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persistentă
criterii histogenetice
Tumori epiteliale
Tumori conjunctive
Tumori mixte, epitelio-mezenchimatoase
Tumori ale tesuturilor limfatice si hematopoetice – limfoame, leucemii
Tumori melanice – nevi pigmentari, melanoame
Cancer – termen comun pentru
toate tumorile maligne şi provine
din latinescul “cancer” (crab/rac)
Carcinogeneză - reprezintă o
succesiune de evenimente în
urma căreia o celulă normală
este transformată într-una
malignă.
Carcinogeneză (după Cotran et al. 1999)
Celula normală
normal
expansiune monoclonală
mutaţii adiţionale
(progresia)
heterogenitate citogenetică
Neoplasm malign
Indiferent de tipul histologic sau de natura ei (benignă sau malignă), orice
tumoră este:
clonală - apare prin autoselecţie dintr-o celulă transformată în urma unor
alterări genetice
autonomă - independentă de stimulii de creştere fiziologici.
Mecanism de creştere
Tumoră
Malignă
Benignă
Adaptare
(Hiperplazie)
Normal
Policlonal Monoclonal
Progresia tumorală şi
heterogenitatea genetică
↓
corelată cu apariţia secvenţială a unor
subpopulaţii celulare care diferă prin:
- capacitatea de invazie
- rata de proliferare
- capacitatea de metastazare
- cariotip
- susceptibilitatea la antineoplazice
Tumorile benigne:
sufix “om”
Tumori maligne:
epiteliale – carcinoame
conjunctive – sarcoame
Caracterele generale ale neoplasmelor benigne şi maligne
Diferenţierea şi anaplazia
Rata de creştere
Invazia locală
Metastazarea
a. Diferenţierea
Tumora benignă
se aseamănă cu ţesutul de origine
mitoze rare,
raport N/C normal,
monomorfism celular.
a. Diferenţierea
Tumora malignă
variate grade de diferenţiere
numeroase mitoze, unele atipice
raport N/C mare
pleomorfism celular şi nuclear
Clasificarea OMS cuprinde 4 grade de diferenţiere, ca rezultat al unui scor
al trăsăturilor histologice:
Bine diferenţiat
Moderat diferenţiat
Slab diferenţiat
Nediferenţiat = anaplazic
Carcinom
microinvaziv
Adenom -
displazie de
grad scăzut
Adenom -
displazie de
Normal grad înalt
(mucoasă colon)
Tumoră benignă de colon Adenocarcinom bine diferenţiat
(polip adenomatos)
Tumorile benigne :
model de creştere expansiv, lent, comprimând ţesuturile din
jur,
nu recidivează după extirparea completă
nu metastazează
Tumorile maligne :
model de creştere invaziv, infiltrând , distrugând, penetrând
ţesuturile vecine
rata de proliferare se coreleaza cu gradul de diferenţiere
recidivează local
metastazează la distanţă (tumori maligne secundare)
Căile de metastazare
Diseminare limfatică
Diseminare hematogenă
G4 – nediferenţiat
Stadializarea TNM
T = extensia tumorii
N = invazia ganglionilor limfatici
M = metastaze viscerale
• M1 – cu metastaze
• Mx – metastaze nedeterminate
Efectele sistemice ale tumorilor maligne
Pierderea în greutate
Inapetenţă
Febra
Stare generală alterată
Anemie
Sdr. paraneoplazice
Sindrom clinic Tip de cancer Mecanism cauzal
Sindroame endocrinectopice
● sdr. Cushing c. bronho-pulmonar cu celule mici, ACTH sau substanţe
c. de pancreas, tumori neurale similare
PAPILOM
ADENOM
Papilomul
Se dezvoltă din:
Macroscopic
tumoră vegetantă
bază largă de implantare,
suprafaţă netedă sau neregulată
Veruca vulgaris
Determinată de virusul papilomului uman (HPV)
Evoluţie autolimitată
Macroscopic
- Formaţiune exofitică, fermă, cu baza largă de implantare
Condiloma acuminatum (veruci venerice)
Localizare: regiunea ano-genitală (HPV !!)
Macroscopic:
tumori exofitice de câţiva centimetri în diametru, cu aspect
conopidiform şi bază largă de implantare.
Papilomul scuamocelular
Microscopic
- Epiteliul proliferat dispus pe axe conjunctivo-vasculare cu
aspect digitiform → rol de susţinere şi nutritiv.
Microscopic:
Se dezvoltă din:
Chistadenom (ovar)
Adenoamele glandelor endocrine
Macroscopic:
nodular,
solid
bine delimitat, încapsulat
Microscopic:
Chistadenom (ovar)
Polipul adenomatos
tubulară
viloasă
tubulo-viloasă
Polipul adenomatos tubulo-vilos
Chistadenom (ovar)
Chistadenomul
celulele adenomului au capacitate de secreţie
exocrină → cavitate plină cu secreţie
seroasă sau mucoasă şi tapetată de celulele
proliferate → chistadenom.
