Ciclul de via al produsului

Ciclul de viata al unui produs include:

produsul insusi toate materialele din produsul finit, materiile prime folosite, energia utilizata,
deseuri produse;
procesul de fabricare procesele, instalatiile, echipamentele, si activitatile auxiliare;
distributia ambalarea, transportul (tuturor materialelor), facilitati de depozitare.
Produsele interactioneaza cu sistemele naturale de la extragerea materiei prime pana la eliminare sau
reciclare de la leagan la groapa.
Analiza ciclului de viata considera consumurile de energie si materii prime, emisiile de diferite tipuri si alti
factori importanti asociati intregului ciclu de viata al produsului.
Prin analiza ciclului de viata al unui produs se cauta gasirea solutiilor durabile si reducerea incarcarii
mediului inconjurator, pentru a evita diminuarea resurselor si efectele nedorite asupra ecosistemelor.

Tema: Analiza ciclului de viata al unui produs (se va analiza un produs cu numar redus de componente ex.
produse de uz casnic, produse de papetarie, componente ale instalatiei electrice, etc).
1. Descriere produs: denumire, functie, caracteristici, ipoteze de utilizare
Denumire produs: Filtru de cafea
Functie produs: preparare cafea si mentinerea acesteia la o anumita temperatura
Caracteristici: alimentare 220 -240 V~/ 50 - 60 Hz, putere 1000 -1200 W.
Ipoteze de utilizare: de 2 ori pe zi - timp de 5 ani la jumatate din capacitate pastrarea temperaturii
30 minute.

http://home.howstuffworks.com

2. Descompunerea functionala
O analiz a sistemelor tehnice arat c acestea, n esen, dirijeaza sau transforma energie, material sau
semnale pentru a obine un rezultat dorit. Energia se manifest n forme diferite, inclusiv, optica, nucleara,
mecanica, electrica, etc. Materialele reprezinta materia. Semnale reprezint forma fizic n care informaia
este transmisa. De exemplu, datele stocate pe un hard-disk (informaii) vor fi transmise la procesorul
calculatorului prin intermediul unui semnal electric.
Un sistem tehnic poate fi, prin urmare, iniial, modelat ca o cutie neagra (black-box) cu intrri de energie,
material i semnal i ieiri din sistem. La modelarea cutiei negre, energia este reprezentat cu o linie subire,
fluxurilor de materiale cu o linie groas, i semnalele cu o linie punctata. Sistemul tehnic presupune, prin
urmare, o relaie funcional intre intrri i ieiri.

Problema general reprezentat de cutia neagra poate fi descompusa n sub-probleme mai mici.
Descompunerea problemei permite gasirea unor soluii tehnice pentru probleme complexe de proiectare prin
luarea n considerare a sub-problemelor mai simple. Proiectarea se poate concentra pe sub-problemele
critice, altele fiind amnate. Sub-problemele sunt apoi reprezentate prin sub-funcii. Combinaia sub-funciilor
reprezinta o soluie care realizeaz funcia generala dorit. Descompunerile funcionale i modelele cutie
neagra sunt generice i nu implica principii de lucru. Modelul cutie neagra al sistemelor existente care
urmeaz s fie reproiectate, descompune sistemul existent n sub-sisteme, care apoi sunt transpuse in subfunctii.

Energie
Apa

Masura

Depozit

Caldura

Energie
pierduta

Transpor
t
Cafea

Depozit

Mixare

Separare

Cafea
fierbinte

Depozit

Energie
pierduta

Filtru

Filtru
(deseu)

Zat
(deseu)

3. Structura produsului si materiale utilizate

Structura

Nr.
crt.
1
2

Denumire
componenta
Carcasa filtru

Nr.
buc.
1

Masa/buc
[kg]
0,9

Masa
[kg]
0,9

.
.
Total
Materiale utilizate

Nr.
crt.

Denumire
componenta

Carcasa
filtru

.
.
.

