Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
CONDUCTOR TIINIFIC:
Prof. Univ. Dr. Maria Ursache
DOCTORAND
dr. Andra Elena Timofti (cs. Aungurencei)
Iai
-2011-
Cuprins
INTRODUCERE
STADIUL CUNOATERII
Capitolul I - Dezvoltarea filogenetic i ontogenetic a atm
I.1. Originile articulaiei temporo-mandibulare
I.2. Articulaia temporo-mandibular la Mamifere
I.3. Articulaia temporo-mandibular la om
CONTRIBUII PROPRII
Capitolul IV - Metodologia cercetrii
IV.1. Consideraii generale
IV. 2. Motivarea alegerii temei
IV.3. Scopul i obiectivele cercetrii
IV.3.1. Scopul studiului
IV.3.2. Obiectivele cercetrii
VI.6. Concluzii
VII.6. Concluzii
-2-
INTRODUCERE
Exercitarea funciilor specifice sistemului stomatognat are loc
sub aciunea conjugat a articulaiilor temporo-mandibulare i a
muchilor mobilizatori ai mandibulei, alturi de celelalte elemente
sistemice. Nici una din aceste funcii nu se poate realiza dect cu
participarea integral a tuturor elementelor sistemice iar articulaia
temporo-mandibular nu face nici o excepie.
Articulaia temporo-mandibular este totui o excepie ntre
celelalte articulaii mobile ale corpului, n principal deoarece este cea
mai complex din punct de vedere structural, face parte dintr-un
sistem integral, extrem de bine integrat - sistemul stomatognat, nu
particip numai la activiti care caracterizeaz aparatul locomotor n
general (mobilitate, stabilitate), ci i la altele mai elaborate, cum ar fi
masticaia, fonaia, fizionomia i deglutiia.
Instalarea disfunciei la nivelul unui element sistemic (printre
care i articulaia temporo-mandibular) depinde de capacitatea de
rezisten a elementului respectiv la solicitare, de nivelul la care
factorul disfuncionalizant acioneaz, de intensitatea i durata
aciunii, de teren.
Zgomotele articulare considerate normale de unii autori
reprezint, conform studiilor actuale, cel mai comun simptom al
disfunciilor articulaiilor temporo-mandibulare (nsoite sau nu de
durerea articular). Aceste studii sunt direcionate actualmente ctre
zgomotele specifice articulaiei temporo-mandibulare urmrindu-se
caracteristicile acestora, factorii etiologici, prognostic pe termen lung
i schema terapeutic. Astfel, rezultatele observate de studiile
epidemiologice recente subliniaz prezena zgomotelor articulare la
subieci indiferent de vrst i de tipul dentar, iar ele cresc
proporional cu vrsta la care s-a realizat studiul.
Rolul factorilor dentari n producerea zgomotelor articulare
beneficiaz de atenia cercettorilor, ns rezultatele i importana lor
pentru practica stomatologic nu sunt utilizate conform ateptrilor,
de multe ori reabilitrile elementelor sistemului stomatognat axnduse mai ales pe refacerea odonto-parodontal i a integritii arcadelor
-1-
Evaluarea prin inspecie a dinamicii mandibulare propulsie (a), lateralitate (b-stnga, cdreapta)
-6-
Rezultate i discuii
Analiznd cele dou loturi din punct de vedere al distribuiei
pe sexe, se observ o distribuie aproape similar a celor dou loturi
de studiu, femeile fiind mai numeroase (61,8% i respectiv 57,9% la
nivelul lotului martor). Analiznd mediul de provenien al
pacienilor celor dou loturi se observ c un numr mare de pacieni
provin din mediul urban (70,8% i respectiv 65,8%).
femei
brbai
rural
61,8%
urban
70,8%
57,9%
65,8%
42,1%
38,2%
34,2%
29,2%
LOT 1
LOT 2
LOT 1
LOT 2
durere articulara
fara durere
63,2%
46,1%
29,2%
15,8%
13,5%
11,2%
13,2%
7,9%
LOT 1
LOT 2
-8-
53,9%
50,6%
40,5%
luxatie
blocaj articular
asimptomatic
63,2%
46,1%
37,1%
42,7%
35,1%
34,2%
24,7%
18,9%
15,7%
13,5%
8,1%
7,9%
3,4%
2,6%
0,0%
LOT 1
LOT 1
LOT 2
LOT 2
absena
zgomotelor
80,9%
63,2%
31,5%
65,8%
crepitaii
unilateral
5,3%
9,0%
LOT 2
LOT 1
bilateral
7,9%
10,1%
26,3%
cracment
bilateral
13,2%
15,7%
10,1%
unilateral
3,4%
10,5%
5,6%
7,9%
0,0%
33,7%
LOT 1
LOT 2
-9-
BIOSTATISTIC:
Am verificat dac exist diferene semnificative ntre cele
dou loturi de subieci n ceea ce privete afectarea odontoparodontal. Pentru aceasta am aplicat tehnica crosstabs din SPSS i
am calculat testul 2. Conform rezultatelor obinute, exist diferene
semnificative statistic la pragul p 0.05 ntre cele dou loturi de
pacieni n ceea ce privete afectarea odonto-parodontal [2 (3) =
11.874, p = 0.008].
