rate was 47.77 g control group and experimental group with 57.01 g 16.2% lower in the control group compared to the experimental group. It noted that consumption was lowest in the experimental group compared to 1.76 kilograms to 1.91 kilograms control group.
18.6 INFLUENCE OF BIOCHEMICAL BLOOD ACIDIFIANTULUI ON INDICES IN BROILERS OF EXPERIMENTAL PLOT, THE AGE OF 40 DAYS Biochemical study aims mainly to know the origin of various metabolic disturbances in order to correct them quickly productive (table 8) for metabolic profile test was performed to 40 days, the age of slaughter of chickens. Table 8 Biochemical constants at chickens Biochemical values U/M M/C E Average reference Values (Source :Prvu Gh.1992) 3,36 5,05 3,90 70 12 10 620 130 620 105 60 8,8 6,9 1,8
Total protein Uric acid Ureea GOT (glutamic oxalacetic transaminase) GPT (glutam-pyruvic transaminase) GGT (gamma glutamyl transferase) PA (alkaline phosphatase ) Glucose Total lipids Cholesterol Triglycerides Calcium Phosphor Magnesium
g/dl g/dl g/dl UI UI UI UI mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl
3,92 8,91 4,90 70 12 23 580 194 650 109 70 8,10 2,15 0,810
3,73 4,10 5,5 71 11 21 570 205 645 117 60 8,65 2,35 0,935
Total protein, table 8 has values around benchmarks. Is observed with higher uric acid and urea to hyperuricemia control group may be the result of disturbance by the absence or reduction function uricolitice cleansing kidney (table 8) for poultry is important dosage enzymatic activity of transaminases glutamoxalacetice, transaminases - glutampiruvice, gamaglutamil - transferase and alkaline phosphatase. If this case GOT, GPT and AP were close to the reference values of offspring, there is a two-fold increase of GGT face value normal in both groups. These values indicate liver disease such as cholestasis and steatosis (table 8). The clinical picture of the energy profile, (neazotate organic substances) table 8 shows excess carbohydrates in both groups compared with literature values. By slaughtering
25
chickens at the age of 40 days to reduce the chance of hepatorenal steatosis, which occurs in excess carbohydrates. Values determined in fat, cholesterol and triglycerides are characteristic of this age. The clinical picture of mineral profile (Table 8), the mineral elements essential for maintaining life: calcium, phosphorus and magnesium deficiency has a high phosphorus and magnesium, although the ratio Ca / P in offspring nutrition is optimal. The deficit arose as a result of digestive absorption reducing phosphorus and magnesium, the result of excess phytate, oxalate or fat feeding chickens. No events were observed morfoclinice indicating lack of mineralization. CHAPTER 19 RESEARCH ON THE USE OF ORIGINAL ACID ADMINISTERED FODDERS, THE PERFORMANCE OF A BROILERS REARED ON LITTER STANDING Finding ways to improve production performance led us to continuously study the following biochemical and mineral mixtures added in drinking water or feed chickens. No Experience. Version 2 of the following composition (original): Monopotassium and monosodium phosphate (KH2PO4, NAH2PO4) and magnesium aspartate, variant B, had the following composition: Monopotassium phosphate and sodium, magnesium aspartate and calcium gluconate. The addition was made in the compound feed used in feeding chicks. 19.1 PURPOSE OF RESEARCH The purpose of the research was to determine the most appropriate combination of inorganic acids, which add to food, can correct the pH in the digestive tract without negatively affecting the metabolic imbalances and to determine ultimately increases production. Use good quality feed additives is a sure way to improve the productive potential of birds, naturally. 19.2 OBJECTIVES PURSUED The objectives were to ensure the necessary amino acids for protein biosynthesis is pursuing its daily average growth, average mass, and specific consumption rate of mortality. 19.3 BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL Biological material was represented by the hybrid broilers -500 Cobb, aged 1-41 days. 19.4 METHOD OF WORK The experiments were performed on three batches of 100 chickens elected head randomized and separated by wire mesh in the production hall. In group 1 was administered in feed: chemical compounds that enter the Krebs cycle, as in variant A, 0.25% and in group 2 compounds were used in variant B, 0.30%. Control group, were fed the basic feed used in the unit without acidification. Note that all the conditions of housing, care, feeding and microclimate were identical throughout the experience. Chickens from each group were weighed weekly diet after 12 o'clock. Data obtained were processed statistically, observations and determinations were made by methods commonly used. At the end of experience (41 days) were harvested blood samples for biochemical determinations, that determine plasma protein electrophoresis on paper.
26
19.5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Comparing the main indices of production record throughout the experimental cycle (1-41 days) (table 9) observed that although the initial average mass of pups in the 3 groups was almost equal, the final was greater for the experimental 1 and 2, being 2350.0 14.08 g respectively 2335.0 2258.0 10.68 g to 23.40 g very significant differences. The benchmarking data shows that young recorded satisfactory increases in weight (56.43 g 0.34 Lot 1, 56.04 g 0.26 group 2 and 54.19 g 0.57 in control group) appropriate quality compound administered, with values rising gradually, parallel to their advance in age (table 10). The specific consumption is typically at a good value, falling from 1.79 kg in group 1 to 1.81 kg for the control group (table 11). The best results throughout the experimental period were obtained from chickens in group 1, plus the food compounds such as inorganic and organic chemical variant A, 0.25%. There was lot 2, plus the food, chemical compounds such as inorganic and organic, variant B, 0.30% The addition of acidifying and mineralized in recipes for mixed fodder improve their biological value, providing broilers mineral requirements acids, found part of the growth rate and mean body mass recorded in chickens raised in two experimental plots at period end. Table 9 Statistical analysis results of primary data regarding average body weight
Age Standar d values 42,0 175,4 486,6 931,8 1467,3 2049,2 2551,7 Statistical parameters of each Group CONTROL Xsx 36,01 0,13 151,10 1,77 390,0010,75 748,00 4,67 1250,20 6,52 1798,00 7,85 2258,0023,40 GROUP 1 Xsx V% 36,01 0,13 3,58 157,00 2,02 436,00 3,75 818,98 4,05 1430,00 4,98 1895,00 7,62 2350,00 14,08 12,78 8,55 4,95 3,44 3,98 5,93 GROUP 2 Xsx V% 36,00 0,13 3,60 155,91 1,45 429,70 3,49 810,00 4,19 1415,00 3,76 1885,21 5,84 2335,0010,68 9,22 8,09 5,12 2,63 3,05 4,51
Populatin g 1 2 3 4 5 6
V% 3,58 11,61 10,75 6,18 5,18 4,30 10,15
27
Table 10 Average values and their variability for daily weight gain
Age Standar d values Statistical parameters of each group GROUP 2 CONTROL Xsx V% 16,450,25 15,04 25,290,30 11,88 33,900,22 6,43 43,360,23 5,29 50,340,22 4,36 54,190,57 10,30 GROUP 1 Xsx V% 17,260,29 16,50 28,560,27 9,32 37,280,20 5,27 49,780,18 3,52 53,090,22 4,08 56,430,34 6,01 Xsx 17,130,21 28,090,26 36,850,20 49,270,14 52,820,17 56,040,26 V% 11,94 9,09 5,32 2,89 3,10 4,63
1 2 3 4 5 6
14,77 31,75 42,37 50,90 57,34 61,70
Table 11 Average values and their variability for specific consumption