Material

Masa
[kg]

Densitate
3
[kg/m ]

Volum
3
[m ]

aluminiu

0,1

2700

37,04x10

polipropilena

0,8

1200

666,67x10

www.matweb.com

Total

-6

-6

Proces de
obtinere
Deformare
plastica
Injectie mase
plastice

4. Fluxul de materiale

5. Continutul de energie al materialelor si consumul de apa

Nr.
crt.
1

aluminiu

Volum
3
[m ]
-6
37,04x10

polipropilena

666,67x10

.
.
.

Material

-6

Energie
3
[MJ/m ]
5
4x10
5
5x10
4
7x10
4
8x10
Vezi grafic

Total

Energie/material
[MJ]
15 19
46 53

Nr.
crt.
1
2

Material

Masa
[kg]

aluminiu
polipropilena

0,1
0,8

Consum de
apa
[l/kg]

Consum de
apa/material
[l]

Vezi grafic

.
.
.

Total

6. Amprenta CO2

Nr.
crt.
1
2

.
.
.

Material

Masa
[kg]

aluminiu
polipropilena

0,1
0,8

Amprenta
CO2
[kg/kg]

Vezi tabel

Total

Amprenta CO2
[kg]

Amprenta CO2

Amprenta CO2

7. Ciclul de viata al produsului

8. Diagrama unui proces (din ciclul de viata)

Exemplu 1

Exemplu 2

9. Eco-indicator
Productie (materiale, tratamente, transport si extra energie)
Nr.
crt.
1
2
3

Material sau
proces
aluminiu
polipropilena
injectie

Valoare

Indicator

Rezultat

0,1 kg
1 kg
1 kg

780
330
21

78
330
21

Vezi anexa

.
.
.

Total [mPt]
Utilizare (transport, energie si posibile materiale auxiliare)
Nr.
crt.
1
2

Proces
electricitate
hartie

Valoare

Indicator

Rezultat

375 kwh
7,3 kg

37
96

13875
701

Vezi anexa

.
.
.

Total [mPt]
Eliminare (procese de eliminare pentru fiecare tip de materiale)
Nr.
crt.
1
2
3

Material sau tip de

procesare
Deseuri polipropilena
Deseuri feroase
Deseuri hartie

Valoare

Indicator

Rezultat

1 kg
0,4 kg
7,3 kg

-0,13
-5,9
0,71

-0,13
-2,4
5,2

.
.
.

Vezi anexa

Total [mPt]

10. Solutii
Reducerea consumului de hartie si a celui de electricitate

Version 2; 17 April 2000

Annexe to the Eco-indicator 99, Manual for Designers

Production of ferro metals (in milipoints per kg)

Description
Casting iron with > 2% carbon compound

94
24

Block material containing only primary steel

Block material containing only secondary scrap

1
1

Steel

86

Steel high alloy

Steel low alloy

910
110

Block material containing 80% primary iron, 20% scrap

Block material containing 71% primary iron, 16% Cr, 13% Ni

1
1

Block material containing 93% primary iron, 5% scrap, 1% alloy metals

Cast iron
Converter steel
Electro steel

Indicator
240

Production of non ferro metals (in milipoints per kg)

Aluminium 100% Rec.
Aluminium 0% Rec.
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel enriched
Palladium enriched
Platinum
Rhodium enriched
Zinc

Indicator
60
780
970
1400
640
5200
4600000
7000000
12000000
3200

Description
Block containing only secondary material
Block containing only primary material
Block, containing only primary material
Block, containing only primary material
Block, containing 50% secondary lead
Block, containing only primary material
Block, containing only primary material
Block, containing only primary material
Block, containing only primary material
Block, containing only primary material (plating quality)

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Processing of metals (in millipoints)

Bending - aluminium
Bending - steel
Bending - RVS
Brazing
Cold roll into sheet
Electrolytic Chromium plating
Electrolytic galvanising
Extrusion - aluminium
Milling, turning, drilling
Pressing
Spot welding - aluminium
Shearing/stamping -aluminium
Shearing/stamping - steel
Shearing/stamping - RVS
Sheet production
Band zinc coating
Hot galvanising
Zinc coating (conversion um)