afectare odonto-parodontala * lot Crosstabulation
afectare
odonto-parodontala
mobilitate dentara
afectiuni endodontice
fatete de uzura
fara afectare
odonto-parodontala
Total
Count
Expected Count
% within lot
Adjusted Residual
Count
Expected Count
% within lot
Adjusted Residual
Count
Expected Count
% within lot
Adjusted Residual
Count
Expected Count
% within lot
Adjusted Residual
lot
afectarea
articulatiilor
lot martor
9
3
8.4
3.6
10.1%
7.9%
.4
-.4
3
0
2.1
.9
3.4%
.0%
1.1
-1.1
72
25
68.0
29.0
80.9%
65.8%
1.8
-1.8
5
10
10.5
4.5
5.6%
26.3%
Count
Expected Count
% within lot
-3.3
3.3
89
89.0
100.0%
38
38.0
100.0%
Total
12
12.0
9.4%
3
3.0
2.4%
97
97.0
76.4%
15
15.0
11.8%
127
127.0
100.0%
Pearson Chi-Square
Likelihood Ratio
Linear-by-Linear
Association
N of Valid Cases
Value
11.874a
11.688
4.203
3
3
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
.008
.009
.040
df
Symmetric Measures
Nominal by
Nominal
Phi
Cramer's V
N of Valid Cases
127
Value
.306
.306
127
Approx. Sig.
.008
.008
Concluzii
Durerea muscular i durerea articular sunt mai prezente la
pacienii din lotul experimental cu afectarea articulaiilor dect la
pacienii din lotul martor. n schimb, pacienii fr durere sunt
semnificativ mai muli n lotul martor dect n lotul experimental
- 10 -
Sistemul K7
ESG-2
Unitatea K7
Preamplificatorul
Senzorul
- 13 -
Rezultate i discuii:
Distribuia funcie de apartenena la sex a lotului de studiu (Error!
Reference source not found.) demonstreaz c toate celelalte studii
efectuate de ali autori o adresabilitate la tratament stomatologic mai
crescut a femeilor (65,07%) indiferent de mediul de provenien.
Distributie pe mediu de provenienta
Repartitia pe sexe
a lotului
femei
barbati
barbati;
22; 35%
urban; 45;
71%
rural; 18;
29%
femei;
41; 65%
rural
urban
31
15
bilateral
27
11
deschidere
preauricular
17
nchidere
19
deschidere i nchidere
auricular
nivel 1; 12
nivel 1
46%
nivel 2
54%
nivel 2; 7
nivel 3
nivel 4; 20
nivel 4
nivel 3; 14
nivel 5
32%
nalt,
ascuit
68%
jos, grav
19
clic
22
pocnitur
4
zumzet
11
rit
fit
4
bzit
Am
analizat
prin
chestionar i axa de micare a
mandibulei care induce apariia
zgomotelor, observnd la 49.2%
din subieci c aceste zgomote
sunt declanate de micarea
mandibulei n plan frontal.
Evaluarea subiectiv a zgomotelor articulare
- Criteriul axei de micare
- 15 -
31
plan frontal
14
plan orizontal
10
plan sagital
8
nici o relaie
EVALUAREA OBIECTIV
Am constat modificri ale
regiunii pretragiene prin asimetria
reliefului regiunii la 16 subieci n
static i la 53 de subieci n
dinamic. Evaluarea a fost
realizat comparativ i simultan
pentru
cele
dou
regiuni
pretragiene.
simetic
47
asimetric
53
10
16
static
dinamic
baionet
23
median
TRAIECTORIA MENTONULUI
(norm profil)
treapt
48
arc de cerc
15
24
unilateral
16
47
propulsie
21
42
lateralitate stng
18
30
45
14
cracment
lateralitate dreapt
crepitatii
bilateral
8
absenta zgomotelor
Evaluarea obiectiv
p alparea articular
- 16 -
- 21 -
- 22 -
Concluzii
Din analiza statistic reiese c pacienii care aud sunete de
tipul clic i pocnitur sunt mai muli comparativ cu cei care aud
sunete de tipul zumzet, rit i bzit iar pacienii care aud zgomote
joase, grave predomin comparativ cu cei care aud zgomote nalte,
ascuite, ceea ce se traduce clinic prin faptul c cele mai multe
zgomote sunt sub form de cracmente.
La analiza dinamicii mandibulare am constatat c traiectoriile
n C i pe linia median sunt mai frecvente iar n norma de profil
traiectoria sub form de treapt am ntlnit-o mai frecvent la pacieni
comparativ cu traiectoria sub form de arc de cerc, adic predomin
micrile patologice. Predominana micrii patologice se ntlnete
i n cazul propulsiei, lateralitii stnga i dreapta.