Age Standard values Statistical parameters of each group CONTROL Xsx V% 0,740,01 11,14 1,160,01 10,75 1,360,01 6,61 1,490,01 5,14 1,640,01 5,81 1,810,02 9,51 GROUP 1 Xsx V% 0,790,01 14,01 1,150,01 8,49 1,340,01 4,96 1,470,01 3,49 1,640,01 4,07 1,790,01 5,76 GROUP 2 Xsx V% 0,790,01 9,16 1,160,01 8,25 1,340,64 5,21 1,460,02 10,55 1,640,01 3,08 1,790,01 4,47
1 2 3 4 5 6
0,85 1,05 1,26 1,44 1,61 1,76
19.6 INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS A AND B ADMINISTERED FODDERS, THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MEAT
VARIANT
From each lot were sacrificed 5 each chicken, which is the average body mass for each group studied. After slaughter, carcasses were cut into parts chickens anatomical taking out from each batch chest and thigh. Of these samples were taken for determination of analytical average fat, protein substances and water. Gross chemical composition of carcasses was performed with the aim of ensuring that differences in nutritional quality. Analyzing the average values obtained, we find that the chicken in batches 1 and group 2 the amount of water is approximately equal to that of the chicken from the control group. The chicken leg, the percentage of water is between 70.06 to 71.17 in control group and group 2. The protein content is slightly higher (23.55%) in control group-range chicken leg and the lots 1 and 2 This is between 18,64-19,93%. Range chicken has values between 20,78-21,90%. The lowest percentage of fat found in the chicken from the control group (8.64%), and the highest 11.32% is found to range chicken leg-control group. 19.7 INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS A AND B VARIANTS ADMINISTERED FODDER ON INDICES BIOCHEMICAL BLOOD IN BROILERS EXPERIMENTAL FROM, THE AGE OF 41 DAYS The investigations were made on 2 experimental and one control group (each group100 chickens). From each lot were slaughtered 10 chickens each, what is the average body 28
mass. Note that blood collection was done individually, but economic reasons samples were collected in an average sample was analyzed for each batch. Biochemical indices were determined as: total protein, serum protein, neazotate organic substances, substances enzyme mineral substances and haematological values. Following the mean values indicates that the group 1 serumalbumins is 25.9%, while serumglobulins is 74.1%. In group 2, representing 39.4% serumalbumins while serumglobulins is 60.6%. The control group, representing 41.7% serumalbumins while serumglobulins is 58.3%. How serumalbumins are synthesized in the liver on account of amino acid food intake and metabolic fund jointly believe that the group 1 this contribution was weak, which is why serumalbumins represented only 25.9% (table 12). Following protein profile values, we see an increase in total protein in group 1 with 1.14 mg / dl compared with reference values. Elevated uric acid (hyperuricemia) is found in group 1, due to increased protein catabolism. In group 1 is also observed a reduction in urea with 2.27 mg / dl, as compared to group 2 and control and to the values in the literature (table 13). Table 13 Biochemical constants at chickens
Biochemical values
U/M 1 4,5 9,84 1,63 199 630 137 119 51 10 22 570 3,51 4,00 0,845
Group 2 3,63 6,24 3,2 245 635 94 38 55 10 14 570 3,36 3,00 0,822 M/C 4,0 4,42 4,0 240 655 94 40 40 7 19 560 2,33 3,14 0,828
Average reference values 3,36 5,05 3,90 130 620 105 60 70 12 10 620 8,8 6,9 1,8
Total protein Uric acid Urea Glucose Total lipids Cholesterol Triglycerides GOT (glutamic oxalacetic transaminase) GPT (glutam-pyruvic transaminase) GGT (gamma glutamyl transferase) PA (alkaline phosphatase ) Calcium Phosphor Magnesium
mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl U/I U/I U/I U/I mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl
29
Table 12 A comparison of groups biochemical results of (protein electrophoresis) Serum proteins Specification Serumalbumins % Group 1 Group 2 Control group 25,9 39,4 41,7 g/dl 1,17 1,50 1,67 Alpha 1 % g/dl 7,4 3,3 1,9 0,33 0,08 Serum globulins Alpha 2 Beta % g/dl % g/dl 1,9 1,4 1,0 0,09 0,04 14,2 13,2 13,0 0,64 0,52 Gamma % g/dl 50,6 42,7 42,4 2,28 1,7 Total proteins g/dl 4,50 3,63 4,00 0,35 0,65 0,72
A/G report
30
The clinical picture of the energy profile, (unazotated organic substances) indicates excess of carbohydrates, both experimental and the control group compared with literature values (increased by up to 115 mg / dL) (Table 13). Values due to fat, are characteristic of this age. But an increase is observed in triglycerides in group 1 with 59 mg / dl from the literature and found values in group 2 and control are lower than the benchmark. Enzymatic activity is reproduced in Table 13. In this case, GOT, GPT and AP were close to the reference values. Values increased in group 1 and control gamaglutamiltransferazei would indicate liver disease. Mineral profile that I sought to maintain life essential mineral elements, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium deficiency have a high calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, although the ratio Ca / P in offspring nutrition is optimal. The deficit arose as a result of reduced absorption of phosphorus and magnesium, the result of excess phytate, oxalate or fat feeding chickens. No events were observed morfoclinical indicating lack of mineralization (table 13). 19.8 DYNAMIC ELEMENTS FIGURE IN BLOOD TAKEN LOTS OF STUDY The investigations were made on 2 experimental denoted 1 and 2 and a lot blank note 3 (100 chicks in each batch). Figurative elements determined are: leucocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, erythrocytes, red blood cells volume environment, hematocrit, hemul concentration the average hemoglobin red blood cells, the distribution of red blood cells, hemoglobin, platelets, platelet volume, platelet distribution of tombocrit. Leukocytes. The average values found range from 11.72 thousand / mm in the control group and 16.03 in group 1, the reference values being 26 thousand / mm . Changes in above or below refer emergence of pathological conditions. Lymphocytes. Data from recently published literature indicates average of 63%. The values found were 38.16 in group 1, and 46.70% in control group. The observed reduction in lymphocytes (limfocitopenia), especially in group 1. Monocytes. The values we found are slightly increased the range from 7.87% in group 1 and 8.56% in control group compared to the benchmark of 6.1%. Granulocytes (heterofilele, eosinophils and basophils). The values found range from 44.74% in control group and 53.97% in group 1. Erythrocytes. The values found ranged from 2.78 million / mm in the control group and 2.91 million / mm in group 1, being close to reference values of 2.35 million / mm . The volume average red blood cells (VEM). The values found ranged from 99.2 control group and 102.6 in group 2, being close to reference values from literature where the average is 112 . Hematocrit. Values were found between control group and 27.44% to 29.21% in group 1, being close to normal values of 26%. Hemul. It was found the following ranges 24.22 pg-26, 04 pg Mean hemoglobin concentration in red blood cells (CHEMValorile found ranged from 24.52 g / dl in the control group and 25.43 g / dl in group 2, they are considered normal levels. Distribution of red blood cells - was contained within the following limits 7.64 -8.76. Hemoglobin. The values found were 6.74 g / dl in the control group and 7.37 g / dl in group 1, data similar to those in the literature (7.3 g / dl). Platelets . Platelet counts found ranged from 92.14 thousand / mm in group 2 and 100.40 thousand / mm in group 1. I have found pathological disturbances of platelet series. platelet volume is within limits of variation between 9.98 the control group and 10.37 in group 2. platelet volume is normal environment of 7-10 fl.