Indicator
0.000047
0.00008
0.00011
4000
18
1100
130
72
800
23
2.7
0.000036
0.00006
0.000086
30
4300
3300
49

Description
one sheet of 1mm over width of 1 metre; bending 90o
one sheet of 1mm over width of 1 metre; bending 90o
one sheet of 1mm over width of 1 metre; bending 90o
per kg brazing, including brazing material (45% silver, 27% copper, 25% tin)
per thickness reduction of 1 mm of 1 m2 plate
per m2, 1 ^m thick, double sided; data fairly unreliable
per m2, 2.5 ^m thick, double sided; data fairly unreliable
per kg
per dm3 removed material, without production of lost material
per kg deformed metal. Do not include non-deformed parts!
per weld of 7 mm diameter, sheet thickness 2 mm
per mm2 cutting surface
per mm2 cutting surface
per mm2 cutting surface
per kg production of sheet out of block material
(Sendzimir zink coating) per m2, 20-45 ^m thick, including zinc
per m2, 100 ^m thick, including zinc
per m2, 1 extra ^m thickness, including zinc

4
4
4
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1

Version 2; 17 April 2000

Annexe to the Eco-indicator 99, Manual for Designers

Production of plastic granulate (in milipoints per kg)

ABS
HDPE
LDPE
PA 6.6
PC
PET
PET bottle grade
PP
PS (GPPS)
PS (HIPS)
PS (EPS)
PUR energy absorbing
PUR flexible block foam
PUR hardfoam
PUR semi rigid foam
PVC high impact
PVC (rigid)
PVC (flexible)
PVDC

Indicator
400
330
360
630
510
380
390
330
370
360
360
490
480
420
480
280
270
240
440

Description
3
1
1
3
1
3

used for bottles

3
3

general purposes
high impact
expandable

3
1
3
3

for furniture, bedding, clothing

used in white goods, insulation, construction material

3
1
3

Without metal stabilizer (Pb or Ba) and without plasticizer (see under Chemicals) 1
rigid PVC with 10% plasticizers (crude estimate)
1*
Flexible PVC with 50% plasticizers (crude estimate)
1*
for thin coatings
3

Processing of plastics (in millipoints)

Blow foil extrusion PE
Calandering PVC foil
Injection moulding - 1
Injection moulding - 2
Milling,turning,drilling
Pressure forming
React.Inj.Moulding-PUR
Ultrasonic welding
Vacuum-forming

Indicator
2.1
3.7
21
44
6.4
6.4
12
0.098
9.1

Description
per kg PE granulate, but without production of PE. Foil to be used for bags
per kg PVC granulate, but without production of PVC
per kg PE, PP, PS, ABS, without production of material
per kg PVC, PC, without production of material
per dm3 machined material, without production of lost material
per kg
per kg, without production of PUR and possible other components
per m welded length
per kg material, but without production of material

2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

Production of rubbers (in milipoints per kg)

EPDM rubber

Indicator
360

Description
Vulcanised with 44% carbon, including moulding

Production of packaging materials (in milipoints per kg)

Packaging carton
Paper
Glass (brown)
Glass(green)
Glass (white)

Indicator
69
96
50
51
58

Description
CO2 absorption in growth stage disregarded
Containing 65% waste paper, CO2 absorption in growth stage disregarded
Packaging glass containing 61% recycled glass
Packaging glass containing 99% recycled glass
Packaging glass containing 55% recycled glass

1
1
2
2
2

Version 2; 17 April 2000

Annexe to the Eco-indicator 99, Manual for Designers

Production of chemicals and others (in milipoints per kg)

Ammonia
Argon
Bentonite
Carbon black
Chemicals inorganic
Chemicals organic
Chlorine
Dimethyl p-phthalate
Ethylene oxide/glycol
Fuel oil
Fuel petrol unleaded
Fuel diesel
H2
H 2 SO 4
HCl
HF
N2
NaCl
NaOH
Nitric acid
O2
Phosphoric acid
Propylene glycol
R134a (coolant)
R22 (coolant)
Silicate (waterglass)
Soda
Ureum
Water decarbonized
Water demineralized
Zeolite