Investigaia computerizat a zgomotelor articulare confirm
existena zgomotelor decelate prin evaluare clinic, manifestrile
nregistrate cu ajutorul computerului avnd amplitudini, durat i
frecvene diferite, asociate asimetriei celor doua articulatii.
Prin decelarea tuturor modificrilor ce apar la nivel articular
prin investigarea traseelor electrosonografice se pot depista tulburri
de la acest nivel, se pot aprecia evoluia i complicaiile disfunciei
articulare i se ofer posibilitatea aplicrii unui tratament adecvat.
- 24 -
Cu
ajutorul
sistemului
K7
am
realizat
i
kinezimandibulografia pentru a determina dac exist sau nu
modificri ale poziiei mandibulei att static ct i n dinamic la
pacienii luai n studiu.
- 26 -
Rezultate i discuii
Distribuia funcie de apartenena la sex i la mediul de
provenien a lotului de studiu reiteraz motivarea femeilor (71,1%),
mai mare dect a brbailor fa de starea de sntate dar i faptul c
pacienii din mediul rural sunt mai rezervai la prezentarea i
tratamentul stomatologic adecvat.
Distributie pe mediu de provenienta
Repartitia pe sexe
a lotului
femei
urban; 40;
77%
barbati
barbati;
15; 29%
rural; 12;
23%
femei;
37; 71%
rural
urban
- 27 -
16
Re giunea
preauricular
Re giune a
te mporal
Re giune a
masete rin
bilateral
6
Abse nt
absent ; 6
nainte; 15
egala cu a
zgomotului; 20
dup; 8
odat; 23
- 28 -
absenta; 6
nivel 1; 7
localizat
nivel 1
12%
nivel 5; 6
nivel 2; 5
nivel 2
50%
referit
nivel 3
38%
nivel 4
nivel 4; 17
nivel 5
absent
nivel 3; 11
absenta
fr corelare cu
micarea mandibulei
deschidere i
nchidere
nchidere
deschidere
Limitarea micarii
35%
20
65%
Fr limitarea micarii
15
static si dinamic
absent 7
unilateral 15
simetric 30
absent 7
compresiune
numai dinamic
31
muscular 14
numai static
articular 22
35%
71%
65%
prezent
absent
fr afectare
muscular
unilateral
unilateral
25%
oboseal
muscular
13
spasm muscular
12
durere muscular
18
bilateral
absent
63%
bilateral
12%
absent
Subluxaie
unilateral
bilateral
0
maseteri,
pterig. ext i
trapez
mseteri i
pterig. ext.
maseteri i
temporali
temporali
pterigoidian
extern
maseteri
durere la nivelul
insertiilor
musculare
durere la nivelul
masei musculare
12
tonicitate
normal
modificat
Total
crescut
sczut
Frecvena
absolut
45
7
0
52
Frecvena
procentual
86,5
13,5
0,0
100,0
RP
RC
Frecvena
absolut
5
11
36
52
5
11
1
1
34
52
Frecvena
procentual
9,6
21,2
69,2
100,0
9,6
21,2
1,9
1,9
65,4
100,0
produc n acelai loc (situaie n care cele dou pick-uri ale undei ar
trebui s fie la aceeai nalime).
Se mai constat c dup intecuspidare maxim mandibula nu
mai ocup aceeai poziie de repaus postural, ci cu 0.3 mm mai jos i
posterior i 0.1 mm mai la stnga
Afectare
articulara
Frecvena
absolut
Oboseala
muscular
Spasme
musculare
unilateral
bilateral
unilateral
bilateral
29
13
3
7
52
12 (41%)
6 (46%)
1 (33%)
4 (57%)
23 (44%)
6 (20%)
4(31%)
1(33%)
3(42%)
14(27%)
Cretearea
tonusului
muscular
10(34%)
5(38%)
-(0%)
3(43%)
18(37%)
- 36 -
Frecvena
absolut
19
10
7
2
3
5
5
1
52
Frecvena
procentual
36,5
19,2
13,5
3,8
5,8
9,6
9,6
1,9
100,0
Aspectele grafice ale micrii de deschidere demonstreaz o deplasare mult mai redus spre
posterior a mandibulei (3.9 mm) fr suprapunerea punctului de plecare cu cel de
ntoarcere
unilateral
bilateral
Total
1(33%)
2(67%)
4(57%)
2(28%)
4(57%)
52
22(42%)
29(56%)
38(73%)
2(67%)
Concluzii
Investigarea paraclinic prin electromiografie aduce date
suplimentare anamnezei i examenului clinic, completndu-le,
ajutnd la stabilirea unui diagnostic corect i complet i la instituirea
unui tratament adecvat afeciunii musculare n contextul afectrii
articulare.