31
Trombocryte. Value found was 0.10 in all groups. Distribution of platelet. Compared to the 9.84 found in control group, the was 7.13 in group 2 and 8.96 in group 1.
19.9 HIGHLIGHTING RESEARCH ON PERFORMANCES ECONOMIC INFLUENCE To assess the economic sustainability of the investigations was used as an indicator for zero break-even analysis of the activity. It is defined as that quantity of output (number of chicks in trials), for which total revenues of the company equals the sum of variable costs and fixed costs of the enterprise. The break-even zero is lower with the work is more attractive economically, as: any increase in production above this level are increasing the income threshold, the company must lifted a smaller amount of products, so you have greater freedom to market outlets (table 14). Table 14 Calculation of body weight gain from a period to another and of turning ro account unit price Specification Standard Beginning 42 1- 7 days 133,4 7-14 days 311,2 14- 21 days 445,2 21- 28 days 535,5 28- 35 days 581,9 35- at slaughtering 502,5 Total (grams) 2551,7 Slaughter productivity 0,83 Total turned into 2,117911 account Unitary PV 14,253541 Source: Own calculations Control 36,01 115,09 238,9 358 502,2 547,8 460 2258 0,83 1,87414 Group I 36,01 20,99 379 382,98 611,02 465 455 2350 0,83 1,9505 Group II 36 119,91 273,79 380,3 605 470,21 449,79 2335 0,83 1,93805
12,612962 13,126865 13,043077
The calculation was performed for each age range, by making a difference between body weight of pups from the end of the period and their body weight at the beginning of the period. Slaughter yield and recovery prices are those of society during the years 2004 and 2005, i.e. 83% for return to slaughter and that of 6.73 euro / kg in the price of recovery. As you can see, the biggest gain every chicken availed is obtained in the experimental batch I with an income of about 13.2 lei per chicken capitalized. From the results obtained was performed and calculation of cost by reporting profit gain achieved at the cost acidifyer used in experiments (580 million) 6 batches of 20,000 chickens in order to achieve break-even zero). Thus the cost is recovered acidifier of 11.57 times profit growth achieved by the company.
32
CHAPTER 20. RESEARCH ON USE OF ORIGINAL VERSION ACID A, B, C ADMINISTERED IN DRINKING WATER, THE PERFORMANCE OF A BROILERS REARED ASTEN STANDING
Experience No.3 variant of the following composition (original): citric acid, lactic acid, Monopotassium phosphate, monocalcium phosphate Ca (HPO4) 2 and magnesium aspartate, variant B, Monopotassium phosphate and sodium, magnesium aspartate and citric acid, and in variant C were used citric acid, lactic acid and monosodium phosphate Monopotassium, K2H2PO4 (pirofosforic acid) and magnesium aspartate. The addition was made in the drinking water. Acids make their own recipes in composition were mainly inorganic compounds such as: Monopotassium and monosodium phosphate (KH2PO4, NAH2PO4). Alongside them were added such as organic chemical compounds that are found in the Krebs cycle, of which more important, role is in protecting the liver was aspartic acid magnesium salt form. To determine influence that is organic to the report acidifianilor inorganic in their recipes I added and organic compounds such as molasses, citric acid and calcium gluconate. 20.1 PURPOSE OF RESEARCH He was to determine the most appropriate combination of acids and mineralized, which added to drinking water pH adjusted in the digestive tract and provide a medium protein entering the general metabolism of chickens (chickens body combinations that maintain health and achieve a higher body mass). 20.2 OBJECTIVES PURSUED Knowing the extent to which nutrients in the form of complex combinations involved in vital functions of the body broilers, and develop production increases. It was the hybrid Cobb-500. Microenvironment was the same for all groups.
20.3 METHOD OF WORK They formed four groups of Cobb-500 chickens reared hybrid permanent bedding, 100 head each separate lot with wire mesh directly in the production hall. thus:-1 experimental group received daily in drinking water chemical compounds such as inorganic and organic variant A (water pH 3.7 was determined)-2 experimental group received daily in drinking water of chemical compounds inorganic and organic nature variant B (water pH 3.5 was determined)-2 experimental group received daily in drinking water chemical compounds such as inorganic and organic Z (water pH 3.6 was determined );-control group received no drinking water chemical compounds such as inorganic (water pH was determined to 6.44). During the deployment experience to follow the evolution of body mass, the specific consumption at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and culling, along with comments on behavior, morbidity, mortality and blood constants in combination with evidence of slaughterhouse, chemical composition droppings and economic efficiency. On the last day of testing blood samples were collected from each of 10 individuals from each group for biochemical analysis. All weighings were made chickens a diet after 12 o'clock. Determination of the main blood was
33
constant after methods Recommended by P. Karlson (1967), GH. Nuta, C. BUNEAG (1977) and R. Duncan and col. (1994) as: -Total protein-Wechselbaum method, serum protein-electoforesis, uric acidcolorimetric method with picric acid, urea-colorimetric method with urease, creatinine, blood sugar-colorimetric method, with ortotoluidin, cholesterol-micrometoda without deproteinizare, triglycerides, lipids; GOT and GPT 2-4 dinitrofenilhidrazin-colorimetric method, GGT, calcium-indicator method complexometric with Murexid, magnesium, phosphorus-Photocolorimeters method (without precipitation of protein). Droppings composition was determined after STAS-9065 / 3,4,7, 9-1973,1981, 1974. 20.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Analyzing the table 11 can be seen that the popular body weight does not exceed the standard. But has a good build body mass, reaching 42 days at 2460.65 27.28 for Lot 2, 2450.00 25.26 for Lot 1, 2402.24 28.91 for Lot 3, compared with controls in which the weight was 2259.94 17.15. The experimental values are close to the breed standard for slaughter age. The best results, the entire experimental period (Tables 15,16,17) were obtained from chickens in group 2 who made the biggest gain daily average of 57.65 g consuming 1.79 kg feed / kg gain, followed by group 1-with an average daily gain of 57.40 g consuming 1.80 kg feed / kg gain, followed by group 3 with an increase of 56.26 g consuming 1.80 kg feed / kg gain and control group-with an increase of 52.88 g consuming 1.85 kg feed / kg gain. Table 15 Average values and their variability for daily weight gain
Statistical parameters of each group GROUP 1 GROUP 2 CONTROL Xsx 16,290,16 25,210,08 34,560,09 43,430,09 50,310,12 52,880,41 V% 9,87 3,20 2,69 2,13 2,32 7,56 Xsx 18,440,07 30,070,04 39,940,03 53,390,11 53,940,13 57,40063 V% 3,68 1,44 0,73 1,97 2,47 10,91 Xsx 19,420,04 30,070,04 39,940,03 52,140,02 53,600,06 57,650,65 V% 1,81 1,45 0,70 0,30 1,12 11,15 Xsx 17,990,07 28,860,06 37,700,05 49,690,12 52,040,10 56,260,69 V% 4,05 2,15 1,03 2,33 1,90 12,12 GROUP 3
Age 1 2 3 4 5 6
Standard values 14,77 31,75 42,37 50,90 57,34 61,70
Table 16 Average values and variability for specific consumption