Indicator
160
7.8
13
180
53
99
38
190
330
180
210
180
830
22
39
140
12
6.6
38
55
12
99
200
150
240
60
45
130
0.0026
0.026
160

Description
NH3
Inert gas, used in light bulbs, welding of reactive metals like aluminium
Used in cat litter, porcelain etc.
Used for colouring and as filler
Average value for production of inorganic chemicals
Average value for production of organic chemicals
Cl2. Produced with diaphragm production process (modern technology)
Used as plasticizer for softening PVC
Used as industrial solvent and cleaning agent
Production of fuel only. Combustion excluded!
Production of fuel only. Combustion excluded!
Production of fuel only. Combustion excluded!
Hydrogen gas. Used for reduction processes
Sulphuric acid. Used for cleaning and staining
Hydrochloric acid, used for processing of metals and cleaning
Fluoric acid
Nitrogen gas. Used as an inert atmosphere
Sodium chloride
Caustic soda
HNO3. Used for staining metals
Oxygen gas.
H3PO4. Used in preparation of fertiliser
Used as an anti-freeze, and as solvent
Production of R134a only! Emission of 1 kg R134a to air gives 7300 mPt
Production of R22 only! Emission of 1 kg R22 to air gives 8400 mPt
Used in the manufacture of silica gel, detergent manufacture and metal cleaning
Na2CO3. Used in detergents
Used in fertilisers
Processing only; effects on groundwater table (if any) disregarded
Processing only; effects on groundwater table (if any) disregarded
Used for absorption processes and in detergents

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Production of building material (in milipoints per kg)

Alkyd varnish
Cement
Ceramics
Concrete not reinforced
Float glass coated
Float glass uncoated
Gypsum
Gravel
Lime (burnt)
Lime (hydrated)
Mineral wool
Massive building
Metal construction building
Sand
Wood board
Wood massive
Land-use

Indicator
520
20
28
3.8
51
49
9.9
0.84
28
21
61
1500
4300
0.82
39
6.6
45

Description
Production + emissions during use of varnish, containing 55% solvents
Portland cement
Bricks etc.
Concrete with a density of2200 kg/m3
Used for windows, Tin, Silver and Nickel coating (77 g/m2)
Used for windows
Selenite. Used as filler.
Extraction and transport
CaO. Used for production of cement and concrete. Can also be used as strong base
Ca(OH)2. Used for production of mortar
Used for insulation
Rough estimate of a (concrete) building per m 3 volume (capital goods)
Rough estimate of a building per m3 volume (capital goods)
Extraction and transport
European wood (FSC criteria); CO2 absorption in growth stage disregarded
European wood (FSC criteria); CO2 absorption in growth stage disregarded
Occupation as urban land per m2 yr

5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Version 2; 17 April 2000

Annexe to the Eco-indicator 99, Manual for Designers

H e a t

(in millipoints per MJ)

Indicator

Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat

coal briquette (stove)

coal (industrial furnace)
lignite briquet
gas (boiler)
gas (industrial furnace)
oil (boiler)
oil (industrial furnace)
wood

4.6
4.2
B.2
5.4
53
5.6
11
1.6

Solar energy
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity

facade m-Si
facade p-Si
roof m-Si
roof p-Si

Electricity

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

(in millipoints per kWh)

Indicator
9.7
14
7.2
10

Description
Small installation
Small installation
Small installation
Small installation

(3kWp) with monocrystaline cells, used on building facade

(3kWp) with polycrystaline cells, used on building facade
(3kWp) with monocrystaline cells, used on building roof
(3kWp) with polycrystaline cells, used on building roof

1
1
1
1

(in millipoints per kWh)

Indicator

Electr. HV Europe (UCPTE)

