Tema 2. Compartimentele lichidiene. Metabolismul hidro-salin. Volemia.

SARCINA 1
1. Indică aportul zilnic de apă.
___2100ml pe cale alimentara
2. Indică pierderea zilnică de apă.
__1200 pana la 1500ml pe cale renala
100ml prin fecale
500-700ml pe calea respiratorie
200ml prin sudoripatie
Indică principiul metodei diluției substanței indicatoare.
___ se introduce intr-o vena mare substanta de exemplu colorant,care parcurge acest sistem
sanguine si apoi este calculat concentratia in momentul cand ajunge la arterele periferice
Volulllul B = Volumul A x Concentratia A /Concentratia B
4. Completează tabelul.
Tab 5.9
Volum Substanțele indicatoare utilizate
Apa corporală totală antipirina
Volum plasmatic Colorantul albastru Evans
Volum sanguin Cromul radioactiv
5. Osmoza. Definiția.
___Osmoza reprezintă difuziunea solventului (apei) printr-o membrană semipermeabilă

6. Desenează schema: efectul soluției izotonice, hipertonice și hipotonice asupra volumului

celular.
7. Desenează schema patului microcirculator.

8. Indică factorii, care pot determina creșterea filtrării capilare.

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• 1.cresterea presiunea hidrostatica in capilare glomerulare
• 2.saderea presiunii hidrostatice capsulare
• 3. Scade presiunii coloidosmotice glomerurale
• Cresterea fluxului sanguine
• Cresterea coeficientului de filtrare capilara

9. Indică mecanismele de apariție a edemului extracelular.

• 1. pasajul anormal al lichidului din plasma in spatiile interstitiale pericapilare
2. incapacitatea vaselor limfatice de a reabsorbi complet acest lichid din interstitiu pentru a-l
retura in circulatie

9. Desenează diagrama Darrow-Yannet. Indică compartimentele lichidiene ale

organismului.
SARCINA 2
Explică schimbările în volum a eritrocitelor prin introducerea lor în următoarele soluții:

1. 200 mOsm NaCl

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________sol hipotonica ___________scade in volum
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2. 400 mOsm NaCl
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_________sol hipertonica,creste in volum___pana la liza
celulara_________________________________________________________________
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3. 150 mmol NaCl
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___________hipotonica,scade
volum__________________________________________________________________
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4. 300 mmol NaCl
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__________izotonica,volum
constant___________________________________________________________________
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5. 200 mOsm NaCl +200 mOsm uree (trece rapid prin membranele celulare)
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_________sol hipotonica , scade
volum____________________________________________________________________
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6. 300 mOsm uree
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_________sol izotonica ,nu schimba in V
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7. 500 mOsm uree
______hipotonica ,scade volum
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8. 200 mOsm NaCl +200 mOsm glicerol (glicerolul trece lent prin membranele celulare)
___________hipertonica,creste in
volum__________________________________________________________________
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SARCINA 3
Utilizând diagrama Darrow-Yannet, determină modificările volumului și osmolarităţii
compartimentelor lichidiene, asociate cu următoarele situații:
1. Pierderea soluției izotonice (hemoragie).

_____pierderi de volum,scaderea osmolaritatii,transfer de h2o si incercare de a pastra

electrolitii,reabsorbtia lor la nivel
renal________________________________________________________________________
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2. Pierderea soluției hipotonice (diabet insipid).

____pierderi de apa ,determina la nivel renal reabsorbtia de apa si eliminarea

electrolitilor_________________________________________________________________________
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3. Ingestia NaCl în cantități mari.

_______reabsorbtia de apa si eliminarea electrolitilor,creste osmolaritarea,creste liza celulara din cauza

ca mediul devine puternic hipertonic_
De asemenea are loc transferal apei din spatial intracellular in cel
extracelular_____________________________________________________________________
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4. Ingestia apei distilate sau perfuzia soluției hipotonice.
______scade osmolaritatea din cauza cresterii nivelului de solutie hipotonica creste volumul
intracellular ______________________________________________________________________
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5. Perfuzia soluției izotonice.

Creste volumul extracellular

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6. Perfuzia soluției hipertonice.

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7. Insuficiența adrenală primară.

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SARCINA 4
1. Ce reprezintă hemoliza fiziologică? Dar cea patologică?
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2. Unde are loc distrugerea hematiilor îmbătrânite?
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3. Indică câteva cauze ale hemolizei patologice.
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4. Ce se întâmplă cu hematiile suspendate într-o soluție hipotonă? Dar hipertonă?
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5. Ce reprezintă rezistența osmotică minimă? Dar cea maximă?
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6. Care sunt valorile rezistenței osmotice eritrocitare minime? Dar ale celei maxime?
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7. În ce situație apare creșterea rezistenței osmotice?
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8. În ce situație apare scăderea rezistenței osmotice?
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