Standard values 0,85 1,05 1,26 1,44 1,61 1,76 CONTROL Xsx 0,790,01 1,120,00 1,340,00 1,480,00 1,640,00 1,850,01 Statistical parameters of each group G1 G2 Xsx V% Xsx V% 0,770,00 2,77 0,770,00 1,53 1,140,00 1,37 1,150,00 1,34 1,330,00 0,74 1,340,00 0,70 1,480,00 1,89 1,480,00 0,43 1,630,00 2,56 1,670,00 1,28 1,800,02 11,26 1,790,02 11,11 G3 Xsx 0,780,00 1,150,00 1,360,00 1,480,00 1,670,00 1,800,02
Age 1 2 3 4 5 6
V% 8,08 2,85 2,89 2,08 2,28 7,51
V% 3,37 2,02 1,27 1,67 1,89 12,22
34
Table 17 Results obtained from the statistics based on primary data, regarding average body weight
Statistical parameters of each group GROUP 1 GROUP 2 Xsx V% Xsx V% 39,000,05 1,39 39,000,07 1,76 167,950,47 460,050,61 878,000,63 1533,972,96 1927,004,72 245026,56 2,79 1,32 0,71 1,92 2,42 10,73 157,000,28 460,000,61 878,000,59 1499,000,46 1915,002,15 2460,6527,28 1,58 1,32 0,66 0,31 1,12 10,98
Age-weeks Ecloziune hatching 1 2 3 4 5 6
Standard values 42,0 175,4 486,6 931,8 1467,3 2049,2 2633,7
CONTROL Xsx 39,000,08 153,001,13 392,001,14 764,891,97 1255,002,63 1800,004,15 2259,9417,15 V% 2,06 7,34 2,88 2,55 2,07 2,27 7,44
GROUP 3 Xsx 39,030,09 165,00056 443,000,91 830,811,04 1432,902,44 1860,003,56 2402,2428,91
V% 2,36 3,35 2,03 1,25 1,70 1,9 11,91
35
a)
b)
c)
d)
Figura / Figure 1a, b, c, d) Aspectul puilor din lotul martor, lotul 1, lotul 2 i lotul 3, la vrsta de 35 zile. Chicken appearance from control group, from group 1, from group 2 and group 3 20.5 INFLUENCE OF EXPERIENCE 3 CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, VARIANTS A, B AND C ADMINISTERED IN DRINKING WATER ON INDICES BIOCHEMICAL BLOOD IN BROILERS Biochemical indices of blood serum (serum proteins, total protein, neazotate organic substances, substances enzymes, minerals and haematological values) were determined in each 10 chicks from each batch to 42 days, representing the average body weight per batch. Following the mean values, is found that the group 1 serumalbuminele is 25.9%, while serumglobulinele is 74.1% in group 2 serumalbuminele is 39.4%, while serumglobulinele is 60.6% in the control group serumalbuminele or 41, 7%, while serumglobulinele is 58.3%. The clinical picture is characteristic species of group 2 and control group. How serumalbuminele are synthesized in the liver on account of amino acid food intake and metabolic fund jointly believe that the group 1 this contribution was weak, which is why serumalbuminele represented only 25.9% (table 18).
36
Table 18 The values of total protein at chickens Group Parametrul Parameter U/M 1 2 3 M/C Average reference values
Total proteins Serum albumins Serum globulins from which: alpha 1 Alpha 2 Beta gamma Globuline / Globulins Uric acid Urea
g/dl g/dl g/dl g/dl g/dl g/dl
3,10 1,67 0,14 0,37 0,38 0,54 1,17 5,82 5,30
4,40 2,35 0,10 0,51 0,44 1,00 1,15 3,55 3,20
4,50 2,55 0,14 0,48 0,55 0,78 1,30 5,36 6,00
5,50 3,03 0,20 0,60 0,71 0,95 1,23 7,30 7,20
3,36 1,63
1,0
mg/dl mg/dl
5,05 3,90
Therefore, total proteins and their fractions have values around the reference to the same age, except the control group having higher values. The same values are found and uric acid and urea except batch 2, which has lower values, and the control group having higher values. Determination of urea is the most significant test for detecting renal dysfunction. High values in the control group would indicate a disturbance of function uricolitice. Energy profile, (neazotate organic substances) Table 19 indicates excess carbohydrates in all groups compared with literature values, increased by up to 119 mg / dl. Chickens were slaughtered at the age of 42 days, so the possibility of hepatorenal steatosis (which is the excess of carbohydrates) is practically reduced. Values determined in fat, cholesterol and triglycerides are characteristic of this age. Enzyme profile values presented in Table 19, are close to benchmarks of broilers. Following values mineral profile table 19, we see an excess of calcium, 22.4 mg / dl more in group 3 and 12.4 mg / dl in group 1 compared with reference values, which in this case interferes with the absorption of phosphorus. Increase blood calcium than normal value can be determined by hipovitaminoza D deficiencies in phosphorus could be aggravated by excess calcium. Although magnesium values are lower than the reference, less influence growth and only in exceptional circumstances (synthetic schemes or pathological interference).
37
Tabelul/Table 19 Biochemical constants in chicken Average reference values M/C 247 655 95 70 71 12 23 580 24,8 2,29 0,854 130 620 105 60 70 12 10 620 8,8 6,9 1,8
Biochemical values U/M mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl UI UI UI UI mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl 1 249 640 102 57 69 11 20 570 21,2 2,36 0,856
Group 2 234 630 101 60 68 10 21 570 26,4 2,34 0,846 3 235 635 97 69 66 10 21 560 31,4 2,37 0,857
Glucose Total lipids Cholesterol Triglycerides GOT glutamic oxalacetic transaminase GPT glutam-pyruvic transaminase GGT gamma glutamyl transferase PA alkaline phosphatase Calcium Phosphor Magnesium
The chemical composition of effluents revealed the following values (table 20): Table 20 Chemical composition of the dejections GROUP Ammonia mg/100g Nitrites mg/100g Nitrates mg/100g Crude protein g% 8.06 6.26 6.24 7.44 Humidity % SU %
1 2 3 M/C
97.24 104.18 97.24 167.47
0.35 0.28 0.20 0.20
8.70 9.51 7.85 10.97
71.59 71.86 71.85 70.33
24.41 28.14 28.15 29.67
The chemical composition of effluents has been affected by the drinking water of acidifianilor and mineralizanilor, observing it in these determinations, increased ammonia at 167.47 mg/100g control group compared to lot 1 and 3 -97.24 mg / 100 g and 104.18 mg/100g in group 2. The values of nitrates, nitrites and protein have also differentiation, thus showing the changes in chemical composition. The pH was adjusted and droppings. The values determined are given in table 21.
38
Table 21 The pH of broilers dejections as they grow older Age (days) 5 15 25 35 42 Group 1 8 7 6 6 5 Group 2 8 7 6 6 5 Group 3 8 7 6 6 5 Martor 8 group 8 8 7 6,5
Age (days)Age Analyzing the data of Table 21 note that by the age of 5 days, the pH of effluents is an alkaline (days)Age reaction (pH 8) both experimental and the control group. At the age of 15 days the reaction is neutral (pH 7), the experimental and the control group alkaline. It should be noted (days)Age (days) that after this age, the experimental side are expressed by acid pH, reaction is maintained until the end of the test. The control group, the reaction of acidic droppings appears only in the last period of growth. For these reasons, it highlighted the existence of a relationship of dependence of pH in experimental droppings on the amount of acidifying and manage mineralized drinking water. Compound feed use in the three experimental series (2004, 2005, 2006) were similar in terms of their structure, nutritional value and profile of amino acids (lysine and methionine) and in terms of how to achieve the level of protein (only vegetable protein). From Table 22, giving the comparative data differences recorded between the three experimental series can be observed that the average final body weight was higher in all the experimental chickens. Thus, the highest average final weight was obtained from chickens in group 2, the series III experiments that 2461.0 g / head to 2320.0 g / head as occurred in the experimental group Ia series of experience and 2350.0 g / head in series II experience. A similar trend was recorded in terms of average daily growth rate, standing out is the new offspring of Lot 2 of the series III experience which was 1.1% higher compared with the largest increase achieved the offspring of the series, ie the 2.16% of the Series II experience. specific consumption for 1 kg gain was lower for chicks Series Get the experience and ranged from 1, 75-1,90 kg combined feed / kg gain for the series I had the experience, combined 1,781,80 kg feed / kg gain for the series II experience and 1,79-1,85 kg compound feed / kg gain for series III. Regarding the development of other production parameters, the differences recorded between the three experimental series are obvious.
39
Table 22 Comparative data regarding the three experimental series