Investigaia kinezimandibulografic confirm existena unor
tulburri articulare care mpiedic deplasarea mandibulei pe tipare
normale de micare. Metodele de evaluare kinezimandibulografice
au limite ce in de deplasarea de pe poziia stabilit a magnetului,
ieirea din limite a nregistrrilor prin modificarea poziiei
senzorului.
Analiza i interpretarea semnelor articulare n corelaie cu
cele musculare se face n funcie de tipul de zgomot, contracia
muscular, stabilitatea activrii musculare i tiparele de dinamic
mandibular.
- 42 -
Exerciiile fizice pentru nlturarea obstacolelor musculoscheletale cu ajutorul tehnicilor de relaxare i de mobilizare fac parte
din terapia muscular.
Recondiionarea muscular const ntr-o serie de proceduri
care se aplic la pacienii cu atrofii musculare sau cu diagrame
dinamice modificate, iar acestea constau n:
- ntindere muscular pasiv (indicat n cazul durerilor musculare,
atrofiilor sau, dimpotriv, hipertoniilor musculare).
- 44 -
Terapie adjuvant
Terapie simptomatic
Terapie asociat odontal
Terapie asociat protetic
Frecvena absolut
gutier
26
exerciii
23
nici un tratament
11
vitaminoterapie
7
simpt. articulare
31
9
24
- 50 -
Examen oral
Electromiografia
Kinezimandibulografia
- 51 -
Aplicarea gutierei
- 54 -
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1.
Abou-Atme YS, Melis M, Zawawi KH, Cottogno L. - Fiveyear follow-up of temporomandibular disorders and other
musculoskeletal symptoms in dental students., Minerva Stomatol.
2007 Nov-Dec;56(11-12):603-9.
2.
Anderson GC, John MT, Ohrbach R, Nixdorf DR, Schiffman
EL, Truelove ES, List T. - Influence of headache frequency on
clinical signs and symptoms of TMD in subjects with temple
headache and TMD pain. Pain. 2011 Apr;152(4):765-71. Epub 2010
Dec 31.
3.
Aydin G, Kele I, Z G, Orkun S. - How does the habit of
teeth clenching affect the symptoms and signs of patients with
temporomandibular disorders? Kulak Burun Bogaz Ihtis Derg.
2004;13(1-2):19-24. Turkish.
4.
Badel T, Marotti M, Krolo I, Kern J, Keros J. - Occlusion in
patients with temporomandibular joint anterior disk displacement.
Acta Clin Croat. 2008 Sep;47(3):129-36.
5.
Badel T, Panduri J, Marotti M, Kern J, Krolo I. Metric
analysis of temporomandibular joint in asymptomatic persons by
magnetic resonance imaging,
Acta Med Croatica. 2008
Dec;62(5):455-60.
6.
Bakke M - Temporomandibular dysfunction causes orofacial
pain., Ugeskr Laeger. 2010 Nov 1;172(44):3037-9.
7.
Benoliel R, Eliav E, Sharav Y. - Classification of chronic
orofacial pain: applicability of chronic headache criteria. Oral Surg
Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010 Dec;110(6):729-37.
8.
Benoliel R, Svensson P, Heir GM, Sirois D, Zakrzewska J,
Oke-Nwosu J, Torres SR, Greenberg MS, Klasser GD, Katz J, Eliav
E. - Persistent orofacial muscle pain.Oral Dis. 2011 Apr;17 Suppl
1:23-41
9.
Bermejo-Fenoll A, Sez-Yuguero R. - Differential diagnosis
of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD)., Med Oral Patol Oral
Cir Bucal. 2005 Nov-Dec;10(5):468-9.
- 55 -
10.
Bessa-Nogueira RV, Vasconcelos BC, Niederman R. - The
methodological quality of systematic reviews comparing
temporomandibular joint disorder surgical and non-surgical
treatment., BMC Oral Health. 2008 Sep 26;8:27.
11.
Bracco P, Debernardi C, Piancino MG, Cirigliano MF,
Salvetti G, Bazzichi L, De Feo F, Bosco M. Evaluation of the
stomatognathic system in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
according to the research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular
disorders. Cranio. 2010 Jul;28(3):181-6.
12.
Bumann A., Lotzmann U. TMJ Disorders and Orofacial
Pain, the Role of Dentistry in a Multidisciplinary Diagnostic
Approach. Thieme2002.
13.
Burlui V, Morrau C: Gnatologie, Ed Apollonia, Iai, 2000.
14.
Burlui V. Malrelaiile cranio-mandibulare, ed. Apollonia,
Iai 2002.
15.
Burlui V., Forna N. Clinica i terapia edentaiei pariale
ntinse, ed. Apollonia, Iai 2004.
16.
Burlui V., Forna N., Ifteni G. Clinica i terapia edentaiei
pariale intercalate reduse, Editura Apollonia Iai 2001.
17.
Burris JL, Evans DR, Carlson CR. - Psychological correlates
of medical comorbidities in patients with temporomandibular
disorders., J Am Dent Assoc. 2010 Jan;141(1):22-31.