Electr. MV Europe (UCPTE)
Electr. LV Europe (UCPTE)
Electricity LV Austria
Electricity LV Belgium
Electricity LV Switzerland
Electricity LV Great Britain
Electricity LV France
Electricity LV Greece
Electricity LV Italy
Electricity LV the Netherlands
Electricity LV Portugal

Description
Including fuel production
Combustion of coal in a 5-15 kW furnace
Combustion of coal in a industrial furnace (1-10MW)
Combustion of lignite in a 5-15kW furnace
Combustion of gas in an atmospheric boiler (<100kW) with low NOx
Combustion of gas in an industrial furnace (> 100kW) with low NOx
Combustion of oil in a 10kW furnace
Combustion of oil in an industrial furnace
Combustion of wood; CO2 absorption and emission disregarded

22
22
26
18
22
8.4
BB
8.9
61
47
B7
46

Description
Including fuel production
High voltage (> 24 kVolt)
Medium voltage (1 kV - 24 kVolt)
Low voltage (< 1000Volt)
Low voltage (< 1000Volt)
Low voltage (< 1000Volt)
Low voltage (< 1000Volt)
Low voltage (< 1000Volt)
Low voltage (< 1000Volt)
Low voltage (< 1000Volt)
Low voltage (< 1000Volt)
Low voltage (< 1000Volt)
Low voltage (< 1000Volt)

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Version 2; 17 April 2000

Annexe to the Eco-indicator 99, Manual for Designers

T r a n s p o r t

(in millipoints per tkm)

Indicator

Delivery van <3.5t

Truck 16t
Truck 28t
Truck 28t (volume)
Truck 40t
Passenger car W-Europe
Rail transport
Tanker inland
Tanker oceanic
Freighter inland
Freighter oceanic
Average air transport
Continental air transport
Intercontinental air transport
Intercontinental air transport

140
34
22
8
15
29
3.9
5
0.8
5.1
1.1
78
120
80
72

Description
Including fuel production
Road transport with 30% load, 33% petrol unleaded, 38% petrol leaded, 29%
diesel (38% without catalyst) (European average including return)
Road transport with 40% load (European average including return)
Road transport with 40% load (European average including return)
Road transport per m3km. Use when volume in stead of load is limiting factor
Road transport with 50% load (European average including return)
Road transport per km
Rail transport, 20% diesel and 80% electric trains
Water transport with 65% load (European average including return)
Water transport with 54% load (European average including return)
Water transport with 70% load (European average including return)
Water transport with 70% load (European average including return)
Air transport with 78% load (Average of all flights)
Air transport in a Boeing 737 with 62% load (Average of all flights)
Air transport in a Boeing 747 with 78% load (Average of all flights)
Air transport in a Boeing 767 or MD 11 with 71% load (Average of all flights)

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
6
6
6

Recycling of waste (in milipoints per kg)

Recycling
Recycling
Recycling
Recycling
Recycling
Recycling
Recycling
Recycling
Recycling

PE
PP
PS
PVC
Paper
Cardboard
Glass
Aluminium
Ferro metals

Total

Indicator
Process

-240
-210
-240
-170
-1,2
-8,3
-15
-720
-70

86
86
86
86
32
41
51
60
24

Avoided
product
-330
-300
-330
-250
-33
-50
-66
-780
-94

Description
Environmental load of the recycling process and the
avoided product differs from case to case. The values are
an example for recycling of primary material.
if not mixed with other plastics
if not mixed with other plastics
if not mixed with other plastics
if not mixed with other plastics
Recycling avoids virgin paper production
Recycling avoids virgin cardboard production
Recycling avoids virgin glass production
Recycling avoids primary aluminium.
Recycling avoids primary steel production

7*
7*
7*
7*
2*
2*
2*
1*
1*

Version 2; 17 April 2000

Annexe to the Eco-indicator 99, Manual for Designers

Waste treatment (in milipoints per kg)

Indicator
Incineration
Incineration
Incineration
Incineration
Incineration
Incineration
Incineration
Incineration
Incineration
Incineration
Incineration
Incineration
Incineration
Incineration