Series Specificatio n Average body weight (g): -initial -final Daily weight gain -g -% Specific consumption kg n.c/kg spor % Mortalities % (2004) L(E) L(M) 39,0 1950,3 1 L1 36,0 1 2350,0 L2 L(M) 36,0 1 2258,0 L1 L2 39,0 2460,6 5 L3 L(M) 39,0 2259,9 4 1st Series 2nd (2005) Series 3rd (2006)
40,01 2319,5 8 57,0 100,0
36,0 2335, 0
39,0 2450, 0 57,40 99,56 1,80 100,5 5
39,03 2402,2 4 56,26 97,58 1,81 100,55
47,77 83,80
56,43 100,0 1,78 100,0
56,07 54,19 100,56 96,03 1,80 101,12
57,65 100,00 1,79 100,00
52,88 91,74 1,85 103,35
1,75 100,0 2,8
1,90 108,5 4,5
1,79 100,5 6 3,0
2,0
4,0 2,0
2,0
2,0
4,0
CHAPTER 21.
RESEARCH ON TECHNOLOGY OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT UNIT
21.1 PURPOSE OF RESEARCH Reduce pollution through improved variant of mechanical-biological treatment as quality indicators of waste water have high levels resulting in particular from BOD5, CCOCR, ammonium and extractable NH4 +.
21.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Initial station wastewater treatment technology from the company consists of: - home headrace wastewater - unicompartimented septic tank, with dimensions of 10 x 5 x 2.5 m (Hactiv = 2m) - water pumping station and sludge cleaning: - home prewasted water discharge. This was taken a sewage system sized for the amount of 200 cubic meters per day of wastewater, the amount of water resulting from the technological process. Following the technological process quality indicators of waste water have high levels resulting in BOD5 particular, CCOCr, ammonium and extractable NH4 +, which is why it is necessary to improve the mechanical-biological treatment variant, which consists of the following improvements: Waste water to enter the mechanical stage of grid system only after being separated from the coarse and fine suspensions so that blood, feathers, coarse components resulting in the shredding process are still detained and separated from the slaughterhouse, the slaughter line by fitted with a separator feathers and viscera, and a press of feathers (figure 2 d) so that water 40
does not contain coarse solids to the effluent load and require a primary settling. When home disinfection with ozone should arranged so-called biological filter (filter watering): (figure 2 e,) a concrete pool lined rubber membrane with a filter layer of pieces of coke or slag with dimensions of 5-7 cm. The waste water is decanted scattered as rain, uploading thus oxygen and forming a biological membrane fragments on the surface of filter material, making cleaning water trickles over membrane. Mechanical wastewater enters the stage where they pass through the grid system and after mixing and coagulation are pumped into the primary settling. Water is separated from the coarse and fine suspensions and gravity move the first step aerobic sludge, after reaching the second lamellar settler where activated sludge is separated from the recycled water reaching in the second step for the biological. Water purified and separated of suspended solids is discharged home disinfection with ozone (figure 2). Part of the activated sludge formed is recycled in the biological stage and excess sludge is pumped into thickeners. Secondary settling tanks are designed to retain the boxes activated sludge with the effluent discharged from the activated sludge basin and to evacuate the water treated. They are constructed of polypropylene sheet smooth and resistant to corrosion. Determination of process parameters (Table 23) focused on the analysis of change indicators MTS, BOD5, CCOCr, NH4 +, NH2 NH3, P, extractable and pH as parameters of interest in running for the biological process. For these parameters were fixed points of analysis on sections treatment facilities. The data obtained by studying samples of water show that maintaining a constant flow are fluctuations loading sludge seems inflated, perhaps due to high organic loading applied and the lack of dissolved oxygen is a high concentration of ammonia. The peak period, it stops supplying electric power station, activated sludge from biological steps consume all the oxygen. Meanwhile, the pool mixing amount of water increases. The station started after 2-3 hours, steps are biological oxygen deficit and excess of nutrients, leading to changes flocoanelor forming activated sludge, sludge from a compact and hard, which easily decant into a mud swollen, slightly, with filaments, not decant and partial discharge.
a c d
b e
Figure 4 with improvements to the wastewater treatment plant. Overview. a) Mechanical Scale, b) stage aerobic, c) biological stage d) separates the feathers and viscera e) biologicalfilter.
41
Tabelul 23 Indicatorii de calitate ai apelor uzate rezultate n urma procesului tehnologic Valori determinate Nr. crt. 1. 2 Indicatori de calitate Quality indicators Materii fecale n suspensie MTS Consum biochimic de oxigen CBO5 Consum chimic de oxigen CCOCr Amoniu NH4+ Azotii NH2 Azotai NH3 Fosfor total P Extractibile Reziduu filtrat la 105C pH UM Limita Maxim 60 25 Treapta mecanic 1586 2543 Treapta aerob 910 1144 Treapta biologic 63 74
mg/l mg/l
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l -
125 3 2 37 2 20 2000 6,5-8,5
5376 103,11 0,76 24,95 43,22 65,0 x 6,45
1912 102,69 0,46 4,45 32,10 58,0 x 6,65
183,8 18,7 1,74 31,5 6,2 53,0 x 7,62
Loss of biological sludge is less able and extended operation under anoxic and anaerobic sometimes increases the amount of ammonium and ammonia, is toxic to aerobic bacteria that form the active sludge, decreasing them further cleaning power. Water becomes cloudy, smells intensely, not decant sludge and sewage is reduced capacity. Source of air is insufficient. Results indicate an increase in the concentration of BOD5 in step mechanical strength starts to fall in step aerobic, reaching the limit of 74 mg / l in the biological stage. The concentration of faecal matter than just the 3 mg / l the maximum in the effluent. CCOCrdecreased from 5376 mg / l in mechanical stage to 183.8 mg / l in the biological stage exceeding the 58.8 mg / l maximum allowed. Air source should be reassessed, replacing it with a higher flow (or by the simultaneous operation of blowers) and creating aerobic conditions in the basin of homogenization for biological treatment can work. CHAPTER 22. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Following the dynamic indices of breeding eggs obtained from hens aged 22 to 30 weeks (hybrid Cobb 500) may find the following: Fertility of eggs is very good (86.7% over the first 4 series, ie eggs obtained in chickens aged 22 to 26 weeks and falls below 85% in eggs obtained from hens aged 28 and 30 weeks. The percentage of hatching eggs pursued according to the age of breeding hens is upward of 22 to 28 weeks and is lower at 20 and 30 weeks (86.9 to 88.4%). The percentage of mortality is lower in eggs produced from hens aged 20 weeks (10.30%) and the maximal effect obtained eggs from hens aged 30 weeks (11.63%).