18.
Cavalcanti RF, Studart LM, Kosminsky M, de Goes PS. Validation of the multimedia version of the RDC/TMD axis II
questionnaire in Portuguese., J Appl Oral Sci. 2010 Jun;18(3):231-6.
19.
Celic R, Jerolimov V, Knezovic Zlataric D. - Relationship of
slightly limited mandibular movements to temporomandibular
disorders., Braz Dent J. 2004;15(2):151-4. Epub 2005 Mar 11.
20.
Chang SW, Chuang CY, Li JR, Lin CY, Chiu CT. Treatment effects of maxillary flat occlusal splints for painful
clicking of the temporomandibular joint. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2010
Jun;26(6):299-307.
21.
Costen J. - Symdrome of Ear and Sinus Symptoms
Dependent upon Disturbed Function of the TMJ, Ann. Otol. Rhinol.
Laryngol., 43:1, 1934.
22.
Cuccia AM, Caradonna C, Caradonna D - Manual therapy of
the mandibular accessory ligaments for the management of
- 56 -
33.
Ekberg E, Vallon D, Nilner M. - The efficacy of appliance
therapy in patients with temporomandibular disorders of mainly
myogenous origin. A randomized, controlled, short-term trial, J
Orofac Pain. 2003 Spring;17(2):133-9.
34.
Emshoff R, Rudisch A: 2001 Validity of clinical diagnostic
criteria for temporomandibular disorders. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral
Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 91 (2001) 50-55
35.
Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Lovecchio N, Mian F. - Quantification
of
translational
and
gliding
components
in
human
temporomandibular joint during mouth opening. Arch Oral Biol.
2005 May;50(5):507-15. Epub 2004 Dec 8.
36.
Forna N., C. De Baat, Bratu D., Mercu V., Petre Al., Popor
S., Tristaru T. Protetica Dentara Vol I, Ed. Enciclopedic,
Bucureti, 2011.
37.
Forna N., C. De Baat, Lascu L., Pauna M. Protetica Dentara
Vol II, Ed. Enciclopedic, Bucureti, 2011.
38.
Friedman MH, Weisberg PT: The craniocervical connection:
a retrospective analysis of 300 whiplash patients with cervical and
temporomandibular disorders. J Craniomandib Pract 18 (2000) 163167
39.
Fu KY, Zhang HB, Zhao YP, Ma XC, Zhang ZK. Comparative study on the clinical appearances between acute and
chronic anterior disc displacement without reduction, Zhonghua Kou
Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2004 Nov;39(6):471-4. Chinese.
40.
Fujii T, Torisu T, Nakamura S. - A change of occlusal
conditions after splint therapy for bruxers with and without pain in
the masticatory muscles. Cranio. 2005 Apr;23(2):113-8.
41.
Gesch D, Bernhardt O, Alte D, Schwahn C, Kocher T, John
U, Hensel E: Prevalence of signs and symptoms of
temporomandibular disorders in an urban and rural German
population: results of a population-based Study of Health in
Pomerania. Quintessence Int 35 (2004) 143-150
42.
Glaros AG, Williams K, Lausten L, Friesen LR. - Tooth
contact in patients with temporomandibular disorders., Cranio. 2005
Jul;23(3):188-93.
43.
Glaros AG, Williams K, Lausten L. - The role of
parafunctions, emotions and stress in predicting facial pain. J Am
Dent Assoc. 2005 Apr;136(4):451-8.
- 58 -
44.
Greene CS - Managing the care of patients with
temporomandibular disorders: a new guideline for care. J Am Dent
Assoc. 2010 Sep;141(9):1086-8.
45.
Greven M. - TMD, bruxism, and occlusion., Am J Orthod
Dentofacial Orthop. 2011 Apr;139(4):424;
46.
Grinin VM, Karakhanian VT, Adilkhanian VA - TMJ-injuries
at early stages of rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis., Stomatologiia
(Mosk). 2010;89(3):48-51. Russian. No abstract available.
47.
Guarda-Nardini L, Palumbo B, Manfredini D, Ferronato G. Surgical treatment of chronic temporomandibular joint dislocation: a
case report., Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 May;12(1):43-6.
48.
Hasegawa H, Saitoh I, Nakakura-Ohshima K, Shigeta K,
Yoshihara T, Suenaga S, Inada E, Iwasaki T, Matsumoto Y,
Yamasaki Y. - Condylar shape in relation to anterior disk
displacement in juvenile females., Cranio. 2011 Apr;29(2):100-10.
49.
Hirsch C, John MT: Cost scenarios for diagnosis and
treatment of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in Germany.
Dtsch Zahnrztl Z 60 (2) (2005) 108-111
50.
Holmlund A. - Disc derangements of the temporomandibular
joint. A tissue-based characterization and implications for surgical
treatment., Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007 Jul;36(7):571-6. Epub
2007 Mar 27.
51.