A. CARCINOM SCUAMOCELULAR
B. ADENOCARCINOM
Carcinomul in situ (CIS)
Stadiu intermediar în producerea unui cancer.
Histologic
- epiteliu cu toate atipiile citologice de malignitate
- limitate la grosimea sa fără a depăşi membrana bazală.
Diagnostic
citodiagnosticul (ex: produse biologice recoltate din
tractul respirator sau căile genitale feminin)
biopsii (de la nivel bronşic şi joncţiunea exo-endocol
uterin).
Carcinomul in situ (CIS)
Stadiu intermediar în producerea unui cancer.
Histologic
- epiteliu cu toate atipiile citologice de malignitate
- limitate la grosimea sa fără a depăşi membrana bazală.
Diagnostic
citodiagnosticul (ex: produse biologice recoltate din tractul respirator sau
căile genitale feminin)
biopsii (de la nivel bronşic şi joncţiunea exo-endocol uterin).
Macroscopic
Organe cavitare:
Vegetant
Ulcerat
Infiltrativ
Organe parenchimatoase:
Nodular
Difuz
Forme macroscopice în organe cavitare
a. Carcinom vegetant
b. Carcinom ulcerat
c. Carcinom infiltrativ
a. Carcinom vegetant
• Suprafaţa neregulată
a. Carcinom nodular
• Fără capsulă
b. Carcinom infiltrativ
Adenocarcinom
epiteliul organelor parenchimatoase
epiteliul organelor endocrine
epiteliul mucoasele organelor cavitare
I. CARCINOMUL SCUAMOCELULAR
Proliferarea celulelor din:
- Epiderm (piele)
- Mucoase epidermoide (oro-faringe, laringe, esofag, exocol uterin, vagin)
- Zone cu metaplazie scuamoasă (epiteliu respirator, uroteliu)
Carcinomul scuamocelular
Origine
- stratul bazal al epidermului şi
glandelor anexe
Macroscopic
tumoră ulcerată, cu aspect de
pierdere de substanţă, ovalară,
profundă cu baza indurată
marginile ulceraţiei sunt indurate,
uşor proieminente
Carcinom bazocelular
Microscopic
Tumora este compusă din plaje tumorale separate de stromă redusă →
distruge membrana bazală şi are caracter infiltrativ în suportul conjunctiv al
dermului
- în palisadă la periferie
compusă din
- elemente tubulare separate de stroma conjunctivă redusă
- glande tumorale - căptuşite de un epiteliu atipic, dispus pe
unul sau mai multe straturi, şi formeaza lumene neregulate, cu
dimensiuni variabile, densitate mare
Adenocarcinom bine diferenţiat (colon)
Tipuri speciale de adenocarcinom
► Carcinomul mucos (coloid sau mucinos)
- adenocarcinom în care secreţia de mucus este marcată şi
eliberată atât la polul bazal, cât şi apical în stromă.
Macroscopic:
• aspect gelatinos
Microscopic:
• plaje de mucus în care plutesc celulele tumorale.
Noduli tumorali
multipli, Hepatice
albi-slăninoşi,
dimensiuni variate
limite distincte
frecvent centrul necrozat
Pulmonare
Metastaze ganglionare de adenocarcinom
Celulele tumorale:
ajung la ganglion pe calea vaselor limfatice aferente
colonizează sinusul subcapsular şi apoi invadează toata masa
ganglionară
formează glande tumorale căptuşite cu un epiteliu atipic
Teleman, 2003
The treponemes readily cross the
placental barrier and infect the
fetus, causing a high rate of
spontaneous abortion and stillbirth.
Within the first 2 years of life,
symptoms are similar to severe
adult secondary syphilis with
widespread condylomata lata and
rash. “Snuffles” describes the
mucopurulent rhinitis caused by
involvement of the nasal mucosae.
2010
Robbins, 2013
Robbins, 2013
A review of the guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of congenital
syphilis. Kwak J et al. Pediatr Ann. (2015)
OBJECTIVE:
To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of reported estimates of adverse pregnancy outcomes among
untreated women with syphilis and women without syphilis.
METHODS:
PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Libraries were searched for literature assessing adverse pregnancy outcomes
among untreated women with seroreactivity for Treponema pallidum infection and non-seroreactive women. Adverse
pregnancy outcomes were fetal loss or stillbirth, neonatal death, prematurity or low birth weight, clinical evidence
of syphilis and infant death. Random-effects meta-analyses were used to calculate pooled estimates of adverse
pregnancy outcomes and, where appropriate, heterogeneity was explored in group-specific analyses.