42
In a comparative study conducted 2 years in terms of production, 42 sets of broilers, hybrids grown under identical conditions but with differences in microclimate system feeding and housing, farming technology as "completely full - all goals" 20 -21 density at popular chicken / m2 and the operation of 38 - 42 days, note the following differences: After the season the best production performance recorded in the months from March to June and September to November, and the worst performance recorded in the months from December to February and July-August, that any upgrades to, macroclimate factors (excessive heat summer and cold winter) adversely affect production and increase mortality. Modernizing halls positive influence increases daily production reaching 51.29 g (in 2004) to 47.87 g unmodernised halls, differences that remain and the end growth period: 2099.90 g 2097.27 g respectively to 2050.60 g and specific consumption increases by 3.29% from chickens kept in halls unmodernised. Regarding chickens given protein is found that registered increases are higher if feeding chickens with soy protein, compared with 2.4% fish meal, which shows that soy protein has the amino acid level and optimal level of EM / DB. After killing a male chicken 2 kg live weight resulting in an average 1.56 kilograms eviscerated carcass. Respectively 78.2% carcass, intestinal mass 8.1%, 6.1% birds, 4.3% blood, viscera 3.4%, 2.5% and 2.4% liver head. In women: eviscerated carcass is 1.46 kilograms, respectively 73.4% carcass, gut 7.5%, 6.1% birds, 4.0% blood, 2.4% viscera, liver and 2.1% 2.1% cap. After carcases structure is: the male breast 28.6%, 32.0% legs, back and wings 10.2% 29.5% (ie 75-80% of live weight of chicken). In women: breast is 26.5% 31.6% legs, back and wings 27.2% 10.2%. Studying consumer preferences shows that 55% prefer meat to casserole, and 45% prefer the chicken in plastic bag. The main categories of products the sales are the best class I-necked chickens, chicken legs and I grill quality with a market share of 59%, followed by canteen chicken with 16%, 16% chicken leg and breast of chicken with 9% . After depopulation, the halls were mechanically cleaned, remove litter, washed and then disinfected. These operations are costly, labor intensive and use of disinfectants, thus tracking, control and surveillance are required because they depend on the health of the next batch of chickens that grow in the hall. The 10 pieces collected "sanitation wipes" from different points in the hall (70% of these are harvested from the hall area that comes into contact with chickens). They are transported to the animal health unit which is processing, incubation and interpretation of results. If more than 75% negative results halls are considered well prepared for a new popular, as directed throughout the period monitored. The biggest loss recorded in the first two weeks of the popular, due to shortcomings of incubation (vitelosaculitis, peritonitis yolk) and of transport errors (asphyxia) or popular (unprepared halls appropriate). Comparing the three hybrids, the greatest losses occurred in Ross 308 hybrid 5,3-5,6% and the lowest hybrid Hybro of 3.43 to 4.03%. By upgrading halls, the microclimate, feeding and watering decreased mortality with 1 to 2% on the hall and set. The incidence of mortality is higher in summer (4.96%) and winter (4.73%) compared with other seasons. Necropsic examination carried out in chickens actually, I met lesions: TEFL hemoragico-haemorrhagic or necrotic, ulcerated lesion in the mucosa, and histopathological examination I met vilozities atrophied, fibrosis and infiltrated leucocitar.
43
When I met colibacilosis dead chickens lesions yolk sac, vitelus neresorbit, congestion, edema, bronchitis in lung fibro - necrotic, catarrhal bronchopneumonia and inflammation fiber seroaselor toraco - abdominal congestion and dystrophies. Immunohistochemical examination meet B lymphocytes in mucosal proventricular gonadotropin and T lymphocytes in mucosal epithelium proventricular. The kidney: vascular stasis, congestion, and tubular epithelial dystrophy of the liver: foci of necrosis and hepatitis. Interpretation of serological results is made taking into account: intensity, consistency and persistence of immune response. Monitoring chicken flocks by ELISA is useful for whether a vaccine has been correctly applied or not it is effective vaccination. Derived antibody titres indicates uniformity and allow the immune response in chickens vaccinated against: pseudopest avian bursitis and infectious bronchitis. For diseases that mothers were vaccinated hens (if infectious encephalitis and reovirosis) were found appropriate antibody titers at 21 days, but gradually declined towards the end of operation. Mycoplasmosis If, at which chickens were vaccinated mother has not developed any immunity to 21 days or 42 days, the samples remained negative. In infectious samples were positive in the first period and then were negative at 42 days (were vaccinated parent hens). The avian influenza that were not any chickens or chickens vaccinated show immunity is low throughout growth as in rhinotracheitis. Acidifier used in drinking water buffer effect and reduced the acidity of water from 6 , from 44 to 3.4 tripling electrical conductivity, total hardness and permanent doubling of water, increase magnesium, NAK, chlorides, phosphates, sulphates, iron, manganese and zinc with beneficial effects on offspring growth. Experimental lot had a quick start, a mortality of 2.8%, higher daily gain and the highest final body weight, specific consumption / kg was lower. Control group made less daily gain, higher specific consumption, higher mortality (4.2 %), increased uric acid and urea with 4.81 g / dl. Throughout the experimental period (1 - 41 days) the largest increases