Huang G, LeResche L, Critchlow CW, Martin MD,
Drangsholt M. Risk factors for diagnostic subgroups of painful
temporomandibular disorders (TMD). J Dent Res 81 (2002) 284-288
52.
Hugger A, Hugger S, Schindler HJ. - Surface
electromyography of the masticatory muscles for application in
dental practice. Current evidence and future developments. Int J
Comput Dent. 2008;11(2):81-106.
53.
Jensen U, Ruf S. - Longitudinal changes in
temporomandibular disorders in young adults: indication for
systematic temporomandibular joint screening., J Orofac Orthop.
2007 Nov;68(6):501-9.
54.
Johansson A, Unell L, Carlsson GE, Sderfeldt B, Halling A:
Gender difference in symptoms related to temporomandibular
disorders in a population of 50-year-old subjects. J Orofacial Pain 17
(2003) 29-35
- 59 -
55.
John MT, Dworkin SF, Mancl LA. - Reliability of clinical
temporomandibular disorder diagnoses. Pain. 2005 Nov;118(1-2):619. Epub 2005 Sep 9.
56.
John MT, Zwijnenburg AJ: Interobserver variability in
assessment of signs of TMD. Int J Prosthodont 14 (2001) 265-270
57.
Kaku M, Koseki H, Kawazoe A, Abedini S, Kojima S,
Motokawa M, Ohtani J, Fujita T, Kawata T, Tanne K. - Treatment of
a case of skeletal class II malocclusion with temporomandibular joint
disorder using miniscrew anchorage. Cranio. 2011 Apr;29(2):155-63.
58.
Kalaykova SI, Lobbezoo F, Naeije M. - Risk factors for
anterior disc displacement with reduction and intermittent locking in
adolescents., J Orofac Pain. 2011 Spring;25(2):153-60.
59.
Kalpakci KN, Willard VP, Wong ME, Athanasiou KA - An
interspecies comparison of the temporomandibular joint disc. J Dent
Res. 2011 Feb;90(2):193-8. Epub 2010 Nov 29.
60.
Kamisaka M, Yatani H, Kuboki T, Matsuka Y and Minakuchi
H: Four-year longitudinal course of TMD symptoms in an adult
population and the estimation of risk factors in relation to symptoms.
J Orofacial Pain 14 (2000) 224-232
61.
Karibe H, Goddard G, McNeill C, Shih ST. - Comparison of
patients with orofacial pain of different diagnostic categories.,
Cranio. 2011 Apr;29(2):138-43.
62.
Katsoulis J, Richter M. - Efficacy of specific physiotherapy
for temporomandibular joint dysfunction of muscular origin, Rev
Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 2008 Feb;109(1):9-14.
63.
Kavuncu V, Sahin S, Kamanli A, Karan A, Aksoy C. - The
role of systemic hypermobility and condylar hypermobility in
temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome. Rheumatol Int.
2006 Jan;26(3):257-60. Epub 2005 Jun 30.
64.
Kitsoulis P, Marini A, Iliou K, Galani V, Zimpis A,
Kanavaros P, Paraskevas G. - Signs and symptoms of
temporomandibular joint disorders related to the degree of mouth
opening and hearing loss., BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2011 May
25;11:5.
65.
Koh H, Robinson P. Occlusal adjustment for treating and
preventing temporomandibular joint disorders. Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD003812. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD003812
- 60 -
66.
Koole P, Koole R. - Diagnosis and classification of headache
and temporomandibular disorders, a new opportunity. Ned Tijdschr
Tandheelkd. 2011 May;118(5):245-7.
67.
Kumagai K, Hamada Y, Holmlund AB, Gotoh A, Nakaoka
K, Arai G, Yamane S, Suzuki R. - The levels of vascular endothelial
growth factor in the synovial fluid correlated with the severity of
arthroscopically observed synovitis and clinical outcome after
temporomandibular joint irrigation in patients with chronic closed
lock., Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010
Feb;109(2):185-90.
68.
Latif R, Sanei S, Shave C, Carter E. - Classification of
Temporomandibular disorder from electromyography signals via
Directed Transfer Function. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc.
2008;2008:2904-7.
69.
Learreta JA, Bono AE, Maffia G, Beas J. - The identification
of temporomandibular joint disease through the masticatory cycle.
Int J Orthod Milwaukee. 2005 Spring;16(1):11-5.
70.
Licini F, Nojelli A, Seg M, Collesano V. - Role of
psychosocial factors in the etiology of temporomandibular disorders:
relevance of a biaxial diagnosis. Minerva Stomatol. 2009 NovDec;58(11-12):557-66.
71.
Lin YC, Hsu ML, Yang JS, Liang TH, Chou SL, Lin HY. Temporomandibular joint disorders in patients with rheumatoid
arthritis. J Chin Med Assoc. 2007 Dec;70(12):527-34.
72.
Macfarlane TV, Blinkhorn AS, Davies RM, Kincey J,
Worthington HV: Oro-facial pain in the community: prevalence and
associated impact. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 30 (2002) 52-60
73.
