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MOLECULARE ALE
EREDITATII
Viata - instructiuni de
functionare
1953, James Watson si Francis Crick propun
Living S cells
(control)
Living R cells
(control)
Heat-killed
S cells (control)
Mixture of heat-killed
S cells and living
R cells
RESULTS
Mouse dies
Mouse healthy
Mouse healthy
Mouse dies
Living S cells
are found in
blood sample
Phage
head
Tail
Tail fiber
Bacterial
cell
100 nm
DNA
Phage
Radioactive
protein
Empty
protein shell
Radioactivity
(phage protein)
in liquid
Bacterial cell
Batch 1:
Sulfur (35S)
DNA
Phage
DNA
Centrifugare
Pellet (bacterial
cells and contents)
Radioactive
DNA
Batch 2:
Phosphorus (32P)
Centrifuge
Pellet
Radioactivitate
(ADN fagic)
in sediment
Sugarphosphate
backbone
Nitrogenous
bases
5 end
Thymine (T)
Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C)
Phosphate
Sugar (deoxyribose)
3 end
DNA nucleotide
Guanine (G)
Rosalind Franklin
5 end
Hydrogen bond
3 end
1 nm
3.4 nm
3 end
0.34 nm
Key features of DNA structure
5 end
Partial chemical structure
Space-filling model
Sugar
Adenine (A)
Sugar
Thymine (T)
Sugar
Sugar
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Celula parentala
Modelul
conservativ. Cele
doua catene
parentale care au
servit ca matrita se
reasociaza intre
ele. Cele doua
catene nou
sintetizate se
asociaza intre ele la
randul lor
Modelul
semiconservativ.
Cele doua catene
parentale
functioneaza ca
matrite pentru
sinteza de noi
catene,
complementare
Modelul dispersiv.
Fiecare catena
contine un amestec
de regiuni vechi si
regiuni nou
sintetizate
Prima
replicare
A doua
replicare
Bacteria
transferred to
medium
containing
14
N
Bacteria
cultured in
medium
containing
15
N
DNA sample
centrifuged
after 20 min
(after first
replication)
First replication
Conservative
model
Semiconservative
model
Dispersive
model
DNA sample
centrifuged
after 40 min
(after second
replication)
Less
dense
More
dense
Second replication
Replicarea ADN-ului
Procesul replicarii ADN se remarca prin
Inceputul: originea de
replicare
Replicarea debuteaza la nivelul unor regiuni
Bubble
0.25 m
Replication fork
New strand
5 end
Template strand
3 end
5 end
3 end
Sugar
Base
Phosphate
DNA polymerase
3 end
Pyrophosphate
Nucleoside
triphosphate
5 end
3 end
5 end
Elongarea antiparalela
Structura antiparalela a dublului helix (doua
3
5
Parental DNA
Leading strand
5
3
Okazaki
fragments
Lagging strand
3
5
DNA pol III
Template
strand
Leading strand
Lagging strand
Template
strand
DNA ligase
Template
strand
Template
strand
3
DNA pol III adds
DNA nucleotides to
the primer, forming
an Okazaki fragment.
RNA primer
5
5
5
Template
strand
3
DNA pol III adds
DNA nucleotides to
the primer, forming
an Okazaki fragment.
RNA primer
Okazaki
fragment
3
5
5
5
Template
strand
3
DNA pol III adds
DNA nucleotides to
the primer, forming
an Okazaki fragment.
RNA primer
Okazaki
fragment
3
5
5
After the second fragment is
primed, DNA pol III adds DNA
nucleotides until it reaches the
first primer and falls off.
5
5
5
Template
strand
3
DNA pol III adds
DNA nucleotides to
the primer, forming
an Okazaki fragment.
RNA primer
Okazaki
fragment
3
5
5
After the second fragment is
primed, DNA pol III adds DNA
nucleotides until it reaches the
first primer and falls off.
5
5
3
3
5
5
5
Template
strand
3
DNA pol III adds
DNA nucleotides to
the primer, forming
an Okazaki fragment.
RNA primer
Okazaki
fragment
3
5
5
After the second fragment is
primed, DNA pol III adds DNA
nucleotides until it reaches the
first primer and falls off.
5
5
3
3
5
The lagging
strand in the region
is now complete.
Leading
Origin of replication
strand
Lagging
strand
Lagging
strand
Leading
strand
OVERVIEW
Leading
strand
5
3
Parental DNA
Replication fork
Primase
Primer
DNA ligase
DNA pol I
3
5
A thymine dimer
distorts the DNA molecule.
Repair synthesis by
a DNA polymerase
fills in the missing
nucleotides.
DNA
polymerase
DNA
ligase
Dogma centrala a
geneticii
ADN-ul contine informatia genetica
Transcriptia: procesul prin care
ARN
Acid ribonucleic
alcatuit din nucleotide ce contin riboza, iar
ARNm
poarta informatia necesara asamblarii
proteinelor
fiecare trei nucleotide formeaza un codon
fiecare codon specifica un aminoacid
ARNribosomal
alaturi de proteine formeaza ribosomii
ARNt
se cupleaza atat cu ARNm cat si cu
aminoacidul specific
Transcriptia
Copierea ADN in ARNm (de regula
Initierea
ADN-ul este despiralizat, una dintre catene
serveste ca matrita
ARN polimeraza se cupleaza la regiunea
promotor
Elongarea
ARN polimeraza ataseaza baze azotate, pe baza
de complementaritate cu matrita ADN
Terminarea
ARN polimeraza ajunge la secventa de terminare
a transcriptiei
ARN-ul si ADN-ul se separa, ADN-ul se
respiralizeaza
matura
Translatia
Codul genetic a fost elucidat in 1960
exista 20 de aminoacizi
fiecare tripleta de nucleotide specifica un
aminoacid
Participantii la
translatie
ARNm
contine instructiunile privind natura si
ordinea aminoacizilor
ARNt
Fiecare se cupleaza la un aminoacid
specific
Se cupleaza cu ARNm, in functie de
informatia de la nivelul codonului
Ribosomii
isi cupleaza cele doua subunitati la ARNm
Translatia
Initierea
ARNm se leaga la
subunitatea mica a
ribosomului
are loc deplasarea
pana la nivelul
codonului Start
la ARNm se cupleaza
ARNt al metioninei
(specificata de
codonul AUG)
Elongarea
are loc cuplarea subunitatii mari a
ribosomului
ARNt pentru urmatorul codon se cupleaza
la ARNm, furnizand astfel urmatorul
aminoacid
se formeaza legaturi intre cei doi
aminoacizi, iar primul ARNt este eliberat
procesul se repeta
Terminarea
Cand ribozomul ajunge la un codon STOP,
Reglarea sintezei
proteinelor
Controlul expresiei
genelor la procariote
La procariote, genele inrudite sunt organizate in
operoni
operonul este un grup de gene, plus secventele
promotor si operator
promotorul si operatorul controleaza trascriptia
intregului grup de gene
promotorul este regiunea unde se cupleaza ARN
polimeraza
operatorul este regiunea plasata intre promotor si
gena ce urmeaza a fi transcrisa
daca un represor se cupleaza la operator,
transcriptia nu va avea loc
Operonul lac
Reglajul expresiei
genelor la eucariote
Organismele multicelulare exprima diferite
DE CE GENETICA
MICROORGANISMELOR
au fost primele forme de
? Microorganismele
viata pe planeta
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Importanta
microorganismelor
Sanatate
Agricultura
Mediu