PE
PP
PUR
PET
PS
Nylon
PVC
PVDC
Paper
Cardboard
Steel
Aluminium
Glass

-i9
-iS
2,8

I,I
S7
66
-12
-12
-S2
-110
5,1

Landfill
Landfill PE
Landfill PP
Landfill PET
Landfill PS
Landfill EPS foam
Landfill foam 20kg/m 3
Landfill foam 100kg/m3
Landfill Nylon
Landfill PVC
Landfill PVDC
Landfill Paper
Landfill Cardboard
Landfill Glass
Landfill Steel
Landfill Aluminium
Landfill of 1 m 3 volume

S,9
S,5
S,i
4,1
7,4
9,7
4
S,6
2,8
2,2
4
4,2
1,4
1,4
1,4
140

waste
waste
waste
waste
waste
waste
waste
waste
waste
waste
waste
waste

PE
PP
PET
PS
Nylon
PVC
PVDC
Paper
Cardboard
ECCS steel
Aluminium
Glass

Household waste
Paper
Cardboard
Glass

2*
2*

Indicator can be used for all types of PUR

2*
2*

Relatively low energy yield, can also be used for ABS, HIPS, GPPS, EPS
Relatively low energy yield
Relatively low energy yield
Relatively low energy yield
High energy yield CO2 emission disregarded
High energy yield CO2 emission disregarded
40% magnetic separation for recycling, avoiding crude iron (European average)
15% magnetic separation for recycling, avoiding primary aluminium
Almost inert material, indicator can be used for other inert materials

2*
2*
2*
2*
2*
2*
2*
2*
2

Controlled landfill site. 78% of municipal waste in Europe is landfilled

2
2
2

Indicator can also be used for landfill of ABS

PS foam, 40 kg/m3, large volume
Landfill of foam like PUR with 20kg/m3
Landfill of foam like PUR with 100kg/m3

2
2*
2*
2*
2*

Excluding leaching of metal stabilizer

2
2

CO2 and methane emission disregarded

CO2 and methane emission disregarded
Almost inert material, indicator can also be used for other inert materials
Almost inert material on landfill, indicator can be used for ferro metals
Almost inert material on landfill, indicator is valid for primary and recycled alu.
Landfill of volume per m3, use for voluminous waste, like foam and products

2
2
2
2
2

In Europe, 22% of municipal waste is incinerated, 78% is landfilled.

Indicator is not valid for voluminous waste and secondary materials

Municipal waste
Municipal
Municipal
Municipal
Municipal
Municipal
Municipal
Municipal
Municipal
Municipal
Municipal
Municipal
Municipal

Description
Incineration in a waste incineration plant in Europe. Average scenario for energy
recovery. 22% of municipal waste in Europe is incinerated
Indicator can be used for both HDPE and LDPE

-1,1
-0,1S
1
2
S,i
10
16
0,71
0,64
-5,9
-2S
2,2

-0,1S
-6,9

2*
2*
2*

Not valid for foam products

2*
2*
2*
2*
2*
2*

Valid for primary steel only!

Valid for primary aluminium only!

2*
2*
2*

Separation by consumers of waste for recycling (average European scenario)

44% separation by consumers
44% separation by consumers
52% separation by consumers

2*
2*
2*

Version 2; 17 April 2000

Annexe to the Eco-indicator 99, Manual for Designers

Product or component

Project

Product or component

Project

Date

Author

Date

Author

Notes and conclusions

Notes and conclusions

Production

Production

Materials, processing, transport anc extra energy

Materials, processing, transport and extra energy

material or process

material or process

amount

indicator

result

Total

Total

Use

Use

Transport, energy and any auxiliary materials

process

amount

indicator

process

Total

Disposal

Disposal

Disposal processes per ty]pe of material

amount

indicator

result

amount

indicator

result

Disposal processes per ty pe of material

result

material and type of processing

Total

TOTAL

indicator

Transport, energy and any auxiliary materials

result

Total

material and type of processing

amount

Total

TOTAL

(all phases)

(all phases)

amount

indicator

result