production with the lowest specific consumption is achieved experimental lot, having a quick start and a low mortality (2%). The experimental plots changed the chemical composition of meat by reducing the percentage of carcass water and fat and increase protein content and uric acid, with the percentage of urea reduction. There is an increase of carbohydrates in all groups, but without the danger of steatosis liver because chickens are sacrificed at 41 days. Although the ratio calcium / phosphorus in the ration was optimal, reference values of the main mineral elements (Ca, P, Mg) found in the blood of chickens were lower than those of literature, although no clinical manifestations were observed, this situation is an attribute excess phytate, oxalate and fat absorption ration which hinder the essential micro-nutrients which should be corrected. Acidifiers use cost is approximately 0.029 lei / chicken that is 580 lei 20 000 chicken. The entire cycle of care, the best results we recorded group 2 (where the water pH was 2.5) with an average weight of 2461.0 g, an average daily gain of 57.65 g and a Specific fuel consumption of 1.78 kilograms, followed closely by group 1 with an average body mass of 2450.0 g, average daily gain of 57.40 g and a specific consumption of 1.80 kilograms. Mortality of experimental average (1, 2, 3) was 2% to 4% in control group. Biochemical indices registered, especially during the fattening II, shows increased metabolisms on protein and fat accumulated in the body, as confirmed by high growth
44
increases, but increases in urea, uric acid, glucose and lipids, which suggesting an increase in oxidative processes and by using part of the protein as an energy source in the body. The chemical composition of effluents from experimental plots changed in the sense of small amounts of ammonia and nitrogen to the witness, and pH remained acid effluents from 15 days before the end of observation in all experimental plots. The control group the acid reaction occurs only in the last period of growth. Note that the experimental group 2, the introduction of molasses in the drinking water influence the growth performance by nitrogen substances in molasses (Betaine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid. Betaine has the exciting role of the digestive organs and potassium salts character gives a slightly laxative , increased water consumption and elimination of toxic metabolites.) Protecting the environment and especially water in the hydrographic area where is located the unit concerned and concerns of all those responsible for the unit. Original station consisted of a home, a septic unicompartimentated, a water pumping station and a home for cleaning the mud and water processing before discharge. Wastewater resulting from the technological process had high levels especially in BOD 5, CCO-Cr, ammonium, NH4, total phosphorus, etc.., Which is why it was necessary to increase the station and especially the step mechanical - biological treatment. Reduction of organic load was achieved by installing a separator wedges and coarse solids (viscera) and a press of feathers placed before decantation primary compartments. Fitting a biological filter (filter, watering) that is a concrete pool 8 x 4 m, the bottom having a filter layer consists of pieces of slag and cox or spraying water as rain, with a pump (water aeration) . A pool of mixing wastewater: this water is chemically treated with neutralizing and coagulants. Weekly swimming bacteria are introduced 400 g Micropan complex (a concentrate of bacteria), leading to reduced downtime in the water station at 28 to 30 days to 9.10 days, and decreased pollution indicators significantly.
45
SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. ADAMETEANU, I., AND COL., 1980, Morfoclinic Veterinary Diagnostic species and syndromes, Ed. Ceres, Bucharest. 2. ADAMS, C., 1990, Effects of AP 4 W in drinking water on days 1.7 and chick mortality in commercial pullet and broiler performance units. Alltech Inc.. 3. ALBERT, MJ, M. ANSARUZZAMAN, SM FARUQUE, PKB NEOGI, K. HAIDER, AND S. TZIPI, 1991, An ELISA for the detection of localized adherent classical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli serogroups. J. Infect. Dis. 164. 4. BABA AL. I., ROTARU, O., 1991, Diagnostic veterinary necropsy. Tipo Agronomia, Cluj-Napoca. 5. CHAPMAN, HD, HACKER, AB, 1994, Sensitivity of field isolates of Eimer from two broiler complexes to anticoccidial drugs in the chicken, Poultry Science. 6. COTOFAN OTILIA., BRADATAN, GH., 2000, Diagnostic necropsy in birds. Edit. Ion Ionescu 7. CUCU, I., MACIUC, V., MACIUC DOMNICA 2004, Scientific research and experimental techniques in animal husbandry items. Edit. Alfa, Iasi. 8. CULEA C. (1998) - Special Animal Breeding and improvement. Publisher tomorrow Foundation Romania, Bucharest. 9. DECUN, M., 1986, Colibacilare infections in animals. Edit. Ceres, Bucharest. 10. DRAGHICI, C., 1991, Microclimate animal shelter and means of management. Edit. Ceres, Bucharest. 11.DRGHICI, C., 2001, Course of animal hygiene and environmental protection. Edit. Academic Press, Cluj-Napoca. 12. GHERGARIU, S., AND BABA, IM, 1990, Nutritional and metabolic pathology of the animals. Edit. Romanian Academy, Bucharest. 13. MANOLESCU, N., AND COL., 1999, The treaty of animal hematology, vol vol.II. Edit. Romania of Tomorrow Foundation, Bucharest. 14. MANOLESCU, N., AND COL., 1978, Quick hematology intensively reared animals. Edit. Ceres, Bucharest. 15. MICLAUS, V., LISOVSCHI-CHELEANU, C., 2002 Animal Histology, Vol.I. Edit. Risoprint, Cluj-Napoca. 16. MORAR, R., 1993, Livestock vol.I. Tipo. Agronomia, Cluj-Napoca. 17. MORAR, R., CMPEAN, A., PASCAL, I., 2001, Practicum of Animal Husbandry. Edit.Todesco, Cluj-Napoca. 18. PARVU, GH., 1992, Nutritional surveillance of animal metabolism. Edit. Ceres, Bucharest. 19.RPUNTEAN., GH., RPUNTEAN., S., 2005, General Veterinary Epidemiology. Edit. Academic Press, Cluj-Napoca. 20.TNSESCU, B., 1974, Diagnosis of haematological, volumes I-II. Edit. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca. 21. TOBOLCEA, V., UNGUREANU, D., 1993, Waste water management. Part I,. Iasi. 22. VCARU OPRIS., I (coordinator), 2005, Systems and technologies to increase broilers. Edit. Ceres, Bucharest. 23. VAN, I., AND COL., 2003, Growth and industrialization broilers. Edit.Ceres, Bucharest.
46
47