FINDINGS:
Of the 3258 citations identified, only six, all case-control studies, were included in the analysis. Pooled estimates
showed that among untreated pregnant women with syphilis, fetal loss and stillbirth were 21% more frequent,
neonatal deaths were 9.3% more frequent and prematurity or low birth weight were 5.8% more frequent than
among women without syphilis. Of the infants of mothers with untreated syphilis, 15% had clinical evidence
of congenital syphilis. The single study that estimated infant death showed a 10% higher frequency among infants of
mothers with syphilis. Substantial heterogeneity was found across studies in the estimates of all adverse outcomes for
both women with syphilis (66.5% [95% confidence interval, CI: 58.0-74.1]; I(2) = 91.8%; P < 0.001) and women
without syphilis (14.3% [95% CI: 11.8-17.2]; I(2) = 95.9%; P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION:
Untreated maternal syphilis is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. These findings can inform policy
decisions on resource allocation for the detection of syphilis and its timely treatment in pregnant women.
Update on syphilis and pregnancy.
Tsimis ME, Sheffield JS.
Birth Defects Res. 2017 Mar 15;109(5):347-352.
Abstract
While the origins of syphilis remain unknown, it has long been recognized as an infectious entity with
complex pathophysiology. In this review, we highlighted the epidemiology and risk factors associated
with syphilis. The incidence of syphilis in most populations showed a consistent upward trend until
the 1940s with the introduction of penicillin as the preferred treatment. The emergence of congenital
syphilis and vertical transmission has been a direct result of heterosexual syphilis transmission. We also
explore the microbiology and pathogenesis of Treponema pallidum as it directly correlates with its route of
transmission and infectivity. The clinical features are best categorized into stages (primary, secondary,
early, and late latent and tertiary). The primary stage presents as a characteristic chancre and inguinal
adenopathy, while the secondary "bacteremia" stage has a predilection to dermatologic manifestations and
constitutional symptoms. The latent phase of syphilis witnesses a quiescent period with variable relapse of
symptoms and finally, one-third of untreated patients undergo tertiary syphilisyears after the initial
infection characterized by severe neurologic or cardiovascular symptomatology. We will also review the
data collected for congenital syphilis from the CDC as this can manifest with stillbirth, neonatal death,
and nonimmune hydrops. The diagnosis of syphilisfocuses on a combination of nontreponemal and
treponemal antibody tests with the CDC recommending a traditional algorithm from screening to
confirmation. However, other agencies have recently adopted the reverse testing algorithm which has
outperformed the traditional algorithm in certain populations. We finally focus on syphilotherapy and
monitoring response to treatment with a specific emphasis on pregnancy.
Serological follow-up of infants born to mothers with
positive syphilis serology - real-world experiences.
Wallace HE, Broomhall HM, Isitt CE, Miall LS, Wilson JD.
Int J STD AIDS. 2016 Nov;27(13):1213-1217.
Abstract
The 2008 UK syphilis guideline recommends infants born to women with any
positive syphilis serology be followed up until both treponemal and nontreponemal tests are negative
to exclude congenital syphilis, whereas Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines
recommend using only nontreponemal tests. Historically, we had low infant follow-up rates with no
coherent pathways. We initiated a change in multidisciplinary team practice of infant testing for syphilis in
2011 and evaluated the results before and after by retrospective review of testing of infants born to women
with positive syphilis serology between 2005 and 2012. A total of 28 infants' mothers were treated in
pregnancy (termed 'high risk'); 26 had adequate treatment prior to pregnancy (termed 'low risk'). There
was a significant increase in serological testing after 2011 compared with before (83% versus 48%; OR
5.07 [95% CI 1.22-22.77] p = 0.01) but mainly in low risk infants with no significant improvement in high
risk infants who are the priority group. Using nontreponemal tests only in the infants would have reduced
the tests required by at least 50%, allowing health resources to be concentrated on achieving adequate
follow-up for those infants most at risk.
Vaccine development for syphilis.
Lithgow KV, Cameron CE.
Expert Rev Vaccines. 2017 Jan;16(1):37-44.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION:
Syphilis, caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum, continues to be a globally
prevalent disease despite remaining susceptible to penicillin treatment. Syphilis vaccine development
is a viable preventative approach that will serve to complement public health-
oriented syphilis prevention, screening and treatment initiatives to deliver a two-pronged approach to
stemming disease spread worldwide. Areas covered: This article provides an overview of the need for
development of a syphilis vaccine, summarizes significant information that has been garnered from
prior syphilis vaccine studies, discusses the critical aspects of infection that would have to be targeted
by a syphilis vaccine, and presents the current understanding within the field of the correlates of
protection needed to be achieved through vaccination. Expert commentary: Syphilis vaccine
development should be considered a priority by industry, regulatory and funding agencies, and
should be appropriately promoted and supported.