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mente pentru scderea durerii, prima anestezie cu eter a fost Michael DeBakey (1908 - 1999), unul dintre pionierii chirurgiei
realizat de William Morton, n 1846, la Massachusetts General cardiace, a modernizat mult i medicina militar prin creerea n
Hospital. Treptat eterul a fost nlocuit cu cloroformul (28,29). In timpul celui de Al Il-lea Rzboi Mondial a unitilor MASH
anul 1928 Alexander Fleming descoper penicilina, acest (Mobile Army Surgical Hospital) (29,34). Echipa medical a
medicament minune salvnd vieile multor soldai ai Aliailor n acestor uniti mobile era format din cel puin un chirurg, un
cel de Al II-lea Rzboi Mondial (29). chirurg-asistent, un anestezist, o asistent medical i un tehnician
(29). Dei cunotinele medicale i tehnice erau mult mai avansate
Rzboiul din Crimeea (1854 - 1856) n aceti ani, se poate recunoate asemnarea unitilor MASH cu
diviziile de ambulane zburtoare ale lu Larrey, din timpul
Acest conflict a scos n eviden una dintre cele mai remarcabile
rzboaileor Napoleoniene (29). Pentru prima dat n timpul acestui
femei ale secolului XIX, Florence Nightingale (30). Ajuns la
rzboi chirurgul Dwight Harken (1910 - 1993) a efectuat operaii
spitalul din Scutari, Turcia, mpreun cu 38 de asistene medicale,
pe cord deschis pentru plgile cardiace (29). In 1941 se deschide n
Florence a fcut schimbri dramatice n ceea ce privete igina
Anglia Birmingham Accident Hospital, un spital destinat special
spitalului i a trupelor britanice, scznd mortalitatea de la 42% la
ngrijirii persoanelor traumatizate, devenind primul centru de
2% (9). De asemenea a subliniat importana asistenei umane
traum din lume (6). In timpul Rzboiului Civil din Spania s-a
pentru soldaii rnii. Florence Nightingale a adus o contribuie
folosit pentru prima dat transfuzia de snge pe front. In timpul
important la ngrijirea pacienilor traumatizai, la design-ul i
celui de al Il-lea Rzboi Mondial, forele Aliate au avut o bun
managementul unui spital i n sntatea public (31).
organizare n transportul transfuziilor pe front. Edwin Cohn i Dr.
Primul rzboi mondial (1914 1918) Charles Drew au revoluionat transfuzia de plasm, uscnd-o
pentru transport i apoi preparnd-o pentru transfuzie cu ap
In acest rzboi, mortalitatea pacienilor rnii, de 10%, a fost distilat (29). In secolul XXI transportul i depozitarea produselor
semnificativ mai sczut fa de conflictele precedente (39% n de snge este foarte costisitoare. In Rzboiul din Afganistan se
Crimeea, 1853 - 1856; 32% n Rzboiul Ruso-Turc, 1806 - 1812; estimeaz c s-a cheltuie pn la 9000$ pentru o unitate de mas
25% n Rzboiul Franco - Prusac, 1870 - 1871)(Tabelul 1) eritrocitar (29).
(32) . Unul dintre cei mai importai pai fcui de chirurgia de
urgen a acestor ani a fost folosirea antisepticelor (6). S-au fcut Rzboiul din Coreea (1950 - 1953)
progrese n ngrijirea fracturilor, n folosirea razelor X, a chirurgie
reconstructive i a transfuziei de snge (32). In 1918, dup 3 luni In timpul acestui rzboi s-au fcut progrese majore n ceea ce
de studii, Cannon ofer o definiie remarcabil a ocului, aplicabil privete transportul i evacuarea rniilor, folosindu-se pentru
i astzi: ocul traumatic este o consecin a agresiunii fizice. prima dat elicopterele. Acest lucru a contribuit, fr dubiu, la
Este caracterizat printr-o printr-o presiune venoas sczut, o scderea mortalitii (Primul Rzboi Mondial - 8,5%, Al Il-lea
presiune arterial sczut sau n scdere, puls rapid, diminuarea Rzboi Mondial - 4%, Rzboiul din Coreea - 2,5%) (35). S-au
volumului sanguin, o valoare normal sau crescut a fcut progrese majore n chirurgia vascular, efectundu-se tot mai
eritrocitelor, ..., piele rece, transpirat, aspect palid, cianotic, multe reparaii vasculare i mai puine amputaii datorit leziunilor
respiraie rapid ... (33). El recunoate c toate organele se vasculare (Al II lea Rzboi Mondial - 49%, Rzboiul din Coreea -
autoregleaz ca rspuns la oc i c meninerea unei tensiuni 12.9%) (36). In acei ani nu s-a mai practicat ca tratament standard
arteriale peste 80 mm Hg este suficient pentru transportul ligatura arterelor mari lezate (37).
pacientului la sala de operaie i controlul hemoragiei
(33) . Rzboiul din Vietnam (1959 1975)
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