Macfarlane TV, Glenny A-M, Worthington HV. Systematic
review of populationbased epidemiological studies of oro-facial pain.
Journal of Dentistry, 2001; 29: 451-467.
74.
Madland G, Feinmann C, Newman S: Factors associated with
anxiety and depression in facial arthromyalgia. Pain 84 (2000) 225232
75.
Magnusson T, Egermark I and Carlsson GE: A longitudinal
epidemiologic study of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular
disorders from 15 to 35 years of age. J Orofacial Pain 14 (2000) 310319
- 61 -
76.
Magnusson T, Egermark I, Carlsson GE: A prospective
investigation over two decades on signs and symptoms of
temporomandibular disorders and associated variables. A final
summary. Acta Odontol Scand 63 (2) (2005) 99-109
77.
Magnusson T, Egermark I, Carlsson GE: Treatment received,
treatment demand, and treatment need for temporomandibular
disorders in 35-year-old subjects. Cranio 20 (2002) 11-7
78.
Maluf SA, Moreno BG, Crivello O, Cabral CM, Bortolotti G,
Marques AP. - Global postural reeducation and static stretching
exercises in the treatment of myogenic temporomandibular disorders:
a randomized study., J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2010
Sep;33(7):500-7.
79.
Marklund S, Wnman A. - Risk factors associated with
incidence and persistence of signs and symptoms of
temporomandibular disorders., Acta Odontol Scand. 2010
Sep;68(5):289-99.
80.
Martinez Blanco M, Bagn JV, Fons A, Poveda Roda
R.Osteoarthrosis of the temporomandibular joint. A clinical and
radiological study of 16 patients. Med Oral. 2004 Mar-Apr;9(2):11015, 106-10.
81.
Martins-Jnior RL, Palma AJ, Marquardt EJ, Gondin TM,
Kerber Fde C - Temporomandibular disorders: a report of 124
patients., J Contemp Dent Pract. 2010 Oct 14;11(5):071-8.
82.
McGoldrick DM, Stassen LF. - Management of acute
dislocation of the temporomandibular joint in dental practice.J Ir
Dent Assoc. 2010 Dec-2011 Jan;56(6):268-70.
83.
McNeill
C
(Ed):
Diagnostic
classification.
In:
Temporomandibular disorders:
84.
Mongini F. - Temporomandibular disorders and tension-type
headache. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2007 Dec;11(6):465-70.
85.
N Takaya-Ylmazb, L Incesua, M tcen-Toller, E Uzunb
- Relationship of condylar position to disc position and morphology,
Europ J of Radiol, Volume 51, Issue 3, Pages 269-273 (September
2004)
86.
Nassif NJ, Al-Saleeh F, Al-Admawi M: The prevalence and
treatment needs of symptoms and signs of temporomandibular
disorders among young adult males. J Oral Rehabil 30 (2003) 944950
- 62 -
87.
Netter F. H. - Atles of Human Anatomy. 5th edition. 2010.
88.
Nilsson IM, List T, Willman A. - Adolescents with
temporomandibular disorder pain-the living with TMD pain
phenomenon. J Orofac Pain. 2011 Spring;25(2):107-16.
89.
Nilsson IM, List T, Willman A. - Adolescents with
temporomandibular disorder pain-the living with TMD pain
phenomenon., J Orofac Pain. 2011 Spring;25(2):107-16.
90.
Okeson JP, de Leeuw R. - Differential diagnosis of
temporomandibular disorders and other orofacial pain disorders.,
Dent Clin North Am. 2011 Jan;55(1):105-20. Review.
91.
Okeson JP, de Leeuw R. - Differential diagnosis of
temporomandibular disorders and other orofacial pain disorders.
Dent Clin North Am. 2011 Jan;55(1):105-20.
92.
Okeson JP: Management of temporomandibulardisorders and
occlusion, ed 5, 2003, Mosby.
93.
Olesen J; Third International Headache Classification
Committee of the International Headache Society. - New plans for
headache classification: ICHD-3., Cephalalgia. 2011 Jan;31(1):4-5.
Epub 2010 Jul 5.
94.
z S, Gken-Rhlig B, Saruhanoglu A, Tuncer EB Management of myofascial pain: low-level laser therapy versus
occlusal splints. J Craniofac Surg. 2010 Nov;21(6):1722-8.
95.
zkan NC, Ozkan F. - The relationship of
temporomandibular disorders with headaches: a retrospective
analysis. Agri. 2011 Jan;23(1):13-7.
96.
Petitti DB (Ed): Meta-Analysis, Decision Analysis, and CostEffectiveness Analysis. Methods for Quantitative Synthesis in
Medicine. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000, pp 2-15
97.
Pow EH, Leung KC, McMillan AS: Prevalence of symptoms
associated with temporomandibular disorders in Hong Kong
Chinese. J Orofacial Pain 5 (2001) 228-234
98.