Broiler Ross

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Broiler Ross

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

UNIVERSITATEA DE TIINE AGRICOLE I MEDICIN VETERINAR CLUJ-NAPOCA COALA DOCTORAL FACULTATEA DE MEDICIN VETERINAR

Ing. IOAN V. DUNCA

CONDUCTOR TIINIFIC Prof. univ. dr. ROMAN MORAR

11.2 OBIECTIVELE URMRITE

11.3 LOCUL I PERIOADA EXPERIENELOR

11.4 MATERIALUL BIOLOGIC UTILIZAT

11.5 METODA DE LUCRU

CUPRINDE INDICIILOR DE INCUBAIE

12.1 SCOPUL CERCETRILOR

12.2 MATERIALUL BIOLOGIC

12.3 METODA DE LUCRU

12.4 REZULTATE I DISCUII

13.2 OBIECTIVELE URMRITE

13.3 MATERIALUL BIOLOGIC

13.5 ASPECTE PRIVIND CONDIIILE MICROCLIMATULUI DIN HALA DE PRODUCIE

13.6 PREZENTAREA I ANALIZA REETELE FURAJERE FOLOSITE

1,40 (100) 0,60

1,38 (100) 0,56

1,26 (100) 0,47

19,32 1,07 (100) 0,41

Schema 1. Structura reetelor de nutreuri combinate

13.7 REZULTATE I DISCUII

- 22 zile-22 - Sacrificare -1 zi- sacrificare

CAPITOLUL 14. CERCETRI PRIVIND DEPOPULAREA I VALORIFICAREA PRODUCIEI

14.1 VERIFICAREA CALITII CRNII

CAPITOLUL 15. EVALUAREA EFICIENEI CURENIEI I DEZINFECTRII HALELOR

16.1 SCOPUL CERCETRILOR

16.2 OBIECTIVELE URMRITE

16.4 METOD DE LUCRU

16.5 DINAMICA MORTALITILOR LA PUII BROILER N PERIOADA ANALIZAT

Tabelul 4 Structura hibrizilor i mortalitatea nregistrat n anul 2005

Mori Vii Total %

3400 73970 77370 4,39

3014 60626 63640 4,73

5170 138505 143675 3,59

4902 100728 105630 4,64

4036 17122 104736 404595 108772 421717 3,74 4,06

110275 103896 384560

100725 116030 107910 402035 4,24 4,96 3,71 4,34

17.1 SCOPUL CERCETRILOR

17.3 MATERIALUL BIOLOGIC

17.4 MATERIAL I METOD

17.5 REZULTATE I DISCUII

17.5.1 Pseudopesta aviar

17.5.2 Bursita infecioas

17.5.3 Bronita infecioas

17.5.4 Encefalomielita aviar

17.5.5 Micoplasmoza respiratorie

17.5.6 Anemia infecioas

17.5.7 Influena aviar

17.5.8 Rinotraheita curcilor

22 zile 30,9 26,1 17,8 -

42 zile 0 112,6 9,6 8,0 12,2 6,8 70,1 113,4 0

22 zile 1555 1430 4234 -

42 zile 1 1 1,507 9718 5852 9707 1 1 1

Grip aviar Encefalomielit Bursit infecoas

1 49 1,722 11800 7162 11146 161 50 1

0 6513 0,145 8109 7240 9165 63 7067 2

0 10 1,715 11762 7111 11121 98 13 0

0 1170 0,028 693 762 908 65 961 0

0 17,7 19,0 8,5 10,5 9,9 66,7 13,5 0

1 4145 0,105 7056 5857 7739 1 5210 2

1 9724 0,202 9412 8944 10769 200 8545 2

18.1 SCOPUL CERCETRILOR