Pullinger AG, Seligman DA: Quantification and validation of
predictive values of occlusal variables in temporomandibular
disorders using a multifactorial analysis. J Prosthet Dent 83 (2000)
66-75
99.
Rees L.A. - The Structure and Function of the Mandible
Joint, Brit. Dent. J., 96:125-133..
- 63 -
100.
Reiter S, Winocur E, Gavish A, Eli I. - Severe limitation of
mouth opening, Refuat Hapeh Vehashinayim. 2004 Oct;21(4):36-46,
95. Hebrew.
101.
Rigon M, Pereira LM, Bortoluzzi MC, Loguercio AD, Ramos
AL, Cardoso JR. - Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders.,
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 May 11;5:CD006385. Review.
102.
Riley III JL, Gilbert GH: 2001 Orofacial pain symptoms: an
interaction between age and sex. Pain 90 (2001) 245-256
103.
Rodrigues D, Siriani AO, Brzin F. - Effect of conventional
TENS on pain and electromyographic activity of masticatory
muscles in TMD patients., Braz Oral Res. 2004 Oct-Dec;18(4):2905.
104.
Rodrigues-Bigaton D, Berni KC, Almeida AF, Silva MT Activity and asymmetry index of masticatory muscles in women with
and without dysfunction temporomandibular., Electromyogr Clin
Neurophysiol. 2010 Nov-Dec;50(7-8):333-8.
105.
Rollman GB, Gillespie JM: The role of psychophysiological
factors in temporomandibular disorders. Curr Rev Pain 4 (2000) 7181
106.
Sato S, Kawamura H. - Natural course of non-reducing disc
displacement of the temporomandibular joint: changes in
electromyographic activity during chewing movement. J Oral
Rehabil. 2005 Mar;32(3):159-65.
107.
Schmidt JE, Carlson CR. - A controlled comparison of
emotional reactivity and physiological response in masticatory
muscle pain patients., J Orofac Pain. 2009 Summer;23(3):230-42.
108.
Schmitter M, Rammelsberg P, Hassel A. - The prevalence of
signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in very old
subjects. J Oral Rehabil. 2005 Jul;32(7):467-73.
109.
Scopel V, Alves da Costa GS, Urias D. - An
electromyographic study of masseter and anterior temporalis muscles
in extra-articular myogenous TMJ pain patients compared to an
asymptomatic and normal population., Cranio. 2005 Jul;23(3):194203.
110.
Shakya S, Ongole R, Sumanth KN, Denny CE - Chronic
bilateral dislocation of temporomandibular joint., Kathmandu Univ
Med J (KUMJ). 2010 Apr-Jun;8(30):251-6.
- 64 -
111.
Stegenga B, Schouten H. - Mandibular pain and movement
disorders, focusing on the temporomandibular joint., Ned Tijdschr
Tandheelkd. 2007 Jan;114(1):41-6.
112.
Stegenga B. - Nomenclature and classification of
temporomandibular joint disorders. J Oral Rehabil. 2010
Oct;37(10):760-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2010.
113.
Stegenga B. - Osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint
organ and its relationship to disc displacement., J Orofac Pain. 2001
Summer;15(3):193-205.
114.
Steltman AT. - Musculoskeletal dysfunction., SADJ. 2011
Feb;66(1):4-5.
115.
Storm C, Wnman A. - Temporomandibular disorders,
headaches, and cervical pain among females in a Sami population.,
Acta Odontol Scand. 2006 Oct;64(5):319-25.
116.
Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD,
Rennie D, Moher D, Becker BJ, Sipe TA, Thacker SB: Meta-analysis
of Observational Studies in Epidemiology. JAMA 283 (2000) 20082012
117.
Suzuki T, Segami N, Sato J, Nojima T. - Accuracy of
histologic grading of synovial inflammation in temporomandibular
joints with internal derangement using Gynther's system., J Oral
Maxillofac Surg. 2001 May;59(5):498-501; discussion 502.
118.
Sylvester DC, Exss E, Marholz C, Millas R, Moncada G Association between disk position and degenerative bone changes of
the temporomandibular joints: an imaging study in subjects with
TMD., Cranio. 2011 Apr;29(2):117-26.
119.
Sylvester DC, Exss E, Marholz C, Millas R, Moncada G. Association between disk position and degenerative bone changes of
the temporomandibular joints: an imaging study in subjects with
TMD.Cranio. 2011 Apr;29(2):117-26.
120.
Tartaglia GM, Lodetti G, Paiva G, Felicio CM, Sforza C. Surface electromyographic assessment of patients with long lasting
temporomandibular joint disorder pain., J Electromyogr Kinesiol.
2011 Aug;21(4):659-64. Epub 2011 Apr 3.
121.
Taskaya-Yilmaz N, Ceylan G, Incesu L, Muglali M. - A
possible etiology of the internal derangement of the
temporomandibular joint based on the MRI observations of the
- 65 -
- 66 -